M'KVI MERRITT klN«, Attorney and Counselor ' '~^='AT LAW, Corner Statt and Tiog» Strwtl, ' ITHACA. N. Y. Cornell University Library KF 127.R21 A djgest of federal decisions a"||,^|,^J,"* 3 1924 017 687 736 :^ V m Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924017687736 A DIGEST FEOm DECISIONS AND STATUnS THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE YEAR 1880. COMPRISING THE REPORTS OF THE SUPREME, CIRCUIT AND DISTRICT COURTS OF THE UNITED STATES; THE TERRITORIAL COURTS; SUCH FEDERAL CASES AS ARE SCAT- TERED THROUGH THE VARIOUS STATE REPORTS AND LEGAL PERI- ODICALS ; AND THOSE PROVISIONS OF THE STATUTES AT LARGE AND THE REVISED STATUTES WHICH ARE OF PRACTICAL UTILITY, TOGETHER WITH A TABLE OF CASES AFFIRMED, REVERSED, OVER^UtrBD, AND OTHERWISE CRITICISED, COVERING THE SAME PERIOD. STEWART RAPALJE OF THE NEW YORK BAR. JERSEY CITY: Frederick D. Linn & Co., Law Publishers. 1880. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty, by STEWAET EAPALJE, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE, The collection of materials for this book was begiin about three years ago, but the inherent difficulties attendant upon the undertaking, owing to the important, and, in many instances, especial nature of the decisions and topics to be digested and classified, caused me to hesitate, and finally to lay aside the manuscript, until after the completion and publication of the New Tobk Reeeeence Digest, a work upon the same general plan. The very cordial and ready reception of that book by the bar of New York, and the profession generally, emboldened me, though stiU with many misgivings, to push this work to completion, and if it meets with a similar recog- nition, my labor will be rewarded and my thanks a second time due to the profession. The two books are so nearly alike in their general structure or plan, that the preface to the former one wUl apply equally well to this, and it is therefore referred to as an explanation of the object and general scope of this book. There seems to exist in the minds of many lawyers, a doubt as to the relative utility of a digest, in which the various topics are presented under a logical arrangement, consisting of divisions, sub-divisions and captions, each one naturally following and more or less dependent upon those preceding it, and a mere alpha- iDetic index, or hst of words with entries under them indicating what the courts have decided in respect to matters covered by, or co-related to the words under which the entries are made. "While unhesitatingly believing the logical plan to be the best, as well as the most difficult to properly carry out, yet, in deference to the advice and wishes of several older and wiser men than myself, I have inserted in this book an unusually full and thorough index, covering over one hundred pages, to the end that the work may be useful both as a digest and an index to the federal decisions and statutes. Numerous references are given, in their appropriate places, to those sections of the Revised Statutes and the Statutes at Laeoe which are of practical utility, and within the scope of a work of this character. iv PREFACE. The system of cross-references employed mil be found unusually full and complete, and not, as in most digests, a bare reference to the title or chapter under ■which cognate or similar cases are collected, but a direct, unequivocal reference to the precise place where the cases referred to are presented. One of the greatest dangers which the compiler of a work of this character encounters, is inaccuracy in citations. To avoid this, every citation has been verified a second time after the manuscript was made ready for the press, and the proof sheets subsequently compared with the manuscript as thus perfected. The Table of Cases Criticised has been prepared with the utmost care; and while, in view of past experience, I dare not say that every reported federal case which has been affirmed, reversed, overruled or otherwise adversely criticised is referred to there, yet I confidently beUeve that comparatively few have been missed or overlooked — none intentionally. There are many subjects such as Admieaity, Bankettptoy, Copyright, Neu- TEAUTY, Patents, Pkize and others, with which state courts have little or nothingr to do. These topics of exclusively federal jurisdiction have caused me no Uttle labor and perplexity; but, recognizing the very great importance of presenting the cases illustrating them fully and correctly, and that this could only be done by going through, one by one, each difficulty as it presented itself, and not post- poning or attempting to avoid or go around the solution of any, I have done my best to accomphsh the desired result — whether successfully or not, the profession win decide. STEWAET EAPALJE. New York, December, 1879. TABLE OF REPORTS EMBRACED SHOWING THE ABBEEVIATIONS USED. []ai ADDITION to the decisions contained in the volumes enumerated below, such cases as were deemed of value have been cited from the following periodicals and legal magazines : The AiBANY Law Journal, The American Law Record, The American Law Eegister (Old and New Series), The Central Law Journal, The Chicago Legal News, The Internal Eevenue Record, The Law Reporter (Old and New Series), The New York Legal Observer, The Official Gazette or the Patent Oppicb, The Opinions or the Attorneys -General, and The Western Jurist. Such federal decisions, also, as were found scattered through the state reports, and in series not especially devoted to either jurisdiction, federal or state, are included ; as are, also, the reported decisions of the territorial courts.] HOW CITED. Abb. Adm Abb. U. S Baldw IBankr. Eeg .... Bee Adm Ben Biss Black 31atchf Blatchf. & H. . . Blatchf. Pr. Gas. Bond Brock Brown Adm . . . Abbott's Admiralty Abbott's Circtiit and District, Baldwin National Bankruptcy Kegis- ) ter Eep j Bee's Admiralty Benedict BisseU Black Blatcbf ord Blatchford & Rowland's Ad- 1 miralty J BlatcMord's Prize Cases Bond Brockenbrongh's Marshall's ] Decisions J Brown's Admiralty. V 1847-50 1863-71 1828-33 1867-79 1792-1805 1865-* 1851-* 1861-2 1845-* 1827-37 1861-5 1855-71 1802-33 1859-75 COUETS. VOLS. So. Dist. of N. T. Various. Third Circuit. Various. Dist. of S. C. So. Dist. of N. T. Seventh Circuit. Supreme. Second Circuit. So. Dist. of N. Y. So. Dist. of N. T. So. Dist. of Ohio. Fourth Circuit. Various. 1 2 1 18 1 8* 7* 2 14* VI TABLE OF REPORTS EMBRACED. HOW CITED. Chase Dec. . . . Cliff Crabbe Cranch Cranch CO.. Ct. of CI Curt. . ; DaU..; Deady Dev Dm Fish. Pat. Gas. . Gall GHp Hempst Hoffln. L. Cas. HolmeB How Hughes Low MacArth McAlL McCah.on McLean Mason Newb. Adtu. . . 01c. Adm Otto Paine Pet Pet. Adm Pet. C. C Sawyer Sprague Story Sumn Taney Wall WaU. C. C... Wall., Jr NAME. Chase's Decisions Clifford Crabbe's Admiralty Cranch Cranch's Circuit Court. . . . Court of Claims Reports. . Curtis Dallas Deady Devereus Dillon Fisher's Patent Cases .... GaUison Gilpin Hempstead Hoffman's Land Cases Holmes Howard Hughes Lowell MacArthur McAllister MoCahon McLean Mason Newberry's Admiralty. ... Olcott's Admiralty TJ. S. Supreme Court Eep . Paine Peters Peter's Admiralty Peter's Circuit Court , Sawyer Sprague's Decisions Story Sumner Taney , , Wallace Wallace's Circuit Court... . Wallace, Jr 1865-9 1858-73 1836-46 1800-15 1801-41 1863-* 1851-6 1790-1800 1859-69 1856. 1870-* 1848-74 1812-15 1828-36 1820-56 1853-8 1870-* 1843-60 1792-1877 1865-76 1873-* 1855-9 1858-68 1829-54 1816-30 1842-57 1843-50 1875-* 1810-40 1828-48 1792-1807 1803-18 1870-* 1841-64 1839-45 1829-39 1836-61 1863-74 1801-2 1842-62 COTJKTS. Fourth Circuit. First Circuit. E. Dist. of Pa. Supreme. Circ. Ct.Dist. of Col Court of Claims. First Circuit. Supreme and Circuit. Various. Court of Claims. Eighth Circuit. Various. First Circuit. E. Dist. of Pa. Various. No. Dist. of Cal. First Circuit. Supreme. Fourth Circuit. Dist. of Mass. Supreme.Dist. of CoL Tenth Circuii Dist. of Kan. Seventh Circuit. First Circuit. Various. So. Dist. of N. Y, Supreme. Second Circuit. Supreme. E. Dist. of Pa. Third Circuit. Ninth Circuit. Dist. of Mass. First Circuit. First Circuit. Fourth Circuit. Supreme. Third Circuit. Third Circuit. VOLS. 1 3 1 9 6t 13* 2 ^t 1 1§ 4* 6 2 1 1 1 1* " 24 2 2 2* 1 1 6 . & 1 1 7* 2 16|| 2 ' 1 4* 2 8 3 1 la 1 a TABLE OF REPORTS EMBRACED. vu HOW CITED. NAME. TIME. COURTS. VOLS Ware Ware 1822-66 1803-27 1816-27 1845-7 1870-* 1863-9 Dist. of Me. Third Circuit. Supreme. First Circuit. Fifth Circuit. Eighth Circuit. 31 i Wash. C. C... Wheat Washington's Circuit Court. . Wheaton Woodb & M. Woodburv & Minot 3 Woods Woods ?,* Woolw Woolworth 1 Kegular Eeports embraced, - State and Territorial Reports, Periodicals and Magazines, Total, 256 volames. 84 « 165 505 " * The present continuing serie?. t The sixth volume contains no decisions ; it is an index and table of cases to preceding volumes of the series. J The first volume contains Pennsylvania cases only — the others, both federal and state cases. 5 This volume contains nine reported cases, only ; the balance of the book being occupied by a digest of the opinions of the Court of Claims. II Volume seventeen of this series is not cited, all the cases in it being also reported in the first of Howard. % The second of Ware is often cited aa Daveis' Beports. A TABLE — or — CIRCUIT AND DISTRICT COURT DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS; SHOWING IN WHAT STATE EACH DEdBIOlT WAS RENDERED. VOL. OASES ON PAGES. 1 9 14 22 28 58 66 74 81 84 89 93-110. 120.... 126.... 135.... 140.... 158.... 169.... 185.... 191.... 196.... "WERE DECIDED IN. CASES ON PAGES. WEBE DECIDED IN. Abb. TJ. s. Maryland Pennsylvania. . . Wisconsin Georgia Kentucky North Carolina . Oregon Michigan Pennsylvania. . . Maryland Ohio Kentucky New Jersey .... Wisconsin Michigan Kentucky. ..... Wisconsin Georgia Pennsylvania. . . Maryland New York Abb. V. s- 212.... 246.... 261.... 268.... 275.... 284.... 299.... 302.... 311.... 317..... 336.... 343.... 351.... 356.... 364.... 368-377 388.... 407.... 426-440 451.... 465.... Cahfomia Michigan Georgia Wisconsin Oregon Wisconsin Michigan Georgia Massachusetts . Georgia Ohio Michigan Pennsylvania. . j California Pennsylvania. . Nebraska Louisiana Cahfornia Michigan.. .... New York .... Louisiana DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. VOL. OASES ON PAGES. 470.... 474.... 483.... 495.... 503.... 514.... 518.... 525.... 556.... 567.... 573.... 577.... 1 15 20 35 42 49 53 60..... 67 74 94 114. . . . 120.... 129.... 151 ... . 156.... 160-164 169.. WEKB DECIDED IN. EEPOET. CASES ON PAGES. WEEE DECIDED Hf. Abb. Tj. s. Pennsylvania. . . Mississippi Michigan. New York Louisiana Michigan.. Rhode Island. . . Oregon Ehode Island. . . California Ohio Oregon Minnesota Virginia Michigan North Carolina. Delaware Mississippi Iowa Missouri Ohio CaUfomia Ohio New York Oregon Georgia Pennsylvania. . . Wisconsin Pennsylvania. . . Wisconsin Abb. u. s. 172. 184. 192. 197. 282. 243. 257. 261. 265. 283. 305. 323. 346. 364- 398. 416- 434. 448. 456. 471. 479. 494. 495. 500- 507- 527. 531. 542. 559. 382 424 503 523 Michigan Mississippi. . . Delaware. . .. California New York. .. Oregon MichigaiL. . . . Minnesota.. . . Kentucky. . . . Mississippi. . . Missouri Delaware New York California Pennsylvania. Maryland Michigan California New Jersey. . Michigan California Michigan .... Louisiana. . . . Michigan California Nevada Kentucky.. . . CaUfomia Nebraska IB Baldw. . . Bee Adm Biss. 9-49... 57-60.. 78-166. 177-205 234^571 1-316.. 339-429 433.. 441.. 1-23. 29-35 42... 49-62 Pennsylvania. . New Jersey . . . Pennsylvania. . New Jersey . . . Pennsylvania. . South Carohna Pennsylvania. . South Carolina Massachusetts. Wisconsin Illinois Wisconsin. . . . Illinois Biss. 64 69 73 76 81 87 98 106.... 110.... 121.... 128.... 140-149 159-168 Wisconsin.. Indiana Wisconsin.. Illinois .... Indiana .. . . Illinois .... Wisconsin,. Michigan.. . Ohio Illinois .... Wisconsin.. nUnois .... Michigan.. . DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. XI EEPOKT. VOL. OASES ON PASES. WERE DECIDED IN. CASES ON PAGES. 110-116 121-136 139-141 146.... 156.... 160.... 163.... 166-195 197-201 208-235 244-248 251-268 282.... 291-297 303 ... . 309.... 315-319 325-328 333-336 342 ... . 344-354 356-383 390-405 408-412 415.. 418-446 449^53 457^96 502-518 527.. 13... 24... 28... 39-82 99... 105.. 116-122 128 144^157 162... 169... 175... 181-187 195.. 199.. 204-208 219-244 WEBB DECIDED IN. BisB. 1 177.... — 180-193 — 198... . — 210.... — 221-227 — 230.... — 237.... — 242.... — 246-260 — 275-279 284.... — . 287.... — 292.... — 300.... — 309-314 — . 321-325 — 337.... — 346-354 362.... — 367-373 — 377-382 390.... — 400-403 — 408.... — 412^40 — 442.... 447^68 — 476.... — 485.... — 490-497 — 503-521 522-529 — 533-539 — 546.... — 557.... — 562.... 2 1 12 — 18 20.... — 23 25-29.. — 34 — 41-47 . . — 51-56.. 62 — 71-104. niinois ... Wisconsin. Indiana ... Ohio Illinois ... Ohio Michigan.. Wisconsin. Ohio Wisconsin. Ohio Illinois . . . Wisconsin. Illinois . . . Wisconsin. Ohio Michigan . Wisconsin. Illinois . . . Wisconsin. Illinois . . . Wisconsin. Illinois. . . Ohio Ilhnois . . . Wisconsin . Illinois. . . Wisconsin . Illinois . . . Wisconsin Illinois . . . Wisconsin. Illinois . . . Wisconsin Illinois . . . Wisconsin Illinois. . . Indiana .. . lUinois . . . Indiana.. . lUinois . . . Wisconsin. Illinois . . . Wisconsin . Illinois. . . Indiana ... Illinois . . . , Biss. Wisconsin.. Illinois . . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois. . . . Indiana .. . . Illinois . . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois. . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois . . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois . . . . Wisconsin. . Indiana .. . . Illinois Indiana... . Illinois . . . . Wisconsin.. lUinois . . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois . . . . Wisconsin.. Indiana .. . . niinois . . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois . . , - Wisconsin.. Illinois . . . . Wisconsin.. Indiana .. . . Indiana .. . . Illinois . . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois . . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois . . . . Wisconsin.. Ilhnois . . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois. . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois. . . . Wisconsin.. Indiana .. . . Wisconsin.. Illinois . . . . Wisconsin.. zu DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. VOL. CASES ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED IN. REPORT. CASES ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED IN. Bias.. 256-260 266.... 273-309 313-317 321.... 325-359 362. 370. 374^31 436. 442-485 491-501 504-520 13.... 18.... 22-35. 51.... 53-262 265... 269... 274... 277-307 315 317-365 388.... 391.... 395-518 13-73. 77-233 237... 254... 269-287 295 311 320-338 344.... 353.... 359-371 378-381 387-393 401.... 405-420 426-431 444^80 486-510 515.... 523-529 minois Wisconsin.. . . lUinois Wisconsin.. . . , Illinois Wisconsin Illinois Wisconsia lUiaois Wisconsin Illinois Wisconsin Illinois Wisconsin Illinois Indiana Illinois Indiana Illinois Indiana Illinois Indiana Illinois Indiana Illinois Indiana Illinois Wisconsin Illinois Indiana Illinois Indiana Wisconsia rUinois Wisconsin Illinois Wisconsin Illinois Wisconsin Illinois Indiana Wisconsin lUinois Wisconsin Illinois Wisconsin nUnois Biss. 13.... 16.... 22.... 26.... 30-39. 44^8.. 53 68-79'. . 88-91.. 98 107.... 111.... 121-145 150. 154-163 166-177 183.... 185.... 193-225 233.... 238.... 243.... 250-252 259.... 269-280 286-294 301-317 321.. 325-330 345. 350. Illinois. . . . Wisconsin., Illinois. . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois . . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois Wisconsin.. Illinois . . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois .... Wisconsin.. Illinois Wisconsin.. Illinois .... Wisconsin.. Illinois Wisconsin.. Illinois .... Wisconsin.. Illinois .... Wisconsin.. Illinois .... Wisconsin.. Illinois Indiana .. . . Illinois .... Wisconsin., niinois. . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois .... 367. . . . 370.... 377... 379.... 405.... 409.... 414r-416 420.... 425.... 432 436-443 448.... 453-461 467.... 474.... 358-364 Wisconsin., Illinois. . . . Wisconsin., Illinois . . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois. . . . Wisconsin.. Illinois . . . . Indiana... . Wisconsin.. Indiana... . Wisconsin.. Indiana .. . . Wisconsin., Illinois . . . . Indiana .. . . DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. XllI REPORT. VOL. OASES ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED IN. REPORT. VOL. CASES ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED IN. Biss.. 477.... 483.... 494.... 501.... 505-529 24-26.. 30 35^0.. 45 56-86.. 96 99-103. 111-142 154.... 156.... 160-175 193.. 201.. 208.. 223.. 227.. 231.. 233.. 238.. 242-289 293. 296-303 315-321 324-338 346. 351. 354. 358. 360-362 365 367-372 382-387 393^00 408 414^30 440. 446. 449. 455. 460. 465-473 477 niinois Indiana . . . . Illinois Wisconsin.. . Illinois Illinois Indiana Wisconsin. . . Illinois Wisconsin. . . Indiana Illinois Wisconsin.. . Indiana . . . . Illinois Wisconsin.. . lUinois Indiana Wisconsin.. . Illinois Indiana Illinois Wisconsin. . . Illinois Wisconsin.. . Indiana . . . . Wisconsin.. . Indiana Wisconsin.. . Illinois Indiana Wisconsin.. . lUinois Indiana lUinois Indiana. Illinois Wisconsin.. . Indiana Wisconsin.. . minois Indiana Illinois WisconsiiL. , Illinois Wisconsin.., Indiana ... Biss. BlatcM 480-502 504.... 513.... 526-529 540.... 1-151.. 159.... 163-251 258-290 297... 318-388 393.. 398-628 1-341 343.. 359-362 370 373-405 411. 421-517 521.... 528-557 1 11 25 32-54. . 56 64^80.. 84 89-187. 190.... 201-305 307-310 316-325 356. 360-535 545.. 548.. 1-157 163.. 179.. 182-203 206 219-224 227-238 252-332 333.. Illinois Wisconsin . . . Illinois Indiana Wisconsin . . . New York . . . Vermont New York . . . Connecticut . . Vermont New York . . . Vermont New York . . . New York . . . Vermont New York . . , Vermont New York . . , Connecticut . New York . . Vermont. ... New York . . New York . . Connecticut . Vermont. ... New York . . Connecticut . New York . . Vermont. ... New York . . Connecticut . New York . . Connecticut . New York . . Vermont. . . . New York . . Connecticut . New York . . New York . . Connecticut . Vermont New York . . Connecticut . New York . . Connecticut . New York . . Connecticut . XIV DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. EEPOBT. CASES ON PAGES. WEBE DECIDED IN. REPORT, VOL. CASES ON WEBE DECIDED Df. Blatchf. . 333.. 337.. 341-359 362 365-427 432. 435-451 455. 461-484 489.. 493-503 508.... 509..:. 1-59... 63 84-166. 170.... 183-438 455... 463-546 1-76... 77-80.. 85-138. 139... 151-156 15i8. 165-193 195-207 208-225 229.. 235-238 241. 253-271 275-279 287-438 445 461-533 537... 1-521. 536-551 555.... 1 3-14... 30-315. 321 ... . 324-341 344.... Connecticut. . . Vermont New York. . . . Connecticut. . . New York . . . . Connecticut. . . New York . . . . Connecticut. . . New York . . . . Connecticut. . . New York . . . . Connecticut. . . New York. . . . New York. . . . Vermont New York . . . . Connecticut. . . New York . . . . Connecticut. . . New York . . . . New York . . . . Connecticut. . . New York .... Connecticut. . . New York . . . . Connecticut. . . New York. . . . Connecticut. . . New York. . . . Connecticut. . . New York. . . . Connecticut. . . New York .... Connecticut. . . New York Connecticut. . . New York .... Connecticut. . . New York .... Connecticut. . . New York .... New York .... Connecticut. . . New York Connecticut. . . New York Connecticut. . . Blatchf, 10 11 12 13 347-557 1 32-114. 139.... 142.... 156-369 372-379 385-516 524-548 550-559 1 16-122. 140... . 155-173 178.... 181-361 376. 384-537 1-290. 295... 304^379 385. 406-552 1 11-20.. 24-36.. 42-270. 280.... 298-320 322-341 345-562 1-22 .. 31-119. 127-151 163-255 258. 267. 271. 276-279 282-289 295-361 364.... 366-438 440-447 453.... 462.... 469-534 New York. . New York. . Connecticut. New York. . , Connecticut. , New York . . , Vermont New York. . . Connecticut. . New York . . . Vermont New York. . . Connecticut. . New York. . . Connecticut. . New York. . . Vermont New York .' . . New York. . . Connecticut. . New York. . . Connecticut. . New York . . . Connecticut. . New York. . . Connecticut.' . New York. . . Vermont New York. . . Connecticut. . New York. . . Vermont. .... New York. . . Connecticut. . New York. . . Vermont New York. . . Vermont .... New York . . . Connecticut. . New York . . . Connecticut. . New 'York. . . Conneclicut. . New York. . . Vermont .... New York . . . DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. XV KEPOBT. CASES OK PAGES. WEEE DEOIDED IN. VOL.. CASES ON PAGES. WEEE DEOIDED IN. Blatchf, 14 1-74. . . 79 89-93.. 94 102-107 109, . . . 117-130 133 137-159 169.. 179-196 198. 204-233 234. 240-279 282. 289-370 371. 376. 380-381 396 402-422 426 New York . . . . Connecticut . . . New York . ._ . . Connecticut . . . New York . . . . Connecticut . . . New York . . . . Connecticut . . . New York . . . . Connecticut . . . New York . . . . Connecticut . . . New York . . . . Connecticut . . , New York . . . . Connecticut. . . New York . . . . Vermont. Connecticut.. . New York Connecticut.. . New York . . . . Vermont Blatchf, Brock, Brown Adm, 14 432.... 436.... 438-445 446.... 449-451 453..., 463.... 473-505 510 517-550 33-285. 299.... 316-551 9-256.. 274.... 280-447 488... 493... 1-68.. 72-96. 10.5-156 159-170 193-560 New York Vermont New York Connecticut .... New York Connecticut. . . . Vermont New York ..... Connecticut. . . . New York Virginia North Carohna . Virginia Virginia North Carohna . Virginia North Carolina. Virginia Michigan . Ohio..:.. Michigan.. Ohio Michigan.. C Chase Cliff. )ec. 1 1 125.... — 136.... — 145-162 — 167-259 — 263.... — 267.... — 268.... — 276.... 286-288 — 295-364 — 427-521 — 527-546 — 551.... 1 1-5.. 28... — 43-55 — 63... — 68-75 Virginia Maryland North Carolina. 1 Maryland I Virgioia West Virginia. . Virginia Maryland Virginia ! South Carolina . : Vij:ginia . South Carolina . 1 North Carolina. Virginia Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts. . New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Cliff. 85 93-98.. 125-145 150.... 158-186 204. . . . 210-221 230. . . . 237.... 247.... 254. . . . 269.... 282.... 288.... 300.... 308-358 367.... 370.... 383-425 Ehode Island . . Maine Massachusetts. . New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Ehode Island . . Massachusetts, . New Hampshire Massachusetts. . New Hampshire Massachusetts. . New Hampshire Ehode Island. . Massachusetts. . Ehode Island . . Massachusetts. . Ehode Island . . Maine Massachusetts. . XVI DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. RBPOET. PAGES. WEKE DECIDED IN. CASES ON PAGES. WEKE DECIDED IN. Cliff. 439,. . . . 446.... 453.... 463-474 481-519 524.... 532.... 538-545 565.... 580.... 592.... 633.... 1-40... 57-82.. 85-245. 266.... 270.... 287-325 340.... 351-379 394.... 435.... 440-462 465.... 469-512 528.... 537-538 548-551 555.... 569-584 590-601 1-71... 81-99.. 114.... 117-211 215.... Maine Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . Maine. . . ". Massachusetts. . Rhode Island . . Maine Massachusetts. . Rhode Island . . Massachusetts. . Maine Massachusetts. . Massachusetts. . Rhode Island . . Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . Maine Massachusetts. . New Hampshire Rhode Island. . Massachusetts. . New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Maine. Massachusetts. . New Hampshire Rhode Island . . Maine Massachusetts. . Maine Massachusetts. .• Massachusetts. . Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Rhode Island . . Cliff. Curt 221-271 277. . . . 284. . . . 308-395 408-429 439-484 494. . . . 507. . . . 516-552 563.... 595-622 636.... 1-69... 87-93.. 100-114 122-201 206-239 244. . . . 250-297 306-311 340.... 353-376 384-395 401-452 457-509 1 6-28.. 41.... 49-153 171-212 216-386 404-439 446-524 548-610 617 Massachusetts. . New Hampshire Maine Massachusetts. ■ Rhode Island. . Maine Massachusetts. . Maine Massachusetts. . Maiae Rhode Island. . Maine Massachusetts. . Rhode Island.. Massachusetts. . Rhode Island . . Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . Maine Massachusetts. . Maine Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . Massachusetts. . Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . Massachusetts. . Maine Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . New Hampshire 13 Deady 1-196 197-233 264-366 400-413 416-620 649....lcaliforma Oregon California.... Oregon California.... Oregon. DUl. 1 1-178.. Missouri — 181-267 Arkansas — 271-338 Nebraska — 344^22 Kansas — 424^515 Minnesota — 522-589 Iowa DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. xvii REPORT. VOL. CASES ON PAGES. WEBB DECIDED IN. REPOKT. TOL. CASES ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED IN. DUl.. 1-215.. 219-256 259-320 324r-383 385^69 475-532 533-549 551-560 566-570 1-287 290-295 298-368 Missouri. . . Arkansas.. . Nebraska . . Kansas . . . . Minnesota.. Iowa Missouri. . . Arkansas.. . Iowa Missouri. . . Arkansas.. . Nebraska . . DiU. 3 4 370-418 Kansas.... 420-465 Minnesota. . 469-524 Iowa 532-58l|Missouri. . . 1-207 . . [Missouri. . . 209-242'Arkansas.. . J, 251-290;Colorado . . 297-345'Nebraska.. 349-396jKansas.... 407-474 Minnesota., 479-593 Iowa 601 .... 'Kentucky. . F Fish. Pat. Cas. 1-31.. 44^58. 64. . . . 93-103 108... 127-154 160.. 181.. 189-196 198-213 222... 239... 252... 277... 285... 289... 298... 317... 320-325 327-340 349.. 351.. 372-380 382.. 397.. 424. . 461-465 472,. 475.. 479.. 483.. Massachusetts. Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts Pennsylvania. Massachusetts. New York. . , Pennsylvania. New York.. . , New Jersey . , Ohio: New York. . , Massachusetts Pennsylvania. New York. . . Michigan Massachusetts New York . . . Connecticut. . Pennsylvania. Massachusetts. Ohio...., Connecticut, Maine. ..... New York. Ohio New Jersey New York. Connecticut Ohio Fish. Pat. Cas. 1 2 487.... 509.... 516 ... 521-527 532.... 537. . . . 544.... 558.... 586.... 602.... 610-615 626... 647... 1 10.... 20,... 31.... 37.... 52.... 58.... 62-83. 89.... 96-112 116-120 133-146 154-163 167. 174. 179. 181. 192. Maryland Illinois New York Pennsylvania. . , Ohio New York Ohio Maryland Massachusetts., Alabama Ohio New Jersey . . . , Massachusetts. Pennsylvania. . Illinois Ohio nhnois Ohio Michigan Ohio New York Ohio New York .... Ohio Massachusetts. New York Pennsylvania. . Illinois Pennsylvania. . New York Wisconsin DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. CASB8 ON PAa£S. WEKE DECIDED IN. CASES ON PAGES. WEKE DECIDED Df. Fish. Pat. Gas. 195 199-202 203-207 213-221 229-244 251. 268. 275. 291. 311-381 387.. 389.. 395-440 561. 465. 472. 477. 499. 518. 523. 531-535 541.. 543.. 553-563 565-572 577-583 586. 588. 600. 631. 635. 642. 661-668 1-5.... 9 32 43 55 63-66.. 67 72 77 82 87-98.. 112-116 120.... New York Connecticut. . . . Pennsylvania. . . New York Ohio New York Illinois New Jersey .... Massachusetts . . New York minois Connecticut. . . . Massachusetts . . New York Ohio Connecticut. . . . New York Ehode Island . . New York Illinois Massachusetts. . Ohio New Hampshire New York Massachusetts. . New York Pennsylvania. . . Ohio Massachusetts. . Ohio Pennsylvania. . . South Carolina . Massachusetts. . Maryland Connecticut .... Ehode Island . . New York Rhode Island . . New York Massachusetts.. Ohio Massachusetts. . HUnois Massachusetts. . Ohio Pennsylvania. . . Pish. Pat. Cas. 124.... 134. . . . 141... 147.... 157-186 197... 209... 218... 242... 251 .. . 259-265 279-294 306.... 310.... 316.... 330.... 335-343 362-374 378. . . . 382-410 420-423 428.... 432.... 439,.. 456.... 462.... 464.... 472-497 515.... 522.... 525-526 531. 536. 555-595 602.... 607.... 609.... 621.... 629.... 632.... 638-640 1-12 29.,. 37.. 41.. 50.. New York., . , . Dist. of Col. . . . Connecticut .. .. Illinois'. ....... Ohio Pennsylvania.. . New York Maryland New York West Virginia. . New York Connecticut New York Indiana Pennsylvania. . . Illinois OHo New York Ohio New York Pennsylvania. . . Ohio California Ohio Connecticut .... Ohio.... Indiana New York New Jersey Dist. of Col.... Connecticut New York New Hampshire New York Kentucky New York Ohio New York Pennsylvania. . . Illinois New York New York Massachusetts, . New York Massachusetts. . Ohio DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. XIX KEPORT. OASES^ ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED IN. REPORT. OASES ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED IN. Pat. Cas. 57.. 64., 81.. 86., 107, 117, 133 137 141-148 156 161 163-170 175... 186. . . 189... 198... 201 . . . 207... 216-221 224.. 232.. 248.. 253 . 256-269 275-279 284. 815-348 359-363 377.. 379-392 395.. 404.. 423-433 443^46 449^56 468. 488. 493-524 528-532 550. 561-577 584^591 596-628 633-641 1.. 12. New York. ... Massachusetts . Ohio Massachusetts . New York Ohio New Jersey. . . California Ohio niinois Missouri Maryland Massachusetts . Indiana New Jersey . . . niinois California OHo Michigan Rhode Island. . Pennsylvania. . Dist. of Col... New York .... Massachusetts. New York .... Massachusetts. New York .... Illinois New York .... Massachusetts. TlliTiois California New York .... Connecticut. . . New York Pennsylvania. . Ohio New York. . . . Pennsylvania. . Ohio New York .... Illinois New York. . . . California Massachusetts . Pennsylvania. . Fish. Pat. Cas. - 15.... 23-48. 72-75. 90.... 109-134 136. 148-158 160 166 174 185-189 208. 211-285 290. 295. 302-306 310-828 334.. 340.. 847-357 366-381 384^396 411 415 433^48 452-468 471. 477. 517-528 531-540 543.. 548.. 550-597 610.. 615.. 632.. 1-31. 35... 50 61-67.. 71 74 82-85.. 89 115.... 124-138 Rhode Island. . . Connecticut . . . . New York Massachusetts. . New York New Jersey. . . . Pennsylvania. . . Minnesota Massachusetts. New York Pennsylvania. . . Maryland New York Massachusetts. . Pennsylvania. . . Massachusetts. . New York Wisconsin Maine , Massachusetts . , New York Louisiana , Massachusetts. Connecticut . . . New York .... Pennsylvania. . Louisiana... ... Vermont Massachusetts . New York .... Pennsylvania. . Massachusetts . New York . . . . , Illinois New York Connecticut . . . New York Pennsylvania. . New Jersey. . . Massachusetts . Pennsylvania. . Massachusetts. New York .... New Jersey. . . Pennsylvania. . Illinois DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. EEPORT. CASES ON PAGES. WEEE DECIDED IN. BEPOET. VOL. CASES ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED Df. Fish. Pat. Cas. 143-219 236-240 244 354-278 286 289-298 314U327 336. 343. 370. 374. 382. 387. 402^20 424. 434^446 452 454 New York Massachusetts. Michigan New York. Pennsylvania. . New York . . . . , Massachusetts. . Kentucky Maine Michigan New York Connecticut Pennsylvania. . , Ohio New Jersey Ohio New York Massachusetts. . Fish. Pat. Cas. 457.... 462-465 469.... 476.... 480.... 488.... 495.... 506-514 517.. 519.. 528.. 534^562 572 574-575 582... 587... 595-606 New York Massachusetts.. Califonua Dist. of Col.. . . , Massachusetts. , New York Connecticut. . . , New York Massachusetts.. Missouri Massachusetts. . New York Illinois Massachusetts.. New York lUinois Massachusetts.. Ct Gall, 1-3.. 5-166 168-170 177. 188-315 338-371 387. . . . 888-438 441-454 467.... 474^594 613-630 New Hampshire Massachusetts.. Rhode Island . . New Hampshire Massachusetts . . Ehode Island . . New Hampshire Massachusetts . . Rhode Island . . New Hampshire Massachusetts.. Rhode Island . . Gall 2 1-11.. 13.... 15-18. 29-101 103... 105-152 164^314 315-320 325-386 391.... 398-555 557-565 Massachusetts.. Rhode Island . . New Hampshire Massachusetts.. Rhode Island . . New Hampshire Massachusetts ■ • Ehode Island . . Massachusetts . . Rhode Island . . Massachusetts.. Rhode Island . . H Holmes. . 1 7-53... 61-75.. 80-136. 142.... 149-152 161-167 172-177 Maine Massachusetts Rhode Island Massachusetts Maine Massachusetts Rhode Island Massachusetts les. . 1 180.... Rhode Island . . ... — 185.... Maine . . . . — 196-253 Massachusetts.. . . . . — 261-267 Maine . . . . — 272-375 Massachusetts. . — 379.... New Hampshire — 386-417 Massachusetts.. . . . . — 421 ... . Maine DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. REPOET. VOL. CASES ON I PAGES. I WEEB DECIDED IN. EEPOET. CASES ON PAGES. WEBE DECIDED IN. Holmes. Hughes . 427-433 445.... 450-503 17-23 . . 28-47 . . 59r64 . . 67-72 . . 76 78-80 . . 90-101 . 106.... 115-118 133.... 138.... 148-173 177.... 183-246 249.... 261.... 268.... 270.... 279-288 290.... 295.... 297.... 307-310 313-326 332-337 340.... 343-391 397.... 402-410 412 ... . 415 ... . 439-457 493-533 536.... 541.... 552.... 560.... 568.... 571.... Massachusetts. . Ehode Island . . Massachusetts. . North Carolina. Virginia Maryland South Carolina. North Carolina. Yirginia Maryland Virginia Maryland North Carolina. West Virginia. . Virginia North Carolina. Virginia North Carolina. Virginia North Carolina. Virginia . South Carolina. Virginia Maryland Virginia Maryland Virginia Maryland North Carolina. Virginia South Carolina. Virginia North Carolina. Virginia South Carolina. Virginia Maryland North CaroHna. Maryland North CaroHna. Virginia South Carolina . Hughes 588.... 592.... 598-620 9 12-58 . . 64 66-70 . . 78-96 . . 99 112-128 144-156 164-190 200.... 204-207 208 ... . 210-215 224.... 227.... 228.... 230.... 233.... 235-247 250.... 255-293 297.... 307-334 339-349 355.... 361-369 374-405 411-420 433.... 444.... 447-449 467.... 482-484 489.... 492 501 513.... 518.... 527.... 631.... Virginia Maryland Virginia ....... South Carolina. Virginia South Carolina . Maryland Virginia South Caroliaa. Virginia South Carolina. Virginia South Carolina . Virginia Maryland Virginia South Carolina. North Carolina. Virginia Maryland South CaroHna. Virginia Maryland Virginia North CaroHna. Virginia North CaroHna. South CaroHna. North Carolina. Virginia North CaroHna. South CaroHna. West Virginia. . Virginia West Virginia. . Virginia Maryland West Virginia. . North CaroHna. West Virginia. . Maryland Virginia xzir DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. IMC REPORT. CASES ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED IN. VOL. CASES ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED IN. McLean. 1-16 . . . Kentucky ., 18 Tennessee . 22-69.. Ohio 85-87.. Kentucky.. 90 OHo 95-96 . . Tennessee . 110.... Ohio 120 .... Tennessee . 135-143 Kentucky. . 146.... Ohio...... 167 Kentucky.. 178.... Ohio . 185 .... Tennessee . 193-197jKentucky. . 200.... Ohio 206-217jKentucky. . 221-226 Ohio I 234. . . .[Tennessee . 242.... 'Kentucky.. 246....|ohio 249.... Kentucky.. 254-270 Ohio 275. 282. 295. 306-319 321-395 411-450 454U473 476-540 1 10-30. 35-59. 69-99. 103-139 143-180 189-249 253-265 267-344 347-412 422-519 543-562 568-581 589-611 17-19.. 20-56.. Kentucky. Indiana. . . Ohio Indiana .. . Ohio Indiana .. . Illinois . . . Ohio Ohio Michigan . Ohio... . Indiana . . , Uliaois . . . . Ohio Michigan . . Indiana .. . , Ohio Indiana .. . , Illinois . . . , Ohio Michigan.. , Ohio lUinois . . . , Ohio McLean. 86-111 121... 140. . . 144-167 171-181 185-250 265-291 295-326 330-371 374^393 397-457 465-487 490-523 530-551 568-571 573-583 586-631 1-57. . . 61-70.. 75-93.. 96-106. 110-136 138-186 192-201 202-213 224-255 257-333 337-363 364^370 375-402 4?7-481 486-489 504^554 563-581 589-604 607.... 1-76... 92-109 . 111-135 147-186 189-194 207-242 249-256 262-281 286-300 306-337 Michigan.. Illinois'. . . Ohio Indiana .. . Illinois . . . Ohio Michigan.. Ohio Indiana .. . Illinois . . . Ohio Michigan . Ohio Indiana .. . Illinois . . . Michigan.. Ohio Michigan . Ohio Indiana .. . lUinois . . . Michigan . Ohio Indiana .. . Illinois . . . Michigan . Ohio Indiana .. . Illinois. . . Michigan . Ohio Illinois. . . Indiana .. . Michigan . Ohio Illinois. . . Ohio Indiana .. . Michigan . Ohio Illinois. . . Ohio Indiana .. . Michigan.. Illinois. . . Ohio DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. KBPORT. OASES ON PAGES. ■VrajEB DECIDED IN. VOL. OASES ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED IN. McLean, Mason 342-354 358-425 441-450 455^59 461-468 469.... 486-495 507-509 513-622 1-56... 63-76.. 80-89.. 93-106. 112-142 152-195 200-231 237-248 259-382 386^09 413-508 517-577 584-631 1-38... 43 45-91.. 93 96-191. 224.... 243.... 302-323 341 ... . 346.... 354-515 520.... 1-48... 58-60.. 69-71 . . 77-91 . . 112-151 181-208 229-230 236-303 311.... 319-378 393-472 475-531 541 ... . Miebigan Ohio Lidiana OMo Indiana Ohio Michigan Illinois ....... Ohio Michigan lUinois Ohio Michigan Ohio Michigan Illinois Indiana Ohio Indiana Michigan Illinois Ohio Massachusetts . . New Hampshire Massachusetts. . New Hampshire Massachusetts, . Rhode Island . . New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Ehode Island . . New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Ehode Island . . Massachusetts . . Ehode Island. . . Massachusetts. . Ehode Island. . . Massachusetts. . Rhode Island . . Massachusetts. . Ehode Island . . Massachusetts. . Ehode Island . . Massachusetts. . Ehode Island . . Maine Mason 1 5-116.. 126-138 147-156 158.... 161-175 178.... 232-269 272-294 308-324 329-347 378-398 405.... 429-475 478-486 503.... 508.... 520.... 1-108.. 112-131 139 ... . 158-275 289-312 326-380 390.... 397-414 427.... 435-541 1 11-16.. 28-35.. 56-115. 118-120 143.... 157-176 191-229 232.... 241.... 244^290 303-336 356-407 410-421 425-451 453-465 497 505-534 537-572 Maine Massachusetts. . Ehode Island . . Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts . . Rhode Island. . Massachusetts. . Ehode Island. . Maine Massachusetts. . Rhode Island . . Maine Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . Maine Rhode Island. . Maine Massachusetts. . Rhode Island . . Maine Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . Maine. ........ Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . Maine Massachusetts. . New Hampshire Rhode Island. . Massachusetts. . Rhode Island . . Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Ehode Island . . Massachusetts. . Ehode Island. . Maine Massachusetts. . Ehode Island . . Maine Massachusetts. . XXIV DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. IV EEPOET. VOL. OASES ON PAGES. WEBE DECIDED IN. EEPOBT. VOL. CASES ON PAGES. "WEKE DECIDED IN. Newb. Adm. 1 1-129..' 130-205 215.... 221-236 Michigan Ohio Pennsylvatda. . . minois Newb. Adm. 1 241-308 315-533 536-553 Missouri Xjouisiana Michigan PaLae, 1-209.. 247-261 265-295 300.... 306-646 652.... 661-671 1.. 11 54-68.. 74 82 92 115-162 168.... 185-202 300,... 313.... 324.... 340-348 382-440 New York Connecticut . . . . Vermont Connecticut . . . . New York Vermont Connecticut . . . . New York Vermont New York Vermont Connecticut . . . . New York New York Vermont New York Vermont New York Connecticut. . . . New York New York Paine. Pet. C, 476.... 492.... 501.... 525.... 536-545 652.... 688.... 721.... 1-64... 74-85.. 96-106. 113-145 155.... 159-195 199 207-450 452.... 455-487 489.... 493-496 Connecticut. . , New York Connecticut.. New York . . . , Vermont New York ... Virginia New York. . . New Jersey. . Pensylvania. . . New Jersey. . Pennsylvania. New Jersey. . Pennsylvania. New Jersey. . , Pennsylvania. New Jersey. . Pennsylvania. New Jersey. . Pennsylvania. S awyer. 1-4.. 7-15. 31... 37-70 73... 84... 88... 99... 126-129 135-142 150.. California.. Oregon... California.. Oregon. . . Nevada. . . CaHfomia.. Nevada. . . Oregon. . . California. Oregon. . . California.. Sawyer. 153-176 182-194 212.. 219-224 227.. 233.. 238-243 249... 251... 260... 268-306 Oregon California.. Oregon. . . California.. Oregon.. . California.. Oregon . . . California.. Oregon . . . California.. Oregon. . . DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. XXV EEPOET. CASES ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED IN. CASES ON PAGES. WEBE DECIDED IN. Sawyer 309-347 349.... 853.... 374. . . . 383-397 401^10 423-456 463 470 484-507 512. 531-547 553.. 596.. 605.. 609.. 641.. 653.. 685.. 695-702 710... 713... 1-7... 12.... 15-21 . 33-42. 50. 57. 72-91 94.. 108. 118. 135-144 148. 152. 161. 176. 200. 205-219 226 231-255 259- -269 278.... 286- -302 305.... 311.... 320-333 California... Nevada. . . . California... Oregon California.., Oregon California.., Oregon Nevada. . . . Oregon California.., Oregon California.. Oregon Nevada Oregon... . . Nevada CaUfomia.. Nevada California.. Nevada California.. California.. Oregon California.. Oregon California.. Oregon CaUfomia.. Oregon California.. Oregon California.. Oregon California.. Oregon Nevada. . . , Oregon... . , CaHfomia.. Oregon California.. Oregon CaHfomia.. Oregon California.. Oregon... . , California.. Sawyer 338.... 342-348 351.... 353.... 356-361 364-367 373.... 381-389 396 ... 411-416 428.... 434-441 447-450 461.... 468.... 474^86 493.-515 520.... 524-530 535-546 549.... 571.... 576.... 583.... 586-644 645-655 17 22 27-35.. 44 46-69.. 80-88.. 93 128.... 134-144 161.... 164-187 194 201-206 218-237 .240-262 274r-302 305-311 316-320 330... 335-337 342-369 Oregon California... Nevada Oregon Nevada. . . . Oregon California... Oregon CaUfomia... Oregon California... Oregon Nevada. . . . California... Nevada. Oregon California... Oregon California... Oregon California... Nevada. . . . Oregon California... Oregon California... California... Oregon California... Oregon California.., Oregon CaHfomia.., Oregon California.., Oregon California.., Oregon California.., Oregon California.. Oregon... . . California.. Oregon California.. Oregon CaHfomia.. XXVI DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. BEPOET, CASES ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED IN. BEPOET. CASES ON PAGES. WEBE DECIDED IN. Sawyer 397-415 422-434 437-446 448-469 473.... 477-491 495.... 500.,.. 507-529 538-542 544.... 553.... 556.... 559-562 566.... 571.... 574. . . . 584-590 595.... 601.... 602.... 605-610 614... 634.... 17-28.. 37-42.. 88 92-100. 105.... 114.... 119... 121 ... . 12S-133 136.... 138.... 143-169 172.... 174. . . . 178-195 199-245 250. 252. 254. 257. 262. 272. 274. Oregon California Nevada. California Nevada California Oregon Nevada Oregon California Oregon California Oregon CaUfomia Nevada California Oregon California Oregon California Oregon California Oregon Nevada Oregon CaUfomia Oregon CaUfornia Oregon Nevada CaUfornia Oregon California Oregon CaUfornia Oregon CaUfomia. .... Oregon CaUfomia Oregon Nevada CaUfornia Oregon California. ..... Oregon CaUfornia Oregon Sawyer Story Snmn 280-293 302-334 341-692 1-43. . . 57..... 64-169. 172-251 270.... 273-360 371-387 398-463 474^528 531-547 560-610 1. 16-213. 243.... 267.... 278-292 312-327 334. . . . 347-361 366.... 369-582 591-661 1 13-25.. 54-87.. 93-393. 402.... 411.... 428.... 448.... 458-516 544. .. . 558-590 611-700 742-800 1-21 46.. 73.. 89.. 109. 121. 131. 133. 151-168 CaUfomia Nevada CaUfomia Massachusetts. . Rhode Island . . Massachusetts. . Maine Rhode Island . . Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . Massachusetts. . Maine . . , . , Rhode Island . . Massachusetts. . Maine I' Massachusetts. . Maine New Hampshira Maine Massachusetts. . New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Maine. Massachusetts. . Maine Maine New Hampshire Maine Massachusetts.'. Rhode Island. . Massachusetts.; New Hampshire Maine Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . New Hampshire Maine Massachusetts. . Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . Maine Massachusetts . . Rhode Island. . Maine Rhode Island. . New Hampshire Massachusetts.. DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. xxvn BEPOET. VOL. OASES ON PAOES. WERE DECIDED IN. BEPOKT. OASES ON PAGES. WEKE DECIDED IN. Sumn 173.... 195-232 235-263 276-319 328-514 516-537 551-578 1.... 13-19 108.. 133-143 157-206 221-238 240-251 262-278 299. 310. 316-383 Ehode Island Massachusetts Rhode Island Maine Massachusetts Maine Massachusetts Maine Massachusetts Ehode Island Maine Massachusetts Ehode Island Massachusetts, Ehode Island Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Sumn 387.... 401-409 419-426 443-612 628.... 1 12-132. 144-152 165-189 202.... 209-385 339-342 345-358 379-435 472-475 488-495 510-600 Ehode Island. . Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Maine Maine Massachusetts. . Ehode Island . . Maine. New Hampshire Massachusetts. . Rhode Island. . Maine Massachusetts. . Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts. . -yv WalLCC. 1 1-178. . WaU. Jr. 1 69 107.... 189.... 196.... 210.... 217.... 275.... 311.... 2 33 72-81.. 103.... — 131.... 301.... 334.... — 356.... — 368.... — 485.... — 521.... — 569.... 3 32 — 46 66 — 186... — 206.... — 215-219 Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . . New Jersey. . . . Pennsylvania. . , Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . , Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . . New Jersey . . .' . New Jersey. . . . Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . , Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . . Pennsylvania. . , New Jersey . . . - New Jersey ... Pennsylvania. . WaU. Jr Wash. C, C, 248-252 258.... 263-279 292-299 346.... 375.... 381.... 1-530.. 1-519.. 1-481.. 484-498 503-560 567-580 1-9.... 16-38.. 45-128. 129-139 141-191 194-202 209-259 262.... 271-338 344-347 349-391 393-396 Pennsylvania. , New Jersey . . , Pennsylvania. , New Jersey . . , Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. , Pennsylvania. New Jersey . . . Pennsylvania. New Jersey . . . Pennsylvania. New Jersey . . Pennsylvania. New Jersey. . Pennsylvania. New Jersey. . Pennsylvania. New Jersey. . Pennsylvania. New Jersey. . Pennsylvania. New Jersey. . XXVIU DECISIONS AFFECTED BY STATE LAWS. CASES ON PAGES. WERE DECIDED IN. EEPORT, VOL. CASES ON PAGES. ■WEKB JDECIDED IN. Wash. CO. Woodb. &M. 398-443 445.... 446-487 492.... 503-570 578.... 580-595 601-620 624.... 631.... 644-662 678-698 700^733 1-7.... 13 21-115. 138-221 244.... 248-305 323-338 342-376 381.... 389-401 1-329.. 337-371 407-417 426-531 1-179.. 185-193 217-277 325-456 Pennsylvania. . New Jersey. . . Pennsylvania. . New Jersey . . . Pennsylvania. . New Jersey . . . Pennsylvania. . New Jersey. . . Pennsylvania. . New Jersey. . . Pennsylvania. . New Jersey. . . Pennsylvania. . Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts, Ehode Island. Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts. Massachusetts. Ehode Island. Maine Massachusetts. Massachusetts. Rhode Island. Maine Massachusetts. Woodb. &M. Woods Woolw 519-538 1-308.. 331-433 437-573 581-642 647-661 667-680 1-2.54. . 263-354 357-463 467-606 621-657 663-680 1-26... 49 63-75.. 80-88.. 93-99 . . 102.... 123-128 141.... 150.... 170-175 192-198 204. . . . 217-293 299-330 340-365 372-377 383-390 400.... Ehode Island. Louisiana Texas Georgia Alabama. Florida Mississippi Louisiana Texas Georgia Alabama Florida., Mississippi. . . . Kansas Wisconsin Iowa.. Wisconsia Minnesota Missouri Iowa Missouri Iowa Arkansas Kansas Minnesota Missouri Iowa Nebraska Iowa Nebraska Kansas FEDERAL Reference Digest. A ABANDONMENT. Of Copyright, see Coptright, 5 ; Of Husband ty Wife, see Husband and Wife, 23; Of property Insured, see Instxeanoe, 62-*75 ; Of Child, see Parent and Child, 6 ; Of Invention, see Patents, SO, 160, 277. For decisions under the Abandoned and ca/p- twed property act, see Aliens, 8 ; Wak, VIII. ABATEMENT. Of Duties, see Dutles, 179-181 ; Of Lega- cies, see Legacies, 18 ; Of Nuiaaneis, see Nui- sance, 4. ABATEMENT AND REVIVAL I. Grounds of Abatement; and hotv Pleaded. n. KeVIVAL. CONTINUAitCB. I. GROUNDS OP ABATEMENT ; AND HOW PLEADED. 1. In general, Deady, I/400. Law Eep., N. s., 2/^08. McLean, 4/436. 2. Objections to the jurisdiction: ■when available. Blatchf., 7/42g_ Curt., 1/494^ S/g^g^ Gall., 2/32g_ How., 7/^98. Pet., IS/^y. 3. 'Wheri not available. Deady, I/224. Ware, I/332. 4. Questions of citizenship of parties. Blatchf., 3/244_ How., 17/47^ ^^/76. McAll., 1/17. McLean, ^j^^ ij^^e^ ij^^^^ Paine, l/ggo. Pet., 1/476, ^^351, ^^/eo. Wall., 3/420^ 11/172. Wash. C. C, ^^^2. 5. Plea of non-citizenship a personal privilege. BeeAdm., 1/9 How., S/^gg McLean, 330. Pet. C. C, Wash. C. C, 2/505_ 1/330. Pet. C. C, 1/431. Story, I/64. 6. Pendency of another action : when ground. Cranch C. C, 5/393_ Hempst., I/213. McLean, 2/332 %21, %3S. ' Pe*-, ^^Im. Wash. C. C, 3/359_ Wheat., I/215, 8/246. ■ 7. — when not ground. Ben., 1/68. Biss., 2/124 Blatchf ., 8/240^ 4/129. Cranch C. C, 2/38 Curt., 2/559 Dill., 4/529 "• Hempst., I/442. Law Rep., N. s., 12/74 McLean, 2/3Q Otto, 2/1I6, ^/588. Pet., 13/136 Sumn., 2/539^ ABATEMENT AND EEVIVAL, I. 3/165. Wall, 13/679. Wheat, I/215. Woods, 1/68. 8. Pendency of suit in state coxirt. Alb. L. J, 15/161. Biss, 6/44^ 6/44_ 6/501. Bond, 1/92. Cliff, 2/311. Curt, 1/494,2/559. Dill, 4/524. How,16/io4, 20/583. Hughes, 1/279. McLean, 2/35^ %21, ^/233, ^/535, ^/ll, ^/l6. 0**0, 3/g48_ Paine, 2/209. Pet, IS/igg Sumn, 2/539^ 3/i65. Wall, 11/659. Wheat, 1/215. 9. — of proceedings under bankrupt Law. Rev. Stat., § 5048, 6090, 5105. Alb. L. J., 13/272. McLean, 8/437^ 3I^^^_ 10. Death, of a party : "When ground. Holmes, I/208. How., 17/212. Mc- Lean, 4/go4 Pet., 14/147 Bhilv (Pa.) 10/273. Wheat., 6/260. 11. — when not ground. Chase Dec, I/145. Cliff., 1/125. Dall., 3/54. Mason, I/149. Olc. Adm., I/316. 12. Disabilities. Absence, coverture, Cranch, 7/194 McLean, 4/5 Wheat., 2/111, 1^280. 13. Suits by or against executors and trustees. Cliff., 2/351. Cranch C. C, I/116, 2/418,4/169. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/499 Pet^ 10/161,1%. Phil., (Pa.) 10/221. Wall., %88. Wheat., 8/342. 14. Misjoinder and non-joinder of par- ties plaintiff. Black, 1/309, 1/583, 2/581. Cliff, 2/35i_ Cooke, (Tenn.) l/igg. Cranch C. C, 1/351, 2/49. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/499 Wall., 9/788. 15. — of parties defendant : 'When ground. . Blatchf. & H, 1/525. Cooke, (Tenn.) 1/159. Cranch. C. C, 1/173 Hempst., 1/222. Pet., 1/46, 1/311. Wash. C. C, ^/llO. 16. When not ground. Rev. Stat., § 737. How., 16/i^ 21/4g9_ McLean, 4/g Mart., (N. C.) l/yg' Pet., 10/298. Sumn., I/173. 17. Misnomer. Cranch C. C, 4/531^ How., I8/404. Pet., 7/413 Vfash. C. C, 2/20^^ 2/274' 18. Variance between writ and decla- ration. Blatchf., 2/31 Cranch C. C, 1/91^ 1/190,2/237. How, 1/241. McLean, 1/319^ 1/466, %6. Overt, (Tenn.) 1/366. Wash. C. C, 2/200. Wheat., 2/45_ ll/ggg. 19. Defect of incorporation ; expira- tion of charter, all., 3/297 G^a'lv 1/488. How., 20/583_ Int. Rev. Eec, 11/92. Mason, 1/96. Sawyer, 1/153. Wheat., 1/9^ 2/1^ ^/246, %91, l°/428. 10. Jurisdiction within the body of a county. Black, 1/574. How., 5/441^ 6/344^ 20/296^ 22/48. Newb. Adm., l/i^ l/igy, I/443. Woodb. & M., 1/401. 11. — within bays, harbors, and inlets. Blatchf., 3/435 Blatchf. & H., I/293. 01c. Adm., 1/329. Sumn., 2/i_ 12. — upon artificial canals. Abb. Adm., I/418. Ben.,8/i5Q_ Brown Adm., 1/170. Hughes, 2/i2_ 13. EngUsh rule as to ebb and flow of tide inapplicable to navigable lakes and rivers. Am. L. Reg., S/^gg Biss., I/29. Blatchf., S/^gg Brown Adm., I/334 Chic. L. K, l/i85, 3/i3o^ 4/89_ How., 12/443, 12/466, 2°/296. McLean, 5/269^ S/ggg^ Newb. Adm., \ l/ioi_ I/130, I/274, 1/443. Wall., 4/555^ 7/g24_ 8/ig_ ll/i_ Wall. Jr., 3/53. 14. Effect of act of 1845, extending jurisdiction to the lakes. Rev. Stat., § 566. Blatchf., 2/^2^^ How., 20/296^ 21/244^ 21/248_ Law Rep., N. s., 2/gii_ Newb. Adm., l/i^ i/iqi 1/197. Wall.,4/g55_ 15. Matters relating to the internal conuneroe of a state— when cog- nizable. Abb. Adm., 1/413. ^bb. U. S., l/i. Ben.,3/26g. Blatchf., 2/427^/355. Cliff.,' 1/633. How., 21/244^ 21/248 I^^w Rep., N. s., 5/421. Low., 1/203. Ware, 3/ig4_ 16. Jurisdiction in cases of collision. Ben., 1/536, 2/25, 4/257. Black, I/574. Blatchf., 9/4gi_ Cliic. L. N., 6/4i_ How., 20/296, 22/48, 5/441, 23/209. Hughes, 2/12. Int. Rev. Rec, l^/ieg. Law Rep., 8/27g_ Newb. Adm., l/i_ I/iqi, I/197, 1/443. 01c. A.dm., 1/329. Taney, 1/437^ See, also, Collision, "78. 17. How far common law jurisdiction is concurrent. Blatchf., 2/427 Brown Adm., l/gg Call., 2/393 How., 5/44i_ Law Rep., 13/38. Mason, 5/290. Woodb. & M., I/401. 18. How far the jiirisdiction depends upon state laws giving liens. Abb. Adm., l/i65_ 1/263. Black, I/522, 2/581. Blatchf., 14/24 Blatchf. & H., 1/175. Cent. L. J., 3/285_ Crabbe, I/426. CilPv 1/1, 1/473. How., 17/477_ 22/i29_ McLean, 6/gg^ Newb. Adm., 1/137 ADMIRALTY, I. 1/269. N- Y. Leg. Obs., 11/38. Paine, 1/620,2/131. Pet., 7/324/1/175. Pittsb. (Pa.), %26. Sprague, 1/152, ^307. Story, 1/244, 2/455. Taney, 1/492. Wall., 21/558. Wall. Jr., 1/359. Ware, 2/29^ 2/^99. Wheat., ^/438. 19. Jurisdiction once obtained •will be retained. Bee Adm., I/97. Blatchf. & H., I/9. Brock., 1/347. Dall., S/^gg Newb. Adm., 1/123. 6. As affected by nationality or character of vessels, or parties. 20. Jurisdiction does not depend on residence or citizenship. Ben., 4/70. Cent. L. J., 3/285. How., 12/443. Pet., 7/324. Wall., 9/435. 21. Its exercise discretionary, -where parties are aliens. Abb. Adm., 1/123, 1/263. ^en., 8/^71^ 4/252. Brown Adm., 1/gg. Cranch, 2/240. Sprague, I/402. Ware, I/332. 22. How far it depends on character of vessel. Eev. Stat, § 4251. Aip. L. Eeg., %91. Sen., 3/4^9^ 8/^50. Biss., I/408, 5/200. Blatchf., 4/205 Bond, 2/333. Brown Adm., 1/334 Chic. L. N., 4/gg. Cranch C. C, 3/g49. Gilp., I/524. Taney, 1/492, V533. Wall. Jr., 3/53 Ware, 1/128. Wheat., 1/238. Woods, 2/213. 23. Jurisdiction over foreign vessels. Ben., 1/536, %94, %71. Chic. L. JST., ^/l56. Cranch, 7/jjg. Low., 1/455, 1/569. N. Y. Leg. Obs., IO/97. Sawyer, S/gg^. Wall., 9/435 Wheat., 7/283. 24. — over bridges, piers and wharves. Ben., 6/289. Brown Adm., 1/152, 1/356. Wall., 3/2o_ 6/2^3. 25. Protection of foreign seamen; suits for wages, &c. Abb. Adm., I/123, I/263, 1/402. Bee Adm., 1/217. Ben., 4/^^3 Blatchf., 9/438. Blatchf. & H., l/i87. Chic. L. N., 3/jgg Curt., 1/452. I^it. Bev. Rec, 2%70. J^ow., 1/569, 2/142. Ole. ^ V120. 47. Maritime liens, generally. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 7/409, l^/soo. 1°*- Rev. Rec, 15/33 McLean, 6/g73_ Newb. Adm., 1/195. Wall., 6/2i3_ 9/^29. Ware, 1/149, 1/188, 1/263, 2/71. See, also. Ship- ping, IX. 48. Liens given by state la-ws. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 8/47o_ Ben., I/309. Bond, I/189. Cent. L. J., 3/285. Low., l/l76, 1/375. 49. Mortgages of vessels. Abb. U.S., 2/20. Ben., 1/461. Blatchf., 3/67. Blatchf. & H., 1/90. How., 17/399, 19/239, 20/393. Hughes, 2/70. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 11/137. OIc. Adm., 1/55. Woodb. & M., 2/87_ 2/92^ 2/j^g_ See, also. Ship- ping, I, 2. 50. Recovery of duties. Blatchf. & H., 1/114. Crabbe, I/324. Gall., 1/22. Wheat., 12/486. See, also. Duties, VI. 51. Ransom bills. Bee Adm., l/igg. Gall, 2/325 52. Seamen's wages : Nature and ex- tent of tbe jurisdiction. Abb. Adm., I/490. Baldw., I/544. Bee Adm., 1/199. Cilp., I/524. Low., 1/203. Mason, 2/54^_ Olc. Adra., I/208, 1/474. Pet., 5/g7g_ 7/324^ ll/i75_ 12/^2. Wall., 11/185. Ware, 3/^84. Wheat., 10/428. Woodb. & M., 2/48_ See, also. Seamen, YI. 53. "WTiat claims for services are cog- nizable. Abb. Adm., 1/490, 1/529. Ben., 6/gg4_ Cilp., 1/203, 1/505, 1/524. Low., 1/475. Mason, 2/54j_ Olc. Adm., I/71. Pet. Adm., 2/268. Sawyer, 2/342. Sprague, 1/204, 1/437. Sumn., 1/151. Wall. Jr., 1/33. Ware, 8/353 54. "What are not. Abb. Adm., 1/340, 1/4I8, 1/490. Blatchf. &H., 1/215. Bond, 1/267, 2/234. Cilp., 1/514,1/524. Mason, 8/161. Olc. Adm., 12 ADMIRALTY, I. V120, V224, V229. "Pet. Adra., I/244. Wall. Jr., 1/370. 55. "When tlie remedy is in rem. . Sprague, I/437. 56. When the suit must be in per- sonam. Blatchf. & H., l/i36, 1/372. Mason, %,^/l96. Olc. Adm., 1/12 Paine, 1/73. Pet. Adm., 1/247^ ". Sprague, l/ig, I/34, •^/l26 •^/485. 57. "Who are deemed to be mariners. Blatchf. & H., 1/279. Gilp., 1/505. Pet. Adm., ^j^^^^ Sawyer, 4/^Qg_ Sprague, 1/533. 58. "WTio are not. Abb. Adm., 1/340^ 1/413^ 1/490. Blatchf. & H., 1/215. Gilp., 1/514. 01c. Adm., 1/120. Wall. Jr., 1/370. 59. Wages of mate. Olc. Adm., 1/12. Pet. Adm., I/244. 60. Ship building contracts. Am. L. Reg., V/g^ 8/459 Ben., S/^gg Black, 1/522. Brown Adm., 1/495 Cliff., 1/43,1/55,2/29. Ct.ofCl.,3/297_ How., 2*'/398, 22/129. Law Rep., nr. s., H/ggi, 11/343. Newb. Adm., 1/197. Sawyer, %19. Sprague, 1/353^ 1/404. Taney, 1/493 1/583. Wali.,21/532_ 61. Stipulations of a personal nature. Blatclif., 1/569. Blatchf., & H., I/34 Mason, 4/33^ Paine, 2/^^^ 62. Suits for pilotage. Ben., 3/391^ 5/74 Blatchf. & H., I/235. Deady, I/591. Int. Rev. Rec, 15/^44 Low., l/i76. Mason, 1/503. N- Y. Leg. Obs., 7/97 Paine, 2/^3^ Pet., lO/^pg Sawyer, 1/453. Wall., IS/ggg See, also. Shipping, V- 63. — towage. Ben., 5/72 Chic. L. N., 4/39 How. Pr., 22/yg Sprague, 1/533. See, also, Shipping, YI. 64. — -wharfage. Alb. L. J., 17/23. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 17/423. Ben., 5/go_ 5/74^ 8/go9 Chic. L. N.,4/218. Gall., 2/433 Gilp-, 1/101. Int. Rev. Rec, S/g^ 1^/147. Newb. Adm., 1/553. Otto, 5/e3_ See title Wharves. 65. — for supplies furnished. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 12/300. Baldw., 1/544. Black, 1/522, 2/581. Blatchf., 4/355 Blatchf. & H., 1/90. Brown Adra., 1/520. Cent. L. J., 8/285 Chic. L. N., 5/^46, 7/i_ How., 3/5gg^ 19/359^ 20/393, 21/248. Hughes, 2/44^ 2/^23. Int. Rev. Rec, 5/g Law Rep., n. s., 2/511. Taney, 1/533. Wheat., 12/gij_ 66. Title to, or possession of vessels : Petitory suits. Blatchf., 3/g7_ Curt., 2/79 2/42g How., 1%67. Hughes, 2/39 Law Rep., N. s., 10/501. Mason, 5/4gg Paine, 2/334 Sprague, I/170, I/470. Wall. Jr., l/gn. Ware, 8/^34 Q7. Possessory actions. Ben., 5/252^ 8/429_ Law Rep., n. s., 10/501. Low., 1/491. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 11/137. Newb. Adm., I/205. 68. Vesaele or property captured as prize. Bee Adm., l/gg. Cranch, 4/g „., 7/jjg 9/244. Call., 2/3g^ 3/^21. Gall., 1/563' 1/585, 2/325, 2/368. Op. Att.-Gen., 12/314 Paiue, 2/324 Pet. Adm., l/i_ 2/3^9^ 2/474_ Wheat., 1/233. See, also. Prize, I. ADMIRALTY, I, II. 13 69. Seizure of vessel or goods, on the Mgli seas. Boe Adm., 1/go. Ben., 8/429. Blatchf. & H., 1/9. Cent. L. J., ^g Dall., 3/121. Gall., 2/29_ Mason, 1/96. ^ewb. Adm., 1/494. ^^^' Adm., l/^s. Ware, 1/332. Wheat., 1/238, 2/i_10/473_ 70. Personal torts. Blatchf. & H., 1/487, V493. Curt., 1/434. How. Pr., 31/272.' McAll., I/467. Mason, 8/242^ 4/3gQ_ Sprague, 1/134. Ware, I/75, I/91. 71. Other maritime torts. Am. L. Reg., 5/280. Bee Adm., I/51, 1/64. Ben., 1/536, 2/547^ 5/53. Gall., 2/393. How., 23/209_ How. Pr., 28/2g3_ Int. Rev. Rec, 15/114, 17/68. ^ow., 2/323. Mason, l/gg. Sumn., 2/^ Wall., 2/333^ 8/15. Wheat., 10/473. 72. Crimes. Blatchf., 3/43.5 Pet., 12/72. Wash. C. C, %i. Woodb. & M., 1/401. II. PROCEDUEE. 73. History and origin of admiralty practice. Blatchf. & H., 1/9, 1/390. Chic. L. N., 7/305. Wall., 21/558 74. Rules of practice. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 12/391, ^%00. Ben., 5/60, ^/l24. ^iss., S/g^^ Black., 1/522. Chic. L. N., 5/108, 5/i46. Int. Rev. .Rec, 17/22. Law Rep., N. s., II/279. Low., 2/310. West. Jur., 8/233. 75. Procedure, generally. Stat.atL.,18/316. Biss., 1/140. Blatchf., 4/461. Blatchf. &H., 1/151. Brock., 1/380. Crabbe, 1/426. Cranch, % Dall., 3/297. Low., 2/315 01c. Adm., 1/1 96. Sprague, .2/39. Story, 1/531. Sumn., 2/206^ Zj^^^ Wall., 8/ig_ Ware, 3/1^3 Wheat., 10/473. 76. Issuing and service of process. Rev. Stat., § 913, 917. Blatchf. & H., V525. Call., 2/29. Sawyer, I/497. Sprague, 1/73^ I/361, 1/332. Wheat., 10/473. See, also, Peocess, 9. 77. Proceedings in rem. Abb. Adm.,1/1. BeeAdm.,1/64. Ben., 3/508,4/55,%2. Blatchf., 10/203. Blatchf. &H., 1/79 1/94 Brock., 1/347. Chic. L. N., 7/305^ 7/35g_ Crabbe, I/426. Curt., 2/72. How., 20/583^ 24/45o_ Law Rep., 3/428. McAll., 1/9. Newb. Adm., 1/73^ 1/553. 01c. Adm., 1/12. Pet., I/547' Phil. (Pa.), 1/122. Sprague, 1/373^ 1/332. Story, 1/531. Wall., %i_ 20/201^ 21/558, 2^/458. Ware, 1/354, 2/407, ^/l43. Woods, V99. 78. — by attachment. Abb. Adm., 1/373 Am. L. Reg., n. s-, 2/221, 10/379, l*'/383. Bee Adm., 1/64. Ben., 1/113, %30, %0. Blatchf., ^I^^^^ Blatchf. & H., 1/525. Int. Rev. Rec, 13/94,13/125. Law Rep., 7/i35_ K Y. Leg. Obs., 2/388. Story, I/531. Wall., 11/268. See, also, Attachment, 5. 79. Proceedings in Personam. Blatchf. & H., 1/9. Cent. L. J., 1/454. How., 6/344 Law Rep., N. s., 2/g-^^_ N. Y. Leg. Obs., 3/147^ 7/342 Paine, 1/111. Pet. Adm., 1/87. Ware, 2/^^ Wheat., 3/546^ 10/473_ 80. Proceedings by foreign attach- ment. Abb. Adm., I/373 Law Rep., ]sr. s., 5/137, 1^157. Sprague, 1/413. 14 ADMIEALTY, II. 81. Joinder of causes of action. Abb. Adm., l/i. Blatchf. & H., 1/393. Gall., 2/3og_ Law. Rep., n. s., 2/^3 Pet., 6/143^ 8/4^ 11/175 Sprague, l/igs. Sumii., 2/j See, also, Pleading, 96. 82. Joinder of proceedings in rem and in personam. Abb. Adm., l/i_ 1/48. Ben., 2/3^^ Zj^^^^^ McLean, 5/522. Newb. Adm., 1/139^ I/205. Olc. Adm., I/18. Story, 2/ig_ Wall., 3/257. Woodb. & M., 2/87_ Woods, 2/211. 83. Election between remedies. Abb. Adm., 1/43^ I/291. Black, I/574. Blatehf. & H., I/525. Int. Rev, Rec, 17/22. Law Rep., n. s., S/^gg^ 10/324^ Paine, 1/520. Ret. Adm., 1/37. Sprague, 1/324, V36I. Wall., 5/62. 84. Effect of laches ; stale demands. Abb. U. S., 2/20. Ben., S/gg^^ S/g^g Biss., 1/525, 6/13. Blatchf., 11/472, 13/521. Blatchf. & H., 1/264. Law Rep., K. S-, 11/397. Low., 1/43. Mason, Sj^q^^ Sprague, I/130. Sumu., 2/206, S/agg Wall., 14/653. Ware, S/^gg^ Sj^^^^ Woodb. & M., 2/303. 85. Taking objections, generally. AlDb. Adm., I/297, 1/327, 1/579. Ben., ^/357. %86, ^/259, ^/594. Black, l/igg. Blatchf. & H., l/94_ 1/286, 1/493. Brown Adm., 1/485. Low., 1/173 Ol''- Adm., 1/55. 86. Objections to the jurisdiction, and how interposed. Am. L. Reg., n. s., lO/gyg. Ben., 6/258. I"t- Rev. Rec, 18/125. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 10/97. Newb. Adm,, I/95. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/504. 87. Allowing amendments. Abb. Adm., 1/123. Ben., 2/17^^ 4/353 Blatchf. & H., l/9_ 1/493 Cent. L. J., %63. Cranch, 7/495^ 7/57q_ How. Pr., 2%83. Law Rep., 4/20 Law Rep., N.S., 11/589. Mason, 3/iig_ N.X Leg. Obs., 2/ii9_ 10/353 Olc. Adm., I/316. Taney, l/ggg^ 1/437^ I/492. Ware, 2/303 Wheat., 1/261, 11/1. 88. Interposing claims. Intervention. Abb. Adm., 1/302. ^bb. U. S., 2/20 Am. L. Rec, 6/352. Ben., 8/331 Brown Adm., 1/76. Cranch, 9/244. Curt., I/201. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 11/38. Pet., 1/547. 89. Claims to surplus proceeds. Ben., 5/24g Blatchf. & H., 1/79^ 1/175^ 1/309. How., 19/239. Newb. Adm., 1/123. Olc Adm., 1/343 Woodb. & M., 2/92. 90. Stipulations between counsel. Abb. Adm., 1/337 Blatchf. & H., 1/151. 91. — for costs. Ben., 2/iQg Blatchf. & H., 1/149^ 1/151. How. Pr., I8/47. Olc Adm., 1/1' Otto, 5/gQQ 92. — for return of property seized. Rev. Stat., § 3754. Abb. Adm., I/297. Ben., 1/21,™. l/52i_ 8/397^ 5/57^ Blatchf, %40, 13/255, 14/360. Cent. L. J., 5/2g3. Newb. Adm., 1/432. Otto, 6/4gj. gaw- yer,4/i36. Wall., 2/538 Wheat., IO/497 12/1. 93. Delivery of property on bail. Rev. Stat., §§ 940, 94L Ben., 1/19^ 1/40, 1/89, 2/353, 3/i89, 3/327_ ^g^ 5/357_ Blatchf. 4/9Q_ 4/1Q3 Brown Adm., I/270. Chic L. N., 2/249 Gall., 1/145, 1/476, ADMIKALTY, II. 15 2/249, %20. Paine, I/435. See, also. Bail, 28. 94. How far the right of set-off is recognized. Baldw., 1/544. -Black, I/494. Mason, ^/l61. 95. Rules of evidence peculiar to ad- miralty. Eev. Stat., § 862. Ben., l/gy^ I/295, V328, %37, ^/319. Blatchf., 1/370. Blatch. & H., 1/289. Crabbe, I/216. Cranch C. C.,l/i67. Curt., 2/350. Gall., 2/45 How., S/ggg Int. Eev. Rec, 15/35. Law Rep., N- s., 11/14, 12/725. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/157. Newb. Adm., I/123 I/274. Olc. Adm., V42S. Oreg., 1/101. Sprague, 1/435^ 2/19 Story, 2/ig. Sumn., 1/323, V4OO, ^/l27. Taney, I/437. Ware, I/35, 1/53, 1/335. Wheat., 1/9, 3/77_ Woodb. & M., 1/262. 96. Dismissal of Utael. • Blatchf. & H., 1/454. Crabbe, I/452. Newb. Adm., 1/431. ^^c. Adm., I/216. Woodb. & M., 2/118 97. Amount of recovery. Cranch, 5/313. Curt., 2/3^ 2/i47_ Call., 3/336. Law Eep., N. s., II/397. Ole. Adm., 1/67. Sprague, 2/39. Wall. Jr., ■I/343. 98. Custody of vessel pending suit. Ben., 4/252 Brock., I/347. Crabbe, 1/420. Cranch, % Law Rep., 2/133 Mason, 2/gg Sumn., 8/542. Wheeler, ^/602. 99. Sales of property seized. Abb. Adm., I/57. Am. L. Reg., %24. Brown Adm., I/55. Sprague, 1/378, 1/423. 100. Sales of perishable property. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/165 I/213. Cranch, 4/2. Hayw. (N. C), 2/291. Law Rep., 2/133. Sumn., 3/542 Wheat., 6/194 101. Disposition of property seized. Distribution of proceeds. Abb. U. S., 2/74 Am. L. Reg., 3/g22, 6/323. Am. L. Reg., N.S., 11/214. Bankr. I^eg., 6/449. Bee Adm., 1/97. Ben., e/g^g^ 7/483. Biss., 2/25i_ Gj^^^^ Blatchf. & H., 1/175, 1/226. Bond, 1/92. Dall.,2/36. Gilp., l/i84. How., 3/5gg Int. Rev. Rec, 17/22, I'^/si. Low., 1/375, %08. Mason, 2/459^ 3/255. JSTewb. Adm., 1/173. Ole. Adm., 1/12, 1/39, 1/332. Oreg., I/179. Otto, 1/474. Pet., 6/4Q4 Pet. Adm., 1/223. Sawyer, 1/353^ 8/495^ Wall., ^j^^^ 7/152. Ware, S/^i^ Wash. T., I/43. Wheat., 4/98^ 9/gig^ 102. Effect of the sentence or decree. Form of decree. Abb. Adm., I/123. Black, 2/439 Blatchf, 2/341 Blatchf. & H., I/149. Cranch, 9/i26. Dall., 2/3g How., 11/522. McLean, 6/195^ Newb. Adm., 1/41. Bet., 6/143 Sumn., 8/495 103. Revie^w of decree. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 5/44 Biss., 4/51 Brown Adm., I/13 Dall., 2/41 Law Rep., 2/yi Low., 2/273 ^^°' -^all., 31^21. Gall., 1/5 McLean, 2/^55. Mason, 3/gQ3_ Sumn., 1/447. Wash. C. C, %2. Wheat., 2/i32. 3. Illustrations of the rule that con- sent cannot confer jurisdiction. Ball., 3/409 How., 21/85^ 24/207_ Pet., 5/390, ^%25. 4. Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court. Rev. Stat., § 690, 692. Cranch, 1/137, ^/l59, ^/l79, ^/307. P^all., 3/321, %36. How., 10/72, 13/40, 15/451, 18/570, 19/199. Pet., ^Ujo, 16/281. Wall., 3/4g^ 7/5g3^ 11/256, 1%38. Wheat., 6/264, 9/738. See, also, Supreme Court, I. 6. Wlien an appeal -will lie, generally. Crabbe, I/210. Cranch, 8/448^ 4/^5. Gall., 1/5. How., 18/507, 22/118, 24/420. McLean, 2/^^^^ Mason, ^I^qs^ Pet., 3/193. Sumn., l/447_ Wall., l/gg, 3/573^ «/3l8, 12/440. Wash. C. C, 4/492. Wheat., 7/38. 6. When it ■will not, because error is the proper remedy. Blatclif., 5/^06. How., 11/185, 22/193. McLean, 2/155 Pe'v "^kss. See, also, Ekeoe, 2.. 7. — because certiorari or mandamus is the proper remedy. Chic. L. N., 6/142. Cranch C. C, 2/515, 2/523. Wall., I9/513. 2. What determinations are reviewable. 8. What judgments orders or decrees are final, and appealable. Black, 1/54, 2/524. Gilp.,1/34. How., %01, %06, 19/283. Otto, 3/1Q8. Pet., 2/449. Wall., 5/819, 7/342, %75, 10/256, "/64. 9. What are interlocutory and not ap- pealable. Black, 2/539. Blatchf., 4/314 Ball., 4/22. Gall., 2/216. How., 5/51, 6/206, 6/209, 13/11, 15/451, 17/591, I8/199, 19/283, 21/386, MacArth., 2/254. Otto, 1/245, 2/176. Pet-, ■3/307. 1%3, 15/287. Utah T., I/140. Wall., 2/io6_ 11/380, 13/51, 15/682, 2^/405. Wheat., 10/502, 11/429, 12/135. See, also. Judgment, 42-45. 10. Matters -within the discretion of the court belo^w. Bankr. Eeg., 1^/474. How., I8/394, 20/i98. MacArth., I/165, I/241. Otto, 2/454, 2/728, 5/99. 11. Adjudications by default or con- sent. How., 11/398, I8/570. Paine, 2/209. 12. Decisions of referees. How., 18/24«, Wall., 2/123. 24 APPEAL, I, II. 13. Decisions on demurrer. Hempst., l/ii. How., 0/213^ ^lios. Wall., 74,6^ 21/3,7_ 14. Decrees in foreclosure. Black, 2/524_ 2/g4j_ Cranch, S/^^g^ McLean, 1/249. ^^t; '^\^^lm. Wall., 1/73, 2/440, "/l4. 15. Decrees and orders in injunction suits. Cranch, S/g^ Hempst., I/207. How., 2/61, 7/650/%6. Otto, 3/108, 5/99. Pet., 9/l9/l56. Wall., 2/^06, 23/283. Wheat., ^/448. 16. Orders confirming or vacating ju- dicial sales. Wall., 1/665 5/660. See, also. Judi- cial Sales, 18. 17. Order refusing to set aside verdict for excessive damages. Rev. Stat., § 804, 805. MacArth., 2/42. See, also, New Teial, 45, 46. 3. Jurisdidion as dependent on the amount in con- troversy. 18. Ho"w the amount in controversy is computed or ascertained. Cranch, 4/3ig8/2g^_ Curt., 2/3^7 Dall., 3/401. Hempst., 1/211. How., 2/73^ 3/7^^^ 5/6,20/55. Otto, 3/^^ 3/24^_ Pet.,1/248] %3, 3/469, %49, 6/634, Vl Vus. Wall., V337, 2/218. Wheat., 9/527. 19. When interest may be added to complete the necessary amount. Blatchf., 2/340 How., 17/17^ 1^/19 Otto, 3/565. Wall., 19/i78_ 20. The inatter in dispute must be money: claims to guardianship or custody of children not within the judiciary act. Black, 2/7Q4 How., S/j^g^ Pet., 2/243, ®/44. 21. What amount in controversy will give jurisdiction. Stat, at L., I8/317 How., II/163, ^^ke, 20/55. Otto, 1/365. Pet., 7/453^ 8/4_ Wall., 5/208_ 12/45, Wash. C. C, %26. 22. Effect of apportionment of dama- ges among several complain- ants, in decree appealed from. How., 11/522, 12/347, 17/3_19/io8,23/48,_ Pet., 6/143, 8/4. Wall., 17/354. 23. When the amount In dispute is immaterial. How., 10/99, 12/88, Pet., 8/44. Wall., 13/185. Wheat., 8/3,2_ 24. On appeal from district court, matter in dispute must exceed $50 on part of appellant. Curt., 2/3,7. McLean, 2/,55_ Mason, 3/503. Sumn., 1/447. Wash. C. C, 4/493. 25. WTien excess of set-off over plain- tiff's claim will be deemed the matter in dispute. How., 24/207_ Wall., 1/66. 26. Proving the amount in contro- versy. Cranch, 4/216, S/ig, S/gg^^ How., 20/55^ 21/391. Pet., 6/,43_ 7/g34_ II. PEOCEDTIRE ON APPEAL. 1. Who may appeal. 27. In general. Black, 1/419. How., 1/282. Pet-,%3. Sawyer, 1/713. Utah T., I/135. Wall., 6/739, 1^/204. 28. How the right may be waived or lost. Cranch C. C, 2/g7g_ How., 7/^72. Otto, 3/38, 3/,5o^ 4/g99_ Wall., 8/333_ 29. Joint appeals. How., 12/21. Pet., 1/241 Wall., 10/416. APPEAL, II. 25 30. Separate appeals. Suiamons and severance. Blatchf., l/i. How., 6/201, 12/347^ 17/3_ 20/280. Otto, 3/38_ Sumn., 2/i_ 31. Second appeals. How., 6/106, 15/451, 18/30, 20/133. 2. Taking an appeal. 32. Time -within -whioh to appeal. How., 2/238, 19/i82, 2O/26I, 20/290, 22/290. Mason, 3/443 Pet., 8/123. Wall., l/ggo, %23, ^/l53, ^/687, "/29. Woods, 1/14. 33. The application, petition, Sso. Parties. How., 20/280, 23/48i_ Otto, S/gg Wall., 11/82. 34. AUo^wance of the appeal. Biss., 5/89. -Black, 2/541^ Blatchf., 1/542. otto, 6/712. Wall., 3/424//101, %75, ^%84, ^'^/354. 35. Compelling allo-wance. Curt., 2/3i7_ How., 1%3 20/230. Sumn., 3/495 36. En-try ; and effect of failure to en- ter the appeal. How., I8/530. Pet., 8/435 37. Notice. Citation. Blatchf., 4/107. Cranch, 2/344 How., 2/238, 2/693, %1, ^/l06, %05, ^^/iSO, 24/l95. Otto, 4/112, 6/712, ^/737. Pet., 7/220. Wall., 1/690, 3/46, 5/824. Wheat., 2/i32_ Woods, 1/593. 38. The security: Sufiaciency, and time of filing. Eev. Stat., § 1 000, 1 001 . Biss., 4/505. Cranch,4/go Cranch C.C.,1/233. Hempst., ^/l54, ^289, ^/290. How., 2/g6, 2/233, I6/142, 24/315. Pet., 2/482. Wall., 2/96 6/^53 12/8g_ Wheat., IO/306. Woods, I/593. 39. Approval of the bond. Blatchf., 5/523 Chic. L. N., Sj^^^^ How., I8/530. Otto, ein2, 6/724, 6/737. Wall., 4/447_ 6/^o_ 40. Liability of sureties. "What is a breach. Cranch C. C, S/gg^^ 4/352, %74. Hempst., 1/14, 1/290, 1/678. How., 12/159, I8/106. Wheat., 3/58; 41. — and ho-w enforced. Bond., 2/igg_ Cranch C. C, 4/gg_ Hempst., l/g78. How., 18/iog. Otto, 3/341. Pet., 9/156. Wall., I6/535, 17/4i7_ 20/571. 43. "When the appeal is a superse- deas. Blatchf., 3/390, 12/380. Dill., 1/267, ^/546. PJsh. Pat. Cas., 8/157 How., 2/238, 3/483, 12/387, ^^Il35, ^^llU, ^'^kl5, 1%30, 20/290. Otto, 3/8g^ 3/3P2, 3/^12^ 4/672, 6/712. Pet., 13/460. Wall., I/73, %88, 6/153, V575, 12/8g, 12/142, 1^/354, 19/661. 43. Bringing up the record: Suffi- ciency, generally. Brown Adm., l/g5 Cranch, 2/g^ Cranch C. C, 2/539. How., 5/343^ 8/479^ 10/144, I8/295, 20/427, 23/503. Taney, I/386. Wall., 3/46, 6/441, %07, 15/1, 1%39, 1^405. Wheat., 9/541, %03. 44. "When the e-vidence should ap- pear in the record. Blatchf., 5/106. How., 5/273 Mason, 1/14. Otto, 1/366. Sumn., 1/328. Wheat., S/424. 45. Suggestion of diminution. Cer- tiorari to complete the record. Black, 1/77. Cranch, 7/2g8 Wall., 1/690 4/1, ^ee, also. Certiorari, 4. 26 APPEAL, II. 46. Effect of the appeal upon further proceedings belo'w. BL.tchf., 6/24 Crauch, S/ggi. Dall., 3/54. Dill, 4/533_ 4/543_ „. 4/^43 Gall, ^/467, %3. How, 1/282. How. Pr., 38/3i_ Wheat., 6/^94^ 6/5^9 3. Searing and determination. 47. "What questions are before the court, generally. Biss., 2/29i_ , Cliff, 2/^69. Cranch, %13. How., 16/98. Pet., 6/4i_ 6/389^ 9/275,10/412. Wall., 4/502, 9/125. Wheat., ^/598, Vl64, 1°/431, l^/l29, 1%89, ^^IS. 48. Jurisdictional questions. How., 3/413^ 16/98^ 21/ggg^ 21/38g_ Pet., ^620, ■'•^/l40. 49. What questions are involved upon second appeal. Cranch, 5/3^3 How., l^/gg. Otto, 4/498, 6/461. Pet., 9/275^ 12/488. Wheat., 7/58, 10/431. 50. Presumptions in favor of regu- larity belo'w. Black, l/4i4_ 2/g4j_ Cranch, ' 9/122. How., 2/263, 6/31, 6/i63. McLean, 6/184 Newb. Adm., l/e. Wall., T/g^^ le/^^gg, 20/226, 20/670. 51. "What errors are ground for re- versal. Cranch C. C, 8/253 Hempst., I/103. Pet., 1/241, 4/190. Wall., 10/2'99_ 15/355^ 20/670. 52. "What errors may be disregarded, generally. How., 5/29^ 12/39 Pet., 13/i7_ Wall., 4/650, 7/565. Wheat., 9/738_ 53. — because not objected to below. Abb. U. S., 1/577. Dill., 2/i69. How., l/l69, ^/691, ^/sa, ^/263, %02, %66, 1%46, 18/289, 1%57, 20/45. Otto, 2/iig Pet., 1/241, 1/299, ^/l65, 8/538, I6/182, I6/319. Sumn., 1/434. Wall., I/43, 4/573^ 4/ggo^ 10/299, 22/198. Wheat., 10/431^ 12/,_ Woods, 2/243_ 54. Harmless errors. Errors "waived or cured. Black, 1/494 Blatclif., 5/494 Dall., 3/188. Dill., I/108. MacArth., 2/308. Pet., 2/354_ Wall., I/269, 2/191, 14/534. Wheat., 4/98_ ll/i99_ Woods, 1/37. 55. Errors in instructions to the jury : ■when fatal. Blatchf., 2/-^ Gall., I/400. How., 1/219, 8/366, 20/252, 20/343, 24/224. Pet., 1/25, 10/80, 12/1. Wall., 1/637, 3/i75, 9/544, 14/28 Wheat., 11/59. See, also, Teial, VI, 2. 56. — -when not fatal. Cliff, 2/574_ Cranch, 3/357^ 5/i42_ How., 3/g74_ Pet., l/i5i^ I/328, 2/25. Story, 2/go9_ Wall., 6/548^ 7/535^ 8/27^ 8/342, 10/129. Wheat., 11/78. See, also, Teial, YI, 1. 57. Revie'wing discretionary action. Hempst., 1/265. How., 22/^9^ 24/147. Paine, 2/554 Pet-, l/i65. Wall., 2/510,' 9/370, 14/613. 58. Revie'wing the evidence, or the facts. Blatchf., 4/28^ 4/470 Gal!., I/5. Holmes, 1/35. Otto, 5/^ Pet., 3/433^ 9/711, 10/177. Taney, 1/437. Wall., 7/l96, 9/38, 9/125, 9/665, 11/650, 14/484, 14/661. 59. Allowing amendments on ap- peal. Blatchf., 3/67, 6/153. Gall., I/22. How., 8/58g^ 17/^7 Otto, 5/i_ Paine, 1/486. Pet., 10/480, 13/1, 15/40. Taney, 1/437. Wall., 10/419, Wheat., 1/261, 11/1. APPEAL, II. 27 60. Directing amendments to be made belOTW. Cranch, 6/253_ How., ^Jizi^ ^Isse. Pet., 4/205^ 7/i3o_ 9/483_ Wheat., S^^ ^/sso. 61. "When the judgm.ent appealed from will be aflflrmed. Hempst., 1/215. How., ^kl^^ Tln2, ^^llll. ^^^ Rep., N. s., 11/204. OttOj 3/124, 3/337. Pet., 8/277_ Wall., 1/269: ^^/258, ^%61, ^^/406. 62. "WTien a reversal is proper. Blatchf., 6/j53 Dall., 3/331. Hempst., V82,%,Vl03. How., 11/587. OttO,3/i5o_ Pet., 1/241. Sawyer, 3/g34 Wall., 6/230^ 15/562, 16/162. 17/417^ 2O/201. 63. Effect of cbange in tbe law subse- quent to the appeal, but before the final decision. Cranch, I/103, 5/281, %29, ^603. 64. Effect of divided court. Hall., 3/^g_ Hempst., l/gQ. How., 3/413. Pet., 8/ii8^ 9/85 Wheat., T/^Qy^ 10/66. 65. Rehearing. Bankr. Reg., e/^g Black, 1/433. Blatchf., 12/11. Cranch, 7/^ How., 3/4a3, 14/25, 18/42. Pet., 6/455, ». 8/118, 12/488. Sumn., 3/495^ Wall., 23/273. Wheat., 1/304, '^/58, ^/603. 66. Remanding for further proceed- ings below. Blatchf., 4/gg Cranch, 7/4gg^ Tj^^^^ 9/122, 9/244. How., 4/i3i_, Pet., 8/201^ 8/256, 9/405, 9/483, 1^/218, 15/l87. Wall., 2/i9i_ Wheat., I/26I, 4/52, 8/380. 67. The mandate to the court below. How., 9/34_ I8/30. Pet., 13/359, "/51, 15/52. Wal].,2/gio. 68. Revoking the mandate. New mandate. How., 2/45g_ 23/326_ Pet., 12/438, IS/^^g. 69. Effect of the decision upon subse- quent proceedings below. Abb. U. S., 2/479. Cranch, 6/86,6/206, 6/267. How., 3/gii^ 20/541. Otto, 1/423. Pet., 3/431, 12/33g. Wall., 1/69, 9/175. Wheat., 1/304. 70. Appeals from the mandate. How., 3/4i3_ 9/34^ 14/3i3_ 15/45i_ 20/4g7. Otto, 6/4gi. Pet., 12/488, 1%2. 71. Damages on appeal. How., 20/255. Pet., 9/275. 72. Restitution after reversal. Abb. U.S.,2/47g. Wall., 9/605^ 14/113. 4. Dismissal. Meinstatement. 73. Dismissal for want of jurisdiction. How., 11/165, I8/53O, 22/48. Pet., 2/554, 6/470. Wall., 4/431^ 23/283. Woods, 1/19. 74. — for neglect to prosecute. Blatch., 7/ig2. Pet., I6/521. Wall., 10/423. Wheat., 6/128, 6/452. 75. — for want of security. Dill., 1/453. Hempst., l/igj. How., I8/530, 23/i.' Pet., 2/482, 6/777. Wall., %22. ^ 76. — for failure to file record. How., 4/645, 7/658. 1^/21, 16/l35, l^/so, 21/526. Pet., 3/g8^ 12/1^1. Wall., 8/752, 5/825, 15/1. 77. Various other grounds of dismis- sal. Black, 1/419. Cranch, 7/99 How., 3/693, 11/185, 13/150, 16/l44, 1^/43, ^S/gog. McLean, 2/155. Otto, 4/1^2, 4/253, %52. Pet., 10/107. Wall., 3/g87 9/145 9/78g 12/136. 28 APPEAL, III. 78. Effect of dismissal. Hempst, l/i72. How., ZO/gg^^ 2l/g2g^ "79. Discontinuance. How., 21/3g9 - Woodb. & M., 2/531 80. Beinstatement. How., 21/39i_ Pet., 3/g8 Wall., 6/457^ 10/251. Wheat., 12/1, 81. Incidental matters of practice. How., 7/220. Otto, 3/412, ^/604. Pet., ^/777, ^gg, ^^luo. in. APPEALS IN PARTICULAR COURTS. 1. J?Vom District Court to Oircuit Court. [Consult CiEcuiT CouBTs, 93-96.] 82. No appeal except in admiralty and maritime causes. Eev. Stat., § 631. Gall., 1/5, Mc- Lean, 2/i5g_ Pet., 6/470 Wash. CO., */492. 83. Amount in controversy must ex- ceed fifty dollars. Eev. Stat., § 633. Abb. Adm., l/gyo, Crabbe, l/g^ McLean, 2/igg_ Mason, %03. Sumn., 1/447 Wash. C. C, 4/4g2_ 84. What actions or proceedings are deemed to be at common law, and reviewable only by writ of error. Gall., 1/5. McLean, 2/^55 Mason, 3/go3. Sumn., I/447. Wash. C. C, 4/492. See, also, Eeeoe, 2, 85. wnat actions or proceedings are appealable. Blatchf., 4/iQ5_ Curt., 1/453. Mason, 1/431. Pet., 11/162. 86. Time within which to appeal. Curt., 1/276, %36. Gall., 1/416. Mc- Lean, 2/155^ 6/413 ^/499. Mason, 3/443_ Sumn., 3/49g_ 87. TaMng the appeal. Security, record, &c. Blatchf., 3/34_ Cart., 2/333 Pet., V220. 88. Effect of the appeal while pend- ing. Abb. Adm., 1/431. Blatchf., 3/34^ Gall., 1/22. Gilp., 1/34. Story, l/gi'. Sumn., 1/328, %06. Wheat., 6/194 89. "WTiat questions may be raised. Blatchf., 1/211. Curt., 2/3^ 2/147^ 2/31^^ Pet., 3/307, ^/4. Story, l/gi, Sumn., V400. 90. And how determined. Blatchf., l/i_ 1/173. How., 21/38g_ Wash. C. C, 4/492_ 91. Dismissal of appeal. Abb. Adm., 1/481. Gall., I/416. How., 19/199. 2. From District Court to Supreme Court. 92. No direct appeal in bankruptcy cases. How., 1/265, 3/292, 13/11. 93. Direct appeal lies from district court of Orleans territory Cranch, 4/370. 94. 'When appeal or error to circuit court is the appropriate remedy. Cranch, 5/i^ 5/372^ How., 21/go_ Wall., 3/go3_ 8/307 . 3. From Circuit Court to Supreme Court. 95. In what cases appeal is the proper remedy. Eev. Stat., § 692. Bankr. Eeg., 1^82, 1^479. How., 2/gi_ 3/773_ 5/103^ ^844, 8/48, 14/313. Otto, S/^^i S/ggg. Wall., 2/9g_ Wheat., 2/i32_ APPEAL, III. 29 96. What determinations are revievr- able. How., 1/265, l^/l. Otto, 5/2ge_ 6/7^2, 6/724. Pet., 6/470, 12/143. Wall., 2/123^ '^/soe. 97. Taking the appeal. Citation, se- curity, &c. Rev. Stat., § 1000, 1001. Cranch, 2/344. How., 18/530. Off. Gaz. Pat., 6/772. Oito, 6/737. Pet., 3/307 98. Bringing up the record. Pet., 5/449. Wall., 7/306_ 7/g94 99. Reviewing the evidence. Black, 1/414^ 1/494. How., 12/139^ 23/209, 23/491. Pet., 7/171. 100. "What errors may be disregarded. Black., 1/414^ 1/494^ 2/531. How., 23/209_ 23/491. 101. — because not objected to below. Black, 2/531. How., 3/g9i^ 18/507. Wheat., 2/227^ 12/1. 102. The hearing and determination. Crauch, 9/209 How., 28/209^ 23/491. Wheat., 2/374 103. Allowing amendments. Otto, 5/1. Wheat., 1/298, 4/52, %80. 104. Damages on appeal. Interest. How., 14/3i3_ 20/255. Pet., 9/275. 4. In courts of admirably. 105. Jurisdiction as dependent upon the amount in controversy. Black, 1/62. Blatchf., 2/349 Crabbe, V64. Pet., 6/143. 106. Appeals in salvage cases, from amount awarded, — discouraged. Blatchf., 1/211, 6/527. Pet., lO/los. Story, 1/314. lOV. The right to appeal. Blatchf., 7/igg. Mason, 1/431. Pet., 3/307. Sumn., 3/495. Wash. T., I/174. Wheat., 12/1. 108. The security, and liability of surety. Blatchf., 3/34 How., 12/159. Otto, ^/eoo. 109. Taking the appeal. The record notice, &c. Blatchf, 4/107^ 11/65. Gall., 2/391. McLean, 6/413^ 6/499 Otto, 8/279. Wheat., 1/439^ 6/i28^ 6/452. 110. Effect of appeal while pending. Ben., 7/315. Blatchf., l/i_ 3/34^ S/gi. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/520 Vess. Cranch, 4/2, %8l. Gall., 1/503. Gilp., 1/34. Hayw. (N. C), 2/191. How., ai/ggg. Otto, 3/412. Pet., 3/57. Sumn., I/400. Wall., 19/73, 20/201, 21/235. Wheat., V112, ^/l94. Woods, 1/75. 111. Hearing and determination. Black, 1/414, 1/494, 2/581. Blatchf., %S. S/28O, 7/2I6, 12/403. Chic. L. N., 2/285. Cliff., 2/i69, 2/548. Cranch, 6/281, ^/203, %29, ^/209. Ourt., 2/322. ^all., 3/54. Law Eep., N. s., II/204. Otto, 3/412, 5/600. Petv 3/57. Story, I/91. Sumn., 1/328. Wall., I/43, 1/259, 3/257, 6/91, 6/225, 1^/204, 20/385, 21/i. Wheat., V298, 5/127, 10/431, 11/1. Woodb. & M., 2/531. Woods, 2/42. 112. Allowing amendments. Ben., 4/237. Blatchf., 3/g7. Gall., 1/22. How., 17/17. Pet-, 15/40. Sumn., 2/206. Taney, 1/336 I/492. Wheat., I/261, 3/14 4/52, 8/380, 11/1, 12/1. 30 APPEAL, III.— APPRENTICES. 113. Taking new evidence on the ap- peal. Bee Adm., I/313 Cranch, T/gg^ V/^q^^ Gall., 1/22. Story, 1/91^ 3/^Qg_ Sumn., ^328, 2/2O6. Wall., 10/4i9_ 12/389_ IS/^gg^ Wall. Jr., 1/307. Wheat., 2/227^ 2/37^^ 3/77. 114. Damages on appeal. Cranch, 6/313 Curt., %^ ^1^7. Dall., %36. Wall. Jr., 1/343, 5. In land cases, 115. Appeals from the land commis- sioners in California. • Hoffin. L. Cas., 1/273. How., 17/525, ^2/290. Sawyer, 4/g3Q_ 4/553 116. — from decree of district court : "What is appealable. How., 20/2gi^ 21/44g_ Sawyer, "^l^^^^ "Wall., 1/439, V7O6, 2/444, %49. 117'. "Wlio may appeal. Rights of pri- vate interveners. Wall., 1/282, 1/710, 2/444. 118. Time ■within vrhich to appeal. Black, 2/721. Hoffm. L. Cas., 1/242. How., 20/261 Otto, 5/285 119. "What questions may be raised. Black, 1/488. How., I8/557. Wall., 1-/282, ■'■/326, 1/352, ■^/412, ■'■/702. 120. And ho^v determined. How., 16/619. Wall.,1/706. 121. Dismissal. How., 20/261. 122. Revie-w of land claims in Arkan- sas, Mississippi, and Missouri. How., 8/ii3_ Pet., 12/488 6. In territorial courts, and courts in the District of Columbia. 123. Appeals from local courts to superior territorial courts. Rev. Stat., § 1869, 1910, 1911, 1932. Dak. T., I/206, 1/224, 1/227, 1/337. Hempst., ^/24, 1/28, I/18I, 1/259,. 1/289. Wyom. T., •'■/25, ■^/l21, 1/245. 124. From supreme coxirts of territo- ries to U. S. supreme court. Rev. Stat., § 703, 1 909, 1911. Otto, ■'■/58O, %58, 3/465. 125. From circuit court of the District of Columbia. Crancli, 4/334^ 7/276, %51. Pet., 1/552, 8/123. Wall.,2/i98. 126. Prom orphan's court of the Dis- trict ^of Columbia. Cranch C. C, 2/97^ 2/200^ S/i^^^ 4/250^ ^/626. How., 8/4Q2. As to Taking exceptions, framing the bill, the hearing, &c., see, also, title Exceptions. For Other methods of review, see Cektioeaei ; Ereoe. As to Cost^ on appeal, see Costs, III. APPEARANCE. Action, 17-26. APPLICATION OF PAYMENTS. Dbbtoe and Ceeditoe, 9-17. APPRENTICES. 1. Who may bind out an apprentice. Cranch C. C, I/457, Vm, ^Im, %35, %67, ^/332, */471, ^/475, ^/670. 2. What is a sufilcient binding out. Cranch C. C, 1/551, 2/210, %67, ^/eso, ^kn, ^/475. 3. The indentures, and their effect. Cranch C. C, 1/171^ 1/343, ^/699, ^/710. 4. Rights of the master. Cranch C. C, 1/255, VeiO, 2/240. AEBITKATION AND AWAED, I, II. 31 5. — of the apprentice. Cranch C. C, l/g, I/255. 6. Runa'way apprentices. Am. L. Reg., I/654. Baldw., 1/571. McLean, Bj^^l, ^lu, %59. Wash. C. C, ^/327. 7. Discharging apprentices. Cranch C. C, 1/457^ %iq^ %so^ S/gg^^ ^/670. 8. Apprenticeship of negro children in Maryland. Abb. U. S., 1/84. Chase Dec, 1/157. Cranch C. C, 1/255. APPROPRIATIONS. Abmy, 4 ; Statutes, 44. APPURTENANCES. Deeds, 46. ARBITRATION AND AWARD. I. The Submission ; and Pkoceedutos Thereunder. II. The Award; and how Enpobced. III. Impeachment of the Award. I. THE SUBMISSION; AND PEOCEED- INGS THEREUNDER. 1. Who may make a submission. Rev. Stat., § 5061. Bankr. Reg., ^^/426. Cranch, 7/433 How., S/gg^ Mason, 5/2oi_ Pet., I/222. Story, 3/gQQ_ Woodb. & M., 1/75. See, also, Attoe- NEY AND Client, 14. 2. What constitutes a submission : and what may be submitted. Cranch, 7/^^^^ Cranch C. C, I/249 1/440. Ct. of CI., 21^26, 3/i40, 11/625! Wall., 5/785^ 7/,88. 3. Construing the submission. Cranch, 7/^^^^ Gall., 2/g^_ Mason, 5/244. Wall.,9/7g^ Wheat., 11/446. 4. Submission of partnership matters. How., 13/2g_ Pet., 1/222. Wall., 5/785. Wheat., 5/394 5. Agreements for future submissions. Cliff., 1/439. Cranch C. C, I/249. MacArth., 1/246. Story, 3/goQ_ -Wall. Jr., 3/243. Woodb. & M., 1/73. 6. Revocation of the submission. Cranch C. C, 2/ggg_ Story, Sj^qq^ Wall., 7/,g8. 7. Selecting the arbitrators. Bee Adm., I/209. Mason, ^j^q^^ 8. The hearing; and po-wers of the arbitrators. Cranch C. C, 1/31^ 2/gg9_ Gall., 2/g,_ How., 13/26. Low., 1/400. McLean, 3/509. Wall., 1/97. Wash. C. C, 1/448. 9. Appointment and powers of the umpire. Cranch C. C, 2/^^3^ ^1^^^ a/ggg^ How., 5/83_ Pet., 8/jg5_ 16/^g2_ Sprague, 1/315. Wall.,9/7g_ II. THE AWARD; AND HOW EN- FORCED. 10. Form and suflQciency, generally. Cranch C. C, 3/394 Curt., 2/28_ How.,5/83_ Pet., 8/i65_ 11. What is an award. Cranch C. C, %8. Ct. of CI., I/108, 1/147,1/343. Wall.,5/7g5_ 12. The requisite certainty, finality, and completeness. Blatchf., 3/53Q Cliff., 1/367. Cranch, '^Ini, ''/596. Cranch C. C, l/gi^ I/440. Curt., 2/28, ■ Gall., 2/g-^_ How., 5/g3_ 1%46. Low., 1/400. Pet., 1/222, ^/l65. 32 AEBITEATION AND AWARD, II, III— ARMY. Sprague, 2/g^_ Wall., 5/419. W"ash., C. C, 1/448. Wheat, 5/394_ II/446. 13. Delivery of the a-ward. Cranch C. C, ^Uqi, Pet, &ke5. 14. "What awards are valid. Cranch, Tj^^q^ How, 17/344, Pet, 8/i65. Wash. C. C, 1/448. Wheat., 11/446. 16. "WTiat awards are invalid. Cranch, ^/j^yj Cranch C. C, I/31. Ct. of CI., 1/97, %64. Sprague, I/315. Wall., 1/97, 5/419 Wheat., 6/394^ ll/^^g 16. Awards void in part. Cranch C. C, I/92. How., 13/2g Wall., 5/4i9_ Wheat., 8/394^ ll/^^g 17. Interpretation and effect of the award. Cranch, ^iQ^rj^ Gall., 2/gi_ Mason, 5/244. Pet., 1/222, 8/i65. Wash. C. C, %25. 18. How far conclusive. Bankr. Reg., I8/426. Brock., I/228. Crancli, 2/^85. Cranch C. C, I/126, 4/698. Ct. of CI, 1/108,2/95,2/159^2/347^ 3/140. Curt., 2/28_ Gall.,2/gi^ How., 18/246. Mason, 5/2oi_ Wall., 22/4^6. 19. Entering judgment upon an award. Wall., 2/i23_ 20. Actions on awards. Suits for specific performance. Rev. Stat., § 728. Burn., (Wis.) 1/88. Curt., 2/io5_ Mason, 5/201, 5/244_ Wall., 1/97, 9/76. 21. Awards under treaties with foreign governments. Cranch C. C, 6/349 How, 11/529, 12/111, 17/612. Mason, 5/62. Op. Att.- Gen., 1/153, 11/52, 13/19. Pet., I/193, M/gg, III. IMPEACHMENT OF THE AWAED. 22. Piling exceptions to the award. Wash. C. C, 1/56, 1/317, 1/319, 2/127. 23. Grounds of impeachment, gener- ally. Cranch, '''/171. Cranch C. C, I/440 2/669. Curt, 2/28.' Gall, 2/61. How.i l'^/344, 1%46. Sprague, 1/315, 2/37. Wash. C. C, 1/56, 1/252. 24. Mistake, or irregularity. Cranch, 4/347 Curt., 2/2g_ Gall., 2/61. How., 17/334, 18/246. Wash. C. C-, 1/56, 1/448, 2/507, %5. 25. Fraud or misconduct of the arbi- trators. Cranch, 7/17^^ 7/436 McLean, 3/gQg_ As to appointment, powers and duties of Me/erees, and Masters in chancery, see Eefeb- ENCE. ARIZONA. Terbitobibs, 9. ARKANSAS. States, 22. ARMY. 1. Provisions of the constitution rela- tive to the army. Art. I, § VIII, 12, 14; Art. II, § 11,1. How., 18/307. Pet., 7/150. Wall.. */333, ^/35, ^/766, ^/l29, 1^/128, 1%56. 2. Powers of the president as com- mander in chief. Const., Art. II, § II, 1. How., 3/556. Pet., 1/293, l%9i. Wheat, 12/19. Woodb. & M., 1/45. Seej also, Presi- dent, 21. ARMY. 33 3. Army regulations. How., 4/8o_ Pet., 16/29^_ 4. Interpretation of appropriation bills. How., 11/272 2^463. Paine, 1/539, Pet., 15/423. 5. Appointment of ofBcers, Filling vacancies. Op. Att.-Gen., 13/i3_ IS/^^^ IS/ggg^ See, also, Officers, 4. 6. Relative rank of officers. Op. Att.-Gen., IS/^^q. Wall., M/ggo. 7. Po'wers and duties of ofB.cers, gen- erally. Abb. U. S., 1/212. How., 13/115. McAU., l/i42. Paine, 1/417^ 1/539. Pet-, 1/293. Sawyer, S/g^g Woods, 1/430, 8. Liabilities of disbursing ofiScers, under act of May 9, 1866. Ct. of CL, 2/520^ 2/522^ 2/523^ 2/g26^ %27, %09, %12. OttO; %3. 9. Pay of oflacers, generally. Rev. Stat., § 1261-1308. Ct. ofCl., ^/l82, ^/99, ^/l05, ^/l06, ®/l62, %06, %98, 11/691, 13/110, l%95. How., 4/80. Mc- Lean, 1/270. Otto. ^/219. Pet., 10/647, 15/33e.. Wall., 8/330^ 9/gi4^ 17/^05, ^Sj^^^^ 10. Extra compensation, ■when recov- erable. Ct. of CI., 6/8 13/1. Otto, 6/232. Pet., 15/336, 16/291. Wall, 14/550. 11. — ■when not. Pet., 15/336 15/423 1%91. Woodb. & M., 1/45. 12. Pay of brevet officers. Rev. Stat., § 1264. How., 3/555. Sumn., 2/299. Woodb. & M., I/45. 13. Allowances for officers' servants. Ct. of CL, 2/364. ^^'all., 8/330. 14. Reimbursement for losses in bat- tle, or for property taken by the enemy. Ct. of CL, 1/61, 1/400, 3/18. 15. Resignation. Ct. of CL, 10/584 Op- Att.-Gen., 12/555. Otto, 7/426. 16. Dismissal. Ct. of CL, 31^82, 4/164, 4/197. Op. Att.- Gen., 12/4_ 13/353^ 13/412. 17. Pay after resignation, discharge, or retirement. Rev. Stat., § 1274. Ct. of CL, 3/i82^ 3/284, %85, 4/i64, 4/209, 5/99, '^Isb, l''/285, 13/62,13/249. Op.Att.-Gen.,13/i6. WalL, ^/614. 18. — on dismissal. Ct. of CL,2/206,3/i36_3/i97_ 4/197^ 4/209_ 4/2I6, 5/93. 19. Decisions relative to provost mar- Blatchf , 5/166, 13/1. 20. — paymasters. Ct. of CL, 4/501. Pet., 10/647. 21. — commissaries. Ct. of CL, 7/374^ 13/1. 22. — quartermasters. Ct.ofCl.,4/87_4/555_13/i. Otto, 6/332. Pet., 16/291. Ware, 2/33. 23. Enlistment and rights of soldiers, generally. Rev. Stat., § 1116, 1119. Ben., 3/442.. I^aw Rep., N. s., 14/205. Op. Att.-Geii., 6/i87^ 13/210. Sawyer, 2/200. Wheeler, 2/490 24. Enlistment of minors. Rev. Stat., § 1117, 1118. Ben., 1/333, 1/341, I/4O8, 1/455. Car. L. Repos., I/55. Chic. L. N., 2/186. Dill., 1/587. How. 34 AEMY— ARREST, I. Pr., 39/^Qg Law Rep., 9/g^o Law Rep., N. s., 15/459 Mason, I/71. Op. Att.-Gen., 14/210. Phil., (Pa.) ^I^qq. Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/37Q^ 2/440 See, also, Infants, 14. 25. — of aliens. Op. Att.-Gen., S/g^^ 4/35^^ Qj^^^^ Paine, l/gg. See, also. Aliens, 5. 26. Oonsoription. : Exemptions, &o. Blatchf., 5/igg_ Phil., (Pa.) 5/278_ Woolw., 1/93. 27. ilations, and double rations. Rev. Stat., § 1293, 1294. How., 3/556. Pet., 1/293. Woodb. & M., 1/45. 28. Pay of enlisted men, bounties, &o. Rev., Stat., § 1280-1284, 1290, 1291. Ct.ofCl.,10/408. Wall.,9/432_ 15/34 See, also. Pensions and Boun- ties, II. 29. Desertion and pimishment there- for. Ct. of CI., 9/242, 10/408. Op- Att- Gen., 13/459^ 13/4g2. Phil., (Pa.) 5/290. Sprague, 2/gg. Wall., 15/34. Woolw., Vl28. As to Courts martial, see that title. For decisions relative to the War department, see Depaktments, U. ARRAY. As to Challenging jurors, collectively or indi- viduaUy, see Teial, IV ; VIH. ARREST. In Cmx Actions. II. In Criminai, Cases. III. Second Arrest. IV. Privilege from Arrest. I. IN CIVIL ACTIONS. 1. Po'wer of state legislature to abol- ish imprisonment for debt. McLean, 1/528. Pet-, ^/sag. Wheat., 12/370. See, also, Impeisonment, 1. 2. Adoption of state la>ws. Rev. Stat., § 991. Bee Adm., I/422. Curt., ^/49i. How., 1/301. Hughes, 2/513. Low., 2/3^0. McLean, 1/523^ 2/322,6/24. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 8/45 Pet., 9/329. Sprague, I/470. Woodb. & M., %99. 3. Arrest in one circuit on process issuing out of another. Rev. Stat., § 739. Wash. C. C, 3/4gg_ See, also, Peocess, 14. 4. Grounds of arrest. Ben., 2/38. Cranch C. C, 31^6. 5. Form and sufflciency of the afB.- davit. BeeAdm., l/i4g Cranch C. C, I/42 ■^/72, ■'■/3II, ■'•/313, •^/372, ■^/400, -1/477, ^Il6, 2/41, 2/42, 2/44, 2/535, 2/625, %90, ^/l42, ^/342, */475, 5/484, 5/498, %69. DalL, S/gg^. Henapst., I/426. McLean, 1/471^ 2/^93^ %26, */257. Wash. C. C, 2/i98^ 2/433^ ^/325. 6. — of certificate of treasury ofQ.cers of amount due to United States. Cranch C. C, 4/i2_ 6/434^ 7. When an afldavit is unnecessary. Abb. U. S., 1/66. Cranch C. C, I/477. Woodb. & M., 3/ig8 8. "When special bail may be required, or given. Cranch C. C, 1/206. Wash. C. C, V340,%17. Woodb. «& M., 3/ie8. See, also, Bail, 10. AREEST, I, II, III, IV. 35 9. Bonds for jail limits. Law Rep., I/257. Paine, I/368. Pet., ■^^/soi. Sumn., 3/3gg_ See, also, Impei- SONMENT, 2. 10. Motions to vacate. Abb. Adm., I/444, ^579. Ben., 6/5gg_ 11. Disoliarge from arrest under provi- sions of bankrupt act. Bankr. Reg., I8/24. Ben., 2/33^ Blatchf., 6/292. I°t- ■^®^' ^'^•) %15. See, also. Bankruptcy, 200. 12. Eflfeot of discharge under state in- solvent la'w. Cranch C. C, 2/407. Pet. C. C, I/404, 1/484. See, also, Insolvency, 11, 12. 13. Arrests in admiralty. Abb. Adm., 1/141^ I/422, V579. ^en., 3/479. Low., ^Isio. N. Y. Leg. Obs., «/45, 8/77. 14. Arrest of raarried women. Cranch C. C, I/37, 2/534. II. IN CEIMINAL CASES. 15. Tlie application for the -warrant. Abb. U. S., 1/431. Baldw., 1/571. Cranch C. C, I/373. IST. Y. Leg. Obs., 1/227. Wheeler, 2/332^ 2/573_ 16. Form and validity of the -warrant. Cranch C. C, I/55, l/gg, Vsi, 2/409. Wash. C. C, 2/igg See, also. Process, 21. 17. Executing- the -warrant. Offence of resis-ting the oflflcer. Cranch C. C, 1/437^ 2/^33^ 4/4gg_ How., 24/g44_ Hughes, l/ggo. Wash., C. C, 3/335 Wheeler, 2/4gQ_ See, also, Criminal Law. 48. 18. Arrest -without -warrant. Baldw., 1/571. Cranch C. C, I/310. Pet. C. C, 1/390. 19. Arrest in one district on indict- ment found in another. Rev. Stat., § 1014. Chic. L. N., 3/345. I>ill., 3/iig Int. Rev. Rec, '^/l48, ^*/45. Low., l/g3o. Sawyer, %62. 20. Arrest of fugitives from labor. Baldw., 1/571. McLean, 8/53^^ 4/34^ %59. Wash. C. C, 4/327. See, also, Apprentices, 6 ; Slaves, 16, 21. — from justice. Rev. Stat., § 5270-5279. Op. Att.- Gen., 7/2gg^ ^%oi. See, also, Extra- dition. 22. The examination. Abb. U. S., 1/431. Blatchf., 4/332_ 5/303. Crauch C. C, I/373. Curt., 2/4^^ Int. Rev. Rec.,7/i4g. Wash. C. C, 2/29^ %10. 23. Commitment. Blatchf., 4/332^ 5/303_ Cranch, 4/75^ III. SECOND AEKEST. 24. Applications of the rule that no one shall be t-wice taken in exe- cution for the same cause. Crabbe, 1/go. Cranch C. C, 4/27^^ How., 15/281. 25. In -what cases a second arrest is proper. Crabbe, 1/go. Cranch C. C, l/ggg V592, 3/117. Dall., 2/330 Pet., 9/704 Wash. C. C, 2/j98 IV. PEIVILEGE FKOM AREEST. 26. Public offloers. How., 20/eg Wall., 7/4g2. 27. Oflacers of foreign governments. Rev. Stat., § 4063, 4066. Baldw., V234. Ben., e/ggg Cranch C. C, 4/173^ 36 AREEST, IV— ASSAULT, I. 4/704. Dall, 3/^21. Wash. C. C, 1/232. See, also, Ministers, 6. 28. Members of congress. Ball., %8 Wall. Jr., l/igg. 29. Court oflacers, judges, attorneys, &c. McLean, 4/39^ ij^^^ 30. Parties to suits ; and herein of their exemption from service of civil process. Ben., 2/38 Cranch C. C, 5/677. Mc- Lean, 4/29. Pet. C. C, 1/41. Wall. Jr., 1/269. Wash. C. C, I/186. 31. "Witnesses. Rev. Stat., § 5087. Ben., 2/33. Cranch C.C, 3/117. Dall.,4/329_4/3g7_ Int. Rev. Rec, 6/215. MacArth., 1/566. Wash. C. C, V186. 32. Remedy for violation of privilege. Rev. Stat., § 4064. Baldw., I/234. Cranch C. C, 5/677. ^all., 4/107 Mc- Lean, 4/29_ Wash. C. C, 2/205^ 2/435^ 4/531. As to Putting in bail, see Bail, III ; Eecog- NIZANOE. As to ExeeiUion against the person, see Exe- cution, II. ARREST OF JUDGMENT. JUDaMENT, VI. ASSAULT. I. The CrvTii Action. 1. In general. 2. Assaults upon seamen. n. The Criminal Pbosecution. I. THE CIVIL ACTION. 1. In general 1. What constitutes an assault. Right of action. Baldw., 1/571. Ben., 7/355 Cranch C. C, 1/251, 2/10-. 2. Matters of defence. Cranch C. C, I/45, 4/333 3. Provocation, to justify or reduce damages. Baldw., 1/57. Story, I/91. 4. The pleadings. Cranch C. C, I/124. Pet. C. C, I/466. 5. Evidence. Baldw., 1/57 Crabbe, 1/417^ 6. Amount of recovery. Ben., 7/355_ Blatchf. & H., I/264, 1/423. Crabbe, I/422, I/449. McAU., 1/104. See, also. Damages, II, 2. 2. Assaults upon seamen. [Consult, also, Seamen, IV.] Y. Punishment necessary to enforce discipline not actionable. Blatchf. & H., 1/423. How., 12/390. Mason, 4/gog. Pet. Adm., l/ieg. Sprague, 1/54, 1/62. Wash. C. C, 4/338 8. Otherwise where punishment is wanton, excessive, or inflicted with a deadly weapon. Crabbe, 1/233, V417. How., 12/390 9. What misconduct or provocation will justify punishment. Blatchf. & H., 1/423. Sfjrague, 1/52, 1/304. 10. What degree of punishment may be lawfully inflicted. Blatchf. & H., 1/264. Crabbe, 1/233, 1/449. Sprague, 1/407. ASSAULT, II— ASSIGNMENT, I. 37 n. THE CEIMIXAL PEOSECUTION. 11. 'What amounts to an assault. Cranch C. C, l/i64, V310, ^435, %48. Wash. C. C, 2/435_ 4/53,_ 12. Matters of defence, provocation, &c. Cranch C. C, I/236. 13. Indictment. Evidence, Jurisdic- tion, &o. Cranch C. C, 4/333^ 4/^32^ 5/87_ Dak. T., 1/197, ^363. Wall., 19/186. Wyom. T., 1/67. 14. Assault ■with a dangerous weapon. Eev. Stat, § 5346. Curt., 2/341 Law Eep., K. s., 8/g22 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/53. Paine, 2/447 Sprague, l/gn, 15. Assault v?ith intent to kill. Blatclif., 5/284 Cranch C. C, 4/334^ ^Im, %2, 4/517, 5/87, %90. -Dak. T., 1/197. Hempst., 1/422. Wash. C. C, 4/644. 16. Assaults upon seamen. Curt., 1/501. Mason, 4/5^5 Sprague, 1/119, 1/311. See ante, 7-10. 17. — upon slaves.' Cranch C. C, 1/373^ ^^^8. ASSESSMENTS. CJOEPORATIONS, 33, 34 ; EMnrENT Domain, 8; Insueance, 115, 135; MuNicrpAX Coe- POEATioNS, 14 ; Taxes, III. ASSETS. EXECTTTOES AND AdMINISTEATOES, II ; PAET- NEKSHIP, 48-51. ASSIGNEE. In Bankruptcy, see BANKEtrPTCY, 33-36 ; 111-147. For Benefit of creditors, see Assignments for Ceeditoes, II. In Insolvency, see Insoltenct, I. ASSIGNMENT. [Consult, also, Assignments foe Benefit OF Ceeditoes; FEAUDtnLENT Conveyances; Saies ; Vendoe and Puechasee.] I. What may be Assigned; by whom; AND to whom. II. "What Constitutes an Assignment. III. CONSTEirCTION AND VALIDITY. IV. Eights and Liabilities of the As- signee. 1. As respects the assignor. 2. As respects third persons. I. WHAT MAY BE ASSIGNED; BY WHOM; AND TO WHOM. 1. WTiat is assignable generally. Blatchf. & H., 1/309. Cranch, 6/33 Cranch C. C, I/473. Ct. of CI., 2/322^ ^ki, %19, %52, ^/281. McLean, S/g^g^ 3/56. Paine, l/ggg, 2/545 Pet., 1/193^ 5/390. Story, 2/525 Sumn., 2/j43 -Wall., ''/113. Wheat., 3/204_ 2. Causes of action arising out of con- tract. Hempst., 1/72. How., 24/31^^ Mc- Lean, 4/79_ 3. Causes of action founded in tort. Bond, 2/2e7_ Pet., l/i93_ 5l^>js_ 4. Contracts ■with the federal govern- ment, and claims against it. Rev. Stat., § 3477, 3963. Ct. of CI., 3/64, 9/l56, 11/638, 11/648, 13/231. Mont. T., 2/354. Otto, 5/407_ 7/392^ 7/484_ See, also, CONTEACTS, 127. 5. Money due or to become due ; and herein of assignment of seamen's ■wages, soldiers' pay, &c. Rev. Stat., § 1291, 1576, 4536. Ben., 38 ASSIGNMENT, II, III, 3/114. Bond, 1/267 %34. Brock., I/456. Wall, 1/604. 6. Expectancies; and contingent es- tates or interests. Rev. Stat., § 2263. Bankr. Reg., 16/58. Cranch C. C, S/gg Law Rep., N-S.,"/531. Mason, 4/34g_ Story, 2/535 v. Claims against foreign govern- ments. How., 17/232. Mason, 5/g2_ Pet., ■^/l93, ■'■%21. 8. Copyrights and trademarks. Rev. Stat., § 4955. Am. L. Reg., 8/33. Blatchf., 3/^4Q How., 14/528. Law. Rep., N.S., 13/396. Phil., (Pa.) 4/157. Woodb. & M., 2/53 See, also, CoPYBiGHT, 41- 46; TkADEMAEEB. 9. Interests in prize money. Rev. Stat., §1430, 4643. Gall.,1/401. %26. Mason, I/4. 10. Patents. Blatchf., 1/506. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/327. Gall., 1/429. How., 10/477 Mason, 4/jL5. Op. Att.-Gen., 4/40Q. Story, 2/535. Wall. Jr., 1/337 See, also. Patents, YII. 11. Matters assignable in equity, though, not at la-w. Brock., 1/456, V551. Hempst., l/ng. How., 17/3gg_ Mason, 4/3^g_ Sumn., 2/148. 12. "Wlio may make or take an assign- ment. Cranch, %S9, ^/llO. Gall., l/ggg. Mason, 4/gig. Pet., 1/336, II. "WHAT CONSTITUTES AN ASSIGN- MENT. 13. In general. Cranch, Sj^sQ. Wall., 2ll^^^_ 14. Form and execution. Biss., 5/363. Ct. of CI., 3/64. How., ^/580, 21/397. Mason, I/4. Suran., I/133. 15. Assignment of goods at sea. Cranch C. C, 2/523 Mason, ^.j^g^^ 4/515. Pet., 1/386, %47, %9l, %62. 16. What amounts to an equitable assignment. Cranch C. C, 4/^50^ ij^^^ How., 3/483. Otto, 7/484. 17. — urhat does not. Ben., 2/g Cent. L. J., 5/482. Cranch C. C., 1/201. Paine, I/572. Pet., 5/39^^ 5/580. Wall., 14/69. Wheat., 5/377. ni. CONSTEUCTION AND VALIDITY. 18. General rules of interpretation. Law Rep., 7/275 Pet-j %80. Story, ^/l22. 19. \\7'hat will pass by an assignment. Gall., 2/152. Wheat., 2/373 20. What -will not. Cranch C. C, 2/99^ How., 14/523. Newb. Adm., 1/449. Wall., Tj^^i^, Woodb. & M., 2/23. 21. Assignment of lease, or rent there- under. Col. T., 3/149 Cranch C. C, 4/135^ 5/317. Curt., 2/592. Pet., 7/596. Woodb. & M., 3/g9 Sep, also. Landlord and Tenant, II. 22. — of judgment. Ct. of CI., 3/312. How., 13/441, 17/353. 23. — of mortgage. Ben., 4/433 Biss., 2/351 How., I/14. Pet., 13/123. See, also. Mortgages, V. 24. — of patent; or interest there- under. Re^j. Stat., § 4898. Abb. U. S., ASSIGNMENT, IV. 39 1/567. Blatchf, 1/488, 7/86, 7/l95, 10/52 10/89,10/217. Chic. L. N., 6/i4i_ Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/j20, %64, ^/245, ^/411, ^/528, ^/581, ^/586. Law Eep., 7/527. McLean, 4/526, 5/i58. Off. Gaz. Pat., I/282. Pittsb., (Pa.) 1/513. Story, 8/122, ^Im. Wall., 10/867, 14/452, 1%44, 17/453. See, also. Patents, VII. 25. Effect of the law of place. How., 3/483. McLean, S/gg^^ IV. EIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF THE ASSIGNEE. 1. As respectB the assignor. 26. "What title passes. Necessity of delivery. Cranch, 3/gyi_ Gall., 1/419. Law liep., 7/527. M:eLean, 3/94 4/52g Mason, 4/i83, 5/174. Pet., 5/580, 13/l23. Wall., 1/604. Wheat., 8/2g8_ 27. Enforcing the assignment. Lia- bility of the assignor for breach, failure of title, &c. Cranch C. C, I/85, ^Uj'j^ Holmes, 1/396. How., I8/143. ' Otto, 2/^. Pet., 7/595. 28. The assignee's right to sue in his own name. Rev. Stat., § 629. Am. L. Eeg., 4/591. Am- L. Reg., N. s., 2/221 Biss., %51. Blatchf., 2/359 Cranch, I/290, 4/73, %24, %32. Cranch C. C, 2I^^q_ Ct. of CI., I/260, 7/522. Curt., 2/582_ I)Jllv%61. Hempst., 1/155 l/i64. How., 12/18O, 21/394. McLean, 2/225, ^llOl, 3/204, 4/243. Minn., 1/105, 1/246. Olc. Adm., 1/498. Otto, 5/221. Pet., 2/239, 3/j2,5/58o_ Wall., 8/393 Ware, 2/^99 See, also, CiEcuiT Courts, 27-33. 29. — to sue in name of assignor. Blatchf., 4/^38. Cranch, 2/3^3 Ct. of CI., 11/648. r>ill.,3/i_ Ware, 2)199 30. Actions by assignees in admiralty. Blatchf., 3/g24_ Cliff., I/308. Law Rep., N. s., 2/21, N. Y. Leg. Obs., 10/353. Sprague, I/574. Taney, I/485, I/492. 31. Protection of assignee against in- terference by assignor after suit brought. Blatchf., 4/43g_ Cranch, 7/152 Cranch C. C, 1/489. Fish- Pat. Cas., 2/95 Hempst., 1/155. How., 18/384. Pet-, 5/580. Wash. C.C, 1/424, 4/92. Wheat., 1/233, 5/277. 32. Enforcing covenants on part of assignee. Cranch, 7/398. Cranch C. C, S/^y How., 1/14. 2. As respects third persons. 33. The general rule that assignee takes subject to equities and offsets. Cranch C. C, 4/7^5 Gall, 2/5go_ McLean, 3/5g_ 8/359 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 5/207. Paiiie, 1/525. 34. Various applications of the rule. Biss., 1/367. Blatchf, 1/438, 2/78. Cranch, 7/34^ 7/59 Cranch C. C, 2/139. Hempst., 1/118. How., ^Jqjq^ I8/289 McLean, 2/5^9^ 8/359^ 3/37^^ 8/39^^ 3/5-^7^ 5/109. Pet-, 3/12, 7/222. Wall., 6/327_ 7/392, 16/271. Wheat., 12/go5. 35. Assignee's duty to make inquiry : and when he is chargeable with notice of equities. Cranch, 7/g9 Cranch C. C, 2/449 Gall., 2/526, 2/560. How., 21/397. Paine, 1/525. See, also. Notice, 3. 40 ASSIGNMENTS, I. 36. Effect of notice of the assignment to protect the assignee. Cranch C. C, 2/^72, 2/335^ 21^^^ Mc- Lean, ^Jn'j^ 37. Priority bet-ween conflicting as- signments. How., 17/612. 38. — bet-ween assignment and claims of creditors. Bankr. Eeg., IS/^gg Cranch C. C, ^/l50, ^/451. How., 11/232. MacArth., V642. Paine, 2/^80 As to the mode of assigning or transferring any Particular instrument, see the title of the writing in question. As to Assigning errors, see Appeal, 43 ; Eb- KOK, 54, 111, &c. Assignment of Dower, see Do-WEE, 14. ASSIGNMENTS FOR BENEFIT OF CRED- ITORS. I. Validity and Intekpbetation. 1. The right to make an assignment; and how eaercised. 2. Assignments void on their face. 3. Assignments void for fraud. II. Eights, Powers, and Liabilities oi" THE Assignee.. I. VALIDITY AND INTERPKETATION. 1. The right to make an assignment; and how exert 1. Right to make an assignment. Pet., 7/go8 Wash. C. C, ^k^^. Woodb. & M., 2/233_ 2. Right to prefer one creditor above another. Am. L. Eeg., 7/33^ Bond, I/158, V222, V345. Crabbe, 1/450. McLean, 3/177, ^/478. Mason, 4/2og_ Pet., 7/go8_ 12/178, l«/l06. Wlieat., 7/gge^ 8/2Q8^ ll/78_ 3. Right of husband to prefer -wife. Baldw., 1/344. How., ^kn. Pet., '^/348. 4. Assignment by partners. Biss., 1/128. Cranch, 6/289 Mason, 4/206. See, also, Paetneeship, 27. 5. — by corpora-tion. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/^g2_ McLean, %97. 6. Assignment in contemplation of bankruptcy. Alb. L. J., 13/199, Ben., 8/579 Blatchf., 14/146. Crabbe, 1/525. Phil., fPa.) S/.gg, See, also, Bajskeuptcy, 270. 7. Priority of the United States. Cranch, 2/353^ 3/73^ 8/^3^ Mason, %72, ^/280. Paine, l/igg^ I/629. Pet., 1/386,9/182, 12/102. Wall., 17/207. Wall. C.C, 1/12, u, 1/13. Wash. C. C, 2/i9g_ "Wheat., 4/j^o8 2/396. Ss6, also, Debtoe And Ceeditoe, 30r-40. 8. Formal requisites of the assignment. Int. Eev. Eec, 22/3gg_ McLean, S/^^^, Paine, Z/^^g 9. Schedules. Inventory. Recording. Bankr. Eeg., le/igg^ 17/337. Mason, 4/206. Wash. C. C, 4/232. 10. Delivery. Pet., I6/106. Wheat., 8/253. 11. Assent of the creditors. Gall., 2/g5y How., 8/^29. McLean, 3/177 Mason, 4/^83_ 4/205^ bj^^^_ Pet., ^/608, l^/l06. 12. Effect of the la-w of place. Bond, 1/222, 1/345. How., 21/^26. McLean, 3/397 Wall. Jr., 2/j3j 13. Interpreting the language. How., 12/98. Wash. C. C, 4/232. ASSIGNMENTS, I, II, 41 2. Assignments void on their face. 14. Void trusts ; intent to hinder cred- itors, &o. How., 7/27g McLean, 6/478_ 15. Illegal reservations in assignor's behalf. Cranch C. C, S/g-^g Mason, 4/2Qg Pet., 13/107. Wall., ^I^s. Ware, 1/332. 16. Illegal preferences, generally. Wheat., 7/55g_ ll/78_ 17. — in partnership cases. Biss., 1/128. McLean, ^/^ly. 18. Imposing conditions on the cred- itors. McLean, ^lin^ Mason, 4/206. 19. Coercing releases. Cranch C. C, I/450. Curt., 1/157^ I/471. McLean, 5/117 Mason, 4/2Qg Pet., 7/608. Wash. C. C, 4/232. 20. Excessive powers of assignee iii respect to nursing the estate. How.,7/27e_ 21. — in respect to sales on credit. Bankr. Eeg., IS/gg. Black, 2/533 22. Failure to annex schedules. Bankr. Reg., le/jgg Mason, 4/2og_ Wash. C. C, 4/232. 3. Assignments void for fraud. 23. "What -wiU raise the inference of fraud, generally. Am. L. Eeg., 5/203. Masoli, 4/5^5 Pet., 4/^47 Wall., l/g84. Wheat., '^/556. 24. Possession of assets retained by assignor. Cranch C. C, 8/354^ S/^g^^ 4I^^_ Ma- ^on,%s3,^lm. Pet., I6/106. Wal].,6/7g. Wheat., 11/78. 25. "What creditors may avoid an as- signment. Bankr. Eeg., 15/^ Black, 2/533 How., 1/igi. Mason, 5/174 Woodb. & M., 2/233 See, also, Ckeditoes' Suit, 4. n. EIGHTS, POWEES, AND LIABILI- TIES OP THE ASSIGNEE. 26. Acceptance by assignee. McLean, 3/^77 Pet., 12/102. Sumn., 1/537. Wash. C. C, 4/232. 27. "What will pass by the assignment. Conn., 44/558. Crabbe, I/525. Cranch C. C, 1/493. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/193 How., 17/232, 24/317. ?«*-, Vl93, %9, 6/221. Sumn., 2/278. Wheat., 8/268. 28. Assignee's title subject to equities and off-sets. How., 11/398. Mason, S/go. 29. Powers as respects raanagement of the estate, collection and pay- ment of debts, sales of property, defence of suits, &c. McLean, 4/93 Pet., 1/133. I'et. C. C, 1/15. Wall., 2/191. Wheat., 8/238. Woodb. & M., 3/380. 30. Liabilities of assignee, or his sureties. Wall., 2/191. 31. Lien for compensation or reim- bursement of expenditures. Bankr. Reg., IS/igg^ 17/573. Curt., V504. Pet., 2/g75. ASSISTANCE. "Writs, 1. ASSOCIATIONS. Societies and xVssociations. 42 ASSUMPSIT, I, II. ASSUMPSIT. [Comprises only decisions illustrating tlie common law form of action of assumpsit. For a complete view of the subject, consult, also, Action; Coittbacts; Monet Eeoeiyiid; Payment; Saxes; Services.] I. When Assumpsit Lies. n. Peooeduee. I. WHEN ASSUMPSIT LIES. 1. In general. Cliff., 2/601. Cranch, I/332 8/492^ ij^^^ Cranch C. C, S/g^g Hempst., 1/534 How., 8/45]^_ McLean, ^Ii2'j. 2. "WTien indebitatus asstunpsit ■will lie. Cranch, ^/ggg Cranch C. C, I/137 ■^/l38, -^/iSl, ■'■/4O8, %8, ^/se, ^/423, %49, 3/425. How., 23/220 McLean, 2/35^ 2/2I6, 2/235, 3/55L Pet., 9/541. Wall., 2/1 Wheat., 11/237. Woodb. & M., 75. 3. Assumpsit upon an account stated. Blatchf., 1/297. Cranch C. C, 1/147^ 3/120. How., 12/225. Wall., 19/560. 4. — for money paid. Cranch, '^J^qq Cranch C. C, 2/422^ 2/525,3/254. How, 5/95 Pet.,9/54i_ Pet. C.C, 1/262. Vt., 23/739 Wall., 20/i25_ 5. — for money paid by mistake. Ben., 4/376. Cranch C. C, 5/ig7_ Ct. of CI., I/16, 1/96, 4/366. I>ev., 1/231,. 1/244. See title Mistake. 6. — for money had and received. Blatchf., 3/249_ 7/147 Cranch C. C, V4I8, 3/l67, 4/400. I>all., 3/357^ How., ^/236. Mason, I/306. Pet., 3/i2, 5/ggo_ Suran., 1/276. Wall., S/ggg Wash. C. C, 4/209. Wheat., 9/651. Woodb.&M., 3/277. ^ee title Money Reoeived. 7. — for money lent. Cranch C, C, 1/102, ^/518. McLean, %51. Pet., 7/113^ 13/3Q2. 8. — for services rendered. Cranch, 2/igg_ 4/339 Cranch C. C, Vl26, Vl31, V249, 1/357. Ct. of CI., 1/13. Day, (Conn.) 3/16 How., I6/314 Paine, 2/109. Taney, 1/204. See, also. Services. 9. When assumpsit will lie upon a sealed instrument. Cranch, I/332. Cranch C. C, 5/435, ^/533. Hempst., 1/534. How., 8/45i_ McLean, 2/180. Pet., 14/19^ I6/327 Wall., 1%3. 10. — for goods sold. Cranch C. C, 2/550. Ct. of CL, 1/357. McLean, 5/170. Paine, 1/546. ^ee, also, Sales, V. 11. — for use and occupation. Cranch C. C, I/171, I/190, I/234, 2/49, 3/64, 3/92, 4/13. How., 1/153. McLean, 2/180. See, also. Landlord and Tenant, 41. 12. Election between assumpsit and other forms of action. Cranch, 3/492 Dall., 3/357. Hempst., V240, V279. How., 8/451. See, also, Action, 13. TI. PEOCEDUBE. 13. The declaration. Chic. L. ]Sr., 2/1. Day, (Conn.) S/ig. 14. Matters of defence, generally. Dall., 3/357. Pet. C. C, I/15. Sumn., 3/335. Wall., 1/298, 2/1. Wheat., 11/237. 15. Failure of consideration. Cranch C. C, I/410, 1/535, 2/425. Taney, 1/422. Woodb. & M., 2/32g_ ATTACHMENT, I. 43 16. Evidence under conunon counts. Cranch, ^/^qq Cranch C. C, I/102 Vm, l/l38, V18I. How., 10/4ig_ Mc- Lean, 2/2^3_ Wheat., 7/35, ^/651. See, also. Pleading, 111-114. 17. — under special counts. Blatchf., 6/^26. Wash. C. C, \ 4/97. 18. Under the general issue. Am. L. E.eg., N. s., 7/402. Cranch C. C, 3/439. Pet.,%0. Wall., 6/231. ASSURANCE. As to Covenants for further assurance, see CoviarAJifTS, 15. ATHEIST. Competency of as a Witness, see Witkibses, n, 1. ATTACHMENT. I. In GrElTEBAl; AND HeEEIN OF WHAT CotTRTS MAT ISSTJE ATTACHMENT. n. What Peopeett mat be Reached. HI. Peoceduee. 1. Issuing, security, &e. 2. The service, or levy; and its effect. 3. Priority. 4. Incidental matters of practice. TV. Decisions upon the Attachment Laws of the Diffeebnt States. LIN GENEEAL; A]SD HEEEIN OF WHAT COUETS MAY ISSUE AT- TACHMENT. 1. General nature of the remedy. Blatchf. & H., 1/525. Cranch C. C, 1/12. Dak. T., 1/351. Heinpst., I/662. Story, 1/531. 2. Ho'w distinguished from ordinary- suit in rem. Blatchf. & H., 1/525. Brock., 2^ 125. 3. Interpretation of statutes provid- ing the reraedy. Abb. U. S., 1/495. Deady, I/469. Hempst., l/i89 1/217. Mason, 4/^43 Wash. C. C, 2/382. 4. Circuit court cannot issue attach- ment against property of alien, or citizen resident abroad. Blatchf., l/48o_ 1/628. Cart., 2/g^ 2/579. Dall., S/ggg. How., 20/2Qg Law Eep., N. s., 5/137. Mason, 5/35. Pet., 12/3Q0 Story, 1/531. Sumn., I/131 5. But a court of admiralty may. Int.^ Eev. Eec, 13/125. See, also, Admiralty, II. 6. And all federal courts may, under the revised statutes. Eev. Stat., § 915. Chic. L. K, %5. V. Defendant must be served with process in personam. Abb. Adm., I/373 Blatchf., I/480 1/628. Curt., 2/g. Mason, 6/35. Pet.,' ^%00, ^^/l67. See, also, post, 27. 8. Jurisdiction of suits against corpo- rations. Blatchf., 1/628. Curt., 2/g. gee, also, COEPOEATIONS, IX. O. Jurisdiction of circuit court of Dis- trict of Columbia. Cranch C. C, l/gg, l/go, 2/350, ^ksi, 10. For -what demands attachment lies, generally. Abb. U. S., 1/495. How., 3/483. Pet., 8/123. Wash. C. C, 2-382. Wheat., %17. 44 ATTACHMENT, II, III. 11. 'Will not lie for unliquidated dam- ages. Cranch C. C, 1/319. Wash. C. C, %82, %60. 11. WHAT PKOPEKTY MAY BE BEACHED. 12. In general. Bankr. Eeg., I8/570. Cranch C. C, 1/30, 2/96, %18, 2/622, %17. How., 18/246. MacArth., l/igy. Mason, 5/28O. Minn., 1/54. Op. Att.-Gen., 10/120 1^/426 1^/557. Pet., 3/292. Woods, 2/667. 13. Wlio is deemed "debtor" of the principal debtor. Cranch C. C, 2/544^ 2/57^ How., 6/301. 14/610. MacArth., l/i87. Mason, ^g^ 5/555. Pet., 5/641. Woodb. & M., %64. 14. Interests in property pledged, or subject to lien. Gall., 1/419 McLean, S/ggj Mason, '/443. 15. Gtoods in bands of factor ■wbo has made advances. Cranch C. C, 2/623. How., 8/334. 16. Seamen's -wages in bands of piir- ser, not attachable. Ben., 7/356 Cranch C. C, 2/544 How., 4/20. lY. Equitable interests in land, not at- ' tachable. Cranch, 9/455. Cranch C. C, 3/331. McLean, 2/267. 18. Property of deceased debtor, not attachable. Cranch C. C, I/300, 1/352, ^./469. 19. What goods may be attached for rent. Cranch C. C, I/30, l/ioo. m. PBOCEDUBE. 1. Issuing, security, &c, 20. The affidavit. "WTiat proof is suffi- cient. Eev. Stat., § 925. Burn., (Wis.) l/gg^ 1/190, V207. Col. T., 2/284. Minn., 1/82' N. Y. Leg. Obs., Sj^^^^ 21. Issuing. Col. T., 3/22, Cranch C.C, 1/38, 1/527. Wheat., 10/473^ 22. Sectu:ity. Forthcoming bonds. Rights of sureties. Eev. Stat., § 93L Black, I/566. Cent. L. J., 7/69. Col. T., 2/24_ 2/284 Cranch C. C, 2/186, 4/251. Hempst, 1/36. !»*• Eev. Eec, 23/394 Mont. T., 2/30 2. The service or levy ; and its effect. 23. Mode of service, generally. Gall., 2/307. Hempst., 1/189. 24. "What is a sufficient service. Ben., 4/70 Cranch C. C, 4/578. 25. Service on garnishee, insufficient. Abb. Adm., I/373. Blatchf., 1/528. 26. Duty of officer in making service. Ben., 3/479 Pet., 5/90. Wall, 8/103. 27. Effect of proceeding without ser- vice of process in personam. Cranch C. C, 2/^57 McLean, 2/473^ 2/511, 4/96, 4/262. Paine, 2/501. Wall.^ %07, 1%08. See, also, ante, 7. 28. Effect of service of attachment, generally. Black, 1/101. Cranch, 6/ig7_ Cranch C. C, 1/254, 2/96, 4/451. Curt., 2/4g5_ How., 20/128. I^aw Eep., n. s., II/394. McLean, 8/354^ 3/542^ 4/535 Pet., 6/90. Pet. C. C, 1/301. Wash. C. C, 2/48g_ ATTACHMENT, III. 45 29. — of attachraent of vessel. Blatchf. & H., 1/52. Sprague, I/170, %78. 30. Whetlier attachment is, of itselfi a lien, before judgment. How., 7/g^2. Law Rep., S/^g^ lOj^^^^ Story, 2/^3^^ 2/^28. Vt., Sl/ggg^ 21/g2Q^ 21/635. Woodb. & M., 2/449. 31. Marshal's return, fees, liability, &o. Crancli C. C, I/456, 2/53^ 2/2qq^ Sj^^^^ Story, 2/292_ Wall., 8/103. See, also, title Marshal. 3. Priority. 32. Bet-ween prior and subsequent attachments. Conn., 36/573 Cranch C. C, \ 2/199, 2/200, 2/413. Story, 2/5gi_ 33. Bet^ween assignment and attach- ment. Cranch C. C, I/451, 3/i. Gall., I/419. Story, l/eoi. Wash. C. C, I/424. See, also. Assignment, 38. 34. Bet"ween attachment and bank- ruptcy proceedings. Rev. Stat., § 5044. Bankr. Reg., l6/43_ Cranch C. C, 1/288. I>illv %3, 4/518 How., 7/g^2. Law Rep., 5/392, S/443, %05. Vt., 20/gg6^ 21/539^ 21/g2o^ 21/635. See, also. Bankruptcy, 31, 129. 35. Betvreen attachment and deed of conveyance. Curt., 1/223. How., 19/246. Story, ^/79. 36. Bet^ween attachments issued out of state, and federal courts. Chase Dec, I/546. Hempst., I/708. How., 20/583 McLean, 2/3^ Pet., l^/l36. 37. Between attachment and execu- tion, or other process. Cranch C. C, I/40, ^Ins. 38. Priority of the United States. Rev. Stat., § 932, 933. Pet., 8/292^ %62, 12/102. Story, 3/7g_ See, also. Debtor and Creditor, 30-40 ; In- solvency, 9. 4. Inadental matters of practice. 39. Defences, set off, &o. Cranch C. C, I/254. How., I8/217, 20/128. Mason, 8/347^ 4/4^3^ Sprague, 1/418. 40. Rules of evidence. Cranch C. C, I/128, I/319, 1/392, %. 41. Objections to regularity. Cranch C. C, 2/5^3^ Dall., 3/333_ Wheat., 10/473. 42. "Waiver of objections. Pet., 1/311, 12/300. 43. Effect of appearance as a waiver. Cranch, 4/^21. Pet., 12/300. 1^/293. See, also, Action, 22-25. 44. Incidental rights of garnishee. Cranch C. C, I/199, 2/543^ S/^g^^ 45. Attachment of fund in court. Gall., 2/307 Sprague, 1/423. 46. The judgment ; and its effect. Biss., 4/3Q7_ Brock., 2/^0,5 Cranch C. C, 2/^57 Dill., 3/372 Hempst., 1/217. McLean, 5/143. Mason, 3/247^ Pet., 10/449. Sprague, I/423. Vt., 21/035. Wall., 9/807, 1%08, 22/77. 47. Opening and setting aside judg- ment. Cranch C. C, 1/147, 2/681. See, also, Judgment, VI. 46 ATTACHMENT, III, lY. 48. Dismissal and discontinuance. Cranch C. C, 2/ggg Mason, ^Ii^q_ Wash. C. C, 2/382 49. Dissolution on giving security, or by death of debtor. Bankr. Reg., is/gyg, ^^ks^. ^ow., %53. 50. Quashing. Ben., 3/479 Cranch. C. C, 1/33, 5/464, ^/503. 51. Remedy for -wrongful attaclinient. Rev. Stat., § 927. Cliff., 2/^91. Col. T.,2/24. Dill., 1/589. Pet., 7/608. IV. DECISION'S UPON THE ATTACH- MENT LAWS OF THE DIFPEB- ENT STATES. 52. Alabama. How., 19/24g. 53. Arkansas. Hempst., 1/217. 54. California. Deady, 1/459. 55. Connecticut. Conn., 36/g7g Cranch, 4/42^^ T/gg^^ 56. Florida. Wall., 4/237. 57. Georgia. Woods, 1/496, 58. Illinois. Biss., 1/57. 59. Indiana. Biss., 4/307. • 60. Louisiana. How., 3/483_ Wall., 10/gg. 61. Maine. Curt., 1/223. Story, 3/yg_ Sumn., ^/537. 62. Maryland. Cranch, 9/456. Cranch C. C, 1/319^ ^/211, %18, ^/426, ^/433, ^/465, %35, %43, ^Im, %, ^/629, %02, ^/503, ^/sOT. How., I8/217. 63. Massachusetts. Curt., 2/4gg_ Mason, 4/443^ 5/230^ 6/407. Story, 3/79 Sumn., ^1251, 64. Montana Territory. Mont. T., 2/jg. 65. Pennsylvania. How., 20/g83_ Pet., 7/608. Pet., C. C, 1/245. Wash. C. C, 2/382, 2/488. 66. Rhode Island. Mason, 3/^3g_ 67. Tennessee. Wall.; 10/308. 68. Vermont. Bankr. Reg., I6/43. Yt., 21/599^ 2^/620, 2^635. 69. Virginia. Cranch, 6/^87. Cranch C. C, l/go, 1/100, -^/leo, ^/300, ^/352, •^/392, %86, %16. 70. ■Wisconsin. Biss., 5/69. ATTAINDER. As to the constitutionality and validity of Attainder laws, see Constitutionaij Law, 18. ATTEMPTS. To Commit crime, generally, see Ceiminal Law, 17. As to Aaaaviis with special intent, see AssAtTLT, 15. ATTESTATION. Deeds, 13 ; Wms, I, 2. ATTORNEY AND CLIENT, I, II. 47 ATTORNEY AND CLIENT. I. The Vocation. II. The Kelation with the Client. III. Compensation of Attorneys. IV. Peivileged Communications. I. THE VOCATION. 1. Admission to practice ; and nature of the office, generally. Eev. Stat., § 713, 747, 1058, 5498. Am. L. Reg., N. s., e/ggg Ben., 8/j2g_ Chic. L. N., 5/385_ DalL, S/ggg^ 34io_ Ga., 35/285 Int. Rev. Rec, 17/179 Pet., 4/108. Wall., 4/333_ 16/,3o 2. Riglit of females to practice la-w. Chic. L. N., 6/277 Ct. of CI., S/g^g^ Wall., 16/130. West. Jur., S/^^^^ 3. Duties of attorneys. Cranch C. C, 4/553 McLean, 6/2g9_ Mason, Sj^^^^ 4. Liabilities of attorneys, generally. Am. L. Rec, 5/^55 Cent. L. J., 3/ggg_ Chase Dec, I/224. Cranch C. C, 2/252 2/629. Hempst., 1/659. Pet. C. C, I/155. Woods., 2/34g_ 5. — for negligence. Chic. L. N., 7/j37 Hempst., 1/693. McLean, 2/g9_ Mason, S/^gg^ Pet., 4/^72. Wall., 18/350, 21/178. 6. — for fees and costs. Gall., 2/101. 7. Statutory offence of buying de- mands ■with intent to sue thereon. How.,18/507. See, also, Champerty, 3. 8. Disbarring attorneys. Suspension from practice. Alb. L. J., 10/10. Chic. L. N., 6/293. Col. T., 2/5g3 Cranch C. C, 2/6o_ ij^^^^ Wall., 4/333_ 7/3g4_ 7/523, 13/33g_ IQ/g^g^ Wheat., 9/529. 9. Revie-w of proceedings to disbar. Mandamus to reinstate. Alb. L. J., 10/10. Chic. L. N., 6/i42. Cranch C. C, 2/379 "How., 19/9. Wall., %64 19/513. Wheat., 9/529. See title Mandamus. ii. the relation with the client. 10. Retainer; -when presumed, and "when required to be proved. Abb. Adm., 1/579. Bankr. Reg., 5/g7_ Hempst., 1/209. How., lO/g^g Wall., 6/157,21/453. Wash. C.C, 2/429. Wheat., 9/738. 11. The attorney's authority, gen- erally. Cranch C. C, 4/ig4_ Hempst., 1/42. How., 6/i63 Olc. Adm., 1/222. Pet,, 5/99. Wall. Jr., 2/52i_ 12. — to receive payments, make set- tlements, compromises, &c. Col. T., 2/330 Cranch, 7/436^ Mc- Lean, 4/g7_ Pet., 8/^8_ Sprague, I/433. Sumn., 1/537. Wash. C. C, 1/454^ 1/479^ ■ ■*/503. 13. — over proceedings in the litiga- tion. Abb. Adm., I/579 Chic. L. N., 5/243. Cranch C. C, 8/233. Ct. of CI., 6/362. Int. Rev. Rec, l^, 17/93 McLean, 4/120. Clc Adm., 1/222, Pet., 5/9g^ 8/18. Sawyer, 2/338. Story, .2/292 14. — to submit cause t6 arbitration. Cranch, 7/435. How., 5/g3_ Mason, %01. 15. His povrer to bind his client. How., 6/106. Mason, 8/405. Sumn., 1/537. Wall., 1/644. 48 ATTORNEY AND CLIENT, II, III, IV- 16. WTien his authority is terminated.. Cranch C. C, 8/233. J^»t- ^ev. Rec, 13/184. Pet., 5/93 17. Po-wers of United States attorney for District of Columbia. Cranch, Z/ggg 18. Dealings between- 'attorney and client. Purchases by attorney. Hempst., 1/715. How., II/232, IS/sos. Wall., 6/i57_ 18/35o_ 21/j7g_ 10. Suramary proceedings against at- torneys. Col. T., 2/553 Cranch C. C, ^g. Wall., 7/523 Wheat., 8/529. 20. Remedy by action. Hempst., 1/659. Pet., 4/^72. Pet. C. C, 1/155. Wall., 18/430. 21. Substitution or change of attor- neys. Black, 1/33. Blatchf., ^I^^s. Cranch CiC., 2/264. Ct.ofCl.,,7/499. Op.Att.- Gen., 11/7. Wall., 10/433. III. COMPENSATION OF ATTOKNEYS. 22. Compensation, generally Rev. Stat., § 823, 1034, 4785. Alb. L. J., 15/161. Am. L. Rec, 6/155. Cent. L. J., 3/559 Ct. of CI., I/173. How., 19/280. Mont. T., 2/159. 23. And how computed. Rev. Stat., § 824. Blatchf., I/652. Wash. C. C, 1/438. 24. How lost or forfeited. Blatchf., 4/268. Otto, 3/352. 25. Agreements for contingent fee, or share in the subject-matter of the litigation. Rev. Stat., § 4786. Bankr. Reg., i%53. How., 15/415. MacArth., 1/558. Otto, 1/252, 3/548, 6/404. Wall. Jr., 2/453. 26. Lien for costs, generally. How., 19/384. MacArth., 1/042, 2/l72. N. Y. Leg. Obs., I/69. Op. Att.-Gen.,ll/7_ I2/216. 01c.Adm.,l/i76. Wall., 10/483" 27. How affected by acts of the client. Abb. Adm., 1/297. Blatchf. & H., V401, V443, ^487. Newb. Adm., 1/343 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/63. Sprague, l/n, ^/48, ^/85, •'/126, ^/230. 28. Recovery of compensation by ac- tion. Cranch C. C, 2/144. Ct. of CI., I/173 IV. PBIVILEGED COMMUNICATIONS. 29. General rules. Am. L. Reg., N. s., I6/392. Ben., 6/56. Cranch C. C, 1/151. Pet. C. C, I/356. Wash.C. C, 4/715. Wheat., II/230. 30. "What communications are privi- leged. Cranch C. C, I/151, 5/g4g. Pet. C. C, 1/856. Wheat., 11/280. Woods, 1/234. 31. "What are not. ..Waiver of privilege. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 8/^47. Bankr. Reg., 10/448. Ben,, S/ggg. Cranch C. C, 1/221, 2/464. How., Pr., 38/79. Pet. C. C, 1/356. Utah T., 1/205. Wall., 3/175 Wash. C. C, 4/^15 Wheat., 11/28O. As to the competency of attorneys as Wit- nesses, see Witnesses, II, 5. ATTORNEY-GENERAL. For decisions relative to the Powers and Duties of the Attorney-General, and the Fuw- tions of his department, see Departments, 6. AUCTION— A.UDITOES. 49 AUCTION. [Consult, also, Execution, 41-58; JuDl- ciaij Sales.] 1. Conduct of the sale, validity, &c. Rev. Stat., § 4628, 4650. How., %33, ^/l34, ^^/494, ^^/l43. McLean, 1/395^ 2/267. Story, 3/gii_ Wall.,6/94_ 2. Conditions of sale. Cranch, 7/399 Pe*- C. C, I/199. 3. Memorandura under statutes of frauds. Cranch C. C, ^j^ov, 4/l21. 4. Bights, povrers and liabilltie of auctioneer. Crancli C. C, Sj^^^^ How., 8/^34. Story, 3/gjj_ 5. Auctioneer's bond and license. Cranch C. C, 2/291^ S/^q. Pet., S/ggg, 6. Bights of purchaser. Cranch, 7/399 Cranch C. C, ^/^js. How., 8/134. MacArth., 1/299. Story, 3/611. Wall., 3/196. 7. Auction price a test of value in es- timating damages. Abb. Adm., 1/37^ 1/97^ I/215. How., 8/134 Story, 3/6^j_ As to Jvdieial sales, generally, see that title ; also. Execution, 41-58; Mobtgages, 55, 56 ; Taxes, IV. AUDITA QUERELA. Whits. AUDITORS. 1. Effect of their report. Abb. Adm., l/go, l/ggg. Blatchf. & H., 1/94 Cranch, 'e/g Cranch C. C, %28, 3/240. Wash. C. C, %2_ 2. Exceptions to report, and how de- termined. Abb. Adm., 1/37^ l/ioo. Cranch, 4/306^ 5/313. Cranch C.C, 3/120 Gilp., I/536. Olc. Adm., l/388_ 1/444 Sprague, I/315 3. Compensation of auditors. Wall. Jr., l/i96. As to references in pending suits, to Arbitra- tors, Masters in Chancery, and Beferees, see Abbi- TBATION AND AWAKD ; EePEBBNCE. AUTREFOIS ACQUIT. CrvTL Bights, 5-7 ; Judgment, 83, AVERAGE. Insubance, 1, 11 ; SHippraa, VIII, 3. AWARD. Aebiteation and Awaed, n, III. 50 BAIL, I. B BAGGAGE. Carkiees, 44, 45; Eailboad Companies, 18. BAIL. I. In Crviii Actions. n. In Abmikalty. III. Is Cbiminal Cases. I. IN CIVIL ACTIONS. 1. The different kinds of bail. Hempst., 1/290. 2. In -what cases bail may be re- quired. Eev. Stat., § 942. Call, (Va.) ei^is. Cranch C. C, ^^5, V72, V79, V16O, ^588, ^/92, ^/ll6, ^/585, 2/625, ^kl, ^/ll6, ^/l2. Ball., 2/330 4/^19. How., 1% Wash. C C, 4/3^7_ 3. — and in ^wliat amount. Motion to reduce amount. Cranch C. C, 1/477^ 5/435, ^/498, ^/569. How., 14/3 Woodb. & M., sj^qs. 4. "Who may take bail. Eev. Stat., § 945. Cranch, 4/^5 Cranch C. C, 2/^32. How., ^^I2i2. McLean, 6/274^ See, also, Commis- SIONEES, 3. 5. 'Wlio may be bail. Cranch C. C, l/ioi, I/266, ^477. Woolw., l/go. 6. Putting in bail. Cranch C. C, I/206, ^/ggg, 7. Sufficiency of the bond. Number of sureties, &o. Cranch C. C, 2/432 8. Justification of bail. Baldw., l/i48_ Cranch C. C, 1/145 ^/l46, %9. 9. Discharge on common bail. Cranch C. C, l/gg, 1/257, V592, %5i, 3/290, %74, 4/528. I»all., 2/330 McLean, 1/528. Pet. C. C, 1/352, 1/404. Wall. C. C, 1/108. Wash. C. C, 4/42,_ 4/443_ 10. "When special bail must be given. Cranch C. C, I/5, l/igo, V329, Vsei, 2/92. Wash. C. C, 1/340, 4/317, 4/333. See, also, Aeeest, 8. 11. Time to enter special bail. Cranch C. C, I/49, I/206. Wheat., %5. 12. Liabilities of bail. Cranch C. C, l/ioi. Hempst., 1/39. McLean, 3/303 Ware, I/286. Wheat., 6/475. 13 — of special bail. Hempst., 1/284. McLean, 1/226. Bet., ®/329. 14. Surrender of principal. ' Baldw., l/i48. Cranch C. C, l/gg, 1/101, V25I, 1/311, 1/442, ^/l29, ^/437, 4/231. McLean, I/226. Paine, I/368. Pet., 9/329. Story, 1/546. Wash. C. C, 4/412. Wheat., 12/604. 15. Discharge of bail -where principal is imprisoned by process of state court. Cranch C. C, 1/39, 2/33, Gall., l/i. 16. — where plaintiff amends his de- claration. Cranch C. C, 1/508 8/437, 4/231. BAIL, I, II, III-BAILMENT, I. 51 17. Effect of discharge of principal under state insolvent la^ws. Oranch C. C, I/173, l/^gi, %, 2/^5, %11, ^/l87, ^/234, ^/243, %76, ^/528, ^/669. Pet, 12/234. Pet. C. C, 1/404, 1/484. Wa^h. C. C, 2/,g,_ 4/3,7_ 4/4,2, 4/424, 4/443 See, also, Insolvency, u, 12. 18. wnen sucli discharge ■will exoner- ate the bail. Baldw., 1/9. Cranch C. C, I/481, 2/3^ ^/44, %0, 2/75, 2/111, %34, ^/376, 4/l99, 5/669. Wash. C. C, 2/i57_ 4/^,2, 4/424. 19. "When it wiU not have such effect. Cranch C. C, 1/251 ^/igy Wash. C. C, 4/3i7_ 20. Effect of insolvent discharge in District of Columbia. Cranch C. C, 1/207, ^l, ^/486. 21. Effect of bankruptcy proceedings. Cranch C. C, I/90, l/u2, 1/139. See, also, Bankeuptcy, 226. 22. other causes of discharge. Mo- tion for exoneretur. Cranch C. C, I/39, 2/372 Hempst., Vi72, ^284, V290. McLean, I/226, 1/528, 2/493. Pet., 9/329^ 12/234. Wash.C.C., 2/464. Wheat., 12/604. 23. Enforcement of bail bonds, gen- erally. Cranch C. C, I/266, 2/253, %72, ^/lis, 4/130. Hayw., (N. C.) %js. How., 13/212. McLean, 1/226, 3/17, 3/303_ Pet., 7/276. Wash. C. C, 4/38g_ 4/^^^^ 24. Necessity of proceeding against principal first. Cranch C. C, 4/j3q_ Hempst., 1/14^ Vl72, ^284. II. m ADMIRALTY. 25. Putting in bail. Abb. Adm., 1/141,1/444,1/579. N.Y. Leg. Obs., 8/77_ 26. Enforcement of bail bonds, or stipulations. Curt., 2/4g5. Wall., 2/538_ H/^^^^ 2*7. What •will release or exonerate bail in admiralty. Abb. Adm., 1/555. ^en., 8/337 Ware, V286. 28. Delivery of property on bail. Ben., 1/21 «. Chic. L. N., 2/249 Gall., Vl45, ^/227, ■^/476, ^/503, %3, %49, %20. Pet., 15/40. Wheeler, 2/602. See, also, Admiralty, 93. ni. IN CRIMINAL CASES. 29. wnen, and by -whom bail may be taken. Eev. Stat., § 947, 1014, 1015, 1016. Cranch C. C, I/373, 1/436, 4/478. Curt., 2/41. Dall.,2/343_3/,7_ Phil., (Pa.) 6/96. Wash. C. C, 3/224 See, also, Eecog- NIZANCES, 1. 30. And in -what amount. Cranch C.C, 1/436, 4/518, 4/727. 31. Liabilities of bail. Discharge. Cranch C. C, 5/3g8_ Pet., 9/704. Wall., 16/366. BAILMENT. I. General Pkinciples. II. The Dlppbrbnt Species oe Bailments. L GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 1. Who "will be deemed to be a bailee. Newb. Adm., I/95. Otto, 7/^^q Wheat., 2/345. 2. His liabilities. Am. L. Eeg., I/32. Brews., (Pa.) 4/234. Curt., 1/130. Dall., 4/339 Hempst., I/160. Mason, 8/^32 Wall., 6/420. Wash. C- C., 1/152, 4/461. 52 BAILMENT, II— BANKRUPTCY. II. THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF BAIL- MENTS. 3. Deposit. Col. T., 3/53 Otto, 7/92 4. Mandate. Mason, S/^gg; 5. Loan. Wash. C. C, 1/230. 6. Hiring a chattel. Cranch C. C, 2/3^3^ Gilp., I/579. Sprague, I/343. Wheat., %oo. 7. — or services upon it. Blatehf., 14/4<)5, McLean, S/g^g. 8. Pledge or pa-wn. Am. L. Rec, ^l^sa. -^™- ^- ^^S-> ^Im. Bankr. Reg., 8/137^ 17/^3^^ 17/^g2_ Biss., 4/j7^ Cent. L. J., ^Iqq2. Chic. L. ^.,^ki, 8/73. Ct. of CI., 12/330. Holmes, l/igo. How. Pr., 27/^gj_ Int. Rev. Rec, 21/3^9 McAll., I/408. Mason, 2/^^^ 4/^^23. O^o, l/gis, 8/321^ %34, ^Im, ^Im, ^/492, %4, ^/496. Pet., 11/351. Wall., 21/360. Wash. C. C, 2/142. O. Innkeepers. Biss., 5/465. Cranch C. C, I/290, 2/42. Sumn., 2/221. Wheeler, 2/513. As to what constitutes a Conversion of prop- erty bailed, see Tbotee. For further rules applicable to distinct Species of bailees, see Bakks; Cabbiers; Express Companies ; NATioNAii Banks ; Eatlroad Companies; Warehousemen. BANK CHECKS. Bajjtks and Banking, 26, 27, 28. BANK NOTES. Banks and Banking, 32, 33 ; Tender, 2. BANKRUPTCY. [The repeal of the bankrupt law has rendered the decisions here referred to of little present value ; but inasmuch as congress may, at any time, restore the recent system of bankruptcy, or establish a new one, it has been deemed advisable to prepare the title with the same care as would be needful were the law still in force.] I. General Principles. II. Under the Act op 1800. in. Under the Act op 1841. 1. Jurisdiction, emd nght to proceed wider the act. 2. Acts of bankruptcy, 3. (Conveyances and liens saved by the act. 4. Powers and duties of assignee. 5. Procedure, proof of debts, (Sec. 6. The discharge; and its effects rV. Under the Act op 1867, the Eevised Statutes, and Subsequent Enact- ments. 1. Courts of banhrwptcy ; their jurisdic- tion, organisation, and powers. 2. Voluntary bankruptcy. 3. Involuntary banhrwptcy. 4. Proceedings to realize the estate for creditors. (a) Appointment, powers, and liabili- ties of assignee. (b) Proof of debts, and proceedings thereon. (c) Examination of b.ankrupt and other witnesses. (d) Distribution. Priority of payment. (e) Compositions, or settlement by trustees. 1. XJifDEE THB EBVISED StATDTES. 2. Undeb Act of Juke 22, 1874, OH. 390, g 17. 6. Protection and discharge of bankrupts, 6. Proceedings peculiar to partnership! and corporatioTis. (a) Partnerships. (b) Corporations. 7. Fees and costs. 8. Prohibited and fraudulent tranters. BANKRUPTCY, I, II. 63 I. GENERAL PEINCIPLES. 1. Distinction between bankruptcy and insolvency. Bankr. Reg., 1/353^ 2/^^^^ 2/g2i_ Ben., %96. Blatehf., 6/^77 Paine, I/79. Wheat., 4/122. 2. Constitutionality of bankrupt laws, and amendments. Am. L. Rec, S/gg. Am. L. Reg., n. S-, 7/624. Bankr. Reg., S/g^^ e/gg^^ 10/^^ 10/427 "/21 11/193 14/295. Ben., 7/505 Blatehf., 12/562. Dill., I/45. Sawyer, 3/240. Story, 2/g4g_ Woods, 2/453 3. Power of congress to pass bank- rupt laws. Const., Art. I, § VIII, 5. Abb. U. S., 2/243 Bankr. Reg., 4/522^ 6/3^^ 5/234^ 7/193, 7/490, 11/21, 11/193, 13/128. Ben., 7/455. Biss.,3/2ig Crabbe, 1/456. How., 1/277 »• McLean, 3/jgg_ Sawyer, 1/410, 3/240. Wash. C. C, 3/313 Wheat., %22. 4. Tbeir operation and policy, gener- ally. "When they take effect. Bankr. Reg., 6/207, H/lOS, 1%08, 1%08. Biss., 6/233. Chase Dec, 1/227. Sawyer, 1/260. Wall., 21/342. 5. Eetrospective operation. Alb. L. J., 10/249. Bankr. Reg., 11/433^ 12/63, 12/299, 12/321, 1%9, 14/112, 14/278. Biss., 6/ie7_ Cent. L. J., I/362 I/506, 2/440. Dill., 3/37_ 3/110 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 1/1, 1/211,1/212. Sawyer, 3/i28^ 3/34g_ Story, %22. 6. Act of congress exclusive, suspend- ing state insolvent laws, while in force. Bankr. Reg., 1/559^ S/gn^ 5/337^ 7/393^ 9/50. Dill., 3/477 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 1/212. Story, 2/322. I. what state laws are not super- seded. Bankr. Reg., 13/440. Crabbe, 1/525. Otto, 1/496. 8. Power of the states to pass bank- rupt laws. Baldw., 1/300. G^all., I/168. McLean, 3/185. Paine, 1/79. Wash. C. C, 3/313, Wheat., 4/112^ 4/2og^ 6/i3i^ 12/2i3_ See, also, Insolvency, 1-4. 9. Extra-territorial force of bankrupt laws. Blatehf., 5/349 Brock., 1/52. Cranch, 5/289. How., 11/33. Pet. C. C, 1/74. Wheat., 12/213. 10. Effect of foreign discharge. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 1/40 «. Wheat., 4/209, 12/213. II. TINDER THE ACT OF 1800. II. Jurisdiction. Crabbe, I/70. Paine, 1/395. 12. "What was an act of bankruptcy. Cranch, I/239. Wash. C. C, 1/29. 13. Appointment, powers, and duties of commissioners. Cranch C. C, 4/71, Law Rep., 5/i7_ N. Y. Leg. Obs., 1/22, 4/iig. Pet. C. C, 1/15. 14. The assignment, and powers of the assignee. Pet. C. C, 1/15. Wash. C. C, 2/406. 15. "What passed to the assignee. Cranch C. C, I/201. Paine, 2/409, Pet., l/igs. Wash. C. C, 2/406. 16. Proof of debts; what provable, proceedings, set-off, &c. Crabbe, I/70. Cranch, 5/34 Cranch C. C, 1/194, 1/288, 1/419, 1/423. I>all., 4/370. Wash. C. C, 1/44, l/l78. 54 BANKRUPTCY, II, III. 17- Priority of the United States, and of sureties on custom-liouBe bonds. Cranch, ^l2S9. Cranch C. C, I/546. Wash. C. C, 1/494, 2/i9g^ 2/49o_ 18. Suits by or against tlie assignee. Cranch, S/g^, Cranch C. C, I/90, •^/l90, ■'■/204. 19. The discharge : "WTiat claims are barred. Cranch C. C, I/194. Sprague, I/470. Wall. C.C, 1/12 «• 20. Rules peculiar to corporations and partnerships. Cranch, 5/34, S/ggg. Story, ^j^u. 21. Transfers and payments in fraud of the act. Cranch, S/ggg. Wash. C. C, I/29. III. umOER THE ACT OF ;841. 1. Jurisdiction, and rigU to proceed vmder the act. 22. Jurisdiction. Blatchf., 1/290. How., I/265, %92, 7/gl2. Law Rep., S/ggg^ S/ggg^ 7/2g]^ McLean, S/^^gg, Story, Z/g^g Woodb. & M., 3/3g_ 23. 'What debtors -were within the purview of the act. How., 2/202. Law Rep., 5/225, %73, %09, ^/408. McLean, S/g^^^ S/^gg^ N. Y. Leg. Obs., 1/84, l/i32, %82. 24. "Who may be petitioning creditor. Intervention. Crabbe, 1/432, ^/544. I^^w Rep., S/^gg. N. Y. Leg. Obs., l/s, 1/200, V276. 2. Ads of banhrupUaf. 25. In general. Crabbe, 1/482. How., IS/igo. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/267. Story, 2/492. 26. Fraudulent conveyances; and assignments for creditors, with preferences. Crabbe, 1/455, V469, ^529. ^^w Rep., 5/3og. N. Y. Leg. Obs., l/s, 1/132, Vl46, V348, V356, 2/131, %67, 2/285, %50. Story, 2/349, %64. Vt., 21/627. Woodb. & M., 2/347. 27. Legal process. Confession of judglnent, &e. Crabbe, 1/529. How., 18/150. Law Rep., 5/217, %09. ^- Y. Leg. Obs., 2/^31, 2/285. 3. Conveyances and liens saved by the act. 28. Contracts and conveyances enter- ed into more than two months before petition filed. How., 13/150. McLean, 3/gg7_ N.Y. Leg. Obs., 3/350. Vt-, 21/627. Woodb. & M., 2/347. 29. Such contracts valid only as to purchasers in good faith and ■without notice. McLean, 3/^99^ S/gg^. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 3/350. Story, Sj^u, ^07. Vt., 2V, 627. SO. 'What liens are protected, gener- ally. How., 18/82. N- Y. Leg. Obs., 1/53, 1/69, ^/ll5. Story, 2/555^ 2/g3o_ 31. Attachment liens. How., V/612, 7/627. N. Y. Leg. Obs., %62. Story, 2/i3i^ 2/334^ 8/446. '^^■> 21/599. 32. Judgment liens. ' Blatchf., 1/318. How., l3/i5o. N. Y. Leg. Obs., I/166. Story, 2/376, 2/582. 4. Pil'v ^/549. Low., 1/470. Sawyer, I/47. 82. Effect of commencing proceedings. Bankr. Reg., 5/222^ 7/^33^ 18/433^ Blatchf., 9/4Q9 Cent. L. J., I/470. 83. Acts of bankruptcy, generally. Rev. Stat., 5021, &c. Abb. U. S., 2/243. Bankr. Reg., 1/559^ l/ggo, 3/230^ %86, %07, ^/373, '''/289, '^/468, ^^/l32, ^6/485. Ben., 2/433^ 8/233_ Biss., S/^o. Chic. L. N., 3/394_ Low., 1/161. 1/406, 1/470 Sawyer, 1/4^0, 2/411. 84. Fraudulent conveyances. Bankr. Reg., 1/230, 2/17, 3/ig_ 4/^73 «/l63, %05, 6/433, 18/64. Biss., 3/442 Blatchf., 9/^3^4 Deady, 1/557. Low., ^/406. Sawyer, 2/4^^^ 85. Chattel mortgages, and transfers to seciire advances. Bankr. Reg., 6/338^ 7/35^^ lOj^^^^ 12/97^ ^^/l62. Ben., 2/48g_ Low., 1/207. 86. Assignments for benefit of credit- ors, generally. Alb. L. J., 13/305 ■^"^- L. Reg., N. s., 8/427. Bankr. Reg., 1/171^ I/559 2/595^ 2/602, ^/l8, ^/217, %77, ^/512, ^/710, ^*^/l78, ^7/324, ^8/379_ 18/5i6_ Ben., 3/^og_ 3/379^ 4/1. Blatchf, l4/i85 Chic. L.N., 4/130. Leady, 1/557. ^'^^U^m. PluL, (Pa.) 8/133. Sawyer, 8/343 BANKRUPTCY, IV. 59 87. Assignments ■with, preferences. Baiikr. Reg., ^liQi_ Ben., 4/^ Saw- yei-. 2/411. 88. Submission to legal process with vie-w to give preference. Bankr. Reg., l/i77_, 1/353^ l/gyg^ I/460, ^/SSI, 2/7, 2/617, 2/648, %71, %85, ^/498, ^/262, ^/540, '*/729, ^ks, '^/l26, ^/l74, ■'"''/lOS. Ben., 2/g^ 2/^96_ 2/214^ 2/292^ 2/473^ 3/283_ Biss., 2/423^ 3/^53 Blatchf., 7/262^ 8/^53 Chic. L. N., 2/49_ 5/277 Deady, I/344. Dill., 1/171. Low.,1/406. Sawyer, 1/224. Wall., 14/87. 89. Confessions of judgment. Bankr. Reg., 1/378, V521, V531, 2/490, 2/531, 2/617, 4/729, ^0/103, 1^/75. Ben., 2/5, 2/214, %83. Deady, I/344. Sawyer, 1/244. Wall., 14/87, 21/360, 2I/378, 00. Suffering judgment to be taken by default. Ben., 4/^Q Blatchf., 8/^^53 Chic. L- ^'-^ 5/277. 01. Payments and transfers made in contemplation of insolvency. Bankr. Reg., 1/373, 2/397, 2/517, ^/iBO, ^/224, %86, ^/385, ^/43, %38. ^en., 2/2J4 ^/283. Biss., 3/ig2 Low., 1/373. 02. Suspending payment of commer- cial paper : "When an act of bank- ruptcy. Stat, at L., I6/276. Bankr. Reg., ^/l71, ■'•/426, 2/250, 2/607, %7, ^/33, %15, %39, 4/585, 5/4O8, %5, ^/338, ''/l33, '^/527. Ben., 1/397. Biss., 5/387^ Blatchf., 7/262, 11/43. Dill., 1/439, V586. Low., I/406. 03. "WTien not necessarily an act of bankruptcy. Bankr. Reg., 2/3Qg^ 2/gQ7^ S/^g^^ 4/2^3^ ^85, '''/32O, '^/342, '^/468, ^/44, ^4/i32, l'^/423. Ben., 2/go2, 3/482, %5 ^/l65, %70. Biss., 2/166. Dill., 4/345_ Low., 2/58. Saw- yer, 4/ig8. 94. "What is commercial paper, and "who, is a merchant, trader, or manufacturer. Bankr. Reg., l/ggo, 3/137, ^/230, ^og, 4/213, ^/238, ^/299, %38, Vl26, ^2/366, ^3/296, ^4/159, I8/3I9. Ben., S/ggg^ 6/j3g_ Biss., ^Ii5e, 5/113. Low., 1/478, 2/69. Sa-wyer, S/^^^^ "Utah T., 1/47. Woods, V549. 95. Effect of suspension by railroad company. Bankr. Reg., 6/97^ 6/338^ 7/339 Chic. L. N., 5/124. 96. Endeavors to compromise vrith creditors. Bankr. Reg., 4/395^ 6/33 07. Arrest and imprisonment of debtor. Bankr. Reg., 3/339^ 5/^g^^ 7/3^^ Ben., 3/482. Chic. L. N., 5/^3. 08. The petition, signature, verifica- tion, (fee. Bankr. Reg., I/373, l/gjg, 3/^8, 3/i28, 3/263, 3/329, 4/242, 5/i6,l, ^/257, '^/527, ^/44, ^°/253, ^Vl93, "/443, ^3/144, I5/233, I6/461, ^^/413. Ben., 6/230^ 8/25g Biss., %^s^ Blatchf., 11/43. Cent. L. J., I/440, 1/533. Deady, I/513, I/557. Sawyer, 1/233, 8/240, 4/l90. 00. The quorum of creditors. "WTiat number and amount must jotn^ and hovr ascertained. Alb. L. J., l4/i3o. -^"i- D. Rec. 5/679. Bankr. Reg., 4/434^ 10/433^ ll/gg 12/385, 12/422, 13/68, I8/575, l^/ll, 15/l04, 15/257. Ben., 7/427_ Biss., e/^gg^ 6/2^3^ ^242,^/303. Blatchf., 14/i85. Cent. L. Jv 2/507. Low., 2/43g Sawyer, 3/^28, 4/119. Wall., 22/159. 60 BANKEUPTCY, IV. 100. Preferred creditors, or those holding liens or security, not counted. Bankr. Eeg., i^q^^ is/gg, is/ns, l^/gog. Biss., 6/213^ 7/3Q3_ Dill., 3/g^j^ 4/3^g_ 101. Petition must sho'w joinder of creditors. Amendments of peti- tion. Alb. L. J., 10/29_ 10/2i4_ Bankr. Eeg., 10/60,10/66, 10/69, IO/73, IO/15O, IO/151, lO/jgy^ 10/165, IO/2O8. '10/214, 10/419, 10/451, 10/456, II/28O, 10/461, 1^/492, 1^/10. Ben., 2/2i4_ '^/37l. Blatchf., ^liTj^ 7/2g2_ Cent. L. Jv 1/328, 1/583.. Sawyer, I/224. West. Jul"., 9/^75. 102. Averment of joinder may toe on information and belief. Alb. L. J., 10/29. Bankr. Reg., lO/gg. ^^T. Biss., 6/^30 Blatchf., 13/401. 103. Denial of joinder by debtor, or creditor not a party. Determin- ing question of joinder. Baukr. Reg., 10/433^ n/145^ ll/^gg^ 11/230^ 12/39, 1%48, 13/144, 14/184, 1%1. Ben., '^/427, ^/43, %65. Biss., 6/145^ 6/^95^ e/^gg, Blatchf., 9/ij4 Sawyer, 8/240^ 104. Debtor's ans'wrer on tbe merits, and Ust of creditors. Abb. U. S., 2/243. Bankr. Reg., s/^gg^ 10/239,14/162. Ben., 2/48g_ Biss., 5/480^ 6/16S. Deady, 1/344. Phil., (Pa.) lO/ggg. Sawyer, 1/47^ I/410. Woolw., I/204. 105. Issuing -warrant to marshal. Ser- vice of papers, &c. Rev. Stat., § 5024, 5025, 5028. Bankr. Reg., 2/89^ 3/329^ S/ggg^ 4/392^ SJ^^^ Ben., 2/292^ 3/34g^ 6/^73^ 7/^02, '^/259, %37. Biss., 6/i67, 8/256. Deady,l/gi3. Otto,4/322. 106. Effect of the adjudication. Bankr. Reg., 1/558^ 4/7^5^ 7/.5Qg_ Ben., 8/61. I>illv 1/421. Low., 1/510. lO"?. Right of creditors not made par- ties, to intervene. Bankr. Reg., 8/590^ 4/240^ 5j^^^^ 5/233^ 0/209, %80, ^/484, 10/97, 10/477, 11/330, 1%33, 12/548, 13/296, 14/l32, 14/l84, 1^/477, 15/l04, 10/452, 10/518, 17/212, 1%69, 18/165, 18/396. Ben., 6/232. Biss.,6/43g Blatchf., S/^oi^ ^/409, 12/322. Sawyer, 3/342 4/3g3_ Woods, 1/549. 108. Proving acts of bankruptcy. Bur- den of proof. Bankr. Reg., 6/153^ 11/335^ IS/^gg. Ben., 2/412, 2/478. . Biss., 5/113 109. Matters of practice, amendment, discontinuance, dismissal, with- dra-wal, &c. Bankr. Reg., 5/igi^ e/^^g^ 7/553^ 10/213^ 11/86, 11/182, 12/97, 13/144, IS/4I6, 16/522, 10/541, I8/10, 18/165. Ben., 1/397^ 3/355_ 7/102, 7/513. Biss., 6/^gg_ Chase Dec, 1/288. Dillv3/364. Phil., (Pa.) IO/273. Sawyer, 4/303^ 110. Beviewing the proceedings. Bankr. Reg., 6/273^ 14/i8_ 14/313 Ben., 0/375, 7/562. Sawyer, 3/go5 Woods, 2/554. 4. Proceedings to realize the estate for creditors. (a) Appointment, powers, and liabilities of assignee. 111. Election of assignee. "Who may vote. Rev. Stat., § 5034, 5035. Bankr. Keg., I/16, 1/23, 1/85, 1/120, l/l63, 1/243, 1/276, 1/400 1/402 1/525 2/45 2/gg^ 2/227^ 2/477, 2/591, 3/90^ 3/gi8^ 5/ig4^ 5/3gg^ 5/^91 0/297, 0/497, 7/226, 7/376, 14/71, 14/356, 14/449. Ben., 1/321, 1/431, 2/113, 8/66, 8/332, 4/i26, 7/19, 8/100. Hughes, 2/238. Low., I/230, 2/243, 2/250. BANKRUPTCY, IV. 112. Appointment by register, or tlie ootirt. Rev. Stat., § 5034. Bankr. Reg., ^/62, ^/l22, ^kn, %15, ¥370, ^/272, ^/297, 14/71, 14/449. Ben., 1/388. Biss., 7/28o_ 113. Bond of assignee. Approval of election by court. Rev. Stat., § 5036. Bankr. Reg., ■'■/78, 1/249, %08, %53, ^/l04, ^/651, ®/568, 16/514. Ben., 7/19 114. Making tlie assignment. Rev. Stat., § 5044. Bankr. Reg., 2/137, 2/591, 3/177, l°/l07. Blatchf., ^/l50. 115. "WTiat title vests in the assignee. Alb. L. J., 3/97 Bankr. Reg., 6/^45^ 7/5i3_ Ben., 7/42, Biss., 4/227. Blatchf., ''/is, ^/l53, %70. Chase Dec, I/227. Hughes, 2/i56. Wall., ^^I^^o. 116. Ho-w far subject to equities against bankrupt. Am. L. Rec, S/ggl. Bankr. Reg., %0, ^/lO, ''/346, ^he, ^/433, ^'^Il89, 1^/402. Ben., 2/^^ 2/^2. Biss., 5/451. Chic. L. N., 6/101. Dill., 3/230. Low., 1/345^ 1/386. Otto, 3/631. Wall., 18/332. 117. "WTiat property passes to the assignee. Rev. Stat., § 5046. Bankr. Reg., 4/34, %22, ^/l39, %55, ^/415, ^°l52S, ^^Im, 1%19, 14/249, 1%17, 1%08, 1%7. Ben., 2/424, %08, %68, %56. Ct. of CI., 13/49^ 13/231. Dill., 2/g MacArth., 2/375 Otto, 7/392. 118. "WTiat does not pass, generally. Bankr. Reg., 1/075, 2/498, 5/i52, %85, ^ko, %46, %32, ^/e, 11/83, 11/462, 1%00, 13/421, 14/148, 14/189. lS/173, 1%77. Ben., 1/5O8, 2/514, 4/448. Biss., 6/526. Low., 2/346. Otto, l/7i6_ 4/523. Sawyer, 2/6g Wall., 22/395_ 119. Property held in trust. Rev. Stat., § 5053. Bankr. Reg 1/673, 4/100, '^/eoi, ^/l75, 14/495, 1%2 Ben.,6/208. Cliff., 3/595. Dill., 2/215 120. Exemptions, generally. Bankr. Reg., I/154, l/igi, I/551, l/gc 2/168, 2/349, 2/426, 2/498, 2/525, 4/588, ^/iS %85, ^/298, %48, ^/545, '^/344, %67, 11/2E 11/493, I2/5I8, 14/97, 1%43. Biss., 2/4, 4/241,6/432. Dill. 2/367^ 3/295. Hughe 2/307. I^ow., 2/180. 121. "What personal property is e2 empt. Amouiit, &c. Rev. Stat., § '5045. Bankr. Re| 1/154, 1/414, 1/592, 2/54, 2/i89, 3/66^ 3/2J %48, V344, 11/573, 13/170, 13/300, 13/3f I8/43. Ben., 5/230. Biss., 2/4^9^ 4/2^ 7/125. Sawyer, 2/255. 122. — in partnership cases. Bankr. Reg., I/547, ^I^^^q^ 4/gg^ 6/^^ 8/12, %70, 10/145, 11/114, 12/49, 13/170, 13/2E 14/223, 16/464, 17/324, 1%43, 1%82. Dil 2/290, 3/290. 123. Homestead exemptions. Bankr. Reg., 2/503, 2/546, 2/567, 2/57 3/84, 3/157, 3/575, 4/203, ^/493, Vl, V^ '^/241, ^/l2, ^/l32, ^/430, ^k, %76, ^kt 10/9, 10/200, 11/134, 11/493, 13/183, 14/25 14/364, 14/570, 1^/368, l°/536, 1^/205, ^%t 16/382, 16/425, 1^/138. Biss., 8/526, 6/1] 7/269. Cent. L. J., 5/364 Chic. L. I* 6/18I. Dill., 1/45, 2/339^ 2/342 m. 2/3( Hughes, 2/394^ 2/^01. Int. Rev. Re( 19/19. Sawyer, 2/355^ 4/250. 124. Rights of bankrupt pending tl proceedings. Bankr. Reg., I/125, Vise, 1/319, 3/5! 62 BANKEUPTCY, IV. ^/347, %42, \ %6, %60, ^V472, ^^/sOO, ^%3, 1%97. Ben., 1/496^ I/508. Biss., Vl49,%04. Blatchf., 9/270. Dill.,2/j2o Wall., 22/263. 125. Rights of bankrupt's wife and children. Eev. Stat., 4972. Bankr. Reg., 2/ggg_ ^/l61, ^/736, ^/l99, ^^/46, ^^/ss, ^^/249, ^^/449, 17/4. Biss., 5/217. Otto, 5/3. 126. Compelling bankrupt to deliver property to assignee, make up deficits, &c. Rev. Stat., § 5051. Bankr. Reg., %55, 6/521, 16/265, 1%22, 18/565. Biss., 7/426. Dill., 4/107. 127. Po"wers and duties of the as- signee, generally. Rev. Stat., § 5058, &c. Bankr. Reg., 2/355, 5/i52, 6/78, 6/569, IO/4II, ^''ku, ^\ 14/71, 14/294, 15/60, "/l70. Ben., 8/35,. Biss., 2/511. How. Pr., 88/392^ 42/274. Low., I/161. Sawyer, S/gg 128. His liabilities; and herein of his liability for rent of premises leased by bankrupt, or himself. Bankr. Reg., 1/557, 1/621, 2/662, ^/ees, 4/32, %54, 6/302, 6/501, '^/26, '^/449, 11/66, 12/215, 12/277, 14/286, 17/459, 1%8, 1%85. Ben., 8/93^ 8/iij^ 8/421. Low., 1/404^ 1/420. Phil., (Pa.) 7/611. Woods, 2/220, 2/578, 2/670, 2/673. 129. Effect of appointment upon pend- ing attachments. Rev. Stat., § 5044. Am. L. Eec, 5/461. Bankr. Reg., 1/551, I/570, 2/93, 2/229, %24, 11/529, 1^/239, I6/43, I6/105, I6/312, 1^540, 18/95, I8/102. Blatchf., 9/270. Dill-, 3/457, 4/173, 4/518. Low., 2/468. Sawyer, I/268. Wall., 21/042, 22/331. 130. What conveyances and liens are protected, generally. Abb. U. S., 1/336. Alb. L. J., 13/199. Bankr. Reg., B/23 7/3^6, IO/421, 12/142, 13/149, 14/189, 14/371, 14/529, I6/188, I6/34O, I6/399 l''/406, 1%7 I8/125. Ben., 2/go4^ 8/242, 8/485, 8/526. Biss., ijin, 4/227, 7/208. Blatchf., 12/179 Cent. L. J., 7/89 Dill.,l/i58. Hughes, 2/210, 2/215^ 2/435. Low., 1/431. Wall., 20/407 22/381. Woolw., 1/324. 131. Judgment liens. Abb. U. S., i/i85. Alb. L. J., 9/^^. Bankr. Reg., I/165, I/174, I/190, I/599, 2/388 2/473, 2/506, 3/351, 3/508, 3/580, 4/648, 14/388, 15/1, I6/137, 18/56, 18/375. Ben., 2/72,2/122. Chic. L. N., 6/149 Hughes, 2/175, 2/210. Ctto, 6/539. Sawyer, 1/343. Wall., 17/473. 132. Execution hens. Abb. U. S., l/i85. Alb. L. J., 7/i83. Bankr. Reg., I/199, 1/496, I/588, 1/599, 2/388, 2/399, 2/473, 3/182, 4/364, 5/i48, 5/292, 6/440, 7/294, 8/527, ^/474, 12/554, 15/545. 16/105, I6/2II, 16/312, 17/37, 17/259, 17/337, 17/452, 17/508, I8/1, I8/120, 18/l44, 18/385. Bed., 1/527. 2/44, 2/72 2/122 2/432 2/443 4/326. Biss., 2/259^ 4/3g8_ 6/474^ 7/504. Blatchf., 13/481 14/257. Bond, 2/344^ Chic. L. N., 8/41 Conn., 86/5^8 Dill., 3/74, 4/267. Low., 2/286. Ptilv (Pa,) 10/275 Sawyer, 3/6oi. Woods, I/257. 133. Mechanics' liens. Liens for re- pairs upon vessels. Abb. U. S., 1/336. Bankr. Reg., 8/305, 3/742, 5/64, 6/449,7/598,12/142,14/529,18/557. Ben., 3/450^ 5/432 Biss., S/igg, 8/435^ 4/5I8. Blatchf., 9/285. Sawyer, I/710, 2/42. BANKEUPTCY, IV. 63 134. Liens for rent. Bankr. Reg., S/ggg^ Sj^^^^ S/gg^ 8/^29, 12/529, 1^/286. Cent. L. J., ^^2. Hughes, 2/319 Low., 1/386. Pli'l- (Pa.) 7/611. Wall., 16/55i_ 22/38i_ 135. Mortgages of real property. Bankr. Reg., 2/5^9^ S/^gQ^ 4/g2^ 5/339^ ^/lOl, ''/559, ^/390, ^/487, ^/l67, 1°/414, 1^/280, 14/294, 1%18, 1^/82, l^/l67, 1^/123. Biss., 1/149, ^/ei. Blatchf., 14/436. Holmes, 1/75. Hughes, 2/^56, 2/482_ Low., 2/343. Otto, 5/58. Sawyer, S/gs. 136. — of personal property. Rev. Stat., § 5052. Bankr. Reg., 3/291, 3/731, 4/23, 4/73, 6/10, Vl, 8/117, 10/280, l5/l50, "/316. Ben., 8/59. Biss., 2/332^ 2/496, 4/l28. Blatchf., 10/503_ Chase Dec, 1/227. I^il'v 1/462. Holmes, I/75. Low., 1/313^ 1/561. Sawyer, 2/205^ 2/353 _ 137. Pledges. Am. L. Rec, e/ggg Bankr. Reg., 3/215, 9/19, 10/105, 10/280, 10/295, 11/337, 13/263, 14/621, 15/257, l^/l87. Biss., ijin. Blatchf., 10/204. Chic. L. N., ^lisQ, 10/195 Low., 1/497. Otto,5/7g4. Wall., 21/360, I8/375. 138. Vendor's lien. Bankr. Reg., 2/133^ 2/4gg_ Sj^^^^ West. Jur., 2/279; 139. Sales by assignees ; validity, set- ting aside, &c. Rev. Stat., § 5062, &c. Bankr. Reg., I/2I8, 1/223, 1/237, 4/384, 4/629, ^/235, ^/294, 9/324, 10/295, 13/328, 14/71, 1%9, 1^/481, 18/504. Ben., 2/85^ 2/100^ 4/4g9 Blatchf., 8/4gg. Dill., 2/548. MacArth., 2/375^ Otto,7/i46. Sawyer, 2/219. Woods, l/go, 1/ 661. 140. Sales subject to incumbrance. Bankr. Reg., 1/339^ 1/628, 2/426, 2/450, 3/8, 3/347, %94, 13/280. Biss., 8/144. Low., 1/313. Phil., (Pa.) 10/274. Woods, 1/383. 141. Sales free of incumbrance, under order of court. Bankr. Reg., 1/273, 1/339, V48I, 2/56, 2/455, 3/75, 4/17 4/378^ 4/411^ 4/510^ 5/i52^ ^/541, ^49, ''/42I, 3/422, 9/298, 12/145, 12/402, 12/413,13/7,13/315. Ben., 2/72, 4/4g9^ 7/17^ 7/399. Biss., 2/362, 2/383_2/5ii_ Blatchf., 10/515. Dill., 1/497. Low., 1/190, 1/313. Sawyer, 2/319. Wall., 28/123. 142. Sales on application of secured creditors. Bankr. Reg., 1/273, I/312, 1/632, 2/252, 2/277, 2/498, 2/577, 3/629, 3/661, 5/ll9, ^/l45, 9/29, 9/137, 15/536, 15/546. Ben., 2/430^ 7/42. 143. Assignee's right to sue, gener- ally. Rev. Stat., § 5047. Abb. U. S., 2/156. Alb. L. J., 14/373. Bankr. Reg., 8/717^ 4/553, 0/359, ^/542, 0/569, IO/3I6, 11/46, 11/461, 14/127, 14/141, 15/106, 1^/27. Ben., 8/355^ 4/88, 4/135, 0/372. Biss., 4/i28_ 5/86_ 6/98^ Blatchf., 7/i75_ 8/i5o^ 9/379^ 13/83_ 14/328^ Cliff., 3/552. Conn., 36/578_ Dill., I/141 4/358, 4/386. Holmes, I/275. Otto, I/521, 3/130. Sawyer, 4/169. Wall., 9/g64_ 12/379^ 14/419, 13/375, 20/171, 22/395. 144. — for the purpose of staying pro- ceedings in state courts. Abb. U. S., 1/514. Bankr. Reg., 1/201. Ben., 3/35. Blatchf., 6/521, 7/170. 145. — for the purpose of setting aside conveyances by bankrupt, re- cover property, &c. Rev. Stat., § 5128. Abb. U. S., 2/go. Bankr. Reg., I/542, 8/133^ 8/139^ 3/343^ 4/35, 4/248, 4/635, 4/649, 5/34, 5/347, 5/443, 64 BANKEUPTCY, IV. ^/l75, '''/186, '^/339, '^/401, ^"/SSS ^Vl21, 11/511, 12/474, 1^8, 15/224, 16/64, l%5i, 1^/64, 17/404, 17/474/8/34, 18/469. Ben., ^/seo, ^/488, 7/i56, 7/485, 8/543, Biss., 7/430. Blatchf., 9/,89_ 11/5^9 Dill., 1/40, 1/1O8, l/l51. Holmes, I/454. Hughes, 1/365. Int- Kev. Rec, ^ij^eo. ^tto, 5/18O, 5/347, 7/304. Sawyer, I/37, I/249, */92, 4/174. Wall, 20/^14^ 21/325_ Woods, 2/87. Wyom. T., 1/343. 146. Limitations of suits by and against assignees. Rev. Stat., § 2027, 5057. Am, L. Rec, 5/g3Q Bankr. Reg., 4/375, %6, 5/1I6, 6/145, 8/390, %8, ^/331, 11/352, 11/536, 1%99, 1%04, 15/23, 16/285, I8/457.' Ben., %2, 6/497. Blatchf., 5/54 Cent. L. J., 7/430. I>ill., 1/24, 4/l65, %86. Hughes, 2/378. Wall., 14/244, 21/342: Woods, l/l63, 2/115. 147. Removal of assignee. Rev. Stat., § 5038-5043. Bankr. B^eg., 1/220, 1/400, 1/489, 2/106, 4/153, 4/406, %2, 5/290, 5/472, 6/398, 6/497, 7/56, 8/56. Biss., 5/254 How. Pr. 43/25^ Low., 1/493. Woods, 2/57^. (b) Proof of debts and proceedings thereon. 148. What debts are provable, gener- ally. Rev. Stat., § 5067, &c. Bankr. "Reg., 1/57, 1/647, 1/677, ^/207, ^584, ^/696, %98, 3/765, 4/147, 6/173, 7/37, 10/135, 10/215, 11/482, 11/536, 12/56, 12/110, 12/526, 12/540, I6/268, I8/168, I8/493, I8/497, 18/526. Ben., 3/^gg_ 3/371, 3/487, 6/150, 6/507, 6/515, 7/238, 8/452. Blatchf., 13/44, 14/196. Dill-, 3/l36. How. Pr., 52/5^3 Low., 1/500, 1/543, 2/i87, 2/393, 2/563, 2/411. Sawyer, 8/320^ 4/334. 149. What are not provable. Rev. Stat, § 5072. Bankr. Reg., 1/419, 3/314, 5/353, 6/372, 6/388, 7/591, ^/258, 10/135, 11/247, 11/271, 11/390, 12/1, 12/422, 12/481, 12/548, 12/554, 13/l22, 13/225, 13/235, I6/2O2, 17/144, 17/257, I8/27O, I8/393, 18/426. Ben., 2/53^ 3/ggg^ 6/^87^ 6/g^5^ 8/g4^ 8/254^ Biss., ^Iisi, 6/48, 6/250, 6/405, 6/436. Blatchf., 13/70. Chic. L.N., 8/17 Deady, I/416. Low., 1/216, 1/554, 2/399, ^/544. Sawyer, I/73. Wall., 15/549 150. Effect of us\u-ious cbaracter of the debt. Bankr. Reg., I/470, 5/^52, S/^g^ S/g^^ ^/385, 10/568, I2/3O8, 13/356, 17/504, 17/514. Biss., 5/523 Bond, 2/^70. ChicL.K, 6/151. Sawyer, ^J^iq^ 151. Effect of fraud on part of claim- ant. Bankr. Reg., II/225, I4/521. Dill., 3/444_ 152. Claims arising out of transactions in violation of state laws. Bankr. Reg., 6/^32, 7/5^3^ 8/33^ 15/jgg_ 153. How the debt should be proved, and by whora. Evidence. Rev. Stat., § 5076, &c. Bankr. Reg., 1/70, 2/36, 2/48, 2/j5^^ 3/gyQ^ 5/^44^ 5/293, 7/459, 8/90, 10/76, 11/289, 11/315, 12/389, 12/548, 14/182, 14/258, 14/273, 14/449, I6/35, I6/38, I6/432, 17/562, 18/426, I8/56O. Ben., I/398, 2/5O8, 4/125, 6/l96, 7/154, 8/186. Biss., 4/317, 6/l85, 6/436, 7/28O, 7/477i Low., 1/352, 1/334, 1/660, 2/320, 2/326, 2/568. Sawyer, I/73. 154. Objections ; and how interposed. Bankr. Reg., 4/igo, 5/3gg_ 6/202. Ben., 8/406. Deady, I/442. Low., l/igs, 2/444. 155. WTiat set-offs are allowed. Rev. Stat., § 5073. Bankr. Reg., 1/57, 3/540, 4/689, 4/690, 8/337, ^/l45, 1^/224, BANKRUPTCY, IV. 65 ^''ks, 13/263, 1%01, 14/148, 1^/307, ^^Im, l'^/420, 1^/447. Ben., l/ggi^ 6/^59^ Biss., 3/273, 3/276, 3/293. Chic. L. N., 6/-^33_ 6/214. Ct. of CL, 13/285. Hughes, 1/391. Low., 2/252^ 2/3Q5_ 2/4^2_ Sawyer, I/37. Wall., 17/610, 18/629. 156. Postponement of proofs until election of assignee. Rev. Stat., § 5083. Bankr. Reg., 3/649, %7, 12/358, 1%9. Ben., %26, 4/513. Biss., 7/280. Deady, I/442. 157. Amendments and supplemental proofs. Bankr. Reg., 1/74^ Sj^^q^ S/^gg^ S/^g^^ 14/273. Ben., S/^gg Phil., (Pa.) 10/287. Sawyer, I/710. 158. "Withdrawal of proofs. Rtv. Stat., § 5082. Bankr. Reg., 1/74, 1/679, 2/595, ^/255, 14/2I8. Ben., ^/i82, %94. Low., 1/190. Sawyer, 1/710. 159. Petition to expunge, or for re- examination of proofs. Bankr. Reg., 7/3Q3_ 13/22^ U/^g^^ 17/5^4 Ben., 2/4^4^ 8/81^ 8/^27, 8/232. Blatchf., 14/240 Chase Dec, I/276. Holmes, 1/483. Low., 2/3og_ 160. Rights of secured creditors. Proof of debt. Rev. Stat., § 5075. Bankr. Reg., 1/120, 1/312, 1/370, 1/496, 1/499, 1/504, 1/632, 2/252, 2/391, 2/577, 3/144, 3/191, 3/324^ 3/g29^ ^/l45, ^/579, '^/97, %7, '^/502, %59, ^IsO, 10/82, 10/105, 11/61, 12/502, 14/4, 16/572, l'^/205, 1^/235, l'^/335. Ben., 2/^39^ 2/430^ 4/l67, %65. Biss., 4/253^ 4/3gg^ 7/23g_ Cent. L. J., 3/156. Chic. L. N., 6/^10 Low., 1/394^ 1/431^ 1/550. Sawyer, I/710, 3/240. "Woods, 1/383. E 161. — of preferred creditors. Surren- der of preference. Rev. Stat., § 5084. Bankr. Reg., 1/618, 3/317, 3/418, 3/429^ 4/g2_ 4/221^ 4/4^4^ 4/593, %58, 6/127, 6/533, '^/l74, 10/21, 11/293, 12/211, 13/164, 14/89, 14/332, 15/305, 16/569, I'^/SOO, 1^/399, 18/85. Ben., 3/ggg_ 4/jQ^ 4/513. Biss., 3/i87_ 4/^49^ 6/345_ Blatchf., ^/480. Bond, 2/359^ Deady, 1/443^ 1/593. I>ill., 1/544, 4/501. Low., l/497_ 2/444_ Sawyer, 1/55. 162. Effect of proving the detot. Bankr. Reg., I/581. Blatchf., 6/2g3_ 163. Appeal from rejection of claim. Rev. Stat., § 4984. Bankr. Reg., 2/671, 17/569. Blatchf., 14/63 Dill., 4/^62. (c) Examination of bankrupt and other wit- nesses. 164. Application for examination of bankrupt. Rev. Stat., § 5086, &c. Bankr. Reg., 1/264, 2/95, 2/197^ 2/345^ 4/6g^ 5/^j^9^ 5/^22, %93, 6/386, '^/250, '^/448, '^/538, '7/558, ^/l07, %85, 10/126, 10/209, 11/369, 13/349, 13/177. Ben., 1/274^ 1/277, 1/309, 1/448, 2/53, 2/123, 2/503, 2/513, 3/7, 4/^43_ 4/225_ 5/^^ 8/353_ Biss., 5/486. Blatchf., I/449. Low., I/331, 1/340. 165. Conduct of the examination. Bankr. Reg., I/105, l/m, 1/125, l/l36, 1/147, 1/150, 1/249, 1/271, 1/299,' 1/303, I/3I6, 1/319, 1/364, 1/391, 1/549, 1/551, 2/154, 2/219, 3/7, 3/57, 3/ig2_ 3/24j_ 3/686^ 7/329^ 7/445^ 9/107, 9/193, 11/369, 13/349, 17/421. Ben., 1/496, I/5O8, 2/144, 2/210, 6/300, 7/194, 8/423. Biss., 5/486. Blatchf., II/499. Int. Rev. Rec, 6/135. Low., 1/215, 1/331, 1/340. 166. "WTiat questions may be asked. Bank. Reg., I/125, I/136, l/l52, 1/16I, 66 BANKRUPTCY, IV. V319, ^/462, V549, ^/636, ^/l07, %42, %30, ^/lOO, %44, 4/237 ^VlU, 14/i82. Ben., V496 V5O8. V544 ^/348 %09, %53, ^/481, 4/303. Low., 2/352 167. Privilege to refuse to ans^wer. Bankr. Reg., 1/147^ 1/549^ 3/ggg^ 4/93 Ben., I/508, 4/303. 168. Consequences of refusal to an- s-wer, or to appear. Bankr. Reg., 8/393^ T/ggg^ Y/ggg^ 9/^93^ 1^423, ^V516, ^%01. Ben., 6/3Qo^ 7/j94_ Blatchf., 11/499. 169. Examination of ■witnesses other than the bankrupt. Rev. Stat., 5005, 5006, 5087. Bankr. Reg., 1/107, V268, ^/lO, %15, ^/425, ^/l99, ^/245, %04, %64, %60, ^/719, %93, '^/246, V25O, 7/445, 10/448, 12/297, 1%93. Ben., 1/454 2/133, 2/462, ^/l62, %86, 4/67, 4/i43, ^IS3, 7/60, 7/433, ^/ll2, ^/419, ^/541. Blatchf., 12/42. Low., 2/j^g2_ Sawyer, S/g^^^ 170. — of bankrupt's wife. Rev. Stat., § 5088. Bankr. Reg., l/igg^ 1/371, 2/70, 2/579, ^/lOO, ^/l52, %70, %44. Ben., 2/209^ 3/237^ 3/353^ 4/9^ 7/2jj^_ How. PJ"., 38/gg_ Low., 1/340. 171. — of receiver or assignee. Bankr. Reg., 14/433. Ben., 7/4Q (d) Distribution. Priority of payment. 172. Distribution generally. Marshal- ing assets. Rev. Stat., § 5029, 5091 , &c. Bankr. Regv 2/22, 7/97, 11/74, 14/364, 14/495, 14/543, 1%51, 1^/460, 1%05. Ben.,2/4g5_ Biss., 7/l67. Low., 2/g5i_ 173. When Interest will be allowed. Bankr. Reg., 7/61, */40, l<'/289, l°/383, 11/61, 12/130, 16/56, 17/153. Ben., ^j^y^ %09. Biss., 3/igi_ Sawyer, 2/23i_ 174. Payment of costs, expenses, &c. Bankr. Reg., l/e42, 2/4gg_ 2/49g^ 2/599^ ^/l, ^/77, ^/426, ^/754, 7/593, %8, %49, 11/191, 14/493, 16/56, 1^/347, 18/530. Ben., 2/122, 2/466, %31, %64, 4/137, 4/304, 7/155, _ 8/293, 8/309, 8/328, 8/355. Chase Dec, 1/288. Low., 1/306, 1/494. Sawyer, l/ggg. 175. Payment of counsel fees, in vol- untary cases. Bankr. Reg., 8/73^ 6/^9^^ Tj^^^^ 12/^79^ Ben., 2/72^ 3/j4g_ Sawyer, 2/35-^_ 176. — in involuntary cases. Bankr. Reg., 2/^^^ 2/33^ 2/3^^^ 2/^52^ 2/488, 2/554, ^/l37, ^/627, ^/54, ^/l91, ^/350, 6/304, ^/88, ®/491, 11/59, 11/303, 14/l50. Ben., 3/j4g_ 3/23 j^ 3/3g4_ 4/^3^^ S/^gg^ 8/32g_ Biss., 4/319 Blatchf., 7/i7g^ IS/g^^ Dill., 1/217. How. Pr., 43/25 Low., 1/321. 177. Dividends ; who entitled, and how declared. Rev. Stat., § 5097, 5102. Bankr. Beg., 1/249, 1/312, 2/227, 2/252, 8/345, lo/igi, 11/1, 11/117, 1%12, 15/97. Ben., 6/342, 7/63. Dillv 1/544. 178. wnat claims are entitled to pri- ority. Rev. Stat., § 5101. Abb. U. S., I/336. Bankr. Reg., 8/324^ 3/^20, 4/io3, 5/254, 6/101, 6/579, 7/15, 8/509, 9/535, 12/329, l^/l06, 13/241, 14/157, 14/241, 14/495, l^/ae, 1^/95, 17/49, 17/153, 17/402, I8/217, I8/530. Ben., 3/450, 4/142, 6/137, 8/293. Biss., 4/3i9_ 7/i67. Blatchf., 9/285. Chic. L. N., 8/41. Dil'v 4/532. Hughes, 2/313 I»t- Rev. Rec, 22/2^3^ Low., ^Uqi^ 2/532. Wall.,20/25i_20/575_ 179. — what are not. Alb. L. J., 19/55. A m. L. Rec, 8/571. Bankr. Reg., e/gg^^ Tj^^^^ 7/goi_ 9/337^ BANKEUPTCY, IV. 67 10/399, 1%23, 12/203, 13/108, 15/44, 15/71, I5/2I6, 15/228, 15/431, 15/459, I6/168, 1^/461, 17/546, 18/566. Ben., ^j^^^^ Sj^Oi, ^Im, 6/286, 8/l76. Biss., 7/4oo_ Bond, ^j^Qi. Low., 1/554. 180. Priority of the United States; and -who may be subrogated thereto. Bankr. Eeg., 18/33, 14/64, l^/isg. Chic. L. N., 8/25^7 Int. Kev. Bee, 9/l69. Otto, 2/gi8. (e) Compositions; or Settlement by trustees. 1. Unbee the Ebvised Statutes. 181. Appointment and qualifications of trustees. Eev. Stat., § 5103. Bankr. Eeg., 2/59, 2/526, ^/436, %72, 6/465, 6/5I8 Ben., 4/500. Blatchf., 9/559, How. Pr., 40/4gi_ 4%4. 182. The resolution, and confirmation thereof. Bankr. Eeg., S/ggg, e/g^g, 6/^55^ e/g^g, Ben., 1/526. Blatchf., 8/559 Cent. L. Jv 1/531. 183. Bights and powers of committee of creditors. Bankr. Eeg., IO/310, H/i. Cent. L. J., 1/580. Phil., (Pa.) 10/262. West.Jur., 9/157. 184. Powers, duties, and liabilities of trustees. Their title. Bankr. Eeg., 2/229, 4/211^ 4/^35^ 4/g^9^ %74, 11/247. 185. Effect of composition proceed- ings upon prior proceedings in the bankruptcy. Bankr. Eeg., 8/274, IO/126, H/l. 186. Incidental matters of practice. Bankr. Eeg., 3/235^ 8/274^ 12/430 Ben., 1/526, 6/231. 2. XJndek Act of .Tune 22, 1874, CH. 390, § 17. 187. Right to take proceedings. "Who entitled to benefit of the act. Bankr. Eeg., 11/21, l3/i28, 1^/529, 1^^/559, 15/532, 15/560, I6/5O], 1%]. Ben., 7/455_ Blatchf., 12/562. 188. HoTV the section is to be con- strued. ' Bankr. Eeg., n/iog, l^/eo, 15/532, 1^/48. Ben., 7/491, 8/74. Cent. L. J., 4/557, 189. Powers and duties of the register. Bankr. Eeg., 12/36, 1%14, 15/73, 1^/175, 17/550,18/268. Cent. L. J., 4/29 How. Br., 49/142. 190. Meetings of creditors; and how called. Bankr. Eeg., 10/459^ 11/^64^ 11/443^ is/.o. Biss., 6/193, 6/448. Cent. L. J., 4/29 191. Proceedings at creditors' meet- ing. Bankr. Eeg., II/21, II/164, 11/443, 1^/128, 17/19,18/331. Ben., 7/455^ 8/74, Blatchf., 12/562. Cent. L. J., 4/29. Low., 2/407, 192. Examination of debtor. State- ment of debts. Bankr. Eeg., II/21, II/443, 12/35, 13/i28, 17/502, 18/300. Ben., 8/74. How. Pr., 4S/142. 193. "WTiat creditors may vote on the resolution. Bankr. Eeg., 12/170, 1^/72, 1^/210, 1^/507, 15/73,17/225,18/331. Bis,s., 6/443, Low., 2/470, 2/505. Woods, 2/222. 194. Computing the majority neces- sary to pass the resolution. Bankr. Eeg., II/103, 12/491, 13/72, 14/425. Ben., 7/49]^, Biss., 6/443 Woods, 2/322. 195. Oonfirmation of the resolution by vote of creditors. Bankr. Eeg., 18/72, 1^/214, 15/73. Ben., 8/350. Biss., 6/443, Chic. L. N., 8/33, 68 BANKRUPTCY, IV. 196. Ratification by the court. Bankr. Reg., 1I/164, II/443, ^^524, '13/128, 13/455, 13/529, 1^/144, 14/191, 15/73, 15/560, 17/157, 1%6, 18/48, 1%1, 18/l99, I8/299. Ben., 7/481 7/505_ Woods, %25. IQ""?. Grounds for rejecting the cora- position. Proceedings to set aside. Bankr. Reg., II/21, II/164, ^%o, ^%2S, 1%, 14/241, 14/425, 14/507, I^/tS, 1%20, 17/440, 17/463, 18/227, 18/525. Ben., T/^^g^ 8/36, 8/267, 8/533, 8/56I. Blatchf., IS/ggg, Low., 2/387^ 2/4Q4^ 2/475^ 2/gQg^ 2/57 j^_ 198. Effect of the composition. "What debts are barred. Bankr. Reg., II/21, 12/201^ 13/^28, I8/455, 14/35, 14/457, 16/804, 1%15, 17/23, 17/109, I7/1I6, 18/252, 18/^60, 18/381, I8/388, I8/57O. Ben., 7/455^ 8/3g(,_ Blatchf., 12/562. Cent. L- Jv 3/78, 4/295. Dillv 4/111, 4/588. Woods, 2/i73_ 199. Incidental matters of practice. Bankr. Reg., 11/132, 13/526, 13/559, 14/7, 15/73, 16/176, 16/550, 18/78, I8/23O, 18/328, 18/362. Ben., 7/gj3_ 8/99 Biss., 6/193. Low., 2/333_ 5. Protection and discharge of hankrupts. 200. Privilege from arrest. Rev. Stat., § 5107. Stat, at L., 14/539. Bankr. Reg., I/29, l/ns, I/193, 1/307, V3I8, 1/336, %7, %1, ^/44, ^/l71, ^/204, 2/48I, 3/278, 4/63, 4/108, 7/538, ^/l93, 11/145, I6/4O, I6/1I6, I8/24, 18/563. Ben., 1/343, 2/38, 2/155, 2/180, 2/554, 3/431. Biss., ^In, ^Im, 6/233. Blatchf., 6/253, 6/292, 11/499, 13/271. Holmes, I/251. How. Pr., se/^^g^ 52/430^ ^2/513 • Low., 1/222, 1/251, 1/270, 1/429, 1/458. 201. Application for discharge. Time of applying, &c. Rev. Stat., § 5 1 08. Stat, at L., l9/io2. Bankr. Reg., 1/54, 1/226, 1/435, 1/496, 2/68, 2/214, 2/298, 2/311, 2/419, 2/48O, 2/617, 3/1, 3/11, 3/16, 3/76I, 5/82, %3, 5/125, %53, 6/443, 10/107, 10/438, 10/456, 10/566, 11/460, 11/527, 12/59, 13/479, 14/209, 15/213, 16/294. Ben., 1/390, 2/85, 2/166, 2/347, 2/462, 3/283, 4/i43, 5/242, 8/237. Biss., 2/73^ 2/75 Blatchf, 6/287, 13/67, 14/l30. Cent. L. J., l/ggg, 2/349, 5/313. Lill., 2/54g, 3/3^ 3/^45 LoM^, 2/122. 202. Notice to creditors. Rev. Stat., § 5109. Bankr. Reg., 1/64, 1/96, 1/113, l/l51, I/2I6, 1/219, 1/604. Ben., 1/390, 1/426, 1/474, 1/543, 2/62. 203. Interpretation of the fifty and thirty per cent, clauses. As- sent of creditors. Rev. Stat., § 5112.. Stat, at L., is/igg, Bankr. Reg., S/g^g 3/4gg_ S/^jq, 4/^90, 4/243, 5/l28, 5/155, 6/l89, 6/573, S/ggg, 7/i3g^ 7/334^ 7/604, 10/193, 10/438, IO/456, 10/529, IO/566, 11/143, 12/48, 12/63, 12/214, 12/241, 13/253, 13/479, I6/135, I6/277. Ben., 7/420^ 8/g7_ 8/1I8. Biss., 2/481^ 6/ig3^ a/igg^ 7/477_ Cent. L. J., 5/3g8 Dili., %^ Hughes, 2/228. 204. Matters of practice on applica- tion for discharge. Bankr. Reg., II/145, H/sBS, 14/651. Biss., 6/230 Wall., 19/274. 205. Appearing to oppose discharge. Filing specifications. Rev. Stat., § 5111. Bankr. Reg., I/5, 1/540, 1/626, 2/129, 2/329, 2/549, 5/20, 5/353, 10/90, 10/337, 11/96, 11/149, 13/477, 14/385, 14/477. Ben., 2/85^ 2^^^^^ 2/404^ 3/gg^ 4/99. Biss., 5/120,7/231. Blatchf., 8/4gi_ BANKEUPTCY, IV. 69 Deady, 1/425, ^/573. I^ow., 1/352, ^g^ ^/72, %28. 206. Grounds of opposition, generally. Kev. Stat., § 51 10. Stat, at L., l9/io2. Bankr. Reg., 2/^i_ 2/^3^ 2/j^q^ 2/20^^ 2/2^2, 5/423, ^% "/437. Ben., 2/138^ 2/^55^ 2/343^ 2/509, 2/153, %00, %33, %79. Deady, 1/585. Hughes, 2/^„_ Low., I/331, 2/451. 207. Concealment of property. Omis- sions in schedules. Bankr. Reg., I/304, I/324, ^/431, ^/437, ^457, ^536, 2/12, 2/i4_ 2/220 2/257^ 2/255^ 2/288, ^/324, 2/387, 2/437, 2/582, 2/537, ^/lOe, 2/l46, 2/443, 2/452, 2/782, */64, ^/sSQ, ^/20, ^2/256, ^^/l52. Ben., 2/^33^ 2/332^ 2/349^ 2/50, 2/233, ^/245. Biss., 4/245^ 4/goi_ Deady, 1/575, 1/585. Int. Rev. Rec, ^2/31. Low., 1/309, 1/323, ^/362, Vssi, V510. Woods, 1/478. 208. Custody of assets after petition filed. Bankr. Reg., I/595, 2/^^34^ 2/^8^^ 3/gg^ 2/1O6, 2/557, %19, %25, 10/107. Ben., 2/73. Low., 1/278, V323. 209. Fictitious debts. Bankr. Reg., 4/538 Ben., S/^q, S/ggg^ 210. Fraudulent conveyances, gifts, or transfers. Bankr. Reg., 2/gg8_ 3/2gg^ 3/ggj^ 4/339^ 5/423, 12/286. Ben., 8/475 Bond, 2/2^0, 2/336. Low., 1/362, 1/510. 211. Fraudulent preferences. Bankr. Reg., 1/575^ 2/330, 2/232, 2/341, 2/382, 2/449, 2/651, 2/150, 2/i96, 3/452, 2/640, ^/64, 5/20, 5/414, 5/423, ^/444, %25, 1^/107, 12/286, 1%7, l^/l06. Ben., 8/^53^ 4/245 Bond, 2/210. Dillv 2/129. Holmes, %. Low., 1/293, 1/373, 1/409, 1/510, 1/532. 212. Keeping improper books of ac- count. Rev. Stat., § 5110. Bankr. Reg., 1/575, 2/15, 2/17^ 2/285^ 2/3Q2_ 2/35-8^ 2/gg2^ 2/590, 2/668, 2/13, 2/57, 3/jgo^ 3/2g7^ 3/273^ 2/496, ^/66, ^/l04, ^/510, 5/67, ^287, "/595, «/415, 10/107, 12/17, 12/390, 1^/503, 16/152, 1*5/215, 17/73, 17/112, 17/305, 18/289, 18/555, I8/575. Ben., 3/20^ 3/2go^ 4/g3_ 5/3^3^ 5/43Q^ %26, 8/475, 2/563. Biss.,7/j54_ Bond, 2/33g_ Low., 1/331^ 1/335^ 1/373^ l/ggi^ 1/409, 1/423. 213. Transfers in contemplation of bankruptcy. Bankr. Reg., 2/^j3^ 2/273^ 3/253^ 3/273^ ^/64, ^/389, 5/414, 5/423, 10/553. Ben., 3/^Qg^ 2/379, %5. Biss., 4/245_ Low., I/381. 214. 'Willful perjury. Bankr. Reg., I/304, I/324, 2/220, 2/288, 2/70, 2/296, */389, 5/288, 5/38I, 10/107, 12/17, 12/256, I8/555. Ben., 2/^33 Biss., 4/245, Deady, 1/425, 1/575. 215. Various other grounds for with- holding discharge. Bankr. Reg., 2/42^ 2/394^ 3/jQg_ 3/273^ 2/564, 2/582, ^/64, ^Im, %6, ^Im, ^\ 17/76. Low., 2/455, 216. Sufficiency of the specifications. Amendments. Bankr. Reg., I/275, 1/294, I/304, Vsio, 1/437, 2/200, 2/211, 2/212, 2/106, 2/296, 2/496, 5/20, 5/119, 10/90, 1^/147. Ben., 1/532, 2/i36, 2/l38, 2/153, 2/325, 2/332, 2/345, ^kz. Biss., ^/245, 5/120. Deady, I/425. 217. Trial of specifications. Bankr. Reg., 1/275, 1/543, 2/36, 2/105, 2/113, 2/226, 2/257, 2/396, 2/549, 2/46, 2/160, 2/l96, ^/l46, I8/42. Ben., 2/^32^ 2jy^Q^ 2/412, 2/14, 2/200, 2/283, ^/304, 2/204. Deady, 1/573, 1/585. Low., 1/409. 70 BANKRUPTCY, IV. 218. Pinal oath of bankrupt. Rev. Stat., § 5113. Bankr. Reg., Vll3, 2/313, 2/352, 2/484, ^/92, ^llW, ^^563. lit:"-, ^426, ^/65, ^/lai, ^/l91, ^/235. Biss., 2/354. Deady, 1/573. 219. When the discharge should be granted. Rev. Stat., § 5114. Bank. Reg., 1/79, 2/116, 2/192, 3/258, 3/286, 3/443, 3/601. Ben., 2/72. Low., S/ggg^ 220. Effect of discharge, generally. Rev. Stat., § 511 9. Abb. U. S., I/185. Bankr. Reg., 2/47^ 2/204^ 2/23g_ S/gg^ 5/222^ 6/386, 7/448,^/538, ^2/522, 12/533,13/235,1%53. Ben., 2/509_ 8/14. Woods, I/42, 2/137. 221. What debts are barred, gen- erally. Bankr. Reg., 1/203, ■'^/329, ■'^/395, ■^/439, %05, 8/309, 11/149, 18/24. Ben., 2/53^ 6/324_ Biss.,.2/71 Blatchf., 9/^14 Int. Rev. Rec, 18/54^ 23/2io_ Low._, I/216. Otto, 5/704. 222. "What debts are not released, generally. Bankr. Reg., 4/271^ 9/535^ 11/432^ 13/235^ 15/4^7_ Low., 2/72_ Sawyer, I/343. Wall., 20/25i_ Woods, 1/42. 223. Debts due the United States. Bankr. Reg., 8/309^ 8/535,13/235. Wall., 20/251. Woods, 1/42. 224. Debts contracted by fraud. Rev. Stat., §5117. Bankr. Reg., 2/37, 13/52, 13/235, 17/102. Biss., 6/453^ Chic! L. N., 8/17 Low., 1/251. Otto, 5/704 Woods, 1/42. 225. — or in a fiduciary capacity. Bankr. Reg., I/29, 2/204, 8/3^2, 1^/489, 16/40, 1%9. Ben., 1/348, 2/554_ Biss., %24. Blatchf., 6/292. 226. Liability of persons bound jointly with bankrupt not discharged. Rev. Stat., § 5118. Bankr. Reg., 1/327, 3/748, ^/ll2, 1^/477, 17/287. Ben., 2/i69. Dill., 1/33. Int. Rev. Rec, 8/122. Sawyer, I/397. 227. Discharge no bar unless pleaded. Bankr. Reg., 16/530. Hughes, 2/233 228. Impeaching discharge. Suit to set aside. Alb. L. J., 13/400. Bankr. Reg., 8/452^ 3/582, 11/149, 13/222, 14/236, l^/l, 18/469. Ben., 4/gg^ 4/^47 Blatchf., 14/43 Cent, L- J-; 3/303. Low., 1/510. MacArth., 2/375. Woods, 1/37. 229. Setting aside discharge. Rev. Stat., § 5120. Bankr. Reg., 1/436, 3/772, 4/477, 6/89, 7/341, 13/222, 14/236, 16/252. Ben., 2/345 Dill-, 1/66. Mac. Arth., 2/322. 230. New Promise. Bankr. Reg., 9/481^ ISj^^^^ Wall., 13/1. 6. Proceedings peculiar to partnerships and cor- porations. (a) Partnerships. 231. When a partnership may be ad- judged bankrupt. Bankr. Reg., I/373, 2/303, 2/349, 3/i72, 3/236, 3/422, ^/ll2, 8/287, 8/433, 10/330, 10/381, 12/18I, 12/191, 16/48, I8/339, 18/419. Ben., 2/514,3/347,3/386,8/487. I>'llv3/83. Low., 1/207,1/406,2/400. Sawyer, 1/397. Woods, 2/73. 232. WTio may make the petition. Rev. Stat., § 5121. Bankr. Reg., 1/239, 1/297, 2/75, 3/286, 3/441, %0, %12, 10/330, 12/191, 16/522, 17/345. Ben., 2/9e_ 3/371, %9, 6/20. Biss., 3/49]^_ 5/79_ Low., I/16I, 1/4O6, 1/528. Sawyer, 4/g2_ BANKRUPTCY, IV. 71 233. "What court has jurisdiction ■where partners reside in differ- ent districts. Bankr. Reg., I/2, V214//297,^/30,^^/l26, 1^/48,^^/107. Ben., 1/266, 5/89, %0. Biss., ''/328, '^/473. How. Pr., 42/4g9_ 234. The proceedings, generally. Re- quisites of petition. Bankr. Reg., I/2, ^Isil, %27, ^^81, 13/253, 14/59, 14/223, 15/560, 1^/279, 1%43. Ben., 1/266, ^/l86, %89. ^iss., 5/497. 235. Appointment and powers of as- signee. Rev. Stat., § 5121. Bankr. Reg., 1/525, %91, l'^/393. 236. Rights and po-wers of assignee of individual partner. Bankr. Reg., S/^g^ 8/^72, %27, ^339, ^/228, 11/495, 1%45. Ben., S/g^^^ 5/55^. Biss., 6/39 7/32^ Blatchf., 10/361. How. Pr., 42/4g9_ Low., I/336, 2/511. Wall., 22/395. 237. Proof of debts. Rev. Stat., § 5121. Bankr. Reg., 2/614, %9, 5/211, 6/92, ^/l74, '''/299, ^/378, IO/2O6, 12/30, 1%12, 14/307, 1%68, 16/476, I6/497, 17/22, 17/54, 17/192. Ben., %85. Blatchf., 6/igQ Deady, I/510. Low., 2/331. Woods, 2/433_ 238. Distribution of assets. Priprity, &c. Bankr. Reg., 4/97^ 5/222^ 12/go7_ 18/33^ l%76, 1^/22, 1^/91. Ben., ^qj^ Sawyer, %90. 239. Distribution -where bankrupt is a member of two firms. Bankr. Reg., 3/351.4/599^ 12/39^^ 12I^^q_ Ben., 5/311, 5/421. Biss., 4/277^ 4/323 240. Relative rights of joint and sep- arate creditors. Rev. Stat., § 6121. Bankr. Reg., 1/464, 1/491, 1/495, 3/374, 4/378, '^/295, ^/227, ^/378, 1%35, 11/221, 12/266, 12/337, 13/33, 13/168, 13/312, 14/64, 14/307, 1%58, 1%80, 1%03, 1^/62. Ben., 6/397^ 7/1^1^ 8/223. Biss., 2/3g3^ 4/214^ 6/g77_ 8/ggg_ Cent. L. Jv 1/554. Dill., 3/5^5 „. Low., 2/259^ 2/333. Otto, 2/gig_ Sawyer, 3/35^ 3/599^ 4/326. Wall., 11/484. 241. WTien firm creditors may have access to separate estate. Rev. Stat., § 5121. Bankr. Reg., 1/464, 1/491, 1/660, 2/173, 2/371, 2/614, 3/748, 4/571, 5/211, 5/303, 7/217, ^/255, %73, 1^/135, 12/11, 12/266, I3/168, 13/376, 13/500, 15/60, 15/333. Ben., 2/^67^ S/^^g^ 7/^4j_ Biss., 2/515, %94. Blatchf., 6/i8o_ Cliff., 8/507. I>ill-, 1/33 1/303. How. Pr., 35/249 Low., 2/511 242. The discharge; and application therefor. Bankr. Reg., 3/551^ 5/223^ IS/^^^ Ben., 4/305. Low,, 2/453_ (b) Corporations. 243. "What corporations are subject to bankruptcy proceedings. Rev. Stat., § 5122. Bankr. Reg., 1/647, 4/314, 5/97^ 5/234^ 6/43^ 7/2g9_ 7/392^ ^/l22, 1%6, 11/193. Ben., 6/35_ Biss., 3/162, 5/499. Cliif., 3/339_ Dill., ^j^^^^ Holmes, I/30. Sawyer, 3/249 244. The voluntary petition. Abb. U. S., 2/527. Bankr. Reg., 4/144^ 4/394,' 13/258, 13/385, 17/228. Otto, 1/656. Sawyer, 1/349. Woods, I/661. 245. "Who may institute involuntary proceedings. Bankr. Reg., 14/32^ 14/92^ 14/243^ 14/405_ Blatchf., 13/220. Di]l.,4/3g3_ Sawyer, 3/614. 72 BANKRUPTCY, IV. 246. The involuntary petition, ser- vice, (fee. Bankr. Reg., 2/g^g^ e/^gg^ 9/20-^ li/^^gg^ 14/405, 15/233. Ben., 2/293 Blatchf., 9/559. Chic. L. N., 6/157. Sawyer, S/g^g^ 3/614. 247. Right of counsel to appear for corporation. Biss., 7/26. 248. Appointment and. powers of the assignee. Suits by assignee. Bankr. Reg., 5/233 ^^UbJ ^^hs. Blatchf., 12/341^ 12/435^ 13/35,_ Holmes, 1/433. Otto, 1/56. 249. Rights and liabilities of stock- holders, generally. Bankr. Reg., 11/253^ 11/237, ^Vsgo. Ben., 6/249. Biss., ^j^^^^ dj^^^^ 250. Liability on assessments, or calls. Bankr. Reg., 8/221^ 10/368, .1%1, ^^/l? 13/49, 1%2, 13/226, 16/440, 1%37, 1^/489 18/i78. Biss., 3/4^7^ 3/43^^ 3/452^ 3/520^ 5/269, **/420. Cent. L. J., "1/451. Chic, L. N., 6/,33_ 10/g9_ Dill., 2/427_ 3/237 3/496. Otto, 1/56, 1/65, 5/418,5/66.5. Wall. 17/610. 251. Effect of prior proceedings for dissolution in state court. Rev. Stat,, § 5123. Bankr. Reg., %48, 3/435, %14, %65, II/16I, I3/118. Ben., 2/292, 8/171. Biss., 6/35 Blatchf., %15 %59, 13/351. Holmes, 1/30. Otto, 1/656. 7. Fees and costs. 262. In general. Rev. Stat., § 5099, 6124. Bankr. Reg., 7/49, 14/493 Ben., 1/535, 2/71, 2/35, 3/98 Low., 2/523. Sawyer, l/ggs. 253. Assignee's fees. Rev. Stat., § 5100. Bankr. Reg., 3/80, 3/82, "/429. Ben., 8/55, 8/,89_ Dill., 4/131. 254. Marshal's fees. Rev. Stat., § 5126. Bankr. Reg., 1/249, %80, 3/453, ^/88, 1%45, 13/551, 14/498, l'7/362, l'^/368. Ben., 2/122, 8/422, '^/61, ^Il88, 3/191 3/384. Biss., 7/275. How. Pr., 43/gg_ Sawyer, 4/^63. 255. Register's fees. Rev. Stat., § 5008, 5124. Bankr. Reg., 1/11, 1/24, I/188, 1/226, 1/249, 1/285, 1/344, 1/522, %, 2/128, %i7, 3/160, 3/517^ 3/424 l^'/ui, 12/480, 13/214, 13/2I6, 15/250, l'^/550. Ben., 1/277, 2/72, 2/85, 2/122, 2/145, 2/211, 2/369, 3/211, %31, '7/155, 3/98, 3/175, 3/388. Blatchf., 14/117. Low., 2/243 ■ 256. Fees of other oflO-cers. Notaries, committees, attorneys, &c. Bankr. Reg., I/249, 6/277, 1°/310, 11/289, 14/150, 15/301. 257. "Witness' fees. Bankr. Reg., 6/393 Ben., 2/^44^ 2/3^9^ 2/414. 258. Travelling and incidental ex- penses. Rev. Stat., § 5125. Bankr. Reg., 1/249, 1/344, 13/214. 8. Prohibited and fraudulent transfers. 259. In general. Interpretation of the law. Rev. Stat., § 5128, &c. Bankr. Reg., 1/353, 2/81, 2/jgQ^ 2/g^g^ 2/399^ 2/4Qg_ 3/26I, 4/23, 4/52, 4/73, 4/221, 5/11, 5/421, 6/10, 14/89, 14/332, 13/243, 13/367. Ben., 2/i9g^ 3/520. Bond, 2/244. Ohase Dec, I/227. I>ill-j l/l64, 1/217, 1/544. Holmes, I/75. Sawyer, 3/34g_ BANKRUPTCY, IV. 73 260. "What constitutes insolvency within the meaning of the act. Abb. U. S., 1/440. Bankr. Reg., ■^/545, ^/490, ^/357, ^/393, %02, ^/349, ^/488, ^/l81, %70, %39, ^/49, '^/l26, ^%71, ^^/l68, ^'■/l58. I^'l'-> V203. Holmes, I/251. Otto, 1/114. Sawyer, 4/158. Wall., 18/40^ 21/325. Woods, 1/433. 261. "What facts must be shown to render transfer void. Bankr. Reg., 1/177^ I/231, l/gge, 2/539^ ^/207, %57, ^/49, -^1/229, 11/337, ^^/l73. Ben., 2/5 Blatchf., 10/204. Wall., 13/40^ 20/414, 21/360. 262. Lim.itations as to time. Rev. Stat., § 6128. Bankr. Reg., ^/73, %15, */l96, ^/eSl, ^/lOl, ^/433, l''/l35, 11/511, 12/299, 14/380, 14/510, 14/525, 1%9. Biss., 4/391^ 5/49Q Blatchf., 7/234^ S/^gg^ 1^/455. Cent. L. J., 5/260. Chase Dec, 1/227. Dill., 1/24, 2/519//133. Holmes, 1/75, V433. Low., I/506. 263. Rights of bona fide purchasers. Bankr. Reg., S/gig^ 4/3^9^ e/^^^ 7/^0^^ 9/76, 9/546. Dill., I/186. 264. Reasonable cause to believe debtor insolvent. Rev. Stat., § 5129. Abb. U. S., 1/440. Bankr. Reg., 1/545^ l/gse, l/eoi, 2/89, 2/16O, 2/254, 2/406, 2/422, 2/539, 2/593, 2/643, %83, %57, %93, ^/498, ^/723, ^/776, 4/254, 4/349, 4/397, 4/427, 4/439, 4/456, 4/488, 4/548, %6, ^/l81, %05, %57, ^/339, '^/l74, '^/451, '^/481, '^/513, 9/314,10/244,11/398,15/168, 1^/197, 1%75, 1%31, 1^/391, 1^/498. Ben., ^/520, 4/479, ^/52, ^/579. Biss., 5/405^ V/gg^^ Blatchf., 7/430^ 8/,53_ 13/481 Chic. L. N., ^/lU, 10/82. Dill., I/108, I/186, V203. Holmas, 1/27,5. Otto, 6/343, Vso. Saw- yer, 4/i58_ Wall., 13/40, 14/87, 21/475. 265. "When creditor must have actual knowledge of debtor's intent to defraud. Bankr. Reg., 10/172,10/461, 11/80,11/433, 12/398, 12/493, 14/89, 14/ii2, l^g, 14/380, 15/476, l%7i, I6/93, 17/i58^ 17/3go_ Biss., 6/i67. Blatchf., 13/455 Hughes, l/iga^ 2/420. Sawyer, 4/257^ 266. Proof of intent to prefer. Alb. L. J., 14/294 Bankr, Reg., Sj^qq, 3/602, 4/1, 4/349^ 4/45g_ 6/335 Blatchf., ^/488. 267. Presumptions as to intent. Rev. Stat., § 5130. Bankr. Reg., 2/399, 2/4O6, 2/643, 3/1I8, 4/s23, 4/488, 4/657, 15/438. Ben., 4/479^ 8/52 Bond, 2/344^ 2/287. Dill., 1/ig, 1/115, I/16I, I/186, 1/203, 1/476. Dow., 1/409. Wall, 13/40. 268. Applications of the rule to judg- ments. Bankr. Reg., I/586, 2/399^ 2/4^3^ 2/495^ %18, 3/498, 4/126, 5/56, 5/270, 5/318, 10/517, 11/381, 11/415, 15/426, 1^/75. Ben., ^j.o, 7/5,8/52, Bond, 2/244. Otto, 6/539 Phil-, (Pa.) 10/243, 10/247. Sawyer, 2/486_ Wall., 21/325, 21/500. 269. — to executions. Bankr. Reg., 6/53^ S/g^g^ 6/358^ 7/^74^ '^/481, '^/513, II/38I, 13/472, 14/433, 15/476, 16/363. Ben., 4/io_ 4/^35^ ij^^^^ 4/535^ 6/3gg^ '^/219. Blatchf., 8/153 Bond, 2/244 Conn., 36/578 Dill., 1/476. Int. Rev. Rec, 15/59. Otto, 1/616. 270. — to assignments for benefit of creditors. Bankr. Reg., 3/i64, 5/^28, 6/533^ 7/^^ Tj^^^ 12/81, 12/185, 13/283, 14/278, 14/311. Ben., 6/275,8/579. Blatxjhf., 6/i56. Dill., 3/214 Int. Rev. Rec, 23/35 Otto, 1/493, 4/553 Woods, 1/433. 74 BANKRUPTCY, IV— BANKS. AND BANKING, I. 271. — to conveyances of real prop- erty. Rev. Stat., § 5128. Bankr. Reg., %16, ^/468, ^/587, ^%85, ^^/l85, ^^li9S, 14/175,14/513. Blatchf., 12/163, 12/256. Di"-, I/186. Holmes, 1/75^ 1/272. Hughes, 2/230. MacArth., 1/275. Sawyer, Z/^gg Woods, 1/476. 272. -* to mortgages of real property. Bankr. Reg., 7/233^ 11/511^ 12/379^ l3/77_ 1%37, 14/156. Biss.,4/39i_5/i9g Blatchf., 12/163,12/495. Cliff., 8/472. Dillv%28. Holmes., I/226. Sawyer, 2/355 Wall., 22/170. 2*73. — to mortgages of personal prop- erty. Bankr. Reg., 8/35^^ 3/393^ S/g^g^ 6/^0^ «/429, 7/230, 10/260, 10/553, 1%8, 14/i25, 14/513, 1^/438, 1%08. Sen., 3/366^ 3/520^ Bond, 2/26i_ Dill., l/i4i_ l/i86, 4/^24, 4/125". Holmee, 1/75. Low., 1/431^ I/506, 1/523, 1/532, 1/561. Otto, 1/114. 274. — to payments of money. Bankr. Reg., 2/46g^ 4/455^ 7/531^ 12/iiq_ 1%08, 17/482. Ben., 6/2i_ Biss., 4/349_ Blatchf., 11/530. Bond,2/2g7. Dill.,l/i4i_ l/l51, 1/217, 4/88. Holmes, 1/433. Hughes, 1/365. Sawyer, 3/32q_ Wall., Zl/gg^^ Woods, 2/380 275. — to sales and. transfers of per- sonal property. Bankr. Reg., e/igg^ 10/173. 11/153^ II/322, 11/415, 11/433, 12/74, lS/373. Ben., 3/347^ 8/248. Blatchf., 7/48o_ I2/298 Dill., l/igg. Low., 1/337, 1/373, 2/29, 2/129. Sawyer, 2/205. Wall., 11/391, 14/87. 276. Criminal proceedings against fraudulent bankrupt. Rev. Stat., § 5132. Am. L. Reg., S. S., 9/481. Abb. U. S., 2/i69 Bankr. Reg., 4/59^ 4/^^2, 4/534, %84, 7/188, 13/61, 13/88, 13/400, 13/464, ^%87, 1%25, 17/34. Biss., 2/263, 2/325. Blatchf., 8/134 Cliff., 3/211. Dill., 4/407. Ctto, 5/670. Sawyer, 4/211. For decisions under the Insolvent laws of the several states, now revived by the repeal of the bankrupt law, see Insolvency. BANKS AND BANKING. [For decisions relative to NaiionaJ, Banks see that title.] I. Obganization and Management. II. ElOHTS AND LlABrLITIES OF StOCKHOLD- EES. III. POWEES AND DEAXINGS OP BANKS. IV. Opfioeks; theie Powers, Duties, and Liabilities. V. DissoiiUTioN, Eeceivek, &c. 1. OKGANIZATION AND MANAGE- MENT. 1. Statutory restrictions on banking. Rev. Stat., § 5243, 5497. Blatchf., 12/209. McLean, s/^^g Pet., IS/gig^ Wall., 4/447 2. Wbat is banking business. Alb. L. J., I6/16 Am. L. Rec, 6/523. Int. Rev. Rec, W/igg Wall., 3/495_ 3. Po'wer of congress to incorporate banks. Wheat., 4/3i6_ 9/^38 4. Power of state legislatures to in- corporate banks. McLean, 2/195^ 3/^^^_ p^t., 11/257. 5. Incorporation by state after expi- ration of charter granted by con- gress. Blatchf., 1/297. How., 12/335 Mason, 2/31. Vt., 20/ggg_ BANKS AND BANKING, I, II, III. 75 6. Inviolability of bank charters. Black, 1/436. How, 10/190, IO/2I8, 16/369, 16/416. Otto, 5/679_ Pet., ^j^^^^ 7. Organization of banks. Blatchf., 1/297. How., 12/225. Pet., V46. 8. Interpretation of special charters. Cranch, ^/gg^ Cranch C. C, 2/gj_ Dill., 1/141. How., 6/3Q1 Otto, 5/g79 Pet., 2/318. Wall., 1/23, 8/44, 17/425. Wheat., 4/235, 5/32g 9. — in respect to suits by banks. Cranch, 5/45 5/^9 Cranch C. C, l/l67, 1/262, 1/458, %06, %74, ^/704, %32, 4/143. 10. Decisions relative to the bank of the United States. Brock., 2/393 Cranch C. C, 2/2^^ 5/515. Pet., 6/51 Wheat, ^j^ie, 8/333, 9/738, 9/904, 12/64, 12/511. U. Stock ; how subscribed for and is- sued. Mason, S/g^g. Pet., I/46. 12. Transfers of stock. Blatchf., 5/59. Cranch C. C, 2/8g, 2/i8g How., 3/483 Taney, I/310. Wall., Il/3g9 15/ig5 See, also, Coepoea- TIONS, 24. 13. Lien of bank on shares. Chic. L. N., 6/287_ Cranch C. C, 2/86, 2/188, 2/517, %63. Int. Eev. Rec, 14/125. Pet., 1/299, 10/596. Wall., 11/369, 1%89. Wheat., 2/39Q_ 11. EIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF STOCKHOLDERS. 14. Rights of stockholders, generally. Cranch C. C, ^Inb. Mason, S/ggg Wlieat., 7/553_ Woods, I/463. 15. — of a state as stockholder. How., 15/304. Pet., 11/257. Wall., 17/425. Wheat., 9/904. 16. Dividends. Cranch C. C, 2/517 Pet-, 10/596. 17. Individual liability of stockholders and directors. Biss., l/gi. Black, 1/537. ^Ihic. 1j. ^v '^/l29. McLean, 3/^^^^ 3/291. Mason, 3/308. Otto, 2/i5g_ 2/454^ 5/g28. Wall., %8, 20/520. Woods, 1/439. See, also, COEPORATIONS, 37-41. in. PO\\^ES AND DEALINGS OP BANKS. 18. Power to acquire and transfer property. How., 6/goi Wall., 9/2g. 19. — to deal in exchange, Blatchf., 1/425. McLean, 4/208. Pet., 13/519. 20. — to make contracts, engage in trade, &c. McLean, 6/130 Wheat., 5/32g, 8/338. 21. — to issue negotiable paper, post- notes, &c. Cranch C. C, 2/141. McLean, ^Iiq^ %65, 4/8. 22. — to sue and be sued. Cranch, 8/^5 Cranch C. C, I/262 1/458. Pet., 2/671. Wheat., 4/235, 9/738' 23. Receiving deposits, and obligation to re-pay. Bajikr. Reg., 5/^i4. Cranch C. C, 2/695,3/50. Dill., 4/88. Int. Rev. Rec, 11/45. Pet., 2/318. Wall., 2/252, 5/663, 10/152, 16/483. Wheat., 5/32g 10/3gg 24. General and special deposits; and responsibility therefor. Brews., (Pa.) 4/2g4 Int. Rev. Rec , 21/g82. Wall., 2/252." 76 BANKS AND BANKING, III, FV. 25. Oertifloates of deposit. Am. L. Eeg., n. s., IO/786. Dill., 2/ii_ Pet-,2/318. 26. Checks ; and rightB of holders. Alb. L. J., 15/392. Am. L. Eec, 5/4g_ Am. L. Reg., N. s., 15/418. Bankr. Reg., Il/i56. Biss., 7/igo Black, I/99. Int. Rev. Eec, 22/jgj_ MacArth., 1/350^ 2/249. Otto,4/343_ Story, 2/502. Wall., 10/152. 27. Oertifled checks. Alb. L. J., 9/287, 13/275. Am. L. Rec, 5/49^ 7/283 Am. L. Reg., N. s., 1^/418. Biss., 7/193 Cent. L. J., 7/249_ Chic. L. N., 6/245. Wall., 18/604. 28. Raised and forged checks. Alb. L. J., 9/287_ 13/275. Wall., 18/604. 29. Overdrafts. Col. T., 2/248. Pet., 1/46. 30. The circiolation; and liability of bank thereon. McLean, 8/291. Mason, 1/243^ 2/3^^ 3/1, %08. Pet., 11/257. Taney, 1/119. Wall., 8/44 Woods, 1/523. 31. Statutory restrictions upon the issue of circulating notes. Alb. L. J., 17/450. Cranch C. C, 2/i41, %73. How., I6/416. Law Rep., N.S.,16/io7. Otto, 6/366. Wall, 1/73^8/533. 32. 'When bank notes are good tender. Mason, 3/^ Wall., 8/44. Wheat., 10/333 See title Tender. 33. Redemption of bank notes. Cranch C. C, 2/^80. McLean, 3/jgj_ Mason, 3/^. Wash. C. C, 2/172^ ^g. 34. Loans. Responsibility for collat- erals. Bankr. Reg., 18/263. Otto, I/27. West. Jur., l3/i76. See, also, Debtob and Ckeditoe, 22, 23. 35. Discounts. Chic. L. N., 7/^8 Cranch, S/g. Cranch C. C, I/552, 2/133, 2/488. Di", Vl4l, 3/44. McLean, 8/587. Pet., I/604. Wheat., 8/338^ g/ggi. 36. Bankers' lien. Biss., 5/223. How, 1/234, 6/212. Wall, I/166. 37. Collections. Am. L. Rec, 7/i6g^ 7/233 Biss., 7/^53^ 7/193. Blatchf., 12/359/3/237 Cent.L. J., 7/249 Conn., 44/5g4 Cranch C. C, 2/560,%04. T»illv^/290. Law Rep., N. S-, 11/586. McLean, 8/576 Otto, 1/393. Pet., 1/25. Wall, I/166, 2/252, 7/447, %41. 38. Savings banks. Stat, at L., 19/64. AII5. L. J., I8/92. Otto, 6/388. Wall., 3/495 IV. OFFICEES; THEIE POWEKS, DUTIES, AND LIABILITIES. [Consult, also, Coepobations, VI.] 39. In general. Law Rep., 8/313. ^- ^- ^S- O^^-} I/166. 40. The directors. Pet-, 1/46, 1/299. 41. The president. Biss., 8/199 Blatchf., IO/344 Int. Rev. Rec, 16/113. Pet-, 6/51 8/13 42. The cashier. Alb. L. J., 10/i99_ I6/473. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 10/786. Ben., 8/279. Biss., l/l46,^/l8l. Black, 1/99. Blatchf., 3/431^ ''/226. Cent. L. J., 1/469^ 2/757^ Cranch C.C, 4/533. Dill., 3/403. Holmes, 1/396. BANKS AND BANKING, IV, V— BILL. 77 How., 21/3gg_ McLeau, 4/203 Mason, 3/505. Otto,5/557_ Pet., 1/46^ 6/5;_ Wall., ^°/604. Wheat., 5/32g^ 8/33g_ Wyom. T.,%. 43. — his bond. CranchC.C, 2/696. ^'^^U^IlS5. Pet., 1/46. Wheat., 12/64. 44. The tellers ; their bonds, &;c. Cranch C. C, 2/695^ 2/6g6^ S/g^g^ S/ggg. Pet., 1/46. V. DISSOLUTION, EECEIVEE, &c. 45. Proceedings to wind up insolvent banks. Eev. Stat., § 5021. Otto, 2/454^ 7/^^^ Wall., 19/32. West. Jur., IS/^yg. Woods, 1/1. 46. Payment of debts out of assets. McLean, 6/563. Wall., 19/i. For Bankruptcy proceedings against banks in common with other corporations, see Bank- KUPTCY, 243-251. As to winding up insolvent corporations under Stale laws, see IxsoiTENCY. As to Internal reoenue lux on bankers, see In- ternal Bevenui:, 38, 39. BARGAIN AND SALE. Deeds, 54. BARRATRY. iNStTBANCE, 42 ; Seamen, 165. BASTARDY. 1. Jurisdiction of circuit court of Dis- trict of Columbia. Cranch C. C, 1/140^ '^Uqq^ S/gi. .2. The bond, or recognizance. - Cranch C. C, 2/30, 2/4^9^ S/g^^ 3. Evidence, judgment, &c. Cranch C. C, 1/592. As to the Legal Hiatus and Sights of illegiti- mate children, see Descent ; Parent and Child, BAWDY HOUSE. Ckiminax Law, 34. BELLIGERENTS. Was, I, 3. BEQUESTS, As to the Interpretation and Validity of be- quests, generally, see Legacies, I ; Wills, III, IV. As to bequests in Lieu of dower, see Dower. As to Payment of bequests, see Executors AND Administratoes, III, 2. BETTING AND GAMING. Criminal Law, 42 ; Wagers. BIGAMY. Criminal Law, 23. BILL. Of Attainder, see Constitutional Law, 18. Of Credit, see Constitutional Law, 19. Of Discovery, see Discovery, I. Of Exceptions, see Appeal, II, 2 ; Error, I, 3 ; Exceptions, II. Of Exchange, see Bills or Exchange. Of Lading, see Bills of Lading. Of Particulars, see Bills of Particulars. Of Beview, see Bills of Review. Of Beirivor, see Abatement, 35. Of Sale, see Sales, I ; Shipping, I, 2. 78 BILLS OF EXCHANGE, I. BILLS OF EXCHANGE. [Consult, also, Pkomissoby Notes.] I. Nattibe and Eequisites, generally. 1. Form and contents. 2. Consideration. 3. Acceptance, II. Paetles. III. Validity. IV. Tbansfkrs; and Eights of Pitb- CHASERS. V. Eights and Liabilities op In1)oes- EES. 1. Demand and notice. 2. What viill excuse demand and notice. 3. Discharge. New promise. VI. Law op Place. yn. Actions on Bills op Exchange. L NATUEE AND EEQUISITES, GEN- EEALLY. 1. Form and contents. 1. "WTtiat is a biU of exchange. Biss., 1/4x9. Cranch C. C, 2/3^^^ How., 5/382 20/343 McLean, 2/^9 Pet., 3/413. Story, 1/22. Wheat., ^^^^ 2. 'What is not. McAll., 1/175. McLean, 6/446. Mont. T., 1/388. Story, 2/go2. 3. Formal Requisites. How., 5/3g2 McLean, 2/2^3 4. "WTiat is a foreign bill. Op. Att.-Gen., s/^^^. Pet., Z/^^q^ 2/586, 10/572, 12/32. 5. Filling blanks. Alb. L. J., 13/286. Chic. L. N., 8/281. How., 2Q/343_ 22/9g_ Otto, 2/330. Pet., ll/so. Wall, 4/447^ 9/544. See, also, pos«, 94. 2. Consideration. 6. Right to inquire into the considera- tion. Blatchf., 2/j86. Cranch C. C, S/ggg. Wash. C. C, 2/2g4_ 2/4go_ See, also, Evidence, 99, 100. 7. Presumption in favor of considera- tion. How., 20/343 Wheat., 5/277. 8. What is a sufficient consideration. Failure of consideration. Cranch, 7/273 Cranch C. C, 2/20^ How.,20/343_ Wash. C. C, 1/100. 3. Acceptance. 9. Necessity of acceptance. Bankr. Reg., II/296. Ben., 2/9 Biss., 5/186. Cranch C. C, I/340. McLean, 3/587. Mason, I/176. Pet., I/25, 2/^7^^ Wash. C. C, 4/464. Wheat., 12/559 10. — of presentment for acceptance. Cranch C. C, 1/74, 1/233, 2/164. DalL, %65,%5. Pet.,' 1/25, 2/,7o_ 11. Duty to accept, and when refusal is proper. Pet., 1/264, %3. Wheat., S/^qi 12. "What amounts to an acceptance. Cranch C. C, I/192 I/470. Mason, l/l76. Otto, 4/343_ Pet., 2/^8g_ 13. Effect of authority to draw. Blatchf., 1/335. Cranch, 7/500. Wheat,, 3/101. 14. Promise to accept Alb. L. J. 12/411 Baldw., 1/33. Blatchf., 1/335. Chic. L. N., 8/^o5. Cranch, 7/goo Gall., 2/233 McLean, 2/462. Otto, I/406. Pet., I/264, 2/170, 4/111. Story, 1/22, 2/213. Wash.CC, 2/132. Wheat., 2/66. BILLS OF EXCHANGE, I, II, III, IV. 79 15. Effect of acceptance, generally. Bond, 1/592. How., 20/343 22/9g_ Ma- sou, Vl76, V3O6, 2/213, ^/272. Pet., I6/121. Pet. C. C, 1/262. Wall., 18/421. 16. Conditional acceptance. Blatchf., 2/i8g How., 17/6. McLean, 3/272. Pet., 15/377. Wash.C.C.,4/i_2/5i4_ 17. Acceptance for the honor of the drawer, or indorser. Pet., 1/250, 1/264. Wall., 21/241. Wash. C. C, 2/485_ 18. Accommodation acceptance. Blatchf., 1/438. How., 12/51. Mac- Arth., 1/112. McLean, 5/279 Story, %93. Woods, 1/530. 19. Liability of acceptor to payee, and drawer. Cranch C. C, ^I^qq_ McLean, S/ggi. Pet., 6/20. Wheat., 2/385. 20. Right to sue for non-acceptance without awaiting maturity of biU. How., 18/517. Paine, l/igg. Pet., I/25, II/SO. Wash. C. C, 1/461. 21. Liability of drawer to acceptor. How., 11/177, 22/256. McLean, 5/2^9. Pet. C. C, 1/262. Wash. C. C, 3/323. II. PAETIES. 22. General nature of drawer's lia- bility. Bankr. Reg., 15/495. Brock., I/266. Pet., 11/80. . 23. Bills drawn by agents, partners, &o. Cranch C.C.,2/i64. Gall., l/ggo. Pet, 2/i8g. Ware, 2/320 See, also, Paet- NEESHIP, 23. 24. — or officer of corporation, bank, &c. Baldw., 1/292. Petv ^/l64. 25. Description of the parties. How., 6/i9Q^ 6/292. McLean, I/429. 26. Guarantors and sureties. How., 6/292, Otto, 5/9Q_ See, also. Guaranty; Principal and Surety. 26o. Rights and liabilities of the gov- ernment as a party. Op. Att.-Gen., 8/1 Pet., 15/377. Wall.,7/ggg Wheat., 12/559. III. VALIDITY. 27. Questioning the inception of the bill. Blatchf., 2/i8g. Wash. C. C, l/ioo. 28. BiUs drawn in time of war. Chase Dec, I/222. Gall., 2/325. Paine, l/l56. Wall.,7/ggg. Woods, 2/goi. See, also. War, I, 2. 29. Illegality. Int. Rev. Rec, 13/143. Wall., 4/447 ^/666. Woods, 1/439. 30. Fraud, duress, &c. Blatchf., 2/i8g. Cranch C. C, I/214. McLean, 3/172 31. Altered, or forged bills. Alb. L. J., 13/286. How., 11/177. MacArth., 1/415. Wall., 12/181. Wheat., 10/333 See, also. Alteration of In- struments, 6. rV. TEANSFEBS; AND EIGHTS OF PUE- CHASEES. 32. What is a negotiable draft. Cranch C. C, 2/314 McLean, 2/213 33. Draft on particular fund. McAll., 1/175. Mason, 1/306. 34. The right to pass title by indorse- ment. How., 21/432 .80 BILLS OF EXCHANGE, IV, V. 35. Indorsement ; ho-w and by -wlioni made. SufB.ciency. Blatchf., 3/43;^ Bond, 1/337. Cranch C. C., 4/g33_ Hempst., l/ig*. How., ^/l90. McLean, S/g^^ 4/^73^ 4/243^ 36. Special indorsements. Bond, 1/387. How., 9/263. Pet., n/go. Wash. C. C, 1/512, %4. 37. Effect of indorsement. Cranch, 6/221 "^li^g, Cranch C. C, ^428, V572, 2/370. Dall., 2/396. Mc- Lean, 1/414, % 4/u7. Wash. C. C, V424. 38. Contribution bet-ween indorsers. Bond, 1/592. Cranch C. C, S/ggg, 3/g4g^ 4/401. How., 5/278. Wheat., 12/594. 39. Subrogation of indorser to rights of holder. How., 2/711. Wash.C.C.,2/9Q. Wheat:, %20. 40. Assignment. Brock., 2/20 Hempst., I/72, I/164. How., 17/g. 41. Who is a purchaser in good faith and for value. Blatchf., 2/i8g_ How.,20/343_ Wall., '^/666, 2V354. 42. Ho^w far protected. Alb. L. J., 15/313; Blatchf., 14/499^ Cranch C. C, ^g How., 20/343^ McLean, 8/172, 3/5^7^ 4/427^ Otto, 3/g2_ 4/278. Pet., 15/377, l6/i_ Wall., 2/iio_ Wnsli. C. C, 1/100. Woodb. & M., 2/246. Woods, 1/439. 43. When parting with value must be sho-wn. Wall., 11/139. 44. Purchasing after maturity. Chic. L. N., 7/249_ Cranch C. C, 2/139, 2/i40. Petv 13/65, 14/318. Wall., 2l/i38. See, also. Notice, 3. 45. Taking a bill as collateral secu- rity, or in pa37Tnent of a pre-ex- isting debt. Blatchf., 1/412,1/438. How.,20/343, 21/432_ McLean, 2/gg9 Pet.,l6/i See; also. Deb- toe AND Ceeditoe, 23 ; Payment, 19. 46. WTien purchaser holds subject to equities bet-ween original par- ties. Blatchf., 2/186. Dall., 2/396. 47. Rights of purchaser of accommo- dation paper. Blatchf., 1/438. Cranch C. C, I/221. How., 21/^32 MacArth., I/112. Mc- Lean, 4/117 Pet-. 1^/121. Story, 3/393_ Wall., 21/241. Wash. C. C, l/ioo. V. EIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF IN- DOKSEBS. 1. Demand and notice. 48. Necessity, to hold dra-wer, or ac- ceptor. Biss.j 1/419 Brock., 2/20 Cranch C. C, 1/340. McLean, 4/133, 6/446. Pet-, 1/25, 1/89, 2/170, 10/572, 13/l36. Story, 2/502. Wash. C. C, 4/61, 4/464. Wheat, 12/559. 49. — to hold indorser. How., 4/262, ^/552. McLean, 4/123 Pet., 1/89, 2/96, 3/470. Pet. C. C, 1/171 Wash. C. C, 4/1, 4/6i_ 50. The time to demand payment. Days of grace. CranchC.C, 1/534,2/45, 2/^52, 2/i82;2/l87, 2/294, 2/313, 2/314, 2/417 How., 23/3g8_ Mason, l/i76. Pet., 1/25, ^g. Wash., C. C, 4/232. Wheat., 2/373^ 6/102, %81. 51. Validity of custom of bank to de- naand payment on fourth day. Pet., 1/25. Wheat., 9/g8i_ ll/^g^^ BILLS OF EXCHANGE, V. 81 52. Days of grace in District of Columbia. Cranch C. C, %^ %s7, ^89, ^klO, %6o, ^/sei. 53. Drafts payable "after sight" to be presented -within a reasona- ble time. Mason, 4;33g_ 5/^jg Paine, l/igg. 54. By -whom, and to ■whom, present- ment should be made. Cranch C. C, 2/434^ 2/54^ 55. Place of presentment. How., 5/g9 Sumn., l/478_ 56. Sufficiency of the demand. Cranch C. C, S/g^g How., ^12^2, 23/368. Pet., 1/25. Wall.,8/g4,_ 57. Necessity of protest, and notice of dishonor. Cranch C. C, 1/74^ 1/238. How., ^/23,«/234. McLean, 4/243_ Pet., IO/572. Wheat., 6/572. 58. Protest must be made by notary. How., 2/Qg_ McLean, ^j^si, ^kl&. 59. Form and contents of protest. How., 4/262_ 5/gg_ 17/g(,g_ 23/3gg^ See, also. Notaries, 2. 60. Proper time to give notice of dis- honor. Brock., 2/2Q Cranch C. C, I/340 2/226, %28. Paine, l/i56, 2/340^ Wash! C. C, 4/4g4_ Wheat., 12/5.59. 61. By ■whom, and to ■whom, the notice should be given. Cranch C. C, I/210, 2/240. How., 2/4.57. Wash. C. C, 4/1. 62. Proper form and contents of no- tice. Crancli C. C, 2/5. How., S/gg^ IT/g^g Mason, ^1^^^^ Pet., 2/543_ 63. Service of notice, generally. Cranch C. C, 2/37^^ 2/g4^_ McLean, V90, 3/96. Pet., 1/578, 2/9g_ 6/25Q_ 64. Notice by mail. Cranch C. C, 2/312, 4/71^ 5/^20. How., 6/248. Pet., 1/578, 2/96, 2/543. Wheat., 6/102. See, also, Notice, 9. 65. Proper time to mail notice. Cranch C. C, 2/394, 2/3gg^ 2/5,0^ 4/i3g Pet., 9/33, 10/572. Wheat., 2/373_ 66. What is using "due diligence;" and ho^w proved. How., 4/336, 9/552, 20/170, 2%68. Mc- Lean, 3/374_ Pet., l/,578, 9/33, 10/572. Wash. C. C, 2/191. Wheat., 12/559. 67. Due diligence a question of la^w for the court. How., 2/457^ 4/336_ Pet., 1/578, ^kz. See, also, Questions of Law and Fact, 9, 21. 2. Whoi mil excuse demand and notice. 68. In general. Brock., 2/2Q Cranch C. C, I/502 2/l64, 2/265. How., 2/457. 69. Cases ■where dra^wer has no funds in hands of dra-wee. Brock., 2/2Q Cranch, 4/i4j Cranch C. C, 1/238. How., 2/457_ McLean, 4/128. Mason, 4/113 Pet-, 10/572. Story, 2/502. Wash. C. C, 1/461, 2/514. 70. What amounts to ■waiver of de- mand and notice. Cranch C. C, I/213, 2/37 How., 20/49g_ Wall., 13/g. Wheat, 12/183. 3. Discharge. New promise. 71. Discharge, generally. Cranch C. C, I/238. How., 12/51. 82 BILLS OF EXCHANGE, V, VI, VII. 72. Effect of mere delay. McLean, %_ Mason, S/g^g^ 4/333 Wheat., 12/.54 73. Extensions of time to pay. Cranch C. C, % ^^^ Sjue, ^ks3, %3, */624. McLean, I/90, Z/^^^ S/ggg^ %76,%7,*/396. Pet., 6/250. Story, 2/4ig_ Wheat., 12/554 74. Taking a new security. Cranch C. C, S/ggg^ S/j^g McLean, •^/309. 75. Revival of liability by new pro- mise. Cranch C. C, I/213, 1/.534, %7, 2/172, %34. How., 20/4gQ_ Mason, 2/24^^^ Wheat., l2/i83_ VI. LAW OF PLACE. 76. Effect of, on rights of parties, generally. Baldw., 1/536. Bankr. Reg., 15/495 How., 18/517. Otto,l/406. Wall, 21/241 Wash. C. C, 3/3i3_ 77. — on acceptor's liability. Chic. L. N., 8/io5_ Otto, 1/406. Story, 2/3g3_ Wall ., 21/24^. 78. — on indorsements. Biss., 4/53 Cranch, ^Jzzi. Cranch C. C, 1/170, 2/370. McLean, ^gg^ 4/g_ 79. -- on days of grace. Cranch C. C, 2/334^ 3/33^ How., 4/317,23/368. Pet., 1/35, w/gig. Wheat., %81. 80. — on demand and notice, protest, &c. How., 23/3g8_ Mason, 4/333 81. — on amount recoverable, inter- est, &o. Cranch, 6/221. Cranch C. C, 1/573. How., 4/2g2. Int. Eev. Rec, 23/,^3_ Pet, ^Ini, 12/32, l%.5. Wheat., S/^oi. VIL ACTIONS ON BILLS OF EX- CHANGE. 82. "When the right to sue arises. Mason, 8/505^ 4/333 Story, 3/3g3_ Wash. C. C, 1/461. 83. WTien debt will lie. Cranch C. C, I/33, I/440, I/575. Mc- Lean, 3/^50 Pet., 6/20 AVheat., S/ggg^ See title Debt, (action of) 84. Bight of assignee to sue. Rev. Stat., § 629. Blatchf., S/^o^^ Brock., 2/20. McLean, 5/^06. Wall.,8/393_ See, also. Assignment, 28, 29. 85. — of indorsee. Hempst., 1/534. McLean, 5/^4,^^ 5/44g^ %6. Pet., 2/586, 10/572, ll/so,' 12/32' Wheat., 6/i46_ 9/537 Woodb. & M., 2/75 86. — of indorser who a second time comes into possession of the bill. Blatchf., 1/335 Bond, 1/592. Cranch C.C, 1/238. Paine, l/i56. Pet. C. C, 1/171. Sunin., 1/478. Wash. C. C, 3/494. Wheat., 3/^72. 87. Parties defendant. McLean, 4/343. Mason, 5/5g_ Wash. c. C, 1/100, 2/24. 88. The declaration. Blatchf., 1/438. Bo"<^) 2/296 Cranch., 6/221. Cranch C. C, 1/578, 2/164, 2/291. I>all., 3/365, 3/415. McLean, 1/433, 2/213. Paine, l/i56. Pet. C. C, I/350 Wash. 0. C, 1/461. 89. Matters of defence. Cranch C. C, l/ggg, I/470. How., "/g, 21/432. Int. Rev. Rec, 24/^^34 Qtto, BILLS OF EXCHANGE, VII— BILLS OF LADING. 83 6/268. Pet., 13/65^ 15/377. Wall., 1 2/131 . Wash. C. C, 1/504. 90. The plea, or ans'wer. Bond, 2.296. Plinv., 21/432. McLean, 1/317. 91. Various rules of evidence. Burden of proof. Blatchf., 2/i8g Brock., 2/20. Cranch C. C, 1/74, 1/584, 2/i64, 2/217, 2/625, 3/437. Gall., 2/233^ 2/325 How., 20/343_ 23/338 McLean, I/317. Pet., 'i^lm. Wash. C. C, 4/86^ 4/464. Wheat., ^koi, %72, ^/326. 92. Possession of the bill as evidence of title. Necessity of producing the hill. Alb. L. J., 15/313. Biss.,5/i86. How., 20/343. McLean, 5/373 Pet., 18/205. Sumn., 1/478. Wall., ^Jno, Wash. C. C, 2/gg^ 3/4Q4 See, also, Evidence, 160. 93. Striking out indorsements. Blatchf., 1/335. Cranch, T/^^g^ 7/373. Cranch C. C, I/238, %o, 2/539^ S/^^g^ 4/448. Ct. of CI., 4/252. McLean, 1/427, 3/150. P'liiie, Vi56. Pet. C. C, l/m. Wheat., 3/172. 94. Filling up blank indorsements. Alb. L. J., 13/286. Cranch C. C, 1/428, 2/15, 4/349. Pet., ll/so. Wall., 4/447. See, also, ante, 5. 95. Variance betiween declaration and prpof. Cranch C. C, 8/437. How., 14/505. McLean, I/427, 2/09, 4/3^3. Paine, 1/530. Pet., 1/476. 96. "When, and to what amount dam- ages are recoverable. Cranch, 4/333^ e/ggj, V/^qo. ' DalL, %44. How., 2/711^ 5/382_ 6/23_ Mason, 2/1. Paine, 1/156. Pet-, 12/32. Pet. C. C, 1/350. Wash. C. C, 4/3^o_ See, also. Damages, 13. 97. Exchange. Re-exchange. How., 2/^11. McLean, 1/423, ^IsB. Pahie,l/i56. Pet., 12/32, 13/65. Story, 2/214. 98. Actions on lost, forged or stolen bills. Cranch C. C, 2/293. Ct. of CI., 4/352. Int. Eev. Eec, I6/143 MacArth., I/415. Wash. C. C, 2/172. BILLS OF LADING. 1. General nature of the instrument. Abb. Adm., I/196. Ben., 6/igg_ Crabbe, I/534. Phil., (Pa.) 8/130. 2. Authority of master to bind owner by- Ben., 4/278 ^iss., 1/193. Blatchf., 7/244 Brown Adm., 1/351. Cent. L. Jv %6. Conn., 36/558. How., I8/182. Sprague, I/343 1/339. Taney, I/55, Wash. C. C, 3/43^ 4/110. Wheat., 8/6og. 3. Form and execution. Validity. Ben., 4/273. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/463. McLean, 4/259. Sprague, I/477. Wall., ^/325. Ware, 8/300. 4. How construed, generally. Am. L. Eeg., n. s., 5/493. ^en., s/igg. Blatchf., 2/336, 8/44_ 7/^33^ 7/235. Ct. of Ch, 5/252. Curt., 2/21. Law Eep., 4/332. Low., 1/483. Sprague, I/331. Wall., 13/636, "/98, "/579. Ware, 2/151, 2/172. 5. How far conclusive. Am. L. Eeg., 6/229. -^bb. Adm., 1/209. Blatchf., 2/116. Cranch, 6/333 Sprague, I/477. Wash. C. C, 2/449. 84 BILLS OF LADING— BILLS OF PARTICULAES. 6. Ho^w far open to explanation or contradiction by parol evidence. Abb. Adm., l/^s^ l/igg^ l/i96. ^iss., V76, ^/279. Blatchf., 7/22g Chic. L. N., 5/^8^ 01c. Adm., 1/140. Pliil-, (Pa.) 8/130. Sawyer, 2/^5 Sprague, V71, V309. Wall., 8/325_ 14/98_ W/^^g^ Wash. C. C, 3/5 See, also, Evidence, 85, 86. 7. Effect of usage to control tlie bill. Blatchf., 3/282. Wall., 17/651. 8. Effect of the bill on right to freight. Ben., 3/497^ 6/je2_ How., 21/537. 01°. Adm., 1/144. Sprague, I/123, 1/473. ■Wash. C. C, 4/^10. Wheat., S/g^g^ Woodb. & M., 2/jgg 9. Stipulations for demurrage. Ben., 2/1^ 8/47i_ Chic. L. N., 6/125. Holmes, 1/500. Low., 1/455. 10. Interpretation and effect of the phrase "received in good order." Abb. Adm., 1/397. Ben., 3/i4g_ Black, l/l56. Blatchf., 2/iig_ 3/52i_ Cliff., 3/i84. Deady, I/17. How., 12/347. Mc- All., I/18I. 01c. Adm., 1/140. Oreg. 1/409. Sawyer, 1/175, ^Il2. 11. — " contents unknown." Abb. Adm., 1/397. Blatchf., 2/^25, 3/303, %21, "/517. How., 12/272. 12. — " perils of the sea," " dangers of navigation." Abb. Adm., 1/343. ^^- ^- ^^S-> 1/262, %04. ^^- L. Reg., N. S., 9/3ii_ Ben., 5/564, 8/^39_ 8/^59^ S/^g^^ Biss., I/15, %4, %02. Blatchf., 5/335. Blatchf. & H., 1/300. Chic. L. N., 1/65, %17. How., 12/272, ^^/l62. Law Rep., N. s., ll/e. Int. Rev. Rec, 15/115. Wall., 8/153, 9/682, ^Vl29. Woods, I/406. 13. — " privilege of reshipping." Ben., 8/46 McLean, 6/296 14. Exceptions of loss by breakage, leakage, fire, &o. Ben., 3/575_ 4/3^5^ 4/503^ S/^^g, ^kei, V340,%97.%01. Biss., 3/317. Blatchf., %66,"/5l7. Low., 1/225. Newb.Adm., •^/464. 15. Negotiability. Ben., 7/242. Mason, 4/515 16. WTao may indorse the bill. Mason, 4/515 Pet., 1/335. Wash. C. C, 2/283. 17. Rights of indorsee or assignee in good faith and for value. Ben., 1/292, 3/279, ^/242. Biss., 5/154^ 7/365. Blatchf., 7/226. Chic. L. N., 8/66. Cranch C. C, 2/623 McLean, 6/487. 01c. Adm., 1/12, 1/498. Otto, I/92. Pet-,^/l47. Sprague, 1/473. Story, 3/122. Taney, I/504. Wall., 14/93, 14/253. 18. Effect of delivery of bill to pass title to goods. Blatchf., 5/220. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/3. Wall., 3/451 Wash. C. C, 2/283_ 2/294 See, also, Sales, 22. 19. Bight of consignor to stop, or sell goods in transitu, notwithstand- ing delivery of bill of lading to master. Wash. C. C, 2/233, 2/403_ Woods, 5/35. See, also. Sales, 33, 34. BILLS OF PARTICULARS. 1. Form, nature, and requisites of the bill. Int. Rev. Rec, 24/232. Otto, 6/557 Pet., 9/541. BILLS OF REVIEW— BLOCKADE. 85 2. Effect upon furtlier proceedings. Limiting proof. Blatchf., 1/297. McLean, S/ggg Vt., 20/666. BILLS OF REVIEW. 1. "What is a bill of review. Interpre- tation of statutes authorizing biUs of review. How., S/ggg^ l7/4gg_ Pet., 7/222^ 13/g^ 2. What decree will support it. Biss., 5/26. McLean, 3/^i Mason, 5/303. Pet., 8/^28, %62, 13/6. Woodb. & M., 3/359_ Woods, 2/241. 3. "When leave to file the bill is neces- sary ; and •wrhen granted. How., 22/282 McLean, S/^^^ 4/iQg Mason, 5/303. Wall., S/ggg. 4. Time within which to file the bill. Am. L. Reg., n. s., S/^^ Bee Adm., 1/64. Hempst., l/^g. How., 8/536. McLean, 3/^^. Pet., ^^1^81. Sprague, 1/13. Wheat., 10/146. 5. Contents and requisites of the bill. Abb. U. S., 2/559. Bankr. Reg., 17/474. DUl., I/281. How., 7/gi9 Otto, 5/99. Wall., 14/279. 6. Rules relative to parties, defences, &c. How., 22/2g2. McLean, I/249. Mason, 5/303. Otto, 5/391. Pet., 8/262^ 13/g 7. WTiat questions may be considered. Biss., 5/359. Otto, 5/99 5/434 Wall, 22/60 8. The relief granted. McLean, 4/i. Pet., 8/123^ 13/g Woods, 0. WTien a bill in the nature of a bill of review will lie. Cranch C. C, 2/147. McLean, I/249. Pet., 13/6. Story, 3/299. 10. Bill of review for errors of law. Hempst., 1/iig. How., I6/547. Pet., 13/6. 11. Bill of review for newly discovered evidence. How., I6/547 McLean, 8/41^ 4/106. Mason, 6/303 Story, 1/193^ 1/213. Wall., ^/519"- ^/805. BLANK INDORSEMENT. Biixs OF Exchange, 5, 94; PBOjnssoBY Notes, 5, 30, 127, 128. BLOCKADE. 1. The Right of blockade. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 2/334 Black, 2/635. Blatchf. Pr. Gas., l/i, 1/556. Cranch, 8/59 Sprague, 2/123. 2. "What is such a state of w^ar as to authorize blockade. Black, 2/635 Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/556. Sprague, 2/123. See, also, Wae, I, 1. 3. "What constitutes a blockade. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/59. Wall., 2/135 Ware, S/g^g 4. Blockade once established pre- sumed to continue. Wall., 2/474^ 2/48i_ 5. Effect of blockade : What is a viola- tion, generally. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/107, l/l33, Vl51, V28O, V288, V368, 1/656. Cranch, 4/135. Newb. Adm., I/366. Wall., 2/474^ S/ggg. 6. Notice, or knowledge of the fact of blockade necessary to constitute breach. Cranch, 4/135^ 6/335. Newb. Adm., 1/366, /393. 86 BLOCKADE. 7. "WTiat amounts to notice of an ex- isting blockade. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/i, I/2, 1/62, Ves, 1/357. 8. Overt act essential— mere intention to enter not enough. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/175. V291. Cranch, ^/l85. Newb. Adm.., I/393. 9. Wlietlier sailing for blockaded port, after notice, -wltli intent to enter, is an attempt to enter. Cranch, 4/^85^ ^5/335^ Q/ggg^ Newb. Adm., 1/366. Phil.* (Pa.) s/j^^g^ Sprague, 2/107. Wall , 2/^35_ 2/474_ Sj^^^ Sj^^^^ 10. "When approach by neutral ves- sel to inquire as to the blockade, is excusable. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/2, 1/133, V151, 1/175, V643, 1/654, 1/659. ^^^; (P^.) ^/ll6. Wall., 3/33^ 3/231^ 3/gQ3 11. "WTiat is such overwhelming neces- sity as wiU justify approaching or entering a blockaded port; and ho'W shown. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/g, l/ea, l/i67, 1/3I6, 1/368, 1/656, 1/663. Newb. Adm., l/gge. Wall., 7/354, 13. "When an approaching vessel is entitled to be •warned off. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., \ I/2, I/107, I/175, 1/654 1/659. Cranch, 6/29^7/402. Sprague, ^/l07. 13. Capture may be made by vessel not belonging to blockading squadron. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/260, 1/362. Wall., 3/gg4 See title Capture. 14. Rule that vessel must be taken in delicto, or the offence is purged. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/107. Gall., 2/210. Wall.,2/i35_6/,82. 15. Evidence on question of intent to violate blockade. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/94, 1/95, l/l27, l/l28, 1/129, l/l30, 1/131, 1/132, 1/144, 1/145, l/l50, l/l64, I/18I, l/l83, '*/210, 1/214, 1/219, 1/222, 1/232, 1/240, 1/242, 1/243, 1/246, 1/250, 1/262, 1/269, 1/271, 1/272, 1/275, 1/276, 1/273,, 1/286, 1/299, 1/300, 1/305, 1/327, 1/328, 1/329, 1/330, 1/331, 1/335, 1/353, 1/354, I/36I, 1/363, 1/367, 1/370, 1/371, 1/372, 1/373, 1/374, 1/379, I/38O, 1/550, 1/551, 1/554, 1/563, 1/564, 1/572, I/58O, I/58I, 1/608, 1/612, 1/614, 1/618, 1/623, 1/625, 1/626, 1/641, 1/658. ^ewb. Adm., I/393. Sprague, ^lies, 2/i97, 2/26I. Wall., 2/^35^ 2/474, ^/83, %14, %14, ^/768, ^/l, ^/l83, %74, %42, %63, %66, %82. Wash. C. C-, 2/243. 16. Prior violations by vessels seized evidence of intent. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/igy^ 1/235^ l/ggs, 1/288, 1/294, 1/355. Wall., 3/214. 17. Trans-shipment at neutral port not a defence. Blatchf Pr. Cas., 1/337^ I/434. Wall., %M, ^/559. 18. Bight of neutral vessel to egress from blockaded port. Black, 2/g35 Blatchf. .Pr. Cas., l/i. Wash. C. C, 3/381. Wheat., 3/^83. 19. Costs in condemnation proceed- ings. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/2. Newb. Adm., 1/366. 20. Termination of blockade. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/i Sprague, 2/203 Wall., 2/,35^ 2/474_ 3/33 " As to the rights of Neatrah, see Nbutrauty. As to the right of CaptMre, see Captueb. As to the condemnation of prizes, see Prize BONDS, I. 87 BODY OF A COUNTY. Jurisdiction of admiralty Within, see Ad- miralty, 10. BONA FIDE PURCHASER. Bills of Exchange, 41, &c. ; Pbomissoby Notes, 39, &c. ; Sales, 14, 15 ; Vendob and PUBOHASER, II. BONDED WAREHOUSE. Duties, 161 ; Waeehousemen. BOND FOR TITLE. Vendor and Purchaser, I. BONDS. I. FoBM, Construction, and Validity. II. Actions on Bonds. I. FOEM, CONSTEUCTION, AND VALID- ITY. 1. "WTiat la-w governs. Ben., 4/^94_ McLean, I/462. Pet., ^/l72, ^/435. 2. Execution. Bond, 2/379 Brock., 2/34 Chic. L. N., 5/477. Int- liev. Eec, I8/10. Op. A'tt.-Gen., S/^gg. Wall., le/i. 3. Necessity and suflQciency of seal. Baldw., 1/129. Blatchf., 14/272. Mc- Lean, 1/462. Pet., 15/290. Wash. C. C, ^/522. 4. Description of parties. Misnoraer. Cranch C. C, 2/391^ Sj^q^ ^^^^ Mc- Lean, l/i78. Pet., 5/373^ 10/257^ 10/343^ 14/201. 5. Delivery. Conditional delivery. Bscrovr. Cranch, ^/g-j^g 5/gg-|^ Cranch C. C, 1/193. How., 15/143. Pet., 5/641. 6. "What bonds are valid, generally. Ben., 4/194. Bond,2/i83_ Dill., 4/^53^ 4/200. How., 5/29 Paine, 1/435. 7. What bonds are void. Brock., 2/g^ McLean, ^l27Q. Pet., 5/115. Story, 1/1. 8. Bonds void in part. Gilp-, Vl55. 01c. Adm., 1/35. Pet., 10/343. 9. Statutory bonds : "When valid. Blatchf., 11/1. Brock., 1/177, ^1%. Cranch, 9/28. Gall., 1/475. Gilp-, l/l55. Int. Rev. Rec, H/n. Paine, I/336. Pet., %73,1%43. Wall.', 10/395. 10. Wlien void. Blatchf., 7/483_ Brock., 1/177, Vl95. Gilp., 1/155. Int. Rev. Rec, 12/94 Pet. C.C.,1/46. Sawyer, 4/590. Wall.^ IO/395. Wash. C. C, 4/e2o. 11. "When sustained as valid at com- mon la-w. Gall., 1/145. McLean, 8/3^3 Pet., 1*^/343, 1%90 12. How bonds are to be construed, generally. Cranch, 8/229. Hempst., I/225. How., Vl69, "/l4. Pet., 5/641, 8/399^ 14/3oi_ Wall., 7/447_ Wheat., 12/130. 13. The condition. Brock., I/380 2/gg Cranch C. C, 5/623. I^ay, (Conn.) 8/239. Grail., 1/338. McLean, 2/402. Pet. C. C, 1/252. Wall., %94 22/308. Wash. C. C, 3/140. 88 BONDS, I, II. 14. Assignment; and rights of as- signee. Brock., l/244_ Craiich, 6/g2 How., %6;%13. McLean, 4/^9 Wheat., i2/gQ5_ See title Assignment. 15. Joint and several bonds. Blatchf., 14/229_ Dall., 4/354 Gall, 1/32. How., 4/57g_ Sumn., 2/3^0^ 2/425, Wash. C. C, 4/44g_ 16. Bonds of indemnity. Rev. Stat., § 646. Cranch, 6/23g Pet. C. C, 1/132. Wheat., 12/605. 17. Negotiable bonds, and ho'w trans- ferred. Rights of bona fide holders. Alb. L. J., 7/3g2_ 13/292_ IS/ggg^ 18/353^ ^^/413, ^^/264. ^m. L. Eeg., N. s., 11/629. Ben., 6/^75. Biss., 1/314^ e/^gg^ Black, 2/722. Blatchf., 10/384. Cent. L. J., I/UO, 1/155, 2/396,7/353. Chic. L. N., 7/4i_ Ct. of CI., 5/3^2_ Dill., I/261, 3/18I, %00, ^/l36, ^/200, ^/372. How., Sl/^^g^ 24/237. Int. Rev. Rec, 23/329^ 24/^93 Otto, 2/447_ 4/202, 4/429, 6/51, 6/205, 6/211, 6/271, 7/83, 7/96. Wall., 1/83, 2/110, 2/283, 11/459, 13/297, 16/6, 21/354. West. Jur., 6/495, Woods, 2/i4j Woolw., l/gg. See, also, Counties, 8, 9. Municipal Coepo- EATIONS, 11, 22. 18. Coupons. Am. L. Reg., 4/59^^ 7/^93 Am. L. Reg., N. s., 5/555, Biss., l/gg. Blatchf. 13/245, 13/424, 13/434. Hill., 3/j47_ 3/3g9 How., 21/539 Hughes, 1/410. MacArth., 1/358. Otto, 2/502, 2/637, 4/801, 6/51, 6/659, 7/272, 7/374. Philv (Pa.) 3/290. Pittsb. (Pa.) 2/483, Wall., 1/175 3/327, 7/g2,9/4„_ 14/282. Wall. Jr., S/gg^ West. Jur., 9/113 Woods, 2/gy4 See, also, Inter- est, 8. II. ACTIONS ON BONDS. 10. When the cause of action arises. Form of action. Brock., l/g8o. Cranch C. C, l/ng. Day, (Conn.) S/ggg McLean, 2/^27. Paine, I/435. 20. Parties. Who may sue. Black, l/go9. Cranch C. C, 2/332, How., 4/g7g^ 7/573_ Mason, I/149. Wasli. C. C, 4/44g, Wheat., 1/85, 10/406. 21. Parties defendant in actions on joint and several bonds. Ben., 8/j Blatchf., 14/229. Brock., I/26I. Hempst., 1/222, 1/290, 1/428, 1/434. How., 6/279, l3/i83. McLean, 2/3^4 Pet., 1/46, 10/298, I2/22I, I6/303. 22. Declaration or petition, generally. Col. T., 2/3^3 Cranch, 5/2.57 Cranch C. C, 1/404, 4/139. Hill., l/ggg, Slu7, 3/389. Hempst., 1/294. How., 14/586. McLean, 2/3^4^ 5/354_ Mason, 2/4^g_ Paine, l/ggg, Woodb. & M., l/ggl. 23. Assignment of breaches. Bond, 2/:j.g Brock., I/177. Cranch C. C, 3/gg2, 3/gg4_ 4/^39_ Hempst., 1/197^ 1/219, 1/265. How., is/ggg. McLean, 4/577, Pet., 15/115. Wash. C.C, 4/326. Woc^db. & M., l/ggi. 24. Matters of defence. Plea. Biss., 4/280 Blatchf., 6/49g_ Col. T., 2/273, Cranch, 8/23 Cranch C. C, 1/440, 3/115, 3/684. Hill., 3/3g9 Gall., 1/69, 1/86. How., 1/104, ^/213, 11/22. McLean, 1/173, 2/405, 3/303, 4/i25, ^Im. Mason, 5/425, Otto, 7/^3_ 7/gg9_ Paine, 1/435, Pet., 10/257, 10/343. Taney, 1/75. Wall., 15/355, I6/1. Wash. C. C, 3/i4o, Wheat., 8/g9o_ BONDS, II— BOTTOMRY, I. 89 25. VEirious rules of evidence. Rev. Stat, § 886. Am. L. Reg., n. s., %55. Cranch C. C, l/isy. McLean, 3/303' Pet., 1/386. Wall., 16/6. Wash. C. C, 4/gg2_ 26. Variance betvreen declaration and proof. Brock., 1/177 Cranch, S/ggg Paine, 2/505. Wall., 4/g42_ 27. Requisites of verdict, or assess- ment of damages. Cranch C. C, I/250. Wash. C. C, 4/414. 28. Amount of recovery. Blatchf., 4/45_ 6/499_ Cranch, 4/333_ Cranch C.C, 2/553. Gall., 1/343. How., ^-/l59. McLean, l/i78_ 2/53^^ Paine, ■^/336, ^/422, ^/eei. Pst. C. C, 1/132. Wash. C. C, 1/1, 2/323. Wheat., 12/511. See, also, Damages, 14. 29. Judgment; and how enforced. Hempst., l/27i_ McLean,4/i25. Woodb. & M., 1/381. As to bonds on Appeal or error, see Appeal, 38 ; Ekeok, 44. As to Sail bonds, see Bazl, 7. Eecoguiz- ANCE. As to Official bonds, see Opi'ICERS; and the titles of the various officers. As to town, county, and city bonds In aid of railroads, see Counties, 8, 9; Municipal COEPOBATIONS, 11, 22. As to Bonding the res, in admiralty, see Ad- MIBALTY, 93. As to bonds for Duties, and under Internal revenue laws, see Duties, 163-166 ; Internal Bevenue, 27. BOOKS. Admissibility and effect As evidence, see Evi- dence, ISO, &c. When discharge will be refused because bank- rupt Kept improper books, see Bankkuptcy, 212. BOTTOIVIRY: RESPONDENTIA. I. Bottomry. 1. Stature and requisites of the contract. 2. Power to bind, the vessel ; and when it ■may be exercised. 3. The bond ; and how enforced. II. Eespondentia. I. BOTTOMRY. 1. Nature and requisites of the contract. 1. Distinction between bottomry and other loans. Blatchf. & H., l/go. Curt., I/340. JSTewb. Adm., 1/514 Paine, 1/571. Wash. C. C, 2/145 2. Essential facts to constitute the contract a bottomry loan entitled to carry marine interest, instead of a mere mortgage. Blatchf. & H., 1/66. Newb. Adm., 1/514. Woodb. & M., 2/92_ 3/236. 3. The risk -which the lender assumes of loss of vessel. Blatchf. & H., 1/66. lut- Rev. Eec, 2%53. Law Rep., 4/153 Newb.Adm., 1/514. Otto, 6/645. Paine, 1/571. Woodb. & M., 3/236. 4. Rights of the lender. 01c. Adm., 1/343. Pet., 8/533^ Story, 3/465. Sumn., 2/^57^ 3/223. Wash. C. C, 2/226. 5. How far the owners may be per- sonally bound. Pet., 8/538 Woodb. & M., 3/236. 2. Power to bind the vessel ; and when it may be exercised. 6. Owner may pledge the vessel for any purpose. 01c. Adm., 1/343. Paine, l/eTi. Sumn., 2/157. 90 BOTTOMRY, I. I. Power of master to give the bond. Bee Adrn., I/120, I/131. Ben., I/188, 2/107, 3/398. Blatchf. & H., 1/66, I/90. Curt., 2/^27. I"f- Bev. Rec, 7/^08. Low., 1/388. Mason, 8/255. Newb. Adm., 1/514. 01c. Adm., 1/55. Wash. C. C, 1/293, 3/1, 3/290, 3/484. Wlieat., l/gg. 8. The requisite necessity of raising money. Brock., 1/396. Cliff., 1/308. Crabbe, V236. Gilp., 1/457. OIc. Adm., 1/35. Pet. Adm., 2/295 Sumn., 2/^5^^ 8/223^ Taney, l/55_ 1/472. Wall., 8/129. Wash. C. C, 1/49^ 3/29Q 9. For what purposes money may be raised on marine interest. Ben., 2/458 Blatchf., 4/352. Blatchf. & H., V309. Crabbe, 1/236. Sprague, 1/133. Wheat., 1/96. Woodb. & M., 8/236. 3. The bond; and htm enforced. 10. Formal requisites. Sumn., 2/157. Woodb. & M., 8/236. II. Consideration. ■ Wash. C. C, 1/293, 3/290. 12. Registration. Sumn., 2/157. Woodb. & M., S/ggg 13. How construed. Effect of the bond. Ben., I/188. Blatchf. & H., 1/66. Crabbe, I/277. Holmes, 1/475. ^^^ Eep., 7/471. Mason, 8/341. Story, 8/455 14. "WTiat bonds are valid. Ben., 2/io7_ 2/458 01c. Adm., I/343. Pet. Adm., 2/295. Sumn., 2/157^ Wash. C. C, 2/145. 15. "WTiat bonds are void. Ben., 8/398. Curt., 1/340. How.,18/63. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 10/193. 16. Bonds void in part and good in part. Bee Adm., 1/151 How.,18/63. Mason, 8/25.5. Olc. Adm., 1/35 1/55. Pet., 8/538. Ware, I/249. 1*7. Haw the lien may be lost or yraived. Bee Adm., I/157. Cliff., I/308. Cranch, 4/328. Int. Rev. Rec, 15/145^ 24/353_ OttOj ^/645. Pet. Adm., 2/2957.. Taney, ^389, V472. Wheat., 1/96. 18. Priority between bottomry and other liens. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 8/475. Ben., 6/i_ Gall., 2/483. Olc- ^d^v V55. Paine, 1/671. Wheat., 1/96. 19. .Jurisdiction of proceedings for en- forcement. Blatchf. & H., 1/66 1/90. -Cranch, 9/126. Gall., 2/191 Paine, 1/671. Pet. Adm., 2/295™. Sumn., 2/^5^^ Wash. C. C, 1/293. See, also, Admibal- TY, 35. 20. Parties to suits on bottomry bonds. Intervention. Ben., 2/458. Cliff., I/308. Mason, 255. V472. 3/255. Olc. Adm., 1/55. Taney, 21. Evidence and burden of proof Ben., 2/3ig_ 2/323^ 2/458. lit- Bev. Rec, 8/3 Olc Adm., 1/35. Pet., 8/533. Sumn., 8/228 Taney, I/55 Wash. C. C, 3/290, 3/484. Wheat., 1/96. 22. Procedure ; defences, decree, &c. Blatchf., 4/352 Crabbe, I/277. Int. Rev. Rec, 15/130. Mason, 8/355 Story, %5. Ware, 1/249. Woods, 2/42. 23. Tacking seamen's ■wages. Abb. Adm., 1/150. Pet-, S/ggg BOTTOMRY, II— BOUNDARIES, I, II. 91 24. Fund in cotirt after sale of vessel not subject to general average as against bondholder. Am. L. Reg., n. s., ^l-i-j^. Chic. L. N.,7/89. Wall., 2042,_ II. EESPONDENTIA. 25. Time and purpose of the loan. Pet., 1/386. Wa^h. C. C, 4/662. 26. Rights of the parties. Interpreting the bond. Amount of recovery, &o. Am. L. Reg., 3/^7_ Baldw., l/iss. Mason, S/g^^^ 4:1^^^ Newb. Adm., 1/514. Pet., 6/262. ' As to liens upon vessels, generally, see Admi- ralty, 47, &c. ; SHrppmG, IX. BOUNDARIES. I. National and State Bottodabies. II. Peivate Boundaeies. I. NATIONAL AND STATE BOUNDA- EIES. 1. Decisions respecting the boundaries of the United States. How., 9/603. Mason, S/^^y^ Op. Att.- Gen., 8/i75_ Pet., ^53^ 6/691^ U/^^ 2. Interpretation of compacts and grants between states, respecting boundaries. How., 4/59i_ 13/38i_ 17/478_ Pet., H/i, "/l85, ^%33. Wheat., 5/3-4_ See, also. Compacts. 3. Is the question of national or state boimdary a political question ? How., 4/5gi_ Pet., 2/253_ 6/691^ 12/6g7_ -l4/4_ Wall., 11/39. See, also. Juris- diction, 17. 4. Jurisdiction of supreme court in questions of boundary between states. How., 4/591. Pet., 12/657. Wall., II/39. 5. Procedure in litigations betw^een states. How., 7/660, 1^478. Pet., I2/657 14/210. 6. Decisions respecting the bounda- ries of Alabama. How., I3/381, 23/gog. 7. — Georgia. Cranch, e/g^ How., 13/331, 2%05. Otto,3/4_ Pet., 2/216. 8. — Iowa. How., 7/660, ^°/l. 9. — Kentucky. Pet., 11/185. Wheat., 5/374. 10. — Maryland. How., I8/71. 11. — Massachusetts. How., 4/591 12. — Missoiuri. How., 7/660, l«/l, 24/41. 13. — New Jersey. Wash. 0. C, 4/37i_ 14. — Rhode Island. How., 4/591 15. —South Carolina. Otto, 3/4 16. — Tennessee. Pet., 11/185 II. PBIVATE BOUNDAEIES. 17. How proved, generally. Cranch C. C, 5/470. Cooke, (Tenn.) 1/142. Hempst., 1/344. How., 8/274. McLean, 1/513, 2/412. Pet-, '5/328. See, also. Evidence, 57. 18. — by maps, deeds, surveys, &c. Mason, 5/jg_ 5/4^0. Pet. C. C, I/496. all., 2/649, 23/46. Wall., Jr., 2/301, 92 BOUNDAEIES, II— BRIDGES. Wash. C. C, 4/ig9 Wheat., ij^^^ See, also, Evidence, 150, &c. ; 189, 190. 19. Effect of long possession. Black, l/i79_ McLean, 4/268. Mason, 5/ie. Wheat., %3. 20. Construction of agreements re- specting boundaries. Mason, S/^g. Wlieat., ^j^is^ 21. Lands bounded by -water. Biss., 7/2Q^ Black, I/204. How., 18/150, 24/41. Pet., 10/717. Pet. C. C, 1/64. Sawyer, 4/ggg_ Sumn., S/^^q. Wall., 2/587, 23/4g Wool w., 1/88. See, also, Deeds, 41 ; Riparian Hights, 2. BOUNTY. As to Bounties to enlisted men, see Pensioks AOT) BouimES, II. As to Bounty lands, see Public Lands, I, 5. BRIBERY. CBniiNAi, Law, 24. BRIDGES. 1. Po^wer of congress to authorize erection of bridges over naviga- ble streams. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 7/^^49 Black, 1/582. Blatcl.f., 4/74^ 4/395_ is/^gg How., 18/421. McLean, S/^gg Wall., ^j^^^^ 10/454 Woodb. & M., 1/401. Woolw.i Vl50. 2. Restrictions upon the right of a state so to do. Black, 1/582. Blatchf., ij.^ 4/395. How., 13/gi8_ McLean, S/ggg^ S/^gg^ 6/70, 6/209, 6/237. Phil., (Pa.) 9/475. Wall., 2/403. 3. Authority from state does not oust jurisdiction of circuit court to en- join. Am. L. Reg., s/^g Am. L. Reg., n. S-, 10/449. Biss., 5/4iQ^ 5/420. Blatchf., 6/276. !>''•■> 1/469. Int- Kev. Eec, 18/142. 4. Inviolability of bridged charters. How., 10/511. Wall., l/ii6^ 3/51. 5. "What is such an obstruction to navigation as -will authorize an injunction. Black, 2/485 Blatchf., 11/374^ 18/409. McLean, 6/237^ 6/51^ Pet., 12/91. ' Wall., 3/713. See, also, Navigation, 5. 6. "What obstruction is indictable. Black, 2/485 7. Rights and duties of cities in re- spect to bridges over navigable streams within their limits. Biss., 1/510. Otto, 6/205. 8. Infringements of bridge franchises. Dill-, 2/332. Wall, 1/iig. 9. Action for damages caused by ob- structions to navigation. Biss., 1/510. McLean, 6/209. 10. The Clinton bridge cases. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 7/149 Wall., 10/464. Woolw., 1/150. 11. The "Wheeling bridge cases. How.. 13/518^ I8/421. BROKERS. PEDSrCIPAL AND AgBNT, IV. BROOKLYN. Mtjnicipai, Corporations, 35. CANAL COMPANIES— CAPTURE, I. 93 BUILDING ASSOCIATIONS. Societies and Associations. BURDEN OF PROOF. Etidence, 64-74; mid tlie titles of the various causes of action. BURGLARY. Ceiminal Law, 25. BY-LAWS. CoKPOEATiONS, 45 ; Municipal Coepoka- TIONS, 12. c CALIFORNIA. As to the Political organization of the state, see States, II. For decisions respecting Private land claims in California, under Spanish and Mexican grants, see GEAiJTS ; Private Land Claims, I. As to the Public land system of the state, see Pl-blic Lands, 99. CALLS. As to assessments on Stock sui COKPORATIONS, 33-36. '/ions, see CANAL COMPANIES. 1. Incorporation, and charters. Crauch C. C, 3/599_ Dill., 4/^0^ How., 9/i72. 2. AccLuisition of lands ; and compen- sation therefor. Eev. Stat., § 2339. Cranch C. C, %99, ^/es, ^/75. 3. Construoting ■works. Cent. L. J., l/ioi. Cranch C. C, %99. Sumn., I/46. 4. Surplus -water. Law Rep., n. s., n/ggg. Pet., 8I201, 5. Tolls, freight, &c. Eev. Stat., § 5245. Ben., 7/^5, How., 9/^72. 6. Exemption of canal boats from en- rollment and license, hospital tax, &c. Rev. Stat, § 4251, 4400, 4804. Stat, at L., 18/3^ Ben., S/ggj I„t. Rev. Rec, is/^g Op. Att.-Gen., 13/330 Wall. Jr., 3/,99 As to the Jurisdiction of admiralty over canal boats, see Admiralty, 22. CANCELLATION OF INSTRUMENTS. Equity, 24. CAPIAS. CAPTURE. [Consult, also,' Prize, II, III; War, IV, VI.] I. Grounds foe Captuee ; and heeein OF Probable Cause. II. What Constitutes a Capture ; and WHAT Persons or Vessels may make Captures. III. Captoes; theie Eights, Powers, Du- ties, and Liabilities. L G-EOUNDS foe captuee ; AND HEEEIN OF PEOBABLE CAUSE. 1. The Right of capture, generally. Blatclif. Pr. Cas., l/gee. Car. Law 94 CAPTURE, I, II, III. Repos., 2/j92 Cranch, S/^gi^ 8/^5^^ 9/^26. al'-> V545. Mason, 2/23^^ 3/^^g Newb. Adm., 1/383. Wall., e/^gg Wheat., ^/46, %27, ^/435, ^/52, ^Vl. 2. What property is subject to cap- ture, generally. Cranch, 8/^91. Dall., 2/^ Newb. Adm., 1/400. Otto, 7/39 Wall., 2/404 3. Oaptiire for breach of blockade. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/260, ^/s??. Cranch, %35, ^/402, 8/451. Gall., 1/545. See, also, Blockade,13. 4. Carrying contraband goods. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/337. Pet., S/^gg^ See, also. War, IV. 5. Trading -witli the enemy, or under enemy's license. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/260. Cranch, 2/170, 8/203. Wheat., 4/^00 See, also, Wae, V. VI. 6. Property of citizen withdra-wn from enemy's country, subject to cap- ture. Cranch, 8/^55^ 8/253^ 8/335^ 8/3g2_ Gall., ^/295, ■^/467. T. Captures of neutral property, or •within neutral -w^aters. Dall., 2/34_ 3/3^33. Wall., 5/i7o^ 5/^73, ^/l79, ^/517, ''/266. Wheat., 1/403, %35. 8. Effect of outfit, or augmentation of force, in neutral cotintry. Paine, 2/ggg. Wheat., 7/233^ H^^-^_ 0. Effect of probable cause of suspi- cion to justify capture, or miti- gate damages for wrongful cap- ture. Cranch, \ %, Gall., 1/513, %40, 2/325. Wheat., 9/362, ^%. 10. "What constitutes probable cause. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/eg. Cranch, l/i. 3/458. Dall., 3/333. Gall., I/315, 2/340^ Mason, 1/24. Pet, 8/495 Wheat., 2/327^ See, also. Prize, 96. II. WHAT CONSTITUTES A CAPTUEE: AND WHAT PERSONS OR VES- SELS MAY MAKE CAPTURES. 11. Wliat amounts to a capture. Cranch, 8/ig9 9/3g8_ Gall., 1/532. Pet. Adm., 2/309 Wall., 10/577. Wheat., %61. 12. Powers of congress to make " rules concerning captures on land and water." Const., Art. I, § VIII, 12. Cranch, 8/110. 13. Requisites of vessel's commission, armament, &c., to authorize cap- tures. Eev. Stat, § 4614. Brock., 1/478. Low., I/280. Wheat., S/^^^^ 7/233. Woolw., 1/236. See, also. Blockade, 13. 14. Validity of captures by non-com- missioned vessels. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/goe. GaU., 2/240. Pet, 8/495 Wheat., 2/227^ 4/^go_ e/^^ 15. wnen persons making unlawful captures will be regarded as pirates. Wheat, 4/497^ 5/^44 5/338 6/l52. in. CAPTORS; THEIR EIGHTS, POW- ERS, DUTIES, AND LIABILITIES. 16. Rights of government paramount. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/935. WaU., 6/498^ Wheat., 10/306. 17. Time at which capture takes effect so as to pass title. Am. L. Reg., n. s., S/gg Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/020. Cranch, 8/22^ Dall., 2/1, 3/188, Wall., 3/45i_ CAPTURE, III. 95 18. Rights of captors, generally. Rev. Stat., § 4630. Cranch, S/ggg Gall., 1/315. Low., 1/30. Wall., 8/451 Wheat., 1/159. 19. of joint captors. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/gge. DalL, 2/3^ Wall., 3/425. Woolw., 1/236. 20. Recapture. Rev. Stilt., § 4652. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/99. Brock., I/235. Cranch, %21, %5, 9/244. Wash. C. C, 2/54^ 2/gi_ Wheat., 1/125 3/78. 21. Rights of original owners in cases of abandonment, forfeiture, &c. Call., 3/188. Wheat., %38, %52. 22. Effect of capture on right to freight, and liability there- for. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/igo I/325. Cranch, ^/418, 9/209. Grail., 1/274^ 1/315^ 2/2gi_ Law Rep., 2/133 Sumn., 2/542 Wheat., •^/lo9, 9/658. 23. Rights, and custody of captured ofilcers and crew. Blatchf Pr. Cas., l/ioi, 1/215. Gall., 2/78. Mason, I/24. Phil., (Pa.) ij^^Q^ Wheat., 2/345_ 24. Duties of captors. Rev. Stat., § 4615. Gall., 2/93^ Ma- son, 1/24. Wall., 3/45i_ 5/gi7_ 25. Burden of proof as between cap- tors and claimant. Brock., 1/478. DalL, 2/i9_ Gall., Vo63, 2/240. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/40. Wall., 2/135 Van Ness Pr. Cas., 1/45. Wheat., %85, % Vi^z, ^/i08. See, also. Prize, 60, 61. 26. Damages for unlawful capture. Cranch, 2;,,4^ 3/453 DalL, 2/1^ 3/333_ Gall., 1/315. Mason, I/91 Pet. Adm., 2/330. Story, 2/8i_ Wash. C.C, 1/245. Wheat., 3/g4g_ 5/385^ 9/332. 27. — for misconduct in making the capture. Blatchf Pr. Cas., l/ioi. Gall., I/315 Wheat., 2/327_ 3/435_ 28. Allowance of captors' expenses in cases of probable cause. Car. Law Repos., 1/190. Cranch 8/451. Gall., 1/545. 29. Restoration of property unlaw- fully captured. Blatchf Pr. Cas., 1/99. DalL, 3/133^ 3/307. ^GalL, 1/585. Mason, %. Wall.,' %66. Wheat., I/408, 6/i52^ 6/23g_ See, also. Prize, V. SO. Ransom ; and herein of the valid- ity of ransom bills. Bee Adm., I/128. DalL, 2/1 GalL, 2/325. Pet. C. C, 1/142. 31. Validity of captures of enemy's property on land. Am. L. Reg., n, s., 8/22. Ben., S/ng^ Woolw.. 1/236. CAPTURED AND ABANDONED PROP- ERTY ACT. Wab, VIII. CARGO. Stowage of, see Carkiebs, 12, 13 ; Shipping, 53, 54. • InsuraTice of, see IsrsuBANCE, I. Becovery of damage to, by Collision, see Col- lision, 105. When liable to contribute in Oeneral average, see Insttbaitce, I, 11 ; Shipping, VIII, 3. 96 CARRIERS, I. CARRIERS. I. Caeeiebs op Meechandisb. 11. Caeeiers or Passengers. III. Effect or Notices and Speciai. Con- TEACTS. I. CARRIEES OF MEKCHAKDISE. 1. "WTio are common carriers. Cent. L. J., 3/59^ How., 21/^ How. Pr., 19/334. Law Rep., n. s., S/ggg Story, 2/16. Ware, 2/82. 2. "WTio are not. Special and private carriers. Sprague, I/343. Story, 2/ig 3. Express companies as carriers. Blatehf., 4/455 How., 6/344 Wall., 15/524 See title Expkess Companies. 4. steam tow-boats as carriers. Abb. U.S., 1/465. Ben., 1/109. Biss., 5/460. Blatchf., 3/54 Bond, S/ggg Brown Adm., 1/59^ I/281. Chic. L. N., 3/217. How. Pr., 22/^g Int. Rev. Rec, 13/150. Law. Rep., N.S., 3/399_ Wall., 5. G-enerai nature of the carrier's lia- bility. Abb. U. S., 2/i97_ Biss., 1/522. Int. Rev. Rec, 15/26. Sprague, 1/530. Taney, 1/.55. Wall., 15/524. 6. — "Where there are connecting lines. Blatchf., 3/279^ l4/9_ Chic. L. N., %78, ^°/65. How., 6/344 Int- -^ev. Rec, 23/3gg Otto, 3/i74_ 5/43 Wall., i6/3ig_ West. jJur., 7/29y_ Woods, 1/134 See Express Companies, 5; Raii.eoad Companies, 29, 30. 7. Effect of custom or usage on car- rier's liability. Abb. Adra., 1/348. Gall., I/443. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 9/281. Sumn., 2/53^ Wall., 3/150 See, also, post, 29. 8. The care and diligence required. Blatchf., 4/203. How., 14/468, ^^/469, 22/49i_ Pet., 2/150. Spragae, 1/331 2/3i_ Story, 2/jg_ Wheat., 2/100. 9. Delivery to the carrier. Rev. Stat., § 4281. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 17/231. Blatchf., 3/305 Cliff., 1/322. How., 24/38g Sprague, 1/477, 10. BUI of lading not the only evidence of such delivery. Blatchf. & H., 1/465. Cent. L. J., 3/56. Cranch C. C, S/gig Curt., 2/21 Phil, (Pa.) 8/i3o. Sprague, I/324. See title Bills of Lading. 11. Duty of carrier in respect to vessel employed. Biss., 3/49g Chic L. N., 2/249_ 2/3^^ Gall., 1/443. How., 21/7 Taney, 1/485. Wall., 9/52g. 12. — in respect to sto'wage of goods. Abb. Adm., 1/343. Ben., 8/49^ Blatchf., 1/203, %66, ^/l93. How., 12/272, 12/347 How. Pr., 19/241. -'-'^^^ Rep., ^'- Sv ^^/492. Sprague, I/343, I/530, 2/23. Sumn., 2/5g7_ 3/405. Wall, 13/072. Wash. C. C, 1/13. 13. Carriage of goods on deck. Ben., 8/3 Black, 1/494. Curt., 2/31. How., 17/100. Law Rep., n. s., I6/492. Ware, I/188, I/322, ^541, ^/lei. 14. Commencement and termination of the UabUity. Duty to forward goods. Abb. Adm., I/209. Blatchf., 2/^ig HoNV., 24/38g .Story, 8/349 Wall, ^/225, ®/l53. CARRIERS, I. 97 15. Liability for loss, or damage, gen- erally. Abb. Adm., 1/37^ 1/97. Ben., s/g^g. Black, l/i56. How., 21/7_ 24/247_ Mc- Lean, 3/405_ 4/259^ 4/325^ 6/7e_ Ne^vb. Adm., 1/221. ^^- ^- Leg. Obs., S/ggi. Olc. Adm., 1/444. Sawyer, \ 8/176. Sprague, 1/331^ 2/^9 Stoiy, 8/349 16. "WTiat amounts to negligence. Blatchf., l/i96. How., 6/344_ 16/^59 Olc. Adm., 1/110: Sprague, 1/324. Wall., 15/524. 17. Liability for delay in transporta- tion. Am. L. Reg., 7/^9^ Black, I/170. Blatchf., l/i96. How., 12/272. O^c. Adm., 1/110. Wall., 10/176. 18. "What ■will excuse the carrier — act of God, or of tbe public enemy. Abb. Adm., l/go^ l/ng. Ben., S/^^g Cent. L. J., 3/4jLg_ How., 12/347^ 21/7. Story, 3/349. Wall., IO/176. 19. — perils of the sea. Abb. Adm., 1/348. Am. L. Reg., 1/262. -^m- L. Reg., N. s., 8/gi4 Ben., 8/139 Blatchf., 5/335 Blatchf & H., 1/300. Crabbe, I/405. How., "/ipo, 19/162, 1%12. Int- I^ev. Rec, IS/ng^ N. Y. Leg. Obs., S/ggi. Olc. Adm., 1/444. Stoiy, 3/349 Wall., 11/129. Ware, 2/i84 See, also. Bills of Lading, 12. 20. — fire on board the ship. Rev. Stat., 4282. Blatchf, 11/290. How., 19/312, 24/1. Sawyer, 2/343 Wall., ^/l50. 21. — leakage or s-weating of mer- chandise. Black, l/i56. How., 12/272. Sprague, ■2/1 22. — prevention of delivery by sani- tary or quarantine regula- tions. Abb. Adm., I/209. Blatchf, 2/j^^g 23. Accidents which -will not excuse the carrier. Cliff., 1/322. Deady, 1/32. How., 24/38g Law Rep., n. s., I8/277. Sprague, 1/331, 1/477, 1/527. 24. Delivery by the carrier a condition precedent to right to freight. Abb. Adm., I/499 Blatchf, 1^/374 Cliff, 1/358. How., 21/527 22/491. Story, 2/81. Wash. T., 1/112. See, also. Ship- ping, lY, 1. 25. Necessity of notice to consignee ; and -what ■will excuse notice. Abb. U. S., 1/1. Ben., 6/5^7 Chase Dec, 1/125. Curt., 2/21 Law Rep., N. s., 11/14. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/4 Olc. Adm., 1/43. Otto, 3/575. Ware, 1/541. 26. "What is a sufBcient delivery. Place of delivery. Am. L. Reg., 2/553^ Gj^^^^ 11/237 Ben., 1/46, %6, ^/297. Blatchf, 3/289^ S/g^g^ Blatchf &H., 1/151. Bond, 1/105. Cliff., 1/396. Curt., 2/21 How., 23/23 Lit. Rev. Rec, 14/134. Law Rep., 2l/g. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/4_ l2/,oo_ Ware, 1/541. Woods, 1/406. 27. Delivery at intermediate port. Abb. Adm., I/499. Cranch C. C, 5/559 28. Time of delivery. Effect of delay. Abb. Adm., 1/30, V548. Blatchf, l/l96. How., 23/28. McLean, 6/29g. Newb. Adm., I/171. Olc. Adm., I/43 1/110. Wall., 5/481." 29. Effect of custom or usage on sufiB.- ciency of delivery. Abb. Adm., 1/209. Biss.,1/49. Blatchf, G 98 CARRIERS, I, II %82 %16. How., 23/2g McLean, e/ggg^ Newb. Adm., I/171 Olc. Adm., l/43_ Otto, 3/g7g_ Woods, 1/358. See, also, ante, 7. 30. Duty of carrier in case of refusal of consignee to receive the goods. Ben., 8/4g Blatchf., S/ggg Sprague, 1/473. Story, 2/81 31. Carrier's po-wer to sell the goods in oases of necessity. Abb. Adm., 1/215. Blatchf., l/ggg. 32. Mis-delivery. Right of carrier to dispute shipper's title. Ben., 2/445^ 2/gi9_ 3/279_ Black, l/ioi. Blatchf., 7/226_ 11/218. I"!*- ^ev. Rec, 23/223. Olc. Adm., 1/498. Otto, 4/549 Wall, 14/98. Ware, 2/82. Woods, I/131. 33. Bight to freight, and lien therefor. Ben., 2/434_ 3/39^ 4/278^ Biss., 'i^i'j^ Black, I/108. Blatchf., 4/368, 4/443, ^%7i. Cliff., 1/68. Conn., 86/558. Cranch C. C, 1/549, ^/559. How., 21/527 How. Pr., I8/25. Int. Rev. Rec, 15/34. Law Rep., 19/36. Pet., 8/^81. Sprague, I/473. Wall., 5/481. Ware, 3/52_ 3/260. Wash. C. C, 4/181. Wheat., 12/383. Woodb. & M., 2/^58. See, also. Shipping, IV. 34. Presiunptions against the carrier in cases of loss or daraage. Ben., 2/329^ 8/^39 Black, I/156. Blatchf., 6/193. Cliff., 3/i84 Deady, 1/420. McAlL, I/181. McLean, 6/7g_ Newb. Adm., I/525. Sprague, 1/331, V348. Taney, I/519. 35. Onus on carrier to show cause of loss not his fault. Abb. Adm., l/go, I/397. Am. L. Reg., 1/262. Ben., 2/5^^ Sj^^^^ 4/3^9 Black, l/i56. Blatchf., 2/^25 How., 12/272, 12/347. I»t- Rev. Rec, 14/^63. Law Rep., K. s., I6/492. McAll., 1/181. Newb. Adm., I/221, 1/454 V504. Olc Adm., 1/140. Sawyer, I/176, 2/^ Sprague, Vsai, V527 2/19. Story, 3/349 %5. Taney, I/519. Wall. Jr., 3/329. 36. Rules of pleading and evidence in actions against carriers of freight. Ben., 3/148 Blatchf., S/^^ Zj^_ 8/34^ Burn., (Wis.) I/158. How., 12/373, ^^si, 21/343. Newb. Adm., I/528. Sprague, 2/28. Wash. T., 1/112. 37. Amount of damages recoverable. Abb. Adm., I/119, 1/215. Am. L. Reg-, 5/459 Blatchf., 2/116, 5/28o_ Blatchf. & H., 1/300. Chic L. N., 7/29i_ Low., 1/366, 1/464. McLean, ^j^^^^ Newb. Adm., l/g. Sprague, I/530. Wall. Jr., 3/229 Wash. C. C, I/13. See, also, Damages, 11. II. CAEEIEES OF PASSENGERS. 38. Obligation to carry. Blatchf, 3/524^ ll/233_ Chic L. N., 5/109. Dak. T., 1/351. Gilp., 1/332. Mason, 3/242. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 10/353^ Sumn., 2/221. Taney, 1/11. Wall., 4/605, ^/578. 39. General duty of the carrier toward the passenger. Blatchf., 3/270, ^/l58. Cent. L. J., 3/591. Chic. L. N., 7/347 Cliff., 1/145. How., 16/469. McLean, 2/^57 Pet., 2/150, 11/102, l^/l81. Sawyer, S/g^^ 4/185. 40. Rights and duties of passengers. Abb. Adm., 1/80. Alb. L. J., 8/54 Blatchf. & H., 1/569. Int- Rev. Rec, l%5. Mason, 3/242. Pet. Adm., I/123. CARRIERS, II, III— CASES CERTIFIED. 99 41. Tickets; and liow construed. Free tickets. Abb. Adm., 1/48. Blatclif., 3/524. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 10/353. Pli'lv (Pa.) 1/468. Wall., 17/35^ See, also, Raileoad Companies, 18. 42. Liability for injuries to passengers. Alb. L. J., 15/61. Chic. L. N., 7/347_ How., 14/468, 16/4g9_ McAll., I/104. Mc- Lean, 1/540, ^/l57, ^/22. Pet., 13/i8i_ Sawyer, 8/397 ij^^^^ Taney, l/n. Wall., 17/357 See, also, Raileoad Compa- nies, 21, 22. 43. — or employees. Abb. Adm., l/gg. How., I6/469. 44. "WTiat is baggage; and liability tlierefor. Am. L. Reg., I6/533. Ben., 7/^5^ Biss., 1/35. Blatchf., 2/33g_ 5/538_ e/g^^ 10/16. Dak. T., 1/351. Int. Rev. Rec, 22/3og_ Newb. Adm., 1/494. Wall., 12/362. Woolw., 1/365. 45. Custody of baggage; and effect of negligence of passenger. Abb. U. S., 2/49 Woolw., 1/365. in. EFFECT OF NOTICES AND SPE- CIAL CONTEACTS. 46. Tlie right to limit the common la-w liability. Biss., 3/394^ Chic. L. N., 7/291. How., 6/344. Wall., 3/107. 47. Effect of mere notice ; or memo- randum in receipt, ticket, &o. Am. L. Reg., 16/533_ Blatchf., e/g^ Chic. L. N., 5/278. Deady, I/17 How., 6/344. McLean, 6/^7^ Newb. Adm., 1/59, V464. Otto, 3/174 Wall., I6/318. West. Jur., 7/297. 48. Operation and effect of special agreements, generally. Am. L. Reg., I6/533. Blatchf., e/g^^ 14/9. Chic. L. N., 7/290. Crabbe, 1/534. Dill., 1/531. Wall.,. 3/^07, 21/264. See, also, Express Companies, 4. 49. — upon carrier's liability for negli- gence. Alb. L. J., 15/188. Ben., 4/27^^ S/^gg. Chic. L. N., 6/77 Deady, 1/17 How., 6/344. Newb. Adm., 1/464. Wall., 3/^07^ As to the interpretation, validity, and effect of Bells of Lading, see that title. As to the Pleasure of damages, in actions to enforce the carrier's liability, see Damages, 11. For further decisions illustrating the law of common carriers, see Express Companies; Railroad Companies ; Shipping. CARRYING THE MAIL Post Ofi-icb, 6-9. CASE. When a proper Form of action, see Action, 14. CASES AFFIRMED, REVERSED, &c. See Table op Cases Criticised, post. CASES CERTIFIED. 1. "What cases or questions may be carried up by certificate of divi- sion of opinion. Rev. Stat., § 651, 697. Blatchf., 6/275. Pet., 10/25. Wall., 4/2^ ll/i_ 20/387 Wheat., 6/542_ 2. "What may not be. Black, 1/503. How., 1/235, V28I, V282, 15/137, 24/303. Pet., 6/26, 9/267, "/524. 100 CASES CEETIFIED— CERTIFICATE. Wall, 7/580^ 9/103,13/251, IS/igg, Wheat, 3/600, %4, 12/212. Woodb. & M, 2/1 3. Only the point on -whicli division arose to be certified or considered in supreme court. Eev. Stat, § 652. Black, S/^gp^ Cranch, 2/33 Pet., 4/^72, ^/392, ^/267, 11/55, 12/207, 12/238. Wheat, 10/1. 4. The whole cause not to be certi- fied. How., %i_ Vl, 7/185, 10/54, l«/565. Pet., 4/392, 10/25, 12/207, 12/238. Wall., %50. 5. Certificates pro forma not en- couraged. Actual division of opinion necessary. Black, 1/503.' How., 7/185^ 10/54 Pet., 14/524. 6. Divisions of opinion must be on questions of law, not of fact, or weight of evidence. Black, 1/582. How., 2/253, ^/258, 1%65, I8/577. Wall., 4/2. 7. Discretionary action not reviewable except in oases of strict right. How., 5/215, 7/i85, 24/3Q3_ Pet., O/gg, %18, 10/286, 10/366, 10/408. Wash. C. C, 4/332. Wheat., 6/542. Woodb. &M., 2/1; 8. Form and requisites of the certifi- cate. Certainty required in stat- ing questions certified. Cranch, 8/212. How., S/gog, 7/546, I8/565, I8/577, 19/885. Pet., 3/269, Vl50, 8/495. Wall., 3/250, 3/294. Wheat., 11/237, 11/415, 12/370. 9. Effect of division of opinion in supreme court. Black, 1/582. • Blatchf., 5/gg_ Wall, 10/482. Wheat., 4/230, 10/66. For Other methods of review by Supreme Court, see Appeal ; Cbhtioraki ; Eekob ; Supbeme COTJET. CASHIER. Banks and Banking, 42, 43. CATTLE. As to offence of Oruelty to, see Cbiminai Law, 31. As to liability of Mailroad company for kill- ing stock on track, see Eaileoad Companies, 17. CAUSE OF ACTION. For decisions as to any particular cause of action, see its Title, or that of tbe Remedy by which it is enforced. . For causes of action against Officers, Corpora- lions, Trustees, &e., see those titles. For rights of action arising out of the various Personal and Legal relations, see such titles as AccoTTifTiNG ; Attoeney and Client ; Debtoe andCeeditoe; Doweb; Exectttoes and Ad- MINISTBATOES ; GrUAEDIAN AND WabD ; HlTS- band and Wife; Infants; Lanbloed and Tenant; Masteb and Seevant; Paeent' AND Child ; Partnership ; Peincipal and Agent; Principal and Sueety; Vendor AND Purchaser. CAVEAT. Patents, 94-98. CAVEAT EMPTOR. Execution, I, 6 ; Sales, III ; Vendoe and Purchaser, II. CERTIFICATE. Of Acknowledgment, see Deeds, II; Husband AND Wife, VI ; Mortgages, I, 2. Of Deposit, see Banks, 25. Of Division of opinion of Circuit Court, see Cases Cebtipied, 8. Of Stock, see Corpoeations, II ; Eailboad Companies, I. As to the admissibility and effect of Official certificates and Certified copies of written instru- ments, as evidence, see Evidence, IV, 6. For rules particularly relating to Notarial cer- tificates, see Evidence, 169 ; Notabies 2. CERTIORARI— CHAMPERTY AND MAINTENANCE. 101 CERTIFIED CHECKS. CESSIONS. Baiuks and Bankiiig, 27. Public Lands, 8, 9 ; Treaties, 7. CESTUI QUE TRUST. CERTIORARI. Tbtjsts, III. I. When the writ will lie, generally. Blatchf., 5/303 Cranch C. C, 4/3^7. CHALLENGE. Hempst., 1/195. To fight a Duel, see Criminai Law, 36. 2. When it should be refused. To Jurors, see Trial, IV. Blatchf., 3/^gQ Ball., Sj^^^^ Otto, i/258. Wall., 1/243. CHAMPERTY AND MAINTENANCE. 3. When it will lie to review proceed- 1. Effect of champerty upon contracts. ings of forcible entry and de- tainer. Blatchf, 4/go3 How., 17/616, 2O/467. Cranch C. C, I/500, 5/343. See, also, See, also, Contracts, 65. FOECIBLE EnTEY, 5. 2. — upon deeds. 4. When allowed in aid of an appeal, How., 20/437 McLean, 4/486. or writ of error. 3. Ohampertons acts by attorneys. Black, 1/77. Cranch, 3/514 7/288 How., Bankr. Reg., 3/41Q Hempst., I/715. 3/553,19/8. Pet., 7/171. Wall., 1/690, 3/382, How., I8/507, See, also, AiTOEUEi; \ 9/661, 19/12. See, also. Appeal, 45 ; AND Client, 7. Eekoe, 57. 4. What is raaintenance, and its 5. Certiorari to a justice of the peace. Cranch C. C, I/474, I/500, 4/347^ ^7^ effect. How., 18/507. Pet., 10/177. %43, ^/505. Hempst., 1/39, 1/174. Mac- 5. Actions for maintenance. -A-rth., I/160. Hempst, 1/300. 6. WTien it lies in criminal cases. Ben., 2/4^9. Blatchf., 8/303^ 5l^j^^_ CHANCERY. 7. Jurisdiction to issue the writ. Biss., 6/1Q7 Blatchf., ^Iiqq_ Cranch Equity ; Pleading, II ; Pbactioe. C- C, 1/500, 5/343. Hempst., 1/287. N. CHARGE. Y. Leg Obs., 12/161. Wall., I/243. Aato Instructions to the jury, see Exceptions; Trial, VI. As to Charging legacies upon land, see DeyiSE, 8. The petition, and hearing thereon. Wall., 2/134 III ; LEQAOlKi, II. 9. The return. Dall., 3/3go». Hempst., I/174. Pet., CHARITIES. 6/515. Wall., 2/134. Wheat., 9/526. Devise; Legacies; Wills. 102 CHAETEE PAETIES, I, II. CHARTER. CoKPOEAKONS, 6-21 ) and the tiUes of the various corporate bodies. CHARTER PARTIES. I. FOBM, EXEOCTTION, AUD VAUHITT. n. LSTTEEPBETATION AND EFFECT. III. Eights and LiABiuTrES of the Pab- TDES. rV. Actions on Chabteb Paeties. I. FOEM, EXECUTION, AND VALIDITY. 1. "WTiat is deemed to be a charter party. Cliff., l/i35. McAlL, 1/9. 2. Po'wer to make or alter, generally. Blatchf., 4/224. Cliff, 2/157. Low., V52. 3. Po"wer of master to make. Wash. C. C, 2/^45. See, also. Ship- ping, VII. 4. Execution and validity of the con- tract. Brock., 1/447. Ct. of CI., 2/483_ 8/i87. Low., 2/103. Sumn., I/551. 5. Begistration unnecessary. Newb. Adm., 1/308. II. INTERPEETATION AND EFFECT. 6. To be liberally construed in furtlier- ance of intent. Blatchf., 3/530 Cliff., 1/55. Cranch, 1/214. How., 17/53, 21/146. Ware, 3/225. 7. Duty of owner towards charterer, generally. Blatchf, 3/40 Cranch C. C, 2/137 Ct. of CI., 8/i87 Wall., 2/728. Woodb. & M., 3/43g. 8. Covenant of seaworthiness. Biss., 4/362. Blatchf., 9/267. Cliff, 1/135. Cranch C. C, 2/167. Int. Eev. Eec, 15/27. Ctto, 7/379 Sawyer, I/4 Woods, 1/271. 9. Stipulation giving Hen. Ben., 2/294. Blatchf., 4/319 Taney, ^/504. 10. Stipulation for dispatch. Ben., 1/431. Blatchf., 4/224, 6/533, 7/551. Cliff, 2/157, 3/123. Int. Eev. Eec, 15/91. Low., 2/361. Wall., 2/738. 11. — for demurrage. Ben., 1/105, %4, %14. Biss., 7/g9_ Cranch, 1/214. Int. Eev. Eec, 15/91^ Phil., (Pa.) 5/112, "/225. Sprague, 1/361" 12. — as to capacity of vessel, depth of water, &c. Ben., 3/499_ Blatchf., 8/530^ Cliff, V358. Sprague, I/567. 13. — as to stowage, ballast, &c. Ben., 3/110 Blatchf, 6/357^ Cliff., V55. Sprague, 1/343, ^358. 14. Various other stipulations. Blatchf., 5/357 Cliff, 1/135, %i. Curt., 2/49^ 2/87 Low., 2/3g_ 2/3gi_ Sprague, 1/217. Wall., 8/37^ T/gig^ 15. Interpretation of particular phrases, and provisions. Ben., 1/105, %35, '^/ss, '^/280, '^/ssi. Cranch C. C, I/293. Curt., 2/3 Ware, 3/215. Woodb. & M., 3/436 16. Construction of charter parties for conveyance of emigrants and coolies. Curt., 2/49. Law Eep., n. s., 17/29. 17. Interpretation of charter parties with the government. Ct. of CI., 3/56 3/76 3/89, 2/272, ^Im, ^/l82 %15 ^/234 ^/264 ^klQ, ^klT, \ ^/l46 '^/417 ^/l87 ^/l84 ^/233, ^/237, ®/257 CHARTER PARTIES, III— CHATTEL MORTGAGES. 103 9/377, 9/388, 9/407, 12/433, 12/355. Otto, 3/235, 6/l62. Wall., 11/591, 14/53i_ 14/607, 1^/202, 1'^/sis. III. EIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF THE PARTIES. 18. "When the charterer will be deemed owner for the voyage. Rev. Stat., § 4286. Am. L. Reg., 6/273. Blatchf., 3/7j_ 3/jg7 Crancli C. C, 3/104 Newb. Adm., 1/308. Wall., 12/408, 14/607. Ware, I/149, 8/225. 19. "When he will not be so considered. Abb. Adm., I/242. Blatchf., 5/342, Cliff., 1/135, %95. Cranch, I/214, 8/39 Gall., 2/gi Law Rep., 2/133 Law Rep., N- s., 12/^52 ISTewb. Adm., 1/523. Ol". Adm., 1/144 Paine, 1/353. Story, S/gj. Sumn., 1/551, 2/589, 3/542. Wash. C. C, 4/110. 20. Liability of owner to charterer. Bee Adm., I/124. Ben., S/^g^^ 8/53^ Blatchf., 3/^0. ^^^ Rep., 4/^71. 01c. Adm., 1/120. 21. Obligation to receive, or furnish goods for shipment. Ben., 8/347_ Blatchf., 6/357^ H/g^g Curt., 2/87^ 2/^i9_ Gall., 2/gj_ Law RePv l%05. Law Rep., N. s., H/gie. Sprague, I/217. Taney, l/ggg. Wall., 7/316. Woodb. & M., 3/43g. 22. Liability for failure to transport. Ben., 3/302, %65. Cliff., I/135. Wall., 9/16I. 23. — for bad stowage. Blatchf., 5/357^ Cliff"., S/^g. Sprague, 2/35. 24. — for deviation. Ben., 2/327, 2/381, 2/407, ^/l54. Cranch, 2/240. 25. Right to freight, and lien therefor. Ben., 2/3gi_ 7/3g9 How., 28/^3^ Low., 1/83. Clc. Adm., 1/144 Paine, 1/353. Sprague, I/123, 1/389. Sumn., I/551, S/^gg Wash. C. C, 4/110. Wheat., 8/^05. Woodb. & M., 2/igg 26. Lien for charter money, and right to sue therefor. Bankr. Reg., 8/45 Ben .,8/459 Blatchf., %9,%4. Cliff., 1/68, 2/4. CtofCl., 8/ig7. How., 17/53. Sawyer, 1/4. Taney, 1/504. Ware, 8/235. IV. ACTIONS ON CHAETEE PAETIES. 27. Parties. Ben., 3/499 Cliff-., 2/157 28. Evidence and burden of proof. Ben., 8/84 Law Rep., n. s., H/gie. Ware, 8/171. 29. Amount of recovery. Blatch., 5/335_ 7/5gi_ Cliff"., 1/153. Olc Adm., 1/343. Story, 2/gi Sumn., 8/144 Woodb. & M., 3/3gg For rules applicable to charter parties In common with other contracts, see Contbacts. As to the Jurisdiction of admiralty in contro- versies growing out of charter parties, see Ad- miralty, 36. For rules relative to Bills of lading, see that title. As to Oumership of vessels, liability for Sup- plies, &c., see SHiPpruG, I, IX, 3. CHATTEL MORTGAGES. 1. "What is a chattel mortgage. Biss.,V/4i4. Dill.,4/i58. Wall., 15/105. Woodb. & M., 2/371 2. Necessity of a seal, acknowledg- ment, &c. Bankr. Reg., 2/337^ 4/iog. Col. T., 2/i69. Dill., 1/462. Wall., 14/244. 104 CHATTEL MORTGAGES. 3. Necessity of delivery of subject- matter to mortgagee. Bankr. Reg., n/gn. Biss., %28. Blatchf., 12/g4g_ Bond, S/gg^ Hempst., 1/563. How., 11/375. Mont. T., I/347. Story, 2/555 2/63o_ 4. Necessity and suflaciency of record- ing' or filing to give validity to the instrument. Bankr. Reg., e/jg Ben., 3/204^ 8/59 Biss., 2/49g Blatchf., 10/503 13/4gi Brock., 1/316. Chic. L. N., 7/^93. Cranch, ^Juo. Di"-, ^Il2i, ^/l25»- Hempst., 1/563. How., 11/375. Pet., 13/423. Story, 2/492. Wall., 11/391^ 22/513. WoodB.&M., 2/371 Woods, 2/443 5. Interpretation and effect, generally. Biss., 4/^28. Blatchf., 13/481 Chic. L. N., 3/i77_ Low., 1/420 V56I. Saw- yer, 2/231. 6. When fraudulent as against cred- itors. Bankr. Reg., 10/409 Biss., 4/^28, Viu, 7/526. Blatchf., 12/438 How., 10/1Q2. See, also, Bankruptcy, 273. 7. Effect of retaining possession by mortgagor. Bankr. Reg., H/gn^ 14/301^ 17/393 Biss., 4/i28 Blatchf., l2/g48_ Col. T., 2/77. Cranch C. C, 5/656. Hempst., 1/563. Int. Rev. Rec, 22/152 Law Rep., 6/347_ McLean, 8/587 Mont. T., l/l48. 01c. Adm., l/i96. Paine, ^i. Story, 2/g3o Wall., II/391. Woodb. & M., 2/371. 8. Effect of provision permitting mortgagor to sell. Am. L. Rec, 6/203. -^in- L- Reg., 5/203. Bankr. Reg., 4/io8^ Uj^^^^ lij^^^^ Ben., 6/483. Biss., 2/333 ^/sio. Bond, 2/261. Col. T., 3/139 Hill., 1/462. Int. Rev. Rec, 22/152 Sawyer, 1/7^ Woods, 2/443 9. Validity of m.ortgage of after-ac- quired chattels. Bankr. Reg., 7/233^ UJoq-^^ 17/425. Chic. L. N., 3/85^ 3/j„_ Cranch C. C, 2/i69 3/103. I°t. Rev. Rec, 22/152^ Low., 2/458_ 10. Proceedings to foreclose. McCahon, .1/214. McLean, 4/43^^ Sawyer, 1/7. Woolw., 1/400. 11. Accounting by mortgagee in pos- session. How., 11/375^ 12/367. Sawyer, 2/331. As to mortgages of Land, see Moetgagbs. Of Vessels, see Shipping, I, 2. CHATTELS. Peksonal Peopekty, and titles there re ferred to. CHEATS. Cbiminal Law, 28 ; False Pretences, 1. CHECKS. Banks and Banking, 26-28. CHICAGO. Municipal Corporations, 37. CHILD. As to Abandonment, by parent, see Parent AND Child. As to Oitinenship of children of aliens, see Citizens, lO. As to Personal and Property rights of children, see Infants. As to Illegitimate children, see Bastardy Parent and Child. CIRCUIT COURTS, I, II. 105 CINCINNATI. MuNICrPAIi COEPORATIONS, 38. CIRCUIT COURTS. I. Organization and Powers, geneb- ALLY. II. JuMSDICTION. 1. Oeneral principles. 2. As respects the character of the parties. A. Aliens. B. Assignees. C. Indorsees, a,nd holders of negotia- ble instruments. D. Citizens. E. Corporations. F. Executors, receivers, and public officers. 3. The svijectrmatter litigated. 4. The form of action or proceeding. 5. Territorial jurisdiction. 6. Appellate jurisdiction. III. Mode of Procedure. I. OEGANIZATIOX AND POWERS, GENEKALLY. 1. The circuit courts subordinate, but not "inferior" courts. Craiich, ^Ins, Dull., 4/g Paine, 1/4,5. Sumn., 1/578. Wheat., 10/192. 2. "WTiat officers may sit as circuit judges. Rev. Stat., § 591, 595, 606, 609. Blatchf., 8/102. Cranch, 1/299^ 4/^21. Dall., 3/19 Dill., 1/1. H,.w., 1/265. Sawyer, Sj^^^^ Wheat., 5/434. 3. Powers of the court •when held by a single judge. Rev. Stat., § 611. Blatchf., S/jg. Bond, 1/407. I^ill-' V202. ^ish. Pat. Gas., 2/120. 4. Power to hold special courts or ses- sions. Cranch C. C, I/159. Dall., Sj^^^^ Mason, 2/g^^ Whart. St. Tr., 1/102. Wheat., 6/iog. 5. Effect of dividing districts. How., 15/467. II. JURISDICTION. 1. Oeneral principles. 6. Powers of the court in general. Stat, at L., I8/470. Blatchf., 2/2q_ Cliff., 2/311 Hughes, 1/313. Op.Att.- Gen., 11/127. ' Wall., 22/322. T. Jurisdiction limited to that con- ferred by acts of congress. Blatchf., 3/g4. Brock., 1/203. Cranch, 7/504. Dall.,'4/8_ Deady, I/299. Dill., ^/229. How., 8/441. -f^"*-- K^v. Rec, 15/57,17/26. Paine, 1/45, l/453_ 2/103^ Pet., 1/110. Pet. C. C, 1/431. Vt., 25/7ig_ Wash. C. C, 1/232. Wheat., 8/333 8. No common law jurisdiction in criminal cases. Cranch, 7/32. Gall., 1/3^ 1/177^ 1/438. Law Rep. n. s., 12/145. Wheat., 1/415. Wheeler, 2/325 9. "What offenses are cognizable ; and in what district. Curt., 2/1 Hempst., 1/643. How., 15/467. Mason, 2/4g4_ 5/290. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/35. Pet., 12/72. Sprague, l/i96. Wheat., 11/467. 10. Jurisdiction under judiciary act not affected by state laws. Blatchf., 4/120 Cent. L. J., 2/33 Dill., 2/518. Wall., 7/118. 11. No presumption in favor of juris- diction not appearing on the record. Cranch, 5/173. Dall., 4/3. Otto, 4/455 Wheat., 10/192. 106 CIECUIT COURTS, II. 12. Jurisdiction in equity. Rev. Stat., § 629, subd. 2. Blatchf., 3/259. McAU., 1/271. McLean, 2/ggg_ Pet. C. C, 1/497"- Wheat., 4/^^08. Woodb. & M., 2/229. 13. Jurisdiction to enforce, or grant relief under state laws. Biss., 6/gg McAU., 1/113. McLean, 2/568, ^/lOO, ^/24, ^/395. Mason, 2/472. Pet., 13/195. 14. — to enjoin enforcement of state laws. Hughes, 2/434. Int. Rev. Rec, I8/149. Wall., I6/203. 15. Jurisdiction where a state is a party. Abb. U. S., 1/22. Am. L. Reg., n. s., ^^709. Bankr. Reg., S/^gg Chic. L. N., 4/403 Ml., 3/411. Dill-,2/406. G^v 35/3i5_ Hughes, 1/17, 1/133. N.C.,65/7i4_ Wash. C. C, 4/344 16. Concurrent jurisdiction with, state courts. Blatchf., 2/14 Chic. L. JST. 8/235 Curt., l/i78. Dill., 4/24 Hughes, l/9o_ 2/484. Otto, 2/10 Paine, 2/131. Sumn., 3/165, 3/422. Wall., 21/go3_ 17. No jurisdiction to enjoin proceed- ings in state courts. Rev. Stat., § 720. Blatchf., 2/2g Cent. L. J., 7/4Qg Cranch, 4/iyg_ Dill., ^/l9, %2. McLean, 5/337_ Story, S/ggg^ Wash. C. C, 1/232. 18. Jurisdiction in cases arising under conflicting grants ftom different states. Cranch, 5/gi^ 9/292. Wheat., 2/377. 19. Power to pass upon constitution- ality of state law^s. Baldw., l/eo, 1/424. See, also. Con- stitutional Law, 12. 20. Jurisdictional facts must be pleaded. Blatchf., 5/502, %56. Call, (Va.) 6/241. Cranch, I/343, 2/9^ 2/125^ 4/4g Dall., 3/3g9^ 3/3g2^ 4/7^ 4/g^ 4/i2_ 4/22. Day, (Conn.) 8/294 Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/483. Hempst., 1/423. How., 19/393. McLean, 2/44^ 2/i2g^ 2/491^ 5/4gg_ Paine, 2/426. Pet., 8/112. Sumn., 1/578. Wall., ^/560, 13/602. Wheat., 6/459^ See, also, post, 60. 21. "Wliat is a suflQcient averm,ent. Abb. U. S., 2/232. Blatchf., 8/137 Day, (Conn.) 3/ig How., 6/23^ 20/227 McAll., 1/97. McLean, 1/317, \ ^/l22. Pet., Vl65, 6/761, 11/25. Wall., 8/342_ 10/327. Woodb. & M., 2/497_ 22. WTiat is not. Cranch, 5/393. Day, (Conn.) 8/394 How., I6/104, I8/404, 20/227. Mason, %5 %5. Otto, 7/i7i_ Paine, I/594. Pet., 8/112 8/148. Story, 3/7g 3/335^ Sumn., 3/422. Wall., II/210. See, also, Pleading, 18-17. 28. Objections to the jurisdiction; when open, and how determ- ined. Cranch, 2/i2g_ 6/2g7_ McLean, 6/gg_ Wall., 17/570. Woodb. & M., 2/329. 24. Jurisdiction as dependent on the amount in controversy. Blatchf., 8/544 Dall., 2/353 Dill., 1/555, %i3, 4/239 Hempst., 1/205 McCahon, 1/235. McLean, 3/gi_ Pet., I6/97. Pet. C. C, 1/64. Wash. C. C, 1/1, 2/463, ^/326, */624. 2. As respects the character of the parties. A. Aliens. 25. One party must be a citizen. Rev. Stat., § 629. Blatchf., 2/ig2 CIRCUIT COURTS, II. 107 %i4. Cranch, 4/45^ S/g^g^ Dall., 4/^2. Deady, I/224. Mason, 5/35^ Ret., 2/^33 Sumn., 3/422. 26. Right of alien resident to sue. Baldw., 1/205. How., ^^Jiqq. Pet., 7/4^3 See, also. Aliens, 6. B. Assignees. [Consult, also, Assignment, 28-30.] 27. "Who is an "assignee" ■within sec- tion 11 of the judiciary act. Cranch, 4/3Qg_ 6/332 Wheat., S/g^g. 28. "When an assignee may sue. Am. L. Reg., 11/221. Baldw., 1/133. Blatchf., 5/io7_ Bond, l/igg. DiH., 3/373. How., 7/i98^ l6/g22. Mason, 2/303 ^et., 1/620,6/20,14/293. Wall., 14/282. Wall. Jr., 2/334_ Wash. C. C, I/429, 1/434, 4/482. 29. "When he may not, because his assignor could not had no as- signment been made. Rev. Stat., § 629. Abb. U. S., 1/302. Biss., 2/^26. Curt., 2/g82_ McLean, 4/122, ^ks. 30. — because the conveyance under -which he claims is colorable, or was given to enable him to sue. Pall., 2/38i_ 4/33o_ 4/338 „. How., 7/198^ IS/yg Huglies, I/118. McLean, 4/22g_ 5/318. Sumn., 2/251. Wall., ^o. Wash. C. C, 1/70. 31. "What conveyance is sufficient to confer jurisdiction. Blatchf., 5/3gg_ How., 7/i98. Pet., 1/620. Sumn., 2/251 _ Wash. C. C, I/429, 1/484. 32. Applications of the rule to assign- ees of bonds and mortgages. Biss., 1/275, 7/354. How., 8/441. Mc- Lean, 3/204_ 6/g8. Pet., l/g2o. Wash., 4/317. 33. — to assignees in bankruptcy or insolvency. Bankr. Reg., 17/293. Cranch, 6/332 Dill., 2/504 Wall., 14/g9. See, also, Banketjptcy, 143-146. C. Indorsees, and holders of negotiable instru- ments. [Consult, also, Bins of Exchange ; Pbomis- SOEY Notes.] 34. Indorsee of note cannot sue if no suit could have been maintained between original parties. Crancl), 4/4g_ How., 2/241^ 13/^83. McLean, 5/i47_ Ret., I6/315. 35. — or by intermediate indorser through whom he claims title. Hempst., 1/534. McLean, ^lioe. Wheat., 9/537. 36. Holder may sue indorser though maker and payee reside in same state. Day, (Conn.) 3/3 Hempst., I/534. How., 13/i83. McLean, 5/448_ 6/49g_ Ret., 11/80. Wheat., 6/i4g^ 9/537. 31. Right to sue, of holder of note payable to bearer. How., 3/574^ 2l/g7g_ Law Rep., n. s., 11/469. McLean, 2/^30^ 2/225^ 3/jo^_ Mason, I/243, 3/308_ Ret., 2/3^3^ 15/^^25. Woodb. & M., 1/115. Woods, 1/493. 38. — of holder of negotiable bonds, or coupons payable to bearer. Am. L. Reg., 4/591^ 7/193 Blatchf., 13/434 How., 21/575 Law Rep., n. s., 11/469. Wall., 3/327. See, also. Bonds, 20. 39. Jurisdiction of suits on accommo- dation paper. Biss., 4/345. How., 5/278. 108 CIRCUIT COURTS, II. 40. "WTiat is deemed a foreign bill ■within the exception of the judi- ciary act, § 11. Pet., 2/5gg See, also. Bills op Ex- change, 4. 41. "When citizenship is immaterial or need not be averred. • Mason, 4/^27. Woodb. & M., 2/^5^ %33. J). Citizens. 42. Both parties must not be citizens of same state. Rev. Stat., § 629. Blatchf., S/ggg^ 12/237. Hempst., 1/662. Wall., 12/130' Wash. C. C, 2/282. 43. Wlio is a citizen ■within section 11 of the judiciary act. Blatchf.,, 2/ig2. Bond, 1/573^ 2/3^0. I>all., 4/3go. I^ay, (Conn.) S/gg^ Deady, V294. How., 6/ig3^ IQ/ggg Paiue, 1/580^ V594. Pet., l/476_ 6/7gi_ Sa^vyer, l/gs. Sumn., 1/578 ^/593. See, also. Citizens, ■ 5,6. 44. Citizens of District of Columbia, or of a territory, not ■within the act. Cranch, 2/445 Hughes, l/ns. I'^t., C.C.,1/45. Wall.,6/280. Wash.C.C, 4/519. Wheat., 1/91. 45. Citizen of state "where suit is brought may sue citizen of an- other state. Pet. C. C, 1/489. 4/84. Wash. C. C, 40. Domicile or residence sufficient to constitute citizenship under ju- diciary act. Blatchf., 2/ig2. Brock., 1/339 Ho-w., ^/l63. McLean, 4/57^ Mason, 5/7q_ Paine, I/594. Wash. C. C, 8/546^ Aj^^^^ 4/514, 4/609. 47. Effect of the change of domioUe on the right of party to sue. How., I8/76 McLean, 4/57^ Ma- son, °ho. Paine, I/594. Pet., B/gg. Sumn., 2/251. Wash. C. C, 3/545^ ^j^^^^ 4/609. 48. — on liability 'to be sued by citizen of state to ■which residence is re- moved. Dall., 4/3go How., 18/76 Wash. C. C, 4/101^ 4/igi. 49. Jurisdiction once acquired ■will be retained, not-withstanding change of residence of suitors. Blatchf, 1/393. Brock., 2/5ig How., 23/484 McLean, 4/ii2_ 6/gg Pet., 8/i_ 11/25,12/164. Sumn., 2/262, Vt., 22/g59. Wheat., 2/29o_ 9/537 50. 'Where the interest is joint, all the parties must be compe'tent to sue, or liable to be sued, under the act. Biss., I/416. Cranch, 3/2g7 Day, (Conn.) 3/281 How., 1^/468. McLean, 4/1,4/10. Paine, 1/410, 2/103^ 2/42g Vt., 25/715. Wheat., 1/91. 51. Each complainant must be compe- tent to sue all of the defend- ants. How., l7/4g8 Law Rep., n. s., 1I/208. McCahon, 1/235. McLean, l/no, 1/330, 2/126. Vt., 25/715 Wall., 11/172. Wash. C. C, 4/84^ 4/286. Woods, l/gas. 52. Neither party being an alien, one must be a citizen of state -where suit is brought. Blatchf, 1/565, 3/244, 5/502, 6/356. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/4g3 Mason, I/520. Paine, 2/103. Pet., 2/55g Pet. C. C, 1/431™. Wash. C. C, 2/go5. Woodb. & M., 1/7. CIECUIT COURTS, II. 109 53. Above rules not applicable to parties having only equitable interests. Biss., 4/^95_ 4/2og_ How., 2/9_ S/g^^^ 14/586. Pet., 14/293. Wash. C. C, I/145. 54. — or -wtio are merely nominal parties. Blatchf., 3/244 Cranch, 5/303 I^il^v 3/406. How., 2/9 Piiine, 1/410. Pe*-, 14/293. Woodb. & M., 1/34. 55. "What is an original suit -within the act. Mason, 4/349_ Pet., 12/164. • 56. Proceedings not deemed original, in ■which jurisdiction attaches without regard to citizenship. Blatchf., 3/259 r»ill-> 1/588. How., 2/29,20/541,24/450. McLean, 4/112. Ma- son, 2/252_ 2/303_ 4/3^9^ Pet., 6/404^ S/^^ Wall., 6/748. Wash. C. C, 4/^82. Woolw., 1/175. 67. Merely formal parties, dispensed with in equity, if residing out of jurisdiction. Cranch, 7/g9 How., 12/327. McAll., 1/26. Paine, 1/410, 2/536. Petv ^/252. Stoiy, 1/64. Wash. C. C, V517, ^/esi. Wheat., 3/59i_ 8/431^ lO/^gg, lO/igi. 12/193. See, also, Parties, 14. 58. Non-resident parties m.ust be joined by consent or bill dis- missed. Black, 1/309. Cranch, 7/g9 How., 1%33, 17/424. Wheat., 12/193. Woods, 2/1. 59. Enlargement of the jurisdiction by act of Feb. 26, 1839. Blatchf., 12/280. Curt., 2/^71 How., 2/497, 17/130, 21/489. Law Rep., N. s., II/208. McAU., 1/26. McLean, 2/5^3^ 4/6,4/10,4/224. Otto, 3/199. Pet., 14/60, 14/293. PJiil-. (Pa-) 3/464. Woodb. & M., 2/229. 60. Necessity of averring citizenship in declaration or bill. Bond, 2/294. Wall., 13/go2. See, also, ante, 20. E. Corporations. [Consult, also, Cohporations, IX.] 61. Capacity of aggregate corporation to sue or be sued dependent on citizenship of its members. Black, 1/286. Blatchf., 4/i2o. Cranch, ^/57, ^/61. Pet., 1/238. Sumn., S/^^g. Wash. CC, 4/482. 62. "Where stockholders might sue as citizens, the suit may be in cor- porate name. Cranch, 5/gi_ Mason, 3/ig8. Pet., 13/519, 14/60. Wash. C. C, 4/595. 63. How far a corporation is deemed a " citizen " of the state where it is created and does business. Abb. U. S., 2/232_ 2/323 Ana. L. Reg., N. S., 10/383^ 10/389. Black, l/gsg. Blatchf., 4/120, ^/l05, 7/555, ^/l37. Cranch, 5/57, 5/61. r>ill., 3/2g7. How., 20/227, 21/112. McLean, 4/5^4^ Paine, 1/594. Story, 3/7g_ Wall., 7/ii8_ 13/270. See, also, COEPOEATIONS, 4. 64. "Where any corporator is a co-resi- dent with defendant, no juris- diction is acquired. Pet., 14/go_ 14/293. 65. Corporations are "residents" of the state where chartered and doing business. How., 2/497 I6/314. MacArth., 1/234. McLean, 4/192, 5/455^ S/^gi^ 66. Jurisdiction where a state is a corporator. How., 2/497. Wheat., 9/904. 6*7. Effect of charter provisions giving power to sue. Cranch, 5/gi. Pet., 6/479 Wash. C. C, 4/108. Wheat., 9/738, 9/904. 110 CIRCUIT COURTS, II. F. Executors, receivers, and public oflScers. [Consult, also, Exectjtoks asb Administba- TORS, IV.] 68. Executors and. administrators. Blatchf., 1/393. Cranch, 4/3Qg Herupst., l/yn. How., 8/107, ^^0. Mason, %s6. Pet., 12/i64, ^%7, ^^k. Pet. C. C, 1/446. Story, 8/25. Sumn., 2/262. Wall., 9/743^ 11/172, 13/66. Wash. C. C, 4/349. Wheat., 8/g42. 69. Personal representatives regarded as real parties in interest. Cranch, 4/3Qg Mason, 4/^35 Wheat., %42. 70. Receivers. How., 14/368. McLean, 2/^^30. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 1/53. See, also. Receiv- ers, 8, 9. 71. Consuls, and foreign ministers. Blatchf., 3/259^ 4/50 6/315 Dall., 2/297. Wheat., 11/4.67. See, also. Consuls, 3,6. 3. As respects the subject matter liti-gaied. 72. Bonds of oflacers. Biss., 1/237, 1/433. I°t- Rev. Rec, 16/142, I6/174. Wheat., 12/136. 73. Contempt of court. Curt., 1/186. McLean, 5/342. Wash. C. C, 3/45g Woods., 1/647. See, also. Contempt, l. 74. Copjrriglit. Rev. Stat., § 629, subd. 9, 4970. McLean, 5/328. Wash. C. C, 4/iog. See, also. Copyright, 56. 75. Forfeitures and penalties. Inter- nal revenue cases. Rev. Stat., § 629, subd. 4, 5. Dall., 2/365, %2. I^eady, I/457. Int. Rev. Rec, IV/106. Wall., S/ggo, 8/567. 76. Fraud. Dill., 1/588. Mason, 2/252. Story, 3/gig. See, also, Fraud, II. 77. Habeas corpus. Rev. Stat., § 751, 752. Bond, I/197. See, also. Habeas Corpus, l, 3, 5. 78. Patents: "WTien the court has jiuisdiction. Rev. Stat., § 629, subd. 9. Blatchf., V48O, V536, ^628, %0. McLean, 8/523. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 8/105. Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/241. 79. "WTien it has not. Blatchf., 1/565, 4/63, %56. Cliif., I/288. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/^gg How., 14/539. McLean, 3/523 Paine, 1/45 2/^26. Wash. C. C, 4/48 Woodb. & M., 1/34. See, also. Patents, 235. 80. Real property ; suits relative to. How., 7/1Y2 Mason, 2/4;^2. Pet., 8/532, 9/275. Pet. C. C, 1/444.' Wall. Jr., 1/275. Wash. C. C, 1/429. 81. Watercourses; diversion or ob- struction of. Blatchf., 3/310. Wall. Jr., I/275. Woodb. & M., 1/401, 3/538 See title Watercourses. 4. As respects the form of action or proceeding, 82. In general. Rev. Stat., § 716. Biss.,7/460. Blatchf., 2/26,2/85. How., 23/172. McLean, 5/286. 83. Bankruptcy proceedings ; and suits arising under the bankrupt laws. Rev. Stat., § 630. How., 20/iQg. McLean, 3/i85_ 8/199 Paine, I/396. See, Iso, Bankruptcy, 55, &c. 84. Cross-bills. Dill., 1/267. Wall., 6/748. Woolw., Vl75. CIRCUIT COURTS, II, III. Ill 85. Oorreoting, enjoining, and enforc- ing judgments. Baldw., 1/543. Biss., ^1^65, ^/513. Dill., 1/588. How., 4/28g_ 14/334_ 16/eg_, Sumn., 3/422. Woods, 1/137. ^^e, also. Judgment, VI, VII. 86. Injunction suits. Rev. Stat., §718, 719. Abb. U. S., V38S, 2/416. ^^- L. Reg., N. s., 10/449^ 12/58._ Blatchf., 6/27g Dill., 1/469. Int. Rev. Ree., I8/149 Wall., ^j^^^^ 5/720, ^%27, 1^/203. See, also. Injunc- tion, 1. 87. Mandamus. Stat, at L., I8/333 Abb. U. S., 2/53. Biss., 1/425, 2/160. Bond, I/197. Cranch, 7/504. Dill., 2/.52V. Wall., 6/igg^ 6/210^ 13/244. Wall. Jr., 3/58 See, also. Mandamus, 2. 88. Trespass, quare clausum fregit. Brock., 1/203. How., 15/233. Mc- Lean, 5/444 ^^^> ^^so> Trespass, II. 89. Writ of right. Cranch, 8/229 How., I6/354. See, also, Weits. 5 Territm-ial jurisdiction. 90. In civil actions, generally. Rev. Stat., § 657. Blatcb., 8/237 Bond, 2/ig_ 2/294 Cranch, 5/288. How., 12/115, 2°/208. McLean, 2/78^ Mason, 4/349, Pet., 11/25, 12/300. Sumn., 1/131. Wash. C. C, 3/456, ^kz. 91. In actions relative to realty. Blatchf., 7/391. Cranch, 6/i4g Otto, 4/444. Pet., 9/275. Wall, Jr., 1/275. 92. In criminal cases. Baldw., 1/15. Black, I/484. Blatchf., 3/435, %84. I)all., 4/426. Gall., 1/624. Hempst., 1/304, 1/411, 1/422, 1/444, 1/562. Mason, 2/9J Pet., 12/72. Wash. C. C, 1/463. Wheeler, 2/325 Woodb. & M., 1/338. . 6. Appellate jui-isdiction. 93. Over district courts, generally. Rev. Stat., § 631, &c. Stat, at L., 18/470. Abb. U.S., 1/556. Paine, 1/453. Pet., 6/47Q_ Wheat., 2/221. See, also. Appeal, III, 1. 94. — in admiralty. DalL, 3/297 Gall., 1/593. How., 21/386 Mason, 1/431 See, also. Ap- peal, III, 4. 95. — in bankruptcy. Rev. Stat., § 4980-4984. Am. L. Reg. N. S., 9/297 Bankr. Reg., l^i^ 1%4. Blatchf., 9/3g9 Sawyer, S/ggg. See, also. Bankruptcy, 62. 96. — in criminal cases. Blatchf., 5/303_ ClifiF., 1/5. 97. Cannot revie^w decisions of state courts. Biss., 3/266. III. MODE OF PKOCEDUBE. 98. Power to regulate practice. Rev. Stat., § 918. Pet., I/604, 8/262, %29, 1%8. Sawyer, 3/335_ 99. How far practice is governed by state laws, Blatchf., 1/628. How., I/311, 12/39, I6/104. Paine, I/486. Pet. C. C, 1/496. See, also. Courts, 50, 51. 100. The supreme court rules. Biss., 7/460. Hughes, l/ies. Pet, 12/472. See, also. Courts, 13. 101. Terms of court. Blatchf., 11/406. Gall., 2/38g_ See, also, Courts, 12. 112 CIRCUIT COURT OF DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 102. Rules of decision. Stare decisis. Off. Gaz. Pat., 6/297^ 9/837^ 9/922. 103. Issuing and service of process pursuant to state la-ws. Rev. Stat., § 911. Alb. L. J., ^^1^27. Blatchf., 1/628, 4/120. CJurt., \ 2/579 "Wall., 6/^gg See, also, Peocess, 3. As to appointment, duties and compensation of Clerks of Circuit Courts, see Clerks, (of courts.) As to the appellate jurisdiction of the Su- preme Court over the Circuit Courts, see Ap- peal, III, 3 ; SXJPBEME COUKT, I. As to certifying questions to Supreme Court on Division of opinion in Circuit Court, see Cases Certified. To what extent the Circuit Courts, in common with other Federal Courts, are bound by State laws and decisions, see Coubts, III, 2. CIRCUIT COURT OF DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1. Organization and powers, gen- erally. Cranch C. C, 4/337^ 4/373^ 4/553. Wheat., 6/106. 2. Jurisdiction, generally. Cranch, ^j^ss. Cranch C. C, I/40 V44O, V457, ^/l3, 4/682, ^/l63, %03. Pet., ^/l57, ^/l93, ^^/524. 3. — in attachment cases. Cranch C. C, l/gg, ^gi. 4. — in bastardy cases. Cranch C. C, I/140, V592, 2/409, %1. See, also, Bastardy, l. 5. — in mandamus. Cranch C. C, S/igg. Pet., 12/534^ 14/497 6. — in trespass. How., 1/241. Y. — in criminal cases. Cranch C. C, I/44, I/50, I/103, Vi23, 2/412, ^/441, 4/314, 4/372 4/552 4/618, 4/682. Pet-, 7/568_ 8. Practice, generally. Cranch C. C, 1/179^ I/483. 9. — in respect to taking bail. Cranch C. C, 1/79^ 1/237 V36I, V588. See, also. Bail, I, III. 10. — in respect to ' ' ofBce " judgments. Cranch C. C, I/43, 1/88, V91. 11. Form and requisites of "warrants. Cranch C. C, 1/243, ^373, ^424, 2/612. 12. Compelling attendance of ■wit- nesses. Cranch C. C, 1/331^ 1/447^ 1/474^ 4/g72_ 13. Regulation of costs in. Cranch C. C, l/gg, Vioi, V166, V393, V4OI, ^/403, 2/57, 2/407, 2/421, 2/514, 4/711. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE. EVIDENOE, 4. CITATION. Appeal, 37, 97 ; Ereok, 41, 42. CITIES. For decisions of a local character, affecting some Particular city only, see Mubtcipal Cob- PORATIONS, V. CITIZENS. I. Allegiance. II. Eights op Citizens. I. ALLEGIANCE. 1. The obligation of allegiance, and from •whom allegiance is due. Cranch, 2/2^ McAlI., l/ige. Pet., 3/99,3/242. Phil., (Pa.) 4/39g CITIZENS, I, II. 113 2. Effect of ■war and, conquest. Black, 2/g35_ Cranch, 4/309 How., 20/176. Pet., 3/242. Woods, 1/585. 3. — of marriage, on allegiance of ■wife. Op. Att.-Gen., 13/128. Pet., 3/243. 4. Ho'w allegiance may be dissolved, generally. Dan.,2/1 Pet., 3/99.- Wheat., 7/283. II. EIGHTS OF CITIZENS. 6. "WTio are deemed to be citizens. Abb. U. S., 1/28. Chic.L.N.,i/i69. Cranch, '^J^qq^ Op. Att.-Gen., 13/397. Wheat., 2/227 See, also, Ciecuit CotTETS, 43. 6. "WTio are not. Blatchf., 2/ig2 Dill., 4/435. Sawyer, 2/118. Wall. C. C, 1/51. 7. Native-bom citizens. Eev. Stat., § 1992. Op. Att.-Gen., %73, ^%28. Pet-j 2/242. Sawyer, ^Ing, Woods., 1/585. 8. Ante-nati. Cranch, ^I^qq. Op. Att.-Gen., S/yig. Pet., 3/99. See, also. Aliens, l, 2. 9. Children of citizens, born abroad. Eev. Stat., § 1993. Blatchf., S/^g Op. Att.-Gen., 13/39^ 14/295. 10. Cbildren of naturalized persons. Cranch, S/^yg Op. Att.-Gen., IO/329. 11. Wives of naturalized persons. Rev. Stat., § 1994. Op. Att.-Gen., 14/402. Wall.,7/49g. 12. Fundamental rights of citizens secured by the constitution. Art. IV, § 2. Ho^v., 3/539^ 18/59^. Int. Eev. Rec, I8/149. Otto, ^Js^i^ Paine, 2/501. Wash. C. C, 4/371 See, also. Constitutional Law, 18-21 ; Civil Rights, 1-8. 13. The right' to governmental protec- tion. Rev. Stat., § 2000. Cranch, 2/g4 Op. Att.-Gen., 3/35g Pet. C. C, I/159. 14. Rights of citizens domiciled abroad. Rev. Stat., § 2001. Brock., 1/473. Cranch, 2/g4^ ^km. Op. Att.-Gen., 9/62, 13/128. Wash. C. C, 1/245. Wheat., '^/283. 15. Bights of colored people as citi- zens. Rev. Stat., § 1860, 1977, &c., 2004. Abb. U. S., 1/28, V84. Bond, 2/3g9_ Chase Dec, 1/157. Cranch C. C, 4/335 How., 19/393. See, also,CiviL Rights, 11. 16. Distinction bet-ween citizenship in the Union and in a particular state. Blatchf., 2/ig2. How., 19/393. Huglies, l/53g. Otto, 2/542. Pet., 6/761. Wash. c. c, 4/371. 17. Ho-w citizenship may be lost. Cranch, 2/344 Op. Att.-Gen., II/317. 18. Change of citizenship. Paine, 1/594. Woodb. & M., I/7. See, also. Circuit Courts, 47-49. 19. The right of expatriation. Rev. Stat., § 1999. Bee Adm., i/n. Brock., 1/478. Cranch, 2/g4^ 2/g3„. DalL, 3/133. Op. Att.-Gen., 8/139^ 9/g3_ 9/355^ 14/295. Paine, 2/652. Pet., 8/242. Pet. C. C, 1/159. Whart. St. Tr., 1/552. Wlieat., 7/283. As to the rights and disabilities of Aliens, generally, see Aliens, II. Of Alien enemies, see Wab, I, 4. As to Naturalisation, see that title. 114 CIVIL RIGHTS, I, II. CIVIL RIGHTS. I. UiTOEB THE Constitution. II. Under the Becent Amendments add Civil Eights Acts. I. UNDEK THE CONSTITUTION. 1. Right to trial by jury. Eev. Stat., § 566. Baldw., I/394. Ben., 4/237. Blatchf., 5/360. Bond, l/ggy. Brown Adm., 1/553. Curt., 1/311. I^il'-; ^/l62. Gilp., 1/235. How., 5/44j^^ 11/437^ 12/443 I°t- Rev. Rec, 12/42' McLean, %39. Otto, 5/294. Paine, 2/348 Pet., 2/492. Wall., % 9/274. See, also, Teial, I, VIII. 2. In -wliat cases a jury trial is not matter of right. Abb. U.S., 1/317, 2/94 Baldw., 1/205. Chic. L. N., 1/437. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/g42, ■1/64. Gall., 1/5. McLean, 5/4gg Paine, 1/559. %48. Pet., 3/433_ 7/439^ 9/j5g_ Wall., 11/268. Wash. C. C, 2/5,9 Woodb. & M., 3/,35_ 3. Waiver of the right. Blatchf., 1/290. Dill., 3/101 Paine, 2/578 Pet., 3/413 Wall., 9/425 Wheat., 4/235 4. Constitutionality of statutes affect- ing the right. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 11/315. Baldw., 1/205. Chic. L. K, 1/437. Curt., 1/311. How., 11/437. I"t- B.ev. Rec, 15/143 Otto, 2/go 5/294 Paine, Z/g^g^ Wall.,' 21/532. Wheat., 4/235_ 5. Right not to be twice put in jeop- ardy. When a former acquittal or conviction may be pleaded in bar. Am. L. Rec, 6/jgg Ben., 3/, Cranch C. C, 1/36, ^/ll4, 4/446, 4/465. How., 1-/472, 17/204. Int- Rev. Rec, SS/ggg^ Law Rep., 8/435 Otto, T/ggg Pet., '7/l50. Sawyer, 3/5gg_ Wall:, IS/igg 6. In -what cases such plea ■will not avail. Suflaciency of plea. Ben., 2/4gg Blatchf., 5/204 Cranch 0. C., 2/j33^ 2/294^ 3/ggg^ 4/2gj^ 4/goj^ S/g^^ Curt., 1/23. Dak. T., 1/302. How., 7/39 Hughes, 1/552. Pet., 8/288. Wash. C. C, 4/402. Wheat., 9/579 Wheeler, 2/gg_ 7. Ho"w the plea may be ■waived. McLean, ,1/429. Sumn., 2/^9 Wall. Jr., 1/127. See, also, Judgment, 83. 8. Right not to be deprived of life, Uberty, or property, ■without due process of la'w. Abb., U. S., 1/317, 2/,84 Cirt., 1/311 2/i87. Int. Rev. Rec, IO/107, 12/33 Otto, %42. Paine, I/559. Sawyer, l/gos. II. UNDEB THE EECENT AMEND- MENTS AND CIVIL EIGHTS ACTS. 9. Interpretation of the thirteenth amendment. Chic. L. N., 6/214^ 8/233 Int. Rev. Rec, 17/189. Op. Att.-Gen., 12/4,3. Wall, 16/3g, 18/129. Woods, I/308. 10. — fourteen^th amendment. Rev. Stat., § 822. Abb. U. S., 1/338. Blatchf., 11/200. Chase Dec, l/3g4. Chic. L. N., 3/2go_ 5/409^ 7/221, %29. Int. Rev. Rec, 17/i89. MacArth., l/igg. Otto, 2/480, 2/542. Wall., 16/3g, 18/,29^ 21/162. Woods, 1/85, 1/537. 11. — fifteenth amendment. Abb. U. S., 2/4gg Int. Rev. Rec, l'^/l89. Otto, 2/214 Sawyer, a/^^g See, also. Citizens, 15. 12. Decisions under civil rights act of 1866. Rev. Stat., § 1978. Stat, at L., CIVIL RIGHTS, II— CLERKS— CLOUD ON TITLE. 115 14/27_ &c. Abb. U. S., 1/28, 1/84. ^m. L. Reg., N. s., 7/233 Chase Dec, l/igy. Op. Att.-Gen., 12/413 Wall., IS/ggi. 13. — of 1870. Rev. Stat., § 1977. Stat, at L., le/^^Q, &c. Abb. U. S., 2/45g Am. L. Reg.^ N.S., 10/737. Bond, 2/3g9_ Dill., 2/229. Hughes, 1/448 ■'^/54l. I"t' B.ev. Rec, 17/26. OttOj %42. Sawyer, 3/59 Woods, %68. 14. — of 1871. Rev. Stat., § 1979. Stat, at L., 17/13. Biss., 3/480 15. — enforcement act of 1871. Stat, at L., I6/433. Int. Rev. Rec, 12/151. 16. — act of 1875. Rev. Stat., § 1977, 1980. Stat, at L., 18/336. Hughes, 1/536. Int. Rev. Rec, 22/iig^ As to the Elective franchise, see EliECnoifS. CIVIL WAR. Wae, n. CLAIM AND COLOR OF TITLE. Adverse Possession, 7, 8. CLAIMS. Against BankrwpU/ estate, see Bankruptcy, 44, 148-163. Agiiinst Decedent^ estate, see Executors and Admixistratoks, 31-37. Against the Government, see Contracts, XI ; C'otjRT OE Claims ; United States, II. CLERKS, (of courts.) 1. Appointment and removal. Rev. Stat., § 555, &c, 619, &c,677, 794, 795, 1053. Pet., 13/230^ I6/71. 2. Po'wers and privileges, generally. Rev. Stat., § 672, 748, 749, 947. Craneh C. C, 1/12, 2/199. Pet., 1/323. Sprague, 1/435. 3. Power to administer oaths. Rev. Stat., § 799. Hempst., l/igg. McLean, %^ 4/ii3_ pet., l/ggg. 4. Commissions, fees, expenses, &c. Rev. Stat., § 828, &c, 856, 984, 1054. Blatchf., 6/g3Q^ 14/225 Craneh, TJ^'jq^ Craneh C. C, 4/197 Curt., 1/201. Dill., ^/230, 232 »• Gall., 2/i4g^ 2/3Qg_ Story, 2/389. Taney, I/453. Wall. Jr., 2/^53^ See, also. Costs, 54. 5. Deputies. Rev. Stat., § 678, 796. Craneh C. C, 2/g4g. McLean, 2/3gg^ 4/23. CLOUD ON TITLE. 1. "What constitutes a cloud on title. Bankr. Reg., I6/302. Black, 2/^3^ Sawyer, 2/5^3^ 8/23^ 8/1^2. 2. Riglit to have cloud removed. Black, 1/352, 2/43Q Chase Dec, I/435. Chic L. N., 5/^70. Craneh, 8/^g2. How., 18/263. Sawyer, 1/270, 2/441. Wall., 6/402. 3. Jurisdiction of IT. S. courts. En- forcing state lavsrs. Deady, 1/481. I>i"v*/558. Hempst., 1/692. How., 17/47_ 18/i37_ McAlL, 1/113. Pet., 13/195 West. Jur., II/203. 4. When a bill of peace will lie. Biss., 4/120 Black, I/352. Blatchf., 5/259 Craneh, 8/^g2 Fish. Pat. Cas., 116 COASTING TEADE— COLLISION. 1/58. McLean, S/g^g Sawyer, 1/641. Ware, %i2. Woodb. & M., 1/213. See, also, Equity, 22. 5. "When equity -will order cancella- tion and surrender of instruments constituting clouds on title. Am. L. Eeg., n. s., 7/32 Blatchf., 5/481. McLean, 1/11. Pet, 6/95^ IS/^gg, Wall. Jr., 2/jQ3 See, also, Equity, 24, COASTING TRADE. 1. Act of congress paramount. State la-ws must yield. How., 22/227_ 22/2^ Wheat., 9/^ 2. "WTiat vessels may engage in the trade. Rev. Stat., § 4131, 4311, 4318. How., 22/244 Wheat, 9/j^. 3. Licenses. Registration. Enroll- ment. Eev. Stat, § 3126, 4319-, &c., 4371. Bee Adm., I/34. How., 22/344 Ware, 2/9. Wheat., \ 9/212. 4. Grounds of forfeiture and penal- alties, generally. Rev. Stat., § 4350. Mason, 5/445_ Ware, I/121, I/171. Wash. C. C, I/226. 5. Forfeiture of vessel for illegal traflac. Cranch, 7/,(jq Gall., l/ng^ 1/233^ 1/237^ 2/4, %7. Paine, I/247. Sumn., l/gig. Wall., s/gee Ware, 1/257. 6. — for having foreign goods on board. Rev. Stat., § 4371. Gall., I/231. How.,8/i_ Vt.,22/gg3_ 7. — for proceeding on foreign voyage. Cranch, 7/^00 Gall., I/43, 1/45^ 1/55^ Vi42, 2/4. LawEep.,N.s.,l6/5gg Paine, VlO, V247. Ware, I/121. For rules relative to vessels engaged in F V/g^g^ nj^^^^ Wheat., 1/304^ 4/3^g_ 2. "WTien it took effect. How., Il/i85, 14/227. Wheat., S/^^q. 3. General nature of the government erected upon it. How., 7/283^ 18/33]^ Paine, %qq_ Pet., 12/657. Wheat., 9/i_ 4. Supremacy of United States con- stitution over state constitu- tions. How., l8/33j^_ McLean, 6/j^42. Paine, 2/578. Wheat., %6. 5. — over state statutes and tribunals. How., 5/295^ 22/227_ McLean, ej^^^ Newb. Adm., I/284. Op. Att.-Gen., lO/ge. Pet., 16/303. Pet. C. C, l/39(,. 6. General rules employed in inter- preting the constitution. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 8/ggg Blatchf., 14/245. Cranch, 5/gj_ How., 5/2^5^ U/^gg^ 18/307. Paine, I/79. Fet., 21^27,^^172, 12/657, 15/449, 1%39. Wlieat., I/304, 9/1. 7. Its meaning and intention when adopted, as evinced by cotem- porary construction, followed. Cranch, 1/299. How., 6/3^^^ 6/5^^^ 12/299, 12/443, 19/393. Pet., 11/257, 1%39. Wheat., 4/122, 4/3I6. 8. Federal powers only such as were surrendered by the states. Cranch, 2/358 D^Hv %86, ^/u. Mc- Lean, 1/234. Pet-, 11/257. Wall., 3/^13 9. Powers vested in congress, gener- ally. Ct. of CI., 1/1, 2/4g,_ How., 20/5-g_ Law Eep., sr. s., 14/205. Pet-, 1^/407. See, also, Cotjrts, 19. 10. Powers retained by the states. Concurrent powers. How., 17/369 Otto, 4/155. Pet., 2/468. Wall., 3/713 Wash. C.C, 3/313. Wheat., 4/122, 5/1. Woodb. & M., 1/401. 11. Power of federal courts to pass upon constitutionality of acts of congress. Blatchf., 3/170. Cranch, 1/137^ 2/35g_ Dall., 2/304_ 4/14. Pet., 12/72. ■*- 12. — to pass upon constitutionality of state laws. Baldw., 1/60. Car. L. Repos., I/34. Cranch, 6/g7_ DalL, 8/336 How., 17/455. McLean, 2/i95_ Paine, 2/74 Pet., 8/gg. Pet. C. C, 1/2. Wall., 9/35. Wheat., 4/5I8, ^/i. See, also, Circuit Courts, 19. 13. — of state laws interfering with vested rights. Baldw., l/eo. Cranch, 6/g7_ How., 10/395. Int. Rev. Eec, 24/gg l^cAU., 1/212. Otto, 6/97 Pet., 2/38o_ 8/gg Wall., 2/210. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW. 133 14. — of state la-ws in part constitu- tional and in part not. Blatchf., 4/2g3 How. Pr., IV/gg^ Pet., 2/526. Wash. C. C, ^l^is. 15. Prior state legislation must give •way to exercise of dormant poTwers of congress. _ lut. Eev. Eec, 12/^5^ N. Y. Leg. Obs., 4/333^ 4/45o_ Wheat., 5/1^ 9/i_ 16. Legislative enactments repugnant to constitutional provisions ab- solutely void and no protection to ofi&cers acting under them. Cranch, l/^sy. D^ll., 2/304 McLean, %07, %42. 17. Conflict between constitution and statute not to be implied. Brock., 2/^y_ Cranch, 6/gy_ How., 10/402. 18. The prohibition against bills of attainder. What attainder la-ws •were valid. Dall., 4/14 Wall., 8/595 Wash. C. C-, V298, ^lus, ■^/354. 19. — against bills of credit. "What are bills of credit. Abb. U. S., 1/261. Ct. of CI., 1/149, 2/573. Ga., 35/330^ How., 13/12. Pet., 4/410, 8/40, 11/257. Pbil., (Pa.) 3/29o_ Wall. Jr., 3/3gi_ 20. — against ex post facto la-ws. What are deemed so to be. Ben., 8/2g_ Cranch, 6/37 ^Im, Cranch C. C, 2/254.' Dall., 3/386 Ga"v 2/105. How., 17/456. Wall., 4/172, 4/277^ 9/gg Wash. C. C, 2/3gg_ 3/3j3_ See, also, Statittes, 10. 21. — against la^ws impairing the obli- gation of contracts. Abb. U: S., 2/53 Alb. L. J., 16/466. Conn., 42/gg3_ Cranch, 5/2g9 Dill., 1/522. How., 10/402, ll/l85. lilt- Kev. Rec, 12/56, 24/,4o_ 24/2,0. McLean, S/^gg, Otto, 5/j68, 6/g9_ 6/,7g^ 6/^32^ 7/35^ 7/^5^^ Pet, 2/330^ 8/g8_ 14/g7_ Wall., 7/437^ 10/511, 13/68, 14/661, 20/36. Wheat., 5/^20. See, also, Statutes, 12. 22. The amendments to the constitu- tion; and their effect upon the general government. Abb. U. S., 1/28. Am. L. Reg., n. S-, 8/358. Baldw., 1/544, 1/571. Chase Dec, 1/364. Dall., %78. Dill., l/g. How., 5/410, 6/507, 20/84. Pet., 7/469_ Wall., 7/321. 23. — on the states. Cranch, 6/115. Dall., 8/373 How., 5/410, 6/507, 18/71, 20/84. McAll., I/212. Otto, 2/go, 2/542, 4/113. Pet., 7/243, 7/469, 7/627, 12/657. Wall., 5/^75^ 7/32^, 9/374. West. Jur., 11/222, 12/97. Wheat., 6/264, 9/738. Woods, 2/i3_ 24. — on the territories. Rev. Stat., § 1891. How., II/437, 13/115. 25. Interpretation of ordinance of » 1787; when and ho^w super- seded. Abb. U. S., l/i58. Am. L. Reg., N. 8-, %38. How., 3/212, 3/589, 10/82. Mc- Lean, 1/337, 2/611, 3/56, 3/107, 3/226, 3/530, 6/70, 6/209, 6/237. Op. Att.-Gen., 7/571. Pet., 5/505. Wall., 21/521. CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTIONS. What decisions of state courts involve Oonstir tntimal or Federal questions, so as to give juris- diction to United States supreme court on writ of error, see Ebboe, II, 2. CONSTRUCTION. As to the interpretation of Comfe-ocfe, gener- 134 CONSULS— CONTEMPT. ally, see Contracts, IV ; and the titles of the various particular contracts and legal instru- ments. For the rules governing the construction of Statutes, see Statutes, III. Of Ccmslitutional provisions, see Constitutiostai, Law, 6, et seq. CONSTRUCTIVE DELIVERY. Sales, 21-23. CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE. Notice, 3. CONSULS. 1. Th.eir authority and privileges, gen- erally. Bee Adm., I/209. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., V666. Ct. of CI., 5/430. -Low., 1/77. Newb. Adm., I/400. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/41^ 9/384, 12/1. Wash. C. C, 4/555, Wheat.; 3/435. 2. Judicial powers. Eev. Stat., § 4083-4130. Blatchf., 9/438. Chic. L. N., 8/g7_ MacArth., ^86. Op. Att.-Gen., T/^gg^ Q/gg^^ 9/29g^ IV474, IV5O8, 14/522. Otto, 1/13. Saw- y^^} 1/713. See, also. Seamen, 49-61. 3. Their rights of action, intervention, &c. Curt., 1/87. Mason, I/14. Wall. Jr., 2/59. Wheat., 3/435^ 6/^52^ lO/gg 4. Compensation. Eev. Stat., pp. 297, 301. Ct. of CL 3/i52, 5/430. Op. Att.-Geii., l2/i24_ 12/410 Wall., 10/62. 5. Their liabilities and liabilities of their siu'eties. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/gge. Dall., S/gg^ Gilp., 1/41. Taney, 1/^ 6. Jm-isdiction of suits against con- suls. Blatchf., 3/25g_ 4/go^ 6/315 r)all., 2/297. Low., 1/77. Taney, l/i. See, also, CiEcniT Courts, 71 ; Disteict COUETS, 9. 7. Exemption from suits in state courts. Ben., 2/240 Blatchf., 8/359 Pet., '^/276. 8. Criminal responsibility. Dall., 2/297^ 2/299». As to Ambassadors and Foreign ministers, see MiNlSTEES, n. CONTEMPT, 1. Power to punish contempts. Rev. Stat., § 725, 1070, 4104, 4975. Cranch, V/gg Cranch C. C, 4/572 Curt., I/186. Int. Rev. Rec, 1%. Wall., 22/i57_ Wall. Jr., 1/1. Wash. C. C, 3/456, Woodb. & M., 1/401. Woods, 1/647. 2. Power of congress to punish con- tempts. Chic. L. N., 7/36 MacArth., I/453 Phil., (Pa.) 7/5g5 Wheat., 6/204 ' 3. What contempts are punishable, generally. B'ss-,''/5l3,'''/529. Black, 1/419. Chic. L- N., 9/393, 9/401. Cranch C. C, l/gg, 2/199, %14, 3/423, 4/188, 4/500. Dill-, 4/508. How., 8/251 Wall. C. C, 1/77, 1/102. Woolw., i/so. 4. What are not punishable. Bankr. Reg., l7/368_ Ben., 7/444^ 8/463. Cranch C. C, 5/46^ Wash. C. C, 3/456. 5. Violations of injunctions and other orders of the court. Bankr. Reg., 8/281^ 4/233^ 7/^92^ IO/274 CONTEMPT— CONTEACTS. 135 Ben., 7/39J Blatch., 2/39^ ij^^^ S/^gg^ Cranch C. C, 5/385. Dill., 4/324. Fish. Pat. Cas!, 3/2g9_ Int.. Rev. Rec, 8/25. McLean, I/483. Taney, I/3Q2. See, also, Injunction, 47. 6. Contempts by jurors. Cranch C. C, I/154, %i, 7. Recusant witnesses. Rev. Stat., § 4073, 5005, &c. Ben., %43. Cranch C. C, I/130, l/l50, ^287, 1/580. Ml., 2/333. M1-,V420. Gall., 2/364. Wall. Jr., 2/127. 8. Contempts by officers in serving or returning process. Abb. Adm., 1/508. Col. T., 2/295. Cranch C. C, I/373. Pet. C. C, I/41. 9. Effect of being in contempt upon applications for favor. Taney, I/362. 10. Preliminary proceedings to bring a party into contempt. Biss., 4/49Q Dall., 2/333 McLean, 1/483. Wall., 7/3g4 Wall. C. C, I/77, V102. 11. The affidavit. Blatchf., 2/7g^ 3/^48. W'yom. T., 1/155. 12. Order to show cause. Motion on notice. Low., 1/439 McLean, I/483. Wall. C. C, 1/134, i/i4i. Woolw., i/es. 13. Attachment, service, &c. Cranch C. C, I/130, 1/237, Vsai, V346, ■^/357, •^/447, •^/474, ^ksO, ^IsU, ^Isii. Dall., 2/335. Mason, 3/^82. Woods, ^Iq^j^ 14. Interrogatories. Blatchf., 2/76. Wall. C.C, 1/77, 1/102. 15. The hearing, generally. Sufficiency of the evidence. Alb. L. J., 10/10 Blatchf., 2/^6, 3/i48 4/190. Cranch C. C, 4/500 Curt., ^/l86. Call., 2/313 Hughes, I/59. 16. "What may be shown in defence. Blatchf., 4/14; Cranch C. C, 4/500 Int. Rev. Rec, S/gg, ISj^^^ Taney, l/ggg. 17. Punishment by commitment or fine. Biss., 7/529. Blatchf., 8/45_ 13/371^ U/i^^ Cranch C. C, I/456. Wheat., 7/38. Woodb. & M., 3/227 18. Eeview of proceedings in contenipt. Wyom. T., 1/114. 19. Pardoning power of the ptesident. Blatchf., 7/23 Int. Rev. Rec, 8/33. CONTINGENT REMAINDERS. Devise, 18 ; Estates, 5. CONTINUANCE. Trial, III. CONTRACTS. I. General Pbinciplbs. II. CONSIDEBATION. 1. Necessity of consideration; and wliat considerations are sufficient. 2. Insniffident consideration. Failure of consideration. in. EECitrrREMENTS OE THE STATUTE OF Fbatjds. rv. Intbepbetation and Effect. Con- ditions. V. Validity. 1. In general. 2. Illegality. VI. Pebfobmance. Beeach. VII. Modification. Meegee. Vin. Eescission. IX. Law of Place. X. Actions foe Bbbach of Conteact. XL CONTBACTS WITH THE GoVEENMENT. 136 CONTRACTS, I, II. I. GENEBAL PBINCIPLES. 1. "What constitutes a contract. Abb. U. S., 1/483. Ct. of CI., 1/28, 2/550. How., 21/539^ 21/54g^ Pet., 12/151. Wash. C. C, 2/36^ i!/io7. 2. Treaties considered as contracts. Pet., 2/253_ 6/,9i_ 7/51^ 12/5ii_ 3. Who may make a contract. Rev. Stat, § 1977. Int. Rev. Rec, n/ll. McLean, 3/5g Tet., 5ln5,^^ll51, 13/519. 4. Necessity and sufficiency of assent. Call, (Va.) 6/279. Ct- of CI., ^Js^, How.,20/gQg Newb. Adm., 1/69. Pet-j V455. Sumn., I/218. Wall., 15/664, 1^/384. Woodb. & M., 2/359 5. Mutuality. McLean, 1/120, 2/157. Pet-, 9/62. Wall., 7/361. Woodb. & M., 2/359 6. Implied contracts. Cranch, S/^gg. Cranch C. C, 3/666. How., 14/464. Wall. Jr., 1/47, l/gg. See, also. Services, l. 7. Acceptance of proposals. Cranch, 2/127 Pe*-, ^^Z??. Wall., 10/38. Wheat., 4/225. 8. Contracts by letter or telegram. Cliff., 3/608. Curt., 1/90. Dill., 4/431 How., 9/39o_ 14/4g4 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 6/262. Ware, 2/343 Wheat., I/151, S/i^i^ ^/225. Woods, 1/286. 9. Execution and delivery ; and lia- bility of parties, generally. Pet., 12/151. Wash. C. C, 4k^l_ Woolw., 1/204. 10. Necessity of seal, witnesses, &c. Cranch, 7/299 McLean, 5/328. Pet-> %61, %4l. 11. Execution by agent. Pet.,8/i65. Wash. C. C, 3/560. See, also, PfilNCIPAL AliTD AgBNT, 8. 12. — by public oflBcers. Cranch, I/345. Cranch C. C, I/109 « %70. How., 11/362. II. CONSIDEBATION. 1. Necessity of consideration ; and what confeder- ations are suff 13. Necessity of a consideration ; and •wbat agreements are ■without it. Blatchf. & H., 1/372. Cranch C. C, Vl54. Hempst., 1/251. How., 12/126. McLean, 3/ggo 01c. Adm., 1/144 Pet., 11/63. Woodb. & M., 3/45g. 14. "WTiat considerations are sufQcient, generally. Baldw., 1/344. Biss., 4/459 Cranch, 7/308. Cranch C.C, 2/245^2/349 How., 2/426, ^/278. Pet-, ^/470, ^/204 1%90, Wall., 6/94_ 14/57o_ 15. Benefit to promisor, or loss to promisee. Cranch, S/i^g^ 7/373. How., 15/272, 22/28. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 10/225. Pet., V476, 2/170, ^/99, ^^/290. 16. Mutual promises. How., 5/278. 17. Forbearance, extension of time, &c. ' Biss., 4/469. Cranch, 7/273. Cranch C.C.,2/20. IS. Compromise of disputed claims. Curt., 2/340 See title Compromise. 19. Past considerations. Antecedent debts. Bankr. Reg., 12/493. Blatchf., 4/333 Cranch C.C, 5/319 Pet., 18/107. Wash. C. C, 4/86, 4/i48. CONTRACTS, II, III, IV. 137 20. Presumptions in favor of consid- eration. Bankr. Eeg., IS/ies. Brock., 2/gg Pet., 15/290. Woodb. & M., 3/457_ 2. Insufficient amsidei'ation. Failure of cormd- eration. 21. "Wliat considerations are insiiffl- cient, generally. Craneh C. C, 1/154^ ^Iqqt, Law Eep., N. S., 12/52. Wall., 15/439. 22. Mere promise. Moral obligation. Craneh C. C, ^Ju^ ^koj, Hempst., 1/251. Wall. Jr., 3/279. Wash. T., 1/57. ' Woodb. & M., 3/519 23. Promise to pay, part payment, &c. Craneh C. C, 2/14, Ct. of CI., 2/503. McLean, S/ggg^ Taney, I/422. 24. Inadequacy of consideration. How., 12/126. Pet., 11/63. 25. Failure of consideration. Craneh C.C, 2/425. Ga., 35/320. How., 9/213, 9/263, 11/461, 1^/434. Pet., 16/269. Woodb. & M., 1/90. III. BEQUIBEMENTS OF THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS. 26. Necessity of a writing. What contracts are within the statute, generally. Col. T., 2/300. Craneh C. C, ^Jus. Otto, 7/g24. Story, 1/33. Wall., 8/254. See, also, Sales, I, 2. 27. Contracts not to be performed within a year. Chic. L. N., 10/363. ^^^°' ^/424. Wall., 5/580. 28. Guaranties, and promises to pay debt of another : "When within the statute. Craneh C. C, I/77, 2/205, Pet., I/476. 29. "When not, because the undertak- ing is an original one. How., 21/283 22/28. Mont. T., I/433. Pet., 1/476. Story, 3/^g^_ See, also. Guaranty, II. 30. Conveyances ; and contracts for sale of land. Craneh, ^/j^yg. Craneh C. C, ^Ii2i 5/546. Dill., 4/93 Pet., 14/84. Story^ ^/l81. Sumn., 2/48Q. See, also. Yen- doe AND PUECHASEE, I, 2. 31. other contracts relative to realty. Wheat., 4/513. 32. What is a sufiacient writing, gen- erally. Col. T., 2/g39 Craneh, 5/^42. Otto, 5/289. Pet., 1/640. Story, 2/i. 33. Wliat is insufflcient. Craneh C. C, I/77, 2/307. 34. Effect of performance, or part performance. Craneh C. C, I/219, ^o. Story, S/^gi. IV. INTEEPEETATION AND EFFECT. CONDITIONS. 35. General principles of construction. Bee Adm., I/106. Black, 1/30. Bond, 1/319. Cliff., 1/135. Craneh, 3/337^/333^ 7/26, '^/408. Dak. T., 1/335. Call., 4/345. How., l/i69, 17/53^ 19/224, 21/i46_ 23/49. Pet., 5/580, 11/41, ^'/89. Pet. C.C, 1/380. Story, 2/278, 3/122. Wall., 8/394, lO/gg^. Ware, 2/407. Wheat., 8/1, II/134. 36. Primary meaning of words to be adopted, if possible. Cliff., 1/55. Sprague, 1/353. Wall., 15/94. 37. Wlien resort may be had to ex- trinsic circumstances. How., 21/i46. Int. Eev. Eec, I6/156. 138 CONTRACTS, IV, V. Pet., 16/528. Wall., S/ggg See, also. Evidence, 90, 91. 38. "What may be implied or pre- sixmed. Ct. of CI., 1/233. Sprague, 1/404. Wall., 8/276. 39. Construing t-wo or m.ore instru- ments as one contract. Blalchf., 4/^79. Sawyer, l/gog. Vt., 29/g4(j See, also. Deeds, 38. 40. Anabiguities. ' Cliff., 1/358. Cranch, 3/^ Hempst., 1/32. McLeau, S/gg Mason, I/9 Saw- yer, 1/609. Sprague, 1/507. Story, a/g^g Wall., 9/50,12/443,15/94. Wash. C. C, 1/454. 41. Optional and alternative contracts. Cliflf"., l/i58. Cranch, 9/^83. McLean, 1/120. Pet., 5/264 42. Entire and severable contracts. Cranch, 2/^0. ^ow., IO/419 Wheat., 1/75, •'■I/237. 43. Joint and several contracts. Cranch, 9/153 Pet., 6/^43 Story, 3/646. 44. Executory contracts. Curt., 2/28. Newb. Adm., I/205. 45. Conditional contracts. Bankr. Eeg., 7/ig2 Bond, I/302. Chic. L.K, 4/421. How., 7/745 16/5gg_ Sprague, 1/535. 46. When time is of the essence of the contract. Cranch, S/ggg Dall., 4/3^5 How., 20/461. McLean, 1/395. Pet., 1/455^ 14/^72. Wall., 2/591^ 21/302. 47. Construction of particular terms and phrases. Ct. of CI., 11/680. GilPv 1/147. Ma- son, 2/89_ Wall. Jr., 3/46. 48. Conditions subsequent. Cliffi, 1/545. Wheat., 1/75. 49. Conditions precfedent. Abb. Adm., l/n Baldw., 1/464. Black, 1/450. Blatchf, 3/35 Bond, I/152. How., 19/211. Pet., 16/169. Vt., 24/660 Wheat., 6/528 Woods, 2/372. 50. Dependent and independent cov- enants. Black, 1/450. Curt., 2/g How., 13/307^ 19/224. MacArth., I/474. Minn., 1/43. Pet., 1/455. Wash. C. C, 2/456 Wheat., 8/217. See, also, Covenants, 5. 51. Instances of interpretation of con- , tracts containing peculiar and unusual provisions. Abb. Adm., l/n Am. L. Reg., N. s-, V332. Ben., 2/434 Black, I/506. Blatchf., 1/475^ 5/503 Bond, 1/164. Cliff., 1/158. Ct. of CI., 7/454 How., 14/589^ 18/489, 21/257. -McLean, 5/333 Pet., 8/18I, 1%9, 1%27. Story, 1/574. Wall., 1^/123. Wheat., 6/^35 Woodb. & M., 2/371. Woods, 1/286, 1/302. V. VALIDITY. 1. In genei'al. 52. What agreements are valid, gen- erally. Brock., 1/447^ 2/96_ How., 17/232. Mason, 5/71 Pet., 18/157. Wall., 8/377 16/483. 53. Formal defects ; uncertainty, ■want of consideration, &c. MacArth., 1/435. Wash. C. C, 148. 54. Incapacity to contract. How., 20/5og_ Sumn., SJi^q See, also. Insane JPeesons, 2. CONTRACTS, V. 139 55. Fraud and deceit. Duress. Un- due influence. Black, 2/585. Pet., 15/377. Wall., . ^/327. Woods, 2/372 See, also, Dueess, 4; Fraud, I. 56. Contracts bet^ween master and Cranch C. C, 1/443," I/5O6, 2/i62, 2/300, 2/412,3/214. Ct. of CI., 9/170 Otto, 2/27. 67. Contracts void in part. Int. Eev. Rec, 13/142. Wall., I/221. 58. Validity of contracts made during •war. Blatchf., 9/234. Chic. L. N., S/g^ Cranch, 8/354. ^^^U^IlO. ^iH-, V571. Gall., 1/274,1/445. Otto, 1/3, 3/go5_ Pet., 7/586,14/282. Pet.C. C.,l/io6. Wall., V542, 8/1, 15/439. Wash. C. C, 3/484. West. Jur., 4/399 Woods, 1/628. See, also, War, I, 2. 69. New contract -when valid, though original agreement was ille- gal. Brock., 1/447 Mason, 6/71. Pet., 13/157. Wall., 9/72. 2. Illegality. 60. General principles. Blatchf., 1/488. Gall., 2/530. How., 17/232, 1%89. McLean, 8/303 Wall., 2/70. Woodb. & M., 2/329. 61. Contracts prohibited by constitu- tional provisions. Dill., 1/219. How., 12/79. Int. Rev. Rec, 13/106, 13/u4. Pet., 4/4io_ 8/40^ 15/449. Wall., 13/646, 13/654. 62. Contracts prohibited by statute. Abb. U. S., 2/416, 2/434. Black, 1/316. Brock., 1/447. Gliff., 3/494 Cranch, 8/342. Cranch C. C, 2/203. Curt., I/244. Deady, 1/72. Ga., 35/320. Gilp., 1/155. How., 3/333, 5/192, 12/79, 21/414, 22/185. Int. Rev. Rec, 18/142. ^^^ Rep., N. s., 1^/29. McLean, 1/295, 2/257, 2/404, 3/212, 3/276, %75, 5/450. Pet., 2/527, 13/157. Story, 1/109. Taney, 1/233. Wall., 12/349 Wash. C. C, 2/98, 3/45^ 3/276^ 4/297. Wheat., 11/258. 63. Sunday contracts. How., 23/28, 23/209. Law Rep., N. s., 11/6. 64. Contracts in nature of wagers. Am. L. Reg., n. s., I8/310. Bankr. lieg., 17/261. Biss., 1/177, %3, 7/338, 7/540. Chic. L. N., 6/229. Col. T., 2/320. Cranch C. C, 2/1^1^ 2/173^ 2/207, 2/26O, 2/556, 3/555, 4/16I, 4/423. Hempst., 1/32, 1/53. McLean, 3/ioo Taney, 1/297. See title Wagbk. 65. Contracts void for champerty. Ben., 3/490. How., 17/616, 20/407 Otto, 6/404. Pet., 10/177. See, also, Cham- perty, 1. 66. Immoral contracts. Col. T., 2/502. Cranch C. C, 2/336 67. Contracts contrary to public policy. Biss., 7/3g7 Black, 1/315, 2/535. Blatchf., 4/341 Ga., 35/320. How., 14/38, 16/314. McLean, I/460, 8/275, •'/112. Morr., (Iowa) l/ng Sumn., 2/233. Wall., 7/542. 68. Contracts in restraint of trade. Alb. L. J., 10/41 Blatchf, 1/488. Brock., 1/177. Chic. L. N., 6/357. How., 18/289. Wail.,20/e4_ 69. Contracts to use undue influence with oflQcers. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 17/626. Cranch, 140 CONTRACTS, VI, VII, VIII. C. C, 2/^23^ 3/283 Otto, S^^s. Pet., 4/184. Wall.,2/45_ 70. Engagements to influence legisla- tion. I>illv %85. How., 16/314. How. Pr., 52/144 MacArth., 2/268, 2/407_ Taney, 1/204. Wall., 21/441. VI. PEKFOEMANCE. BBEACH. 71. Obligation to. perform, or sliow waiver. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 17/500. Baldw., 1/464. Ben., 2/334 Biss., 4/295. Bond, 1/302. Col. T., 2/434 Crauch C. C, 2/143,2/590. McLean, 5/^70, 5/218. Pet., 9/319. Pet. C. C, 1/15. Wall.,9/i6i. 73. "What is a suflacient performance. Cranch, 2/igg Cranch C. C, I/126. ^/698. How., 20/g4_ Low., i/ee. Mac- Arth.,1/23. Wall., 9/254. Wheat., 11/237. 73. Time and place of performance. How., 19/224, 23/220. Surun., 3/g3Q_ Wash. C. C, 3/i4g 74. Tender : Readiness to perform. Cranch, I/321. McLean, 6/5QQ Wash. c. c, 2/180. 75. Part performance. Cranch C. C, l/igg, 2/423. Otto, l/ggg. Wall., 21/255. 76. 'What ■will excuse performance, generally. Cranch C. C, 5/273. Hempst., l/ggs. McAIl., 1/505. McLean, 8/523, ^ksi, 6/102. Pet. C. C, 1/15, 1/85. Wall., 2/1^ 10/543 Ware, 2/3J6. 77. Impossibility, or prevention by other party. How., 11/461. McLean, I/395 Pet., 2/96. Sawyer, l/igg. Wall., 2/i Ware, 2/316. 78. "Waiver of strict performance. Abb. Adm., l/n. Blatchf., I/512. Col. T., 3/15 Cranch, 4/333 McLean, 4/530. Wall., 6/543^ 9/254_ Wash. C. 0., 1/446. 79. Enforcing performance in equity. Baldw., 1/464. Pet., II/229. Wheat., 1/179 See title Specific Peefoem- ANCE. 80. Breach ; and its effect. Blatchf., 1/165, 4/55. How., 11/461, "/224, 23/420. How. Pr., I9/334. Vn. MODIFICATION. MERGER. 81. Altering a written, by a subse- quent oral contract. McLean, 2/^gQ Mout. T., 1/400. 82. Modification by assent, or neglect to insist on strict perform- ance. Blatchf., 3/25 Pet. C. C, I/221. Vt., 2^/660. 83. Substituting a new contract. Cranch, 7/299. McLean, 6/39Q. Ma- son, 4/4^4 Wheat., 10/367. 84. Merger by taking new, or higher security. Blatchf., 1/326 Cranch, 7/299 How., 22/270. McLean, 2/^g8, %. Pet., H/ig^ 16/169. Pet. C. C, 1/74. Wall., 6/231. Ware, ' 2/^^2. Wheat., 9/5^6, ^k^i, Woodb. & M., 2/^5 VIII. RESCISSION. [Consult, also, Sales, V; Vendoe and PUECHASBR, IV. 85. The right to rescind; and how ex- ercised. Black, 1/326. Blatchf., 6/^39^ 14/364. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/588 Gall., 2/51. How., 17/i3o. McLean, 3/533, %0, %oo, %12. CONTRACTS, VIII, IX, X. 141 Pet., 1/138, V455, ^/210, ^^/26. Sprague, 1/473. Wall, 6/561. Woodb. & M, 2/298. 86. False aflOrmation -which misleads, good ground though innocently jnade. Story, 1/172, 3/gg9 Ware, 2/3Q3_ Woodb. & M., 1/90, i/342, 2/246. 87. Provisions reserving the right. Cranch C. C, 4/45^ McLean, 1/50, %^8. 88. Form and reqijlsites of notice of rescission. Wall., 20/403_ 89. "What amounts to a rescission. Blatchf., 1/388. How., 21/257 Mc- Lean, e/gg Pet., 1/640. Wall., 5/497. 90. Rescission by mutual consent. Brock., 2/^35 Cranch, 2/^3^ Mc- Lean, 2/180 Wall, 11/96. 91. Restoration of the consideration. Putting in statu quo. Cranch C. C, I/427. Hempst., I/710. How., 12/51^ 20/^49 McLean, 3/333^ %2, %70. Mason, I/437. Story, I/172. Wall., 5/497^ 6/254. 02. "When equity "will enforce rescis- sion. Blatchf., 1/388, 5/48I. Cranch, 4/^37 Cranch C. C, 4/85. How, 17/i30. Otto, %5, '^/339. Pet., 11/229. Story, 8/659^ 3/700. Wall., 9/364, 15/377. Ware, 2/303. Woodb. & M., 1/342. Woods, 2/244. 93. Effect of rescission. Cranch C. C, 4/451 Hempst., I/475. McLean, 6/248. Sawyer, I/219. Wall., 1%63. IX. LAW OF PLACE. ©4. The general rule that the law of the place -where the contract is made, governs. Baldw., 1/536. Biss., 5/269 1°*- Eev. Rec, H/n. Otto, I/406. Paiue, 2/437. Pet., 6/i72_ 12/32_ 13/5^g_ Pet. C. C, 1/74, 1/301. Story, 3/4g5_ Wall., 16/314. Wash. C. C, 1/340, 1/376, 2/157, ^/l7, %13. Wheat., 11/253. 95. Various applications of the rule. Ben., 4/^g4_ Curt., 1/244. How., 6/295, 1^/253, 19/390. McLean, Sj^^s^ 8/39^^ 4/30. Pet., 6/635, 9/86. Pet. C. C, 1/225. Sumn., 3/523 Taney, I/55. Wall., I/175. Wash. C. C, 2/253_ 4/296. ' 96. Ho-w applied in respect to interest and usury. Dill., 1/529. McLean, 4/343^ 6/g22. Pet., 4/111, 13/65. Wall., 12/226. Wheat., 3/101, i%67. See, also. Interest, 24. 97. Limits and qualifications of the rule. Baldw., 1/129. Cranch C. C, 1/533. Gall., 1/371. How, l/i69. Phil, (Pa.) 8/147. Sto- ry, 3/465. Wash. C.C, 2/98. Woods, 2/244. 98. The rule does not apply to the reinedy. Brock., 1/62. Gall., 1/371. McLean, %45, 4/540. Ma^on, 3/88_ 3I^^_ Otto, I/4O6. Paine, 2/437. Pet., ^/sei, 1^/378. Wash. C. C, 1/340. 99. — or to limitations of time to sue. Cranch C. C, 2/5^ How., 8/407. ' McLean, 3/g6 4/521 Mason, 2/^51. Paine, 2/437. Pet., 3/270, 5/457, %61, 13/312. Woodb. & M., 3/538 100. When the la-w of place of per- formance governs. McLean, 8/276 X. ACTIONS FOE BREACH OF CON- TEACT. 101. The right to sue, and forms of action allo-wed. Cranch, 4/2g9_ Cranch C. C, I/408, 142 CONTEACTS, X, XI. 2/38,2/56. Ct. of CI., 1/357. How.,104,9_ 23/220. McLean, 3/55J Otto, S/^^g Pet., 9/541. Wall., 2/1^ 20/2o_ 102. Demand or tender before suit. Blatchf., 3/25_ Craneh C. C, 2/^33^ 4/304. Hempst., 1/67. How., 14/575 Mc- Lean, 4/530^ Pet., 2/318. Yt., 24/ggo_ 103. Parties. Craneh C. C, 2/207. Wyom. T., ■'■/382. 104. The declaration. Chic. L. N., 5/^09 Craneh C. C, V476, 2/447. Hempst., 1/90^ 1/438. Mc- Lean, 2/557_ Pet., I/18. Wall., I/221. Wash. C. C, 4/i48_ 105. Averments in respect to perform- ance. Craneh C. C, 4/205. Hempst., 1/233, V268. McLean, 4/353^ bj^^^ Otto, 1/646. Pet., l/i8, 1/455. Wash. C. C, 2/456, '%14. 106. Matters of defence. Chic. L. ISr., 7/^29. Craneh C. C, V410, V585, 2/425. How., II/461. Mc- Lean, 3/457_ Otto, 4/7g_ Pet., 4/4^Q_ Pet. C. C, 1/15. Wall., 1/73, 1/298, 7/542, 20/403 Woodb. & M., 2/329. 107. The plea or ans"wer. Craneh, 4/333, 7/565_ Hempst., I/315. Pet., 4/410, 13/65. Wash. C. C, 1/446. 108. Evidence. Abb. Adm., 1/445. Craneh, 2/-^g5^ ''/ses. Craneh C. C, I/131, 1/133, ^/l67, V18I, V249, 2/14, 2/423. Hempst., 1/558. How., 10/419, ^%4, ^^/323. Otto, 5/279. Pet., 1/562. %0. Ware, 2/161. 109. Variance bet'ween declaration and proof. Craneh, SJ^g^, ''1 208, ''■/4O8. . Hempst., 1/294. Mason, I/117. 110. Measure of recovery. Ben., 7/525 Chic. L. N., e/ggg^ Craneh C. C, 2/303 Dall., 4/325. Mc- Lean, 6/500 Wall., 2/j See, also. Damages, 10-20. 111. Recovery for part performance. Craneh, 4/239 How., 23/220. Wall., 21/255. 112. Recovery for extra -work. Blatchf., 3/25 Craneh C. C, 3/666. Law Eep., n. s., 10/551. Vt., 24/ggo. 113. Measure of damages on illegal rescission. McLean, 6/gi2 XI. CONTRACTS WITH THE GOVEEN- MENT. 114. Po'wer of the government to con- tract. Eev. Stat., § 3679, 3732, 3733. Ct. of CI., 1/141. McLean, S/ng. Pet., l*'/343 1^/290. See, also, Uniteb States, I. 115. Hovr government contracts are executed, or negotiated. Stat, at L., 13/394 Ct. of CI., 1/33, ^/go, ^/l92, 2/126, 2/550, 2/552, ^/ll3, */223, 6/135,10/269,11/608. Op. Att-Gen., 13/314, Wall., 8/358^ 8/489_ 9/^5^ 19/^7_ 116. "When implied. Ct.ofCl.,2/i8o_ 10/255_ 10/466^ ll/ggg^ "/608, "/748. Dev., I/231. 117. Advertising for proposals. In ■what emergencies dispensed ■with. Eev. Stat., § 3709, 3721, 3728. Ct.^ of CL, 2/63 2/501 3/1 3/43, %5, ^/99, %03, CONTRACTS, XI. 143 %43, %51, ^/75, ^/401, ^/537, ^/542, ^/si?, %86. '^/437, ''/482, ^/sOl, ^/291, ^%04, ^^/l5. Op. Att.-Gei,., 6/226, «/406, IO/4I6, 1%14. Otto, 3/242. Wall, 8/77_ 118. Necessity of a -writrng. Stat, at L., 12/4ii_ IS/gg^^ Ct. of CI., 4/75, ^/359, ^/549, ^/65, ^/416, ^/71, ^/437, '^/470, '^/482, '^/SSO, %95. 0^°. ^/539. 119. Interpretation and effect of gov- ernment contracts, generally. Ct. of CI., 1/28, ^246, V266, ^/353, ^/l22, 4/551, %48, ^/467, ^^680, ^2/147. Law Rep., N. s., 11/482. Op- Att.-Gen., 12/530. Pet.,8/399_ Wall.,V/688. Wheat., e/^gg, 120. — of contracts for supplies. Ct. of CI., 1/190, V383, 2/429, 3/433, 4/l76, %02, %S6, ^/265, ^^/522, "^^733, ^^kod. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/260, 1/270, V389, 2/48O, %18, 3/293, 3/463, 3/524, 3/539, 3/632, ^/296. Otto, 6/354_ 6/42i_ G/ggg. Wall., 7/33^^ 121. — for army transportation. Ct of CI., 4/241, 5/462, 5/468, 7/192, ^374, «/384, 12/164, 13/148, 13/i83, ^^Im. Op. Att.-Geu., 2/697^ 3/^32, S/ggi, 4/^4o_ S/gg^ 13/92. Otto, 1/267, 7/398. Wall., I2/443, 1^/264. 122. — for construction of public ■works. Ct. of CI., 3/425,4/^48,4/290,5/71^8/501, 12/181,12/624,13/372. Paine, I/305. Wall, 6/543. Wheat., 12/180. 123. — for construction of vessels. Ct. of CI., 9/igQ Otto, S/ei. Sawyer, 4/143. Taney, I/468. 124. — for sale of goods to the gov- ernment. Ct.-of CI., 1/61, 1/212, 1/243, 1/307, 2/319, 2/322, 2/382, 2/429, 3/99, 3/i3i, 3/203, 3/343^ 3/351, 3/433, ^/57, 7/470, 13/209. Int- Rev. Eec., 24/2og_ Otto, 6/24, 6/ig8^ 7/233_ 125. Validity of contracts witli the government. Brock., 2/9g, Ct. of CI., 1/270, 2/375, 3/122, 4/75, 4/176, 4/401, 4/495, 4/537, 4/542, 5/302, 5/526, 7/530, ^/l87, ^/467, l°/269. Op. Att.-Gen., 2/38^ l0/4ig_ Wall., 12/346, 1^/664. 126. Effect of the law of place. Pet., 6/172, 7/435. 127. Prohibition against transfers. Rev. Stat., § 3737, 3963. Stat, at L., 17/411. Ct. of CL, 5/504, 6/123, 7/522, 11/638. See, also. Assignment, 4; CoiTET OF Claims, 12. 128. Performance. Ct. of CL, 1/307, 4/156, 5/416, 7/579, 9/244, 10/276, 10/414, 13/71. Otto, 1/324. Wall., 7/331^ 23/508. 129. Breach ; and its effect. Ct. of CI., 1/316,4/64, 4/156,4/258 5/490, 7/579, 9/135, 11/513, 12/219. Wall., 8/269, 13/20, 15/36. 130. Modification of government con- tracts. Ct. of CL, 5/71, 5/108, 5/231, 5/242, 5/285, 5/386, 5/462, 5/468, ^/57, ^Il56, 12/l41. Wall., 7/688, 17/67, 17/592. 131. Rescission; and subsequent rights of the parties. Cliff., 1/317. ct. of CL, 1/52, 1/61, 3/404, 4/64, 4/113, 4/258, 5/416, 5/427, 3/319. Wall., 7/331, 7/3gi^ 13/2g_ 132. Recovery; and herein of extra ■work. Ct. of CL, 1/90, 1/106, 1/336,2/552, 2/570, 3/404, 4/258, 4/551, 7/470, 7/543, 3/l99, 3/213, 144 COPT EIGHT, I. %50, %20, %56, l°/438, "/712, "/763, 13/97, 13/136. Wall, 13/25_ l^^^ 20/5^7_ For decisions respecting thfi various contracts by which title to or possession of Property is transferred, see Batlment; Chattel Mort- gages ; Deeds ; Mortgages ; Sales ; Vendor AUD Purchaser. As to the power of any particular officer to contract in- his Official character, see Officers, and the titles of the various kinds of officers. For the Agenfs ■power to bind the principal by contract, see Principal and Agent, I, III. As to Contracts by corporationji, see CoRPORA- TiOKfs, V, 1 ; Municipal Cobporations, III, 1 ; Railroad Companies, I. As to when a court of equity will enforce the performance of a contract, see SpECrFic Pee- FORMAJUCE. In what cases equity will Cancel or Reform (he contract, see Equity, 24, 29, 30. As to contracts between Husband and wife, or between Wife and third person, see Husband AND WUFE, V, VII. For the effect upon a contract of the Infancy of a party to it, see Infants. As to the contracting powers of Guardians, Personal representatives and Trustees, see Exec- utors AND Administrators ; Guabdian and Ward; Trusts. CONTRIBUTION. In general average, see Instjbanoe, I, 11 ; Shipping, VIII, 3. Among stockholders, see Cobpoeations, 41. Among sureties, see Principal and Subett, 11,3. CONTRIBUTIVE NEGLIGENCE. Caebiebs, II; Negligence, 7-11; Eail- EOAD Companies, IV, 2. CONVERSION. As to Equitable conversion of land into per- sonalty, see Wills. As to what constitutes a Tortvnis conversion of chattels, see Tbover. CONVEYANCES. Deeds; Moetgages; Wills. COPYRIGHT. I. Liteeaby Pbopeety. n. Subjects op Copyright. III. Originality and Authoeship. IV. Secueing Copyeight. Eenewals. V. Title to Copyeight. VI. Teansfebs, Assignments, and Li- censes. VII. Infbingement. 1. Whal constitutes pira/sy, generally. 2. In respect to abridgments, dramati- sations, and translations. 3. Remedies for infringement oj- piracy. I. LITEEAEY PEOPEETY. 1. Nature and origin of literary prop- erty. Paine, 2/382 Pet., 8/591 Wall. Jr., 2/547. 2. Rights of owner of unpubUshed ■work and how far protected. Biss.,2/208. BIatehf.,2/i65_5/87_ Cliff., 3/537. McLean, 5/32^ 3. — of alien owner. Am. L. E.eg., 8/33 Am. L. Eeg.^ N. s., 7/539 Biss., 2/2Q8 See, also, post, 37. 4. At common law, owner of unpub- lished manuscript has absolute property therein. Cliff., 3/537 How., l8/ig5 McLean, 4/300, 5/32. Off Gaz. Pat., •^kig. Wall., 13/608. 5. What publication will put an end to such common law right. Biss., 2/34^ 2/208 Cliff., 3/537_ How., 1^/447. McLean, 5/328_ Pet., Sj^^i, Wall. Jr., 2/547_ COPYRIGHT, I, II, III. 145 6. "WTiat amounts to violation of tlie common la'w right. Blatchf., 13/47 McLean, 4/300^ 5/33 7. Statutory protection of unpublished ■work. Enjoining unauthorized publication. Rev. Stat., § 4967. Am. L. Reg., 9/33. Blatchf., 13/47 Cliif., 3/537 How., 18/165. McLean, ^Jsoo, S/g^^ 8. Protection of property in private letters. McLean, 6/^28. Story, 2/jqq 9. — in plays, and dramas. Rev. Stat., § 4952, 4966. Abb. U. S-, 1/356. ^^- L. Reg., 9/33 Am. L. Reg., N. S., 8/286. Biss., 2/34_ 2/208^ 6/477_ Blatchf., 5/87^ 6/256,13/47. Cent. L. J., %10. Chic. L. N., 8/257, %45. Deady, V2I6. How. Pr., 36/2Q6. Int. Rev. Rec, I8/94. n. SUBJECTS OF COPYRIGHT. 10. In general. Rev. Stat., § 4962. Abb. U. S., l/ggg. Am. L. Reg., l/igg. Blatchf,, 5/28g_ 11/212. Deady, l/sig. Off. Gaz. Pat., ^/254. 11. Books generally; and herein of suc- cessive editions. Blatchf., 1/618, 13/163. -Bond, I/540. Holmes, I/185. McLean, 4/5^6 Paine, 2/382. Story, l/n. 12. "Works compiled or annotated from various sources. Blatchf., 1/618. Cliff., I/186. McLean, 4/306. Off.Gaz.Pat.,9/254_ Story, l/n, 3/768. Woodb. & M., 2/497_ 13. Abridgments, translations, 8so. Biss., 6/477 Cent. L. J., S/j-jq Int. Rev. Rec, 18/94_ Story, 1/^ 3/7gg_ 14. Calendars. How., 14/528. Paine, 2/393 15. Dramatic compositions. Abb. U. S., 1/356. ^"i- L- I^eg., N. s., 8/286. Biss., 2/34_ Blatchf., 6/37^ 6/256. Deady, I/216. How. Pr., 36/2Qg Int. Rev. Rec, I8/94. 16. Law reports. Blatchf, 2/i65_ 2/362^ rj^^^^ IS/^gs. How., 7/798^ 18/^65 Off Gaz. Pat., 6/932. Pet., 8/591 story, 1/11. 17. Maps and charts. Bond, 1/540. Paine, 2/393, 2/397 Story, Vll, %68. 18. Musical compositions. Blatchf, 1/618, 2/39. Taney, I/72. 19. Nevrspapers. Pame, 2/333 20. Photographs. Blatchf, 5/3'25_ 5/362 21. Prints, engravings, labels, &c. Rev. Stat., § 4952. Stat, at L., 18/78. Blat«h-f, 5/362^ ll/g^g. Bond, 1/540. Chic L. N., 9/395_ McLean, 4/516. Wash. C. C, 4/48_ 22. Statutes and public documents. Blatchf, 13/163. Story, 2/16^ III. OEIGINALITY AND AUTHOESHIP. 23. The requisite originality Blatchf, 1/618, 2/39, %. Paine, 2/393_ Story, 1/11, 3/768. Taney, I/72. Woodb. \& M., 2/497_ 24. The necessary literary or scientific merit. Bond, 1/540. Paine, 2/333 Story, ^/lOO. 146 COPYHIGHT, IV, V. 25. Who is deemed to be the author of a -wrork. Blatchf., 2/39^ 4/^25. Op. Att.-Gen., 7/656. Woodb.&M.,2/23 IV. SECUEING COPYEIGHT. RE- NEWALS. 26. Residence or citizenship. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 7/g3g_ 27. Steps necessary to secure copy- right prior to the Revised Statutes. Stat, at L., 1/124, 2/171^ 4/43g^ 9/jog_ Blatchf., 1/618, %2, V ^/362. Cranch C. C, 2/208. McLean, S/g^g, N. Y. Leg. Obs., 1/195. Off- G^z. Pat., 6/933 Op. Att.-Gen., 1/532. Petv 8/591. Wash. C. C, 4/487. 28. — under the Revised Statutes. De- livery of copy of title page to librarian of congress. Rev. Stat., § 4956. Am. L. Rec, 4/726. -Blatchf., 13/47, 1%63. Chic. L. N., 8/257, 9/395. lilt. Rev. Rec, 22/^53, ^%82. 29. Deposit of t-wo copies -with same ofilcer within ten days after publication. Rev. Stat., § 4956, 4960, 4961. Holmes, 1/135. Sawyer, 3/33Q 30. Notice of entry of copyright on title page or page next follow- ing. Rev. Stat., § 4962, 4963. Stat, at L-, 18/78. 31. No copyright until above three steps have been taken. Rev. Stat., § 4952, 4956. Biss., 2/34 Chic. L. N., 9/395. Holmes, 1/135. !"*• Rev. Rec., 18/94^ 22/^52. Sawyer, %30. 32. Seoiu-ing copyright of new edition which contains new matter. Rev. Stat., § 4962. Stat, at L., iS/yg. Blatchf., l3/i63. 33. Fees. Rev. Stat., § 4958. Stat, at L., IS/yg^ 34. First publication must be in this country. "What amounts to pub- Ucation. Am. L. Reg., 8/33. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 7/539_ Biss., 2/34 2/208 Blatchf., 2/82. McLean, 4/300^ 5/32 Paine, 2/393^ Phil., (Pa.) 4/,57 35. Who is entitled to a renewal. Rev. Stat., § 4964. Woodb. & M., 2/23. 36. Validity of renewals. Pet, 8/59i_ V. TITLE TO COPYRIGHT. 37. Works of alien author not pro- tected. Rev. Stat., § 4971. Am. L. Reg., 9/33. See, also, ante, 3. 38. Unless a resident of the United States : wnat constitutes resi- dence. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 7/539 -Biss., 2/; 34. 39. Right of " proprietor," or owner of , manuscript to enter copyright in his own name. Rev. Stat., § 4952. Blatchf., 2/^35^ 7/152. Cliff., 3/53-i- McLean, 5/328. Story, %00. 40. Right of employer to copyright work composed by employee. Blatchf., 2/39^ 4/^25. Law Rep., N. s., 1%96. Op- Att.-Gen., 7/ggg Wash. C. C, 4/48_ Woodb. & M., 2/23_ COPYRIGHT, VI, VII. 147 VI. TBANSFEES, ASSIGNMENTS, AND LICENSES. 41. Necessity of a -written assig'nment. Rev. Stat., § 4955, 4964. Stat, at Lv Vl24. 4/438. How., 14/528_ 18/^gg 42. Necessity of recording assign- ment. Law. Rep., lO/igg. Woodb. & M., 2/497. 43. Sale of stereotjTije plates. How., 14/528, 17/447. 44. Limited or partial assignment. Am. L. Reg., 8/33 Law Rep., N. s., 13/39g_ McLean, 5/323 45. Effect of assignment on right of rene^wal. Rev. Stat., § 4955. Blatchf., 7/^53. Wall., 13/608. Woodb. & M., 2/23. 46. Interpretation of agreements be- tween author and publisher. Blatchf., 7/152. How., 18/165. Mc- Lean, 5/328. Wall., 13/608. VII. INFEINGEMENT. 1. What constitutes piracy, generally. 47. "What is an infringement of copy- right. Rev. Stat., § 4964. Blatchf., l/gis, %62. So°ay, (Conn.) 2/239 Hempst., ^/546. How., l6/98_ Law Rep., 8/542. Sumn., 1/514. 48. — in equity. Blatchf., 5/2iQ_ 8/iQ7_ Bond, 1/523. Cranch C. C, 2/^ Fish. Pat. Cas., */318, ^/633, Low., 1/321. Story, 2/553^ 49. — in admiralty, generally. Abb. Adm., l/eo, l/i58, 1/539. Blatchf. & H., 1/293, 1/493. Gall., 2/307 Newb. Adm., 1/533. Olc. Adm., I/176, V275. 50. — in prize cases. Abb. Adm., I/215. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/206, 1/310, 1/585, 1/596, l/eOl, 1/635. Gall., 1/453^ 2/6o_ 2/345 How., 2/2io_ Sprague, 2/i2i_ 2/igQ Wheat., 5/127 51. — in salvage cases. Ben., 2/gii Sumn., I/400, 3/543. 52. Attorney's and proctor's fees. Abb. Adm., 1/153. Ben., l/g. Blatchf.^ l/l51, ^/79. Blatch. & H., 1/195. Low., , 1/321. 53. Ooimsel fees. Abb. Adm., 1/153. Blatchf., 7/ig^ 7/505. Cranch C. C, I/571, 2/ii Pet.,' %07. Sprague, 2/37 WaiU., 2/333^ Wall. Jr., 2/iig 54. Clerks' fees. Blatchf., 14/225. See, also. Clerks, 4. 55. Marshal's fees. Stat, at L., I8/333 Ben., 1/72, Gall., 1/400. Hughes, 1/340. Sprague, I/173. Story, 1/135. Wheat., 12/546 Woodb. & M., 1/134. Woolw., 1/377. See, also, Marshals, 20-26. 56. Master's fees. Fees of commis- sioner to take deposition. Abb. Adm., 1/215. Ben., 8/434^ Blatchf., 3/77_ 3/45g^ 10/323. Cranch C. C.,1/550. Fish. Pat! Cas.,4/318 Woodb, & M., 2/63_ 5*7. "Witness fees. Abb. U. S., 1/299. A.m. L. Reg., N. S., 7/749_ Ben., 4/ioi_ 4/357^ 5/4gg_ Biss., 5/165. Blatchf., l/564_ 5/134^ 6/5^9^ 12/195^ Bond, 1/528. Cranch C. C, 2/421 Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/244^ 4/g33_ Hempst., I/546. How. Pr., 19/334 Law. Rep., 9/g42_ COSTS, Y— COUNTERFEITING. 157 McLean, 8/4, 5/213, 5/241. Phil., (Pa.) 6/484_ Sawyer, 2/go_ Story, 2/^99^ 3/g4_ Wash. C. Cv, 4/546. Woodb. & M., 2/33 See, also, "Witnesses, 8-10. 58. Disbursements; cost of printing, &c. Blatchf., 12/195 Bond, 1/528. Cliff., 3/239. Cranch, 7/276. Dall., S/ggg. Fish. Pat. Ca.s., 4/6g3_ Int. Rev. Rec, 24/^48 Otto, 6/595 Sawyer, 2/55. Story, 2/^99^ 3/84. Woodb. & M , 2/6g 59. Irregular taxation, and how cor- rected. Blatchf., 3/153 How., le/gg. 01c. Adm., l/i76. 60. Be-taxation. Abb. Adm., l/igg Cranch C. C, 2/407. How., 18/460. Olc. Adm., 1/175. 61. Collection, and compelling pay- ment, generally. Blatchf., 4/157 Cranch, ^/gg Cranch C. C, 2/98. How., I8/421, 18/460. 62. Compelling payment by attach- ment. Cranch C. C, 1/52, I/1O6, V359, ^365, ^/l99,%6. Gall.,2/iQi Hempst., 1/436. Olc. Adm., 1/240. Pet. C. C, I/233. 63. Compelling payment of costs of former suit. Cranch C.C, 1/451, 2/351 Dall.,4/g5g. Hempst., l/ig7 Pet., 5/151 Wash. C. C, 2/271, 4/573. 64. Criminal cases : Liability of pros- ecuting witness. Col. T., 2/147. Curt., 1/93. Hempst., As to costs in the Kreuit Court of the District of Columbia, see that title. CO-TENANTS. Tenants in Common. COUNTER-CLAIM. Set-off. COUNTERFEITING. [Consult, also, Fobgeby.J 1. "Wliat constitutes the offence. Rev. Stat., § 5414, &c. Stat, at L., 1^/223. Ben., 3/157. How., S/^iq^ 9/ggQ_ McLean, 5/208. Pet., lO/gig. Phil., (Pa.) 3/426, 4/405. Wash. C. C, 4/733. 2. The necessary resemblance to good money. Chic. L. N., 5/208 Dill., 2/392. How. ^^•, ^Iu2. Int. Rev. Rec, 17/39. Mc- Lean, 5/23 Phil., (Pa.) 3/426. Wash. c. C., 4/733. 3. The offence of passing counterfeit money. Abb. U. S., 1/135. Cranch C. C, V4I6. How., 5/4iQ_ 9/5gQ McLean, 4/286. Pet., 11/257. 4. Indictnient. Abb. U. S., 2/494. Blatchf., 12/497. Law Rep., IO/400. McLean, 5/23, 5/2Q8. Woods, 1/294. 5. Evidence, matters of defense, &c. Baldw., 1/292, 1/370. Biss., 5/122. Blatchf., 6/ig2, 11/511. McLean, 4/142, %3, %08. Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/369. Pl^'v (Pa.) 4/405. COUNTIES. 1. Organization of counties. County seat. How., 12/371 McLean, 4/339. 158 COUNTIES— COURT OF CLAIMS, I. 2. County lines. Dividing counties. Alb. L. J., 13/229 Mason, 5/2go_ Otto, 2/307_ Wyom. T., l/gg, 1/137. 3. Po'wers and duties of county offi- cers. Biss., 2/328 Dak. T., 1/437. r>ill-, 2/253. McLean, ^j^^^ 6/g^2. Pi'tsb., (Pa.) 2/i37_ 2/4,j_ Wall., 8/93^ l^gg^ 4. Po-wer of county to levy taxes. Am. L. Eeg., n. s., 10/453. I^ak. T., 1/131. Dill., 1/314, 4/216, Wall., 15/566, 18/71. Wyom. T., 1/96. 5. The county judge. Wall., 16/6. " 6. The county treasurer. Dak. T., 1/403. Pittsb., (Pa.) ^ku. Wyom. T., 1/313, ^/392. 7. Liabilities of counties, generally. Bond, 1/500. ^'sh. Pat, Cas., ^Jsi. Wall., 16/6. 8. — on county bonds. Am. L. Hec, '^/i54. Am. L. Reg., 7/193, 7/725. How., 22/3g4_ Mont. T., 1/21. Otto, 5/37g_ Wall., 7/82, ^Visg, 22/67. Woolw.,1/69. 0. — on bonds in aid of railroads. Alb. L. J., 13/369. Biss., 3/105. Black, 1/386. Chic. L. N., 6/213^ 9/i73_ 10/8i_ 10/195, 1%08. Col. T., 2/338^ 2/3go_ Dak. T., 1/236. Dillv 3/7, 3/i85, 3/200, ^/210, %36, ^/245, %59 ^/tS ^/s?"- How., 21/539, 21/546, 24/435. Otto, 2/g3i_ 3/592_ %67, ^ho, */682, %60, %73, ^/619, ^/675, 7/272. Phil., (Pa.) 3/290. Pittsb., (Pa.) 1/531, 2/60. Wall, 3/93_ 3/327^ lO/g^g^ 16/452, 16/667, 19/241. Wall. Jr., SJ^qi, 3/274. Woods, 2/574 See, also. Bonds, lY ; Municipal Coepoeations, 22. 10. — on county -warrants. Cent. L. J., 4/247. Chic. L. N., 8/201. I>ill-> 2/249, 2/493, ^/209, */233. McLean, 6/446. Otto, 2/390. Wall.,18/71. 11. Presentation and auditing of claims. Hughes, 1/270. 12. Suits by and against counties. Am. L. Reg., 7/^93 Dill., ^j^u, McLean, 3/580, 6/446. Phil-, (Pa.) S/ggo. Wyom. T., I/235. COUPONS. Bonds, 18 ; Intebbst, 8. COURT OF APPEALS. COUBTS, 64. COURT OF CLAIMS. I. JtrEKDICTlOir. II. Procedttee. I. JURISDICTION. 1. In general. Rev. Stat., § 1059. Ct. of CL, I/195, 1/383, ^/l97, 11/659. Law Rep., N. 8., 9/21. Wall., 5/419^ 7/33i_ Q/^ge. 2. Under act of February 24, 1855. Stat, at L., 10/612. Ct. of CI., l/i, 1/7^ I/16, l/l87, 1/233, I/3I6, %8. I>ev., 1/231. Otto, 5/407_ 3. — act of March 3, 1863. Rev. Stat., § 1060, 1061, 1066. Stat, at L., 12/765. Ct. of CI., 1/174, 4/5g9^ 13/257. Wall., 17/207. 4. — act of March 12, 1863. Stat, at L., 12/820. Ct. of CI., 1/169^ 2/529 ^/l65. COURT OF CLAIMS, I, II. 159 5. — act of JTjly 4, 1864. Stat, at L., is/ggj Ct. of CI., 1/139^ ■^/l45, %, ^kr, ^/359, */389, '^kiS, ^/l21, 5/252, 5/455, 6/40, 7/401. Wall., 9/45_ 13/623, ■•^^/ess, ^^kae. 6. — act of February 21, 1867. Stat, at L., l6/3g8 Ct. of CI., 3/^^ ^/359, ^/448. •7. — act of June 25, 1868. Rev. Stat., § 1063, 1064, 1065, 1067, 1068. Stat, at L., 15/75^ 15/343 Ct. of CI., 12/319. 8. — various special and private acts, and joint resolutions of con- gress. Ct.ofCl.,2/45i_ 5/88_ 6/g9_ ej^ Sj^^^ 9/410,12/141,13/322. Otto, %. Wall., 1%9, 15/439. 9. "WTiat claims are within the juris- diction generally. Ct. of CI., I/16, 1/70, 1/96, V233, 4/113, 4/139, 5/55, 5/285, 5/541, 6/1I8, ^/l28, ^/l71, %32, '^/362, '^/383, '^/421, '^/555, ^/487, ^%66, 12/330, 12/470, 12/578. I°t- Rev. Rec., 24/135 Op. Att.-Gen., 13/i64. Otto, 6/567. Wall., 12/246. 10. "What are not. Ct. of CI., 1/1, 1/7, 1/187, V3I6, -2/210, %24, 4/440, 5/113, 5/441, ^/go, %70, %67, 12/338, 12/470. Int. Rev. Rec, 24/4. Otto, 2/io7_ 5/i4g Wall., 7/122, 8/269, ®/l56, 13/633, 12/315. II. PEOCEDUEE. 11. Rules as to parties; joinder, mis- joinder, &c. Ct. of CL, I/318, 1/345, 2/390, 2/608, 3/2I8, 4/113, 4/237, 4/456, '^/SOI, '^/302, '^/533, 8/493, "/724. Wall., 12/246. 12. Right of an assignee to sue. Ct. of CI., 1/12, 1/85, 2/547, 5/607, 5/610, ^/23, ®/69, '^/400, '^/496, '^/507, 8/213, 13/217, ■^%31. Otto, 5/407 See, also, CoN- TKACTS, 127. 13. Limitations of time to sue. Rev. Stat., § 1069. Ct. of CI., l/igg, V174, 2/582, %1, 7/297, 9/403, 19/465. Otto, 1/442. See, also, Limitations op Actions, 7. 14. The petition, and hoTV verified. Rev. Stat., § 1072. Ct. of CL, 1/246, 1/332, 1/336, 1/377, 1/382, 2/213, 2/366, 4/113, 5/134, 5/348, ^/40, ^/lll, 7/507. Otto, 5/539. Wall., 12/246, 13/38. 15. Defendant's pleadings. Ct. of CI., 1/183, 1/195, 7/401, 9/263, 11/761. Dev., 1/175. Law Rep., n. s., 8/626. 16. Rules of evidence. Judicial no- tice. Ct. of CL, 1/220, 1/343, 3/397, 7/555^ 8/330. I^ev., 1/175. Law Rep., n. s., 8/626. 17. Burden of proof. Rev. Stat., § 1074. Ct. of CL, 1/332, 2/345, 4/486. 18. Competency of witnesses. Rules of examination. Rev. Stat, § 1078, 1079, &c. Chic. L. N., 10/244. Ct. of CL, 1/336, 1/383, 2/18O, 2/605, 4/1, 4/37^ 4/64^ 4/467^ 4/5,1^ 5/l76, %5, %41, %31, 7/337, 7/431, 19/395, 11/575. Int. Rev. Rec, 24/275. Otto, 6/37. ■ Wall., 9/56^ 9/655. 19. Documentary evidence. Ct. of CL, 1/170, 1/246, 1/336, 1/377, %45, 2/391, 2/451^ 3/93^ 3/384^ 4/37^ 4/339^ 4/405, 4/495, 4/555, 5/544, 5/579, %30, %92, %77, 7/415, 9/333. Otto, 1/270. 160 COURT OF CLAIMS, II— COUETS, I. ■20. Rules of decision, generally. Ct. of CI, 1/97,1/108, 2/144, 2/180,2/347, ^Im, 2/539, ^/456. Law Rep, N. S, S/gge. 21. Effect given to prior decisions. Ct. of CI, 1/111, 1/135, 3/,8_3/,4o^5/285_ ^/408, 6/171. Wall., 7/4g3_ 22. Interpretation of contracts. Ct. of CI, 1/212, 1/214, 2/353. Wall, 15/36. 23. AUo^wance of interest. Rev. Stat., § 1090, 1091. Ct. of ■d-' 1/220, 1*^/231. .•24. Compromises of claims, and their effect. Ct. of CL, 5/3g2_ 7/ggg_ 8/2^3_ 8/343, 11/707. Wall., 13/35, 1%35, 17/75. See, also, COMPEOMISE, 4. 25. Various incidental matters of practice. Cfc. of CI., 3/97, 3/^9^_3/2,8_ 4/^97^ 5/g27^ ^/645, 6/23, 6/1I8, 6/269, 7/555, %01. Otto, 2/651. Wall., 13/38. 26. Judgment, amount of recovery, &c. Ct. of CL, 2/214, %04, 7/522, 8/326, */359, l°/255, 11/758. 27. Ne^w trials. Rev. Stat., § 1087, 1088. Ct. of CI., 5/638, 5/7O8, 5/712, 6/44, 6/226, 6/227, 7/305, 9/133, 13/195. Wall., 13/664, 16/699, 2^/504. 28. Appeals to supreme court. Ot. of CI, 4/349, 6/53^ ^h7,%80,^ll86, «/252, 9/153, 12/565. Int. Rev. Rec, 24/346 Otto, 4/258, 5/641. Wall., 2/ggi_ 5/4^9^ ^/lOl, 6/573, 9/244, 9/554, 9/608, 9/661, I2/175, 14/109, 1%84, 17/9, 21/648. For the jurisdiction and procedure in the Court of Claims in cases arising under the Aban- doned and captured property act, see Wae, VIII. COURTS. [Consult, also, the titles of the several courts, Circuit Cotjhts ; Distbict Coubts ; Supeeme Cotjet; also, Admieaity; Jtjeisdiction ; Peize.] I. General Peinoiples. II. T^HE Federal Courts. 1. Organization and jurisdiction. 2. Jurisdiction as affected by locality; char- acter or residence of suitors ; amount in controversy ; or subject matter. III. Procedure in the Federal Courts. 1. In general. 2. Administration of state laws. a. Following decisions of state courts. b. Adopting and enforcing state statutes. IV. Decisions Eelating to Particular Courts. I. GENERAL PEINOIPLES. 1. Po'wer to create courts. Dall., 3/6. How., 13/498. 2. What is a court. How., 13/40, 1^/493. 3. Inherent powers of a court. I>all., 3/320. Hempst., 1/320. How., 12/387. Phil, (Pa.) 4/161. Wash. C. 0-, 2/429. ' 4. Distinction betTveen courts of com- mon la,vr, and those of statutory origin. Cranch, 4/yg 5. — toetTveen courts of general, and those of special and limited jurisdiction. How., 2/319 Pet., 1/328. 6. Jurisdiction once obtained the court may pass upon incidental matters which, of themselves, would not give jurisdiction. McLean, 3/523. Otto, ^I^^q^ S/^gg Paine, 1/45. Woodb. & M., I/90' COUETS, I, II. 161 7. Judges ; tlieir po-wers and liabilities. Abb. U. S., 2/gQ3_ Am. L. Reg., n. s., 11/320. Cranch, S/ggg Ct. of CI., 1/149. ML, 3/19 How., 13/40. McAlL, 1/235. Paine, %3 Pet., S/gg^^ iS/^gQ Wall., 7/523, 12/173, 13/335. Wash. T., 1/122. 8. Their privileges. McLean, 4/29^ 4/^^ 9. Compensation. Eev. Stat., § 554, 607, 676, 712, 1049. Op. Att.-Gen., 7/303^ 10. "What ■wHl disqualify a judge. Baukr. Eeg., T/^^^ 11. Judges of state cotu:ts. Am. L. Eeg., N. s., 11/320. How., 11/375. McLean, 4/253. 12. Terms and sessions of courts. Hempst., 1/264. Low., 2/^27. See, also. Circuit Cofets, lOl. 13. BUles of court. Abb. U.S., 1/495. Black., 1/522, 2/430. How., 20/252. Newb. Adm., I/107. Pet., 1/604,7/435. Wash.C.C.,3/3i3_ Wheat., i°/l, 11/431. Woodb. & M., 3/ig7_ See, also, post, 29. 14. Rules of decision. Cent. L. J., 6/^^47 7/3g3_ Cranch C. C, 4/238. Ct. of Cl.,'5/372. ' Wall., 15/58. 15. Precedence bet-ween t'wo courts of concurrent jurisdiction. Ben., 1/128. -Biss.,^/197 %86. Blatchf., 5/170. Bond, 1/422. Curt., l/i78. How., 10/56. Int. E^v.Eec, 15/56. Wall., 8/334. Wheat., 9/532. Woods, I/262. II. THE FEDEEAL COURTS. 1. Organization and jvrisdietim,. 16. General character of the federal coiirts. Abb. U.S., 1/317. How., 8/586. Pet., 3/193. Wheat., 10/192. lY. The nature of the judicial po^wer of the United States. Const., Art. Ill, § II, 1. Baldw., 1/394, 1/544. Dall., 2/4^9_ Pet., 12/524_ Wheat., 9/738 18. The po^wer of congress to create and confer jurisdiction upon courts. (Const., Art. I, ? VIII, 10.) Alb. L. J., 13/328. Black, 1/522. Blatchf., 3/84 Cranch, 1/299. Hempst., 1/304, 1/444. How., 13/4o_ 13/52^ 17/525^ McLean, 2/ggg_ 3/539 Paine, 2/300. Pet., 9/632. Wall., 2/^60, 4/411. Wheat., I/304, 9/738, 10/1, 10/51. Woodb. & M., 1/401. 19. Interpretation of the constitutional grant of po"wer. Baldw., 1/394, 1/544. How., I8/272. McLean, 3/^07, 4/25. Pet-, 1/511. Wheat., 6/264, 9/738. See, also. Constitutional La"W, 9. 20. Concurrent jurisdiction bet^veen state and federal courts. Am. L. Eeg., S/^^^^ 4/g2g Biss., 7/449 Blatchf., 6/35g Fish. Pat. Cas., ^/483. McLean, 6/355 Mason, 2/go Paine, I/620, 2/131, 2/300. Wall. Jr., 2/521. 21. Conflict of jurisdiction between state and federal courts. Abb. U. S., 2/151 Ben., 1/234, 2/506, %55. Biss., l/i_ I/260, 2/251, 2/390, %25, 4/453,6/197. Blatchf., 6/i5g 6/235 Cent. L. J., 1/127. Chase Dec, I/267. Chic. L.N.,7/33_ ClifF.,2/57 Cranch, 7/279. Curt., 2/414 Dill-, 4/224. How., 20/583^ 2I/5O6. McLean, 2/30^ 5/337^ Paine, I/620. Petv 1%36. Sumn., 2/539^ Ware, I/134. 2. Juriediciion as affected by locality; character or residence of suitors; amount in contro- versy; or subject matter. 22. As affected by locality. Blatchf., 4/420, ^/l8. Hempst,, 1/444. 162 COURTS, II, III. McCahon, I/206. McLean, 2/^3 ■ Wash. C. C, 3/456^ 4/53 Woolw., 1/192. See, also, CiECuiT Courts, 90-92. 23. — by character in whicli party sues or is sued. Abb. Adm., 1/503. How., IS/gg^ McLean, 6/^42. Wasli- C. C, 2/439. 24. — by residence of parties. Blatchf., 6/^5i_ 6/215 Bond, I/154. Cranch, S/ggg Dill, 2/229. Hempst., 1/472. McAll.,^ 1/17. McLean, 4/234, Pet., 14/60, ^5/l67. Wall. Jr., 3/243, See,. also, CmcuiT Couets, 42-60. 25. — amount in controversy. DaU., 2/358. Dill., 2/2i3_ Hempst., 1/205. McLean, 3/91 Pet., I6/97. See, also, ClECUIT COTJETS, 24 ; SUPEEMB COUET, 9, 10. 26. — subject matter, generally. Biss., 3/208 Dill., 2/229_ How., 19/393. Pet., 6/470 Wall., 9/735. Wheat., 8/i_ Woodb. & M., 1/401. See, also, CiECUiT Couets, II, 3; Disteict Couets, II, 3. 27. Jurisdiction in criminal cases. Abb. U. S., l/i, 1/28. Blatchf., 4/420, ^/l8 %94. McCahon, I/206. Woolw., Vl92. Wyom. T., 1/40. III. PEOCEDURE IN THE FEDEEAL COUETS. 1. In general. 28. Po'wer to issue ■writs. Blatchf., 5/303 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 12/igj^ See, also, Ceetioeaei, 7 ; Ha- beas CoEPUs, 3 ; SciKE Facias, 1. 29. PO"wer to make rules and to dis- pense with their observ- ance. Black, 1/522 2/430. How., 20/252. Mc- All., 1/419. Newb. Adm., 1/107. Paine, 2/251. Pet., 5/233_ 7/435 16/303_ Woodb. & M., 3/157 %59. See, also, ante, 13. 30. Power to order money to be paid into court. Abb. Adm., 1/503. N- Y. Leg. Obs., 7/194 See, also, Peacticb, 13. 31. Adoption of state remedies. Curt., 2/491 How., 2/eo8, 20/149, Mc- AIL, 1/17. McLean, I/226, 8/174. Pet-, V604, 9/156, 9/329, 1%03. Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/120. Sprague, 1/470. Wall., 3/320, 3/478. Wheat., 10/1. 32. Not controlled by state practice unless adopted. Curt., 2/94 Dall., 8/344 Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/499 How., 1/311. Ole. Adm., V240. Paine, I/426, 2/476 Pe*-, 1%78, 16/65. Sumn., 8/379. Wash. C. C, 4/445' Wheat., 10/1. 33. Effect given to laws of foreign countries. Cranch C. C, 4/233 Mason, S/gg Pet., 5/264. Pet. C. C, 1/301. 2. Administration of stale laws. a. Following decisions of state courts.] 34. Upon questions of title to land. Baldw., 1/60. Bankr. Reg., 16/230. Black, 1/603, 2/418, 2/532. Chic. L. N., 6/197. Cliff., 2/3ii_ 2/469 How.,18/497, 24/427. Pet., 1/351, 5/i5i^ 6/391^ 7/608, 16/367. Wall., 6/723, 13/306. Wheat., 10/152, 10/454, 12/153. 35. In respect to construction of deeds and wills, and rights there- under. Black, 2/4ig Blatchf., 4/455 How., 3/464, ^/353. Pet., 5/i5i. Sumn., 8/170, Taney, I/339. Wheat., 12/153. COURTS, III. 163 36. Not folio-wed on questions of com- meroial or general nature. Biss., 7/419. Chic. L. N., 5/397. Curt, 2/322. Gall., 1/371. How., 13/218. Mc- All., 1/4O8. McLean, 3/57g_ 5/^53 01c. Adm., 1/89. Otto, 2/4^4. Pet., 13/415^ ^% 1^/495. Story, 2/455 Sumn., S/^yg^ ^/220,^/270. Taney, 1/339. Wall., 16/678^ &7. FoUo-wing decisions of state courts in respect to state la^ws. Ben., 8/209 Black, 2/599 Blatchf., %79, 5/387. Cliff., 2/3^^_ Curt, I/471. Dill., 3/368_ How., 18/497_ 20/^_ 20/39^ 22/^^ 24/204 ^^^ Rep., N. s., 1/204. McLean, V35,%97,%55. Pet, 1/604, %9l. Story, 2/383. Taney, 1/339. Wall.,4/270. Wheat., V27.9, %16, 12/153. Woodb. & M., 2/449 38. Interpretation of state constitu- tion by state court, adopted. Dill., 1/263. How., 7/812, 10/541, 1^/488, 1%69, 24/364. McLean, 4/375 0^0,4/70. Wall., 1/175, ^523, 9/35. 39. Interpretation of state statutes by state court, follo^wed. Am. L. Eeg., 7/334 Baldw., I/246. Biss.,4/i8 Black, 1/358, 2/532, 2/599_ Bond, Vl89, 1/222. Chic. L. N., 9/253. Cliff, 2/70, 2/469. Cranch, S/^g^ Q/g^ Dill., V555, ^/52. Hempst., 1/620. How., 2/70, 5/103, 7/i98, 11/297, 15/421, 24/427. McAlL, 1/212. McLean, l/ig, 6/142, %55, ^/395, %87. Newb. Adm., 1/137. Ctto, I/452, 2/239, ^/72, ^/l64, ^/l81, %55, ^/315, */792, ^/ig. Overt, (Tenn.)2/ii8. Paine, 1/530. Pet, 1/351, 1/476, 1/503, 1/570, 2/675, %9, ^/270, %24, 5/l51, ^/283, ^/291, ^/220, 12/32, 1^/455. Wall., 4/i96, 5/433^ 9/35^ 15/429^ 17/g48_ IS/^^^ 20/i37_ Wheat., I/115, I/279, 2/316, ^Im, 10/152, 10/454, 11/361, 12/153. 40. — not foUo-wed. Black, 1/436. How., 5/134, 8/495^ 1^/275, 1%69, 1%95, 20/1. Low., 1/134. Otto, 2/494 Pet., 2/58^ ll/,_ Wall., ^/270, ^/275, %75. 41. 'Wliere state decisions conflict the latest iWill be followed. Blatchf., 5/387 Wall. Jr., S/gig. 42. Becisions of state courts respect- ing constitutionality of state laws. Chic. L. N., 9/97^ 9/261. How., 7/812. McLean, 4/3^5^ 4/48g_ Otto, %qq_ Paine, I/559. Pet., 2/493 Wall., I/175. b. Adopting and enforcing state statutes. 43. The general rule that the local law affords the rule of de- cision. Stat, at L., 1/92. Call., (Va.) 6/245^ Gall., 1/5. How., 16/65. Pet., 7/439^ 9/607, 12/84. Pet. C. C, 1/484. Sumn., 2/401. Wheat., 10/51. 44. Illustrations of the rule. Its scope and extent. Abb. Adm., 1/165, 1/263. Abb. U. S., 1/66, I/5I8. Biss., 2/121. Cent. L. J., 7/269. I>JH-J %4. Fisli- Pat- Cas., 2/58, 2/541, 2/543. Int Rev. Rec, 22/^70. McLean, 2/5g8_ Qj^^^ 6/40^. Pet., 18/195. Wall., 13/236, 15/573. 45. Applications of it to questions of title to land. Blatchf., 3/240 Dall., 8/425 Gall., 2/105. How., 20/186. McAll., 1/113. Pet., 1/503, 1/570, 2/492, 5/398, 1^/45, 1^/195, 13/498, 1%03. Sumn., 8/152. Wall., 2/35^ 46. — to statutory enactments in re- spect to evidence. Black, 1/427, 1/431, 2/535. Blatchf, 4/425. Law Rep., n. s., 11/591. Pet., 1/503, 9/607, 12/84, 1%78. Wall., 1/66. 164 COURTS, III, IV. 47. — in respect to competency of wit- nesses. Stat, at L., 12/588. Blatchf., 3/^^^ 4/262. Dili-, 2/23. How., la/ggi. Otto^ 4/457. Wall., 1/66. 48. — in respect to impaneling' juries. Blatchf., 2/435. McLean, 4/105 "Woods, ^/499. 49. Limits and exceptions to the rule. Ben., 8/357. Biss., 2/12. Black, 2/499. Blatchf., 3/240. Ct. of CI., 1/220. How., 8/495. McLean, 4/53^ 6/g5_ Otto, I/426, 3/291. Pet. C. C, 1/484. Wall., 9/759. Wheat., 3/212, ^/l08. 50. State laws regulating questions of practice not within the rule. Alb. L. J., 15/61. Baldw., I/246. Biss., 3/307. Cranch, 7/550 Curt., 2/94^ 2/567. Gall., 1/5, I/168. How., 12/39, 21/85. McLean, I/226, ^/sso, ^/l06, %72, %81. Pet., 2/492^ 3/433^ 9/329^ 12/300, 16/89. Pet. C. C, 1/497. Story, I/601. Wall., 9/409. Wash. C. C, 8/313^ Sj^^s, 3/503, 4/349.' Wheat., 10/1. 51. Adoption of state practice by act of Jime 1, 1872. Rev. Stat., § 914. Stat, at L., 17/197. Biss., 5/320, 6/26, 7/324. Blatchf., 13/216, 13/227, 1%93 Cent. L. J., 6/i47_ Chic. L. N., 8/129. Conn., 43/g9g_ Hughes, 1/386. Low., 2/159. Otto, 1/426, 3/291, 4/11. Woods, 1/544, 2/437. See, also, ClECUIT COTTRTS, 09. 52. State la-wrs not allowed to enlarge or diminish the jurisdiction of federal courts. Black, 1/522. Hempst., I/320. How., 18/517, 20/170, 20/558, 22/i29, 24/i59. Pet., 11/175, 12/657, 13/195. Wall., 18/236. 53. Equity powers, and practice, un- affected by state legislation, or decisions. Abb. U. S., 1/302. Black, 2/499^ Blatchf., 5/170 Cliff., 2/35i_ Curt., 2/465. How., 2/gi_ 11/669, 13/268, 1^/331. McAll., 4/447. McLean, 4/i8, 2/5g8^ 5/281. Pet., 6/g48. Story, 2/555 Sumn., 2/491^ 2/486. Wall., 6/1347/425^12/440. Wash. C. C, 4/349^ 4/585. Wheat., 3/212, 4/108. 54. How far new and peculiar statu- tory remedies will be recognized and enforced. Blatchf., 3/1 Cranch, 7/550 How., 20/523. McLean, 3/147 4/i8_ 4/g3g_ Ma- son, 2/472. Pet., 1/655. Pet. C. C, 1/484. IV. DECISIONS EELATING TO PAE- TICULAE COUETS. 55. State courts, generally. Blatchf, 6/352 Cent. L. J., 2/327.^ Chase Dec, I/305. Cranch, 7/279. 1^3,11., 3/308. Dill., 1/363. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/483. How., 12/284, I6/48, 2I/506. Hughes,, 1/270. McLean, 2/30. Paine, 2/131^ 2/300. Pet., 1/328, 3/l28, 13/136. Wash. C. C, 1/232. Wheat., 6/598. 56. — of probate jtuisdiction. Blatchf, 5/170 Cranch C. C, 4/333 Curt., 1/457. I^illv 4/380, 4/387. Story, 1/547. Wall., 9/788. 57. Confederate ooiurts. Abb. U. S., i/i69. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 10/53. Wall., 9/i97_ See, also, Confed- EEATE States, 7. 58. Provisional courts. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 4/534 Chic. L. N., 6/309. How., 20/i7g_ Wall., 7/5g3^ 9/129, 12/446, 19/519, 22/276. 59. Territorial cotirts. Stat, at L., 19/gi. Am. L. Reg., 7/gg COURTS, IV— COUETS-MARTIAL— COVENANT. 165 Dill., 4/251. Hempst., 1/25, V99, Vi90, 1/304. How, 9/235_ 9/571^9/578. Idaho T, 1/55. Int. Rev. Rec, 12/162, 15/57. Minn., l/l92. Mont. T., 2/ge_ 2/^70, 2/242. Op. Att.-Gen., e/gg Pet., 1/511. Utah T., ^68, V112, Vl35, V34O. Wall., 8/342_ 13/434, 18/648, 18/657, 18/659. See, also. Territories, 5. ■60. Levy coiirt of Wasbington county. Cranch C. C, 2/174^ 2/175^ 2/659. ?«*-, ^/451. ■61. Orphans' court of county of Alex- andria. Cranch C. C, I/34, %6, ■62. Orphans' court of District of Co- lumbia. Cranch C. C, I/394, I/456, 2/53, 2/97^ ^/200 %40, %82, %94, 3/651. Pe^v 1/562. ■63. Police court of District of Colum- bia. Rev. Stat., § 2173. Ben., V/^. MacArth., I/502. ■64. Court of appeals in early prize cases. Cranch, S/ng. Call., 8/54 As to the jurisdiction and procedure of courts ■of Admiralty, Equity or Prize, see Admiralty ; Eqttity; Peize. As to the conformation of process to that used in state courts, see Process, 3. For further decisions upon the Jurisdiction of ■courts in general, see Jurisdiction, 1. COURTS-MARTIAL. 1. Organization of cotirts-martial. Rev. Stat., § 1658. Brock., I/324. •Op. Att.-Gen., 2/297_ 2/3ii_ 6/503 Wheat., 12/19. Woolw., 1/141. 2. Jurisdiction, generally. Blatchf., 5/319 Crancli, 3/331 Cranch C. C, 4/i76. Int. Rev. Rec, H/ig. Op Att.-Gen., l/igg, I/473, 8/749, ^/soe, "/iST 11/297, 12/128. Otto, 7/go9_ Utah T., 1/145. Wall., 4/2. Wheat., 12/19. 3. Jurisdiction of the person. Ben., 3/257 Biss., S/^g Brock., 1/324. Cranch, 8/331 Cranch C. C, 9/i78. Int. Rev. Rec, l0/g3_ 17/155 Op. Att.-Gen., 1/137^ I/276, 7/323. Sawyer, 2/33. Wheat., 5/i_ 12/19 4. Procedure, generally. Rev. Stat., § 1202, &c. Op. Att.- Gen., 2/4i4_ 2/46o_ 3/39g^ S/g^^ 4/17^ 6/339^ 7/338, 12/501. Wheat., 12/19. 5. Rules of pleading and evidence. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/233^ I/249, %97, %44, 2/636, 3/545, 4/410, "^Im. 6. The sentence, and its effect. Rev. Stat., § 1441. Cranch, 3/33i_ Cranch C. C, 2/i39_ Ct. of CI., ^g^ How., 20/65. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/399 2/534,' %4, ^/200, 11/251. Y. Review of proceedings,- generally. Op. Att.-Gen., 8/544^ 5/503^ 6/123^ e/gg^. 8. — by the president. Op. Att.-Gen., l/233_ 4/i7o^ 5/334^ 6/359^ 6/5O6, 11/19, 11/251. Wheat., 12/19. COVENANT (action of). 1. "When covenant will lie. Election between this and other forms of action. Blatchf., 9/267 Cranch, 4/239 Cranch C. C, 1/254. Hempst., 1/204. Raine, 1/422. 2. Parties. Cranch C. C, 8/235. How., l^/eog. Low., I/416. Pet., 7/596. 166 COVENANT— COVENANTS, I, II. 3. The declaration. 6. Joint and several covenants. Cranch C. C, 3/62. Pet., 1/455, Wash. Black, 1/309. How., I6/580. Mason,. C. C, 4/7i4_ Wheat., 10/449. 4/206. Wheat., 2/45. 4. Matters of defense. 7. Validity. , Cranch C. C, I/143, Sj^^^ ^kn. Cranch, 8/43. McLean, 3/gg^ 4/33^.^ Hempst., 1/315. Woodb. & M., 2/339. Pet. C. C, 1/49. 5. Plea. 8. Necessity and sufiaciency of t>er- Cranch, ^/ggg. Cranch C. C, 3/io4. formance. Pet., 5/141. Wash. C. C, 2/456 Baldw., 1/464. Pet., IS/igg. WaU., 2/1. 6. Evidence. Cranch, 6/206. Cranch C. C, 4/135 9. Breach and its effect. How., 20/4gj Pet. C. C, 1/49. For decisions respecting other Common-law forms of action, see Assumpsit ; Debt ; Ebplb- II. VAEIOUS KINDS OF COVENANTS. vm; Tbespass; Teovjjik. 10. Covenant to build. Cranch, 9/45g Hempst., 1/233. How.,, COVENANTS. 13/307,23/220. Wall., 2/1. I. General PEorcaPLEs. 11. Covenant to convey. ' n. Vabious Kinds of CoATEarANTS. Black, 1/450. • Gail., 1/37. McLean,. in. Actions itpon Covenants. 3/144, 4/19, 4/339. Wall., 13/418. See, I. GENEEAL PEINCIPLES. also, Vendoe and Puechasee, I. 1. W tio are bound by covenants. 12. Covenant of seizin. Gall., 1/37. Wheat., 2/45. Biss., 4/4Q9 Cranch, 4/^21. How.,. 2. General rules of interpretation. 8/451. Pet. a C, 1/49. Biss., 3/175 MacArth., 2/1. Wall., 13. Covenant against incumbrances. 9/394. Wash. C. C, 3/529. Sawyer, I/227, 1/238. Wheat., 2/^5^ 3. Implied covenants. Woodb. & M., 2/407. Pet., 3/280. Sawyer, l/ggg. 14. Covenant for quiet possession, or 4. When a covenant runs with the enjoyment. land. Deady, I/447. Biss., 3/175. I>eady, 1/366. Pet.j^/ggg. Wash. C.C, 1/375. 15. Covenant for further assurance. Deady, I/366. Sawyer, I/227. 5. Dependent and independent cove- nants. 16. Covenant of general warranty. Black, 1/450. Cliff., %57. How., Black, 2/499 Col.T., 2/g2o Deady, 13/307, 23/220. Pet., 1/455. Wash. C. 1/366. How., 22/3^8_ McLean, Sj^^ C, ^hu. Wheat., S/gj^. See, also, Sawyer, I/251. Wall., 13/^^8 Wash. CONTEACTS, 50. C. C, 4/go9. Wheat., 2/45. COVENANTS, III— GREDITOES' SUIT. 167 III. ACTIONS UPON COVENANTS. 17. Tlie right of action, jurisdiction, &c. Cranch, 4/^21. How., Sj^^^ 22/3^3 18. "WTio may sue. Deady, l/gge. How., 13/307 ^^/sso. Low., I/416. Pet., 7/596. Wall., 2/177, Wash.. C. C, 1/375. 19. Who may be sued. Cranch C. C, 4/135 20. The declaration, generally. Black, 1/450. Blatchf., 8/343 How., 7/745_ McLean, 4/353 Pet., I/455. Wall., 9/76. Wash. C. C, 4/714. Wheat., 10/449. 21. Assignment of breaches. Blatchf., 5/34g Cranch, ^1^21 %7. How., 8/451 Minn., 1/48. Wheat., 2/45. 22. The plea. Biss., 4/4Qg_ Cranch C. C, I/143. Wash. C. C, 2/456. 23. Evidence, burden of proof, &c. Baldw., 1/464. Black, 1/450. Cranch, 4/421. How., 8/451 Wash. C. C, 2/456^ 4/714. 24. Damages recoverable. Black, 2/499 Brock., I/212. How., 11/3^5 17/609. ^^^> ^^^°' Damages, 14. 25. Becovery for part performance. Cranch C. C, l/ise. How., 13/307. Pet., 16/169. As to the effect of covenants to Pass title by estoppel, see Estoppel, 16. As to the interpretation of sealed instruments, generally, see Deeds, III; Landiokd and Tenant, II ; Moktgages, II. COVERTURE. As to the Disabilities of coverture, and the Rights of married women, generally, see Hus- band AND Wipe, IV ; V. For the effect of coverture to suspend the running of the /Statute of limitations, see Limita- tion OP Actions, 55. CREDIBILITY OF WITNESSES. Witnesses, III. CREDITORS' SUIT. [Consult, also, Featjdulent Conyhtances.] 1. General nature of the remedy. McAU., 1/443. McLean, 4/ii2. 2. Jurisdiction, and right to sue, gen- erally. Abb. U. S., 2/424 Blatchf., 8/544, McLean, 2/563^ S/ggg^ 4/i2_ 4/ig^ 4/192^ 6/16. Wall., 7/6i3_ 11/610 17/521. Wheat., 4/1O8. 3. How far the legal remedy must be exhausted. Biss., 7/296 Blatchf., I/332. How., 14/29, 23/90, 24/407. McLean, 8/370^ 4/i2_ 6/16. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 5/205. Paine, 1/525. Wall., 1/330. Woods, 2/215. 4. 'Who may file a creditor's bill. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 10/713. How., 8/414 MacArth., I/312. Woods, 1/463. See, also, Assignment for Cebdit- OES, 25. 5. "Who may be made defendants. How., 7/220, 19/113. McLean, 8/530, ^/si. 6. "WTio may be let in to defend. How., 23/ii7_ Wall., 5/205. 7. Form and requisites of the bill. Abb. U. S., 2/424 McLean, %i. Wall., 2/237. 168 CREDITOES' SUIT— CRIMINAL LAW, I. 8- — of the answer ; wliat may be set up in defence. Blatchf., 6/2^5 McLean, e/xg. 9. The hearing, evidence, practice, &c. Mason, 2/252. Wall., H/gio. 10. Lien of a .creditor's bill. McLean, S/^g^ N. Y. Leg. Obs., 1/53^ V115. 11. Priority among- the creditors. Blatchf., 1/232. How., f^ku, 24/352. How. Pr., 27/jg-^ See, also, Debtok AND CeEDITOE, VI. 12. What property may be reached, generally. Am. L. Reg., n. s., lO/^^g Blatchf., 6/215. Wall., 17/521. 13. Property held in trust. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 10/718. Mac- Arth., 1/166. 14. The relief granted. Black., 2/539 How., 14/29_ 20/48g_ 23/9o_ 24/407. McLean, 4/93 15. The decree ; and how enforced. Black, 2/448 Pet-, 13/464. Wall., "/610. For the rules of Equity pleading, generally, see Pleading, II. As to costs in Orediiors' suits, see Costs, 26. CRIMINAL LAW. [Comprises elementary rules of criminal law- applicable generally ; also decisions relating to some particular offences which are of minor importance, or of infrequent occurrence. These are arranged alphabetically, by the recognized name of the offence. For decisions relating to Indietments, Evidence., and competency of Wit- nesses in criminal cases, and Trial of such cases, see Indictment; E-nDENCE; Witnesses; TkiaIi. Decisions respecting offences of com- mon occurrence, and hence more frequently subjects of judicial investigation, are given under the title of the offence in question.] I. GeNEBAL PbINCIPLES OE CEIMINAIi La^w. II. Decisions Beiating to Pakticttlak Or- PENCBS. I. GENEEAL PEINCIPLES OF CRIMI- NAL LAW. 1. Interpretation of statutes creating and punishing crimes. Cranch, 6/2Q3 Dall., 4/3^2 Gall., 1/150. Hempst., 1/444. I"*- Rev. Rec, 14/45 N- Y. Leg. Obs., 2/3_ Oreg., Vl91. Pet., 6/^41. Pet. C. C, I/118. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/^55 Sawyer, S/ggg^ Wall., 13/581. Wheat., 7/55^ 2. Jurisdiction in criminal cases ex- clusively statutory. Blatchf., 3/435^ 5/294 Cranch, 4/^5^ 7/32. Dall., 2/384 Gall., 1/3, 1/177, 1/488, V497. Hempst., 1/411, V48I. Hughes, 1/514, 1/520.- I»t- liev. Rec, 8/43 Mc- Lean, 2/43^^ 5/^78. Wheat., 1/415, %36. Woodb. & M., 1/221, 1/401. 3. Jurisdiction as affected by locality. Black, 1/484. Blatchf, 4/337^ 5/284^ 5/294. Bond, 2/323 Crauch, 4/75 Dall., 2/384. Int- Rev. Rec, 17/20. MeCahon, 1/206. Mason, 8/290. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/51, 2/99. Pet., 12/72. Phil., (Pa.) %96. Sprague, 1/190, I/299. Wash. C. C, 3/78„. Wheat., 5/^84 Woolw., 1/192. See, also. Jurisdiction, 6. 4. Jurisdiction of offences conuni-tted at sea. Blatchf., 4/420, \ ^/i8. See, also, Homicide ; Laegeny j Mutiny ; PlEAOY. 5. Jurisdiction of common la-w of- fenses in the territories. Mont. T., 2/478, 2/531. CEIMINAL LAW, I, II. 169 6. Concurrent jurisdiction of state courts. Eev. Stat., § 5328. Am. L. Eeg., N. s., 11/424. How., 14/^3. Int. Eev., Rec, 15/50 Mason, S/ggg *7. — of circuit and district courts. Wall., 3/407_ 3/g49 S. "WTiat is a felony. Cranch, 7/242. Q. Civil action for damages not merged in felony. Mason, 4/38o_ Story, 2/59 Ware,l/75. 10. Wliat is a misdemeanor. Cent. L. J., 1/205. Cranch C. C, 2/259 ^lui, ^Im, ^Im, ^/391. How., 16/314^ MacArth., 1/149, 11. — and how indicted. Cranch C. C, Sj^^s, ^Isi3. Curt, 2/205. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 9/257_ Pet., V/.gg. 12. The necessary criminal intent, and when inferred. Abb. U. S., l/i96. Cranch C. C, I/140, l/l65. Law EejJ., N. s., 7/439. McLean, «/46. Wash. C. C, 3/340. 13. Criminal responsibility. Excuses for crime. Abb. U. S., 1/483. Blatchf., 1/549. Cranch, V/gg 9/^^. Crancli C. C, 1/263. Curt., 1/1. Hempst., 1/437 How., 13/115. McLean, 4/4^2^ 5/242, ^/l2l. Pet., 7/404. Wash. C. C, 3/209, 4/402. 14. Intoxication as a defence. Baldw., 1/514. Crabbe, 1/553. Cranch C.C.,4/go4. Curt., 1/1. Dak. T., 1/197. Mason, 5/33. 15. Insanity as a defence. Biss., 7/440. Cliff., 1/98. Crabbe, 1/558. Cranch C. C, 2/153. Curt., l/i. Mason, s/gg. See, also. Insane Pee- S0NS,5 . 16. Good character as a defence. McLean, 6/39^ 6/400. 17. Attempts to commit crime. Eev. Stat., § 5342. Cranch C. C, 4/603. Dall., 2/384. 18. "Wlio are deemed to be principals. Baldw., 1/78, 1/336. Cliff., S/ggi. Cranch C. C, I/174 1/446. ^^^- I^^v. Eec, 12/72. Pet. C. C, l/ng. Wash. C. C, 3/209^ 4/428. Wheat., 12/460. Woodb. & M., 1/221. 19. "Who are not. Baldw., 1/73. Cranch C. C, S/gg^. Wash. C. C, 3/209. 20. When employer is liable for offence committed by agent or employee. Cranch C. C, I/44, I/56, ^/lOl, V571. Hempst., 1/437 See, also, Principal AND Agent, 37. 21. When defendant may be convicted of an offence other than that charged in the indictment. Cranch, 7/339 Cranch C. C, I/414 2/193 McLean, 6/590. '22. Accessories and accomplices. Eev. Stat., § 5323, 5324, 5333, &c. Am. L. Eeg., n. s., I8/101. Baldw., 1/73. Cranch C. C, 1/174^ 5/33^ 5/^3. Hempst., 1/431. Int. Eev. Eec, 12/72. McLean, 4/103, %7. Wheat., 12/460. Woodb. & M., 1/221. II. DECISIONS EELATINO TO PAETI- CULAE OFFENCES. 23. Bigamy. Eev. Stat., § 5352. Cranch C. C, 170 CRIMINAL lAW, II. 2/137, 4/1, 4/118. How.; 12/472, 24/553. Utah T., 1/226. West. Jur., ^1^^ 24. Bribery. Rev. Stat., § 5449, &c., 5499, &c. Blatchf., 5/512. _ Dall., 2/334. 25. Burglary. Cranch C. C, I/414, 2/2^^ Z/^gg^ 4/gQ^_ 26. Burning vessel on the high seas. Rev. Stat., § 5367. Law Rep., n. s.,1/151. 27. Casting away vessel with intent to defraud Insurers. Rev. Stat., § 5364, &c. Dall., %2. Law Rep., N. s., I/151. Pet., 12/102. Wash. C. C, 1/363, 3/i46. Wheat., II/392. 28. Cheats. Cranch C. C, 2/25^ ^ku. How., 0/410 ^/560. See title False Pre- tenses. 29. Compounding offences, lilt. Rev. Rec, 8/137. 30. Conspiracy. Rev. Stat., § 5336, 5406, 5508, 5518, &c. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 17/127. Biss., 7/111^ 7/i29_ 7/i75_ Blatchf., ll/igg. Bond, 2/323. Cranch C. C, 4/gie 4/323. Dill-, V212, 3/532, -^/581, 4/145. Gall., ^624. Hughes, 1/439 V448, V457 V493. Int. Rev. Rec, 7/iq3^ 7/17^^ 8/igg^ 17/igi_ Low., 1/266. McLean, 5/513^ 6/274_ Wash. C. C, 4/528. 31. Cruelty. Cranch C. C, 2/259^ 2/4^1^ ij^^^^ ij^^^^ 4/603, ^/391. 32. Cutting timber on the public lands. Rev. Stat., § 5388. Dill., 4/434^ How., 9/351 McLean, 8/207^ S/ggg^ e/gg^ ^/46, ^/56, ^/l86. 33. Disorderly houses. Cranch C. C, I/203, I/245, ^/is, 2/133, 2/675, 4/107,' 4/338, 4/341, 4/342, 4/372, 4/423, 4/507, 4/709, 4/719, ^/304, ^/347. 34. Disorderly persons. Cranch C. C, s/gig^ S/ggg^ 4/5g2_ 35. Disturbing meetings. Cranch C. C, 1/135 4/427. 36. Duelling. Stat, at L., 2/3gg^ 5/3ig Cranch C. C, 3/i78. ST. Embezzlement. Rev. Stat., § 6439, 5467, 5486, 5494, &c. Stat, at L., 17/2^ 18/479_ Ben., 2/356, 2/419. Blatchf., 1I/374. Cranch C. C, 3/56. I»t- Rev. Rec, 7/i48_ 17/54^ 19/4 McLean, 6/534. Op. Att.-Gen., ^/685. Wall., 6/385, ^''/l68. 38. Extortion. Rev. Stat., § 3169, 5481, &c Cranch C. C, 2/70 Int. Rev. Rec, 22/i38_ Mont. T., 1/322. Sawyer, 3/473_ 39. False swearing. Rev. Stat., § 5395. Gall., 2/377. Mc- Lean, 4/113 Pet., 9/23g See, also, title Peejury. 40. Forcing seamen on shore. Rev. Stat., § 5363. Law Rep., N. s., 8/683. Mason, 5/192. Story, I/307. Sumn., 1/394. Wash. C. C, 4/g44_ See, also. Seamen, 170. 41. Frauds upon the governm.ent. Rev. Stat., 5413, &c. Blatchf., 4/335^ %22. Bond, 2/311^ 2/323_ Cranch C.C, 3/441 Dill., 4/271. Int. Rev. Rec, 21/342, 23/90, 23/186. Law Rep., N. s., 12/373. Sawyer, 4/g29. CEIMINAL LAW, II— CUSTOM: USAGE. 171 42. Gambling'. Col. T., 2/gQg Cranch, 1/252. Cranch C. C, l/55_ 1/102, ^/l50, •^/244, V268, ^/sil, V535, %5, ^/42, ^/45, ^/l33, %42, %56, %56, ^/l04, ^/l05, ^/l07, ''/114, ^/629, ^/659, ^h07, %19, ^/722, ^/378, %90. ^'•^^- '^•> ■^/289, -^/SOI. 43. Issuing or passing illegal cur- rency, small notes, &c. Chic. L. N., 10/339 Crauch C. C, 2/141^ 5/573 Int. Rev. Rec, 24/204 Otto,6/3ge_ 44. Libel. Crauch C. C, ^/ggs. 45. Maiming. Rev. Stat., § 5348. Cranch C. C, 4/98_ Hempst., 1/478. 46. Malicious mischief. Wyom. T., 1/376. 47. Bape. Rev. Stat., § 5345. Cranch C. C, 2/66. Hempst., 1/1. 48. Resisting officer. Rev. Stat., § 5398, &c., 5447. Am. L. Reg., 8/540. Blatchf., 2/435^ 3/^25. Call, (Va.) 6/245 Cranch C. C, ^kss, 4/488. Curt., 2/153 2/g37_ Day, (Conn.) 4/469. Dill, 1/212. Gall., 1/215, 2/15, 2/359 Int. Rev. Rec, 14/14. Law Rep., N. s., 8/76 Mason, 5/453 Phil., (Pa.) 5/293 Sprague, I/213. Wall., 3/642,3/649. Ware, I/450. Wash. C. C, 2/i69, 3/335, 4/igg Wheeler, 2/49^ Woolw., 1/75. 49. Riot. Cranch C. C, I/140, l/l63, Vl65, ^/eoi, 4/671, 4/675. Whart. St. Tr., I/345. 50. Threats. Dall., 2/297, %99- Whart. St. Tr., I/90. 51. Various minor and statutory- offences. Cranch C. C, I/149, 1/593, 4/3^3^ 4/^39^ S/62, %73. Law Rep., N. S., 16/345^ Mason, I/151. CROPS. Landlord and Tenant. CROSS-BILL. Pleading, 66. CROSS-EXAMINATION. Witnesses, 87-90. CRUELTY. Criminal Law, 31. CURTESY. Estates, 2. CUSTOM: USAGE. 1. "What customs are valid. Abb. Adm., I/209. Am. L. Reg., N.. S-, 2/287. Crabbe, I/563. Gall., 1/443^ GilPv V356, V473. How., 4/3i7_ S/gg^ ^%39, 23/49. Law Rep., ^j^qq. Law Rep., N. s., 13/545 Low., 2/iiQ Pet., ^/691. Sumn., 2/3gg_ Wall., S/^g^. Wall. Jr., 1/47. Wash. C. C, I/39, 2/254, 3/149 Woodb. & M., 2/23 2. What customs are invalid. Ct. of CL, 1/270. Law Rep., n. s.^ 11/14. McLean, 2/157 Pet.,.1/46. Sprague,. 1/23. Woodb. & M., 2/1. 172 CUSTOM: USAGE— DAMAGES. I. •3. Ho-w customs may be proved. Cranch, 7/gQg Cranch C. C, ^Je^a. Dill., 4/290. How., 15/539. Law Eep., N.S., 16/492. Pet., 14/334. Pet., CO., V225. Ware, I/322. -4. When proof of custom will control a contract. Abb. Adm., 1/343. Blatchf., I/526. Blatchf. & H., 1/569. Cranch C. C, %18. How., 14/44g. Law Rep., N. s., 7/93 McLean, I/411. Olc. Adm., I/334. Pet., 2/i37_ 6/5j_ Sprague, I/343. Sumn., •2/567. Wall. Jr., 1/47. Wash. C. C, 4/310. Wheat., 9/58i_ .6. "When it will not. Am. L. Reg., 8/459 Ben., 8/47 Blatchf., 4/9^_ Crabbe, I/534, 1/503. Cranch C. C, 2/510^ S/^^g Curt., 2/333. How., 19/312, 2^/49, 2^/420. Law Rep., N- 8., 10/129, 1%92. Pet., 1/46. Story, V603, 2/16. Sumn., 2/3gg_ 2/gg7_ Wall., 1/456, 23/492. Wash. C. C, 1/39. Wyom. T., V143. 6. Effect of custom upon rules of law. Hempst., 1/344. Law Eep., n. s., ^^kiS. Newb. Adm., l/gj Overt,, (Tenn.)2/ii8 Fet.,^^^. Wall., S/^gQ^ 6/663. Wash. C. C, 1/145, 2/24. CUSTOMS ON IMPORTS, Duties. CUTTING TIMBER ON PUBLIC LANDS. Ceimikai Law, 32. CY PRES. Devise, 3 ; Legacies, 10. D DAKOTA. TilBSITOBIES, IL DAMAGES. I. General Pbinciples. II. Measube of Damages. 1. In actions on contract. 2. In actions for wrongs. III. Assessment of Damages; Eemitting Excessive Damages, &c. I. GENERAL PEINCIPLES. 1. The right to damages, generally. Cranch C. C, l/gg, 1/333. Ct. of CI., ^/348. Gall., 1/478. Low., 1/60. Mc- Lean, 6/248_ 6/^97 Pet., 3/3Q7 Pet. C. ^319. Cranch C. C, 2/590^ S/^g. How., 11/461. Wheat., 7/13 AVoods, 1/302. 7. General and special damages. How., 3/87 8. Counsel fees : "Wlien allo"wed, gen- erally. Baldw., l/i38. Biss., 7/g9_ Ball., 3/306. How., 13/363. Pet., 3/3Q7 Story, %61, ^/402. Sumn., Sj^^ Wall., 8/377^ Wall. Jr., 1/164. Wheat., 9/332 9. — in patent cases. Blat^hf., 1/258, 7/505. Gall., I/429. How., 23/2 McLean, 4/^62. Mason, 2/119. Wall., 15/450 Woodb. & M., 2/121. See, also, Patents, 393. II. MEASURE OF DAMAGES. 1. In actions on contract. 10. Generally. Baldw., 1/57. Blatchf. & H., I/9. Col. T., 2/7Q Cranch C. C, 2/203^ Low., 1/262. McLean, ^i^ 5/2ig_ Sumn., 3/523. Taney, l/ggg. Wall., 5/689, %4. Wash. C. C, 2/ig7^ 3/125^ 4/307. See, also, Contkacts, 110-113, 132. 11. Actions against carriers. Abb. Adm., i/go, 1/97^ i/ng^ 1/215. Am. L. Eeg., 5/4g9_ Ben., I/292, 1/311, 8/90, Blatchf., 2/ije5/28o Blatchf. & H., 1/300. Law Eep., n. s., 10/129. Low., 1/464. McLean, 3/22 6/^g^_ Newb. Adm., l/e. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/^^ Sprague, I/530. Taney, I/485. Wall. Jr., 3/229. Wash. C. C, 1/13. See, also, Caeeiees, 37. 12. Actions between principal and agent. Blatchf., 1/290. Brock., I/103, 2/350^ Mason, 1/117^ %ei_ Pet., S/gg^ 14/479^ Wash. C. C, 2/150. 13. Actions on negotiable paper. Chic. L. N., 9/^83. Cranch, 7/59o_ How., 2/7JJ Int. Eev. Eec, 23/73_ Paine, l/i56. Pet., S/^g^ Wash C. C, 4/i48 See, also. Bills or Exchange,. 96 ; PeOMISSOEY NoTES, 140. 14. Actions on covenants, and sealed instruments, generally. Brock., 1/212. How., II/375, 17/609.. Overt., (Tenn.) 1/434. Wash. C. C, l/i^ See, also, Covenants, 24. 15. Actions between landlord and. tenant. Wall., l/ei. 16. Actions on contracts for services. Building contracts. Ct. of CI., 1/90, 1/106,2/429, 2/552, 2/570,. */551, 5/468, ^V707. Curt., 2/25. How., ^%07. Low.,1/60. McLean, 5/218, 6/248. Pet. C. C, 1/85. Wall., \ 8/77_ See- title Services. 17. Actions between vendor and pur- chaser of real property. Brock., 1/212. How.^ IS/igo, 17/609. Wheat., 6/109. See, also. Vendor ANr>- PURCHASEB, IV. 18. —of personal property: Seller against buyer. Ben., 7/^20 Ct of CI., 2/431^ 8/404^ 174 DAMAGES, II, III. McLean, 4/53^ Woodb. & M., s/g^g See, also. Sales, 47. 19. Buyer against seller. Baldw., 1/331. Bond., 1/152, VsiQ. Cranch, S/ggg^ Cranch C. C, I/241. Ct. of CI., 3/404^ 7/47o_ Int. Eev. Rec, 22/266. McLean, %q2, ^Im. Paine, 1/580. Pet. C. C, 1/85, l/l72, V22I. Wall., 5/689, 20/20. Wash. C. C, S/^g^. Wheat., 3/200^ 6/jQ9 Woodb. & M., 2/359 See, also. Sales, 50-52. 20. Actions for breach of warranty in sales of chattels. Hayw. (N. C.) %S2. Oreg., I/193. See, also. Sales, 53. 2. In actions for wrongs. 21. Generally. Blatchf. & H., 1/9. McAll., I/104, 1/467. Sumn., 8/^27. Wall. Jr., 2/334 Wash. C. C, 1/152. Wheat., 5/335 22. Injuries to the person. Baldw., 1/57. Blatchf., e/^gg Blatchf. &H., 1/507. Cent. L. J., 3/382. Cliff., 1/524. I^''' Pev. Rec, 12/194. McLean, */333. Otto, 1/489 ^/495»- Woodb. & M., 2/337. Wyom. T., I/27. See also, Railroad Companies, 22. 23. — through defects in streets and highways. Cent. L. J., 7/3ii_ McLean, 4/333 Woodb. & M., 2/337 See, also. High- ways, 7, 8. Municipal Corpora- tions, 27-30. 24. Fraud, and fraudulent representa^ tions. Col. T., 2/532. Mason, 5/^_ Woodb. & M., 2/1 See, also. Fraud, 18. 25. Negligence. Cent. L. J., 3/4^g Dill., 4/390 O^o, V489, V495»- ^/469. Wall., ^^q, 26. Eeplevin. Col. T., 2/,e9^ 2/49g Cranch C. C, ^/655. See, also. Replevin, 18. 27. Trespass. C0I.T., 2/213 Ct. of CI., 2/391 Dill-, 1/67. How., 13/363 McLean, ^yj^ Otto, 5/2Q4_ Taney, 1/121. See, also, Trespass, 25. 28. Trover. Blatchf., 1/290. Cranch C. C, 5/29^ Ct. of CI., 12/266. I>ak. T., I/206. Low.^ V27, •^/223, 2/383. McLean, 2/i4g_ Mason, 2/77. Pet., 1/386, 4/291, 6/2g2_ Sprague, 1/315 Sumn., 3/84. See, also, Trover, 13. in. ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES; BE- M IT TING EXCESSIVE DAM- AGES, &c. 29. General principles of assessment. Rev. Stat., § 4921. Cranch C. C, 3/8. Ct. of CI., 1/111. Dall., 3/344 Hempst., 1/20. Pet., 9/107 Pet. C.C, Vl72. , 30. Law of place How., 2/711 Low., 1/262. Paine, l/l56. Pet. C. C, 1/225. Woods, 1/489. 31. Computation. Double and treble damages. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/137^ 2/207^ 2/342 •Call., 1/26, 1/478. Mason, I/182. Pet. C- C., 1/394 Sawyer, 3/4gg_ "Wall. Jr., l/l64. Wash. C. C, 3/408 Woodb. & M., 2/121. 32. "When interest may be added. Blatchf., 14/497. Hempst., 1/12. How., 9/366. Mason, 1/117. Pet, 15/i25. Pet. C. C, 1/172, 1/224. Wash. C. C, 1/13. DAMAGES, III— DEBT. 175 Wheat., 11/431. See, also, Interest, 21. 33. "What may be sho^wn in aggrava- tion. Cranch C. C, l/igy. McLean, 6/2^3 34. — in mitigation : Actions on con- tract. How., 9/2i3_ 11/461, 1^/434. McLean, 6/248. Mason, 1/437. Wall., 4/go5. 35. — actions in tort. Baldw., 1/57. How., 13/447. O^c. Adm., 1/18. Woodb. & M., 2/i_ 36. Remission of excessive damages. Cliff., 2/g2^ 2/^Qg_ Fish. Pat. Cas., ^/291. I^st., 6/^y2. See, also. New Trial, 25. 37. Assessment by commissioner in admiralty cases. Ben., 2/8i_ 3/^95, 4/^27, ^/iSS. Blatchf., «/l. 38. Assessment by jury. Writs of inquiry. Blatchf., 6/499^ 14/^33 Conn., 43/59q_ Cranch, 4/333^ 7/208. Cranch C. C, I/4, ^/285, ^/S28, %15, ^/411. I^all., S/g^g, 2/380. Herapst., I/42, I/47, I/219. Otto, 6/87. Wall. C. C, 1/51. Wash. C. C, ^446, 4/388, 4/414, 4/482. Wheat., I/215, ^/l29. As to obtaining a new trial on the ground of Excessive or Inadequate damages, see New Tbiax, 20-26. As to the amount of damages recoverable in actions upon Insurance policies, see Insubance, 128. As to the measure of a land-owner's compen- eation for Land taken for jmblie use, see Emi- nent Domain, 6-8. DAYS OF GRACE. Bills or Exchange, 50-52 ; Promissory Notes, 52-55. DEATH. Death of a party as Ground of abatement, see Abatement, 10, 11. Proof of, in actions on policies of Life iTisur- amce, see Insurance, 117. When Presumed, from long absence, &c., see Evidence, 31. As to the statutory Oivil action for causing death, see Homicide, 24. DE BENE ESSE. Depositions, II. DAMS. Riparian Eights, 3. DEBT, (action of.) 1. General nature of the rem.edy. McLean, 2/333 Mason, 1/432. 2. When it will lie. Herapst., I/181, 1/279. How., IS/yg McLean, 2/^95, 3/^5q_ Mason, 1/243, 2/486. Pet. C. C, 1/145. 3. "When it will not lie. Cranch, I/343. McLean, 2/^27, %68. Pet. C. C, 1/145. 4. Election between debt and cove- nant. Wash. C. C, 1/1. 5. When debt will lie on bills and notes. Cranch, I/343. Cranch C. C, I/575. McLean, ^Ii5q_ Pet., 6/20. Wheat., 2/385 ^/642. See, also, BiLLS OF EX- CHANGE, 83. 6. — for penalties and forfeitures. Ben., 5/220^ 6/5Q7^ Biss., 2/453^ 4/93^ 4/117, 4/188. Brock., 1/520. Cranch C. 176 DEBT— DEBTOR AND CREDITOR, I, II. C, 4/458, 4/582. Ii*- ^^ev. Rec, 12/88_ McLean, ^liTj. Mason, 1/243, ^482. Otto, 7/546, 7/553„. Pet. C. C, I/145. Wall., 13/531, I8/516. Woods, 1/275. See titles Foefeitubes; Penalties. 7. Debt on bond. Cranch, S/ggg^ Cranch C. C, I/112. Hempst., 1/290. McLean, 2/^27. Pet., '^/276. 8. — for duties. Mason, 1/432, 8/324. Sumn., ^I^iq_ 9. Parties. McLean, 6/377. 10. Declaration. Cranch, I/194 I/282. Cranch C. C, I/2I8, 4/465. Curt., 2/jog_ Gall., I/26, V55, ^67, V257, V26I. Int. Rev. Rec, 9/97. MacArth., I/93. McLean, a/ggg^ 4/577. Mason, 2/47g_ Pet., l/gge. Ware, ■^/450. 11. The plea, generally. Ben., 6/205. Blatchf., 14/5^ Cranch CO., 5/531. How.,3/57_ Pet., 1/686. 12. Plea of nil debet. Cranch, ^/^gi Cranch C. C, I/124 2/22. Dall., 2/302. McLean, 3/ig3_4/j25| 5/431. Wheat., 8/g9o. See, also. Plead- ing, 32. 13. Plea of payment. Cranch, 8/293. Pet. C. C, I/441. 14. Variance between declaration and proof. Cranch C. C, I/43Q, I/471. Wash. C. C, 2/422. 15. Amount of recovery. How., 14/586. Pet. C. C, 1/145. Wash. C. C, 1/1. Wheat., 8/394 16. Judgment. Wall., I8/516. Wheat., 8/394. As to the recovery of Forfeitures and Penalties by action of debt, see those titles ; also, Duties, IX ; Inteenai. Eeventte, VI. For decisions relative to Other commorirlavr forms of action, analogous to debt, see Absump- siT ; Covenant ; Money Eecetved. DEBTOR AND CREDITOR. I. The Eelation Genebaily Consideeed. II. Payment and Dischaege of Debts. 1. In general. 2. Application of payments. III. AccoED AND Satisfaction, Compeomises, Extensions, &c. IV. COLLATEEAL SeCTJEITIES. V. Composition Deeds. VI. Conflicting Eights op Ceeditobs. 1. Of private creditors. 2. Priority of the United States. I. THE EELATION GENEEALLY CON- SIDEEED. 1. Rights and duties of the debtor. McLean, ^U^^^ Pet. C. C, I/276. Wall., 3/4go, 7/447. 2. Rights and remedies of the creditor. Blatchf., I/218. Cranch, 4/333 How.^ %9, ^/483. McLean, 5/2g2_ Sumn., %10. Woods, 1/452. 3. "Who are joint, and ■who joint and several debtors ; and remedies against them, generally. GilPv ^614. Pet., 13/4gg_ Pet. C. C-j ^/soi. II. PAYMENT AND DISCHAEGE OF DEBTS. [Consult, also, title Payment.] 1. Im 4. What will extinguish or discharge a debt, generally. Blatehf., 2/343 Ct. of CI., 5/509_ DEBTOR AND CREDITOR, II, III. 177 Gall., 1/417. Gilp., 1/614. H0NV,13/345_ McLean, 4/g^g Mason, 2/3^3 Paine, 2/688. Wash. C. C, 4/98^ 4/,,^ 5. WTiat -will not. Am. L. Rec, 6/^ Blatehf., 1/33,5. Crabbe, I/50. Cranch C. C, 2/645 JDall., Wl, ^/i99. McLean, s/gg^^ S/g^^. Mason, 5/157. Paine, 2/633. Wall., S/ggg. Wash. C. C, 2/^80. Wheat., 9/556 Woods, V179. 6. Receiving a subsequent or higher security. Blatehf., 1/326. Brock., I/551. Cranch, 7/299. Mason, l/ggg, 1/432. Pet., 18/485. Ware,2/n2. Wash. C. C, 8/508. Wheat., 7. wnat is a valid payment, generally. Cranch C. C, 2/53 Ct. of CI., 2/421. How., 14/240. McLean, 2/^02, ^/37l. Pet., 8/181. Woodb. & M., 3/368. 8. Payment by note, draft, or check. Brock., 2/350. Cliff., 2/4^ 2/^3o_ Cranch, 6/353 Cranch C. C, l/ge, I/323, 4/143. How., l/i34_ 6/^63, 1^/240. Mc- Lean, 2/369_ 4/j28. Mason, 4/335 Pe*-, 10/632 1%2. Taney, I/492. Wall., 8/37. Ware, 2/^12. Woodb. & M., 2/75^ 2. Application of payments. 9. When the debtor may apply ; and how. Brock., 2/274 Cranch, 4/317^ 6/g^ T/g^g. Cranch C. C, 2/133. How., I/250, 7/68i. Mason, 1/323^ 5/87«. Story, 2/243 Sumn., %4, 2/98. Taney, 1/450. Wheat., 7/^3^ ®/720. 10. When the right is with the credi- tor. Cranch, 4/3^7^ 6/3^ T/g^g Dill., l/gn. Gilp., I/1O6. How., 1/250, 7/681 Int. L Rev. Rec, I6/35. MacArth., 1/312., McLean, 1/493^ 2/50^^ Mason, 1/323, ^/82. Pet., 5/160. Sprague, 2/68. Story, 2/343. Sumn., 8/93 Ware, ^1^6. Wash. C. C, 2/41, 2/47 Wheat., 9/720. Woodb. & M., 1/150, %90. 11. Right of application confined to original parties. Pet., 5/16O. Story, 2/243. 12. Time within which the parties must make the application, Cranch, 4/3-^^ Pet., 5/^go Wheat., 720. 13. Application once made, final. Mason, I/323. Pet., 8/304 Sprague, I/206. Wash. C. C, 2/47_ 14. Application by the court. Cranch, 6/3^ 7/5^3. Cranch C. C, 4/712. Gilp., I/106. How., 1/250, '^/681. Law Rep., 8/j6j McLean, S/^og Mason, V323, ^/405, ^/33.S, ^/ll, ^/82. Pa"ie, l/eei. Pet., 5/160, '5/304. Sprague, I/206. Story, 2/243. Sumn., 3/93 Ware,2/i46 Wheat., 9/720, 12/511. Woodb. & M., 3/390. 15. — in cases of running accounts. Low., 1/350. Mason, 4/333 Sumn., 3/98. Wheat., 9/720. 16. — in respect to keeping down interest. Hempst., 1/91. Pet., 18/359. 17. Protection of rights of third per- sons, sureties, &c. Cranch, 7/5^2. How., I/250, 7/68i McLean, 2/50^ Mason, S/^gg Wheat., 12/505, 12/511. Woodb. & M.', 1/150. III. ACCOED AND SATISFACTION, COM- PROMISES, EXTENSIONS, &c. 18. What will amount to an accord and satisfaction, generally. Cranch C. C, I/450. Ct. of CI., 2/157. 178 DEBTOR AND CREDITOR, III, IV, V, VI. l^ill-. ^/78. How., 13/345 Sawyer, S/gg Taney, I/448. 19. What will not. Cranch, 6/253 Crancli C. C, ^l2Qi. Hempst., 1/315 How., ^^I^jo. Wash. C C, 1/328. 20. Effect of part payment as satis- faction. Cranch, S/^, Cranch C. C, ^lio^. Ct. of CL, 2/508_ 7/58g Dev., l/igg. How.,16/599. Pet., 12/178. Wall., 12/232, 1%5, 15/643. West. Jur., 6/495 21. Effect of compromises, extensions, &o. Biss., 6/22_ 6/520 Cranch, 4/333 Ct. of CL, 7/579_ 13/71 Low., 1/515. Pet. Adm., I/180. Pet. C. C, I/182. Sawyer, 2/94. Sprague, 1/43. Wall., 11/217. Wash. C. C, 4/5g2. Woods, 1/452. See title Compromise. IV. COLLATERAL SECURITIES. 22. Effect of giving seoiirity. Cranch C. C, 6/513 McLean, ^lisi, Paine, 1/525, 2/569. Wall., 11/391. Wash. C C, 4/3Q8_ 23. Rights, duties and liabilities of creditor holding security. Bankr. Reg., 12/450. Blatchf., 1/326, ll/3g2. Cranch, 7/303 Cranch C. C, V42I, ^/77. Dill., 1/362, V372.- How., Vi4, 2/426, 1^21, 1%25, 1%07. Hughes, 1/17. McLean, a/ggg^ 4/^28, ^/sio, 5/262. Otto, 6/gii Paine, 1/235. Sawyer, 8/305 Wall., 15/643, 21/360. Wash. C. C, 2/191 4/g West. Jur., l3/i7g See, also, Bailment, 8. V. COMPOSITION DEEDS. 24. Common law requisites. Validity. Bankr. Reg., 18/455. Crabbe, 1/459. Dill., 1/155. How., 22/270. Wall, 14/279. 25. How construed, generally. Cranch C. C, 1/450, 5/io2. Pet., 12/178. 26. Effect of fraud, reservations, and preferences. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 12/379. Bankr. Reg., 6/57^ 7/508 Cranch C. C, I/450, 5/102. Dill., 2/^08. Pet., l2/i78_ Saw- yer, 2/94_ Woods, 2/204. VI. CONFLICTING RIGHTS OF CRED- ITORS. 1. Of private creditors. 27. Priority among creditors. Cranch C. C, ^liso. Hempst., I/52. McLean, 4/554 Wash. C. C, 2/^93 See, also, Ceeditoe's Suit, 11 ; Exe- CtTTION, 38-40. 28. Rvile confining creditor having lien on two funds, to the one on which rival creditor has no Hen. Ben., 1/461, 8/228. Biss., 7/ig7 Brock., 1/266. ■'■"*■ -l^'ev. Rec, 15/24. McLean, 2/44, 2/489, %87, 4/207, 4/607. ««• ^dm., Vl96. 29. Subrogation among creditors. McLean, 2/44 Pet., 1^/123. Sumu., ^/410. 2. Priority of the United States. 30. Constitutionality and interpreta- tion of statutory provisions. Rev. Stat., § 3466, &c. Stat, at L., V512. Baldw., 1/424. Cranch, 2/353 Int. Rev. Rec, SB/^^g McLean, 4/go7 Pet., 1/386, 6/29, 12/102. 31. "What persons are within the judi- ciary act. Stat, at L., 1/512. Cranch, 2/353^ 5/289. Otto, 3/642. Pet., 12/103. DEBTOR AND CREDITOR, VI— DEDICATION. 179 ■32. "What debts are covered by it. Alb. L. J., 13/385. Brock., 2/274_ Cranch, Z/ggg 9/3,^^ Int. Rev. Rec, 23/113 Mason, S/ggg Paine, l/^gg^ Pet., 6/2g_ Sawyer, ^Jiqq Suinn., ^/l33. ■33. WJiat is an act of insolvency ■within the meaning of the act. Brock., 1/517^ 2/4gg Cranch, 2/353^ ^hs, ^/431. Mason, 5/229^ 5/230 Paine, V629. Pet., 1/386. Wash. C. C, ^k^^^ 4/418. Wheat., 2/3gg See, also, As- signments, (for benefit of creditors), 7. 34. Bona flde transfers in ordinary course of business, not affected. Cranch, 2/353^ 3/73 Pet., 1/388^ 8/271^ ^°/596. 35. Protection accorded to prior liens, generally. Gilp., 1/1. Pet., 1/386, ^/291, %62, 10/596. Wash. C. C, %8 36. — judgment liens. McLean, 4/go7 Wheat., 2/393 37. — execution liens. Bee Adm., l/igg. Gilp., I/51. Pet., V386, 12/102. Wheat., 2/39g 38. Effect of state statutes, insolvent laws, &c. McLean, 4/goy_ Pet., 9/^82. Wash. C. C, 4/424. Wheat., 8/253 See, also, Insolvency, 9. 39. Priority of the United States in partnership cases. Crabbe, I/60. McLean, 4/gQy Pet., %71. 40. WTio may be subrogated to the rights of the United States. Rev. Stat., § 3468. Dill., 7/207 Mason, 2/3^3^ 5/g2 WaSh. C. C, 2/490 As to what debts carry Interest, see Intbe- EST, 9. As to the effect of Usury, and the right to set it up as a defence, see Ustjey, II. DECEIT. False Pretences. Featjd. DECISIONS. Of state courts, how far Followed in federal courts, see Cgubts, 34-42. Of Circuit and District Courts Affected by state laws, see Table, at page IX, ante. DECLARATIONS. As to the admissibility and effect of declara- tions and admissions. As evidence, see Evideitce, III. As to the form and sufficiency of the declara- tion in an Action at law, see Pleading, I, 2 ; also the titles of the various common-law forms of action. As to Declarations of trnst, see Tetjsts. DECREE. Judgment DEDICATION. 1. Validity of dedications of land to public use. Hughes, l/ii8. Otto, 6/7ig 7/g93 Pet., %1, 10/662. Phil.,(Pa.)8/ie7. Wheat., 1%82. 2. "Who may dedicate land to public use, and how. Biss., 3/244^ 5/9g_ Bond, I/81. Deady, 1/39. How., 9/;^o, 12/371. McLean, 4/339 Pet., 6/431. Wall., 1/iog, 2/57. 3. When dedication takes effect. Deady, l/i. Oreg., 1/331. 4. How dedication may be proved. Biss., 2/^74 Blatchf., 2/229 Bond, 180 DEDICATION— DEEDS, I. i/si. Deady, 1/39^ 1/139. How., %o, 426. 17/. 5. Wlien presumed. Bond, l/si. How., 9/io, ^'^Im. 6. Bflfect of long public user. Oreg., 1/59. Pet. 6/43^^ e/^gg 7. Effect of dedication on rights of donor, or tliose claiming under Iiim. Biss., 5/95. Deady, I/139. McLean, 4/339_ Pet, 6/431 6/493 8. Rights acquired by the public. How., 12/371^ 24/igg McLean, 4/339^ Pet., 4/232^ 6/43i_ 6/493^ 10/gg2. Wall., 7/272. Wheat., 12/582. As to dedication of land for public Streets and Highways, see Highways, 1. DEEDS. I. Common Law Eeqxjteembnts. 1. Formal requisites. 2. Parties. 3. OormderaMon. 4. Execution. 5. Delivery. 11. Acknowledgment. Eecobding. III. How Construed. 1. Oenerally. 2. Description of premises conveyed. 3. The estate granted. 4. Conditions, exceptions, and reserva- tions. IV. VAIilDITY. 1. In general. 2. Illegality. I. COMMON LAW EEQUIKEMENTS. 1. Foi'mal reqrdsites. 1. Necessity of a writing. Pet., 6/124, 7/554. Wheat., 6/577_ See, also, Contracts, III. 2. "What will operate as a deed. Cranch, 1/239. How., 4/225. Mason,. 4/268 Sumn., 8/475 3. Formal parts of a deed. Date, re- citals, &c. Cranch C. C, ^li^s, ^/l80. How., 1%07, 19/73. McLean, 3/353. Pet., 2/157. 2. Parties. 4. "Who may make a deed. Cooke, (Tenn.) I/119. How., 4/225^ MacArth., I/139. Sumn., S/^gg Wall., ^/l77. 5. "Who may take by deed. Cent. L. J., 2/ig8 Cooke, (Tenn.) V134. McLean, 5/194. 6. The description of the grantee. Brock., 2/i5g How., 17/576. McAU., l/l42, 1/212. 3. Consideration. 7. Necessity of stating a considesa- tion. Cranch C. C, 2/576. Pet., 15/290. 8. "What considerations are sufloient. Abb. U. S., 1/525. Cranch C. C, 5/319, Pet., 13/107. Wall., 8/i4„. 9. Presumptions in favor of considera- tion. Sumn., 2/251. Wash. C. C, 4/139. 4. Mxecution. 10. Subscription ; and authority to execute a deed. Baldw., 1/129. Cranch C, C, 5/294, McLean, I/69, 8/543 Pet., 5/319^ 12/151^ 13/17. Wall., 2/177 Wash. C.C, 4/280. See, also, Peincipal and Agent, 8. 11. "What is a sufilcient execution Cranch C. C, 5/294 12. Necessity and effect of a seal. "What is a suf^cient seal. Bee Adrn., l/i4p Hempst., I/624. DEEDS, I, II. 181 How., 8/45]^^ 13/4^2. McLean, I/462, 3/332, ^/243. Pet., 6/124. 13. Subscribing witnesses. McLean, S/m, Wheat., e/g.^^^ 14. Effect of tbe law of place on sufft- ciency of execution. McLean, 2/552, ^Isss, ^/230, ^/lll, ^/l. 5. Delivery. 15. Necessity of actual delivery. McLean, I/242. Mason, 5/gQ Pet., 6/124. Wall., 5/81. 16. SufBciency of the delivery. MacArth., 2/353. McLean, 5/4,57. Wall., ^/636. 17. Proof of delivery. "Wben pre- sumed. Chic. L. N., 10/1^ Int. Eev. Eec, ■23/343 McLean, 1/321, 5/457. Mason, 3/398. Otto,4/405_ Pet., 14/322, 15/21. 18. Acceptance by grantee. Effect of possession of deed. McLean, I/321, 6/105 Pet., 14/322. Sumn., 2/486. Wall., 3/636. Wash. C. ■C, 1/70. 19. Delivery to third person for grantee's use. Pet., I6/106. Woodb. & M., 1/325. 20. Delivery in escrow. Cranch, 4/219 Cranch C. C, I/193. Mason, 5/gQ Sumn., 2/4gg 21. Cancellation and surrender. Black, 1/450. Gall., 1/69. How.,22/i McLean, l/i, 4/i2 Pet., 7/171 II. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. EECOBDING. 22. Necessity of acknowledgment. Cranch, 1/239. McLean, 3/352. Mason, S/115. Pet., 6/124. 23. Power to take an acknowledg- ment. Rev. Stat., §1071,1778,2064. Bankr. Reg., 14/513 Cranch, 8/22 Cranch C. C, 2/703, 5/409. How., 3/636. MacArth., 1/270. McLean, 1/520. Pet., 5/481 Pet. C.C, 1/429. Wash. C. C, 1/525. See, also. Affidavits, 2 ; Notaeies, l. 24. "What is a sufBoient acknowledg- ment. Cranch, 5/22 7/4^1 Cranch C. C, 5/409. r)illv2/316. How., 24/242. Pet., 13/17 Pet. C. C, 1/188. Wall., 3/744 25. SufBcienoy of acknowledgments taken in foreign state. Neces- ' sity of proof of officer's author- ity. McLean, 8/548 Mason, S/ng Sumn., 2/401. Wall., 3/744^ 8/gi3^ 10/26. ^^^^sh. C. C, 4/7i5_ 26. Form and contents of the oertifl- c a t e of acknowledgment, or proof. Biss., 5/160 Cooke, (Tenn.) l/ng. Cranch C. C, 2/210, %1, ^/294. How., 21/493 McLean, I/520. Otto, 5/710^ Pet., 1/328, 6/283, 12/345, 13/17. Pet- C. C, I/188, 1/429. Wall., 8/gi3^ 15/igi_ Wash. C. C, 4/477^ 4/7ig_ Wheat., 11/199. See, also. Husband and Wife, 46. 27. Proof by subscribing witnesses. Cranch, 7/471 Cranch C. C, I/552. Law Rep., n. s., 11/653. Pet- % ^km, 6/622. See, also. Evidence, 135, 137. 28. Necessity of recording. Cooke, (Tenn.) I/119, I/126. Cranch C. C, 4/121, 4/18O. McLean, 2/519^ 3/56^ 4/106. Pet., 3/280, %02, 10/524. 29. No registration necessary as be- tween original parties. Baldw., 1/344. Chic. L. N., 10/339. 182 DEEDS, II, III. How., Il/i3i_ 22/j Int. Rev. Rec, 24/314. Mason, 2/181. Otto, 6/291 Pet., ^/l24, "^IziS. 30. WTiat instruments may be ad- mitted to record. McLean, 8/55 31. The proper place of record. Cooke, (Tetin.) I/350. Cranch, 5/22. How., 4/3^^ McLean, ^Jsis. Wash. C.C, 1/525.' Wheat., 4/4gg 32. Time of deposit for record. Cranch C. C, ^liso_ Hempst., I/275. How., 14/253. McLean, I/282. Oreg., 1/201. Pet., 12/178. 33. Effect of recording. Priority among deeds. Cooke, (Tenn.) I/126 -^/iss. Cranch, ^/34, ^/471. How., 17/576. McLean, 2/412, %62, 5/457, 6/125. Pet., 8/30. Pet. C.C.,l/i88. Wall., 5/81. Wheat., 3/449_ 34. What is a vaUd registration. Proof of registration. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 11/760. Biss., ^/437, %5. Cooke, (Tenn.) 1/345^ I/359. Cranch, 1/137^ ^kn. , Hempst., I/275. McLean, I/520, ^Isq2, %77, ^/l06. Ma- son, 5/244 Pet., 6/283^ 13/423 Wall., 6/423. Wash. C. C, 1/354. Wheat., 9/515. 35. Rights of purchasers, under re- cording acts. Biss., 2/i83 Cranch, 5/154^ Tj^^^ Cranch C. C, I/462. Pet., 1/552, 6/l24, 8/30. Sumn., 2/251. Wall., 8/27^ I6/352. 36. Effect of notice of unrecorded deed. Biss., 4/437 Cliff., 2/584_ How., l°/348, ^%3. Pet-,'V24l. See title Notice. III. HOW CONSTEUED. 1. Oenerally. 37. Interpreting the instrument as a ■whole. Biss., 4/35 Blatchf., 4/271 Fish, Pat. Cas., 1/424. How.,16/513. McLean,. 3/56. Pet., 11/41. Sumn., 3/170 Wall.,, 9/617. 38. Reading two instruments together.. Ben., 4/42. Sumn., 2/486. Wash. C. C-, 1/419. See, also, Conteacts, 39. 39. Interpretation of particular words- and phrases. Blatchf., 4/271 Cooke, (Tenn.) 1/139^ Deady, 1/447. Pet-, ^%5. Pet. C. C, V49. Sumn., 1/492. 2. DescHption of premises conveyed. 40. General rules. What certainty is required, and effect of uncer- tainty. Cliff., 2/584 Cranch, 8/292. '^^-y 2/312. How., 8/274 22/i_ McLean, 2/4i2_ Mason, 4/112. Pet., 5/580. Pet. C. C, 1/49. Wall., 2/177^ ll/5g6_ Wheat., 5/359^ 41. Lands boanded by water. Alb. L. J., 11/75. Biss., 7/201 Black,. 1/204. Cranch, 6/237 How., I8/150, 24/^1^ McLean, 2/375 Mason, 4/349_ Pet. C. C, 1/64. Sumn., 8/170 Wall., 2/177^ 1^/91. Wheat., 2/206 See, also, Boun- daries, 21. 42. — by streets or highways. - Wall., 2/57 43. References to maps, other papers, &c. Black, 2/499 Blatchf., 3/11 Cranch,, 7/34 Curt., 2/571 McLean, 1/44. Mason^ 5/410. Sumn., 3/170. DEEDS, III, IV. 183 44. Quantity controlled by metes and bounds. How., 22/j_ McAll., l/i5i. Mason, 5/i6. Paine, I/494. Sawyer, 4/523 45. Courses and distances must yield to land-marks and monu- ments. How., 24/242. cLean, I/5I8, ^/279. Mason, S/^g Otto, S/^^^ Pet., S/gg^ 6/498. Story, 2/2^8. Wash. C. C, 4/45 Wheat., 6/580. 46. "What ■will pass as an incident or appurtenance. Curt., 2/571. Mason, 5/191 Petv.1%5. Sumn., 1/492. Wall., a/^^^ 47. WTiat easements and privileges •wiU pass. Curt., 2/57 Wall., 15/94. 3. The estate granted. 48. In general. Baldw., l/i96. Biss., 4/^82 Cranch, 7/34. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/437 Hempst., V1I8. How., 16/513^ 21/228 Mason, %31, %78, 4/45. Pet., 7/222. Wall., 9/617. Wall. Jr., 2/81 Wasii. C. C, 1/70.' 49. Tlie babendum clause, Cranch C. C, 8/242. Sawyer, 4/523 50. When tbe fee passes. How., 11/297, 12/98, Wall., 2/177 51. wben a qualified estate, only, is granted. Cranch C. C, S/^ig Wash. C. C, %98. 52. Future estates, and after-acquired titles. How., 11/297. McLean, 1/44^ 6/i_ Mason, ^j^^ Minn., I/230. Sawyer, V238. 53. Warranty deeds. McLean, 8/144^ 4/19 54. Bargain and sale deeds. Car. L. Eepos., I/34. Cranch C. C, 4/81. How., 11/297. Story> %64. Wash., C C., 3/339^ 4/3g 55. Quit-claim deeds. How., 3/333^ 11/297 McLean, 6/i_ Sawyer, 4/533. Wall. II/217. Wheat., ^/449. 4. Conditions, exceptions, and reservoMona. 56. Conditions. Cliff., 1/545^ 1/565. Sumn., I/434. Wall., 7/290 Wheat., 57. Eeservations and restrictions. MacArth., 1/33. McLean, 2/37^ Wall., 10/339 58. Exceptions. How., 4/353 McLean, 2/37^ Pet., %02. IV. VALIDITY. 1. In 5Q. What deeds are \7-alid generally. Confirming void deeds. Biss., 1/62. How., 21/228 McLean, 3/383. Wall., 10/364. 60. Formal defects. Uncertainty, &o. McLean, S/gg,, Wall., lO/geg. 61. InsuflBcient assent. Fraud, undue influence, &o. MacArth., I/139 Mason, 2/378^ Pet., 3/210, "/229, l%4i. Wheat., 11/103. 62. Objections to the consideration, or capacity of grantor. Abb. U. S., 1/525. Biss., 5/134 Brock., 2/311 McLean, 2/543 Mason, 3/347. Otto, 4/506. Wall., 8/14,^ Wash. C. C, 4/129. 184 DEEDS, IV— DEFINITIONS. 2. Illegalily. 63. "What deeds are void because the premises conveyed are held ad- versely. Blatchf., 5/481. Cranch C. C, ^k^^ S/^^q, 5/514. McLean, 1/282, %76, ^/486. Mason, 5/l6. Pet, 5/402. Pet. C. C, 1/49. Stoiy, 1/499. ^ee, also, Adverse Pos- session, 5, 6 ; Champerty, 2. 64. Exceptions to the coaunon law^ rule. Black, 2/499_ 2/575 Cranch C. C, 2/53. How., 20/437 Wa^sh. C. C, 1/429. Wheat., 1/292. 65. The rule as bet-ween grantor and grantee, and their privies. Cranch C. C, 2/53 66. Purchases of land pendente lite. Wheat., 3/212. As to the power of equity to Cancel, Reform, or Set aside a deed, see Cloud os Title, 3, 4 ; Eqiiity, 24, 29 ; Mistake, T. As to Composition deeds, see Bankruptcy, 181-199 ; Debtor and Cbeditob, V. As to the admissibility and effect of a deed as a Means of evidence; aiid how far it is open to Expla- nation by parol, see Evidence, 92-96, 150, 151. As to the doctrine of Estoppel by deed, see Estoppel, III. When a deed absolute in form will be deemed to be a Mortgage, see Mobtgages, 7-9. As to Partition by deed, see Paktition, 6. As to deeds creating Trusts, see Teusts, *7. DEFAMATION. Libel; Slandee. DEFAULT. Damages, 38 ; Judgment, II, VI. DEFEASANCE. Mobtgages, I, 1. DEFINITIONS. Abridge. McLean,' ^j^qq. Acceptance. ' Otto, 4/343_ Act. Biss., 6/233. Act of congress. Mason, 2/143. Actual market value. -Ben., 1/241, 2/249. Adhering to enemies. Abb. U. S., 2/3g4_ Adjourned session. Wheat., 6/106. Adultery. Mont. T., 1/359. Advance. Otto, 7/ji7_ Afiadavit. • Blatchf., 3/45g_ Agent. Biss., 7/5g_ Aid and comfort. Otto, 7/g2. Allegiance. ^ValL, 16/147. All my estate. MacArth., 2/^^^ Allo-w:ance. Otto, 2/77_ Alluvion. Wall., 23/4g_ Along its route. Otto, 1/454. Amnesty. Otto, 5/;^52_ Anchor -watch. Low., 2/220. Animals. Blatchf., 7/235_ Annual office. Dill-, 4/190. DEFINITIONS. 185 Another. Baggage. Blatchf., 5/3g(j Blatchf., 6/538 %4. Newb. Adm., 1 / ' ' Any one year. ^/494. Pet., 15/141. Bank. Appeal. Craiich, TJios. Gall., 1/5. Bankr. Reg., W/gg How., I6/416. Wall., 17/109, 19/264. Bank, (as used in laws relating to Apprehended. taxation.) Cranch, 4/^g_ Rev. Stat., § 3407. Appropriation. Banker. Ct.ofCl.,%9. Otto, 1/704. Appurtenances. Bankers, (as used in laws relating to Pet., 10/25. Sawyer, ^/201. taxation.) Rev. Stat., § 3407. Armed vessel. Ct. of CL, 1/174. Banking institutions. How., I6/416. Army.- Sawyer, 2/2Q0. Bank note. Cranch C. C, 2/133 Arrest. Baldw., 1/234. Bankruptcy. Ben., 2/ig6 Crabbe, I/456. Arrival. Brock., 1/407. Holmes, I/136. How., 9/372. Mason, 5/445. Barratry. Cranch, 8/39 Pet., 8/322 Wash. C. C, 2/61. Arrive. Beasts. Mason, S/igQ Minn., I/292. Article. Blatchf., 6/64. Beyond the seas. Otto, 7/637. Wyom. T., I/225. Articles. Bill of credit. Blatchf, 8/254. Pet., 11/257. Assault. Blockade. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/53. Ware, S/g^g. Assets. Blood. Bankr. Reg., 16/351. Pet., 2/58. Assignee. Body of a county. Rev. Stat., § 5013. Blatchf., 4/206. Mason, 6/390. Assistance, (writ of.) Bona fide pte-emption claimant. Wall., 21/289. Otto, 7/576. At. Bonus. Cranch C. C, 8/539 Wall., 16/452. At sea. Book. Story, 1/251. Bond, 1/540. Wall. Jr., 2/547. Auditor. Bottomry. Cranch, S/g Sumn., 2/157 Author. Bremen thaler. Blatchf., a/gg Blatchf., 3/39i_ 186 DEFINITIONS. Broker. Otto, 1/704. Wall., 23/32j_ Biiilder. Ct. of CI., 3/297. BuBinesB corporation. Holmes, 1/30, Vl03. Canal boat. Ben., 6/^j5 Capital. Blatchf., 5/315. Wall., 21/234 Capital stock. Otto, 6/455^ 7/707_ Capitol police. Ct. of CI., 3/257. Cargo. Mason, 1/127. Carrying on business. Hughes, 1/331. Case, ."Wheat., 6/264. Cast a-way. Dall., 4/412. Wash. C. C, 1/363, 3/i46. Cattle. Sa>yyer, Z/^^g. Wall., 21/294. Causes, civU and criminal. Abb. U. S., 1/28. Certificates. Wall., 11/382. Charity. Otto, 5/311. Charter party. Pet., 6/151. Child. Wall. Jr., 3/32. Children. Biss., 5/ieg \^all. Jr., 8/32. Citizen. Abb. U. S., 1/28. Chase Dec, 1/157. Dill., 1/344. How., 19/393. Otto, 2/542. Wall.,8/ig8. Wheat., 2/227. Civil action. Dill., 1/181. Pet., 9/632. Woolw., ■'/123. Civil officer. Burn., (Wis.) I/22. Claim. Blatchf., 4/385 Sawyer, 4/217. Coasting trade. Newb. Adm., 1/241^ I/256. Collateral security. Abb. U. S., 2/416. Collision. Abb. Adm., I/73. Color of title. Dill., 4/555. How., 17/601, I8/50. Saw- yer, 4/524. Wall., 6/116 Commerce. How., 7/283.. Otto, 1/276. Wheat., 9/i Commercial corporations. Cliff., 3/347_ Commercial paper. Bankr. Eeg., 8/33^ 3/46^ 4/6g Ben., %69. Biss., 5/113. Conmaodities. Wall., 6/6ii_ Common carrier. Ware, 2/33. Common field. Black, 1/179, V595. Common gambler. Dak. T., 1/293. Common la'w. How., 21/481 Pet., 3/433. Compact. Wheat., 8/1. Company. Eev. Stat., § 5. Competent authorities. Pet-, 8/436 9/711. Compile. McLean, 4/3Qg_ Conceal. McLean, ^lesi. Mason, l/i_ Confusion. Woods, 1/179 Conspiracy. Biss., 7/111. DEFINITIONS. 187 Construotiou. Sprague, l/igo. Consul. Eev. Stat., § 4130. Consiilar ofaoe. Rev. Stat., § 1674. Contemplation of bankruptcy. Bankr. Reg., 4/203. Dill., Vise. Story, ^/446. , Contents. Blatchf., 5/^Q7_ Continuous emigrant passage. Sawyer, 4/^^4_ Conviction. Ct. of CI., 12/192. Copy. Wall. Jr., 2/547_ Corporation. Abb. U. S., 1/22. Wheat., %is. Cost of suit. Hughes, 1/340. Counter claim. Wyora. T., I/49. Country. Blatchf., 1/218. How.,18/521. N.Y. Leg. Obs., 5/28e_ County. Rev. Stat, § 2. Court. Hughes, 1/270. Courts of the United States. Sawyer, 3/252. Creditor. Rev. Stat., § 5013. Crew. Sumn., 3/209 Crlm. con. Cent. L. J., Crime. How., 24/gg Cross-bill. How., 17/691. Cut glass. How., 12/9. Dangers of the sea. Ware, S/gjg Debt. DiII.,4/g8 Pet. C.C, 1/146. Debts. Ben., 8/357_ Wall., T/^j^ Debts contracted. Story, 2/432. Decisions of the collector. Ben., 7/251. Dedication. Bond, l/si. Deed. Cranch, I/239. Deemed. Blatchf., 14/74. Defacto government. Otto, 6/177 Demand. How., 4/2g2. Dementia. Abb. U. S., 2/507. Demurrage. Holmes, I/290. Deposition. Blatchf., 3/45g_ Depots. Wall., 19/264. Derelict. Newb. Adm., I/329 i/421 I/449. Design. Wash. C. C, 4/48_ Destroy. Wash. C.C, 1/363,3/146. Call., 4/^12^ Diplomatic officer. Rev. Stat., § 1674. Direct. Blatchf., 6/533 Direct taxes. Int. Rev. Rec, W/g. Wall., 7/433^ %33, 2%31. Disability. Sawyer, 3/206. 188 DEFINITIONS. Discontinue. Enemies. Wall., 8/33 Sawyer, 4/457 Discount. Engraving. Bankr. Reg., ^^l26Z. Blatchf., 5/325, 5/3g2_ Dissolving'. Enter. Holmes, I/103. Mason, 6/120. Distilled spirits. Entry. Blatchf., 14/92, l%7. ' Int. Rev. Rec, IS/gg Distiller. Especial privileges. Pet. C. C, I/18O. Dak. T., 1/113. District. Estate. " Mason, 3/^53_ Cranch, 3/97^ Pet., l/ggg. Excise. Dividend. Wall., 22/38_ Wall., 7/433_ Domicile. Cranch, 8/253_ Executory contract. Otto, 5/g83_ Draft. Ex officio. Story, 1/22. Wyom. T., 1/323. Dramatic composition. Kx post facto. Abb. U. S., 1/356. Cranch, 6/37^ 6I^^^_ Wall., 4/277 %5. Due course of law. Wash. C. C, 2/366. Dill-, 4/266. Express malice. Due process of law. Dak. T., 1/459. Otto, 5/41, 5/7j4_ 6/j^oi_ Factor. Duty. Wall., 23/32i_ How., 24/gg Wall., V433. Facts constituting a cause of action. Dwelling-house. Dak. T., 1/403. Bankr. Reg., 14/4eo Biss,, 7/269. Felony. Dying by one's own hand. Dak. T., 1/5. Dill., 1/403. Fiduc^iary capacity. Editor. How., 2/202. Otto, 5/721. FiUng. Embargo. Wyom. T., 1/413. Wheat., 2/i48. Final. Eminent domain. How., 19/283. Pet.,2/449_ Wash.T., Paine, '^Iqss. V174. Emit. Pinal disposition of the cause. Pet., %^o, 11/257. Blatchf., 14/i3o Employed. Fine. Paine, 2/721, Pet., 14/4g4_ Wyom. T., I/247. Employee. Fiscal. Ct. of CI., 3/260. Ct. of CI., 13/93. Empty. Flagrante delicto. How., 9/172. Cent. L. J., 5/330. DEFINITIONS. 189 Fleeing from justice. Granulated tobaqco. Dill., 3/381 Hughes, 1/326. Floor cloth canvas. Guaranty. Otto, 1/362. Wall. Jr., 1/149. Forcibly, Hair of animals. Gall., 2/i5_ Blatchf., 13/251. Foreign commerce. Harbor. How., 14/568. McLean, ^Iqsi. Mason, l/j. Foreign port. Harboring. Abb. U. S., i/i9i, 2/17 2. Blatchf., How., 5/215. 5/496. Cliff., 1/308. Dill., 4/444. Head of a family. Foreign voyage. Bankr. Keg., I6/382. Stoiy, l/i. Heifer. Forfeit. Mont. T., 2/543 Woods, 1/302. 7 / WxOt Heir-at-la-w. Fornication. Mont. T., 1/359. Wall. Jr., 2/368. Franchise. High seas. Pet., 13/519. Blatchf., 4/42Q Brown Adm., 1/155 Fraud. Gall., 2/398 Mason, I/152 5/390. Wheat. Bankr. Eeg., 16/n6 1 ''/102. Otto, 5/76. ^/704. Holiday. Fraudulent suppression. Bankr. Reg., 14/338. Baldw., 1/331. Home port. Freight. Dill., 4/448. Wash. C. C, 4/110 Wheat., ^/605. Horse. From. Wyom. T., 1/380. Cranch C. C, 8/599 Impair. From a port. Otto, 6/go9. Mason, 2/139. Import. Full -wages. Newb. Adm., 1/31. Wash. C. C", 1/414. Imports. Going off large. How., 9/619 Wall., 8/„o McLean, 6/^2 Newb. Adm ., 1/115. Impost. Good. Wall., 7/433. Cranch, 3/140 7 1 XtV* Imprisonment. Goods and chattels. Baldw., 1/934 Holmes, 1/343. ? 1 ^O'X, Grant. Including. Pet., 8/436. Cranch, 4/443. Grantee. Indian. Blatchf., 4/2og. Hempst., 1/450. V497. Ch'ants. Indorsement. Sawyer, 4/653. Hempst., l/i64. 190 DEFINITIONS. Inevitable accident. Ct. of CI., 12/480. How., 24/307_ Wall., 7/i9e Inevitable necessity. Cranch, I/345. In execution and pursuance of. Biss., 7/j29. Infamous. Bank. Reg., 15/335 Infamous crime. Dak. T., 1/297. Sawyer, ^l^u. Informer. Ct. of CI., 12/578. Inhabitant. Mason, S/gg Pet. Adm., 2/438 Insolvency. Abb. U. S., 1/440. Bankr. Reg., 18/43. Ben., 2/^9g^ 3/j^g3_ 3/283 ' Blatchf., V/ggg. Dill-, I/186, 1/203. Wall., 16/277, 16/584. Wheat., 2/396. Woods, 2/23. Insolvent trader. Sawyer, 4/^58. Intent. Blatchf., 7/202. Intention. Biss., 6/238. Interest. How., 8/10. Internal improvement. Otto, %o. Invention. How., 4/648 Irresistible super-human cause. Dak. T., 1/404. How., 17/417. Pet., 5/14]. _ Wall. Jr., %2. Jeopardy. Baldw., 1/78. Judge. Wyom. T., I/136. Judge. Justice. Rev. Stat., § 605. Judgment. Wyom. T., 1/229. Judicial. Hughes; 1/533. Judicial sale. How., 8/4gg_ Jurisdiction. Int. Rev. Rec, is/^g Pet., 12/657. Keeping proper books of account. Bankr. Reg., I6/152. KnoTvledge. Bankr. Reg., 17/ig8 Sawyer, 4/292 Laden. How., 3/igi_ Larceny. McAll., l/i96. Lateral-motion. McLean, 3/432. La'w. Wall., 20/36_ Lavrful authorities. Pet., 8/436^ 9/7ii_ La-w of the land. Otto, 6/102. Levying war. Abb. U. S., 2/364. Sawyer, ^l^s^, Liablis. Low., 2/3g4_ Liabilities. Ben., 8/g57_ Liability. Dill.,3/g32 Libel. Biss., 5/330. How., 3/266. Mason, 4/115. License. Blatchf., 4/206. How., 22/227. Wall., 3/441. Wheat., 9/j. Literary property. Am. L. Reg., 9/44. Lithograph. Otto, 7/368_ DEFINITIONS. 191 Live a^nixDEils. Martial law. Blatchf., 7/23. Blatchf., 5,319 Live stock. Maturity. Blatchf., 5/520. Otto, 1/72. Loaf sugar. Sumn., 1/159, May. How., 9/248. Lottery. Abb. U. S., 1/275. Merchandise. Story, 2/ig Machinery. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^/^^g. Main sea. Gall., 2/393 Mason, 1/153. Merchandise, (as used in customs- revenue laws.) Rev. Stat., § 2766. Merchantable. Ct. of CL, 11/680. Malice. Hughes, 1/525. Mason, 4/^jg_ Method. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/i7g_ MaUce aforethought. Mason, 2/gj_ Military, or usurped power. -Otto, 5/127. MaUcious. Dak. T., 1/472. Military stations. Otto, 4/2i9_ Maliciously. Mason, S/^gg. Sumn., I/394. Mineral lands. Dill., 4/404, Mania. Abb. U. S., 2/507, Minister. Rev. Stat., § 4130. Manufacture. Blatchf., 5/215 Mi srepresentation. Baldw., 1/331. Manufactured article. How., 7/785, Modes of proceeding. How., 1/301. Pet., 14/301, Manufacturer. Bankr. Reg., I8/319 Utah T. I/47. Modes of process. Pet., 9/329, Wheat., lO/i, Manufacturers of metals. Otto, 1/570. Month.- Dall., 2/302. Manuscript. Cliff., 3/537. More or less. Otto, 6/i7i_ Pet. C. C, 1/49, Mariners. Mortgage. Sawyer, 4/jog Pet., 1/386. Market. Motive. Wyom. T., 1/397. Blatchf, 7/262, Marshal. Municipal corporations. Rev. Stat., § 5013. Dak. T., 1/247. Master. Murder. Rev. Stat., § 4612. Dak. T., 1/458. Wash. C. C, I/463 Master, (as used in customs-revenue Otto, 7/531 laws.) Rev. Stat., § 2768. Navigable waters. Newb. Adm., l/ioi. 192 DEFINITIONS. Navy-yard. Hughes, 1/588. Necessaries. Ben., V/44g Low., ^Jisq, Necessary. Blatchf. & H., 1/465. Sumn., 8/328. Wheat., 4/316, 5/j_ Negligence. Wall., 15/524. Net earnings. Wall., 22/i3g Net earnings or income. Blatchf., 10/271. New. , Pet., 14/353. Next of kin. Biss., 5/166. Notes. Blatchf., 2/ie5_ Oath. Rev. Stat'., § 5013. Objects. Blatchf., %54. Obligation. Otto, 6/goQ Occupant. Utah T., 1/129. Offense. Dak. T., 1/110. Office. Wall., 6/385_ Officer. Ben., 2/303 Officer of election. Dill., 2/219. Oil cloth, foundations. Otto, 1/362. Once in six months. Taney,. I/418. Opposing interest. Biss., 7/28o_ Or. Mason, S/gQg. Or otherwise. Wheat., 2/ii9_ Ouster. Pet., 11/41. Overt act. How., 5/215. Owner. Eev. Stat., § 4612. Cranch C. C, 2/83. Wall.,23/35_ Package. Hughes, 1/529. Parcel. Hughes, 1/529. Pardon. How., I8/307. Otto, 5/153. Partnership. Cliff., 1/28. Parts of a dollar. Pet., 10/618. Pass. Abb. U. S., 1/135. Passenger. Woodb. & M., 1/221. Passing. Abb. U. S., 1/135. Baldw., 1/366. Penalty. Dak. T., 1/287. Pending. Cliff., 3/371. People. Pet., 6/445. Perjury. Low., 2/232. Perpetuity. Otto, 5/3^2 Person. Rev. Stat., § 3140, 5013. Bankr. Reg., 13/199. Cent. L. J., i/^^^^ " Op. Att.-Gen., i2/i7g Otto, 4/315 Sawyer, 2/364. Wheat., 11/393. Personal goods. Cranch C. C, I/141 Mason, S/ggy^ Personal representative. Dill., 3/124. DEFINITIONS. 193 Piracy. Proceeds. Cliflfl, 2/394 Sawyer, 4/511^ Wheat., Sumn., 3/j32 5/153. Process. Pirate. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/^75. Paine^ l/agg Baldw., 1/15. Sawyer, 4/5jq_ Procure. Place. Ben., 2/i96 Blatchf., 8/3o_ Produce broker. Place wbere the owner resides. Abb. U. S., 1/470. Dill., %,. Profits. Pleadings. Otto, 4/500. Minn., I/17. Profits used in construction. blunder. Otto, 3/225. Sprague, l/igg. Prohibition, (writ of.) Police power. Wall., 4/,58.. Pet., 11/102. Property. Policy of insurance. Pet., 4/511, ^Iu7 10/326. Woolw., 1/372. Prosecutions. Port. Dill., 1/181. Woolw., 1/123. Mason, 8/^53 Proximate cause. Port, (as used in customs-revenue Otto, 5/^30. laws.) Public document. Rev. Stat., § 2767. Dak. T., 1/328. Post office. PubUo lands. Blatchf., 2/io8_ Otto, 2/761. Post-road. Public money. Ct. of CI., 13/199. Ct. of CI., 12/281. Pueblo. Post-route. Ct. of CI., 13/199. Sawyer, 4/599^. Purchaser. Prima facie evidence. Pet., 1/552 Wall., 16/352 Otto, 7/268 Pet., 6/g22^ W/gg^. Qualifications. Printing. Dill., 1/485. Blatchf., 5/325. Quay. Prints. Pet., 10/662. Otto, '^Ises. Railroad. Privileges of citizens. Otto, 3/442. Wall., 16/36; Keal estate. Privity. Mason, 4/^67. Sawyer, 4/292. Reasonable cause to believe. Prize goods. Otto, 5/346_ 7/81. Cranch, 8/244. Reasonable doubt. Probable cause. Dak. T., 1/466. Sawyer, 4/517^ Cranch, 7/339 How., 24/54^. Otto, Recover. 7/645. Wall., 3/155. Wash.C.C , %i. Pet., 7/ll3. M 194 DEFINITIONS. Recovery. Salvor. Paine, Z/ggg^ Newb. Adm., I/329. Rectifier. Same offence. Ben., 3/70 Hughes, 1/552. Redeemable. Scire facias. Hughes, 1/17. Mason, I/153. Redemption. Sea. Hughes, 1/17. How., 5/441. Registry. Seal. ■ Black, 2/3^7 Rev. Stat., § 6. Regulations of a departm.ent. Sea stores. Ct. of CI., 3/38 Baldw., 1/502. Release. Seizin. Taney, 1/448. MacArth., 2/gQ Rene'wal. Seizure. Blatchf., 4/271 Wall., 9/103. Residence. Shall. Sawyer, 4/243 Otto, 4/248_ 5/ig8_ Resident. Shall not. Pet. Adm., 2/438, Wash. C. C, 2/361. Respondentia. Shawls. Am. Ju. Reg., 3/477. Newb. Adm., How., 16/251. V614. Ship. Revenue. Holmes, 1/457. Low., 2/30, Mason, Blatchf., 13/207 ^/l20. Revenue laws. Blatchf., 4/311 Biss., */l88. Woolw., Ship chandlery. Wall. Jr., 1/359. Vl70. Shipped as above. Ben., 8/0 Revolt. ? 10. Mason, 1/147, Spragu e, 1/.W4. Wash. Single man. C. C, 4/402. Wheat., 11/417. Wall., 7/219. Road. Hughes, 2/17 Smuggle. Blatchf., 13/i78. Sold. Roadstead. Hughes, 2/17 Otto, 7/219 Robbery. Some other good cause. Wash. C. C, £ /209. Biss., 7/280. Salt lick. Sound mind and memory. McLean, S/^gi Abb. U. S., 2/507. Salt spring. Special damage. McLean, S/^g^ Wall., 6/578. Salvage service. Specially. Abb. Adm., 1/ 222. Bond, 2/104. DEFINITIONS. 195 Specifications. Ct of CI., 1/28. State. How., 5/343. Otto, 7/459 Pet., 5/i_ Wall., 7/700 State, (as used in internal-revenue laws.) Rev. Stat., § 3140. State at war. Wheat., 6/i52. State jail or penitentiary. Blatchf., 14/344 State of a vessel. OWL, 4/448. Station. Otto, 4/219. Stationery. Col. T., 1/160. Steal. Sprague, l/igg. Steer. Mont. T., 2/543 Subjects. Wheat., 2/227. Substantial. McLean, 2/432. Suffer. Ben., 2/i96 Biss., 2/423. Siiicide. Am. L. Reg., N. s., lO/ioi. Suit. Bankr. Reg., 15/33, Hughes, 1/270. Pet., 2/449 Sum. Otto, 6/368. Surrender. Bankr. Reg., 17/399 Suspension. Wall., 8/33 TSfX Wall., 17/322, 20/655. Timber. McLean., 6/2g Time of the bankruptcy. Ben., 7/238. Ton. Wall. Jr., 3/4g Ton, (as used in respect to customs- duties.) Rev. Stat., § 2951. Tonnage. Otto, 4/238 Tonnage duties. Wall., 6/31 Tonnage tax. Biss., 6/505. Wall., 20/577. To print. Otto, 7/367 Total loss. Otto, 6/g57. Towage. Low., 2/501 Towage services. Abb. Adm., I/222. Trade. Sumn., I/516. Trader. Low., 2/g9 Trader or tradesman. Bankr. Reg., 16/315 Biss., 7/155 Tradesman. Bankr. Reg., 14/503, ^^/sos. Low., %74. Trading. Cranch, 8/155. Abb. U. S., 1/58, 2/364. Sawyer, 4/457. Trespass. Hempst., 1/30. Trial. Mason, 4/233. True value. Mason, 2/393 Unascertained duties. Blatchf., 5/274. Under. How., 8/345 196 DEFINITIONS— DEPARTMENTS. Upon. Wyom. T., 1/419. tJseful. Mason, I/182. Usury. Black, 1/115. Uttering. Abb. U. S., 1/135. Baldw., 1/366. Vacancy. Woodb. & M., 1/389. Value. Valued, (as used in respect to collection of customs-duties.) Rev. Stat., § 2952. Vehicle. Rev. Stat., § 4. Vein. Lode. Sawyer, ^1^02. Vessel. Rev. Stat., § 3, 4612. Holmes, I/467. Vessel -wrecked in the United States. Ben., 8/109 Vested remainder. Abb. U. S., 1/169. Vested rights. Wall., 21/660. Voyage. Abb. U. S., 2/172. Wagon. Bankr. Reg., I6/243. "War. Dall., 2/19^ %_ Sawyer, %3. Warranties. Dill., 4/177. WTiarfage. Brown Adm., 1/37^ Whereupon. Wyom. T., 1/419. Wholesale liquor dealer. Blatchf., 14/32i_ Wido-w. Op. Att.-Gen., H/i. Willfully. Abb. U. S., l/i96. Dak. T., I/472. Otto, 6/702. Working cattle. McCahon, I/iqo. Writ. Dak. T., 1/441. DEFRAUDING THE REVENUE. Duties, IX ; Imtebnax Eevenue, VI- DE HOMINE REPLEGIANDO. KEPLEvnsr, 6. DELAWARE. For decisions relating to Delaware, In comr- mon with the other states of the Union, see- States, I. DELIVERY. Carbiees, 9, 24-29; Contracts, 9; Deeds, 15-21 ; Mortgages, lO ; Sales, II. DEMAND. As to the necessity of a demand before suit,, see Bills op Exchange, V; Pbomissokt Notes, V ; Teo-ver, 7. DEMURRAGE. Bills of Lading, 9; Charter Parties, 11; Shipping, 62. DEMURRER. In Pleading, see Pleading, 1, 4, II, 4. To Evidenee, see Trial, 54-56. DEPARTMENTS. 1. Powers of heads of departments, generally. Rev. Stat, § 158-198, 356. a. of CI., 1/147, S/55. How., 18/331. Op. DEPAETMENTS— DEPOSITIONS, I. 197 Att.-Gen, ^j^,^ ^U^, ''ku, ^VllY, 1%. Pet., 2/253^ 7/j^ 7/i8^ 7/28_ IS/ggg^ Taney, 1/80. 2. Force and effect of departmental usages and regulations. Abb. U. S., 1/351 Blatchf., 5/g3 Ct. •0fCl.,3/38_ Gilp., 1/356, 1/563. ^'^ttsh., (Pa.) 3/151. -3. Clerks of departments. Rev. Stat., § 163-176. Cranch C. C, ^/l30, %93. Ct. of CI., 1/123, ■^/206, "^1565. Op. Att.-Gen., 6/533, 12/521. 4. Department of agriculture. Rev. Stat., § 520-529. Wall., 22/^93 ■5. Department of the interior. Rev. Stat., § 437, &c., 2175, &c., 4692, &c. Stat, at L., 17/35, 17/4g4 Op- Att.-Gen., 5/283_ e/gg^ 7/543^' 7/550^ ll/g^^ 11/129. ■6. Department of justice. Po^wers of , attorney-general. Rev. Stat., § 197, 198, 316-387. Stat. ^tL., 16/162, 17/578. Blatclif., 6/434. Op. Att.-Gen., S/gy^ ll/^gg^ lV407,.l^/l69 1^/206, 12/544. Sawyer, 4/43 ■7. Department of state. Rev. Stat., § 199-213, 1674, &c. Op. Att.-Gen., 2/5^5 7/393 ^%1. Pet.C.C, 1/466. 8. Navy department. Rev. Stat., § 415-436. Ct. of CI., %, 4/384. Op. Att.-Geii., 1/320, 1/325, l/sso, %18. See, a] so, JSTavy, 3. ©. Post-oflQce department. Rev. Stat., § 388-414. Stat, at L., l''/283. How., 9/437 Mason, Sj^^ -Op. Att.-Gen., 13/565. Wall., 4/617. See, also, title Post OrncE. 10. Treasury department. Rev. Stat., § 233-244. Ben., 1/374. Blatchf., 3/jj7^ 6/4Qg_ 7/425. Brock., 2/g. Chic. L. N., 8/129. Ot. of CL, 13/86. Gilp., 1/399. How., 9/580. McLean, %39, ^/l30. Op. Att.-Gen., I/405, 1/570, %78,5/66, 5/664,12/386,12/431, 14/i3. Otto, 1/321, 1/389. Pet., .9/$, 1%0. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/i5i_ Wall., 7/igg Woodb. & M., 1/150. 11. "War department. Rev. Stat., § 214-232. Stat, at L., 18/19 I8/33. Blatchf., 5/e3^ 5/520. Ot.of 01., 1/270, ^/404. Hughes, l/i38. Op. Att.-Gen., S/ggg^ e/g^^^ 10/23^ 12/43^ 12/333^ 13/5,13/46. Wall., 7/433^12/232^,12/245. DEPOSIT. As a distinct species of Bailment, see Bail- ment, 3. As to Moneys deposited in bank, see Banks, 23-25. As to Deposit of deed for record, see Deeds^ 32. DEPOSITIONS. I. In General. II. Depositions db bene esse. III. Depositions taken by Commission. IV. Use op Depositions as Evidence. I. m GENERAL. 1. "What ie a deposition. Blatchf., 3/45g 2. Taking depositions in perpetuam. Rev. Stat., § 866, 867. Stat, at L., ■2/682. Story, 3/g-^g. 3. — under a dedimus potestatum. Effect of state laws. Rev. Stat., § 866, 868, &c. Col. T., 2/376. Cranch, 3/293. Cranch 0. C, 1/57^ 198 DEPOSITIONS, I, II. V247,V575,%91. McLean, e/^^^^ Wheat, */508. 4. Letters rogatoiry from foreign gov- ernments. Rev. Stat., § 4071-4074. Stat, at Lv l%30, 17/581. Ben., 1/225. Blatchf., 5. — to foreign governments. Rev. Stat., § 875. Pet., IS/g^g Pet. C. C, 1/235. Wash. C. C, 2/7. 6. Depositions in chancery. Am. L. Reg., 8/350. Blatchf., 2/35^ 3/507. Cranch C. C, 1/299, 1/485. !>'"•. I/181. Mason, 4/3J2, ^/451. Story, l/igg, 3/299. Woodb. & M., 2/,2i_ 3/,57 7. — in admiralty and prize causes. Rev. Stat., § 4622. Ben., 1/328. Blatchf., 6/24 Blatchf. Pr. Gas., 1/337. Cranch, 7/107. Gall., 2/93. Wall., 4/320 13/738. Wheat., 2/37i_ 4/84 II. DEPOSITIONS DE BENE ESSE. 8. "WTien depositions de bene esse may be taken, generally. Rev. Stat., § 863. Cranch S/ggg How., 13/283. McLean, 3/ggg Wall., 20/22g. Wheat., 1/9, 2/287^ 4/503. Woodb. & M., 2/121. 9. 'Witness must reside more than a hundred miles from place -where court is held. Stat, at L., 17/89. Biss., 5/102. Blatchf., 2/228. Cranch C. C, I/357, I/485. Mc- Lean, 5/241^ 6/401. Wash. C. C, 4/715 10. But he need not reside in the dis- trict. Hempst., 1/546. Pet., 5/604. Wash: C. c, 3/408, 4/21-5. U. Before what officers the deposition may be taken. Blatchf., 4/416. Cranch C. C, S/gj^ Hm, ^/l62. Hempst., 1/563. How., 11/375. McLean, 5/^ 12. Necessity of notice to adverse^ party. Stat, at L., 17/89. Cranch C. C.,. 2/53, 2/237, 2/253. Gall., 2/314. Woodb. & M., 2/121. 13. Form and sufilciency of the notice,. and -who may give it. Cent. L. J., 6/7 Cranch C. C, I/286,, %15. How., 7/g93 McLean, 4/539 14. Upon -whom notice may be served- Service on attorney. Cranch, 3/293 Cranch C. C, I/429 4/70. Curt., 1/437. Gall., 2/314 Woodb' & M., 2/121. 15. Attachment of ■witness for non-at- tendence. Blatchf., 2/228^ 3/gg Cranch C. C.,. I/58O. 16. — for refusal to ans'wer. Blatchf., 3/113^ 3/148 17. S'wearing the -witness. Rev. Stat., § 864. Cent. L. J., 4/325^ Cranch C. C, 2/190^ 2/421 Hempst., 1/689. McLean, 3/g2 18. Form and requisites of the deposi- tion, generally. Rev. Stat., § 864. Cranch C. C.,. %28. Hempst., 1/688, 1/689. McLean,, 5/4. 19. "WTiat the caption must contain. Cranch C. C, 1/451, 2/123, 2/198, 2/235,. 2/237, 2/259, 2/525. McLean, 8/92, S/ggg. 20. Form and sufittciency of magis- trate's certificate, generally. Cranch C. C, I/451, 1/533, 2/53, 2/123^ 2/228,2/235,2/237. Hempst., 1/546. How., 7/693. McLean, ^j^^, 6/401. DEPOSITIONS, II, III. 199 21. — in respect to notice. Blatchf., %6. Cranch C. C, I/507, 2/160. How., 5/7_ 7/g93 22. — in respect to residence of wit- ness or adverse party. Cranch C. C, 1/543. Hempst., 1/545 How., 5/7_ McLean, S/gg^ Pet., S/g^^ 23. — in respect to svrearing the wit- ness. Cranch C. C, I/507, 2/190, 2/253^ 2/^73 McLean, ^ls^z_ Newb. Adm., I/4 24. — in respect to reducing tlie depo- sition to writing, its subscrip- tion by witness, &c. Cranch C. C, 2/31^ 2/^93^ 2/223, %59, 2/421. Day, (Conn.) 4/^21. McLean, 4/203. Pet., 1/351. Wall., 11/659. Wash. c. c, 4/215 25. Effect of the certificate as evi- dence of facts stated in it. Blatchf., 4/4^g Cranch C. C, 2/31^ 2/228,^/104. McLean, 2/579, 5/4 Paine, V358. Pet., 1/351, %04. 26. Custody and return of the depo- sition. Direction. Rev. Stat., § 866. Cranch, 8/70 Cranch C. C, 2/335 McLean, 4/249. Mart., (N. C.) l/gi. III. DEPOSITIONS TAKEN BY COM- MISSION. 27. Power to grant a oonrmission. Discretionary power. Rev. Stat., § 866. McAll., 1/447. Paine, 1/04. Pet., 13/209. 28. "When a commission will be granted. McAIl., 1/447. Wash. C. C, 2/7. 20. When it will be refused. Cranch C. C, 1/435, ^Im. Dall., %01. 30. The application, afBdavit, ak. T., I/25. Dill-, V1O8. How., 7/gg3 Pet., I/299. Wall., 3/377_ 15/igi_ Wash.C.C.,3/408. Wheat., 7/453_ 52. Motion to suppress. Biss., 4/507. Ct. of CI., 3/384. How., 21/88. MacArth., I/496. Wall., 8/377. Woods, 1/623. Wyora. T., I/157. 53. Continuance to allow cross-exam- ination in cases of ex parte de- positions. Cranch C. C, I/123, ^843. Woodb. & M., 2/i2i_ 3/348_ 54. Right of one party to introduce deposition taken at instance of the other. Cranch, 6/335 Cranch C. C, I/357, V491,%58. Din.,l/io8. DESCENT— D E VISE. 201 DEPUTIES. 11. Collaterals and persons of the half- blood. Mahshais, IV ; Opfioehs, 30. Mason, 3/3gg_ 4/302 Pet., 2/58^ 2/313 4/393 DERELICT. 12. Illegitimate children. Biss.,5/i3g Black, l/i5o//459. Pet,, Salvage, 28-30. 14/178. Wheat., 5/207, 13. Rights of heirs as such. DESCENT. Cranch C. C, 4/i8o_ 6/485^ S/ggg^ 1. Interpretation of state statutes rela- tive to descent. Hempst., 1/69. How., 6/550. Wash. C. C, %8. Cranch, 7/^53 Mason, iJiQ^^ S/gg^ Pet, 6/^02, 1%8. 14. How an heir may be disinherited. How., 6/550^ 18/385 2. Distinction between "mediate" and " inunediate " descent. Pet., 6/io2_ S. W hat ■will descend to tlie heir, gen- erally. 15. Liability for debts of ancestor. Brock., 1/266, 2/325. Cranch, 2/40^^ How., 3/333 McLean, 3/27^ 4/75_ Pet., 2/627,16/25. Pet. C. C, 1/269. Sawyer, Blatchf., 4/333 McLean, 1/50 I/120, %06. Wheat., 8/533^ Woods, I/144. 4/82, %62. Wall., Jr., 2/301 16. Procedure in actions against heirs. 4. Remainders and limitations upon life estates. Brock., 1/266, 2/185. Call,(Va.)6/308. Hayw., (N. C.) 2/281 2/^91 McLean, Cranch, 7/453 Mason, 4/^67. 4/110. 6. Property undevised bywill. DETINUE. How., 18/385_ Paine, 2/353 When a proper Form of action, see Action, 6. Who may take by descent, gener- 15. aUy. Black, 1/459, Crancli, ^1321. Cranch DEVASTAVIT. C. C, 1/479. How., 18/385. Wall., 5/710. EXECUTOBS AND AdMINISTBATOES, 23. Wheat., 4/453 '^/535 7 ' tOOf 1 oou. 7. Descent through alien ancestor. DEVIATION. Pet., 6/102. See, also, Aliens, 13. Insueance, 50-57. 8. Order of descent. Black, 1/459. Cranch, 7/^53 Curt., DEVISE. 2/562. Mason, 4/437 Wall., S/^^o. I. Validity. 0. Taking per stirpes, or per capita. Op. Att.-Gen., 12/5 II. Interpeetation and Effect. 1. As respects the instrument, devisee, premises devised, &e. 10. When a father or mother may 2. As respects the estate devised. take by descent. Bias., 1/73. Curt., 2/532. How., 11/297. III. Eights and Liabilities op the De- visee. 202 DEVISE, I, II. I. VALIDITY. 1. "Wliat may pass by devise. Blatchf., 4/333 Crabbe, I/70. Pet., 3/99. Wall. Jr., 2/301 2. Who may take as devisee; and herein of tlie rig-lit of a corpora- tion to take. Abb. U. S., 2/283 Alb. L. J., 15/412. ' Cranch, 7/45g How., l^/ggg McLean, 5/223. Pet., 3/99 Wheat., 4/^. See, also. Corporations, 47. 3. Validity of devises to charitable uses. Am. L. Reg., ^/^g Cranch C. C, %69, ^/632. How., 2/127^ 15/367^ 24/^35 MacArth., 1/541. Otto> %03. Taney, 1/339. Wall., 5/119 6/337 Wheat., 4/i_ 4. Effect of uncertainty as to devisee, or subject-matter. Crancli C. C, 3/259 5. Remoteness. Perpetuities. Brock., 2/119 Cranch, V/^gg Cranch C. C, 3/269. McLean, 1/135. Pet., 9/301^ Wheat., 9/325. See, also. Wills, 33. 6. Indefinite failure of issue. Brock., 2/119 Mason, 3/391. Samn., 1/359. Wash. C. C, 3/3g9 II. IKTERPEETATION JlSB EFFECT. 1. .lis respects the instrument, devisee, premises de- vised, &c. 7. How construed, generally. Baldw., 1/454. 8. As respects the devisee intended, and the character in -wrhich he takes. Cranch C. C, 5/ggg Siimn., I/359. Wheat., 11/375. 9. Devise to two or more, or to a class. MacArth., l/igg. 10. Description of subject-matter de- vised. Gall., 1/454. 11. "What may pass as an incident. Mason, 8/280 12. "When after-acquired property will pass. Wall. Jr., 2/30, 2. As respects the estate devised. 13. VThat words will pass a fee. Black, 2/^Qg Cranch, 3/9^ Cranch C. C, 3/63g_ 5/548 Curt., 2/,26. Gall., 1/454. How., I8/202. Law Eep., n. s., 7/607. Mason, 1/224, 2/203. Pet., 1/570. Wheat., 12/153. 14. "When a charge upon the devisee will be deemed to imply a de- vise in fee. Black, 2/408. Wash C. C, 4/045 15. What words will create an estate- tail. Curt., 2/^78. How., 14/488 Mason, 1/224, %08, ^/391. Sumn., I/359. Wash. C. C, 3/369^ 4/,g Wheat., 12/568. See, also. Estates, 3. 16. Decisions on the rule in SheUey's case. Curt., 1/419. How., 14/488. Wall., ^%86. 17. "WTiat words will pass a life estate. Alb. L. J., 15/44 Black, 2/^08. Cranch C. C, 4/323_ How., 2/^3, Hughes, 2/501 Otto, 3/326. Pet., %s. Sumn., 1/2^5. Wall., 6/458 Wall. Jr., 3/i84. Wash. C. C, 2/4ig^ Aj^^^^ Wheat., 10/204. See, also, Estates, l. 18. Vested and contingent remainders. Cranch C. C, 2/505^ 4/333 How., 8/495. Mason, 1/224^ 3/39^ Qtto, I/716. DEVISE, II, III. 203 Pet., 6/gg Story, 1/499. Sumn., 1/335 1/359. Wall, 5/268^ 6/458 Wall. Jr, 3/i84. Wash. C. C, 4/jg See, also, Estates, 5. 19. Conditions precedent and subse- quent. Cranch C. C, 5/543. How., 14/488 15/367. Paine, 2/545 Pet-, %46 9/461. Wall., 5/119 Wheat., 9/325. 20. Executory devises. Brock., 1/131 Cranch, 7/455 Cranch C. C, 3/85^ 3/269_ Curt., I/419, 2^^^^^ 2/1^8. C^all., 1/454. How., 8/263^18/202. McLean, 1/135. Otto,l/7i6. Paine, 2/366 Pet.,V570, 9/301. Wash. C.C, 3/369. Wheat., 12/153. III. EIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OP THE DEVISEE. 21. In general. How., 24/553 2/327. Wash. C. C, 3/48_ Pet-, 13/166. Story, 22. Right to disclaim or renounce the devise. Story, 1/499^ 2/327 Wash. C.C, 3/48. Wheat., 2/32 23. Charges upon the land devised, for legacies, maintenance, &c. How., 4/289 McLean, 1/194 Wash. C. C, 4/g45 Wheat., 10/204. See, also. Legacies, II. 24. — for payment to testator's debts. Brock., 2/i85^ 2/325_ Call, (Va.) 6/303. Cranch, 2/407 Cranch C. C, I/303, 1/304, 2/640, ^/431. How., 1/134. MacArth., 2/572. Mason, 3/i78_ Pet., I/585, 8/461. Story, 1/376. Wash. C. C. 3/48 Wheat., 12/498. 25. Succession tax. Int. Eev. Rec, IO/131. See, also. Internal Revenue, 85. As to devises in Lieu of dower, see Dower, 12, 13. As to the powers and duties of Personal rep~ resentatives in respect to lands devised, see, Ex- ecutors AND Administrators, III. DIRECTORS. Banks, 40 ; Corporations, 71 ; Eailroad- Companies, 11. DISABILITY. Of Aliens, see Aliens, II ; Of Infants, see In- fants, 2 ; Of Insane persons, see Insane Per- sons, 1 ; Of Married women, see Husband and Wipe, IV. As to the effect of the disability to Suspend the running of the statute of limitations, see Limitations op Actions, IV. DISBARRING ATTORNEYS. Attorney and Client, 8, 9. DISBURSEMENTS. Costs, 58. DISCHARGE. Bankeuptcy, 201-230 ; Execution, III ;. Habeas Corpus, 16; Imprisonment, 4-6 j Insolvency, 9-14. DISCLAIMER. Patents, 129-134. DISCONTINUANCE. Practice, 6. DISCOUNTS. Banks, 36. 204 DISCOVERY, I, II. DISCOVERY. I. Bt Bill kt Eftuiry. n. Oedeb for Peoduction of Books aotj Papers. I. BY BILL IN EQUITY. 1. Jurisdiction of equity. Cranch, 7/gg_ Cratich C. C, 4/347, How., 23/90 Mason, 8/95 Pet., 1/233^ 10/497_ Woodb. & M., 2/2i7_ ■2. "WTien a bill -will lie. Rev. Stat., § 2376. Am. L. Reg., «/l71. Black, 2/430 Cranch, 4/73^ Cranch C. C, 4/247, McLean, 4/g7_ Pet., 1/241. Woods, 1/118. 3. "WTien a bill wUl not lie. Baldw., 1/394. Bankr. Reg., 7/24g_ Biss.,5/3i_ Blatchf., 9/3ig, Pet., 10/497. -Story, 2/59. Wash. C. C, 2/127. ■4. "Will not lie in cases involving for- feitures or penalties unless they are -waived. Blatchf., 2/39^ 2/301 Gilp., I/306. McLean, 4/gg3_ Pet., l/ioo. ■6. Form and requisites of the biU, gen- erally. Ben., 7/488 Blatehf, 2/39^ 2/373 •Cranch C. C, 4/347 McLean, ^l^^_ Pet., 10/497. Sawyer, 4/230. 6. "When a prayer for other relief may be added. Cranch C. C, 4/^5 McLean, 4/g7_ Pet., 1/232. Ware, 2/242 Woodb. & M., 1/90, V213, 2/371. ■7. Th6 answer, and its effect. Baldw., l/s94. Ben., 7/4g8 Blatchf., 1/238. McLean, 4/57 Pet.,1/376 IO/497. 'Taney, 1/297. Woodb. & M., I/244. 8. The discovery granted ; and -when relief will be denied. Abb. U.S., 2/1 Black, 2/430. Blatchf., 1/238,14/109. Cranch C.C., 1/397. ^11., 1/424. How., 8/170. Wash. C. C, 2/127. n. ORDER FOR PRODUCTION OF BOOKS AND PAPERS. 9. Power of the court to order produc- tion of books and papers. Rev. Stat., § 5202, 5203. Stat, at L., 18/i87. Ben., 8/29 Biss., 7/324, Blatchf., 2/301^ 8/413^ l2/553_ 14/io2_ Ball., 2/332 Gilp., 1/306. Int. Rev. Rec, 10/205. 10. At what stage of the action the application may be made. Blatchf., 2/23, Cranch C. C, 2/427 ^Im. Curt., 1/401. Sprague, I/372. 11. The application; bill, petition, moving papers, &o. Blatchf., 2/23 Cranch C. C, 'z/ggg^ %42, %47. Curt., 1/401. Gilp., I/306. How., 20/194 McLean, 3/igo_ Wash. C. C, 3/331^ 4/i2g 12. Requisites and sufficiency of op- posing papers. Wheat., 11/103. Woodb. & M., 8/157, 13. What writings may be inspected. Blatchf., 1/238. Cranch C. C, I/397, McLean, 2/143 Woodb. & M., 8/157, 14. "When the application wiU be de- nied. Alb. L. J., 18/416 Blatchf., 1/238 2/301. Cranch C. C, 2/107^ 8/313, Gilp. I/3O6. Law Rep., N. s., IO/331, Mo- Lean, 2/i43_ , 15. Penalties for disobeying order. Blatchf., 8/413 Curt., 1/401. Woodb & M., 3/157, DISTRICT ATTORNEY— DISTRICT COURTS. 205^ DISMISSAL. 1/463. Op- Att.-Gen., 1/39. Sawyer,. Equity, 44, 45 ; Pbactice, 7. ^/553. 3. — in criminal cases. DISORDERLY HOUSES. Abb. U. S., 2/523. Ben., 3/^32. Bi.ss., Criminal Law, 33. 4/509. Blatchf., 4/4^g Cranch C. C.,. 2/659. Curt., s/^^gg^ Int. Rev. Rec, DISORDERLY PERSONS. Criminai, Law, 34. %2, 12/50. Law Rep., n. s., 13/145. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/77, 6/213. Pet., B/^g^^ Woolw.,. 1/377. DISSEIZIN. 4. Compensation, fees, &o. Rev. Stat., § 299, 825-838, 1986. Adverse Possession, 17, 18. Blatchf., 1/647. Crabbe, 1/135. Gall.,, 1/453,2/320. Mont. T., 2/26. Op.Att.- DISSOLUTION. Gen., 6/299. OorpobAtions, VII; and the titles various distinct corporate bodies. of the 5. Compensation for extra services. Rev. Stat., § 770. Crabbe, I/135. DISTILLERS. Op. Att.-Gen., 8/5^5^ 4/347^ 5/^73, ^46, 7/84, 11/88, 11/433, 12/133 12/284. Internal Kevenue, III, 3. 6. — in state courts. Op. Att.-Gen., 2/319^ 3/45^ 4/294_ DISTRESS FOR RENT. 7. Right to costs. Landlord and Tenant, 31. Rev. Stat., § 980, 984. Stat, at L.,, 12/741 Ben., 7/405_ Blatchf. Pr. Cas.,, DISTRIBUTION. 1/337. Crabbe, I/135. Of proceeds in Admiralty, see Admiralty, 8. Commissions in revenue and prize lOl. oases. OlBankrupfs estate, see Bankruptcy, IV, 4, d. Rev. Stat., § 825-827, 4646, 4647. Of assets by Personal representatives, see Ex- ecutors AND Administrators, III, 2. Bond, 2/7_ Deady, 1/192. Of Prm money, see Prize, IV, 6. 9. Liabilities. Crabbe, I/135. DISTRICT ATTORNEY. 1. Appointment and term of office. DISTRICT COURTS. Rev. Slat., § 767, 769, 793. Am. I. Organization and Powers, generally. L-. Reg., N. s., V/786. Op. Att. -Gen., II. Jurisdiction. 12/469. 1. General principles. 2. Po-wers and duties, generally 2. As respects the character of the parties. Rev. Stat., § 771. Ben., ^/349. 3. The mhject-matter litigated. Blatchf., 7/424. Blatclif. Pr. Cas. ; 1/337, III. Mode of Procedure. 206 DISTRICT COURTS, I, II. I. ORGANIZATION AND POWERS, GEN- ERALLY. 1. Organization. Effect of dividing districts. Rev. Stat., § 551-562. Stat, at L., ^/73. Hughes, 1/67. Paine, 2/3^3 2. Qualifications and powers of dis- trict judge. Rev. Stat., § 551, &c., 587, &c. Brock., 1/380. Paine, 2/3^3 P§t., ^Jiq2, 13/230. Wheat., 5/434 II. JURISDICTION. 1. General principles. 3. Jurisdiction derived from acts of congress only ; state laws cannot confer it. Newb. Adm., l/ioi. S])rague, 1/134. 4. Scope and extent of the jurisdic- tion. Rev. Stat., § 571. Ben., 7/304^ 7/3^3 Cranch, 6/352 Dall., S/^gg Gall., I/75. How.,7/igo McLean, 6/277. Pet., 2/442^ ^/485»-. ^/s, ^/632, 1^162. Sawyer, 2/226. Wall., 4/555 6. Extension of the jurisdiction to the lakes, by act of 1845. Stat, at L., 5/726. How., 12/443. Wall., 4/g5g_ See, also, Admiralty, 14. 2. As respects the character of the parties. 6. Jurisdiction as respects the person, generally. How., 17/424. McLean, 6/277^ Pet., 5/479_ Wail., 18/272. Y. Suits by or against aliens. Crancli, 2/340 Low., I/77. 8. — assignees in bankruptcy. Bankr. Reg., I8/151. Blatchf., I/290. Crabbe, I/551. Paine, I/396. , See, also. Bankruptcy, 54. 9. — consuls. Low., 1/77. Pet., 7/276 See, also, Consuls, 3, 6. 10. — foreign vessels. Blatchf., 9/433 Sprague, I/402. 3. As respects the subject matter litigated. 11. Admiralty and maritime causes, generally. Stat, at L., 1/76. Bee Adm., l/^j Cranch, % S/^^o Dall., 8/54^ 3/^33 G^all., 1/145, 2/39g McLean, 6/359 Newb. Adm., I/130. Wall., 4/555^ 5/43^ Ware, 8/245 Wash. C. C, 2/5^9 Wheat., 8/391 12. Maritime contracts. Am.L.Reg.,7/5_ Biss., 1/403. Blatchf., %41. Crabbe, 1/426. Gilp., 1/473. How., 22/129. Wall., 13/104. 13. Claims of material-men. Crabbe, 1/426. McLean, 6/gg7_ Newb. Adm., l/i87. Paine, I/620. 14. Enforcement of liens given by state laws. Sprague, 1/441. Wall. Jr., I/359. 15. Claims for salvage services. Biss., 2/297 Blatchf, 1/414 Bond, 2/363. See, also. Salvage, 65. 16. — for seamen's wages. Blatchf, 9/43g Blatchf & H., 1/437. Gilp., 1/203. S^S) also. Seamen, 130. 17. — for pilotage. Paine, 2/131 S^e, also, Shipping, 07. 18. Maritime torts. Black, 1/574. Olc. Adm., l/jg. Wall., 2/333. Ware, 8/134 Wheat., 8/546^ IO/473 19. Collision cases. Dill., 2/479^ How., 20/296 22/48_ DISTRICT COURTS, II, III— DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 207 How. Pr., 28/2g3 See, also. Colli- sion, 78. 20. Prize cases. Rev. Stat., § 4613-4652. Ain. i^. Reg., K. s., 2/334 Bee Adm., 1/204. Black, 2/g35 Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/j. Cranch, 8/359 Dall., 3/g_ S/^gj , Law Rep., N. s., 14/335. Wheat., S/^^g See, also, Peize, I. 21. Seizures for violations of revenue and navigation la^ws. Abb. U. S., ^koo. Ben., %S7. Cnuicli, 9/289. Gall., I/75. Mason, 1/96, Vsoo. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/38g^ Paine, 1/40. Sawyer, I/153 Wheat., ^/l, ^/246, ^/391. 22. Suits for penalties and forfeitures. Blatchf., 4/joi. Crancli, S/g^^ Ct. of CI., 12/578. I>ali., 2/3g5 McLean, 2/333. 23. — to enforce payment of duties. Abb. U. S., 2/500 Wheat., 12/436. 24. Criminal prosecutions. Stat, at L., 5/gj7^ M/g^. How., 21/503. Int. Rev. Rec, 1^/20. Law Rep., N. S., 2/90. McLean, 5/^75. Pittsb., (Pa.) I/24. Wall, 3/407. III. MODE OF PEOCEDUEE. 25. Power to regulate the practice, make rules, &c. Rev. Stat., § 911-918. Ben., 6/373 P«f-, 1 '5/303. 26. Hov7 far governed by state laws. McLean, 5/231. Pet., 9/^55^ 9/g32. 27. Rules of decision. Pet. Adm., 1/104. 28. Mode of trial. "When by jury and when by court. Rev. Stat., § 566. Wheat., 8/391 9/421 As to the jurisdiction of the District Courts In Admiralty, see Admiralty, I. In Bankruptcy, see Bankruptcy, 54. In Prize cases, see Peize, I. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1. Power of congress to pass laws for the government of the district. (Const., Art. I, f A'lrr, 18.) Cranch, 3/igo«., 4/334 Cranch C. C, 1/15, V458. Pet., 12/524. Wall., 14/676. Wheat., 5/3^. 2. Interpretation of such statutes. MacArth., I/322, Vm. O'to, 1/540^ '''/541, '^/687, '^/692"' 3. Adoption and continlianoe of laws of Maryland and Virginia. Stat, at L., 2/jo3. Cranch, I/252, V259. Cranch C. C, 1/50, 1/55,1/115, Vl25, ^/731, 5/294. How., 2/397. Pet., 12/201,12/524,13/17. 4. Effect of the cession on citizenship. Relation of the county of Alex- andria to that of Washington. Chic. L. N.^ 8/3gj Cranch, 2/344 Cranch C. C, 1/538. Otto, 2/130 Pet., 14/141. 5. Effect of the cession upon pre- existing contracts. Cranch, e/igg Wheat., I/279. 6. Jurisdiction and procedure of the courts, in civil cases. Rev. Stat., § 3491. How., 14/434 Pet., 13/17 See, also, Circuit Coukt OF DisT. OF Col. ; Courts, 62 ; Su- preme Court of Dist. of Col. 7. — in criminal cases. Cranch, 1/252. Cranch C. C, 4/g5g, 5/373 Dill., 3/116 See, also. Courts, 63. 8. Powers, duties and liabilities of constables. Stat, at L., 19/222. Cranch C. C, 1/39, 208, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA— DOMICILE. Vl38, Vl49, ^/l65, ^/siO, ^411, ^455, %02, %92, 2/438, 4/488. Pet. C. C, I/390. 9. — and their sureties. Cranch C. C, ^l^is, %89, ^Im. 10. Fees of ofiacers, jurors, witnesses, Cranch C. C, I/434. Wall., a/gg-^^ 11. Effect of discharge under local in- solvent law. Cranch, 2/3^^ 7/jgg_ 8/33 Cranch C. ^•> ^SU V48I, 2/166, 2/349^ 2/^15^ 4/3^j_ See, also, Insolvency, IV. 12. statutory regulation of the liquor traffic. Cranch C. C, I/46, 1/58,1/81, Vl74, V290, 2/42, 2/92. 13. Liability of the district on con- tracts made by its officers. Rev. Stat., § 1813. MacArth., 2/^39^ %09. DISTURBING MEETINGS. Ceiminai Law, 35. DIVIDENDS. BAUKS, 16 ; COKPORATIONS, 25. DIVISION OF OPINION. Cases Ceetdfibd. DIVORCE. HtfSBAND AND Wife, IX. DOCKAGE. Whabves. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE. Evidence, IV. DOMICILE. 1. Domicile, inhabit|,ncy, and citizen- ship, comparatively defined. Mason, S/gg Pet. Adm., ^j^^^ 2. How a domicile may be acquired. Cranch C. C, 4/579^ 4/^10. Gall., I/274. Newb.-Adm., I/400. 3. Commercial domicile. Cranch, 8/335^ 9/3gg_ Wheat., S/^^ 4. Change of domicile. Bond, 1/578^ 2/34Q Brock., 1/339. Cranch, ^1253. Ct. of CI., 13/367. Low.,, 1/237. Mason, 8^70. Op. Att.-Gen., 1%5. Paine, S/goi. Wall. Jr., I/217. Wash. C. C, 1/298, 1/314, V499, 4/101. Wash. T., 1/82. Woodb. & M., 1/7 5. Proof of domicile, generally. Brock., 1/389. Cranch, S/ggg^ Ma- son, 4/308 Newb. Adm., 1/490. Oi'eg-r 1/158. Wall. Jr., 3/134 6. — by acts and declarations of party. Brock., 1/389. How., 14/490, ^^m. McAll., 1/186. Woodb. & M., 1/7. 7. Presumptions relative to domicile. Brock., 1/389. How., 14/490. ^tto, 3/go5 Wash. C. C, 4/101^ Woodb. & M., 1/7. 8. Domicile of wife, child, or ward, as affected by that of husband, par- ent, or guardian. Am. L. Reg., 4/437 Deady, I/299. How., 21/jo3_ 21/582_ McLean, 4/443 Wall, 9/108. Woodb. & M., 1/7. 9. Effect of domicile upon national character. Cranch, 7/gog_ Cfc. of CI., 5/g7i_ Gall., V274, ^/268; Paine, ^Iqqi^ Sumn., %93. DOWER. 209 10. Domicile In enemy's country. Cranch, 8/253 Ct. of CI., IS/gg^ Gall., 2/105. Newb. Adm., 1/400. Wheat., 2/7e_ DORMANT PARTNERS. Partnership, lO. DOWER. 1. 'Who is entitled to do'wer. McLean, 6/^22. Pet., S/g^g. 2. "Wliat property is subject to dower. generally. McLean, ^1^22. Mason, S/^gg^ 3. WTiat is not. Bankr. Reg., 12/507 Cranch C. C, 2/673. Hempst., 1/251. Mason, S/g^^^ Pet., 15/21. Sumn., I/121. 4. Mortgaged property. Equity of redemption. Mason, 3/459 Pet., 12/201, IS/gi. 5. Sufficiency of husband's seizin. Pet., 15/21. 6. Tlie general nature of the estate; and herein of the inchoate right. Riss., 7/446. I^illv 2/45. MacArth., %63. West. Jur., 7/g25. 7. Rights and liabilities of dowress as such. Cranch C. C, 3/394. 8. What will bar dower, generally. Alb. L. J., 12/90. Bankr. Reg., H/qi. Dill., 2/45 Pet., 12/201 1%1. West. Jur., 7/g25. 9. WTiat will not. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 10/igo. Cranch, 7/37o_ Cranch C. C, 3/394 4/i8o_ Mc- Lean, 6/422 Mason, 3/347 N 10. Release of dower. Bankr. Reg., 12/507. How., 12/256. McLean, 3/230 Mason, 8/347 %3. Oreg., 1/201. U. Forfeiture of dower. Brock., 2/256, Dill-, 4/584. 12. Testamentary provisions in lieu of dower. McLean, 4/99 Wall., 8/743. 13. Election between dower and pro- visions of will. Cranch, 7/370 Cranch C. C, 2/505, How., 12/256. Low., 1/416. McLeaB, 4/99. 14. Assignment of dower. Admeas- urement. Cranch, 7/370 Cranch C. C, 4/gg 4/102. McLean, 6/422 Wash. C. C, 4/305. 15. Ascertaining value of dower in- terest. Cranch, 7/370 McLean, 6/422. Mason, ^/459. 16. Suits for dower : Jurisdiction, &o. Cranch, 7/370 Mason, 3/347, Pet, l/l38. Wash. T., 1/216. As to the Estate of the husband in wife's lands, after her death, see Estates, 2 ; Husband and WlTE, 21. DRAFTS. BiLiiS OP Exchange. DUELLING. Criminaij Law, 30. DUE PROCESS OF LAW. Crviii Bights, 8 ; Definitions. 210 DURESS— DUTIES, I. DURESS. 1. WTiat amounts to duress, generally. Ct. of Cl.,3/i3i_ 8/461. Deady, 1/228. Wall., 12/150, 12/232. 2. Duress by imprisonment. Abb. U. S., 2/382_ How., 18/307. Wash. C. C, 2/180. 3. Duress by threats. Gall., 2/325^ 337. Wall., V/gog, I2/150. 4. E£fect of duress upon contracts. Ct. of CL, 2/i;4/i76. McLean, Sj^^^s. Pet., 16/269. Wall., 7/205, ^^Il50, ^^kz% Wash.C.C.,2/i8o. Woods, 2/372. See, also, Contracts, 55. 5. — as an excuse for crime. Blatchf., 5/30 Dall., 2/3^3 Gall., 1/150. Phil, (Pa.) %6. Wash. CO., 4/402. See, also, Ceiminal Law, 13. 6. Recovery back of money paid under duress. Blatchf., 3/249, ^/413. Blatchf. & H., 1/9. Cranch C. C, 5/124 Deady, I/400. Int. Rev. Rec, 13/ig4 DUTIES. I. Geneeal Principles. n. OFriCEES OP THE CUSTOMS. 1. The collector. 2. Inspectors. 3. Surveyors. 4. Appraisers, in. What is Subject to Duty, and what Constitutes Impoktation. 1. What is subject to duty. 2. What constitutes importation. IV. Bates op Duty. V. Collection of Duties upon Imports. 1. Entry. Invoice. Unlading. 2. ValtuiMon. 3. Appraisemeni. 4. Warehovsing. Bond for duties.' 5. Lien for duties. Priority of the United Slates. 6. Special means of collection. VI. Actions fob Duties. VII. Dbawback. VIII. Actions by Impoeteb. 1. In general. 2. To recover baeh duties paid wnder pro- test. IX. Foefeituees aitd Penalties foe Violation op Customs Laws. I. GENEEAL PEINCIPLES. 1. Power of congress to impose duties on imports. Const., Art., I, § VIII, 1. Mason, 2/393. Wheat., 9/i_ 9/20, 2. Restrictions on power of the states to pass duty laws ; and herein of tonnage duties. Wall, e/gj^ 12/204. See, also, CoM- MEEOB, II. 3. Interpreta.tion of revenue laws, generally. Blatchf., 5/193, 12/449. Crabbe, I/356. Gi'PvVsoe. Holmes, 1/421. Paine, 1/499. Sumn., 3/384 Wall., ' 23/374 Woods, i/l72. See, also, Statutes, 42. 4. "When they take effect. Cranch, 9/j^o4. Gall., 2/204. Pe*- C C, 1/113. 5. "What is deemed to be a foreign country within the customs laws. How., 9/603, 1^/227 l^/]64. Wheat., */246. DUTIES, I, II. 511 •6. Construction of terms used in designating articles subject to duty. Blatchf., 3/391^ n/i2o. Dev., I/231. Otto, 6/143 '7. In sucli construction the ordinary commercial sense is to be pre- ferred to the scientific accepta- tion. Blatchf., 3/124, 2/125. GilPv V273. How., 3/iQg^ T/^gg^ 13/274_ Otto, &I108, */ll2, 6/135. Paine, 2/54 Pet., 7/404^ 8/277, ^°/l37. Story, 1/341 l/gio. Sumn., Vl59. Wheat., 9/430. S. Limits and qualifications of the above rule. Blatchf., 1/504^ 3/331 How., 18/274^ 16/251. Int. Rev. Eec, I9/143. ©. In cases of doubt, or ambiguity, construction should favor the importer. Blatchf., 5/202. 10. Bight of the government to duties on goods imported into insurgent states during the civil •war. Int. Eev. Rec, ^^lis. 11. — on goods imported a second time. Deady, 1/62. 12. Repealing laws, and their effect. Blatchf., 1/608, VeiS, 5/1, 13/432, '%5. Chic. L. N., 3/113 Cliff., 1/580, 3/71. Curt., 2/499_ How., 3/1^ 17/97_ 17/93^ 1^99, l%2i. Int. Eev. Eec, l\j 23/g Otto, 5/144. Sawyer, 2/530 Wall., 23/243 II. OFFICEES OF THE CUSTOMS. 1. The collector. 13. Appointment and powers, gen- erally. Ben., 7/251 Blatehf., 6/135 %8. Story, 1/423. 14. The collector's bond ; and what is a breach. How., 1/250, 11/154. 15. Liability of the sureties. Cranch C. C, 2/553 How., I5/143. Otto, 7/584 Sawyer, 4/59^ Wash. C. C.,3/70 Woods, 2/92 16. Powers in respect to custody of goods. Int. Eev. Eec, 13/53 Pet., lO/gQ. IT. — sales of unclaimed goods. McAU., 1/235. 18. — collection and distribution of fines. Gall., 2/552. 19. Duty in respect to appraisal and valuation of goods. Blatchf., 3/i4g 3/408_ 3/420 3/421. How., ^/327. 20. Discretionary powers. McAll., 1/235. Paine, l/i. 21. What he may receive in payment of duties. Eev. Stat., § 3009, 3473, 3474, 3538, &c, 5182. How., 11/154. Mason, 5/435 22. Appointment and powers of depu- ties. Stat.' at L., 17/604. Blatehf., 3/403^ %8. Gilp., 1/439. Story, 2/302. 23. Liability for illegal acts, generally. Blatchf, 3/i25_ 3/3g4_ Pet., 10/30, 10/137. 24. — for illegal acts of deputies and subordinates. Blatchf., 2/121, 3/319, %25. How. Pr., l^/l68. 25. Liability to importer for exacting excessive dues. Blatchf., 3/335^ 6/305_ 14/289 How., 3/236, l°/242. Petv l<'/l37. See, also, pod, 186. 212 DUTIES, II, III. 26. Compensation of collectors, gen- erally. Blatchf., 3/325_ %_ How., 10/109,22/299. Mason, 4/ii5_ Sumn.,2/g75_ Wall., S/g^^^ 14/457. 27. — for services in another ofBlce or capaqity. CliEF., 2/325_ How., 17/116, 21/463. Story, 3/87. Wall., 7/333. 28. AUo-wance for expenses of ofiQce rent, fuel, clerk hire, and other disbursements. Story, 2/202, 2/452. Wall., 7/333. 29. Commissions, fees, &c. Blatchf., 3/319 Cliff., 2/270, %25. Cranch, 8/399 Ct. of CI., 6/3^. How., 22/299. Mason, 4/ii5_ 4/^18. Story, 2/202. 30. Shares in forfeitures and penalties. Blatchf., 3/325. Brock., 1/285. Gall., 1/75. How., 10/109. Mason, 1/431. Pet., 6/404. Wheat., 1/462, ^hi, 8/312. See, also, Forfeitures, 15 ; Penalties, 9. 31. Removal, and its effect. Cranch, 4/igg. Mason, 6/425. ' 32. Remedy of the government against delinquent collectors. Brock., 2/379. 2. Inspectors. 33. Are public oflBcers, and not mere agents of the collector. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 6/302. Ware, 2/370. 34. Their po"wers and duties ; and herein of the offence of obstruct- ing or resisting them. Day, (Conn.) 4/439 Gall., I/215, 2/351. See, also, Ceiminal Law, 48. 3. Surveyors. 35. Compensation, generally. Int. Eev. Rec, I8/5 Op. Att.-Gen., 1%5. 36. Compensation of surveyor per* forming duties of collector. Ct. of CI., 8/2i7_ 8/233^ 8/235. Dill., 3/53. Wall., 23/383. 37. Extra compensation. Op. Att.-Gen., 12/386. 4. Appraisers. 38. Appointment and po^wers, gen- erally. McAlL, 1/430. 39. Are regarded as quasi judges. How., 4/327^ 10/225^ I8/521. McAU., V43O. Mason, 2/393 40. Merchant appraisers. Blatchf., 3/3g8_ 5/38. How., IO/225. See, also, post, 160 41. Removal. How., 10/225. in. WHAT IS SUBJECT TO DUTY, AND' WHAT CONSTITUTES IMPOETA- TION. 1. What is subject to duty. [Consult Eev. Stat., pp., 482-489.] 42. No duty in absence of statute im- posing it. Gall., 2/184. 43. Property of the government not chargeable. Blatchf., 2/383. Gall., 2/^84. 44. Articles used in repairing vessel not chargeable. Holmes, I/421, 45. Goods not withdrawn from ware- house, but left to be sold by the government. Int. Rev. Rec, 18/ig4. 46. What is deemed to be a manufao- tvired article. How., 7/785. DUTIES, III, IV. 213 47. What is not. 62. In cases of leakage or drainage. Cranch, iji^ ^j^s^ duty to be assessed on quantity of goods which arrives, not on 48. Barrels. ' that stated in invoice. Stat, at L., 17/559_ How. 2443a Blatchf., 3/397 I^ev., I/222. How., 2*/533. ^/619, ^/637, 1%88. 49. Distilled spirits. 63. Involuntary arrival occasioned by Biss., 1/309. stress of weather, capture, or otherwise, is not importation. 50. Hides. Cranch, 8/337 Grail., I/206. Wheat., Low., 1/450. i/in. -51. Horses. 64 Arrival at place other than port Vt., 22/(555 of entry, is not importation. J 1 UOOt Cranch, S/ggg^ ^j^^^^ Gall., 1/343. 52. Salt sacks. Pet., 13/486. Taney, I/94. 65. "When importation is deemed com- •53. Salvage goods. plete so as to terminate liability Cranch, 4/355™. of goods to pay duty. 54 Ship's tackle. Cliff., 2/512. Deady, I/124. Blatchf., 4/^36. Story, 3/g8_ Sumn., IV. BATES OF DUTX. 2/362. Ware, 2/i76. [Consult Eev. Stat., title Customs Duties.] 65. SUver dollars. 66. Almonds. Mason, 2/407. Wall., 1/486. 56. Sizoken goods. Stat, at L., 18/i94_ 67. Angostura bitters. Blatchf., 6/4i9_ 67. "Wearing apparel. Brown Adm., I/128. 68. Artificial flowers. Otto, 6/i43_ 58. Whale oil. Sumn., 2/33g 69. Bindings and braids. Blatchf., 1/499 OttOj ^/l24. Story, 2. What constitutes impm-talion 69. Voluntary arrival at port with cargo, is importation. 70. Blankets. Gall., 1/206, 1/239, -^/ses. Pet., 1%86. Curt., 1/439. 60. Importation complete -without 71., Bombazines. entry Mason, 5/gQ_ Pet. C. C, 1/256. 72. Burlaps. 61. Right to duties accrues on impor- Otto, 1/362. tation with intent to unlade. Gall., 2/204 Mason, V482. Wash. 73. Captured goods. C.C., 1/158. ' Wheat., 1/171. 214 DUTIES, IV. 74. Chocolate. Otto, 6/^25. 75. Ohromo lithographs. Int. Rev. Rec, 2%g Otto, V/ggg. 76. Coins. Blatchf., 4/378. How. Pr., is/gg. 77. Coral. Blatchf., 5/i95 78. Cork. Chic. L. N., 4/281. 79. Cotton-canvas shoe patterns. Otto, 6/i53_ 80. Crape veils. Otto, 6/108 81. Distilled spirits. Blatchf., 5/383. 82. Dutch metal. Ben., 4/g47_ 83. Fancy boxes. Blatchf., l/eos. 84. Fish. Rev. ^tat., § 2505. Int. Rev. Rec, ^/aio. 85. Fishplates. Sawyer, 2/530. 86. Glass tumblers. How., 12/9. 87. Gloves. Law Rep., 1/319. Otto,6/ii8. Sumn., 88. Goats' hair. Ben., 2/479 Blatchf., 1/351. 89. Goods from places east of Cape of Good Hope. BMchf., 6/221. Wall., 5/107, 1%9. 90. Gunny cloth. Blatchf., 5/i96. 91. Hosiery. Blatchf., 4/328. Pet., 13/263, 13/292.. 92. Indigo. Story, 2/3g9 93. Laetings. Int. Rev. Rec, II/30. 94. Iiinen goods. Otto, 6/137 95. Lottery tickets. Int. Rev. Rec, 23/211 96. Lusters. Blatchf., l/eos. 97. Manufactures of cattle hair and. cotton. Otto, eiui. 98. Nitro-benzole. Otto, 6/131. 99. Paint materials. Otto, 1/570. 100. Patent leather. Blatchf., 1/615. Otto, 5/144. 101. Pebbles for eye-glasses. Otto, 6/128. 102. Peruvian bark. Blatchf., 5/202. 103. Pocket handkerchiefs. Blatchf., 1/601. 104. Ribbons. Int. Rev. Rec, 12/105 Op. Atfc.- Gen., 14/i3o. 105. Rice. Blatchf., 5/2ig 106. Rocoa. Blatchf., 3/ii5_ DUTIES, IV, V. 216 107. Rugs. Taney, l/ioo. 108. Saxony dress goodB. Int. Rev. Rec, 21/324 109. Seeds. Blatchf., 1/615. 110. Shawls. Blatchf., 1/504. 111. Sheep-skins. Blatchf., 1/602. 112. Shingles. Int. Rev. Rec, IZ/gg^ 113. Shoddy. Blatchf., 3/^25 U4. Silk veils. Blatchf., 13/i94_ 115. Singing birds and other birds. Blatchf., 7/235 Wall., 13/i62. 116. Staves for casks. Wall., 4/404^ 4/408 IIV. Stra-w hats. Mason, 4/^28. 118. Sugar. Blatchf., 5/191. Op- Att.-Gen., 14/578_ 119. Suspenders. Otto, 6/135 120. Teas. Blatchf., 5/238 121. Telegraph cable. Ben., 2/332 122. Temetin. Blatchf., 10/229. 123. Thread laces. Blatchf., 1/613, 3/365. Otto, 6/ji2. 124. Twisted straw. Blatchf., 3/124. 125. Vermilion. Blatchf., 1/607. 126. "Window glass. Blatchf., 3/391 127. Wines. Blatchf., 10/530. Otto, 3/420. Wall., 3/560. 128. "Wool. Holmes, I/245. Int. Rev. Rec., ^%03. V. COLLECTION OF DUTIES UPON IMPORTS. 1. Entry. Invoice. Unlading. 129. Reporting arrival. Curt., 1/369. G}all., I/392. Sprague, V545, V546. 130. What amounts to an arrival. How., 9/372. Sumn., 2/4J9 Ware, ^/277. I'Sl. DeUvery of manifest. Blatchf., 4/ig2. Paine, 2/ig8 132. WTio may enter the goods. Mason, 1/432, 3/i26. Wash. C. C, ^/494. 133. Sufllciency of entry. Effect of errors. Stat, at L., 19/49. Mason, ^Jx^^ Paine, I/129. 134. Entry unnecessary where goods are imported from adjacent countries. Blatchf, 2/127. 135. The invoice. Blatchf., 2/385_ 6/48_ I3/438. Cliff., 2/574. How., 20/571 Ware, 8/205. 216 DUTIES, V. 136. Unlading; necessity of permit from collector. Gall., l/ii4_ 1/123. I"t- ^ev- I^ec, ^%, 12/54, I8/173 Mason, ^^sG. See, also, post, 203. 2. Foiitoiton. 137. Meaning of plirase "ad valorem." Crabbe, I/499. 138. — " actual cost." Story, 2/421. 139. — " actual market value. Ben., 1/241. Int. Rev. Rec, ll/i03. 140. Ho'w dutiable value is ascer- tained, generally. Ben., 1/241. Blatclif., 3/145 Crabbe, %6, V499. Int- I^ev. Rec, 11/207. Mason, S/gg Sprague, 1/213. Wall., %45, l°/436. 141. Actual cost of goods purchased in foreign country, -when the ba- sis of valuation. Gilp., 1/507. Mason,' 2/393 142. Market value of such goods at time of purchase, -when the basis. Blatehf., 1/599, %85_ 3/^22, %78. Curt., V404. How., 10/225. 143. Market value at time of exporta- tion, when to be taken. Rev. Stat., § 2904, 2906. Blatehf., V346, 2/143, 2/401, 2/421. How., I8/521, %7i, ^/l70. Sprague, l/ige. 144. In what currency the goods may be valued. Ben., 1/228. ' Blatehf., 2/320, 2/401^ 2/545^ 2/555, 2/557, 2/127, 2/391, 2/399, %8. 145. Allowance for depreciation in foreign cun-ency. Rev. Stet., § 2903. Blatehf., 2/5^^^ '/l27. 146. "What are deemed "principal markets " in the country whence goods are exported. Blatehf., 3/131 How., I8/521. 147. Ascertaining dutiable value of goods manufactured, or obtained otherwise than by purchase. Ben., 2/249. GilPvV507. WaU., 8/114. 148. Adding commissions to dutiable value. Blatehf, 4/38^ Curt., 1/114, 2/231. Int. Rev. Rec., 8/121. Mason, S/gg. 149. Deducting discounts allowed for prompt payment. Blatehf, 3/^^7^ 4/38^^ 13/438 How., 19/382. How. Pr., 18/87. Otto, 6/145 150. When expenses of transporta- tion to place of shipment may be added. Blatehf, 1/346, 2/314, 8/368. Curt., 2/231,2/250,2/256. McAU., 1/430. Paine, 1/149. Taney, l/eg. 151. Deductions for damage duricg voyage, leakage, &c. Cliff., 1/388. Ct. of CL, 4/172. Taney, 1/132. Wall., 5/11*3 3. Appraisement, 152. Appointm.ent and oath of ap- praisers. Blatehf, 3/368 How., 24/go8_ 153. Proceedings of ofilcial appraisers. Blatehf., 4/331 Holmes, I/299. How., 24/508. 154. Appraisers must personally ex- amine the goods. Blatehf, 3/360. How., 10/225. 155. What examination is sufQ.cient. Curt., 2/216. How., 18/413. McAlL, 1/ DUTIES, V. 217 156. Appraisers to determine value only; not -weight, measure, or quantity. Blatchf., %^e, 2/405. How., 9/619. Taney, I/132. 157. Effect of the appraisement. Con- clusiveness. Blatchf., ^Iisi, ^/l42, ^/l43, %60, %21. Cliff., 2/597. GilPvV235. Holmes, 1/228. How., 4/327_ Int. Eev. Rec, H/ios. Mason, 2/393 Ta>>ey, l/ue. Wall., ^/375. 158. Power to reconsider, or make new appraisement. How., 16/263. Wall, 1/375. 159. Objections to regularity of ap- praisal; and how waived. Blatchf., 5/38 Cliff., 1/493. 160. Appeal to merchant appraisers. Ben., 2/g3 Blatchf., S/^gO, ^/l35, ^/408. How., 16/263, 24/508. Wall., I8/322. See, also, ante, 40. 4. Warehovsing. Bond for duties. 161. "Warehousing. Rights of store- keepers. Stat, at L., 18/ig_ Blatchf., 8/4^3^ 3/421. Cliff., 1/545, 2/270, 2/512. Ct.of CI., 12/495. How., 13/295. lat- Rev. Rec, 8/^93 Otto, 5/191. 162. Storage charges. Blatchf., 5/i89. Cliff., 1/446, 1/545. 163. WTiat is a sufllcient bond for duties. Stat, at L., 19/60. ^bb. U. S., 1/497, 1/426. I>all., 3/308. Mason, 3/i26. Paine, 1/499. Pet., 13/486. Sawyer, 3/27. Wash. c. c, 1/494, 3/508. 164. Interpretation and effect of the bond. Am. L. Keg., n. s., 10/455. Cliff., %12. Cranch, 9/104. Gall., l/ggs. Int. Rev. Rec, 21/182. Mason, 1/432. P®''- C. C, i/iia. 165. Liability of sureties. Biss., 2/412 Blatchf., 4/333. Crabbe, 1/307. Cranch C. C, 1/234. Sumn., 2/426. 166. Transportation bonds. Rev. Stat., § 2782. Sprague, I/339. 167. Sale of unclaimed perishable property. Wall., 17/398. 5. Lien for duties. Priority of the United SUUet. 168. The lien for duties. Abb. U. S., 2/500. Bond, 2/342_ 2/343 Cliff., 3/261. Cranch C. C, 2/486. Paine, V499. Pet., 3/292. Wheat., 12/486. 169. Priority of the United States. McLean, 4/gQy_ Pet., 9/ig2 Wall. C. C, 1/13 See, also. Debtor and Ceeditoe, 30-40. 170. — of surety who has paid the bond. Cranch C. C, I/235. Pet., 13/436. Wash. C. C, ,1/494, 2/i9g See, also, Debtor and Creditor 40. 6. Special means of collection. 171. Under act of March 2, 1799. Stat, at L., 1/677. Ct. of CI., 5/394. Gilp., 1/262, V352. Mason, 2/123. Pet., 8/700. Sprague, 2/100. 172. - act of July 13, 1861. Stat, at L., 12/255. Wall., ^krj_ 173. — act of March 2, 1867. Stat, at L., 14/547. Ben., 7/261. Cliff., 3/284. Int. Rev. Rec, 12/38, 19/20, l^/l32. 218 DUTIES, VI, VII, VIII. VI. ACTIONS FOE DUTIES. 174. Jurisdiotion. Abb. U. S., 2/500 Blatchf., 4/^5. " Blatchf. &H.,l/ii4. Gall., 1/22. Wheat., 12/486. 175. Right to sue importer. Blatchf., 6/4pg Cranch C. C, a/ggg^ Deady, 1/124. Mason, 1/482, %24. Pet., 1^/486. Ware, I/350. 176. Consignor not liable. Cranch C. C, 2/^86. Mason, S/ggg 177. Liability of agent, executor, &c. Crabbe, I/324. Mason, 3/^26. 178. Judgment. Wall., 3/320 VII. DKAWBACK. 179. "WTio is entitled to dra-wback on re-exportation. Rev. Stat., § 3015, &o., 3689. Paine, 2/54. Pet., 7/404. 180. The necessary landing and entry. Pet, 7/404. Wash. C. C, l/igg. 181. No dra-wback of penal duties. How., 16/263. Taney, i/igg. VIII. ACTIONS BY IMPOETEE. 1. In general. 182. For injuries to goods caused by delay. How., 24/508. 183. For unlawful seizure, or deten- tion of goods. McLean, 2/332 Pet., lO/gQ 184. For goods lost by negligence. Blatchf., 2/j2i; 185. For refusing clearance. Wash. C. C, 3/381. 186. To recover back illegal fees. Blatchf., 3/3jg See, also, ante, 25. 2. To recover back duties paid under protest. 187. In -what oases an action -will lie. Rev. Stat., § 3011, &c. Blatchf., ^/484, 13/37, 14/346. How., 3/236_ 211^^^^ Pet., 10/i37_ 13/263 Taney, I/173. 188. Voluntary payments -witliout protest not recoverable. Black, 2/4gj Blatchf., Sj^^^^ 3/4^^3^ ^/22l, 5/157. Crabbe, 1/499. Ct. of CI., I/16, 13/117. 189. Payments made under mistake. Pet., 13/263. 190. Payments imder duress of goods. Blatchf., 1/599, 4/378. How., 10/342. 191. In what cases protest is required. Blatchf, 3/3^9_ 4/jig_ 5/33^ 5/374 Ct. of CI., 1/16,1/70, 1/96. Curt., 2/231 2/239_ Wall., 7/122. 192. At what time it should be made. Blatchf, 3/420 How., S/gig. How. Pr., 18/85. Otto,2/449_ 193. Sufiaoiency of verbal protest. Crabbe, 1/499. How., S/^o 194. Signature and formal requisites, generally. Blatchf, 2/385^ 3/i^7_ S/ggg. Curt., 1/294, 2/452. 195. Grounds of objection must be specifically stated. Black, 2/4g^_ Blatchf., 2/335^ 2/333^ 2/495, 2/514, 3/129, 13/34. Ct. of CI., 1/377. Curt., 1/114, 1/294, 1/413, 2/216. How., 13/488. Otto, 6/i48. Taney, I/173. 196. Applications of the rule to ob- jections respecting appraise- ment. Blatchf, 2/385^ 2/39g^ 2/401^ S/igQ, S/igj^ DUTIES, vrii, IX. 219 %35, %68. Curt., 2/2ig How., IS/^^g^ Wall., 1/375. 19Y. "Wliat is a suffloient protest, under act of February 26, 1845. Stat, at L., 5/727. Blatchf., 2/507^ 'i/ggg %12, ^kn, %45, ^/l37, '^llS8, ^/l42, %65, %78, %82, %97, ^/401, ^/408, ^^'32, "^'4), 4/43, %2. 198. Sufflcienoy of prospective or con- tinuing protest. Blatchf., 6/48, 11/193 IV354. Int. Rev. Eec., 18/i56. Taney, 1/133. 199. Necessity of appeal to secretary of treasury before suit. Blatchf., %n, 1%7. IX. FORFEITUEES AND PENALTIES FOE VIOLATIONS OF CUSTOMS LAWS. 200. Jurisdiction of information. "WTien debt will Ue. Ben., 5/220 Mason, 1/432. Wash. C. C, 2/5i9_ Wheat., 12/1, Woodb. & M., 3/341. 201. The attempt, not the mere intent, punishable. Cranch, 5/311. Paine, I/499. Wash. C. C, 3/567. Wheat., 6/i87 202. Importation -without manifest, or of goods not specified in manifest. Ben., 3/508^ 4/237, 6/5i_ e/g^g^ S/g^ Blatciif., 2/127, ''/433. Curt., 2/436. How., 8/1. Int. Rev. Rec, 19/^^ Sprague, V294. Wash. C. C, 4/398. Woods, I/306. 203. Landing or transporting goods without a permit. Ben., 7/34 Biss., 2/47 Brown Adm., 1/48. Cliff., 3/261. Cranch, 8/109 Dall., 4/28. Hughes, 2/489 Int. Rev. Rec, 10/115, "/29, 22/317. Mason, I/354. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 4/g^ Otto, 7/^04. Pet. C. C, 1/7, 1/10. Story, 1/135, 3/68. Ware, 2/^76, 8/273. Wash. C. C, 2/3^0^ See, also, ante, 136. 204. Entering goods by a false de- nomination. Chase Dec, 1/502. Curt., I/276.. Paine, I/129, I/400, 2/54, 2/162, 2/134, %oo. Pet., 7/404_ 7/4g3_ Sawyer, 3/^6. Vt.,. 22/663. Wall., S/ggo. Wheat., 6/520.. Woods, 1/654. 205. Forfeiture for false invoice or valuation. Rev. Stat., § 2864, 2865. Ben., I/241, 2/249, 3/536, 6/l83. Blatchf, 2/^27, ^^k^O. Bond, 2/3^6 Gilp., I/235, I/306, ^338, ^849. How., 4/251, 4/327_ 17/85_ Int. Rev. Rec, 11/92, ^2/175, 19/ioi. Low.,. 2/537. Mason, 2/^3 Sawyer, S/gg^^ Story, 2/421. Wall., 3/114 Ware, 8/75^ 3/324. Wheat, 11/419. 206. Additional duty by way of pen- alty for under- valuation. Blatchf., 1/346, 2/552, 3/ii9_ 3/129, 3/143,, 3/l46, 3/368, 3/420, */223, */384, ^/469, %8. How., 16/150, l«/o21, 20/571, 23/170. Low., V258. Woods, 1/47. 207. Such penalty applicable to goods purchased only; not to gooda entered by the manufacturer. Blatchf., 2/385, 2/396, 3/l29, 3/383. How., W/225, 21/251. 208. Forfeiture of goods unaccompa- nied w^ith marks and certifi- cates. Paine, I/499. Wheat., IO/421, 10/423,, 12/486. 209. Concealment of goods. Blatchf., 6/406 Int. Rev. Rec, 12/88.. Sprague, I/294. Wheat., 12/486. 220 DUTIES, IX— EASEMENTS— EJECTMENT. SIO. Importation of obscene articles, and other prohibited goods. Am. L. Reg., n. s., a/^^g^ S/ggg^ Sprague, I/467. Sumn., I/159. 211. Forfeitures for smuggling. Abb. U. S., %u. Ben., ^^^ Sj^^^^ Blatchf., 11/416, 13/60. 212. Form and requisites of the infor- mation or libel. Blatchf., 4/^01. Bond, ^l27i, Cranch, %39. Deady, l/igs. Law Rep., n. s., S/l40. Mason, 1/354. ^^t;''lm. Pet. C. C, 1/14. Wheat., 9/430 313. Ignorance or mistake of the lavr, no defence. Paine, 2/54. Wash. C. C, 2/, 98. 214. Burden of proof in seizure cases. "What constitutes probable cause. Rev. Stat, § 909. Crabbe, 1/356. Cranch, 7/339 Gall., l/m, l/igg. How., 3/197. Pet., 16/342. Wall., Sj^i^^ IS/gg See, also. Evidence, 71. 215. Effect of appraisals as evidence. Gilp., 1/235. How., 4/251. McAll., 1/430. 216. Release of goods after seizure. Bond for value.^ Low., 2/1Q7 For regulations imposed upon vessels en- gaged in the Coasting trade and Fisheries, see Coasting Trade ; Fisheeies. DYING DECLARATIONS. Evidence, 132. EASEMENTS. 1. Who may acquire an easement; and ho^w it may be created. Curt., 2/571 Wall., 9/241. ■2. Hovr transferred. Law Rep., n. s., 11/653. See, also, Deeds, 47. 3. How extinguished. Mason, S/g^g. -4. Party vralls. Cranch C. C, 6/543 ■6. Private -ways. Mason, 8/273 ^/227. ECCLESIASTICAL SOCIETIES. Societies and Associations, 4, 7. EIGHT HOUR LAW. Services, 9. EJECTMENT. 1. When the action lies. Biss., 5/529 Black, I/346. Blatchf., 4/112. Hemjist., 1/105. Otto, 4/773^ Sawyer, 4/g8g Wall., 2/333 2. "WTio may maintain the action, or be made lessor. Biss., 4/3g^ Black, 1/150. Cranch, ^/l65, %15, '='/456. McLean, l/i85. Ma- son, 3/520. Paine, 2/4^^ Pet., ll/igg Wall., 1/371. 3. "Who may be made parties defend- ant, or admitted to defend. Blatchf., 1/159 How., 24/^8g Mo- Lean, 4/255. Sawyer, l/igg^ 4/205. Vt., 20/662. Wall., 2/328. Wash. C. C, 4/286. Wheat., 11/280. 4. "WTiat is a sufiacient title or posses- sion to enable plaintiff to sue. Kss., 5/529 Cranch C. C, I/25 1/59 EJECTMENT. 221 %11. I>all., 3/425 How., 2/234 ^/223, 13/i8. McAll., l/i, 1/119, 1/229. Mc- Leau, 5/jii. Pet., e/^g^^ Pet. C. C, V4I8, 1/429, 1/497. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/igo_ Sawyer, 4/g88_ Wash. C. C, I/204, 1/207, 2/354, 3/546, 4/74, 4/691. Wyom. T., l/ggi. 5. WJaat title or possession is insuffl- cient. Black, 1/459. How., 17/403, 21/294, 23/235. McAll., 1/151. McLean, S/ggg. Pet., 13/498. Wash. C. C, I/262, ^liw, 2/258, 2/354, %4. Wheat., 6/580. 6. Equitable title not sufficient. How,, 3/750^ 4/225, 10/257, 21/481, 23/235, 24/398, 24/423. Pet., 12/ii, 18/433^ 1%5. Wall., 13/480. Wash. C. C, 2/33^ 8/545 7. Eule that plaintiff must recover on th.e strength of his ovm title. How., 10/257. McAll., 1/1, 1/229. Wheat., 7/i58_ 9/5i5_ 8. Notice to quit. Cranch C. C, %i, 6/302, %07. Mc- Lean, 2/323, 3/4^ j_ Wall., 9/290. 0. The declaration, generally. How., 24/2gg. McAll., 1/401. Paine, 2/432, 2/440. Pet., 6/498. Wall, 3/478. Wash. C. C, 1/257. 10. Laying the demise. How., 1/211. McLean, 1/135, 2/302, 3/490. Pet-, 8/201, %14, 11/185, 13/l. 11. Serving the declaration, process, &c. How,, 24/j8g. McLean, 8/459. Wash. C. C, 3/356, 4/200. 12. Pioof of service. Wash. C. C, 1/135, 3/356. 13. Amending the declaration, Cranch, 7/471. Cranch C. C, 4/201, S/eii. McLean, I/143, 8/490. Pet-, l/i65, 7/144, 10/366, 14/147. Wash. C. C, 4/199. Wheat., 9/576, 10/449. 14. The plea. Cranch C. C, 4/gj_ Deady, I/104. How., 14/282, 14/296, 14/297, 24/358. Mc- Lean, ^lii_ Pet. C. C, 1/446. Sawyer,, 1/156. Wall., 1/371. 15. Wliat may be set up in defence, generally. Chic. L. K, 8/25. How., 11/437. Mc- All., 1/119. Pet-, I6/25. Pet- C. C, 1/429.. Story, 1/478. Wall., 12/391. Wash. C. C-, 3/546, 4/38, 4/242, 4/356. 16. Adverse possession, or title in third person. Black, 2/599. Cranch C. C, I/69, 2/703, %11. How., 8/223, 10/311, 14/282, 14/296, 14/297. MacArth., 1/23, l/i35. Otto, 4/773. Pet-, 5/481, 6/302, 6/598. Sawyer, 1/15. Wall., 14/472. Wash. C.C, 1/204, 3/498, 3/546, 4/:71, 4/477. Wheat., 9/515^ See, also. Adverse Possession, 5. 17. Equitable title in defendant. Black, 1/132, 1/342. Burn., (Wis.) 1/13^ Deady, 1/104. Oil'-, 1/455. How., 8/759, 21/481, 24/268. McAU., I/401. Pet. C. C, 1/429. Sawyer, 1/15. Wheat., S/gig^ 12/599. 18. Other miscellaneous defences. Pet., 14/84. Wash. C. C, 4/477 19. Grounds of abatement. Blatchf., 1/393. Cranch C. C, 5/302. McLean, 8/499. Wheat., 8/212. 20. Evidence for the plaintiff. Paine, I/457. Pet., 8/457. Wall., 3/478, ^/l25. Wash. C. C, 1/484 2/475, 4/624. 222 EJECTMENT— ELECTIONS. 21. Evidence for the defendant. Cranch C. C, 4/8^^ 5/g^j^ Wash. C. ^•> ^/322, */624. 22. 'What documentary evidence is admissible. Cranch, ^li^i. How., l'^/576. Otto, 7/280. Pet., 3/320. Wall., 2/gog^ Uj^^^^ 23. The consent rule. McLean, I/321. Pet., 1^/322 Wash. ^- C., l/l89. 24. Verdict and judgment ; and how enforced. Cook, (Tenn.) I/133. Cranch, 9/^51. €t. of CI., 12/338. How., I6/275, 24/2g8_ Mason, 5/221. Pet., S/ggg^ e/^gg Saw- jer, 3/43^. Wall., 1/371^ 7/270^ V/^^g^ S/592, 14/120, 1%60. Wall. Jr., 3/215. Wash. C.C.,%^ 4/^69. 25. When conclusive as to title. Blatchf., 1/159. How., 8/3^ Mc- Lean, 1/87, ^/ll. P«tv 12/410. Sawyer, 3/434. Wall., 2/35^ 3/245 4/174 4/224, 4/399, %92. Wall. Jr., 2/^03^ 26. Vacating; staying proceedings, &c. Cranch C. C, 2/227. McLean, 2/333 3/411. Pet. C. C, 1/444. Wash. C. C.,' 1/466, %56, 4/393. 27. Scire facias to revive the judg- ment. Pet., 14/147. Pet- C C, 1/445. 28. Writ of possession. Cranch, 7/gQ2 McLean, 2/344. Saw- yer, 3/434 Wash. C. C, 2/^39 4/g4 4/i69. See, also, Writs, a. 29. Writ of restitution. McLean, 1/37. Wash. C. C, 1/466, 30. Constitutionality of statutes rela- tive to improvements and mesne profits. Petv 2/492, 4/1, 4/480. Wheat., 8/1. 31. The right to mesne profits, and ■when recoverable in the eject- ment suit. Pet., 4/480. Pet: C. C, 1/452. Saw- yer, 1/15. Wall., 15/624. Wash.C. C, 2/i65. Wheat., 8/1 32. Trespass for rnesne profits. Cranch C. C, I/465. Pet., Z/gjg Pet. C. C, 1/291. Sawyer, 3/595 Wheat , 11/28O. Woods, 2/349 33. Compensation for improvements. Cranch C. C, I/465. Gall., 2/^05. McLean, I/242, I/533, 2/344, 4/i59. Ma- son, 4/174. Paine, 2/74. Pet., 2/492^ 4/^^ 12/66. Sawyer, I/15, l/igg, 4/533. Stoiy, 1/478, 2/605. Wall., 15/624. Wash. C. C.,2/i65. Wheat., 8/1. Woodb. &M., 1/90. For rules relative to the IXtle to real prop- erty, and the rights and liabilities of the owner in respect to its use, see Eeal Pkopebty. As to New trials in ejectment, see New Teial, 34, 35. ELECTION. Of Officers, see Cobpokations, VI, 1 ; Elec- tions ; Mttnicipai, Cobpokations, IV. As to election between different Forms or Causes of action, see Action, 13-15. As to election between Dower and Testamen- tary provision, see Dower, 13. ELECTIONS. 1. The right to vote. Interpretation of fourteenth amendment to IT S. constitution. Blatchf., 11/200 14/74. Chic. L. N., V;22i. Dill., 4/425. Hughes, l/448_ 2/gj8. ELECTIONS— EMBAEGO LAWS, I. 223 MacArth., l/igg. Wall., ai/^gg See, also, Civil Eights, 10. 2. — of the fifteenth amendment. Otto, ^l2ii. Sawyer, 2/^^g_ See, also, CrviL Eights, il. 3. Po"wers and compensation of chief supervisors of elections. Eev. Stat., § 2016-2019, 2026. Ct. of CL, 13/251. 4. Powers and duties of commission- ers. Conduct of the election. Cranch C. C, S/ggg. Mont. T., 2/243. 6. Return of commissioners presumed correct. Burden of proof on re- lator. Cranch C. C, 2/353^ ^j^^^ 6. Criminal misconduct of judges of election. Cranch C. C, 2/44 7. — of inspectors of election. How. Pr., 52/47j_ 8. Action for damages for refusing plaintiff's vote. Requisites of declaration. Eev. Stat., § 1980. Abb. U. S., 2/120. Woods, 2/368 9. Sufilciency of indictment for fraud- ulent registration. Blatehf., 13/330, 1%4, 14/91. 10. — for unlawful voting, or procur- ing illegal votes. Chic. L. N., 6/224. Sawyer, 2/473^ 2/481, 2/482. 11. —for obstructing voters. Con- spiracy to prevent voting. Eev. Stat., § 2009. Am. L. Eeg., N. 8., 14/238. Hughes, 1/439, V448, V457, 1/493. For statutory regulations respecting Presiden- tial elections, see Kev. Stat., title III, ch. 1. As to Contesting elections, see Quo Wab- EANTO. ELEEMOSYNARY SOCIETIES. Societies and Associations, 7. ELEGIT. Writs, 4. EMBARGO AND NON- INTERCOURSE LAWS. I. Embaego Laws. II. NON-INTEKCOUESE LaWS. I. EMBAEGO LAWS. 1. Constitutionality and interpretation. Cranch, 7/349 Gall., 1/58,1/62. Paine, 1/32. Wash. C. C, 3/281. 2. "What was a violation. Brock., 1/347. Cranch, 8/55. Gall., V62, 1/104. Wash. C.C, 3/281. Wheat, 2/148. 3. "What was not. Cranch, 6/337, ^62, '^/lOO. P^ine, l/io, 1/247. 4. Excuses for violation. Necessity as a defence. Brock., 1/407. Cranch, e/^y^^ e/g^^^ 7/22, 9/55. Day, (Conn.) Sj^^^, Gall., 1/104, 1/150,2/485. Paine, 1/16,1/23. Wash. C. C, 2/366. Wheat., 2/i48. 5. Powers of collector of port. De- taining vessel. Cranch, 7/589, 8/94, 9/339. Wheat., 2/1, 2/18, %83, 11/192. 6. Embargo bonds. Brock., 1/177, 1/190. Cranch, 6/^71^ 6/307, '^/287, 9/28. Gall., 1/86. Otto, 7/413, Paine, l/ig. Wash. C. C, 2/366, 3/io_ ^/l5, %5. 224 EMBARGO LAWS, I, II— EMINENT DOMAIN. 7. Seizures. Brock., 1/347 Cranch, 7/jjg_ Gall., 1/75. Wheat., 2/i8,ll/,92. 8. Penalties and forfeitures. Cranch, S/g^^ S/^gg^ 7/55^ 9/55 Cranch C. C, 2/73 Day, (Conn.) S/^gg^ 4j^^^^ Gall., 1/26, 1/62, V75, Vi04. Paine, l/i, 1/32. Wash. C. C, 2/3ei_ Wheat., 3/59^ %92. 9. Repeal of embargo la'ws. Gall., 1/150, V177. II. NON-INTEECOUKSE LAWS. 10. Decisions.under tlie act of 1798. Cranch, S/g^,^ S/^gg U. — act of 1809. Stat at L., 2/g2g. Cranch, T/ggg^ 7/333^ %98, %17, 9/102, 9/18I. Gall., 1/41, 1/58, •l/lSO, 1/137, l/l40, 1/150, I/188, l/l92, I/2O6, V211, 1/2P9. Mason, l/gg. Paine, 1/256. Wash. C. C, 3/45^ 3/28j_ 3/4g^_ Wheat., V26I. 12. — acts of 1811-1812. Cranch, 7/350, ^/l69, %43. Gall., 1/532, 2/4. 13. — act of 1818. Stat, at L., 3/432_ Blatchf. & H., % 14. Wheat., 8/371, 8/3g8_ 14. — acts of 1861-1862. Int. Rev. Rec, 2/22 Law Rep., n. Sv 1%66. 15. Restoration of intercourse by pro- clamation of June 13, 1865. Stat, at L., 13/763. Otto, 7/^54 As to tlie effect of War upon commercial in- tercourse, generally, see Blockade ; Capttjee ; Neutrality; Pbize; War. EMBEZZLEMENT. Criminal Law, 37. EMBLEMENTS. Ejectment, 31-33. Landlord and- Tenant. EMBRACERY. Criminal Law, 24. EMIGRANTS. As to State laws taxing immigrdtion, see CoM- MEECE, 15, 16. EMINENT DOMAIN. 1. General nature of the rigbt of emi- nent domain. Cranch C. C, %5. How., 8/2^2. Gtto, 1/367. Paine, 2/gg8 2. Constitutionality of statutes. Baklw., 6/205 Black, 1/353. Blatchf.,. 2/95. Cranch C. C, 4/294_ Dall., 2/334^ l)ill-> %65. How., 8/569 l°/395. Minn., 1/127, 1/358. 3. The power to take property for public use ; and by "whom it may be exercised. Biss., 7/45^ 7/3g7_ Blatchf., 2/95^ Chic. L. N., 7/j2i. Ct. of CI., 1/41 2/224. Law Rep., N. s., 16/3J6. McLean, 6/517. Op. Att.-Geu., 7/^^4 Wall., 23/108. See, also. Canal Companies,, 2 ; Highways, 6 ; Railroad Com- panies, 14. 4. "What property may be taken; and what ia a taking for public use. Am. L. Reg., 6/g Baldw., I/205 Cranch C. C, 8/599^ 4/595 Ct. of CI, I/7. EMINENT DOMAIN— EQUITY, I. 226 How., 6/gQ7_ 8/5g9_ 13/^^ McLean, ^j^^^^ Otto, 6/521. 5. Proceedings to obtain condemna- tion. Biss., 3/208. Dill., 2/^69. 6. Tlie right to compensation. Abb. U. S., 1/246. Baldw., 1/205. Biss., 6/i58. Chic. L. N., 5/423_ 6/353 Ct. of CI., 3/412. Dill., 1/351, 2/376. Wall., 13/166, 21/196. 7. Constitutional provision as to com- pensation not applicable to the states. How., 20/84_ Pet., 7/243. 8. How compensation is assessed or valued. Cranch C. C, 8/599, ^/68,'*/75, 4/595. Dall., 2/304 Otto, 1/367. 0. Taking or destroying property under military necessity. Ct. of CI., 1/28, 1/41, Vi82, 2/551. How., 13/115. ENEMY. As to Alien enemies, see Aliens, 7 ; Wab, 1, 4. As to Trading with the enemy, or sailing under Enemie^ license, see Wab, V, VT. ENLISTMENT. As to enlistment into the Army or Navy, gen- erally, see Aemy, 23 ; Navy, 11-13. As to enlistment of Minors, see Abmy, 24 ; Naty, 13 ; Of Aliens, see Aliens, 5 ; Abmy, 25. ENROLLMENT OF VESSELS. CJoASTiNG Tbade, 3 ; Shipping, II. ENTRY. As to Sight of landlord to .re-enter, see Land- liOBD AND Tenant, 8. As to Entry and ouster of co-tenant, see Ten- ants IN Common, 4. As to entry of Judgments and Decrees, see Judgment, II. As to entry of Imported goods, see Duties, V, 1. As to Foreible entry and detainer, see that title. EQUITABLE CONVERSION. Wills, 62-64. ENTAILS. Devise, 15, 16 ; Estates, 3. EQUITY. I. Nature and Exercise or Ecjuity Juris- diction. II. Jurisdiction in Pabticulab Cases. III. Peocedube in Courts of Equity. I. NATUEE AND EXEECISE OF EQUITY JUEISDICTION. 1. Distinction bet^veen la'w and equity. Abb. U. S., 1/302. Chic.L.N.,5/i46. Cranch, S/jgi How., 11/669, ^0/461, 24/268, 24/398. McAll., I/360, I/401, ^443. Mont. T., 1/457. Pet., I6/25. Wall., 6/134, ^VeiO, 12/440, 20/670. Woods, 1/11. 2. Equity jurisdiction of federal courts only such as given by acts of congress. How., 17/369, 384. McLean, 2/563 Paine, I/45. Wall., 6/561. 3. General principles governing the exercise of equity jurisdiction. Baldw., 1/394. Biss., 4/335^ 7/351 Blatchf., 2/i5i_ 8/ii3_ 8/536_ Cliff., I/247, 2/469. Cranch, 5/igi_ 6/322. ^ish. Pat. Cas., 4/329. How., 8/495^ 13/268^ 13/345^ 13/518, 21/283, 24/159. MacArth., 2/465. McLean, I/120, V337. ^^t., 7/352^ 8/123. 226 EQUITY, I. Story, 3/gQQ Suinn., 2/4^^ ^j^^^ 2/^35 Wall., 5/74_ Wheat., S/g^g. 4. Ho-w exercised in oases of equal equities. Cranch, 7/2 Cranch C. C, 2/ggQ^ 3/68,%77,^/l80. Dall., 4/354. Hempst., 1/245. How., 17/612. Pet., 5/264, 10/177. Sumn., 2/486,491. Wall., 21/616. Wash. c. c:, 2/441. 5. Complainant must liave acted, in good faith and with reasonable diligence. Am. L. Reg., 6/406. Cranch C. C, 5/474. How., I/161, l/i89, Vzu. Mc- Lean, 1/395, 2/376. Mason, 2/^81. Pet., 13/381 l*/l72. Wall., 19/254. Ware, 2/252. Woodb. & M., l/i38. See, also, d, 17. 6. Applications of the rule that he ■who seeks equity must do equity. Biss., 5/431 Cranch, 4/^37 Cranch C. C, 3/4i4_ 5/23 How., 12/327. Mc- Lean, 1/395. Pet., 4/311^ 10/497^ 10/g2i_ l°/596, l*/l72. Sawyer, 4/333 "7. — of the rule that -where one of two innocent parties must suffer, it shall be he who permitted the wrong to be done. Black, 2/372. Cranch, 8/47^ Wheat., %28. 8. "What matters are within the juris- diction, generally. Biss., 6/219. Blatchf., 2/95^ Cranch, 5/191. Cranch C.C, 4/594^5/23 How., 15/415,18/253,20/162. Mason, 5/95. Pet., 13/464. Story, 2/648. Wall., 9/364 ll/eio. Woodb. & M., 2/371 9. "WTiat are not. Abb. U. S., 2/424 'Baldw., 1/394. Blatchf., 8/282. Chic. L. N., %q5. Cliff., 1/282. Hempst., 1/114. How., 9/356, 18/470, 21/582. !»*■ ^ev. Eec., 22/249. McLean, 8/235,6/223. Wall., l/i. Woods, 1/246. 10. — because there is a remedy at law. Rev. Stat., § 723. Stat, at L., 1/33 Abb. U. S., 2/1 Baldw., 1/394. Black, 2/545. Brock., 2/5ig Col. T., 3/i95_ Cranch, 2/4^9 Curt., 2/592^ Dall., 4/1. Dill., 1/424. Hempst., I/114, 1/197. Ho'w., 4/298^ 9/356^ 19/271 Law. Rep., 10/32. McLean, 5/33^^ Mason, 2/253 Paine, I/64. Pet., I/232, ^lo. Pet. C. C, l/.,56. Story, 3/335 Wall., l/ig, 15/211, 21/503, 22/231, 23/466. Ware, 2/342. Wheat., 1/179. Woodb. & M., 1/2^3, 2/23, 2/217. 11. Aiding defective legal remedy. Bankr. Reg., 6/399 Biss., 7/143 Holmes, I/267. McLean, 6/563 Mason, 2/253. Sumn., 2/453 Wash. C. C, 4/392. Wheat., 1/179. Woodb. & M., 2/23. 12. Oases where remedy 'in equity is more complete or certain than that at law. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 7/32 Blatchf., 5/481, 5/525. Bond, 1/422. How., 16/415, 1%12, 21/582. McLean, 6/236. Pe*-, 3/210. Wall., 11/317. Wash. C. C, 4/349. 13. Relief against proceedings at law^ : ■When granted. How., 6/114 Hughes, I/168. Mc- Lean, 4/51 Paine, 2/g9i_ Pet., Sj^^q^ 8/1. Suran., 2/453. 14. When refused. Blatchf., 2/343^ 4/45 Cranch C. C, V394, 3/52, 3/628, 4/247. Hempst., 1/698. How., 6/i92^ 14/79^ 14/584_ I7/443 Md EQUITY, I, II. 227 Lean, 4/12 %i 5/223. Pet, 10/497. Vt, 23/720. Wall, 5/413 Wheat, 9/532. See, also, Injunction, II. 15. Necessity of exhausting the legal remedy. Cranch C. C, ^^^ How., 5/^92, «/210, %3, 24/183. Wall, 1/330. Wash. C. C, 2/127. Woodb. & M., 2/87. 16. Effect of lapse of time. Blatchf., 1/512, ^/526. McLean, I/533. Otto, 5/200. Sawyer, S/g^g. Woodb. & M., 3/69. See, also, Limitations of Actions, 35. 17. Laches. Stale demands. Bond, 1/440. Cl'ic. L. N., 6/349 Cliffv 2/137. Curt., 1/206. Dill-, V333. How, Vl89, ^/234, ^/l34, ^/210, ^/586, ^^/253. Hughes, 2/247 McLean, S/gg^ 3/335. Otto, 5/i57_ Pet., 9/405. Story, a/gig. Wall., 2/87_ 11/442^ 20/i4_ 21/503 Wash. C-C, 1/322. Woodb. & M, 1/342. See, also, anie, 5. 18. Laches not imputed to the gov- ernment. Cranch C. C, 2/333 McLean, 4/557^ 5/133. Wheat., 9/720, ^Vi84. 19. Jurisdiction as dependent upon locality. Black, 2/435 Cranch, 6/143 How., ^%33, ^\ ^"^Izzi. McLean, 1/157, V200, %58, ^/444. Paine, 2/ii_ Pet., 6/339^ I6/25. Sumn, 1/504. 20. Retaining cause -when jurisdic- tion is once acquired. Blatchf., 1/232, %73. Plsli- Pat- Gas., 4/50. How., 9/39Q Law. Eep., IO/32. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 5/43^ 5/205 Otto, ^Im. Sumn, 2/273. Wheat., 1/179, 3/591. Woodb. & M., 2/217 See, also, Juris- diction, 3. II. JURISDICTION IN PARTICULAR CASES. 21. Accident. Cranch C. C, 2/435 McLean, 4/gi. Pet., 1/241. 22. Bills of peace. Cranch, 8/452. Herapst., I/692. How., 18/263. MoAll., 1/113. McLean, 6/313 Ware, 2/243 Wootlb. & M., I/213. See, also, Cloud on Title, 4. 23. Bills of review. Cranch C. C, 3/147 Hempst., l/ixg. How., 16/547, 22/282. McLean, I/249, '^/41, 4/1, 4/106. Mason, 5/303. Pet, V/222, 13/g Wall., 4/519 Wheat., 10/146. See ititle Bills of Ebview. , 24. Cancellation of instruments. Abb. U. S., 2/1. Blatchf., s/^gi Cranch C. C, 5/102. Curt., 1/206. Dill, 1/424. How., 13/230. McLean, l/n, ^/523, %2, %0. Mason, 2/373 Pet-, %10, %5, 1^/63, IV229, ^2/i78, 13/26, ^^/l95. Sumn., 2/337. Wall., 2/525, 9/3g4_ 13/gig_ Wash. C. C, 4/191 Wheat., II/103. See, also. Cloud on Title, 5. 25. Fraud. Biss., '''/430. Black, 1/30. Cranch, 4/177 Cranch C. C, 5/io2 Curt., l/l78 V2O6. How., 6/ig3 McLean, 4/437.' Mason, 2/373. Pet-, S/gio, l^g, 12/i78. Story, 2/59^ Sj^^^^ S/gn. Sumn., 1/504. Wall, I/518, 6/2g8. Ware, 2/252. Wash. C. C, 4/715 Wheat., 9/532, ^Vios. Woodb. & M., 1/90, l/i38, 2/298. Woods, 1/1I8 See, also. Fraud, 19-24. 26. Interpleader. Blatchf., 2/i4_ How., 12/343, I8/217. Wheat., 8/263. 228 EQUITY, II, III. 27. Mistake. Black, 1/209. Brock., I/126. Ct. of CI-, V243. McLean, S/g^g Mason, 4/349. Pet., 1/1, 15/233. Phil., (Pa.) 9/471. Story, 1/109, ^/l72, %5, %59, ^/yOO. Wash. C. C, 1/494, 2/266. Wheat., I/440. Woodb. & M., l/i38^ 1/342. See title Mistake. 28. Nuisance. Black, 2/54g_ How., 9/10, 13/518, 15/233. See, also, Nuisance, 6. 20. Beformation of contracts, deeds, &c. Abb. U. S., ^Un. Baldw., 1/380, ^464. Blatchf., 2/^51. Cranch, e/ggg Ct. of CI., 13/322. Hempst., I/32. Mac- Arth., 1/107, 1/116. McLean, 3/523. Ma- son, 2/244_ 3/6_ 3/294^ 5/5,^2. Otto, 5/16. Pet., 1/1, 12/32. Wall., 10/339. Wash. C. C, 1/419, ^/soi, 4/320. 30. — of policies of insurance. Am. L. Reg., n. s., I8/79. Biss., 2/4^3. Chic. L. N., 3/i4i_ 7/145. Cranch, 2/^27^ 2/419. Curt., 2/277. Mason, 3/6. Wall., 13/616. Wash. C. C, 1/419, 2/4. III. PROCEDURE IN COURTS OP • EQUITY. 31. Regulation of equity practice, gen- erally. Rules of practice. Eev. Stat., §913. Dall., 8/320. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/4g9_ Paine, ij^^^^ Pet., %48 12/472, 13/359, 1%. Sumn., 2/613. Wall. Jr., 3/139 32. Hearing the cause, generally. Rules of decision. Cranch, 6/g Cranch C. C, 1/559 %08. How., 17/591. Pet-, 14/210. Woodb. & M., 1/1. Woods., 1/667. 33. Putting in, and suflBciency of the proofs. Eev. Stat., § 862. Blatchf., 2/gg^ 13/361. Cranch C. C, 1/569. Fish. Pat.' Cas., 2/102, 2/112. McLean, I/120, 5/313. Otto, 2/1 Pet., 8/128. Story, 2/307. Sumn., 2/228^ 2/316 Wall. C. C, 3/i86^ Wash. C. C, 4/601. Woodb. & M., 1/34^ 34. Interposing objections. Baldw., 1/394. Bankr. Reg., S/n^ Hempst., 1/715 McAll., 1/257. Paine, 1/525. Stoiy, 3/ggg Wall., 15/211^ Woodb. & M., 1/34. 35. — objections to evidence. Cranch C. C, 5/039. Sumn., 2/4gg^ %05. 36. Re-hearing ; -when allowed. Cranch C. C, 2/455. MacArth, 1/655^ Otto, 1/149. Story, l/igg^ 1/313, 3/299. Woodb. & M., 3/403. 37. — virhen disallowed. Blat«hf., 9/550, 14/3g5 Pet., 6/485„. Woodb. & M., 1/1, 1/21, 2/igg_ 3/426. 38. — when allowed for newly dis- covered evidence. Off. Gaz. Pat., 9/gg5 Pet. C. C, 1/364. Story, l/igg, 1/213, 3/399 Woodb. & M., 3/403. 39. Power to award feigned issues. Cliff., 2/245. Cranch, 6/g^ 6/148^ 9/455^ Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/499 Hempst.', 1/49, V118. How., V/220 McLean, 5/313^ Pet-,1%69. Story, 1/387 Sumn., 2/4gg_ Wall. Jr., 2/283 Woodb. & M., 3/135^ See, also. Patents, 315. 40. Trial of feigned issues. Cliff., 1/592. Cranch C. C, 2/203^ How., 3/ggi^ 7/220 McLean, 5/313 Wall. Jr., 1/342. EQUITY, III— ERROE, I. 229 41. Effect of the verdict; and when set aside. Am. L> Reg., n. s., 4/ygQ Blatchf., ^/l87, %60. Cliff., 2/35i_ Cranch, Sj^^^ Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/^99^ 4/g4 Hempst, ^/ll8. How., l4/297_ 20/373 Law Rep., 8/i65. McLean, 4/70 Mont. T., 1/457. Otto, 2/684. Story, S/^^g Wheat., II/103. 42. New trial of feigned issues. McLean, 4/70^ 5/3^3 Wall. Jr., 8/379 Wash. C. C, 3/58o_ 4/32 ■43. Taking bill as confessed. Cranch C. C, I/392. Hempst., I/407. McLean, 4/^2. Wash. C. C, 4/333 -44. Dismissal of bill ; when proper. Baldw., 1/132. Blatchf., 18/22. Cliff., 1/237. How., 16/82, 19/72. Pet.,l/i38,6/95_ I6/455. Pet. C. C, 1/356. Sawyer, 3/134 Wall., 22/42. Woodb. & M., 2/23 -45. — for w^ant of parties. Biss., 4/4gg Blatchf., 3/^1^ 5/48^_ •Cranch, 8/220 Cranch C. C, S/^gg How., 15/546,19/113. McAll.,1/26. Ma- son, 5/561. Pet., l/i38 2/201 2/482 ^%59. Phil, (Pa.) 3/434 Wash. C. C, 4/202. Woodb. & M., 2/229 Woods, 1/647. For further decisions as to the Junsdiction of, and Procedure in Courts of Equity, see Cloud ON Title; Cbeditoe's Suit; Discovery; Fbaud, 10, &c. ; Fraudulent Conveyances ; Injunction; Mortgages, 46, &c. ; Nuisance, 6; Eeceivebs; Specific Perfobmance ; Trusts. EQUITY OF REDEMPTION. MOETGAGES, VII. ERASURES. Alteration of Instruments. ERROR, (writ of.) I. Error to the Federal Courts. 1. Junsdiction. a. General principles. 6. Jurisdiction as dependent on the amount in controversy. 2. What determinations are reviefwable. 3. Procedure in error. II. Ebbor to State Courts op Last Eesort. 1. Jurisdiction. 2. What determinations are reviewable. 3. Procedure. I. EEEOE TO THE FEDEEAL COUETS. 1. Jurisdiction. a. General principles. 1. Distinction between an appeal and ■writ of error. Cranch, l/iog. Dall., SI321. Gall., 1/4. How., 2/392. Wheat., 2/132 See, also, Appeal, 2. 2. "WTien error and not appeal is the proper remedy. Blatchf., 5/jog Dall., 4/23. Gall., \ V227. McLean, ^j^^^^ Pet., 6/47^^ 496, ^/633, ^^/451. Wall., S/gyg^ Wash. C. C, 4/492. See, also. Appeal, 6. 3. Appellate jurisdiction of supreme court. Cranch, 1/45^ 4/334^ 5/j_ 6/233^ 6/307^ Tj^^^^ 7/287. Otto, 1/596. Pet., 2/442, ^2/143, 16/291. Wheat., 2/395^ 7/534^ See, also, Appeal, 4; Supreme Cotjet, 7-18. 4. — of the circuit courts. • Blatchf., 8/4^4^ 10/221 Cranch, 5/^ See, also, Appeal, III, 1 ; Circuit CouETS, II, 6. 5. Jurisdiction of writs of error to ter- ritorial courts. Rev. Stat., § 702-704. Stat, at L., 230 ERROR, I. 18/254. Chic. L. N, 9/305 Cranch, V212, %0, %07. Hempst., 1/20. How., ^/589, ^/571, ^/578, ^/579, ^''/72, ^"/si. Minn., l/ggg. Otto, l/ggo, 2/358, 3/465. Pet., I6/451. Wall., 13/188. Wash. T., ■^/89, V205, ■^/208. 6. — of writs of error coram vobis. Brock., 1/162, 1/266. Cliff., 8/28. Cranch C. C, 2/9 Hempst., 1/52. Mc- Lean, 1/143. Pet., 7/144 7. Jurisdiction of writs of error in criminal cases. Black, 1/503. Burn., (Wis.) l/ng. Cliff., 3/1 Cranch, 8/^59 Otto, 3/4gg_ Wash. T., 1/21. 8. Illustrations of the rule that con- sent cannot confer jurisdiction. How., 2/392^ 21/gg Pet., 16/169. See, also, Appeal, 3 ; Jurisdiction, 1. b. Jurisdiction as dependent upon the amount in controversy. 9. In general. Otto, 3/233. Wall., 2/218. 10. "Wh&t amount in controversy will give jurisdiction. Chic. L. N., 10/403 Cranch, ^Jsq^j^ DalL, 3/401 How., 6/437^ ll/587_ le/gg^ 22/174. Mason, 1/153. Otto, 5/g94^ 7/i_ Pet, 1/248. Wall., 2/i98^ 4/^63_ 12/390 11. How the amount in controversy is computed or ascertained. Cranch, 4/313^ 6/^3^ 7/275 How., 2/73^ 8/124, 11/522, 20/461. Pet., 1/248, %3, %69, ^/349, %34. Wheat., 9/537. 12. The matter in dispute must be capable of valuation in money. Black, 1/271, 2/704. Cranch, 3/^59 How., 5/103, 21/290 Pet., 2/243 Wall., %7. 13. "When interest may be added to complete the necessary amount. Blatchf., 2/340 How., 2/73 Pet.,, 12/32. Wall., 16/338. 14. "When excess of set-off over plain- tiff' s claim will be deemed th& matter in dispute. Wall., 1/66. See, also. Appeal, 25. 15. Proving the amount in contro- versy. Cranch, 4/215, S/ggy. DalL, 4/20, 4/32, How., 21/391 Pet., IO/160 , 16. "When amount in dispute is inmaa- terial. Rev. Stat., § 699. How., IO/99, le/gg^ 20/461, 21/390. Otto, 7/385. Pet-', V 8/150. Wall., 13/185. 2. What determinations are reuiewahle. 17. "What adjudications are reviewa- ble, generally. Brock., 1/520. Cranch, 2/33 How.^ 8/251, 8/402, %30, 1^/104, I8/109, 20/i76. Mason, I/153, 2/33. Pet., I/562, lO/go^ 16/303. Wall., 2/^6, 2/123, 11/256. Wash. T., 1/88. 18. Necessity of a final judgment^ order, or decree. DalL, 4/22 Hempst., l/n. How.,, 2/61, ^/465, 1^/199, 1^/283, 1%88, 2I/445, Pet., 6/648. Wall., 4/jg5_ 5/,9o_ 19. "What judgments or decrees are- final, and reviewable. Burn., (Wis.) I/46. McAlL, l/gi, Paine, 2/209. Wall^S/gy 10/256. Wheat.,' '^/534. 20. "What are interlocutory, and not reviewable. Abb. U. S., 1/317. How., 4/465, 5/51 5/121, 11/22, 24/426. Pet., 8/291. Wall.; EREOE, I. 231 ^/l65, 5/190, 18/588, 1%28. Wheat, 8/433^ 12/135. 21. Judgxaents rendered on agreed statement of fact's or case stated. Cranch, s/^^^^ 5/34^ 5/353^ 6/jg7_ How., 8/470, 10/329, I8/109. Pet., 5/390^ 16/29^-; Wall., 13/1. Wheat., 2/333^ 4/3^^ 22. Decisions on demurrer. How., 20/552. 23. Findings on trial by court without jury. How., 12/254, 13/190, 21/223, 22/83. Otto, 2/467. Pet., %o_ 9/,g2. Wall., I2/275, 12/285, 13/1, 16/250, 18/237, 1^/65, 1^/70, 21/158. 24. Matters within the discretion of the court below. Blatchf., 6/gQ3 How., 18/212, 1^/218, 1%71, I6/599, 20/264, 20/535, 24/195. Otto, 5/161. Pet., 12/300. Wall., 3/320, 9/677, 11/672, 1^/672. Wheat , 2/306. See, also, post, 70. 25. — in respect to granting or refus- ing amendments. Burn., (Wis.) I/175. Cranch, I/^q, 5/15, %51, %06. How., 2/263^ 16/571^ 20/264, 23/455. McLean, I/143. Mason, 1/153, S/16I. Paine, 2/554 Pet., 1/155, 3/12, 7/144, "/413. Wall., 7/416. Wall. Jr., 2/569. Wheat., S/g^g, II/28O. 26. — in respect to admission or re- jection of evidence, right to open and close, &c. Black, 1/209. Cranch, 7/555 How., l%63, I6/14. Law Rep., n. s., 11/591. Pet., 3/433, 14/448. Wall., 17/532. 27. — in respect to opening defaults, re-instating dismissed causes, (fee. Cranch, S/ggo 7/i52_ Oreg., I/226. 28. — in respect to granting or refus- ing continuance, or change of venue. Cranch, 4/237, %06. Hempst., I/265. How., 6/i_ 13/54_ 20/,94_ 20/533 Wall., 11/659. 29. "What orders are reviewable gen- erally. Cranch, 7/5^^ How., S/gg, 24/^95 Otto, 3/14 Pet., 8/259, 15/167. 30. Orders granting or refusing new trials. Cranch, S/n 5/ig,^ 6/205 Cranch C. C, 1/545. How., \ 4/455_ 20/29, 20/448, 24/426. Otto, 5/igg_ 7/ggj_ Pet., 15/213, Pet. C. C, 1/159. Sumn., 2/19 Wall., 1/371, 3/97, %^, 13/603, 18/342. Wheat., 3/433, 4/213, 7/248. Wheeler, 8/303 31. Orders granting or refusing non- suits. Bankr. Reg., is/igo. Wheat., 3/246^ 4/73. 32. Orders on motions to quash exe- cutions. Cranch, 4/324 How., 20/555 Pet-, 6/648, 14/1, 16/303. Wall., 13/188 33. Orders granting or refusing resti- tution. McLean, 1/87. Pet-, 8/4. Wall., 2/55, 5/l90. 3. Procedure m error. 34. Who may apply for the writ. Hempst., 1/59. How., 8/103, 8/251, 18/394,20/219,24/186. Pet., 9/483. Saw- yer, 1/713. Wall., 9/237^ 12/259, 14/402. Wheat., 7/530. 35. And within what time. Rev. Stat., § 635, 1008. Blatchf., 5/523 Brock., I/162. Cranch C. C, I/1O8, 2/266. How., 11/204. Wall., 3/448, 6/495. Wyom. T., 1/57. 232 ERROR, I. 36. Joinder of parties in error. Burn., (Wis.) I/3. Chic. L. F., ej^^^^ Pet., 6/^72, 7/399^ 8/g2g^ 12/^40^ 16/52^ Wall., 10/416, 12/259, 13/187, ^'Is, 20/l52. Wheat., 11/414. 37. Issuing the writ. Dall., 2/4oi_ 38. Description of parties in writ. How., 12/327^ I6/142. Pet., 7/399, 8/526,12/140. Wall, 6/3g5_ 6/451^ 10/582. 39. Form and requisites of the writ. Date, seal, test«, &c. Stat, at L., 1/278. Craneli, 7/277. Dall., 3/371^ 4/i2_ 4/22 How., 11/204, 20/204, 21/195, 21/393, 22/46. Wall., 4/447_ 13/188. 40. Allowance. Blatchf., 1/542. How., S/ggg^ S/g^^ Pet., 7/220. Wall, 4/447_ 41. The citation; how issued, address, sufaciency, &c. Rev. Stat., § 998, 999. Cranch, 2/406. How., 3/534_ 5/210^ 6/8i_ 8/25g_ Wall., 3/46^ 12/142 42. Serving the citation. Time of ser- vice. Black, 1/38. Cranch, 1/365^ 4.j^qq^ 5/321^ How., 4/465^ 9/602, 24/195 Pet., 6/777^ 7/220. Wall., 6/495 43. TJponwhom service maybe made. Black, 1/33. Cranch, S/jg Cranch C. C, 1/292. How., 16/i42_ 17/1. 44. Security on error. Rev. Stat., § 1000, 1001. Stat, at L., 1/83, 1/404, 12/657. Blatchf., 5/523^ Cranch C. C, 2/310,3/634, 4/139 Hempst., V29O. How., 3/4g3_ 19/373^ 23/i_ Int. Rev. Rec, 22/334 OWo, 8/302 Wall., 6/440,21/17. Wheat., 1/304, 9/553. Woods, 1/50. 45. "When the ■writ operates as a su- persedeas. Rev. Stat., § 1007. Stat, at L., I8/316. Blatchf., 5/523. Chic. L. N., 6/157, %17. Cranch, 7/273, 7/602. Cranch C. C, l/ios, I/18O, 1/443 1/532, 2/266. ^^% ^/20, ^/22. How., 2/^4^ 4/g4o, 11/294, 12/337, 22/174. Otto, 4/50. Wall., 3/443, %5, 7/574, 10/273, 14/402, 19/4W. Woods, 1/50. Wyom.T., 1/316. 46. Sufaciency of the return. Time of the return. Cranch, 1/365,^/180,^277. I>all., 8/401^ 4/21. How., 4/57g 21/195^ 21/393^ Eet., 3/431,13/459. Wall., 3/46 6/355_ Wheat., 1/304. 47. Bringing up the record. Docket- ing, filing, ak. T., l/3g3_ How., 4/i3i_ 4/4gg^ 11/22^ 18/go^ 18/i35_ P«t-, 2/327, 4/205, 8/214. 76. Repleader. Gall., 1/86. How., 4/131 Mason, 1/57, Pet, 4/205. 77. The mandate to the court below. Cranch, e/gg^ How., 3/^13^ 20/535^ Pet, 12/4gg_ 13/359^ 14/51. Wall., 2/5io_ 78. Effect upon subsequent proceed- ings below. Cranch, 6/2og How.,3/gii 9/3^ le/ggg 20/541. Pet, 8/312, 12/339. Wall., 1/69. 79. Damages in error. Dall, 3/302, %36, %44. How, 13/ii5_ Oreg., 1/236. Pet, 9/275 Wall, 10/22. 80. — where the writ was sued out for delay. Rev. Stat., § 1010. How., 13/54^ 22/503, 23/320, 23/455. Otto, 4/100 Wall., 3/564, 6/511, 12/164, I2/440, 1%82. ERROR, I, II. 235 81. Allo-wance of interest. Dall., 3/344 How., 13/54^ 13/ii5_ 14/32g^ 19/66. Pet., 3/431 Wall., 10/22. 82. Dismissal of the ■writ, for non-ap- pearance of plaintiff in error. Cranch, 3/349^ S/ggg Wall., S/ggg 83. — for ■want of jurisdiction. Black, 1/95. Crancli, ^j^^^^ ij^^^ How., 11/22, 19/112, 20/427. Otto, 7/5g4_ Pet., 14/540. Wall., 4/43i_ 6/246_ 12/3go_ 84. — for irregularities in the citation, or service thereof. Black, 1/38. How., 3/534 4/4gg^6/gi9/gQ2_ 85. — for delay, or neglect to prose- cute, failure to docket cause, file record, &c. Crancli, 7/99 Hempst., 1/288. How., 4/645, 11/204, 12/21, 20/204^ 20/2og^ 21/195^ 22/46. Otto, 1/356. Pet-, 7/144, IO/24, 10/407,12/101,15/211. Wall.,3/97_ 86. — for insufiBciency of statement of facts. Stat, at L., 2/244 Cranch, 1/313, %2. How., I8/109, 21/223. 87. — for Twant of security. How., 7/784 Pet., 10/447_ 88. Various other grounds of dismis- sal. Black, 1/95. How., 1/237, 5/295, l%8, 21/393. Otto, 4/97 Pet., 6/77g Wall., ^/687, %88, ^/451, '^/693, l°/582, l^/l87, 1^/8. 89. Effect of dismissal. How., 19/384, 21/82. Pet-, I5/284. 00. The motion to dismiss. Time of moving, hearing, &c. Black., 1/419. How., 1/237 II/292, 16/135. Wall, 12/136. 01. "When a continuance ■will be granted. Dall., 3/305. How., I8/477, 19/8. 92. Effect of death of party pending ■writ of error. How., 2/9_ 11/294 Pet., 2/481, 3/411. Wall., 6/244 Wheat., 6/260 See, also. Abatement, 30. 93. Wliat may be brought up on sec- ond ■writ of error. How., I6/98. Wheat., I/304. II. ERROR TO STATE COURTS OF LAST RESORT. 1. Jurisdiction. • 94. General nature and scope of the jurisdiction. Rev. Stat., 709. Stat, at L., l/gg^ How., 3/5g9^ 4/55_ 12/111^ 19/388^ 20/3^ 21/506, 22/192, Otto, 3/58g_ Pet., 4/287^ 5/505. Wall., 4/i77_ 6/124, 15/393_ Wheat., 1/304, ^/312. 95. Consent cannot confer it. Pet., I6/525. See, also, ante, 8. 96. It extends to all cases involving rights protected under constitu- tion, treaties, or la^ws of the United States. Black, 1/179, 1/195. How., 19/252. Pet., 9/224. 97. What is deemed the "highes^t court of la^w " in a state. Dall., 3/308. Wall., 17/655. 2. What determinations are remewahle. 98. In general. Chic. "L. N., 7/209. Dall., 3/308_ How., 4/421, 7/7g9_ 9/421^ 11/529, 13/12, 14/23, 16/369, l«/l37. Otto, 3/58g. Pet., 2/449. Wall., 9/785, 10/537, 14/238, 20/g4g^ 21/130. Wheat., 8/312. 99. "What determinations are final and revie^wable. How., 11/398, 12/59, 12/98. Pet-, 2/449. Wall., 5/307, 7/16, 8/491, 12/687, 14/402. Wheat., 12/135, 236 ERROR, II. 100. What are not final, or do not in- volve a federal question. Chic. L. N., 6/263, 7/i45_ S/ggg How., ^/589. ^/500, '^/260, ''/sSG, ^/l, ®/421, ^°/82, 12/423, 18/243, ^^/iB, 22/i9, 22/193, 24/^20, 24/426. Otto, 1/1, 1/423, 1/487, 2/l29, 2/286, 2/723, %20, */514, 6/541. Pet., 5/505^ 10/291, 12/507, 14/49, 14/540. Wall., 3/,o6, ^/ll9, 7/694, 10/511, 12/455, 13/257, "/l5, 1%7, 1%87, 16/185, 19/572, 20/653, 22/57, ^Ises. 'Wheat., 8/246, %33, 12/l29, 12/l35. 101. Decisions drawing in question, and against the validity of trea- ties, or rights and titles claimed thereunder. Stat, at L., 1/83. Black, 1/472. Cranch, •^/344, %86. How., 3/589, ^/ggg, lO/g^i^ 11/529, 12/111, 22/144. Pet., 6/5,g_ 9/224. Wheat., 1/304. 102 — or acts of congress, or author- ity, or right, claimed there- under. Stat, at L., 1/83. Black, 1/195, 1/179. ■Chic. L. N., 8/121 Cranch, '^1^82. How., 2/344, 4/20, 4/421, 6/14, 7/772, 10/311, 11/398, 12/59, 14/23, 15/348, 15/354, 22/334. Mc- Lean, 5/337_ Otto, 1/105, 1/379, 2/81. Pet., 1/655, 6/41, 14/353, 1%34. Wall., 1/109, 2/97, 3/334, 6/142, 6/16O, 6/440; 15/3, 20/590, 23/294. Wheat., 6/264, 7/,64, 8/312, ^/738, 12/117, 12/129. 103. Decisions upholding state stat- utes as against the objection of repugnancy to TJ. S. consti- tution, &c. How., 5/64_ 5/343_ 12/^^ 15/354 I"*- Rev. Rec, 24/^45 Otto, 3/ii6_ 6/432^ 7/25^ 7/454, 7/594. Pet., 2/449, 6/515, 14/56, 16/149, I6/435. Wall., I/116, 3/5i_ 4/,„_ 12/379 12/384, 16/610, 21/456. Wheat., 12/^^7^ 12/135. 104. Decisions upon the construction of the state constitution. Wall., 13/432, 14/9, 14/10, 14/12. 14/661. 105. Decisions upon the validity and construction of state statutes, under state constitution, not reviewable. Black, 2/574 How., 5/317, ^43, %69, 11/529, 12/111, 12/125, 12/165, 14/149, I6/1O6, 18/192, 19/378, 20/84, 22/473, 24/413, 24/415. Otto, 2/iii_ Pet., 2/245, 2/380^ 3/280, 11/167. Wall., 11/204, 15/208, 19/635, 1^/666, 22/215. 106. Decisions of state courts upon questions of private bound- ary. How., 3/693_ 4/421^ 9/i_ 9/44i_ 20/532. Wall., 4/204. 107. Criminal cases. Habeas corpus, &c. Pet., 14/540. Wall., 3/382^ ll/ggo. Wheat., 6/264. 3. Procedure. 108. To what court the writ may be issued, or directed. Rev. Stat., § 709. Alb. L. J., 13/314 Chic. L. N., 8/3^3 How., 4/589_ ll/437_ Otto, 1/143. Wall., 3/382_ 9/659_ llj^^^^ 23/294. Wheat., 3/246, 8/312. 109. Allowance. Issuing. Citation. Wall., 7/321^ 7/g4,_ 8/49,^ 9/„9_ 14/26, 15/8. Wheat., 8/3,2. 110. The return to the writ. Compell- ing return. How., 18/476. Pet., 6/515. Wheat., 1/304. 111. The record; and -what must ap- pear thereby, generally. Black, I/518, 1/350^ 2/48,_ How., 14/149, 19/252, 24/415. Pet., I/94, 2/241, 2/380, %92, 4/410, 5/248, 6/41. Wall., I/1I6, 6/124, 6/142, 6/382, 6/632, %i, 8/314, EEROR, II— ESTATES. 23T 9/611, 1%07, 11/36. 11/204, 11/493, 13/257, 13/604, 14/238, 20/414, ^'l532. Wheat., %11, 1%17, 12/l29. 112. "Wliat is a part of the record. How., 24/^^3 Otto, 1/690. Pet., 5/248, 6/41, 13/153. Wall., 4/i„ Wheat., %63, 12/ll7. 113. Jiirisdlotion must appear on the record. Black, 1/262, 2/481. How., 14/i49_ 18/192, 22/i9. Pet., ^^7^ IS/igy, I6/281. Wall., 3/304, %77. Wheat., 2/3g3_ 114. Eecord must show that a federal question -was involved in court belovr. How., 7/738, 12/,65^ 15/354^ IS/g^^^ 20/2g_ Pet., 2/245, 6/680, 10/368, 12/66, 13/l57, 15/lS, 16/281, 16/.-S25. Wall., 4/i„^ 20/590^ Wheat., %i. 115. — that the federal question must have been actually passed upon by the state court. Black, 1/350, 1/518. How., 6/317, V26O, "/279. Otto) 1/578, 1/594, 2/327. Pet., 10/368, 12/507, 1^/56, l^/lS. Wall., 12/379, 12/384, 14/5, 1%5, 14/23, 1^/85, 1^/216, 14/661, 1%, 1%80, 15/639, 16/l85, 21/636. 116. — that the decision in state oomrt must have been against the claim set up under laws, i&o., of United States. Cranch, S/ggg How., 4/55, 6/34^ 5/343^ 9/261, 12/423, 1%43, 24/420. Pet., I/94, 16/149. Wall., 1/512, 4/603, 20/590. Wheat., 6/598. 117. The hearing. "What questions are involved. Rules of decision. Black, 1/518. How., 7/^72, 8/559, 12/98, 12/111, 12/125, 13/12, 16/369, 19/202, 22/19. Otto, 2/315, 3/3. Pet., 1/655, 14/353, 16/281. Wall., 6/124, 6/i42, 6/258, 8/314, 8/575^ 8/350^ 13/604, 14/23, 1^253, 20/590, 20/643, 2I/294, 21/532,22/208. Wheat., 2/363, 7/ig4_ 118. "What papers may be looked to^ to determine the question or jurisdiction. How., 12/165, 19/202. Pet., 4/410. 119. Disregarding objections not raised below. Black, I/518. How.,V/26o. Wall., 9/353^ 120. "When the writ will be dismissed. Black, 2/48J How., 14/149, 1%78, 20/26, 20/427, 22/19. Wall., 6/258, 15/380. 121. The mandate; and subsequent proceedings. Dall., 3/342. Pet., 8/312. Wheat., 1/304. 122. Incidental matters of practice. How., I8/241, 18/476. As to Talcing exceptions, framing the bill, the Bearing, &c., see, also, title Exceptions. For Other methods of review, see Appeal;. Cases Cebtified ; Ceetiobaei. As to Costs on writ of error, see Costs, III. ESCAPE. Impbisonment, 3; Mabshatj, 14; Sher- iffs, 12. ESCHEAT. Aliens, 15. ESCROW. Bonds, 5 ; Deeds, 20. ESTATES. [Consult, also. Deeds; Doweb; Eeal Pbop- EETY ; Tenants in Common.] 1. Estates for life. Blatchf., 2/g2, 4/^12. MacArth, I/647., McLean, 4/iio. See, also. Devise, 17. 238 ESTATES— ESTOPPEL, I, II. 2. Estates by curtesy. How., 1/37. MacArtli., 2/gQ McLean, 1/476. Pet., l/go3. Suran., I/121, 1/263. 3. Estates tail. Car. L. Rep., 1/34. How., II/297. Wall., 5/2g8. Wash. C. C, ^gg 4/ig_ Woodb. & M., 2/3gg See, also. De- vise, 15. 4. Estates for years. Cranch C. C, l/geg. Pet., 2/137^ S/^g^ See title Landlord and Tenant. 5. Bemainders. Abb. U. S., l/i69. Law Rep., 3/j7g_ Law Rep., n. s., 11/531. Pet., %^ 6/gg_ Story, 1/77^ 1/499. Wall., S/ggg^ 5/^33^ ■6/458. See, also. Devise, 18. e. Reversions. Blatehf., ^1^2. Otto, 5/^^ 7. Merger of legal and equitable es- tates. ' McLean, ^Ii^q_ Sumn., l/]2i. S. — of greater and lesser estates. Cranch C. C, ^/^^g Mason, 2/272. StoT, ^499. Woodb. & M., I/280. As to the Separate estate of a married woman, see Htjsband and Wife, V. As to Trust estates, and the rights of the ces- tui que trust, see Tktjsts, III. As to winding up Decedent^ estates, see EXECUTOBS AND AdMINISTBATORS, III. ESTOPPEL. I. Genekal Peinciples. II. Estoppel by Becord. III. Estoppel by Deed. IV. Estoppel in Pais. I. GENERAL PEINCIPLES. 1. Both, parties must be bound, or there is no estoppel. Deady, l/i. Wash. C. C, 4/go9_ 2. Who may be estopped, generally. Blatehf., 3/325 Bktchf. Pr. Cas., V434, V4fi3. Deady, I/366. How., 18/82 ^^/ssi. L^w B,ep., 6/m. Mason, 5/425'. Paine, 2/545. Pet.,1%5. 3. "When a corporation is estopped. Blatehf., 4/j Col. T., 2/248. How., 13/307. Wall.,4/,89. 4. Estoppels in respect to, or in favor of corporations. Blatehf., 4/j_ Cranch C. C, 2/^99 Otto, 7/i4g Sawyer, 3/213. See, also. Corporations, 28. 5. "WTio may avail himself of an estop- pel ; and by -what pleadings and proof. How., 13/307. Wall., 5/795_ It ESTOPPEL BY BECOBD. 6. wnat ■wUl raise an estoppel, gen- erally. Am. L. Reg., n. s., I'^/sie. Black, 1/494. Blatehf., 7/139 Ct. of CI., 5/362, How., 8/274^ 13/307 Olc. Adm., 1/343^ V450. 7. Allegations and admissions in pleadings. Curt., 2/244. I'isli- Pat. Cas., Sj^^^ Mason, l/ggg. Woods, 2/435 8. Recitals in judgments and decrees. Am. L. Reg., n. s., I6/721. Cranch C. C, 1/479. Ct. of CI., 1/310, 10/412, 12/338. Deady, 1/1. How., I8/480, 24/333 Otto, 4/423_ 6/43o_ 7/^50. Sawyer, 2/g^j_ 4/125. Wall, 4/399_ 5/5gg_ Sj^^^^ See, also. Judgment, 54-83. 9. Stipulations, bonds, &c. Am. L. Rec, 7/3^^ Brock., 1/330, Cranch, ^j^sr, 8/23. Cranch C. C, 3/g' Gall., 1/476. Paine, 1/435. Pet., 8/538. ESTOPPEL, III, IV. 239 10. Estoppels arising out of levies apd sales on execution, and other judicial sales. Black, 1/491 Craneh, 6/53 How., ^/503, ■^/l72. McLean, S/^g^ III. ESTOPPEL BY DEED. 11. When a deed ■will operate as an estoppel. Blatchf., 5/481 Col. T., S/ggg Craneh C. C, 5/29i_ 5/546. Curt., 2/244_ Hempst., V502. How., 11/297^ 2l/228_ Law Rep., N. s., 12/^4_ McLean, 2/543 Mason, 3/34, Wall, 9/592_ 9/743^ 12/358^ 13/29j_ 19/20, 21/481. Wash. C. C, 1/1, ^leog, 12. Estoppel by recitals in deeds. Craneh C. C, 4/8i. Oreg., I/220. Pet., %,%98, 6/622. Wall.,5/795_ Wash. C. C, ^/691. IS. "When a bond -will operate as an estoppel. Craneh, 9/23. Craneh C. C, 3/g^ S/^^^ Curt., l/i3e How., 17/437 ^"t- I^S'^- Rec.,l8/io McLean, l/i78, 1/384. Pet., 10/257, 14/201. 14. "When a municipal bond -will so operate. Cent. L. J., 7/287. How., 24/287_ Otto, 4/26O, 4/645, %12, ^/l3. Wall., 1/83, 1/291, ''/654. 15. Effect of letters patent to raise es- toppels. Blatchf., 1/488, ''/195. Bond, 1/279. How., 18/289. Mason, 1/447^ 2/2g Wash. C. C, 4/703. Woodb. & M., 2/121. See, also. Patents, 73. 16. Effect of covenants to pass title by estoppel. Craneh, 9/43. Craneh C. C, 2/374^ 3/143 Deady, I/366. How., 6/284^ 10/257^ 267 1^/82. McLean, 8/^7 Mason, 4/15. Sawyer, I/212. Sumn., I/235. Wall., 9/g,7_ 12/358_ 13/418. Wash. C. C, 3/529, 3/546. Wheat., 4/2i3_ 9/44g_ IV. ESTOPPEL IN PAIS. 17. Ho'w created, generally. Alb. L. J., 15/44 Blatchf., 3/gg_ How., I8/182. McLean, 1/173. O^to, %26, 6/7I6. Pet., 10/257 Sawyer, 4/j_ Wash. C. C, 4/353 Woodb. & M., 1/213. 18. How far the facts out of -which the estoppel arises must be relied upon, or acted on. Otto, 3/32g_ 6/gg9_ Sawyer, 4/g8_ 19. "What amounts to an equitable es- toppel, generally. Alb. L. J., 17/363. Craneh, 6/53^ Craneh C. C, II/766. Deady, I/39. Dill., 1/186. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/433, I/532. How., 4/g76_ 10/174^ 13/3Q7^ 18/go7 How. Pr., 24/72 Int. Rev. Rec, 7/194 Ctto, 6/572. Pet.,6/43i_ Story, 2/421. Wall., 6/739, 19/13, 23/331. Wash. C. C, 3/529. 20. "WTiat does not. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 7/32 Bankr. Reg., I6/57. 17/504. Black, I/316. Blatchf., 1/649, S/481. Ct. of CI., 8/457 Curt., 1/413. How., 13/iig_ I6/354 McLean, 5/194. Pet., 14/84. Pet. C. C, I/322. Sawyer, 1/553^ 8/218 Wash. C. C, 1/354. 21. Admissions. Abb. Adra., l/n. McLean, 8/523. Wall. Jr., 2/569. 22. Representations and declarations. Blatchf, 2/229. Cent. L. J., 2/495 Craneh, 7/3gg Deady, I/366. Law Rep., N. s., 11/739. McLean, 2/35 Otto, 6/258, 6/544. See, also, Principal and Agent, 32. 240 ESPOPPEL, IV— EVIDENCE, I. 23. Agreements : written and oral. Blatchf., 1/488. How., 18/289, 24/322, Wall., 11/488. Wheat., 7/535. 24. Bills of lading. Abb. Adm., I/209. Black, I/494 Blatchf., 2/ji6. Cranch, 6/333 How., 18/^82 See, also, Bilm of Lading, 5. 25. Acquiescence, or assent. Ratifi- cation. Abb. Adm., l/n. Bankr. Reg., 5/408. Ben., 3/200. Biss., 7/328. Blatchf., 2/343^ 4/1 Cent. L. J., 3/g55_ Cranch C. C, 2/701. Ct. of CI., 5/362, %16. How., 11/329. McLean, 4/325. ^^■> 28/720. Wall., 10/589, 12/681. Wall. Jr., 2/569. 26. Silence. Bankr. Reg., II/253. Cranch C. C, %19. Ct. of CI., 8/364 Hempst., l/ug. How., 6/228, Vm, 2%81. Pet., 13/107. Sunm., 2/206. Wall., 2/24, 9/354^ 12/47. Ware, 2/242. Wash. C. C, I/354. Woodb. & M., 1/213. See, also, Evidence, 126. EVICTION. Ejectment, 1; Forcible Entry and Detainer, 1 ; Landioed and Tenant, 34 ; Tenants in Common, 4 ; Vendor and Pur- chaser, 1*7, 48. EVIDENCE. I. The Necessity and Sufficiency of Evidence. 1. Oeneral principlea. 2. Judicial notice. 3. Preswrnptions. 4. Best and secondary evidence. (o) Eule requiring best evidence. (6) Secondary evidence. 5. Hearsay evidence. 6. Res gestce. 7. Burden of proof. II. Parol Evidence to Afeect Wbittbk Instruments. 1. Scope and extent of the rule, generally. 2. How applied to particular instruments. III. Admissions, Declarations, and Con- fessions. 1. In civil actions. 2. In criminal eases. IV. Documentary Evidence. 1. In general. 2. Judgments, records, and judicial pro- 3. Conveyances, and other sealed instru- ments. 4. Negotiable instruments. 5. Statutes and public documents. 6. Official certificates and certified copies. 7. Other documentary evidence. I. THE NECESSITY AND SUFFI- CIENCY OF EVIDENCE. 1. Oeneral principles. 1. The evidence offered must be rele- vant. Bond, 2/110. Cliff., 1/592. Wall., 4/463^ 26. 9/7: 2. Parol evidence inadmissible "wbere written exists. Blatchf., 5/87. Cliff., 1/150. Sawyer, 1/596. See, also, post, 34. 3. Evidence which, conduces to prove a fact, competent to establish it, no matter how obtained. Cranch C. C, 4/683 I"*- Rev. Rec.,^ 12/88. McLean, S/^og. Mason, 2/^Qg Pet., 12/345 Wall., 15/539. Ware, 2/323" Woodb. & M., 3/3g 4. Circumstantial evidence. Biss., 7/175 Blatchf., 2/207. Cliff, 2/295. Col. T., 2/4^2. Cranch, 9/7^ Hempst., I/118 McLean, 2/255^ 5/5^3^ Paine, 2/200. Pet- C. C, I/235. Sprague,. 2/26. Sumn., 2/ig Wall., 2/383 Wash.. C. C., 3/i46. Wheat, 6/i87^ 8/io8^ 12/^60 EVIDENCE, I. 241 5. Prima facie or presumptive evi- dence. Cranch, ''/363. Cranch C. C, S/^g. Pet., 2/121, % 93, %98, ^/622, ^^/334. 6. Positive and negative evidence. McLean, e/^Qg^ 6/^52. Paine, l/i29. 2. Judicial notice. 7. Of -what the courts •will take Judi- cial notice, generally. Black, %i9 Chic. L. N., s/gg Cranch, I/137. Cranch C. C, ^/ggg Hempst., 1/232. How., n/ges, '^'^Iso, 17/542. MacArth., 2/475^ McLean, 1/429^ ^lm,%i,^lm. Otto, 1/37. Pet.C.C.,' 1/225. Sawyer, 1/609, 2/482. Wall.jS/gig^ Wyom. T., 1/35. 8. Treaties. Cranch, I/103. Pinn., (Wis.) I/508. 9. La-ws of the several states. Biss., 5/44. Black, 2/5^9 Blatchf., 8/48. Call., %». Deady, 1/299. Dill., 1/118. Hempst., 1/563. How., IS/gs^ 20/227. McLean, S/^gg^ 2/579^ S/gg^^ 4/521^ 5/469, 6/24. Pet., 4/i52, 9/607, ^2/84. 16/455. Phil., (Pa.) 5/512. Sumn., 2/401. ^^11., 9/1O8, -^%26. 10. Foreign la-ws. Cranch, 1/1^ 2/ig7_ How.,14/400. Ma- son, I/508, 2/151. Petv 6/763, 1^/334. Stoiy, 3/335. 11. Geographical facts and divisions. Biss., 4/75. DalL, 8/297. McLean, 6/446. Pet'? '^/324, 342. 12. Course of trade or business. Blatehf. Pr. Cas., 1/137 V235 V333. Wall., 10/129. Woolw., 1/372 13. Coins and Currency. McLean, 8/23. Woolw., I/217. 14. Existence of peace or war. Abb. U. S., l/i69. Am. L. Eeg., N. s., 2/419 Int- Rev. Kec, 10/52^ iS/jg^^ Paine, 2/68g 15. What matters will not be judi- cially noticed. Hempst., 1/306. Otto, I/521. Pet., '^/l50, 12/174. 3. Presmnptiont. 16. In general. Abb. Adm., I/391 Hoffm. L. Cas., 1/249. How., 4/242 McLean, S/gg, Mason, 5/i7g_ Pet., 7/5gg Pet. C. C, 1/452. Wash. C. C, 3/440. 17. Presumptions in favor of innocence. Pet.,9/g82 Pet. C. C, 1/364. Story, 1/135. Wheat., 6/481 18. — in favor of legitimacy. Brock., 2/256. How., 6/550 Wall., ^/l75, 6/642. 19. Presumption that fact once proved still exists. Ben., 5/253 Cranch C. C, 2/123. How., 19/96. Int. Rev. Rec, 11/153. Newb. Adm., I/539. Sawyer, 1/142. Sumn., 3/170. Ware, S/i^i Wash. C. C, 4/38_ Woodb. & M., 1/7. 20. — that public ofQcers were clothed with sufilcient authority, and have performed their ofiQcial duties. Burn., (Wis.) 1/13. Cranch, 4/75 Cranch C. C, I/536. Ct. of CI., I/360, 6/389, 4/490. Curt., 2/617. Dill., 8/571 Gall., 2/15 Hempst., I/704. How., 4/327, 7/89, 11/362, 1%7. McAU., 1/480. McLean, 2/355^ 2/579 Paine, 1/358, Vses. Pet., 6/691, 7/51^ 9/117^ 9/711^ 7i5_ 12/410^ 13/498, 14/448. Sawyer, 4/245. Wheat, 1/432. 24-2 EVIDENCE, I. 21. — that agent's act was authorized. Col. T., 2/228. How., 16/469. Pet., .16/327 Pet. C. C, 1/64. 22. Presumptions in favor of regular- ity in legal proceedings, juris- diction, &c. Abb. U. S., 2/542. Burn., (Wis.) 1/195, Cranch, 6/176, Vm. branch C. C, 2/139, »/l23, 5/73. How., 7/i72, 12/347, 20/221. Int. Rev. Rec, 17/53. Mc- Lean, 3/3i9_ 4/442, 5/i48^ 5/ig7_ Pet., l/ig, V655, 9/147, 10/449, 1^/448. Sawyer, 8/274. Wall, 11/268. Wall. Jr., 2/569. Wash. C. C, 1/271. Wheat., 7/535 Woodb. & M., 2/449 See, also. Appeal, 50; Error, 60, 61. 23. — in favor of lawfulness of cor- porate acts and dealings. Blatchf., 1/297. Cranch C. C, 2/449 Mason, S/g^g Vt., 20/ggg Wheat., ^/338, 12/64. 24. Presumptions as to enactment and constitutionality of statutes. Crancli, l/i. Dall., 4/14 McLean, 2/195. Wheat., 11/392, 407. 25. Presumptions respecting title to, or ownership of land. Cranch, S/262, ^l87. Curt., 2/553 ,How., 13/1, 13/4^ 13/7^ 13/472^ 18/87_ IQ/gg, MacArth., 1/430.^ McLean, I/476, 3/5g_ 5/223. Mason, 4/268_ 4/3^2, ^/397. Otto, 2/343. Overt., (Tenn.) 2/iij, Pet., 2/216^ 13/436, 1^/353, 1%5. Pet. C. C, I/496. Sawyer, 1/15^ 1/227, 3/l64. Wall., 5/795^ 6/423,15/9. Wheat., 4/77_ 7/122. Woodb. & M., 1/28O. See, also. Adverse Pos- session, 15. 26. — of personal property. Bankr. Reg., 17/353. Cranch, 8/igg Dall, 2/19. Gall., 1/295. How. Pr., 27/igi McLean, 8/32 Mason, 4/443. Wall, 3/45^ Wash. C. C, 1/354. Wheat., 5/132 27. Presumptions in respect to sanity. Abb. U. S., 2/5Q7 Biss., 7/440. Cranch C.C, 4/5^4 Curt., 1/1. Pet.C.C.,l/i63. Sawyer, 4/g72 Wall., 15/9. Wash. C. C, 4/262. See, also. Insane Persons, 3. 28. — in respect to negligence, or due care. Ben., 8/101. Biss., 7/33 29. — with respect to intent. Abb. U.S., 1/483. Baldw., 1/370. Ben., 4/1 Black, 2/44g Bond, 1/175. Curt., 1/501. Hempst., 1/431. McAlL, 1/457. McLean, 6/4g^ e/g-g Sprague, I/141. Sumn., 1/434 See, also. Homicide, 15. 30. — or knowledge. Gall., 2/51 McLean, 4/402^ 5/243^ 6/259. Oic. Adm., 1/144. Pet., %29, I2/22I. 31. — relative to life, death, and sur- vivorship. Cranch C. C, ^/ess. McLean, 8/490 Otto,7/g28. Pet.,9/6g3 Pet. C. C, I/452. Sawyer, 1/653. Wash. C. C, 2/201^ S/ggg^ 2/475. Woods, 2/i78 32. Presumptions on questions of free- dom and slavery. Cranch C. C, I/370, 2/21, 3/257^ 5/35 McLean, 5/459. Wheat., 12/590. 33. Various presumptions relative to •written instruments. Abb. Adm., l/ng^ 1/433. Black, 2/715 Blatchf., 1/343, 2/425. Cranch C. C, S/igg. Gilp.,l/io6. Hempst., 1/90, 1/563. How., 10/174, 10/627, 11/375, I6/14. McLean, I/476, 3/66. Mason, 5/280. Pet, 14/322. Wall., l0/2g. Wash. C.C, 4/139. Wheat., 7/35. EVIDENCE, I. 243 "Woodb. & M., 2/^72. As to the presump- tion of payment, see Payment, 8-12. 4. Best and secondary evidence. (a) Eule requiring best evidence. 34. The general rule. Cranch, 5/j^g Cranch C. C, 2/ggy How., 4/242. McLean, 2/^35 Mason, 2/4e4_ Overt., (Tenu.) 2/433. Pet.,l/59i_ 12/1,14/430. Sumn.,2/i9_ Wash.C.C, %32,3/246. Wheat, 6/235. Wjom.T., 1/105. S^®) ^^®°» ante, 2. 35. Applications of the rule to vari- ous offers of proof. Blatchf., 5/87 Cliff., 1/150. Cranch, V/242. Cranch C. C, I/2, I/179, Vsei, 1/419, ■'■/444, I/5I6, 2/290, */623. Dill., 4/434. Hempst., 1/213, McLean, 2/433^ 6/344 Otto, 1/238, 5/337. Pet., 6/352^ 6/598^ 9/3^9 Sumn., 2/go5 Wall., S/^^g Wash. C. C, 2/1, 2/205_ 3/3,^ 4/5,9. Wheat., 6/577. Woodb. & M., 2/j. 36. — to offers to prove contents of Cranch C.C, 1/418,2/76, 2/110. r)all., 2/357. McLean, 4/3^3 Wash. C. C, 2/132. Wheat., 6/^04 37. — of receipts. Cranch C. C, 8/51 Dak. T., 1/372. Wa.sh. C. C, 3/110^ 3/246 38. Cases exhibiting its limits and exceptions. Blatchf., 1/409^ 4/j20. Brock., I/520. Cranch C. C, I/104, %qq, ^k% Hoffm. L. Cas., 1/170. Pet., l/ig. Pet. C. C, 1/225,1/429. Sum.,., 2/19. Wall., 14/120, 20/,25 Wash. C. C, 3/209. Wheat., */l84. 39. When parol evidence is primary. Biss., 4/288 Blatchf., 12/403. Cranch, 1/117, %42. Cranch C. C, 1/471^ 1/536^ 2/l38, 2/235, 2/358, 2/585. I>ak. T., I/372. McLean, 6/439 Pet., 3/i_ 7/23. (J) Secondaiy evidence. 40. "When secondary evidence is ad- missible. Baldw., 1/519 Cranch, 4/g2 Cranch C- C., 2/33^ 2/j,Q^ 2/3Qg^ 2/335^ 2/g27^ 2/g8g_ ^/l69, ^/703. Hempst., I/559 How., 1^/253. Low., 1/107. McLean, 2/,3g_ Pet., %52, 12/]. Wash. C. C, 2/172. Wheat., 4/298_ 7/j22^ %^^^ 9/553^ g/gg,. 41. Necessity and suflQciency of pre- liminary proof of loss, or inabil- ity to produce best evidence. Black, 1/298. Col. T., 2/28 Cranch C. C, 1/312, 1/373, 2/70. Day, (Conn.) 3/283. How., 1/290, 11/329, 21/170. Mc- Lean, 4/282. Pet., 6/124, 12/1. UtahT., 1/292. Wall., 20/125. Wash. C. C, 2/1. Wheat., 7/122, 9/558. Woodb. & M., 2/121. 42. Proving loss by afladavit of party. Cranch C. C, 1/53, 2/333^ 2/337. Hempst, 1/620. Pet., I/591. Wheat, 9/483. Woodb. & M., 2/121 43. The necessary search, and proof thereof. Baldw., 1/519. Col. T., 8/47 How., 14/253. Pet., 6/352, 7/99. Wal].,3/4go 44. Necessity of notifying opposite party to produce papers. CranchC.C.,2/76_ 2/107 2/110 How., I6/14. McLean, 2/135 Pet., l/ig. 45. "What is a suflacient notice. Time of notice. Cranch C. C, I/499 I/543. McLean, 4/378. OIc. Adm., 1/450. Wash.C.C, 4/519. 244 EVIDENCE, I. 46. Eiffect of compliance with the no- tice. Craneh C. C, 2/337^ 4/532^ 3/95 Pet. C. C, 1/15, 1/301. Wall., 9/248. Wash. C. C, 1/298, ^/343, %15. 47. Right to impose conditions on compliance. Crabbe, I/356. Craneh C. C, S/g^g How., 3/197^ Ware, 2/328 Wash. C. C, 2/482. Woodb. & M., 3/38. 48. Effect of refusal or failure to com- ply with the notice. Craneh C. C, 2/190. -How., 2/653^ 4/342. Olc. Adm., 1/450. Pet., 6/352^ 12/i. Sumn., 2/i9_ Wash. C. C, I/298, ^Is81. See, also. Trial, 48. 49. Sufficiency and effect of second- ary evidence in cases w^here it is admissible. Craneh, 4/393 Craneh C. C, I/179. How., 1/24. McLean, S/gg^ 4/i99_ Ma- son, 2/464. Pet., 6/124^ 6/352^ 9/gg3 Pet. C.C.,1/98. Si.mn.,3/98_ Wall., O/g^^^ 1%5, 15/123, 17/44, 20/226. Wheat., 9/483^ ®/581. 5. Hearsay evidence. 50. "What is hearsay evidence; and , the general rule excluding it. Biss., 3/128. Craneh, '^/290. Hempst., 1/344. How., 12/472, 21/493. McLean, I/206. Pet, 10/412. Wall., 15/5g2_ Wash. C. C, 3/408^ 4/74^ 4/ig9^ 4/222. 51. Apphoations of the rule. Overt., (Tenn.) 2/433 Wheat., B/ggg. 52. Its limits and exceptions. Craneh, 7/29Q Dak. T., I/320. Mc- Lean, 1/44. Pet., 7/554 Wheat., l/g. 53. Admissibility of hearsay in suits for freedom. Craneh, 7/29Q Craneh C. C, I/244 1/528,2/3,2/337. Wheat., l/g. 54. Admissibility of general reputa- tion, tradition, common rumor, &c., generally. Craneh C. C, 2/551 McLean, I/206, 1/618. Pet., 10/412. Wall. Jr., 1/69. 65. — to prove pedigree, age, name, relationship, &c. Broek., 2/256 Crunch C. C, 2/208, Deady, I/186. How., 1/219. McLean, I/2O6. Pet., 1/328, 2/613, 10/412, 1%09. Wall., 3/175. Wall. Jr., 1/39, 1/85. Wash. C. C, 3/243^ 4/i8g. 56. — to prove time and place of death, marriage, &c. Col. T., 2/442 How., 1/219. Pet., 5/81. Wall., 3/744. 57. — to prove boundary. Craneh C. C, 6/470 Hempst., I/344. McLean, 1/518. Pet., 6/328. Pet. C. C, 1/496. Wall., 15/151. Wash. C. C, 4/i69. See, also, Boundaeies, 17. 58. Testimony of -what a witness swore to on former trial. "When admissible. Craneh C. C, 5/457. McLean, 5/2gg. W^ash. C. C, 3/440. 59. "When not admissible. Craneh C. C, 6/457. Pet-, I6/327. 60. How testimony of deceased wit- ness on former trial may b© proved. Craneh C. C, 2/551^ 6/457. McLean, 5/286. Wash. C. C, 3/440. 6. Res gestae. 61. 'What acts or declarations are admissible as part of the res gestae. Blatchf., 7/g3Q_ 7/4g9 Crabbe, l/ggg. Craneh C. C, 1/105. r)ak. T., I/151. Dill., 2/154 How., 1/219, 3/197, 4/251, 23/i72. Int. Rev. Eec., 12/175^ l^/ii. EVIDENCE, I. 245 Paine, 2/2oo_ Pet., I6/342. Wall., I/637. 62. "Wliat are inadmissible. Chic. L. N., 7/^21. Cranch C. C, ^/523. ' 63. "WTiat is admissible as part of the res gestae in criminal cases. Baldw., 1/78. Cliff., 1/98. Chic. L. N., 9/305. Cranch C. C, I/237. Dill., -3/546. Otto, 3/4g5 Pet., ^53, %82. Wheat., 12/460. Woodb. & M., I/221. 7. Burden of proof. 64. The general rule that one "wrho has the afBrmative of the issue must prove it. Ben., %o. Curt., 1/439. Gilp., %. How., 5/^g8_ 24/553 McLean, 8/324^ 5/490. Pet., 2/6i3_ 6/302_ 5/^^^_ Pet. C. C, l/i63, V364. Wall., 6/299. Wheat., 4/230, 6/481. Woodb. & M., 2/347. 65. Applications of the rule in actions on contract. Ben., 7/534 Brock., 2/20 Cranch., C. C, 3/169 5/298. Ct. of CI., 5/65. How., 6/292. McLean, 4/60^ Paine, 2/68. Wall., 6/423_ 10/339^ 13/291. Wheat, 6/48I ^^> ^^^°> ^^^ *'*^^^ "^^ *^® ^^"" ous contracts and written instruments. ee. — in actions of tort, generally. Cranch C. C, 2/576. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 6/12. 01c. Adm., I/505. Sprague, 1/315 Sumn., 1/390. Wash. C. C, %46. 67. — where the question of negligence is involved. Blatchf.,--13/403. How., 16/469. Mc- Lean, I/540, 4/333. Pet., 13/181. Taney, 1/11. Wall., 8/641. Woodb. & M., 2/337. :See, also. Negligence, 5, 11. 68. The burden of proof in prize cases. Brock., 1/478. I^alL, 2/19 Gall., V563, 2/240. Paine, 2/639. Wall., 2/135 Wheat., 4/298_ 5/385^ 6/i_ 7/283^ 8/108. See, also, CAPTtTBB, 25 ; Peize, 60, 61. 69. — in actions against carriers. Abb. Adm., l/igg. Ben., 2/544^ 3/1^8. Biss., 4/137 Blatchf., 3/64_ 3/521^ 6/i93_ Crabbe, I/534. Curt., 2/31^ Deady, I/17. Int. Eev. Rec, 14/i63. Newb. Adm., 1/464. Sprague, 2/19. Story, 2/15. Taney, I/519. Wall. Jr., 8/229. Ware, 1/541 See, also, Caeeiees, 35 ; Ship- ping, 61. VO. — in collision cases. Abb. Adm., l/ios, I/336. Ben., 1/57^ %33, ^/518. Blatchf., 6/188 7/361. Brown Adm., 1/453 I"*- ^^^- B^ec, 8/131. McLean, 6/152 Newb. Adm., 1/8. 01c. Adm., 1/38, 1/104, ^483. Sawyer, 3/571 Sprague, 1/40. See, also, Col- lision, 45, 93-95. 71. — in suits to enforce forfeitures and penalties. Rev. Stat., § 909, 3333. Stat, at L., 1/678. Ben., 1/241. Blatchf., 5/407^ 8/475^ Cranch, 7/339 Curt., 2/^86. Gall., Vl04, 2/485. How., 3/197. Int- liev. Rec, 11/13, ^2/175. Mason, 8/331^ 5/233. Pet., 1%42. Pet. C. C, 1/98. Sprague, V545, V546. Wheat., 1/20, 5/338. See, also, Foefeituees, 13. 72. — in patent cases. Blatchf., 2/144 McLean, 8/432, 5/44^ Mason, I/153, Vl82. Story, I/336, 8/122. See, also. Patents, 354-361. 73. When the burden of proof is shifted. Brock., 2/20. Crabbe, 1/356. Cranch, 246 EVIDENCE, I, II. ■^/ssg. Gall., 2/^35 How., 1/134^ ^^qq^ 3/197. Olc. Adm., t/38. Pet., 12/178^ 74. The burden of proof in criminal cases . Curt., \ 2/44g McLean, \ S/g^g^ Sprague, I/311. Wheat., s/ggg^ S/^^g^ 12/460. II. PAEOL EVIDENCE TO AFFECT WEITTEN INSTEUMENTS. 1. Smpe and extent of the rule, generally. 75. The general rule that a writing cannot be varied, controlled, or contradicted by parol. Baldw., 1/454. Blatchf., I/360. Cranch, 2/10, ''/224. Cranch C. C, 2/530. How., %78, 1%12. McLean, I/384, ^lu, %72. Minn., l/aei. Paine, 2/^73 Pet., l/gg^ %90, %1, 1%9, 1^/201. Sumn., 2/557. Ware, 2/igi Wash. C. C, 4/239 Wheat., %26, ^/l74, ^/581. 76. Scope and extent of the rule. Blatchf., 1/467. Cranch C. C, I/2, V122, 1/293, 2/431, 2/651, 2/687. How., 20/506. McLean, 3/337 5/281 6/470 Ma- son, 8/373. Pet., l/59i/4/448_ Pet. C. C, 1/85. Ware, 2/161 Wash. C. C, 3/i84, 4/308. Wheat., 8/^74. See, also. Cus- tom, 4. 77. Its limits and exceptions. Cranch C.C, 3/51. How., I/169, 13/57. McLean, 1/194. Pet.,3/i. Pet. C. C, 1/450. Wall., 2/35. Wash. C. C, 4/^80 Wheat., ®/573. 78. Exception in the case of fraud or mistake. How.,21/i46. Pet., 1/591^ 3/210 Story, Vl35. 79. — -where the object is to identify the parties, or the subject-mat- ter; or to show attendant cir- cumstances, as proof of intent. Black, 2/499 Cliff., 1/519. Cranch ' C. C, 2/36^ 2/^38 2/3g5^ 6/393 Ct. of CI., 7/454 How., 9/479. McAll., 1/20, Vl42. McLean, I/321. Mason, 1/9. Otto, e/igg^ Pet., 13/89. Sumn., 3/530. Wall., I/234, 19/548. Wheat., 5/326. 80. —to explain abbreviations, or technical 1:erms. Blatchf., 4/271. Fish. Pat. Cos., 1/437. How., 14/446. McLean, 3/432. "^^^-r 1/640, l^/l76. Story, I/574. See, also,. CONTEACTS, 37. 81. — to explain latent ambiguities. How., 14/446. Mason, 1/9. Op. Att.- Gen., 3/^3^ Paine, 1/595^ 2/475 Pet.,. %28, 13/89. Story, 2/278. Wash. C. C, 2/475. 82. Showing a subsequent parol agreement. Cranch C. C, 4/295 How., 22/23^ See, also, Contracts, 81. 83. Various other exceptions to the rule. Cranch C. C, 2/235 Wash. C. C.,. 1/467. 2. Sow applied to particular instruments. 84. Assignments. Cranch C. C, 2/252 2/431. How.,. 1^/464, I'^/eia. Mason, S/ggo. 85. Bills of lading: Parol evidence ad- missible. Abb. Adm., 1/115^ l/i8g^ l/i96^ l/348_ Black, l/i56. Blatchf., 1/536. McLean, %8, %9,6. Newb. Adm., 1/171 Pliil., (Pa.) 8/^30 Sprague, I/309. Wall., 8/325. See, also. Bills op Lading, 6.. EVIDENCE, II. 247 86. — inadmissible. Abb. Adtn., l/igg. Biss., 4/^37. Blatchf., 3/232 McLean, 6/437. Sumn., 2/567. Wall., '14/579. 87. Bills of sale. Wall., 15/105. 88. Bonds. Am. L. Reg., 7/^93 Hempst., I/271. McLean, 1/334. Pet., 10/257, "/201. Phil., (Pa.) 3/290. 89. Charter parties. Blatchf., 1/360, 4/474. 00. Contracts : Parol evidence admis- sible. Abb. Adm., I/173. Blatchf., 4/^79 Cranch C. C, 1/41, 2/365, 4/205. Ct. of CI., 5/379, 5/4^g Curt., 2/377 How., 10/419, 21/287. McLean, 1/194, 6/102, 6/470. Newb. Adm., I/59 Op. Att.-Gen., 8/731 Paine, l/ggQ. Pet., I/476. Sprague, 1/285. Wall., 5/689, ^/l, 1^/363. Ware, 1/263. Wash. C. C, 4/289. Woodb. & M., 3/333. 91. — inadmissible. Bond, 1/302. Cranch, 4/234, 235. Cranch C. C, 1/340. Curt., 1/90 2/377. Dall., 3/415, 4/340. How., 11/461, l%6. Low., 1/554, 2/212. Otto, 5/474. Story, 1/332. Sumn., 3/g3Q Wall., I5/573, 1%64. Wheat., 6/572 Woolw., I/204. Wyom. T., 1/143. See, also, Con- TEACTS, 37. 92. Deeds. Admissibility of parol evidence, generally. Black, 2/499 Blatchf., 4/271. Cliff., 2/40. Col. T., 1/514, 1/688. Cranch, 9/28. Cranch C. C, I/176, 2/36. How., 8/479^ 13/307, l^/l50. McLean, I/321. Mont. T.,1/518. Paine, 2/476. Pet-, I/328, 15/21. 93. — to show fraud or mistake ; ex- plain ambiguities, &o. Black, 1/209. How., 19/211. Wall., 1/340. Wash. C. C, 1/419 Wheat., 11/199. 94. — to show the consideration. Cranch, 2/^^^ Cranch C. C, 2/252, 4/541. McLean, 2/5^3 Mason, 8/347. Pet., 12/241. Wheat., 11/199. Woolw., 1/204. 95. — to convert a deed into a mort- gage Biss., 7/40 How., 12/139, 19/289 Mc- Lean, 1/384, %81. Ctto, 6/332 Pet,, 14/201. Sumn., 2/228. Wheat., 9/439. Woodb. & M., 2/426 See, also. Mort- gages, 9. 96. — to show or disprove the crea- tion of a trust. Mason, 8/347 Otto, 5/575 Story, 3/181. Wash. C. C, 2/441 Woodb. & M., 2/168, 3/519. 97. Grants and surveys. Blatch., 4/271, 12/354 Overt., (Tenn.) 2/118. Pet. C.'C, 1/496. Wall., 6/773. Wheat., 5/359^ 9/573. 98. Mortgages. Ben., 4/433 99. Negotiable instruments: Parol evidence admissible. Blatchf., 1/297. Cliff., I/519. Cranch C. C, 2/315, 2/530. How., 5/278, 6/^90, 22/341 McAlL, 1/20. McLean, 2/553 Minn., 1/369. Pet-, Vso. Wall., I/234. Wash. C. C, 4/480. Wheat., 5/326. 100. — inadmissible. Col. T., 3/^13 How., 6/292, 20/442. MacArth, I/223, 2/329. McAll., I/20. Otto, 1/291. Pet., 6/5J Sumn., 8/435. 248 EVIDENCE, II, III. Wall., 16/gg4_ See, also, Bills of Ex- change, 6 ; Peomissoey Notes, 6. 101. Policies of insurance. Ben., 8/272. Cliff., 3/3i8_ 3/328. Chic. L. N., 10/106. Cranch, 6/20S Dill., Vl39. Otto, 5/23. Paine, 1/594. Wall., 15/664. 2Vl52. Woodb. & M., 2/472. 102. Receipts. Am. L. Reg., l/gy Cranch, ^Isn^ Mason, 2/54^ See, also. Receipts, 2, 103. Records. Wash. C. C, 1/330. 104. Shipping articles. Biatchf. & H., 1/83,1/282, VsSS. Curt., %77. G^ilPv 1/329, 1/452. Law. Rep., ^/349. Law Rep., n. s., 8/99 Low., 1/38, l/l30. Sprague, 1/235. 105. "Wills. Brock., 2/285. How., 11/329, 1%85. Paine, Z/^^ Wall. Jr., S/ggg Wash. C. C, 2/475 lOQ. Various other -written instru- ments. Cranch, 4/224. Cranch C. C, l/89_ 1/440,2/33.2/401,4/75. How., 12/59. Mc- Lean, 4/45^ 4/329 Pet., 7/113 Sprague, 1/534. III. ADMISSIONS, DECLARATIONS, AND CONFESSIONS. 1. In cimL (unions. 107. Admissibility, generally. . Cranch C. C, I/491, 2/290, %35. Curt., 1/186,1/390. Int. Rev. Rec, 13/150. Mc- All., I/186. McLean, 6/584_ Otto, 6/395^ Pet., 12/84, 14/448. Wall., S/ggy^ Wall. Jr., %8. Woodb. & M., 1/90, 1/290, 2/i69. 108. Declarations against interest. Cranch C. C, 3/43. Hempst., 1/33 McLean, 2/3g_ Pet., 12/34. Wall., 1/644 Wash. C. C, 2/44i_ 4/92. 109. — of former party in interest. Baldw., 1/344. Cranch C. C, 8/43, 3/647, 4/699. How., 9/109, 12/472. Otto, %79. Pet., 7/348. 110. — of assignors. Biatchf., 1/372. Cranch C. C, 2/eg_ 111. — of bankrupts. Biatchf., 9/379 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 1/349. Otto, 1/426. Wash. C. C, l/i85». Woodb. & M., 3/38_ 3/389 112. — of persons having joint inter- est. Biatchf., 1/297. Cranch, 7/590. Cranch C. C, l/aei. McLean, S/g^g^ Vt., 20/666. Wall., 7/i32_ Woodb. & M., 3/193. 113. — of corporate or municipal officers. How., 13/307. 114. — of husband or wife. . How., 1/219, 6/550, 12/472. McLean, 1/110. Pet., 7/252. 115. — of master or shipowner. Black, 1/533. Biatchf. & H., I/151. Brown Adm., 1/105. Cliff., 2/295 Chic. L. N., 7/121. Cranch C. C, 2/io7_ Curt., 2/317. Newb. Adm., 1/274, 1/454. Sprague, 2/26. Wall., 8/59o_ 20/528. 116. — of parties to negotiable Instru- ments. Blatehf., 1/343. Cranch C. C, 2/345^ 3/437. I>ay, l;Conn.) 3/3Q9_ 117. — of parent or child. Brock., 2/256 Cranch C. C, i/ggg Hempst., 1/433 How., 12/473 EVIDENCE, III. 249 118. — of partners. Cranch C. C, a/^gp How., 20/125. Int. Rev. Rec, "^lies, McLean, 2/g,,^ 2/347, 6/44, Otto, 1/426. Wall., 6/3ig' Wash. C. C, 2/3gg See, also, Paet- NEBSHIP, 26. 119. — of principal or agent. Blatchf., 13/403 Crauch C. C, 2/458, Dall., 3/^9. How., 5/2g_ 21/i4g Mc- Lean, 2/157. Paine, 2/53 Pet., 9/682., Pet. C. C, 1/15. Phil, (Pa.) 4/405 Wall., 2/16O %14, 9/726. Wa^h.C.C, 2/31^3/5^ 4/464, */492. Wheat., 2/330. Woodb. & M., 3/34g_ See, also, Principal and Agent, 32. 120. — of principal or surety. Col. T., 2/578 Cranch C. C, I/134. Curt., 2/617. How., 23/^g9_ 121. — of strangers, and persons re- ferred to. Pet., 6/498 Wall., 8/480. Wash. C. Cv 2/478. 122. — of deceased persons. How., 14/400, 21/493, 23/469. Wall., 15/555. 123. Admissions and declarations re- specting title to, or possession of real property. Blatchf., 13/i28. Col. T., 2/473 Cranch C-C.,5/611. Hempst., 1/563. Otto, 3/379. Overt., (Tenn.) I/456. Pet., 2/^07, 6/498. 124. — of personal property. Blatchf., 13/60. Oranch C. C, 4/399. Mason, 8/534. Pet., 14/443. Wash. C. C, 3/408. Wheat,, 7/453 125. Admissions in pleadings. Curt., 2/271. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 1/349. Pet., 9/692. Wash. C.C, 2/519. See, also. Pleading, so, ho. 126. Admissions by silence or failure to deny. Cranch C. C, 4/401. Curt., I/390. Hempst., 1/118. See, also, Estoppel, 26. 127. Instances of admissions and de- clarations -whicli have been held inadmissible. Cliff., 1/150. Cranch C. C, I/239, 2/631. Ct. of CI., 4/389. McLean, 2/157. Pe*-. 6/498, 10/412. Pet. C. C, 1/85, VllS, Vl99. Wash. C. C, 1/241, V33O, 3/184. 128. Effect of admissions and declara- tions as evidence. Blatchf., 2/521 Blatchf. & H., l/ggg. Col. T., 2/300. Cranch C. C, 4/703. McLean, 6/243. Olc. Adm., I/329. Pet. C.C, 1/15. Sumn., 3/435 Wall., I/491. Wash. C. C, 1/145, 4/92. Woodb. & M., 1/325. 2. In oriminal canes. 129. "What declarations and confes- sions are admissible ; and their effect as evidence. Blatchf., 14/381 Bond, 1/5. Cliff., 1/5. Col. T., 2/48. Cranch C. C, I/317, I/592, 2/76, 2/104, 2/439, 4/617, %47. Deady, I/524. D'llv 3/546, 3/551. I°t. Rev. Rec, 12/72. Law Rep., 8/258 McLean, 5/513 Paine, 2/68. Pet-, 2/358, 1^/430. Pet. C. C, V458. Sprague, 1/109. Sumn., 2/19 8/435. Wash. C. C, 4/729 Wlieat., 12/460. Woodb. & M., 3/341 130. "Wliat are inadmissible. Blatchf., 2/207, 5/303. Cliff, 3/221. Col. T., 2/186. Cranch C. C, I/74, l/i64, 1/317, %0, 2/76, 2/293, 2/501, 4/104, 4/508, 4/573, V82,%8, 5/73. How., 12/472. Mc- Lean, 1/499. Mont. T., 1/394. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 12/33 Wash. C. C, 2/5^9 Woods, 1/581. 250 EVIDENCE, IV. 131. "WTiole confessions must be taken together. Baldw., 1/78. Cranch C. C, I/94, S/g^ 132. Dying declarations. Cranch C. C, I/71, l/ng, %38, ^ksi. Woolw., 1/128. IV. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE. 1. In general. 133. Proof of authenticity and execu- tion. Blatchf., 3/521^ 4/gg Herapst., I/235. Pet., 1/386, %19. Wall., 3/g3g_ 3/744 Wash. C. C, 3/3i_ 134. Proving the sealing of the instru- ment. Abb. Adni., 1/451^ Bankr. Reg., 1^/219. How., 13/307 McLean., S/ggg^ 3l^^,j^ 135. Necessity of producing subscrib- ing -witnesses. Blatehf., 1/343 Crancli, S/^g Cranch C. C, 1/4, 1/87, ^/99, ^/l03, ^/l83, ^ksi, ^/437, %, %5, ^/l07, %02, %10. Pet., %19, 1%78. Wall., 1/702, 1/400, V412. 136. Proof of handwriting. Compari- son of hands. Abb. Adni., 1/115 ^a Id w., 1/49. Ben., 1/241. Blatchf., 12/390. Bond, l/gj. Brock., l/i35_ Cranch, S/^g Cranch C. C, 1/27, 1/96, 1/133, ^/l83, Vl84, ^/2o0, ^264, V49I, V493, ^/l05, %24, %01, */312. Ct. of CI., 6/421. MacArth., 1/270. Mc- Lean, 1/282, ^/429, ^/366, ^/l86. Ot'o, I/270. Pet., 5/319^ 6/7g3 Wash. C. C, ^g. Wheat., 8/2gg_ See, also, Witnesses, 100. 137. Necessity and effect of certificate of ackno\rledgnaent. Cranch C. C, 1/103. How., 24/242. McLean, 3/345^ 3/3^^^ 3/3g3 p^t., 1/328. Pet. C. C, 1/188. Wash. C. C, i^-j^ See, also. Deeds, 22-26; Husband AND Wife, 46. 138. Proof of ofiacers authority to take acknowledgment. Cranch C. C, ^/gi McLean, I/520, Wash. C. C, 4/715 139. Evidence of delivery. Cranch, ^l2iQ, McLean, 5/457. ^^- SOB, 3/398 Pet., 4/1. Wall.,3/g36. 140. Adnoissibility of ancient instru- ments. How., 2/284_ 19/^30 McLean, l/no, V120, %6. Mason, 4/2g8. Pet., 5/3^9^ V252, 9/62, 9/663. Wall., 5/795^ 6/773_ Wheat., 4/213 2. Judgments, records, and judicial proceedings. 141. Pleadings. Cranch C. C, I/122, 1/166, ^/404. Curt., 2/271. How., 21/397. Woodb. & M., 1/262. See, also. Pleading, VII. 142. Afladavits, and other papers in suits. Stat, at L., 11/61. Blatchf., 6/^37^ Brock., 1/367. Cranch C. C, 1/533, 2/215, Gilpv V3O6. Hempst., l/ng, I/213. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/40. Pet., 1/591,9/092. Wall., 9/779. Wash. C. C, 4/g24 143. Orders. Blatchf., 3/ij McLean, 1/69. 144. Testimony given on former trial ; and herein of testimony of de- ceased w^itnesses. Depositions. How., 13/307 Int- Rev. Rec, IS/n, N. Y. Leg. Obs., 5/83 Pet., ^Im. Wall., 3/744 Wash. C. C, 2/487_ 3/343^ */l86, ^/558. See, also, DEPOSITIONS, IV. 145. Verdicts. Blatchf., 1/322. Cranch, 7/27^ Pet., EVIDENCE, IV. 251 2/613. Story, 3/742 Wall., 6/291. Wheat., l/e. Woodb. & M., 2/j2i. 146. Judgments and decrees. Blatchf., V322. Crauch, '^/sgs. Ci-anch C. C, 1/87, V508, V575, 3/55, 3/120. Curt., 2/271. Gall., 2/535 Hempst., 1/240. How., 1/290, ^/515, ^/220, ^2/472, ^^/334, 1^609, 19/263, 24/188. McLean, 2/^45^ %19, %7. Mason, 4/263. Pa'ne, I/549. Pet., 4/46g Taney, l/ng. Wash. C. C, 1/70, V33O, 2/274, %6, ^/477. Wheat., 4/213, 1%15. 14*7. — of state courts. Stat, at L., 1/122. Blatchf., 6/253. Crabbe, 1/135, Cranch, TJ^qi^ Dill., 2/421. How., ll/i65, 15/421, 1^/404. How. Pr.,36/^7g McLean, 2/473 2/5jj_ Otto, 7/331. Paine, 2/209, 2/50^ Wall., 6/642, 17/521, I8/457. Wheat., 8/234. 148. — of courts of foreign countries. Cranch, 2/137, ^/458, ^Il85, ^ksi, %35, %06. Cranch C. C, I/128, Vl91, V36I. Dall., 4/421 How., 14/4QQ Paine, I/594. Pet., 8/3Q8 Sumn., 8/389^ 3/gQQ Wall., 9/812. Wash. C. C, 1/271, 1/409, 2/61, 2/l64, 2/212, 2/449, 2/452. Wheat., 7/58i_ Woodb. & M., 1/172. 149. Judicial records. Cranch C. C, I/497, 8/359, %l, 4/626. Deady, 1/299. Hempst., I/265. How., 12/371, 13/307, 20/94, 24/333. McLean, 1/321, 4/339, 4/366. Oreg., 1/49. Pet., 14/322. Sumn., 3/170 Wall., IO/427. Wash. C. C, 1/330, 4/624, 4/698. Wheat., ^/l08. 3. Conveyances, and other sealed instrumetnts. 150. Deeds and mortgages, and reci- tals therein. Cranch C. C, I/103, I/422, 1/424, 4/8i. How., 17/609, 1^/297. McLean, 3/377 Mason, 4/263. Pet., \ 9/g2, 9/607, IO/524, 14/84. Wall., 1/702, 10/263, 11/566. Wash. C.C, 4/624, 4/691. Wheat., 4/213. Wyom. T., 1/361. 151. Deeds given on judicial sales, or by order of court. Cranch C. C, 4/31. How., 2/319^ 19/69^ McLean, 1/321, 6/365. Pet, 14/322. Pet. C. C, 1/64. Wall., 2/313 1%06 1^/506. Wash. C. C, 2/386, 4/513 152. Spanisli grants. How., 1/24, 12/435. Pet., 12/654, 14/334,. l^/l30, 1^/226, 1^/143, l^/l96. 153. Mexican grants. Black, 1/227, 1/541, 2/394. Hoffm. L. Cas., 1/100. How., 23/273, 24/34g Wall., 1/400. 154. Patents for public lands. How., 8/223, l%48, 14/513. Pet., 5/233^ 6/691. Pet. C. C, 1/291. 155. Patents for inventions. Blatchf., 3/227 Cliff., 1/592. Curt., 2/5O6. Gilp., 1/489. How., 15/252. Mc- Lean, 4/45g^ 0/44^ 6/3Q3^ 6/345 Mason, I/182. Paine, 1/441. Pet-, 14/448. Story, 1/3.36,3/742. Wall. Jr., 1/347. Wash. C. C, 4/215. Woodb. & M., 2/121. 156. Wills Cranch C. C, S/ggg Curt., 2/302, Gall., 1/622. How., 19/130, 23/353 McAll., 1/253. McLean, l/i85, 4/75. Mason, 3/503^ 4/16. Pet-, 1/503, 11/185. Wall., 3/744_ 6/g42. Wash. C. C, 1/298, 1/343, % ^Im, %80, 4/262. Wheat., IO/465, IS/igg. 157. Records of deeds. Cranch C. C, I/479, 2/23, 2/703^ 4/31^ 4/446. Pet., 8/30 9/gg3 Pet. C. C, I/188. 262 EVIDENCE, IV. 158. Other sealed instnunents. Gilp., 1/135. Pet., 10/524. Wa8h.C. ■C, 2/i39. 4. Negotiable instruments. 159. Admissibility and effect, generally Blatchf., 1/297. Burn., (Wis.) 1/53. €ranch C. C, ^Ihq, How., 12/225. McLean, ^^^ ^j^s^, ^k. Pet. C. C, Vl39. Vt., 20/ggg Wheat., 7/35. Woodb. & M., 2/75_ 3/333_ 160. Effect of production as evidence of title. How., 1/234. Sumn., 1/473 Wash. C C, 3/404. See, abo, Bills of Ex- change, 02 ; Peomissoky Notes, 126. 5. Statutes and public doeuments. 161. Acts of congress. Eev. Stat., § 908. Stat, at L., 18/113^ 19/268. Blatchf., 1/529. McLean, 3/480' 162. Statutes of the several states. Stat, at L., 1/122. Cranch C. C, 2/346,2/451. DalL, 4/412. How.,18/595. Pet., 6/3J7 Pet. C. C, 1/352. Wash. C. C, 1/363. Wheat., 11/392. 163. Laws of foreign countries. Cranch, 6/274 Ct. of CI., S/g^^^ S/g^^^ '^/204, %21, %69. How., 14/400. Law Eep., 4/3g Low., 2/^42 Pet., Sj^^^ Wall. Jr., 1/47. Wash. C. C, \ 2/^^g_ 164. Public documents, generally. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 2/334 Baldw., 1/78. Black, 2/g3g Cranch, 1/137. Cranch C. C, 1/373. Pet., 9/e92_ 10/g47_ Pet. G.C., 1/188. 165. State papers. How., 19/334_ 24/^79 Pet., IB/gg^ 166. Commissions of public armed vessels. Brock., 1/478 Op- Att.-Gen., 1/249. Pet., 6/352^ 15/518. Wheat., Sj^io, %98, '^/283. 6. Official certificates and certified copies. 167. OfQoial certificates, generally. Abb. Adm., 1/451. Abb. U. S., s/^gg^ Baldw., 1/234. Brock., 2/,^g Cranch C.C.,1/29. Ct.ofCl.,4/2i8,5/329_5/447_ How., 4/251^ 12/472_ Pet. C. C, I/291. Sprague, I/473. Wall., S/^^g^ 12/39j_ Wash. C. C, I/216, 2/205^ 3/529^ ^1^^^ Woodb. & M., l/i84. 168. Certificates of foreign officers. Dall., 2/19, 3/19. Pet., 13/209. Wash. C. C, 2/201^ 3/gg^ 3/201^ 3/243 160. Notarial certificates. Crabbe, 1/295. Cranch C. C, 2/g3j 5/120. How., 4/127^ 5/g3_ 6/1 McLean, V317, 2/28. Pet., 2/170, 2/586, 9/607, ^%72. Wash. C. C, 2/449_ 3/go3_ Wheat., 6/572. Woodb. & M., 1/221. See, also, No- TABIES, 4. 170. Consular certificates. Abb. Adm., 1/367. Crabbe, 1/54^ I/239. Cranch, 2/jg7_ Int. Rev. Rec, IS/j^^ Pet., 13/209. Sumn., 2/35g_ S/j^g^ Wash. C. C, 2/47g_ 171. Surveyor's certificates, notes, or reports. Cranch, 4/421^ 5/334 Ct. of CI., 8/213. How., 1/24, 4/ig9^ 4/421^ 4/449^ i8/i9_ Mc- Lean, I/206. Pet., 3/320^ 10/412, ^^/l96. Pet. C. C, I/166. Wall., 14/442 Wash. C. C, 1/322, 4/74, 4/jg9^ 4/i7i_ 4/35g^ Wheat., 2/3og_ 3/594_ 5/359_ 172. Copies and transcripts from pub- lic records. Abb. U. S., 2/4gg Bond, 2/32o_ Ct. of CI., 7/4og Ball., 4/412 Gilp., 1/44. Ho^y., 1/24, 12/472_ 17/go9_ Mc- EVIDENCE, IV. 25» Lean, S/gg^ 4/^33^ 5/^^^^ Pai„e, Ij^^^^ V594. Pet, 9/go7^ 9/gg3_ 14/334 Pet.C. C, 1/4I8. Wall, 3/744, 9/248. Wash. C. C, 1/333, V363. Woods, 2/ggo_ 173. Certifled copies of papers in suits, judgments, records, &o. Cranch C. C, 1/190. Hempst, I/232. McLean, S/gg Otto, S/^^g Paine, 1/417. Pet, 3/397 Wash. C. C, 4/698. 174. — in suits in state courts. Blatchf., 3/^j_ Cranch, V/^^g^ Y/^g^^ Cranch C. C, I/14, l/yg, I/303, I/5I6, %94. Deady, I/299. Hempst., I/94, V265, V538. How., 20/532. McLean, ^/l99, ^/24. Oreg., 1/49. Pet., 9/go7_ 10/400. Pet.' C. C, 1/155, 1/352. Wash. C. C, %26, 3/481. Woodb. & M., 2/i_ 175. — of deeds, mortgages, &c. Cranch, 5/22 9/-^22. Cranch C. C, 2/703, 4/18, */81, ^/446. How., 12/472, 19/130,20/235. McAll., 1/243. McLean, 1/282, %6, %77, 5/111, 5/424, 6/15. Overt., (Tenn.) ^j^^s^ Pet., 5/392, 5/481, 9/607, 9/gg3. Wall., 3/g3g^ 16/,gg_ Wall. Jr., 1/161. Wash. C.C, 4/280, 4/715. Wheat., 11/78. 176. — of treasury accounts, recoras. Rev. Stat., § 886, 887. Bond, I/149. Cranch C. C, 2/333, 2/3gg_ 2/4g2, ^j^q^^ Ct. of CI., fi/230, 13/292. GilPv 1/44. How., 1/250, l°/l09, 1^437. Int- ^ev. Rec, 23/^j3_ McAU., 1/243. McLean, 1/467, %24, «/584. P^ine, ^ks. Pe*-, 3/12, 5/292, ^/l72, %75, %87, 15/336. Saw- yer, 4/199. Wall, 19/198. Wash. C.C, 3/529. Wheat., 9/651. 177. — of accotmts, returns, &c., of post-offlce department. Rev. Stat., § 889, 890. Crauch, 7/242. Cranch C. C, 1/535. Gilp., I/554. How., 12/246, 13/478. McAlL, 1/243^ McLean., 2/531. 178. — of papers and records in patent office. Rev. Stat., § 892-894. Blatchf., \ 2/279. Bond, I/361. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/89. How., 14/575. McLean, 3/432^^ %0,6/l5. Wash. C.C, 4/215. Woodb. & M., 1/248. 179. Records of land office. Rev. Stat., § 891, 2469, 2470. Overt.,, (Tenn.) 2/433. Pet-, 5/233, 9/663, 1^/498. Pet. C C, I/166, I/418. Wall., 1/109.. Wash. C C, 3/369. Wheat, 5/293. 7. Other documentary evidence. 180. Entries and memoranda in offi- cial registers. Cranch C C, 2/508^ 2/7^3^ ij^^^^ Sj^^^^ Newb. Adm.,'l/i76. Paine, I/594 Pet.,, %49, 5/470, 5/481. 10/647. Story, I/516. Wall., 3/^75 Wash. C C, 3/369, ^si.. Wheat., 8/326. 181. — in books of corporations, banks, &c. Cranch C C, 2/422, 2/525, 5/298. Otto,, 4/593. Wall., 9/677. Wheat., 5/420. 182. — in private books of account. Ben., 3/7Q. Black, 2/53^. Brock.,. 1/72. Cranch C C, 1/37, 1/179, 1/419, 1/446,. 2/234, 2/552, 3/95, 4/623. Hempst., 1/12. Hughes, 1/533. Int. Rev. Rec, 22/195. McLean, 2/35^ 2/^69, 8/492, 6/^36. Newb. Adm., 1/539. Sumn., 3/93 Wall., I/637. Wash. C C, 2/98_ 4/698. Wheat., 2/111. Wyom. T., 1/339. 183. — in partnership books of ac- count. Cranch C. C, I/2. Day, (Conn.) 254 EVIDENCE, IV. 3/303. Paine, 2/476. Wash. C. C, z/ggg^ ^/473. 184. Private accounts. Brock., 1/72. Cranch C. C, l/igg, ^/l47, %6, %, ^/l20, %28, ^/401, ^/444. McLean, S/^gg. Pet., l/gn. Pet. C. C, 1/85. Wall., 6/788. Wash. C. C, I/433, ^/98, ^/l84, %28. 185. Official accounts. Cranch C. C, Zj^os, */401, %46. 186. Private letters. Biss., 4/3g7_ Black, I/533. Blatehf., 14/411. Brock., 1/72. Cranch, ^/gg Ct. of a, 5/579^ 6/42i_ Curt., 2/gi7_ Day, (Conn.) 3/303 How., 12/472/6/14 Pet. C. C, 1/85. Sumn., 3/i Wall., l/gsr, «/788, 17/630, 1%42, ^Vsiy, 2^/471. Wash. "C. C., 3/3i_ 4/4g4^ 4/g^g^ 4/gg2 187. Official letters, and copies thereof. Bee Adm., 1/209. Brock., 2/75^ Ct. of CI., 1/170, 4/495, 5/544. Gilp., 1/92. How., 7/89_ 14/76^ 14/575 McLean, 4/481. Woodb. & M., 2/i2i_ 188. Books of science and history. Blatehf., 1/445. How., 14/218, 15/62, 19/96,22/315. McLean, 1/44, 6/303. Pet., ^/398, 7/554. Wall, 1/721. Wash.C.C., '*/538. 189. Maps, plats, &c. Black., 1/209. J^ak. T., 1/320. How., 24/i75_ McLean, 1/44. Pet , S/gig^ 7/g54_ Pet. C. C, 1/418. Wall., 10/91^ 11/395. Wash. C. C, 1/330, 3/199. Wheat., ^gg. 190. Marine protests and surveys. Abb. Adm., I/402. Blatehf. & H., 1/465. Int. Eev. Eec, l4/ig3 Newb. Adm., 1/464. Pet. C. C, I/118. Wash. C.C, 1/145 1/413 2/1,2/7 2/i52 2/375,2/478, 191. Receipts. Cranch C. C, 1/6, I/323, 2/210, %16. Ct. of CI., 2/341 McLean, 6/470 Mason, 5/425. Newb. Adm., I/59 Op. Att.- Gen., 2/5g Sprague, I/512. Wall., 1/537. Wash. C. C, 3/110. 102. Invoices and bills of lading. Blatehf., 9/433. Olc. Adm., I/157. Wash. C. C, 2/ii3_ 2/i55_ 2/449_ 3/g_ 3/117' 193. Shipping articles. Mason, 3/igi_ Pet. Adm., I/139 Wash. C. C, 2/201. 104. Ship's log. Stat, at L., 1/134. ■'^ee Adm., I/57 Gilp., 1/147. Mason, 4/541. Pet. Adm., 1/139, 1/201. Pet. C. C, I/118. Story, 1/251. Sumn., 2/19 Wash. C. C, 2/478^ 195. Various other ■writings, memor- anda, printed matter, &o. Cranch C. C, 1/479, 2/208, ^kss. Ct. of CI., 7/415 GilPv 1/235. Pet., 7/51. Wall., 3/114^ 15/i23_ For rules of evidence particularly applicable to the several distinct Ckiises of action, and remedies having recognized names, see their titles ; also the titles of the various leigal instru- ments. As to Patting in evidence on the trial, see Tbiai, V, 2. As to the granting of new trials for Error in receiving, rejecting, or disregarding evidence, or for Newly discovered evidence, see New Tbiai, I. EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES. Witnesses, IV, V. EXCAVATIONS. Damages, 23; Highways, 7; Mtjhicipal COBPOBATIONS, 27. Negwgence, 3. EXCEPTIONS, I, II. 255 EXCEPTIONS, (Bill of.) I. What May bk Carried tip by Bill of Exceptions. II. How Exceptions Should be Taken. Form and Settlement of Bill. III. Hearing and Betermination. I. WHAT MAY BE CAKEIED UP BY BILL OF EXCEPTIONS. 1. In general. Ben., 8/594. How., IS/go, I8/246, 2°/427. Pet., 9/;^82, 12/339. Sumn., 2/^9 2. Rulings in respect to the evidence. How., 17/6^ 20/427 Wall., I/359. 3. Errors in giving or refusing in- structions. Blatchf., 2/1 Cranch, 2/^87 Cranch C. C, 2/651. ■4. Various rulings incidental to the trial. Cranch C. C, ^51, Pet., IB/igg. Wall., 1/359, V592. n. HOW EXCEPTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN. FOEM AND SETTLE- MENT OF BILL. 5. The necessity of an exception; and at ■what time it should be taken. Blatchf., 1/542, 2/1. Col. T., Sjns. Dak. T., 1/335. Hempst., 1/265. How., 4/4, 6/260, 15/160, I6/14, 19/66, 2O/22I, ^0/252, 20/532. Minn., 1/301. Otto, S/iyi. Pet., ' 14/19 Sumn., 2/i9_ Wall., I/359, 5/663, 23/416. Wash. T., I/161. Wheat., 7/g3o_ 12/1 Woodb. & M., 3/529. 6. How exceptions should be taken on jury trial. How., 4/330 McLean, 5/218. Pet., */418, 11/185. Wall., 1/644, 2/328. See, also. Trial, 43, &c. 7. — on trial by court or master. Blatchf., 6/328. ClilF., 1/186. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/497 How., 17/5 2l/85_ Pet., 9/182. See, also. Reference, 4. 8. General and specific exceptions. Black, 1/209. Cliff., I/186. How., %15, 4/380 I8/51I. Otto, 3/46. Pet., 1/328, 6/262, 1^/302. W«l'v 1/644, 2/328 Wheat., 11/199. O. Time within which the bill may be drawn up. Black, 2/563 2/57, Col. T., 3/1 3/^09 How., 4/4^ 15/J60, I6/14, 20/252. Otto, 3/548. Pet., 11/185. Wall., 3/460. Wheat., 9/651. Woodb. & M., 3/529. 10. Form and contents of the bill, gen- erally. Black, 2/575 Cranch C. C, Z/ggi How., 4/289 l*'/477. Law Rep., n. s., 11/591. Otto, 7/319 Pet., 1/626. Wall., 1/592, 4/l87, 4/224, S/354, 19/611. Woodb. & M., 3/217. 11. Suflaciency of the bill. Black, 1/427, 1/431. Brock., 2/75 How., 10/509, 11/154, Wall., 3/460, 7/565. 12. Agreed statement of evidence not substitute for bill of excep- tions. Chic. L. N., 6/333 Wall., 1/99, 1/592, 5/663, 20/117. 13. "When, and to what extent the evidence should be inserted in the bill. Black, 1/209, 2/575. Cliff., I/186. Cranch, 6/225, 7/242. Cranch C. C, I/361. How., 5/278, l'/6, 18/60, I8/135. Minn., 1/17. Pet., 2/1. Wall, 11/193. 14. Setting out the judge's charge to the jury. Black, 1/209. How., 3/553, 4/239. Pet., 4/1, 5/i9o, 6/262, ^348, 8/244. Wheat., ^356, 11/258. Woods, 1/47. 256 EXCEPTIONS, II, III— EXECUTION, I. 15. Signing, sealing, and filing the bill. Eev. Stat., § 953. Stat, at L., 17/i97_ Blatchf., 14/334_ 14/357 Col. T., S/g^. CranchC.C, 1/361. T)a.\l,3l^ign. How., %60, 12/246, 20/252. Otto, I/249. Pet., 4/102. Taney, I/227. Wall., I/592, %54, 11/193. Woodb.&M., 2/121, 3/217. Wyom. T-, 1/36, 1/37. 16. Turning case into bill of excep- tions. Blatchf., 1/542, ^/323. m. HEAEING AND DETEEMINATION. 17. In general. Black., 1/427. Dall., 8/19 How., %53, 6/279, 22/217. Pet., 3/433_ Wall., ®/l25, l'^/409. 18. 'WTiat errors will be noticed. Burn., (Wis.) I/74. Wall., 17/409. 19. "WTiat errors will be disregarded. How., 24/i9g_ 24/224. Otto, 1/415. Pet., 5/132. Wall., 11/193. Woods, 1/47. See, also, Appeal, 52-54; Error, 64-68. 20. Waiver of exceptions. How., 14/368. Wall., 4/ig2 For further decisions as to Time and Marnier of taking exceptions, see Teiai, 43, &c. EXCHANGE. When recoverable in action on Foreign bill, see Bn-us of Exchange, 97. EXCUSABLE HOMICIDE. HoMicroB, 22. EXECUTION. I. EXBCOTIONS AGAJSfST PbOPBETT. 1. Oeneral principles. 2. Issuing the writ. 3. What property may be reached. 4. The levy; and aastody of the properly. 5. The lien.. Priority. 6. Saie. Seturn. Disposal of proceeds^ surplus, &c. 7. The deed; and rights of purchaser. 8. Extent of executions upon, land. 9. Exemption. II. ExEctrrioifs AOAmsT the Person. III. Payment. Satisfaction. Dbchaege. IV. Belief AGAINST Executions; anbEeme- DT FOE THEIR WRONGmii TJSE. I. EXECUTIONS AGAINST PEOPEETY. 1. General principles. 1. Powers of congress over executions- Black, 1/522. Pet., 12/300. Wheat., 10/1, 10/51. 2. How far governed by state laws. Stat.atL.,4/281. Brock., 2/379. Curt.,, 2/94. McLean, 4/540 Paine, 2/351. Pet-^ «/648, 13/45, 14/301. Wall., 6/jgg^ 6/75g^ 11/416. Wheat., 10/1^ 10/51^ 10/gg„. 3. Formal requisites : Title, teste, re- turn day, &c. Cranch C. C, 2/439^ ij^^^. How., 4/53 Wall., 4/237 4. Must follow the judgment. Cranch C. C, 1/141. 2. Issuing the writ. 5. The right to the writ, and who may issue it. Eev. Stat., § 709. Cranch, Tf^^^ 7/602. Cranch C. C, l/gg. Pet., 6/99' 8/18. Phil., (Pa.) 8/g39_ pittsb., (Pa.) 2/120. Wall., l/405_ 5/gg(j_ Woods, 2/g28_ 6. Power of Bank of Columbia to is- sue. Cranch C. C, 2/173^ 2/3^3^ 2/5^^^ 3/433. EXECUTION, I. 257 7. Against "whom it may issue. Cranch C. C, S/gg How. Pr., 20/216. 8. At "^liat time or stage of the action it may issue. Issuing as of ooiu-se, or by leave. Rev. Stat., § 1007. Blatchf., Sj^i, Cranch C. C, 1/149^ ^1^21, ^Im, %23. How., 1/282. Pet., l/683_ 13/45 Saw- yer, 1/309. Wash. C. C, 3/134^ 4/3gg_ O. What judgment will support an execution. Abb. Adm., l/go. Bond, 2/^53. Cranch C. C, 2/37^ Sj^^^^ Wall., I/73. 10. Irregularities and defects; and how amended. Cranch C. C, 8/^73 Hempst., l/j7_ Taney, I/hq, Woods, 1/193^ See, also. Amendment, 17. 11. Issuing an execution after the death of a party to the cause. Cranch C. C, 2/429^ 4/^62, ^/626. How., ^/58,1%87. Pet., 13/45/4/^47. Pet.C. C, l/l40, 1/446. Taney, l/no. Wall., 4/237. Wash. C. C, 4/g. 12. Effect of laches. "When a scire facias is necessary. Cranch C. C, 1/149^ 1/233, 2/678, %1. Wash. C. C, 3/j3^_ See title Scire Facias. 13. Issuing an alias or second execu- tion. Ben., 2/432 Cranch C. C, 2/i67, 4/^43. McLean, 4/^33 14. In what state or district executed. Eev. Stat., § 985, 986. Stat, at L., V512, ^/l84. Am- L. Eec, T/ggg Pet., 12/300. Wheat., 10/246. 3. What property may be reached. 15. In general ; and herein of levying on choses in action, franchises, &o. Chic. L. N., 9/225. Cranch C. C, 5/308. How., 24/257 McLean, Sj^qq^ Otto, 3/664. Sprague, 1/418. Woods, 2/100. 16. Personal property, generally. Baldw., 1/528. Blatchf. & H., 1/53. Cranch, 1/^17 Otto, 7/^^ 17. Assigned property. Gall., 1/419. McLean, 3/199. 18. Chattels mortgaged or pledged. Otto, 3/gg4_ 19. Copyrights. How., 14/528, 1^/447. 20. Patented articles. Gall., 1/485. Woodb.&M., 2/524. 21. Partnership, or joint property. Black, 1/346. McLean, 4/333 22. Growing crops. Wall., 19/544. Woods, 1/214. 23. Money. Proceeds of former levy. Cranch, I/117. Cranch C. C, I/35. Hempst., 1/91. 24. Real property, generally. Brock., 2/379. How., 10/343, 24/393 McLean, 2/78 4/75 Paine, 2/251. Pet., %58,^/464. Sawyer, 4/653. Story, 2/591 Wash. C. C. , 3/81. Woodb. & M., 1/213. 25. Leasehold estates and equitable interests. How., 4/j7^ 24/398 McLean, S/ggg^ 4/79 Pet.,4/3ge 26. Lands subject to mortgage. Cranch, S/^gg Cranch C. C, 2/iq2, 258 EXECUTION, I. %31, ^/l27. Hempst., I/251. How., 24/398. McLean, 2/2572/445^ 5/iOg Pet., 27.— or held in trust, or in custody of la-w. Hempst., 1/320. How., 14/52^ 24/3gg_ Pet., 10/400. 4. The levy : and mstody of the property. 28. Necessity of a levy; and -what constitutes a levy. Brock., I/166. How., 23/^59 Oreg., 1/19. Waah. C. C, 1/29. 29. Validity and effect, generally. Abb. U. S., 2/j5j Int. Eev. Eec, 13/23 McLean, 8/354 30. Wliat is a good levy on land. McLean, 2/59^ 4/329^ S/^^g 31. Powers and duty of ofllcer as to making levy on personal prop- erty. Bond, 1/345 Cranch, I/117 Cranch C. C., 1/35^ 1/268, %55, ^/403. 32. Custody of the property. How., 23/469. McLean, 4/233. Wash. C. C, 3/60. 33. Liability for loss of property while under levy. Hempst., 1/271. McLean, 3/354^ 3/542. 34. Forthcoming bonds. Brock., 2/37g_ Cranch, 2/9^ T/ggg^ Cranch C. C., I/32, 1/141^ l/igi, I/320, %31. Hempst., 1/225. How., 4/4 Pet., ^/683, ^^/303. 5. The lien. Priority. 35. Effect of an execution to create a lien, generally. Cranch C. C, 8/524 Dill., il^Q'j, Gilp., 1/51. McLean, S/^gg Wash. C. C, 1/29. 36. Nature and extent of the lien. Bankr. Reg., I8/1 B.o\v.,»liii^ Pet., 4/366. Wash. C. C, 1/29. 37. How waived or lost. ' Bankr. Reg., 11/214. Brock., l/ige. Cranch C. C, 2/337^ How., S/m^ 12/407_ McLean, 4/554 Wash. C. C, 1/29.^ 38. Priority among executions, gen- erally. Bankr. Reg., II/452. Cranch C. C, V40, V96, ^/524. Dall., 4/35g Ho^{^., 15/189. McLean, 4/329 Wall. C. C, l/l78. Wash. C. C.,3/go See, also. Debtor and Creditor, 27, 28. 39. — between executions out of state and federal courts. How., 4/4^ 17/47J McLean, 4/333 Pet., 10/400. Phil., (Pa.) 8/639 Wash. C. C, 3/,34 40. — between executions and title of assignee in bankruptcy. Bankr. Reg., I6/105, ^^n^ 16/313^ /%, ^^/452, ^^/l44, ^%85. Ben., 8/579_ See, also. Bankruptcy, 132. 6. ScUe. Return. Disposal of proceeds, surplus, &c. [Consult, also, Judiclax Sales.] 41. "What law governs. McLean, 3/575^ 42. Notice of sale, Advertisement. Abb. Adm., 1/57. Wall., 2/3^3^ Uj^^^^ Wash. C. C, 2/49_ 43. The right to sell. Effect of death of debtor or officer pending levy. McLean, 2/59^ 4/534^ Pet., 14/34 Vt., 21/599_ 44. Necessity of appraisement. How., 2/608, 8/707. Wheat., lO/g^^ EXECUTION, I. 259 -45. The venditioni exponas. Baldw., 1/246. Cent. L. J., 8/jgg How., 13/287, 14/563. Wash. C. C, 4/6. 46. Rules regulating the conduct of the sale. Adjournments. Hempst., 1/320. How., S/^^^^ 6/^^^ Wall., 3/i96_ l3/5og 47. Validity and effect of execution sales, generally. Baldw., 1/246. Cranch C. C, 4/9^ Oilp., 1/51. How., 12/327, 12/343. lit- Rev.Rec.,22/207_ Sawyer, 2/549. Wall., 2/237,2/609. Wall. C. C, 1/119. Wash. O. C, 4/59. Wheat., 4/503 48. Who may be purchaser. Rights of purchaser, generally. Am. L. Eeg., 4/^59. Brock., 2/293 Crabbe, 1/70. Cranch C. C, 5/409. How., «/566, 24/427. Law Eep., 1/354. Mc- Lean, 1/221, 3/357^ 4/gQ7^ 5/j4g. Pet., 10/449 12/11, 12/27. Sumn., 3/318. Wall., ^/23. 49. "What title passes. Abb. U. S., 2/479 Bankr. Reg., I6/22. Black, 1/326. Cranch, 6/g 23. How., 1/282, ^/58, %36, 24/393. McLean, 1/50, 1/95, 2/59, 4/75. Newb. Adra., 1/269. Pet., 7/464 l4/g4_ Sawyer, 1/309. Wall., 1/627, 6/116. Wash. C. C, 2/33 West. Jur., 4/204 60. Liabilities of purchaser. Caveat emptor. Am. L. Eeg., 4/459. Cranch, 3/300. Cranch C. C, I/242. Law Rep., n. s., 9/ig Wall., 11/459. Ware, I/362. Wheat., 51. Effect of fraud, collusion, or irregu- larity. Cranch C. C, 6/3^4. How., 4/gg^ 18/158 22/1. 52. — of inadequacy of price. How., 12/197 McLean, 4/241 Wash. C- C, 3/^46 53. Motion to set aside. Audita querela. Baldw., 1/246. Cranch, 4/32g. Mc- Lean, 3/357^ Newb. Adm., I/37. Pet. C.C, 1/269. Wash. C. C, 4/45 54. Sale cannot be impeached collat- erally. Baldw., 1/246. Cranch, 4/323 Grail., 1/419. How., 18/i5g, 22/i_ McLean, 5/148. Wash. C. C, 4/59. 55. Distribution of proceeds, and sur- plus moneys. Cilp., 1/101, l/i84. McLean, 4/gg4_ Olc. Adm., 1/502. Pet. C. C, 1/241. Wash. C. C, 3/134, 4/322. 56. Necessity and suflGlciency of ofilcer's return, and how com- pelled. Biss., 7/296. Blatchf., 14/257. Cranch C. C, 5/546 Day, (Conn.) 3/^ Mc- Lean, 4/^2. Pet., 14/84. Pet. C. C, 1/241. Wash. C. C, 1/29. 57. Its effect, generally. How con- strued. Curt., 1/223. How., 2/258. 58. Effect as evidence. Conclusive- ness. Bankr. Reg., II/214. Bond, 2/jgg Cranch C. C, I/142. How., I8/272. McLean, 4/133 7. The deed : and rights of purchaser. 59. General requisites ; power to con- vey, &o. Pet., 14/84. Wash. C. C, 3/546. ao. Validity and effect. Conclusive- ness. Baldw., 1/246. McLean, 5/i48 260 EXECUTION, I, II, III. 61. Bights of grantee. Wash. C. C, 1/503. 8. Extent of exeeutiom upon land. 62. Proceedings under ■writs of elegit. Brock., l/ggg, 63. Extending executions upon land under laws of M^i^@- Curt., 1/223. Mason, S/^^g 64. — under laws of Massachusetts. Mason, 2/^^ Sunm., I/525. 9. Exemption. 66. G-eneral principles ; and herein of the rights of the debtor, elec- tion, Sso. McLean, 4/53 Wall., 2/337. 66. What property is exempt. Rev. Stat., § 1628. Alb. L. J., 17/346. r>ill., 2/551. Wall., 15/610. Woods, 2/71' See title Homestead. n. EXECUTIONS AGAINST THE PEKSON. 67. Effect given to state laws, abol- ishing imprisonment for debt. Eev. Stat., § 990. Blatchf., ^g Curt., 2/94^ 2/491^ 2/567 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 7/342. Sprague, I/470. See, also, Impeisonment, 1. 68. Distinction between cases of pri- vate debtors, and debtors to the government. Crabbe, 1/307. Woodb. & M., S/ggg. 69. Upon what grounds, and in w^hat actions issued. Cranch C. C, 1/131^ 2/522. Olc- ■^'^'^; ^240. 70. Time of issuing. Exhausting the fl. fa. Stat, at L., 1/276. Ball., 2/373. Saw- yer, 1/484. 71. Issuing alias ca. sa. Cranch, 8/93 Cranch C. C, ^Im, Ball., 2/373 72. "Who may be taken in execution. Second arrest. Cranch C. C, I/131 ^i. Pet., T/geg. See, also, Akbest, 24, 25. 73. The arrest; its effect. Bond for jail limits, &c. Eev. Stat., § 992. Brock., 2/3^7^ Cranch C. C, I/546, 2/^57^ 2/532, %1, 4/550. Curt., l/i36, 2/567 Day, (Conn.) 3/1. Pet., 7/5gg^ 14/3Qj_ Sumn., S/ggg^ See, also. Imprisonment, 2. 74. Commitment in execution. Brock., 2/3^7 ^ Cranch, 8/76. Cranch C. C, 1/311. 75. Application for discharge; and how determined. Poor debtor's oath. Rev. Stat., § 99L Cliff., 1/474, 2/559^ Cranch C. C, I/200, 2/7, 2/^53. Se^, also, Aeeest, 12 ; Impeisonment, 5. 76. Fees of marshal, and how recov- ered. Cranch C. C, I/267, 2/437. See, also, Maeshals, 21. III. PAYMENT. SATISFACTION. DIS- CHAEGE. 77. Payment, generally; and herein of what may be taken in pay- ment. How., 2/29^ 2/244^ 3/7j7_ Wheat., 10/^. 78. Effect of a levy as a satisfaction. Cranch C. C, 1/74, 1/333 Hempst., 1/271. McLean, 3/354_3/g^2, 4/133. Wall., 3/688. Wall. C. C, l/i78. 79. Satisfaction by taking the body. Gall., 1/32. Hempst., i/ggo. How., EXECUTION, IV— EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, I. 261 12/407_ Paine, 2/492 'P^^; ^ls5S. Pet. •C. C, 1/262. S^e> ^Iso, Judgment, U2. 80. Disoliarge by release of debtor. Crabbe, I/493. Cranch C. C, ^/g^g^ How., 15/281. Pet., 1/573. Pet. C. C, 1/262. Wall. Jr., 2/209, IV. BELIEF AGAINST EXECUTIONS; AND BEMEDYFOK THEIR "WEONGFUL USE. SI. Belief in eqtiity. Curt., 2/4g5_ Pet., 6/438_ Wash. C. •C., ^Ii3i_ See, also. Equity, 13-15; Injunction, 15. B2. Application for stay of execution ; and lio"w determined. Effect of stay. Rev. Stat., § 987, 988. Stat, at L., 1/83. Blatehf., 3/390 14/289. Cranch C. <^-, 2/348 3/1I8. Curt., 2/567. Pet., 6/343. Wash. C. C, 3/245. 53. Motion to quash., or vacate. Cranch, 7/273 Cranch C. C, I/141 2/l58, %2. Hempst., I/17, I/313. How., 2/74 McLean, 2/366. Pet. C. C, 1/140. Wash. C. C, 4/388. 54. Supersedeas. Cranch C. C, 1/366, %33, %49, 2/401, 2/4O6, ^/441, %9, 5/401, %30. Pet., 6/648. See, also. Appeal, 42; Ereoe, 45. 55. Remedy by action for "wrongful use of execution. Curt., l/i36. Wash. C. C, 3/^34 As to the necessity of issuing an execution to give the Jiight to maintain a creditor's suit, see •Cbeditob's Suit, 3. As to executions on Justices? judgments, see Jttsticb of the Peace, 8. As to the Execution of criminals, see PninsH- -MBNT, 3. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. Departments. EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS. I. ApPOrNTMENT AM) EeMOVAI. n. Assets. III. Eights, Powers, Duties, and Liabil- ities. 1. Care and managemeni of the estate. 2. Payment of debts, legacies, &c. Dis- tribution. 3. Sale of lands for paifment of debts. 4. 5. IV. Suits. 1. Actions by executors or administra- tors. 2. Actions against executors or adminis- trators. 3. Proceedings to enforce administration bonds. I. APPOINTMENT AND BEMOVAL. 1. "Who is eligible to act as executor. Pet., 14/166. 2. Appointment of executor; issuing letters, &c. Wall., 9/788. Wash. C. C, 3/^22. 3. Security. Cranch C. C, I/394, 4/666. Taney, I/75. 4. Po'wer to appoint an administrator. Cranch, 8/9 Cranch C. C„ S/gg^ 5/549. Curt., 1/122. Pet., 14/33. Wall.,' %96. 5. "Who is entitled to letters of admin- istration. How., I6/535. McLean, S/ggg, 6. Tlie appointment, and its effect. Wall., 13/465. 262 EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATOBS, I, II, III. 7. Effect of letters issued in another state- Day, (Conn.) 3/3Q3 How., 4/^67, ^^/458. McLean, 4/5^^^ 5/^ See, also, pod, 17, 65. 8. Ancillary administration. Brock., 2/81 Dill., 3/469. How., 4/467. Mason, 1/381,5/95. Pet., lO/isi. Wall., ^/740, ^/743. 9. Administrators "with vnXi annexed. Cranch C. C, 6/549 Pet., 14/33. 10. Revocation of letters testamen- tary, or of administration. Cranch C. C, 4/666. 11. Resignation and removal. How., 1/282. Wall., 3/396 Woods, V262. II. ASSETS. 12. wnat wiU be deemed to be assets. Cranch, 8/g4 Cranch C. C, I/201 V294, V496, ^/l82, %24, %71, ^/368. Hempst., 1/320. I'lt- I^v. Rec, 23/j^i3. Otto, 4/746 Pet., 13/464. Pet., C. C, 1/269. Sawyer, 3/2Q6, 4/^99 Taney, V271. 13. "What -will not be so considered. How., 5/233. Mason, 3/2g4_ 4/^6 Qp. Att.-Gen., 7/543 Paine, 2/554 Pet., ^%09. Pinn-j (Wis.) I/658. Sawyer, 4/199 Sumn., 1/121, 1/133. See, also. Descent, 3-5. 14. Iiocal and general assets. How., I8/100. Pet., 15/1. in. EIGHTS, POWEES, DUTIES, AND LIABILITIES. 1. Care and management of the estate. 16. Powers and duties, generally. Brock., 1/228. Cranch C. C, S/^^^ How., 8/402, 21/294. McLean, I/533 Pet-, 10/507, 1%81. Wall., 9/486. 16. Powers of one of several represen- tatives. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/239. Wash. C. C, ^/l86. 17. Powers of foreign representatives. Cranch C. C, 5/496^ 5/5^9 How., I8/100. Pet., 14/33^ 15/1 Wall., 9/740. See, also, ante, 7. 18. The title of an executor or admin- istrator. Cranch, 8/9 Cranch C. C, 8/355 ^/549. How., 3/624. Woods, 1/437. 19. Care and management of real property, generally. Pet., 15/93. Utah T., 1/361. 20. — of personal property; and. herein of investments in con- ffederate securities. Chase Dec, I/312, 1/427. Mason, S/igg, Wall., 17/570 Woods, 1/628. 21. Collecting assets ; and liability for losses, neglect, &c. Brock., 2/^59^ 2/403 How., 17/468^ Pet., IO/16I, l%2. Wash. C. C, 8/48^ Wheat., 2/32. Woods, 1/628. 22. — where there are two or more representatives. Brock., 2/159^ 2/403 Cranch C. C, 2/567. How., 1/134. Pet., 10/532, 14/^66. 23. "WTiat amounts to a devastavit. Cranch C. C, 2/390,^ 2/553 How.,^ I9/1I6. 24. Executors de son tort. Cranch C. C, 1/193, I/206, 2/513. 25. Sales of land, generally, validity, ay, (Conn.) 3/303. Dill-, 1/104. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/251. How., 4/4g7_ 18/^QQ McLean, 4/577^ bj^^ Mason, S/^gg^ 4/jg_ Pet., 14/33^ 14/jgg_ 15/1. Wall., 9/394, 12/121. WasLCC, 4/59. Wheat., 9/565, 12/ig9. Woolw., 1/333 ^ee, also, ante, 7. 66. Parties. Cranch C. C, 8/399 Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/499. Hempst., 1/711. McLean, e/^gg Wall., 9/788_ 17/417. Woods, I/144. 67. The declaration. Cranch C. C, l/igo, 8/549. McLean, 2/374. Pet., 5/224, 14/33. Woolw., 1/383. 68. Profert and oyer of letters. Cranch C. C, l/ue, I/190, ^kb, %3. How., 2/263. Pet., 1/686. Wheat., 8/342. Woodb. & M., 1/248. See, also. Plead- ing, 66. 69. Matters of defence. Cranch C. C, l/ng. Pet., i/ggg. Story, 3/25 70. Evidence. Cranch C. C, 8/292, %49. Day, (Conn.) 3/303. Pet-, l^S. 71. The judgment; its effect, and how enforced. Cranch C. C, 2/9^ 2/g2g Wall., 12/121. 2. Actions against executors or administrators. 72. Liability to be sued a,s such." Rev. Stat., § 955. Ben., 8/1 Blatchf., %37. Cranch C. C, I/203, I/245, V441, 1/472, %18. Holmes, l/gei. How., S/n, 11/142. Mason, 4/4^3 Taney, I/271. Wheat., 8/g42. 73. — as individuals. Gall., 1/37. Hempst., I/24. Taney, 1/271. 74. Liability of foreign representative to be sued. Biss., 2/44g Blatchf., 5/gQj. Cliff., 1/125. Cranch C. C, S/^gg Hempst., 1/54.' How.,18/ig. Pet., 15/1. 75. "Who may sue. Parties defendant. Brock., 1/77, 1/126. Cranch, 8/220. Curt., 1/122, 2/592. How., 18/503, 24/553, 5g5. Mason, 2/181. Wall., T/^gg, 14/353, 21/27g. Wash. C. C, 2/325. 76. Statutory limitations of suits against representatives. Cranch C. C, 8/371. How., 8/4Q2, 13/458, 13/469. Mason, 8/284^ 4/jg_ 5/95^ See, also, Limitations of Acrioifs, 38. 77. The declaration or bill. Cranch C. C, l/igo, I/192, I/472, 2/132. Gall., 1/371. How., 7/220, 11/142. Mc- Lean, 2/92, 2/374 Pet-, ^/220. Pitteb-, (Pa.) 1/37. ' Wheat., 8/542. 78. "What may be pleaded in defence. Cranch C. C, I/265, 1/340, 1/492, 2/31, 2/51. Curt., 2/592 Dill., I/16. Gall., I/160. Hempst., 1/24. How., 4/467. Pet. C. C, 1/269. Wall., 9/394 70. Evidence. Cranch, 7/231 Cranch C. C, 2/35^ How., 18/458, 13/469. 266 EXECUTORS, IV— EXPRESS COMPANIES. 80. The proper verdict. Cranch, 5/i9_ Craiich C. C, I/292. Pet. C. C, 1/441. Wheat., s/gyg. 81. The judgment ; its effect, and ho'W enforced. Brock., l/g39_ 2/4Q3 Crauch C. C, 2/241,2/518. Gall, 1/37,1/160. Hempst., 1/54. How., 1/282, 2/395, 3/57 6/44, I8/16. Otto, 3/41 Pet.,, 9/275, 9/461. Sawyer, 3/206. Wash. C. C, 2/2^2 Wheat., ^/675. 3. Proceedings to enforce adminislraiion bonds. 82. The right to proceed upon the bond. Cranch C. C, l/ges, 2/57, 2/444, 3/174^ %1, W42O, ^/592, ^/593. How., 23/gQ_ MacArth., I/499, S/'^^^ Mason, ^ii^_ 83. Pleading and practice. Cranch C. C, 2/5gy Hempst., 1/541. 84. Ijiability of sureties. Matters of defence. How., 14/400. Mason, S/gg Wall., 7/425. As to the rights of Heirs as such, see De- scent, 13. Of Depisees and Legatees, see Devise, III ; Legacies, IV. EXECUTORY DEVISE. Dbyisb^ 20. EXEMPLARY DAMAGES. Damages, 3. EXEMPTION. Akrest, IV ; Attachment, 16-18 ; Bank- ruptcy, 35, 120-123 ; Execution, 65, 66 ; Homestead, 1, ^c. ; Taxes, 22-24. EXONERATION. Of Bail, see Bail, 18, 19, 22. Of Chuirantor, see GuABANTT, IV, 2. Of Surety, see Pkincipai, and SuEErr, IIL EXPATRIATION. Citizens, 19. EXPERTS. Witnesses, V. EX POST FACTO LAWS. Constitutional Law, 20 ; Statutes, 10, 34. EXPRESS COMPANIES. 1. Right to carry mailable matter. Rev. Stat., § 3982-3984. Stat, at L-, 5/732 Law Rep., S/^g^ 2. Liability for losses, negligence, &o. Am. L. Reg., n. s., IO/777. Alb. L. Jv lS/491. Blatchf., 4/455 Cent. L. J., ^436, %16. How. Pr., l9/4g2 Hughes, 1/343. Int. Rev. Rec, 23/323. Otto, ^/549. 3. — for negligence in selecting em- ployees. Wall., 12/254^ 12/3e9_ 4. Effect of special contracts, notices, &c. Alb. L. J., ii/i39_ l5/i8g_ Blatchf., 6/64. Cent. L. J., 1/436 Chic. L. N., 7/290. Wall.,21/264_ Woods, 1/573^1/612. See, also, Caeribes, III. 5. Connecting lines. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 10/777 Chic. L. N., 5/278 Otto, 3/j7^_ Woods, 1/612. See, also, Caesiees, 6; Railroad Companies, 28-31. EXTRADITION, I. 267 6. Right to recover possession of goods stolen "^hile in transit. Blatehf., 10/280. For decisions applicable to express compar nies, 1% common v/ith other earners, see Cae- MEBS ; Eatlboad Companies ; Shipping. EXTORTION. Cbimdjal Law, 38. EXTRADITION. I. Between the United States and For- eign COTJNTBIBS. II. Between One State and Anotheb. I. BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND FOEEIGN COUNTRIES. 1. Necessity of treaty provisions. Brock., 2/493 How., ^Jne, N. Y. Leg. Obs., 5/83_ Op. Att.-Gen., l/gg 1/509,2/452,2/559. Sumn., 2/482. Woodb. & M., 1/66. 2. Duty to surrender one of comity, not of strict right. Int. Rev. Rec, IS/jg. Op. Att.-Gen., «/86. 3. In case of a treaty no act of con- gress necessary to confer juris- diction. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 5/33 Woodb. & M., 1/66. 4. The states cannot surrender foreign fugitives. Op. Att.-Gen., 3/e6i. Pet., 14/54^. 6. For what offences extradition is allowed. Blatehf., 12/391. Int. Rev. Rec., IS/jg. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 5/33. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/83, %5, 6/431, ^/643, «/l06, ^kl5, ^^Is2e. 6. The demand, requisition, &o. Blatehf., 3/1 Brock., 2/493 How., 14/103. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 12/65. Op. Att.-Gen., 4/30^^ 4/330^ 6/435^ 7/g^ 7/285^ 8/240. Phil., (Pa.) 5/289. Woodb. & M., 1/66. 7. The mandate or warrant of the president or secretary of state. Abb. U. S., 2/34g. Blatehf., 7/34^ 7/345, 12/370. Bond, 2/252. Dil'v ^/415. How., 14/103. How. Pr., 40/^Q7_ Int. Rev. Rec, IS/n Op. Att.-Gen., 6/gj^ 6/217, '^/285, ^/379, 12/75. 8. The complaint and warrant. Rev. Stat., § 5270. Abb. U. S.,. 2/346. Blatc^hf., 7/34^ 7/345^ 7/491^ 11/79^ Dill., 4/4JJ How. Pr., 40/^07 Int. Rev. Rec, 18/34^ 22/2^7. 0. Powers of commissioners, gener- ally. Blatehf., 3/jgg Curt., 2/^^3 Op. Att.-Gen., 4/20]^ See, also, Commis- SIONEES, 2. 10. Hearing before commissioner or magistrate. Abb. U. S.; 2/34g Blatehf, 7/345_ 11/79, 14/137. How. Pr., 40/^07. 11. Evidence on the hearing. Rev. Stat., § 5271. Stat, at L.^ 19/59. ^bb- U. S., 2/34g Blatehf., ^/l ^/414 '^/345 11/170, 12/501, 14/370.. Bond, 2/252. How., 14/io3. How. Pr., 40/jQ7 Int. Rev. Rec, is/u Low., 2/3g7.' N. Y. Leg. Obs., 3/34g_ 12/g5_ 0pp. Att.-Gen., 1/32. 12. The surrender of the fugitive ; and order therefor. Rev. Stat., § 5272. Stat, at L., 9/302. Bee Adm., I/266. How., 14/io3. Op. Att.-Gen., 8/379 Woodb. & M., 1/66. 268 EXTRADITION, I, 11. 13. Can person STirrendered be tried for offence other than that for ■which he ■was surrendered 9 Alb. L. J., 17/407. Blatehf., 8/13^^ 13/295. 14. "Which government should bear the expense of the proceed- ings. Low., 2/33g_ 2/gg7 Op. Att.-Gen., ^/396, '^/612. 15. Interference by state courts. Op. Att.-Gen., 6/337 Gj^q^ e/gg^ See, also, Habeas Coepus, 2. 16. Oases under treaties -with Great Britain. Stat, at L., 8/676. Blatehf., 3/^^ IS/ggg Bond, 2/252. How., 14/io3. In*- Rev. Eec., 18/ii_ 18/^8^ 18/84_ Low., 2/339_ Op. Att.-Gen., ij^^^ Ij^^^^ 8j^^^ Uj^^^ Woodb. & M., 1/66. 17. — ■with Belgium. Stat, at L., 18/804 Blatehf., H/^gy^ I>illv % I %5, 4/424n. Int. Rev. Rec, 22/217. 18. — -with France. Stat, at L., 8/582^ 8/gj7_ N. Y. Leg. ■Obs., 5/83 Op. Att-Gen., I/55, 4/33^^ */l06, 1%26. 19. — -with Prussia, and the German states. Stat, at L., lO/ggg^ 10/g7o_ Blatehf., 11/124 lit- Rev. Rec., I8/18. Op. Att.-Gen., 6/76i_ 9/497^ 12/463 Uj^si. 20. — ■with S'witzerland. Stat, at L., 11/593. Abb. U. S., 2/345. Blatehf., 7/34g_ How. Pr., 40/^07. 21. Various other treaties. Stat, at L., 9/281, 11/120, 12/157 12/223. II. BETWEEN ONE STATE AND AN- OTHER. 22. Interpreting the constitutional provisions. Const., Art. TV, § II, 2. How., 24/66. 23. In -what cases pro^vided for by statu'te. Rev. Stat., § 5278. Pet., 14/54^ Wall., 16/366. 24. What offences are included. How., 24/66. 25. Offence must have been commi'fc- ted in state ■whence requisition comes. Law Rep., 6/57 McLean, S/^gi 26. Arrest valid before demand for extradition. Utah T., 1/23. 27. Rendition of fugitive apprentices. Am. L. Reg., 1/654. See, also, Ap- prentices, 6. FACTOES. 269' FACTORS. [Consult, also, Consionob aitd Consignee.] L "WTio axe factors. Their i>owers and duties, generally. Blatchf., 2/343 Cranch, S/^^^^ 8/553 How., 11/209. ^^^- ^^^- Eec., 13/jg4 Vt., 23/,2o. 2. The care and diligence required. Gail., 1/360, 2/13. 3. Duty to follo-w instructions. Biss.,4/7g_ Cranch, 3/415 8/5o_ Wash. C. C, 3/i5i_ 4/549 4. Liability for breach of instructions. "Waiver of breach. Blatchf., 1/290. Call., 4/389^ Mason, 4/296. Wash. C. C, I/152, 4/549. 5. Title to the goods as between factor and principal. Wash. C. C, 2/212, 2/283_ Wheat., ■'■/208. 6. Title of factor who has made ad- vances. Am.L.Eeg.,1/82. Curt.,1/130. Wall., 23/35_ Wash. C. C, 2/283. 7. Validity of factors' sales. Wall., 10/141. Wash. C. C, 2/233. 8. Power to sell on credit. Effect of usage. Law Rep., 2/335. Story, I/43, Wall., 10/141. Wash. C.C, 2/413. 0. Pledges of goods by factor. Blatchf., 1/290. Gall., 2/i2_ 2/i3_ Ma- son, 1/440. 10. Questions between principal and factor. Law Rep., 2/335 Story, I/43. Wash. C C., 1/394, 2/212. 11. Bights of principal as towards per- sons dealing with factor. Cranch C. C, 2/215 How., II/209. Mason, I/440, 8/232. 12. Right of principal to follow and regain possession of his prop- erty. Mason, 8/233. Wash. C. C, 4/105. 13. The factor's lien for advances; and how enforced. Cranch, 8/415 Cranch C. C, 2/315. Ct. of CI., 8/453_ How., 11/209. Mc- Lean> 2/i45_ 4/325. Mason, 1/319, 8/334^ Paine, 2/356^ Pet., I6/131. Wall., 28/35^ Wash. C. C, 1/252, 2/403. 14. His personal remedy against prin- cipal. Blatchf, 2/343 Cranch, 7/500 Gall.,, 1/360. Mason, 1/9. Vt., 28/730. 15. The obligation of a factor with a del credere commission. Law Rep., 4/i4i_ Mason, 8/233^ Story, 1/543. Wash. C. C, 2/378, 4/310^ 16. Accounting by factor. Refusal to accovint. Law Rep., 4/141 Mason, I/117., Story, 1/543. For decisions applicable to factors in common with Agents, generally, see Pbincipal Ain> Agent. FAILURE. Brock., 2/350 Cranch C. C, % 526. Of Qmsideralion, see Contbacts, 25. Of Issue, see Devise, 6 ; Wills, 49. Of Title, see Covenants, III ; Vendor an» Purchaser, IV, 2. 270 FALSE IMPRISONMENT— FALSE PRETENCES— FERRIES. FALSE IMPRISONMENT. 1. What amounts to false imprison- ment. WJien the action lies. Baldw., 1/571. Cranch C. C, %^_ Day, (Conn.) 3/^ Law Rep., T/ggg^ McLean, 5/257 Sawyer, 1/434 Sprague, V88. 2. "Who is liable. Baldw., 1/571 Ben., 8/4^^ Blatchf. * H., 1/356 3. Matters of defence, or in mitig'ation. Abb. U. S., 1/212. Ben., 8/4^^ Saw- jer, 1/484. Wheat., 6/204. -4. Pleading, evidence, &c. Abb. U. S., 1/212. Cranch C. C, 4/701. McLean, 5/2g7 Pet. C. C, 1/466. ■5. Damages recoverable. Abb. U. S., 1/212. Blatchf. & H., 1/331. r>Ul., 1/351. Woodb.&M., 1/262. FALSE PRETENCES. 1. What -will constitute the offence. Stat, at L., 4/j2o. Bankr. Reg., 17/34. Cranch C. C, 2/446^ 5/g^^ gee, also, Oeiminal Law, 28. 2. 'What is a false "token" or "pre- tence." Cranch C. C, 4/g3 S. Jurisdiction of the offence. • Cranch C. C, ^/gog. 4. Indictment, evidence, &c. Bankr. Reg., 16/337 Cranch C. C, ^liil, ^/83, %47 FALSE REPRESENTATIONS. Peattd, 2-4; Insdhance, 33-35, 106, 114; Sales, 49, 52; Vendor and Puk- CHASEB, 11. FALSE SWEARING. Cbiminax I^aw, 39 ; Perjxjey, 1. FEDERAL COURTS. CmcuiT CotTRTs; CotTETs; District CtouRTs; Supreme Court. FEDERAL QUESTIONS. What questions originating in state courts, are reviewable, in error, by U. S. Supreme Court; see Error, II, 2. FEE SIMPLE. Devise, 13, 14. FEES. Attorney AND Client, III ; Bankruptcy 252-257; Clerks, 4; Commissiomb, 6 Costs, 37, 53-57 ; Duties, 26-29, 35-37 Internal Eevbnue, 34; Marshals, III Witnesses, I. FEIGNED ISSUES. Equity, 39-42. FERRIES. 1. What is a ferry, Blatchf., 14/159 -Dill., 2/335 / 2. Power to establish and license fer- ries. Black, 1/603. Cranch C. C, 2/^53 Minn., 1/202. Morr., (Iowa) 1/343/ ^ewb. Adm., l/24i_ 1/256. 3. Nature of the fi-anchise, and rem- edy for disturbance. Black, 1/603. How., l/i89, lO/g^j^ Mc- Lean, 2/3^g_ Sprague, I/23. 4. Interpretation of ferry charters. Blatchf., 14/^59 How., S/ggg 16/ 23/435. McAll., 1/370. FERRIES— FISHERIES— FIXTURES. 271 5. Regulation of ferries imder laws of Oregon Territory. Oreg., 1/35, V39, V197. 6. Liability of ferryman, or company, for injuries caused by negli- gence. Abb. Adm., 1/384. 1. Statutory provisions relating to ferry-boats. Rev. Stat., § 2792, 4233, 4370, 4426. ^lafcchf., 4/24_ 5/^9g_ As to collisions between ferry-boats, or be- tween ferry-boats and other vessels, see CoiLl- siojj, 24. FIDUCIARY CAPACITY. Bankruptcy, 225. FIERI FACIAS. Execution, I. FILING. Chattel Mobtgages, 4 ; Exceptions, 15 ; Judgments, 35-40. FILLING BLANKS. Bills op Exchange, 5, 04; Pbomissoky Notes, 5, 30, 127. FIRE INSURANCE. Insueance, II. FISHERIES. 1. How a right of fishery may be ac- quired ; and in what waters. Baldw., 1/go. Olc. Adm., l/is, 2. "What waters are common to the public. Pet., 16/367 3. Rights of riparian owners. Baldw., l/eo. 4. Powers of the states to regulate internal fisheries. Abb. L. J., 15/413. Baldw., l/go. How., I8/71 Hughes, 1/593. C)lc. Adm.,l/i8. Otto, 4/391. Wall., 15/500. Wash. C. C, 4/371 5. Penalties for illegal fishing. Baldw., l/eo. 6. Distinction between the cod and mackerel fisheries. Cliff., 1/532. Law Rep., n. s., 4/335 Sumn., I/516. Ware, I/257. 7. Decisions relating to the whale fishery. Law Rep., n. s., 8/27. Low., a/gg^ %07. Sprague, I/130, I/315. 8. Enrollment and license of fishing vessels. Rev. Stat., § 4320, 4321, 4340, 4341. Sumn., I/516. Ware, 1/257, 2/g_ 9. Forfeiture of fishing vessel for illicit trade, and various other grounds. Rev. Stat., § 4337, 4365, 4371, 4392. Cliff., 1/532. Cranch, 7/100. Gall., l/ng. Int. Rev. Rec, II/117. Sawyer, 4/iog Story, 1/251. Ware, 1/21, 1/343. 10. Fishing bounties. How., 17/204. Law Rep., n. s., 11/466. Op. Att.-Gen., 18/423. Sprague, I/232, 1/558. Story, 1/251. Sumn.,1/516. Ware, 1/21, ^/343, ^k. FIXTURES. 1. What are fixtures, generally. MacArth, 2/54 Mason, 8/459. ^^t., 2/137. 272 FIXTURES— FORCIBLE ENTRY— FORFEITURES. 2. — as bet'ween vendor and pur- chaser Cranch C. C, 1/99. 3. — mortgagor and mortgagee. McLean, 4/3^^ 4. — landlord and tenant. Ben., S/gg Col. T., 2/373 Cranch C. C, 1/368. Pet., %37 Wall., 2/49i_ See, also. Landlord and Tenant, lO. FLORIDA. As to the Politico}- organization of the state, see States, 25. For decisions respecting Private land claims in Florida, under Spanish grants, see Pbivate Land Claims, II. FORBEARANCE. Contracts, 17 ; Guaranty, 15 ; Princi- pal AND SxntETY, 18-21. FORCIBLE ENTRY. L wno may maintain it. Necessity of actual possession. Biss., 6/g8 Cliic. L. N., %is_ Col. T., 3/^32 Hempst., l/gg. Mont. T., V514. Oreg., 1/90. 2. The complaint. Burn., (Wis.) 1/150^ I/220. Minn., l/gg, 3. The inquisition, evidence, vyer, 4/629. 3. Uttering forged paper. Abb. U. S., 1/135. Baldw., 1/366. Cranch C. C, 2/243^ 2/296_ 4/3^9 Wall, IV432. 4. "What indictments are sufficient. Abb. U. S., 1/135. Baldw., I/370. Biss., 4/59^ 4/^o5_ 4/3Q2. Blatchf., 2/59^ 4/337, 4/385, 1%11. Cranch C. C, I/215, V369, ^/lll, ^/441, 4/l67, 4/229, 4/304, 4/335, 5/371. Mason, 2/464 Wall., II/432. 5. Admissibility and sufficiency of the evidence. Baldw., 1/292, ^/366, ^/514, V519. Cranch C. C, I/215, 2/296, S/syi. Curt., V364. Hoffm. L. Cas., I/161, l/iss. Mason, 2/464 Phil., (Pa.) 6/373. Wash. c. c, 4/726, 4/729. 6. Variance between indictment and proof. Baldw., 1/292. Cranch C. C, I/215, 4/229. 7. Punishment. Rev. Stat., § 5413-5423. Cranch C. C, 4/304 McLean, ^j^^^^ FORMER ADJUDICATION. Crvn, Eights, 5-7. Judgment, 53-89. FORTHCOMING BONDS. Exectttion, 34. FRAUD. [Comprises only general principles as to what acts or representations are, or are not fraudulent, and the remedies at the command of the person wronged or deceived. The following titles should be consulted for decisions on the effect of fraud or deceit upon the matters and questions there treated; Assignments; BANKBtrPTCY Bills of Exchange : Chattel Mortgages CoNTEACTs; Deeds; Mortgages; Peomisso ET Notes; Sales; Vendor and Puechasee Wills. The circumstances which will render a con- veyance fraudulent as against the grantor's creditors, are treated under Feaitdtjlent Con- veyances.] FRAUD, I, II. 275 I. "What Amounts to Frattd ok Deceit ; AND ITS ETEECT. II. Eemedies eok Fraud. 1. Action for damages, at law. 2. Suit for relief, in equity. 3. Setting up fraud as a defence. I. WHAT AMOUNTS TO FKAUD OK DE- CEIT ; AND ITS EFFECT. 1. In general. Hempst., 1/704. How., 10/174^ IS/^g^ McLean, 6/^7^ Story, 3/^gj^ Wash. €. C, 3/546. Woods, 1/368. 2. False representations, generally. Cliff., 1/501. Cranch, 7/69_ Pet., ^/299,1%. Story, 2/481. Wall., 13/379. Woodb. & M., iJ/217. See, also, In- surance, 33-35, 106, U4. ■3. False representations made through third persons. Sumn., 3/1 Woodb. & M., 1/343, ^/246. -4. Mistaken assertions honestly made. ' Cranch, 7/69 How., IS/igg. Mason, ^/lOl. ■ Wheat., 1/179 5. Concealment. Blatchf., 14/411. Bond, 2/42 Brock., 2/43. ■6. Silence. Pet., 13/107, 1%87. Sumn., 2/206. See, also, Estoppel, 26. 7. Undue influence. How., 8/i83 Wheat., 12/199 See, also, CoNTEACTS, 55 ; Wills, 31. 3. Proof of fraud. Burden of proof. Abb. U. S., 2/39S Ben., 6/68 Black, l/gO. Cliff., 1/269, 2/70. Cranch C. C, %76. How., 9/356, 15/272, ^''/sSD, ^^/69, 23/i72. McLean, 2/519^ S/gg^^ 6/473. Mason, %j2. ^- Y. Leg. Obs., IO/225. Pet., 4/29i_ 295, 6/691, 12/178. Pet. C. C, 1/85. Story, 2/421^ s/gjg Sumn., 3/1. Wall, ,3/396^ 7/132 Wash. C. C, ^/l84, ^/546, ^/l39. 9. "When inferred from circumstances. Baldw., 1/344 Gall., 1/104. Hemps.t., I/1I8. McLean, S/ggg^ S/ggg^ 4/^3^^ 5/i7Q_ 5/457, 6/23. Pet., 8/244. Story, 2/g9_ Ware, 2/323. Woodb. & M., %s, 3/456, 480. 10. Effect of inadequacy of considera- tion to prove fraud. Abb. U. S.,- 1/525. ^m- L. Eeg., 2/712. ' Brock., 2/311 Hempst., 1/715. Holmes, I/67. How., 1^/42. McLean, %32. Sawyer, I/99. ^ 11. Effect of fraud upon the transac- tion. Blatchf., 4/28 Cranch C. C, 1/214, 1/585. Ct. of CL, 5/526. How., 18/211' McLean, 6/109 Pe*-, ^lo, ^!u, ^^Im. Wall., 6/561. Wash. C. C, ^1^6. Wheat., 2/i4g Woodb. & M., 2/329 II. REMEDIES FOR FRAUD. 1. Action for damages, at law. 12. Jurisdiction. How., 19/211. McAll., l/eo. Mason, , 2/478. Pet., 12/11. Wash. C. C, 4/715. 13. Concurrent jiu:isdiction of federal and state courts. McLean, 3/494 Story, S/gjg 14. "WTien an action for damages will lie. Cranch, 7/69^ Cranch C. C, 2/ig4^ 5/603. McLean, 4/i62. Wall., 18/456. 15. "When it will not. Cranch, 7/59 Cranch C. C, 5/439^ How., 13/i98. Mason, 3/ioi. 276 FEAUD, II— FRAUDULENT COISTVEYANCES, I. 16. Rules of pleading. Cranch, ^/gg^ Cranch C. C, ^l4ZQ, McLean, 1/414^ e/gg^ 17. — of evidence. Pitteb, (Pa.) 1/531. Wall., 13/456. 18. Amotmt of recovery. McLean, ^Jiq^. Woodb. & M., ^I^n^ See, also, Damages, 24. 2. Suit for relief, in equity. 19. Po-wer of equity to grant relief. Bankr. Eeg., is/^^g, McAll., l/go. McLean, 2/519 Mason, 4/3^9 Pet.,12/ii^ 14/114. Sumn., 1/504. Wall., 9/364 Wash. C-C, 4/715. Wheat., 9/532. Woodb. & M., i/go. See, also. Equity, 25. 20. The right of action. "WTio may Bue. Black, l/go. How., 19/323. McLean, 1/460. Pet., 5/264^ 12/i78_ 21. "When lapse of time is a bar. Curt., 2/202. Ho^v ^/503, "/69. Mc- Lean, 1/96. 22. Rules of pleading. Black, 2/499 How., 7/i32^ 15/42_ IS/ggj 19/69,22/473,23/190. Wall. Jr., 2/309. 23. — of evidence. Black, l/go. Curt., I/206. Hempst., 1/251. Law Rep., 9/^60. Story, S/gig Woodb. & M., 1/90. 24. The relief granted. How., 2/619^ 13/239_ 3. Setting up fraud as a defence. 25. "WTien available as a defence; and ho-w pleaded. How., 2/3,g_ 19/2„_ 19/323^ 22/330. McAll., 1/60. McLean, 3/29^^ 3/3^3^ 26. Evidence of the fraud. Burden of proof. Cart., 2/259 McLean, Sf^sr. Pet. C. C, 1/85. Wash. C. C, 3/184. Ab to fraud in Sales of chattels, see Saies, 49, 52. In Sales of land, see Vendob and PimcHAS=- EE, 11, 49, 50. FRAUDS, (statute of.) CONTBACTS, III; GUABANTT, II; SAXES, I,. 2 ; Vendob aijd Pubchasee, 2-5. FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES. I. What Coiiveyances abb FEATiDnLENT. II. Eights or Cbeditoks, PtjacHASEBS, and Thlrd Persons. III. Vacating. Setting Aside. I. WHAT CONVEYANCES ARE FRAUD- ULENT. 1. Interpretation of statutory pro- visions. Cranch, I/309. Gall., I/419. Pet.^ 13/107. 2. "What conveyances are fraudulent, generally. Am. L. Reg., 7/536 Bankr. Reg., ^/548,1%67. Ben., 8/439_ Chic. L. N., 9/65. How., 10/102, 24/224. Pet, 12/178. Pet. C.C, 1/460. Taney, 1/121. Wall., %99, %62. Wash. C. C, 4/224. 3. Voluntary conveyances, generally. Bankr. Reg., S/^gg Blatchf., S/g^^, 9/114. Brock., 1/500,2/132. Wheat., 8/229^ 11/ 4. — between parent and child. Brock., 2/^32 Cranch C. C, 4/54^^ ^/409. Law Rep., 5/jj_ MacArth., I/312. McLean, 1/110. Pet., 7/252, 8/204. Story, 2/312. .Wall. Jr., 1/107. See, also. Par- ent AND Child, 7. FEAXTDULENT CONVEYANCES, I, II, III. 277 •5. — bet^ween husband and -wife. Bankr. Eeg., 6/j3g Ben.,5/i84. Brock., 2/285. Cihic. L. N., 3/409_ Cranch C. C, 2/590. Deady, 1/322. DiH.^o. Mac- Arth., 1/312. McLean, 6/23_ Otto, 2/133. Wall., 8/370. Wheat., S/ggg. See, also, Gifts, 4 ; Husband and Wife, 49. 6. Effect of grantor's indebtedness, or insolvency. Bankr. Eeg., 7/97 Bond,l/345 Brock., 2/i32. How., 20/45^ 23/4„ MacArth., 1/312. McLean, l/no, "^klQ, ^/23. Pet., ^/l07, '^/252, ^/204. P''*- ^- ^-i ^460. West. Jur., 6/45^ Wheat., 8/239^ II/199. V. Effect of possession remaining in grantor. "Wben it will avoid a deed of land. Bond, 1/175 Cranch C. C, 5/^09. How., 20/45 Olc. Adm., l/i96. Wall., «/78. ■8. — of personal property. Abb. U.S., 2/60. Cranch, 1/309. Cranch ■C- C., 2/58^ 3/g2_ 3/354^ 4/39^ 4/^24, ^/729, ^/467, %56. Dill., 1/40. Gall., 1/419. ■Olc. Adm., l/i96. Taney, 1/121. Wall., 17/351. •S. "When it ■wiU not avoid a deed of land. Cranch, S/^g Cranch C. C, l/ng. Mason, 4/3^2. Pet., 8/43 10. — of personal property. Baldw., 1/528. Gall., I/419. How., 20/448. Mason, 4/i83_ 4/5^5 Pet., l/ggg, 4/147. Wash. CO., 4/418^ 4/gg2. Woodb. & M., 2/92. See, also. Chattel Mort- gages, 7. 11. Decisions turning upon the consid- eration. Bankr. Eeg., 6/139. '^°^^> Vl75, V345. Brock., ^Isn, Cranch, 8/^40^ 6/^54. Cranch C. C, 2/319. MacArth., I/312. McLean, 2/5^9 Pet., 7/343^ 9/294^ 12/341^ 13/107. Wall., 7/299. 12. Instances of conveyances attacked for fraud but sustained as valid. Brock., 2/311. Cranch, 3/^3. Cranch C.C, 5/319 How., 22/246. Paine, 2/478. Wheat., 4/503. . 13. Validity of the conveyance as be- t-ween the parties or their privies. Bankr. Eeg., 5/443 Brock., I/500. Hempst., 1/251. Mason, 2/53^^ 3/3yg_ Sawyer, 4/332. II. EIGHTS OF CEEDITOES, PUECHAS- EES AND THIED PEESONS. 14. Rights of existing creditors. Brock., 2/132 Cranch, 5/154. Cranch C. C, 1/462. How., 7/220. Story, 3/446^ Wheat., 8/229^ 11/199. 15. — of subsequent creditors. Bankr. Eeg., S/^gg Brock., 2/^32^ Pet. C. C, 1/460. Sumn., 8/439 WaU., 8/370. Wash. C. C, 4/i29_ 137. Wheat., ^/229, •'■I/199. 16. — of purchasers. Bond, 2/392 Brock., I/500. Cranch, 6/37. Cranch C. C, 2/590^ 6/499 How., 10/174,23/500. Ma^on, 2/252. Pet., 12/11. Sumn.,1/506. Wall., 6/299. Wash. C. C, 4/129. Wheat., 4/456 Woodb. & M., 3/456. 17. — of third persons. Sprague, I/40. III. VACATING. SETTING ASIDE. [Consult, also, Ceeditoes' Suit.] 18. Jurisdictional questions. Biss., 7/g6 Blatchf., I/232. How., 278 FEAUDULENT CONVEYANCES, III. 14/29 Low., 2/g7 McLean, 4/^37. Mason, 2/252^ 2/3^3 Wheat., n/ios. 19. Who may impeacli the convey- ance. Cranch C. C, 5/^09. How., '^1220, 24/224. Low., 2/gy McLean, I/246. Sprague, 1/40. Wash. C. C, 4/^29 See, also. Assignments, (for creditors,) 25. 20. Keqviisites of the bill. Wall., 2/237. 21. Parties. Otto, 5/99_ Wall., 1/81. 22. Bvirden of proof and evidence, generally. Biss., 3/j28, ^/86. Cranch C. C, 8/377. Mason, 4/3^2. Pet., 5/2g4 Sumn., 2/251. Wall., 8/362. 23. Evidence of admissions and de- clarations. Col. T., 2/473_ Wall., 6/299 "/666. See, also, Eatdence, 123. 24. The decree, and ho'w enforced. Otto, 5/3^ 7/304_ For the effect of fraudulent acts or represen- tations As between the parties to the conveyance^ see Vendor and Pubchasee, II. FREIGHT. BrtiLS OP Lading, 8 ; Caebiees, 24, 33 ; Chlaetee Paeties, 25; Insueanob, 6, 59^ 65, 87 ; Shipping, IV. FRENCH GRANTS. Peivate Land Claims, IV. FUGITIVES. Appeentices, 6 ; Exthadition ; SiAvis, 18. FURTHER ASSURANCE. Covenants, 15. FUTURE ESTATES. Devise, 12, 20 ; Estates, 5, 6. GALVESTON. Municipal Coepoeations, 41. GAMING. Cbiminai. Law, 42 ; Wagee, 1. GARNISHMENT. Attachment. GENERAL AVERAGE. Insueanoe, 1, 11 ; Shipping, VIII, I G GENERAL ISSUE. Pleading, 30. GEORGETOWN. MuNiciPAi Coepoeations, 42. GEORGIA. As to the Political organisation of the state^ see States, 26. For decisions respecting Primte land daimt in Georgia, under Spanish grants, see Gbants j Peivate Land Claims, III. As to the Puhlic land system of the state, see- PuBLic Lands, 100. GIFTS— GEANTS, I, II. 279 GIFTS. 1. General nature of a gift and. what constitutes it. Law Rep., n. s., 13/g^g Woodb. & M., 3/519. 2. Validity and effect. Bankr. Reg., 6/305_ Ct. of CI., ^lo. 3. Liability of donee to creditors of donor. Brock., 1/500, ^/l32. 4. Q-ifts bet-ween husband and wife. Law Rep., 5/^^ Pet. C. C, l/ne. Story, 2/3-^2 See, also. Fraudulent Conveyances, 5; Husband and Wipe, 49. 5. Revocation. Woodb. & M., 3/519 6. Gifts in view of death. Cent. L. J., ^/jQg Law Rep., 8/1I6. Story, 3/755 Woodb. & M., ^/519. 7. Penalties for accepting gifts by public officers. Rev. Stat., § 1784, 2637, 3169, 3170, 4187, 4373, 5012. 8. Statutory provisions respecting gift enterprises. Rev. Stat., § 3894, 3929, 4041. See title Lotteries GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS. CONTEACTS, XI. GRAND JURY. Indictment, 1 ; Juries, 1, 2. GRANTS. [Consult, also. Private Land Claims; Public Lands.] I. General Principles. II. Interpretation and Eepect. III. Validity. Impeaching. I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 1. The power to convey by grant. Cranch, S/gy. Hoffm. L. Cas., 1/249, 1/313. McAll., 1/480. McLean, l/igs. Op. Att.-Gen., 8/255. Pet., H/igg, ^^95, 14/4, 16/367. Wall., 1/412, 1/746, 1/766. Wheat., 8/543^ 12/523 2. "WTiat constitutes a grant; and herein of legislative grants. Cranch, 3/^^ T/^g^ How., l^/go. McAll., 1/142. McLean, S/^gg Ma-' son, 4/2g8_ Otto, 3/^8 Pet., 8/4^^^ 12/410, 436. Wall. Jr., 1/275. Wheat.,' 1/476, 2/l96. 3. Formal requisites of a grant. Au- thentication, recording, illv V587, ^/ll6. Int. Rev. Rec, 9/1,23/80. Pet., 7/5g3_ 9/704_ Wall., 4/3^ 18/163. Wall.Jr.,2/52j_ 17. Review of habeas corpus proceed- ings. Rev. Stat., § 763, &c., 1909. Dak. T., l/l40, Vl42. How., 5/jQ3 Wall., 4/2,8/85. HIG HWAYS— HOMESTEADS. 285- 18. S\aspension of the •wrrit. Stat, at L,, 12/755 Abb. U. S., I/212. Am. L. Eeg., % 9/534. Blatchf., 5/g3_ Deady, 1/233. Hempst., I/306. How. Pr., 25/^67. ^^^ ReT^., N. S., 14/78_ Op. Att.-Gen., 8/355 Sprague 2/^3^ 2/91. Taney, 1/246. Wall., % HALF BLOOD. Descent, U. HANDWRITING, EviDENCB, 136 ; Witnesses, lOO, 102. HARBOR REGULATIONS. As to the power of a state to establish, under the constitutional provision giving Congress exclusive control of commerce, see Commekce, 27. HEARSAY. Evidence, I, 5. HIGH SEAS. ADMiBAiTT, 8 ; Deeinitions ; Homicide, 2, 5, 9. HIGHWAYS. 1. Establishment by dedication. Blatchf., 5/366. Cranch C. C, 4/i6o. See title Dedication. 2. Or preeoiiption, user, &o. Mason, 4/3jq_ Woodb. & M., 2/337. 3. "What is a highway. Black, 1/23. Chic. L. N., 6/397. Cranch C. C, I/444, 4/^60, ^Im. Int. Rev. Rec, ^'^Ins. 4. Title to land set apart as a high- ■way. Mason, ^Iii2. Newb. Adm., 1/541, Pet., 6/498_ 10/25_ 10/ge2. Sumn., I/21. 5. Rights of the public, and adjoining ovsmers. Blatchf., 5/3yg 6. Inquisitions of damages on laying out highways. Cranch C. C, 1/535, ^ki, %99, ^/es, ^/75, ^/l23, ^/534, ^/595. 7. LlabiUty of towns for defects in highways. Cliff., S/gj Curt, 1/497. McLean, 4/333 Woodb. & M., 2/337 See, also,. Damages, 23. 8. Penalties for obstructions. Cranch C. C, ^Iiqq_ 9. Liabilities of highway ofllcers. Cranch C. C, 1/417. MacArth., 1/332.. HIRING. Of Chattels, or Services upon them, see Bail- ment, 6, 7. Of Lands, see Landlord and Tenant, II. Of Vessels, see ChabtfjB Parties. HOMESTEADS. 1. Upon the public lands. Eev. Stat., § 2289-2317. Stat, at L., 12/392, ^%7, 17/333 1%37. ^'^^^■> ^/437. 2. Under laws of California. Sawyer, 2/331, %05. 3. — Florida. Bankr. Reg., 12/243. "Woods, 2/g57_ 4. — Illinois. Biss., 5/125, %26. Wall., 14/463. 286 HOMESTEADS— HOMICIDE. 5. — Kansas. Dill., 2/339. ^. — Missouri. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 10/57. Bankr. Beg., 16/382. Dillv 2/45, 2/92. ■7. — Kebraska. Dill., 2/290, 2/320. ■8. — South Carolina. Hughe-s, 2/2S3_ «. — Texas. Wall., 21/481. 10. — Virginia. Am. L. Rec, S/ggg. Hughes, 2/207^ 11. — Wisoonsia. Bankr. Reg., 14/460. Biss., S/ggg^ ^/l9, %6, ^/269. Cent. L. J., S/gg^ As to the recognition of the homestead Ex- emplion in bankruptcy proceedings, see Bank- BUPTCY, 123. HOMICIDE. 1. Jurisdiction of federal courts in murder cases, generally. Cranoh C. C, 1/543. Hempst., I/304. McCah-On, l/jgg Siimn., 2/4g2_ Woolw., 1/17, V75. 2. — in cases of homicide on the high seas. Rev. Stat., § 6372, 5373. Stat, at L., 1/113, 4/115, 11/250. Cranch C. C, 1/543. Curt., 2/44g Dal)., 4/42g„- Hempst., 1/481. N. Y. Leg, Obs., 1/371. Wash. C. C, 1/463, 3/78»., 4/702. Wheat, 5/7g; ^/l44, ^/l84, ^/412. 3. — in the Indian country, upon re- servations, &c. Dak. T., 1/320. Sawyer, ij^^^^ See, also, Indians, 7. 4. — or in places ceded to the tJnited States. Rev. Stat., § 5339. Mason, 2/91 5. "Wliat -waters are deemed to be the "high seas." Blatchf., 3/435 Gall., 1/524. Mason, 1/1 52, I/36O, 4/307, ^/290. Wheat., S/ggg^ ^/76, ^/l84. Wheeler, 3/433^ 6. What killing amounts to murder. Cranch C.C, 4/484 Curt., l/i. Gall., 1/624. Mason, 4/go5_ Woolw., I/75, l/igg. 7. Aiding and abetting. Rev. Stat., § 5323, 5333. Blatchf., 2/207. Glall., 1/624. 8. The criminal intent, malice, and premeditation. Gall., 1/624. Mason, 2/gi 9. "What constitutes murder on the high seas. Dall., 4/42g. Wash. C. C, 1/463. 10. Form and requisites of the indict- ment. Biss., 4/29 Blatchf., 5/84 Cliff., 1/5. Dak. T., 1/451. Mart., (N. C.) 1/79. Wash. T., 1/23. Woolw., 1/75 11. Admissibility and competency of the evidence, generally. Curt., 2/44g Mason, S/gj^ 12. Admissibility of dying declara- tions. Cranch C. C, I/71, l/n^^ 4/338^ 13. Proof of the corpus delicti. Cliff., 1/g. Sumn., 2/ig Wall. Jr., 1/1. 14. The burden of proof. Curt, 2/i_ 2/44g Law Rep., 7/331 15. Proof of malice and premeditation; and presumptions relative thereto. Curt.,2/44g Wheeler, 2/4go Woolw., 1/75. HOMICIDE— HUSBAND AND WIFE, I. 287 16. Provocation, threats, bad charac- ter of the deceased, &c. Curt., 2/44g Dak. T., 1/451. Otto, 3/465. Wash. C. C, 3/5^5 Woods, ^/480. 17. "What instructions to the jury are proper. Col. T., 2/13 Wyom. T., 1/82. See, also, Trial, 66-69, 76. 18. The verdict and sentence. Kev. Stat., §5323, 5339, 5390. Wall. Jr., 1/127, See, also. Trial, 130-138. 19. What killing is manslaughter. Eev. Stat., § 5344, 5354. Cranch C- C, 2/438^ 4/434 Curt.,2/44g Mason, ^/505. Sawyer, 4/gj7_ Wheeler, 2/49o_ 20. Sufilcienoy of the indictment. Cranch C. C, 4/539 McLean, 4/4g3_ Wall. Jr., l/i. » 21. The trial and punishment. Rev. Stat., § 5341-5343. Stat, at L., I8/473 Blatchf., 2/528. Cranch C. C, 2/ii4_ 2/g2o^ 3/205_ ^j^^^^ McLean, %3, 5/242. Wash. C. C, 4/702. 22. Excusable homicide. Cranch C. C, 4/539 23. Justifiable homicide. Abb. U, S., 2/2gg Curt., 2/j_ Law liePv 7/435. Wall. C. C, 1/1. Wash. C. C, 3/515. Woods, 1/480. 24. The civil action for causing death. Alb. L. J., 15/78, 1^84. Biss., 1/412, V453, 4/448. Blatchf., 14/g5. Cent. L. Jv %82. Chase Dec, I/145, I/150. Chic. L. N., 10/411. Dillv 3/124, %34. Mason, 4/330 Otto, S/gg^ 5j^^_ Wall., 5/90. Ware, I/75. HORSE RAILROADS. Eaiikoad Companies, IV. HUSBAND AND WIFE. I. The Makkiage Contract. II. Mabbiage Settlements. III. Eights and Liabilities of the Hus- band. IV. Eights and Disabilities of the Wipe. V. Sep abate Estate of the Wife. VI. Effect of the Eelation on the TenUBE and TeANSFEE of liAJSTD. VII. Contbacts and Dealings Between Them. 1. In general. 2. Agreements for separate mainteTiance. VIII. Actions by and Against Httsband and Wife. IX. DrvoECE. I. THE MAEEIAGE CONTEACT. 1. General nature of the contract. Deady, I/268. 2. "What constitutes a valid marriage, generally. Abb. U. S., 1/525. How., 10/174. Sawyer, l/gg. Wall., 3/^75 3. Effect of law of place. Abb. U. S., 1/525. Blat«hf., 2/5i_ Sawyer, 1/99. Woods, I/537. 4. Effect of prior marriage, divorce, &o. Blatchf., 2/51^ How., 6/550^ 21/582 Bet., 1/105. Wall., 6/g42. 5. Is mutual consent expressed in verba de prsesenti, sufacient 9 Abb. U. S., 1/525. How., 1/219, 233, %50, l«/l74. Int. Rev. Rec, 24/ig3 Otto, 6/76. Sawyer, 1/99. 288 HUSBAND AND WIFE, I, II, III, IV. 6. Promise to marry in future, fol- lowed by cohabitation. Abb. U. S., 1/525. How., 1/219, 233. Sawyer, I/99. 7. Proof of marriage, generally. How., 6/5.50^ 12/472. Wall, 3/,75 8. — by reputation, cohabitation, eady, I/268. Wall., le/ig. 34. Powers given to the wife, gener- ally. Am. L. Rec, I/533. Ben., 4/^9^ Biss., 3/405. Chic. L. N., 1/401. Mac- Arth., 2/291 2/^27. Wall., 9/108, 15/471. s 35. Charges upon the separate estate : Bills and notes. Biss., 6/16. Blatchf., 13/282. Conn. 43/569. Col.' T., 2/294. 36. Conveyances, and other sealed instruments. Biss., 7/358^ Woods, 2/467. 37. Liabihty of separate estate for husband's debts. Blatchf., 7/495 Otto, 1/122, ^/22, */580. Woods, 2/467, 2/675. 38. — for debts of wife incurred in carrying on business. Bankr. Reg., 7/439 Biss., 8/405. Chic. L.N., 5/217. 39. — for debts inctured by husband, as her agent. Blatchf, 7/495 Chic. L. N., 1/353, 5/241. See, also, ante, 32. 40. "Wife as surety for husband. Bankr. Reg., 8/27, 12/507. Biss., 7/353 How., 6/228. VI. EFFECT OP THE EELATION ON THE TENUEE AND TRANSFEE OF LAND. 41. Tenancy of land by husband and wife as joint-owners. Bankr. Reg., 17/405. Ct. of CI., 8/330. How., I8/591. 42. Community property. How., I8/591. Woods, 2/151. 43. Conveyances by husband and wife, generally. Dill., 1/460. Wall., 2/24. WeetJur., '^/625.. 44. What conveyances will pass wife's separate estate. Alb. L. J., 12/90. Chic. L. N., 7/379 Col. T., 2/378. How., 4/225, 23/500. Ma- son, 4/45. Wall., 28/j37_ 290 HUSBAND AND WIFE, VII, VIII, IX. 45. When husband's interest only 'will pass. How., 4/225^ 19/i3o McLean, ej^^ Mason, S/g^^^ s/^g^ Otto, 4/767. 46. Necessity and suffloiency of ac- knowledgment by wife. Private examination, &c. Biss;, 4/445 How., IZ/ggg McLean, Vll, 3/230, 3/245^ 6/200 Mason, 5/g7_ Pet., 1/105, V328. 8/88, 12/345. Pet. C. C, V188, V452. Sawyer, 4/go3_ Wall., 5/795 See, also, Deeds, 26. VII. CONTKACTS AND DEALINGS BE- TWEEN THEM. 1. In general. 47. The general rule that contracts directly between husband and wife are void. Bankr. Reg., 13/22. Chic. L. N., 1/339 48. Limits and exceptions to the rule. Baldw., 1/344. Pet., 7/348_ 10/583_ Pet. C. C, 1/116. Wheat., 8/239 49. Gifts by husband to wife. Biss., 7/426 Brock., S/ggg Deady, V268. Law Rep., 5/^^ N. Y. Leg. Obs., 1/322. Pet., 10/583. Story, 2/3^2. See, also, Featjdulent Conveyances, 5; Gifts, 4. 50. Conveyances between husband and wife. Bankr. Reg., I8/289 Biss, 5l^^,j_ Chic. L. N., 6/^73 ct. of CI., 13/259 Otto, 4/22. Pet., l0/583_ Wall., I8/141 51. Right of wife to employ husband as her agent. Blatchf., 7/495 Chic. L. N., 1/353^ 5/241. Mont. T., 1/545 Wall., I6/16. ' 2. Agreements for separate maintenance. 52. Validity of such agreements. Burn., (Wis.) l/ggs. Wall, 9/743 53. Their effect. Cranch C. C, I/481. Wash. C. C, 3/48. Wheat., 2/32, 54. Effect of subsequent cohabitation. Wall., 9/743 Vin. ACTIONS BY AND AGAINST HUSBAND AND WIFE. 55. "WTien both may or miist sue. Col. T., 2/709 MacArth., l/gi. 56. When husband may sue alone. Ct. of CI., 5/692^ 7/449^ 7/49g_ 7/504^ , 57. "WTien wife may sue alone. Chic. L. N., 3/211. Ct. of CI., 4/456. 68. When wife may sue husband. How., 21/582 59. Rules of pleading and evidence. Chic. L. N., 7/121. Wall., 20/528. IX. DIVORCE. 60. Jurisdiction and powers of the court. How., 21/582. MacArth., 1/655. Utah T., 1/112. Wall.,9/,08. 61. Grounds for divorce in District of Columbia. MacArth., I/505, l/gso, 2/35. 62. Alimony; enforcing payment, &c. Cranch C. C, 1/431^ 8/359^ 4/34 Hempst., 1/58. How., 21/582. MacArth., 1/34. Wall., 9/108. Wash. T., 1/198. 63. Custody of children. Deady, 1/299. 64. Division of property. Bankr. Reg., I6/377 Chic. L. N., S/ng Otto, 1/122. Sawyer, l/i56. Wall.,9/io8. HYPOTHECATION. Batlmekt, 8; Debtor and Creditor, 22, 23. IMPRISONMENT. 291 1 IDAHO. Territories, 12. ILLEGALITY. Contracts, 60-70; Deeds, 63-66; MoRTOAGES, n ; Sales, I. ILLEGAL TRADING. Embargo and Non-Intercourse Laws; Insurance, 31 ; War, V. ILLINOIS. For decisions relating to Illiuois, In common mth the other states of the Union, see States, I. As to Public Umds in, see Public Lands, 101. IMPANELLING JURORS. Indictment, 1 ; Juries, 1, 4 ; Trial, IV. IMPEACHMENT. Of Consideration of contracts, see Contracts, 21-25 ; also, Bills or Exchange, 6 ; Prom- issory Notes, 6, 120. Of Judgments, see Judgment, III, 3. Of Discharge in bankruptcy or insolvency, see Bankruptcy, 228, 229; Insolvency, 14, 15 IMPORTS, (Duties on.) Duties.' IMPRISONMENT. [Includes only imprisonment on civil pro- cess. Imprisonment as a punishment for crime, is treated under Punishment. Such titles, also, as Arrest, Bail, Execution, should be consulted for a full view of this subject.] 1. General principles; and herein of the effect of state la^ws abolish- ing imprisonment for debt. Eev. Stat., § 990. Stat, at L., ^f^^l, 5/410. -^bb. Adm., 1/141. Abb. U. S.^ 1/66. Blatchf., %8. Curt., 2/94^ 2/491- 2/567. Low., 2/159 McLean, l/ggg, 2/322. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 7/342. Pet., 8/329. Sawyer, 1/497. Wheat., 12/370. See, also, Execution, 67. 2. Jail limits ; and bonds therefor. Eev. Stat., § 992. Cranch, S/ggg Cranch C. C, I/242, 1/546, 2/7, 2/157. Curt., l/i3g. Law Rep., I/257. Paine, V368, %00. Pet., 14/301 Sumn., 8/353 Wheat., 1/447 See, also, Aeeest, 9 ; Execution, 73. 3. Escapes ; and liability therefor. Cranch C. C, 2/459 McLean, 8/9^ 6/24. Mason, 2/4gg Paine, I/290, I/295. Pet., 4/366, 16/65. Wheat., 12/370. See, also, Maeshals, 14 ; Sheriffs, 12. 4. "When defendant is entitled to be discharged. Rev. Stat., § 991. Int. Rev. Rec, 14/205. Law Rep., 5/ig3 Vt., 22/5^2 5. Discharge, on assignment of prop- erty. Poor debtor's oath. Crabbe., I/19 Law Rep., IO/344. Woodb. & M., 3/430 See, also. Ex- ecution, 75. 6. Validity and effect of discharge. Baldw., 1/296. Crabbe, I/307. Cranch, %63. . McLean, 1/226. Paine, 2/3^^ Pet., 9/329. Sprague, I/470. Wheat., V447. For decisions upon what constitutes False im- prisonment, and the remedy therefor, see that title. 292 INDIANS. IMPROVEMENTS. Ejectment, 30-33 ; Laitolobd and Ten- ant, 11 ; MOBTGAQES, 25. INADEQUACY. Of CamidercUion, see Contbacts, 24. Of Bid at judicial sale, see Execution, 52 ; . JrsiciAi. SAiiES, 15. INCAPACITY. To make Omiract, see Contbacts, 3 ; Hus- band AND Wipe, 29-31; Infants, 3-7; Insane Febsons, 2. INCOME TAX. Inteenal Revenue, '79-84. INCORPORATION. CoBPOEATlONS, I ; and the titles of the vari- ous distinct corporate bodies. INCUMBRANCES. Chvmant against, see Covenants, 13 ; Yen- doe AND PUBCHASEE, 7. INDIANA. For decisions relating to Indiana In comnum with the other stales of the Union, see States, I. INDIANS. 1. Their status, and political condi- tion. Eev. Stat., § 2079. Alb. L. J., is/g^ Dill-j %87. Hempst., 1/483. How., I8/100. Op- Att.-Gen., %_ 7/74g_ Pet., % «/515. Sawyer, 2/^18. Wall., S/^^^^ ^/737, %61. 2. Bights and disabilities, generally. Biss., 2/377 Dill.j 1/3^ McLean, 4/82. Op. Att.-Gen., 6/49^ ^l^^ Pet., «/l. 3. Power to hold and convey land. Black., 1/352. Cent. L. J., 8/^53^ Chic. L. N., l/i69, 3/113, %17. Cianch, 6/87. Dill., 1/349, 3/4I8. How., 4/gg7^ %23, ^^/l89, ^%03, 23/457. McLean, 2/412, 4/82. Op. Att.-Gen., 3/330^ 3/322^ 4/75, 4/77, ^/746. Otto, 5/7i5_ Paine, V457. Pet., 2/2ig^ 5/1^ 9/gg3^ 9/711^ 7gQ^ 10/303, 13/195, 14/4. Wall., 6/33^ 10/3^1^ 19/591. Wheat., 8/g43_ 9/g73_ 4. Bights and privileges under treaties. Eev. Stat., § 2079-2096. Chic. L. N., l/l69. Cranch, 9/ii. Ct. of CL, 12/338. Dill-, 3/393, 3/413, 4/370, %l, 4/396. How., 2/581^ 9/35g_ lO/^^g^ 14/513^ l%7, 19/366, 23/457. Int- Rev. Rec, 19/i58. McLean, 2/4i2_5/344_ Moiit. T., 1/489. Op. Att.-Gen., S/g^g. Otto, 4/gi4_ Pet., 14/4^ 15/423. Wall., 2/525^ 5/737^ 6/33^ 10/321, 16/436, 17/211, 1%12. See, also. Treaties, II. 5. Effect of adoption into Indian tribe. Hempst., 1/450^ 1/497 How., 4/55^^ Op. Att.-Gen., 2/4^2^ 2/g93^ 4/253^ 7/1^4^ 6. Indian superintendencies, and agencies. Rev. Stat., § 2052-2156. Stat, at L., I8/177, 18/463. Ct. of CI., 1/260, 2/461, 13/217. Gilp.,l/35g. Pet., 15/423 Saw- yer, 3/161. 7. Power of congress to regulate com- merce, and punish offences in Indian country. Const., Art. I, § VIII, 4. Rev. Stat., § 2128-2157. Chic. L. N., 6/352. Dak. T., 1/320. Dill., 1/264. Hempst.j 1/27, 1/444, 1/450. How., 4/5g7_ 19/3gg_ INDIANS— INDICTMENT, I, II. 293 Int. Rev. Rec, IS/gi. McLean, I/234 V254. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/645. 0^0,3/^88. Pet., 6/515 Sawyer, 2/3g4 Wall., 8/407, li/gig See, also. Commerce, 10 ; Homicide, 3. 8. "WTiat is deemed to be Indian terri- tory. Chic. L. N., 10/227. Dak. T., I/42. How.,2/7g_ Int. Rev. Rec, l"/2o. Mont. T., 1/489. 'Oreg.,1/26. Otto, 5/204. Pet., •2/358. Sawyer, 2/3ii_ 4/121 Wall., 2/525. ;©. Offence of selling liquor to Indians ; and havr prosecuted. Rev. Stat., § 2139-2141. Cent. L. J., 3/383 Chic. L. N., 5/352. Dak.T., 1/5. Dill., 1/451. Int. Rev. Rec, 17/20. Mont. T., 2/234. Oreg.,1/26. Otto,3/i88. I'et., 2/358_ Sawyer, 2/334^ S/g^g^ 8/33^^ 4/121. Wall., 3/407. 10. Other offences in Indian country. Jurisdiction, &c. Abb. U. S., 1/377. Dill., 1/271. Hempst., l/304_ 1/422, ^/450, ^469, ^/483, V562, ^643. How., 4/5g7^ Ibj^^^^ Mc- •Cahon, 1/199, 1/206. Pet., 6/515 Saw- jer, 2/i48. Woolw., I/17, I/192. 11. Validity and effect of state statutes respecting Indians. How., 2l/3ee Pet,, 6/515 Wall., ■3/407, 5/737. Wheat., l/ii5_ 1/155, 9/673. INDICTMENT: INFORMATION. [Consult, also, the titles of the various crimes, such as Assault, II ; Countebfeiting ; False Pretences ; Forgery ; Homicide ; Larceny ; MuTUfY ; Piracy ; Perjury ; Bobbery, &c. ; also, Criminal Law, II.] I. The Finding. II. Form and Contents. III. Plea. Motion to Qttash. I. THE FINDING. 1. Organization and conduct of grand jury. Rev. Stat., § 1021. Blatchf., 2/^35^ 4/418. Cranch C. C, I/45, 1/43, 8/441' Dill., 1/485. Gall., 2/3g4_ McLean, 6/go4. See, also. Juries, l. 2. Tune of finding. Limitations. Rev. Stat., § 1043-1046. IL FOEM AND CONTENTS. 3. The caption. Cliff., 1/5. Dall., 2/335_ McLean, 6/56. Mont. T., 2/170. N- Y. Leg. Obs., 1/388. Wheeler, 2/335. 4. "When a criminal offence may be prosecuted by information. Rev. Stat., § 1022. Abb. U. S., 1/431. Cent. L. J., 1/205. ChicL. K, 4/105. Dill., 3/275 Int- Rev. Rec, 15/57. Sawyer, 1/701^ 4/2ii_ 5. Charging the offence, generally. Abb. U. S., 1/28, 2/i69. Blatchf., 5/84, 13/178. Cranch' C. C, l/gg, 2/43^ 3/441, ^/335, %07, ^/719, %78, %90, %73. Dak. T., 1/320. Gall., I/497. Hughes, 1/448. I"*- ^^^- Rec, 13/195 . McLean, V429, %98. Otto, 2/542 Sprague, 2/^. Wall., 17/168. Woods, 1/581. 6. Naming and describing the ac- cused. Baldw., 1/234. Blatchf., 13/376. Cranch. C. C, I/593, ^ke, ^kn, ^Ih6. Curt., 2/265. McLean, 4/3 7. Following the words of the statute. Baldw., 1/78. Ben., 3/29. Biss., 7/129. Blatchf., 8/48. Chase Dec, I/531. Cranch C. C, 1/593. Curt., 2/265. Gall., .2/15. Int. Rev. Rec, 15/32 Low., I/232. Me- 294 INDICTMENT, II, III. I^ean, S/^g^^ 4/3^ Mason, 2/^29, %56. Sawyer, I/507. Wheat., 8/391. 8. Averment of time at -wliich the of- fence -was committed. Cranch C. C, l/gg, 1/46, V571. Hempst., 1/gi Int. Rev. Rec, 2/j^33. Low., V199. McLean, %9 Pittsb., . (Pa.) 3/g Sawyer, 8/337 Wash. C. C, 4/547. Wyom. T., 1/78. 9. — of place ■where committed. Baldw., 1/78. Cliff., Sj^s. Cranch G. C, 4/g23_ Mason, S/ggg^ Sumn., 3/12. Taney, I/34 Wheeler, 2/325 10. Averment of criminal intent. Blatchf., 4/4jg 12/49^ Call., 4/412. How., 8/41 McLean, 6/gg_ Mason, 5/l92. Wash. C. C, 1/363. 11. Charging t-wo or more offences. Rev. Stat., § 1024. Biss., ^j^g^ Blatchf., 4/337^ 6/7j^ 12/49J Cranch C. C-, l/i63, %0, %41, %7. Deady, 1/204 McLean, e/^gg e/^gg Pet. C. C, 1/131. 12. "What am.ounts to a variance. Baldw., 1/292. McLean, S/^^g^ e/^g^ Mason, 2/239 Sumn., Sj^^ 13. "WTiat will be deemed to be sur- plusage. Chic. L. N., 3/193 Cranch C. C, %5,%7. Curt., 1/364. Day, (Conn.) 3/283. McLean, 3/333^ S/^gg Mason, ^/l29 ^/475. Sumn., S/ig Wash. C. C, ■^/363. 14. Conclusion. ^iss., 4/105 Cranch C. C, I/411 V414, V444, %9. Gall., 1/497 Hempst., Vei, V62. Int- Rev. Rec, IS/g Ma- son, 2/143^ 3/i5g Paine, 2/451 Sumn., 2/19. Wyom. T., 1/311. 15. Signature of district attorney. Blatchf., 4/418 Hempst., I/30. 16. Indorsement of name of prosecu- tor. Call, (Va.) 6/245 Cranch C. C, l/gg,. VsS, V237, ^/323, ^/510, 2/439, ^/l79, %87,. %45, %34, 4/464, %7. Hempst., 1/30^ Wyom. T., I/20. 17. Furnishing copy to prisoner. Rev. Stat., § 1033. Cranch C. C.,. l/l78. Dak. T., 1/320. 18. Amendments of indictments and Informations. Cranch C. C, 1/33 I/55 1/56. Mac- ^rth., l/4g6 McLean, 3/4g9_ III. PLEA. MOTION TO QUASH. 19. Plea or demurrer. Plea in abate- ment. Rev. Stat., § 1026. Blatchf., IS/ggg^ 14/6. Cranch C. C, 1/323, V414, 8/441,' ^/457. Curt., 2/ig3_ Dill., 1/435. Low., 2/267. McLean, 3/333^ Mason, 2/91^ j^g^^ N. Y. Leg. Obs., 8/257. Sprague, 1/227^ Woods, 2/197 See, also, Abatement,. 21. 20. Motion to quash. Stat, at L., i7/i98 Abb.'U. S., 1/364, 1/431. Blatchf., 14/g9 Bond, 2/333' Brock., l/i5g. Cranch C. C, 1/215, 2/46^ 4/444, %4, -4/467, 4/731. Curt., 2/265' Call., 2/3g4 Sawyer, 1/531 Wheat.,. 12/460. INDIVIDUAL LIABILITY. Of Officers and stockholders in corporations, set Baitks, 17 ; CoBPORATioNs, 37-41. Of Personal representatives, and Trustees, see ExECUTOES AND Administratoks, 37, 40,. 41 ; Trusts, 31-34. INFANTS. 295 INDORSEMENT. Of BlU of lading, see BiLis of Lading, IS- IS. Of CommereiaL paper, see Bills or Exchange, IV ; Pbomissoby Notes, IV. Of Indicbments, see Indictment, 16. INEVITABLE ACCIDENT. Cakkiers, 18-23 ; Collision, 4-9. INFANTS 1. Status of infants ; and judicial su- pervision over tliem. Otto,7/3g9 Pet., 9/g2. 2. Tlierr disabilities and privileges. Cranch C. C, l/eio. Hempst., I/223. 3. Voidability of infants' contracts, generally. Mason, l/yi, Wheeler, Z/ggi. •4. Contracts for necessaries. Cranch C. C, S/gyg. 5. Contracts for services. Ben., l/i83. Cranch C. C, ^^bl. 6. Bills and notes. Cranch C. C, I/342. 7. Conveyances. Int. Rev. Rec, SS/^g^^ Pet., lO/gg. Wall., 9/617. 8. The right to disaflflrm; and ■what amounts to disaflBrmance. Int. Rev. Rec, SS/jg^ Pet., lO/sg, 9. Afflm na.nce, or confirmation after majority. Cranch C. C, 3/376. Pet., lO/gg. Wall., 10. Sales of infants' lands. Am. L. Reg., N. s., lO/gg^ Chic. L. N., 6/113. Cl'ffv V565 How., 14/346. Otto, 1/638. See, also, Guardian akd Waed, 5. 11. Responsibility for -wrongs and frauds. Cranch, e/ggg. How., 2/376. 12. The protection accorded by the coiui;s, in suits. Hempst., 1/251. Otto,- 7/359 Pet., ®/l28, ^/62, ^^/l66. 13. The defence of infancy, and how •waived. Cranch C. C, I/342. 14. Enlistment in army or navy. Rev. Stat., § 1117, 1118, 1342, 1418- 1420,1624. Cranch C.C, 5/554. Hempst., ^/306. Mason, 1/71 Wheeler, 2/531 See, also, Army, 24; Navy, 13. As to the effect of infancy to suspend the running of the Statute of limitations, see Limita- tions 01- Actions, 55. As to the capacity of an infant to Pass prop- erty by will, see Wills, 2. INFORMATION. To enforce Forfeitures and Penalties, gener- ally, see Foefeitukes, 9 ; Penalties, 8. For forfeitures and penalties under the Oua- toms laws, see Duties, IX ; under the Internal revenue laws, see Internal BEVBNtTE, VI INFORMERS. Who may be, their shares, &c., in Proceeds of forfeitures, see Fobfeitukbs, 15; Internal Kevenxte, 109 ; Penalties, 9. INFRINGEMENT. Of Oopyi-ight, see Copyright, VII ; Injunc- tion, 26. Of Franchise, see Corporations, 15, &c. ; Feeeies, 3. Of Injunction, see Contempt, 5; Injunc- tion, 47. 296 INJUNCTION, I, II. Of Paieid, see Patents, XII; Injuitc- MON, 31. Of Trademark, see Tbademakks, 5 ; Injunc- tion, 34. INHABITANCY. Meaning of, as distinguished from "domicile," or "residence," see Domicilb, 1. INJUNCTION. I. GrBNERAI, PbINCIPLIS. II. Staying Peooebdingb at Law. III. Otheb Cases in which the Wbit wh-l Lie. rV. Granting and Dissolving. V. Damages on Dissolution. L GENEEAL PRINCIPLES. 1. Jurisdiction to grant tlie writ. Rev. Stat., § 718, 719. Abb. U. S., ^/416. Dill., 1/469. Holmes, 1/348. Saw- yer, VeSS. Wall., 10/327. Woods, 2/621. Woolw., l/es. See, also, Cikctjit COUKTS, 86. 2. The nature of the right sought to be protected. Am. L. Reg., S/^^g Blatchf., 5/235 Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/152, ^Iu7. How., 23/435. McAli., 1/370. ' 3. The injury apprehended. Bias., 4/35 Bond, 1/422. Cliff-, V247. Cranch C. C, 1/443^ S/^^g. McLean, ^/337, %16. 4. "When the writ will be granted, generally. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 10/449 Blatchf., ^/70, 5/151, 5/259, %25, 12/298. Dill., I/469. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/341^ 2/553 Pet., 12/173. Story, 1/478. Sumn., I/504. Woodb. & M.,3/i5i. Woods, 1/112. 5. "When refused. Cranch C. C, 4/479 Dak. T., I/179. Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/67 Law Rep., N. S., 11/390. 6. Not granted when plaintiff has a remedy at law. Abb. U. S., 2/1. Blatchf., 1/247, 1/567, 1/618, %48. Bond, 1/422. Dill., 1/424. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/341 ^^'^ Rep., 8/413. McLean, S/ggg^ 5/337^ S/g^g Paine, I/441, 2/92. Wall. Jr., 2/283 Woodb. & M., 1/28O, 1/290. See, also, Equity, 10. 7. Not granted against the United States. Abb. U. S., 1/246. Blatchf., 4/^5 Cranch C. C, 8/23 How., 4/286^ g/ggg. IL STAYING PEOCEEDINGS AT LAW. 8. Jurisdiction Am. L. Reg., 6/g Cranch, S/ggg Hempst., 1/25. McLean, 3/^85 Wheat., 12/561. 9. "When an injunction lies, generally. Blatchf., 2/j,g^ 3/j^ Cooke, (Tenn.) i/l36. How., 17/47. Law Rep., K. 8., 11/658. McLean, 4/^^ Pet., le/^gg. Woodb. & M., 3/97. 10. "When it will be reftised. Blatehf., 3/2g8_ 11/552^ 12/407. Cranch C. C, 3/52_ 4/jg Dall., 4/j_ How., 5/141. McLean, 3/^g^ Mason, 8/59 Wall., 15/140. 11. There must be no adequate remedy" at law. Cranch C. C, I/302, I/304. How., 1^/443, 20/i56. McLean, 6/2^1 Paine, 1/64. Sumn., 2/453 Wall. Jr., 2/^27' See, also. Equity, 13-15. INJUNCTION, II, III. 297 12. Effect of plaintiff's laches, or fail- ure to exliaust legal remedy. Cranch C. C, %2. Dill, 1/536. Hempst., 1/698, How, S/^^^^ 6/^^^^ 17/4^3 Law Rep., 8/^13. Mason, ^j^oi. Wash. O.C, 4/601. 13. Staying proceedings in ejectment. Blatchf., 3/^^_ McLean, S/g^^^ 6/^3 Story, 1/478. Wall., T/^^g Wall. Jr., ^/l03. 14. — proceedings on judgments. Black, 2/585 Blatchf., 2/343. Brock., "(293. Cranch, ''/332. Cranch C. C, V394, ^/682. ^52, ^/628, ^/247, ^/637. ^'^^^-i V536. Hempst., 1/698. How., 5/i4i_ °/l92, *5/ll4, %97, 1^/70, ^^/584. How. Pr.,38/3^ Hughes, l/i48. Ma^on, 4/349 Otto, 4/652. Paine, 2/59^^ 2/3^0 Pet., ^/68, %10, ^/608, ^''/497. Sawyer, I/547. Story, 2/59 Sumn., I/89. Taney, 1/397. Vt, 23/720. Wash. C.C, 2/393. Wheat., %3, 12/561. Woodb.&M., 3/179 Woods, l/l87 -1/353. 15. — on executions. Blatchf., 4/^42 Cranch C. C, 1/339, 2/682, %18. Curt., 2/465. How., I6/492. Pet., 6/648. Sawyer, 1/547. 'V't., 21/599 Woodb. & M., 3/97 Woods, l/i75_ 2/621. See, also. Execution, 81, 82. 16. Staying proceedings in state courts. Rev. Stat., § 720. Abb. U. S., 1/185, 1/388. Am. L. Reg., e/g Am. L. Reg., -^. s., 7/209. Blatchf., 2/^4^ 2/26^ 4/^42^ 1°/518. Cent. L. J., 2/508, 7/409. Cranch, 4/179 Curt., 2/4g5 Dill., 4/j9_ 4/^2. Int. Rev. Rec, 6/^74 McLean, 3/igg^ 3/494, %37. Otto, 1/254. Wall., 13/679. 17. Injunctions from state courts affecting proceedings in federal courts. Blatchf., 2/^4. Cranch, 7/279. ^ill., 1/522. I»t. Rev. Rec, 9/25. Wall., ^/l66, ^/514, ^/409, ^/415, lVl36. III. OTHEE CASES IN WHICH THE WRIT WILL LIE. 18. Alienation of personal property. Rev. Stat., § 5024. Blatchf., 8/344 Brock., 2/403 Cranch C. C, 4/479 I>all., 2/402, 2/415. Pet., 1/232. Ware, S/^^^ Wheat., 9/738. 19. Disttirbing possession of real property. Black, 2/54^ Cranch C. C, 2/599 How., 23/503 Pet., 2/556. 20. Collection and disbursement of taxes and assessments. Rev. Stat., § 3224. Abb. U. S., I/22, 2/94. Blatchf., 5/259 14/426. Bond, 2/35. Cent. L. J., 5/347 Chic. L. N., 8/359 Dak. T., 1/131. Deady, I/413, I/48I. Dill., 2/279, 3/i3_ 3/22^ 3/25^ 3/298^ 4/29_ 4/52. Oa., 35/3^5 How., I8/331. Int. Rev. Rec, 11/197, 14/28_ 14/77^ 17/99_ 22/343_ MacArth., 2/552. McLean, 5/5^6_ 6/^43^ 6/395. Wall., 11/108,15/547, 22/464. Woods, 1/124. Wyom. T., 1/96. See, also. Taxes, 45. 21. Contracts. Blatchf, 1/512, 4/503. Holmes, I/253. Ware, 8/17. 22. Diversion of running water. Cranch C. C, 4/454 Mont. T., I/212. Sawyer, I/470. Sumn., S/^gg Woodb. & M., 3/538. 23. Franchises. Black, 1/603. Wheat., 9/733. 298 INJUNCTION, III, IV. 24. Corporations, generally. Abb. U. S., 2/4jg Blatchf., S/g^ Brews., (Pa.) 4/563 Dill., 4/24. How., I8/331 McLean, 6/^42. Pet., 1/399. 25. Municipal corporations. Chic. L. N., 2/333_ Deady, 1/481. Dill., 3/300. Wall., l5/355_ 26. Copyright. Eev. Stat., § 4970. Am. L. Reg., Vi98. Curt., 1/279. Law Eep., sr. s., ^^/396. McLean, %qq_ Paine, 1/441^ %97. Wash. C. C, 4/487_ Woodb. & M., 2/23^ 2/^g,j, See, also, Copyright, 5Q. 27. Nuisances : "When granted. Am. L. Reg., s/^g Blatchf., 4/^^^ %5,%76. McLean, 5/425 Oreg., I/73. 28. — when refused. Black, 2/545 Blatchf., 5/366^ 6/487_ Cent. L. J., S/gg Chic. L. N., S/^g^ 5/649. Cliff., 1/247. CranchC.C, 1/399. How., 9/xo. McAll., 1/212. See, also. Nuisance, 5. 29. Oflcial acts : WTien granted. Abb. U. S., 1/246. Baldw., 1/205. Biss.,2/99 Holmes, 1/348. How.,3/44j Law Rep., it. s., 1/399 McLean, 8/^07 5/616,6/142. Wall., 4/4^5 Wheat., g/^gg^ 30. — w^hen refused. How., 21/579_ Hughes, 1/23^ 1/76. Law Eep., n. s., 1/399. Wall., 4/4^5^ 7/347, ^/575. Woolw., 1/299. 31. Patents. Rev. Stat., § 492L Blatchf., S/ggg Cent. L. J., 5/425. I'ish. Pat. Cas., %9. I^aw Rep., 7/465^ 8/3J4 Law Rep., N. S., 11/471. Paine, 1/441. Story, 1/273. Woodb. & M., 1/13. See, also. Patents, 292-332. 32. Publications. Blatchf., 13/375 McLean, 6/33^ e/^gg. 33. Railroads. Baldw., 1/205. Biss., ^Jm_ Mc- Lean, 5/450. 34. Trade-marks. Rev. Stat., § 4942. Blatchf., 3/440^ 7/112, 9/548, 14/432. Chic. L. N., 10/267^ Law Rep., n. s., 1/130. McLean, 4/5ig_ Otto, 6/245 Story, 3/45g_ See, also, Tkade-Maeks, 9-11. 35. Trespasses. Chic. L. N., 5/425 Sawyer, 4/530 36. Trustees. Blatchf., 3/259^ 3/459_ Brock., a/^^j Cranch C. C, 5/405^ 3V, "Waste. Biss., 5/^3 Cranch C. C, 8/335^ How^ 3/^20. McAll., 1/271. Pitteb., (Pa.) 2/gjg See, also. Waste, 3. IV. GBANTING AND DISSOLVING. 38. Time of moving. McLean, 5/3^2^ 6/^3 Sawyer, I/470, V547, ^685. 39. Notice to adverse party. Biss., 4/7g Blatchf., 5/525^ 9/170. Cranch C. C, I/34. Dall., 4/,^ Deady, 1/433. I'ish. Pat. Cas., S/^go Hempst., 1/698. Hughes, 1/607. McAll., 1/419^ McLean, 4/2^2^ S/^^^^ Woodb. & M., ■'■/28O. 40. Form and contents of thp bill or petition. Cranch, S/^g Dall., 2/402. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/420 Hempst., 1/473. In*- INJUNCTION, IV, V. 29& Rev. Rec, 4/^^^ Law Rep., 5/250. McAll., 1/419 McLean, 1/337 Paine, 1/441. Pet., 8/i Woodb. & M., 3/^20. 41. The motion papers. . Afiadavits, &o. Biss., 6/4„_ Blatchf., 8/^54^ 5/525^ Qj^^^^ Cranch C. C, 1/443. Dall., S/ggg Fish. Pat. Cas., %07. How., 20/^gg_ Law Rep., 8/4^3 Law Rep., n. s., 6/329. McAll., 1/271. McLean, 1/337^ SI250, 4/272. Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/5^9 Utali T., 1/242. Wall., 7/4^g Woodb. & M., V28O. 42. Opposing papers. Ans^wer, &o. Blatchf., 3/440^ 4/253_ 9/170. Curt., 2/506. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/93_ 2/ig3_ Law Rep., 8/413. McAlL, 1/26. McLean, 3/250,4/272. Story, 3/171. Wash.C.C, ^/eoi. 48. Hearing and determining the motion. Abb. U.S., 1/89. Biss., 5/133. Blatchf., 1/475, 2/244, ^/70, 4/252. Cranch C. C, 4/479. Curt., 2/gog Fish. Pat. Cas., '/93, ^103, %12, 2/134. Hempst., I/440, 1/464. Law Rep., 5/250. McAll., 1/257. Wall., 3/782. Wall. Jr., 3/139 Woodb. & M., 3/120, 3/179. 44. Security. How., 12/168, 15/179. 45. Form and effect of the writ. Blatchf., 2/78_ 4/igo^ 8/273 McAll., 1/419. Pet., 6/g48 Wall. Jr., 1/345. 46. Servlceof the writ. Blatchf., 3/48g McLean, 2/323. Woodb. & M., 3/97 47. Violation, and how punished. Bankr. Reg., 7/^^43 Ben., 8/^63. Blatchf., 2/29, 2/7g^ 3/^8g^ 4/^4^ 4/^90^ 4/^93^ 5/463, Vl, 8/45, 14/152. Bond, I/540, l/eoi. Cranch C. C, 1/157, Vl58, 4/500. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/i79_ 2/i8i_ 4/253. McLean, V483. Story, 3/428. Wall., lO/gg, Woodb. & M., 3/-^3g Wooiw., l/es. See, also. Contempt, 5. 48. Notice of motion to dissolve. Time to move. Cranch C. C, I/253, I/304, ^/483, ^/sQO, 4/577. Wash. C. C, 3/226, 4/174. 49. Dissolving on sworn answer. Abb. U. S., 2/4ig Cranch, 6/5^^^ Cranch C. C, 2/59^ Hempst., l/ng^ 1/464. McAll., 1/271. Sawyer, l/gss. Sumn., 3/70 Woodb. & M., 1/13, 1/375, 3/135. .50. Other grounds of dissolution. Blatchf., 5/gg^ 6/4gi_ Cranch C. C, 3/52. Ball., 2/3go_ 4/1 Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/519 Woodb. & M., 1/389, 3/120. 51. Matters of practice on the motion. Ben., 2/443 Blatchf., 14/436. Bond, 2/100. Chic. L. N., 5/i_ Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/340. 52. Eeinstating. Renewing. Con- tinuing. Hempst., I/218, 1/440, ^464. How., 7/185. Wheat., 12/561. V. DAMAGES ON DISSOLUTION. 53. The right to damages; and how- enforced. Curt., 2/306. Oreg., l/ioo. 54. Right to proceed on the security. Curt., 2/306. Hempst., I/218. How., 12/168. Wall., 15/211. 55. Amount of recovery. Recovery of interest. Cranch C. C, 2/114 2/403. How., 300 INSANE PERSONS— INSOLVENCY, I. 12/168. Mont. T, 1/301, V378. Wall., 15/, 211. INJURY. To the Person, see Caeeiers, 42, 43 ; Muni- cipal COEPOBATIONS, 26-30; Baileoad Companies, 20-27 ; Tbespass, 4. To Property, see Foecible Entry; Tees- pass; Trover; Waste. To Seputaiion, see Libel ; Slandee. To Vessels, by collision, see Collision. As to the right of action for Injuries ca/using •death, see Homicide, 24. INNOCENCE. When Presumed, see Eyidencb, 17. INNS AND INNKEEPERS. Bailment, 9. INQUIRY, (Writ of.) Damages, 38. INSANE PERSONS. 1. Disabilities of insane persons ; and herein of what amounts to men- tal incapacity. Abb. U. S., 2/gQ^ Bankr. Reg., l4/4gg Biss., 7/289 Brock., 1/33. Call, (Va.) 6/279_ Wash. C. C, Sj^^o^ ■2. Liability on contracts, convey- ances, &c. ^il'-) ^/l78. Sawyer, 4/gy2 Sumn., 3/l70. Wall., 15/9_ Wash. C. C, 2/4g4_ 3. Evidence of insanity; and when presumed. Abb. U.S., 2/507 Biss.,7/^o_ Pet. <^- C, I/118, 1/163. Wash. C. C, 4/252. See, also. Evidence, 27. 4. Appointment and powers of com- mittee, or guardian. Sales of lunatic's lands. Biss., 7/4^^9 Cranch C. C, ^Is^i^ Mason, 4/j2i Sumn., S/^^q^ 3/339 5. Insanity as a defence in criminal cases. Biss., 7/^Q Cliff., 1/98. Cranch C. C, 1/514, */518. Curt., 1/1. McLean, ^/i2i. Mason, 5/2g_ See, also, Crim- inal Law, 15. 6. Enlistment of, in army or navy pro- hibited. Rev. Stat., § 1118, 1342, 1420, 1624. 7. Government hospital for. Rev. Stat., § 4838-4858. INSOLVENCY. L Geneeal Peinoiples. II. Decisions undee Local Insolvent Laws. I. GENERAL PEINCIPLES. 1. Constitutionality of insolvent laws. Baldw., 1/296. Cranch C. C, Sf^^^^ Law Rep., 9/12. Paine, I/79 Pet.,6/348^ 9/329. Wall., 1/223. Wash. C. C, 4/424' Wheat., 4/^22, ^lisi, 12/370 Woodb. & ^■> 1/115, 2/449. See, also. Bank- ruptcy, 8. 2. How far adopted or recognized by federal courts. Crabbe, I/307. Cranch C. C, 2/^53^ ^/528. Curt., 2/5g7_ How., 20/^7^ Int.' Rev. Rec, 13/j42_ 1^5. Pet., 14/67 Wa^h. C. C; 1/340, 4/424. Wheat., 8/2g3_ ^ 3. Such laws have no effect beyond the Umits of the state enacting them. Baldw., 1/296. Biss., 1/346. Cliff., 1/511. Cranch C. C, I/513, 4/533^ 5/gg9_ Call., 1/168, 1/441. How., 5/295_ La^ INSOLVENCY, I, II. 301 Eep., 9/12. Mason, 2/^g^_ 3/gg^ S/g^g^ Paine, I/79. Pet., ^^s, ^/ess. Wall., V223, V234, ^/409. Wash. C. C, 4/47g_ ^/443. Wheat., 9/^^ gos. See, also, post, 14. 4. Nor do they bind non-resident creditors, not parties to the pro- ceedings. Baldw., 1/296. Blatehf., ^j^jg. Call, (Va.) 6/27, Cliff., 1/519, 2/1. Dill., 1/515. McAll., 1/263. Pet, 3/411. Wall., 4/409 See, also, post, 15. 5. Jurisdiction and po'wrers of the court. Cranch C. C, 2/407. Woodb. & M., ^/430. 6. The debtor's application ; and ho^w determined. Cranch, S/^g Cranch C. C, 1/52. Wall. C. C, 1/13. 7. The appointment and powers of the assignees or trustees. Cranch, S/gg Cranch C. C, 2/154^ 4/107. Curt., I/168. Wall., 16/610. Woodb. & M., 3/380. 8. The assignment ; and what passes by it. How., 24/317 Law Rep., IO/264. MacArth., I/602. Woodb. & M., 2/449. 9. Priority of the United States. Eev. Stat., § 3466, 5101. Brock., 1/517. Cranch, 2/3gg^ 3/^3^ 8/431. Pet., V386, 439, ^/291, 308, %73, ^2/l02. Pet, C. C, 1/195. Sumn., 2/133^ 3/345. Wall. C. C.,l/i3. Ware,l/i65. Wash. C. C, 1/4,^/424,4/662. Wheat., 2/396^ 8/253. See, also, Assignments, (for creditors,) 7 ; Debtoe and CeedItoe, 38. 9a. The discharge. When granted, and its effect, generally. Crabbe, I/19, I/493. Cranch, S/ggo, '^/l68. Cranch C. C, I/242, 2/471, 2/573^ Dill., 1/515. Gall., 1/441. Mason, S/gg, 5/62. Paine, I/79. Pet., I/573, 2/331^ ^/l73, %58. Wheat., I/447. 10. Its effect upon pending suits. Bee Adm., 1/253. Cranch C. C, l/gs, 1/109, 2/166, 2/349, 3/295. Curt., 2/i9o^ 2/592. How., 1/301, 2/g Law Rep., 2/357. Pet. C. C, 1/404, 1/484. Story, 2/333 See; also, Aeeest, 12. 11. "When the discharge will exonerate bail. Baldw., 1/9. Cranch C. C, 2/3, 2/44^^ 2/75, 2/111, 2/234, %76, 4/199. Pet. C. C.; 1/484. Wash. C. C, 4/412. 12. WTien it will not. Cranch C. C, 1/251, 2/137. Wash. C. C, 2/157, 4/317, 4/424. See, also. Bail, 18, 19. 13. How pleaded. Am. L. Reg., 9/217 Cranch C. C, 1/481. 14. Does not operate upon contracts made and to be performed out- side of state in which granted. Cranch, 8/153. Call., I/371. McAll., 1/263,1/523. Pet., 14/67. Wash. C. C, 2/157. Woodb. & M., 1/115. See, also, ante, 3. 15. Nor upon contracts made in the state, with non-residents. Law Rep., 6/107. Story, 2/333. Wall., 1/223. See, also, ante, 4. II. DECISIONS UNDER LOCAL INSOLV- ENT LAWS. 16. Acts of congress. Law Rep., IO/344. Pet., 2/331, S/ggg. Wheat., 6/514. Woodb. & M., 8/430. 302 INSOLVENCY, II— INSURANCE, I. 17. Insolvent la-ws of District of Co- lumbia. Cranch, 8/gg Cranch C. C, I/314 ^/481, V509, ^/547, ^hb, ^/l66, %43, %49, %64, %54, %66, ^/467, ^/471, %76, %70, ^/374, ^/se, ^/go, */l07, ^/l84, */200, ^/341, ■^/se, ^kse. See, also. District of Co- litTMBiA, 11. 18. — Loiiisiana. How., 11/493, 17/157. Pet., 7/413 10/283_ 19. — Maine. Cliff., 1/474, 2/5g9_ -20. — Maryland. Cranch, 2/34^ Cranch C. C, I/109 V212, 2/75, 2/l58. Taney, I/297 21. — Massacliusetts. Law Rep., IO/264. Woodb. & M., ^/449. 22. — New York. Blatchf., 13/220. Paine, l/79_ 23. — Rhode Island. Curt., 2/592 Gall., 1/441. 24. — South Carolina. How., 8/g8g_ 25. — Tennessee. Int. Rev. Rec, 18/142 26. — Virginia. Cranch C. C, l/gg, l/gg, I/504, V572 ^/l66. INSPECTORS. Of Ckstoms, see Duties, 33, 34. Of Elections, see Elections, "7. INSTRUCTIONS TO JURY. Trial, VI. INSURANCE. I. Marine Insurance. 1. Insurable interest. 2. The. policy ; and how construed. 3. DoubU insurance. Reinsurance. 4. Warranties.' SepresentatioTis. Con- cealment. 5. Perils inswred against. 6. When the risk begins and ends. 7. Deoiation. 8. Total and partial has. 9. Abandomment. 10. Adjustment. 11. Average. 12. Preliminary proofs. 13. Extent of insurer's liability. 14. Return of premium. 11. FiEE Insurance. III. Lite and Accident Insurance. rV. Actions on Insurance Policies. V. Mutual Insurance Companies. I. MAEINE INSURANCE. 1. Insurable interest. 1. In general. Mason, I/127. Otto, ^1^27. Pet., Vl51, 3/222. Pet. Adm., 2/27g_ Wash. C C., 2/34g 2. Bight of part owners or partners to insure. Cranch, 2/419 Mason, ^j^j^, %qq. Wall., 14/504. Wash. C. C, I/219. 3. — of buyer or seller. Cranch C. C, 2/443^ 2/gi8_ Pet., 2/25. 4. — of persons having liens. Alb. L. J., 10/44 Chic. L. N., 6/309 Cliff., 1/85. Call., 4/421. Law Rep., 1/5^ Mason, I/127. Sumn., 8/132 Wall., 20/159. Wash. C. C, 1/409. Woodb. & M., 1/272. See, also, CoNsiGiiroE and Consignee, 16. INSURANCE, I. 303 5. — of master. Mason, 2/339 4/^4_ Pet.,l/i5i_ Sprague, 1/565. Wheat., 12/408 ■6. Insurable interest in freight. Sprague, 1/565. 2. The policy; and how construed. *7. Agreement to insure. Cranch, 8/5^3 Curt., 2/534. How., 19/318 Law Eep., n. s., ^leio. Wash. ■C. C, 1/93^ 1/504. 8. G-eneral rules for construction of policies. Blatchf., 2/99 Cranch, %o, %35. Curt., 2/322 Mason, S/g. Sprague, 1/236. Story, 1/360. Wash. C. C, I/419. 9. "Written ■words control printed mat- ter. Blatchf., 6/3J7 Taney, I/159. Wash. C. C, 2/5i_ 2I^^,[ 10. Validity; and herein of wager policies. Pet. C. C, 1/410. Story, 1/109. Sumn., 1/451. Wash. C. C, 3/276. 11. Description of subject of insurance. Blatchf., 6/3j7_ 6/326 Dill-, %0. Wash. C. C, 1/145. 12. — of the interest or ownership in- sured. Cranch, 2/4^9 Cranch C. C, 2/474. Curt., 2/277. Mason, I/127, ^1^2, ^/sgo. Otto, 3/527. Paine, I/594. Sumn., 2/47^ 13. — of the voyage. Cranch, 7/337. Wall., 20/494 14. The memorandum clause. Mason, 8/439 Sumn., 2/^97^ S/ggQ. Wash. C. C, 2/51. 15. Return cargoes. Dill., 3/80. Wheat., 12/383. 16. Open and valued policies. Blatclif., 6/3^7 Chic. L. N., 6/303 Cranch C. C, 2/473 Curt., 1/143. I>all., 4/430. How., 23/401 23/4^2. 17. Time policies. Blatchf., 2/99 Cranch C. C, 2/442 Pet., 12/378. Story, 1/360. Wall., I8/237. 18. Policies issued after loss not known to the parties. Blatchf., 8/^70 Cranch C. C, 2/7^ Mason, 4/74. Wall., 15/664, I8/237. Wash. C. C, 1/93. Wheat., 12/408 19. Policies for whom it may concern. • Cranch, S/^^oo. Cranch C. C, I/343 ^460. Mason, 1/127. Pet., I/151. Sumn., 2/471. 20. Particular words and phrases. Bankr. Reg., 8/197 Cranch, 8/75 Ct. ofCl.,3/i8. Story, 1/603. Wall., 1/456. 21. Effect of usage upon construction. Cliff., 3/318, 3/328. Cranch C. C, 2/218. Dall., 3/510. Pet., I6/495. Story, I/603. Sumn., 3/132. Wash. C. C, 2/7^ 2/24 3. Dovble insurance. Reinsurance. 22. Double insurance. Mason, I/127, 2/475. Wash. C. C, ^419, 2/89. 23. Reinsurance. Ben., 8/272. Biss., 5/373 ^Im. Chic. L. N., 5/385 Law Rep., 4/333 Story, 1/458. 4. Warranties. Representations. Concealment. 24. Warranties, generally. Cranch, 7/36 Low., I/444. Pet. C. C, 1/410. Wall., 13/672. 25. "Warranty of nationality ; and of ownership. Am. L. Reg., 6/373 Mason, 1/127, 304 INSUEANCE, I. %72, %6, %0. Paine, I/594. Pet., 13/157. Wheat., 8/294. 26. Warranty of neutrality. Cranch, ^gs, %9, ^/sos, %9. Wash. C. C, 2/243^ ^In7, 3/127. 27. — and how broken. Proof of breach. Cranch, i/^gg^ 4/43^^ 6/39^ 6/374^ T/ggg. Wash. C. C, 1/219, 2/243. 28. "Warranty of sea-worthiness, gen- erally. Am. L. Eeg., 8/459 Ben., 8/42 Chic. L-N., 2/249^ 2/3i7_ Curt.,l/i48. How., ^^/l62. Law Rep., N. s., IO/129, H/eie. Mason, 4/439. Pet., I/170, 8/557. Taney, 1/126. Wall. Jr., 8/357 Wash. C. C, ^/480. 29. — in respect to repairs, crew, &c. Blatehf., l/igg. Law Rep., '^I^il. 01c. Adm., 1/110. ^^^^y>^ll20. Sumn., 2/366. Taney, l/igg. Wash. C. C, %75. 30. — in respect to time policies. Law Rep., N. s., 15/523. Wall. Jr., 2/278. 31. Warranty against unla-wfiil trade. Cranch, 3/210 5/335_ Mason, S/g Pet. C.C, 1/410. Story, 1/109. Wash.C.C, 2/175, 3/127. 32. Warranty against seizure, or capture. Cliff., 2/394. Cranch, 2/187^6/71 Pet., %95, ^3/415. Story, I/109. Sumn., 8/370^ 3/600. Wall., 6/1. Wash. C. C, 2/113^ 3/127. 33. WTiat is a material representation. Cranch, ^j^qq^ 7/gQg Cranch C. C, V343, V46O. Mason, S/gg Pajne, 2/g2 Pet., 1/151. Sumn., I/218, I/451. 34. What is immaterial, or -will not avoid the poUoy. Cranch, 6/274 7/332 Ga^v 2/353. Ma- son, 4/439. Pet., 1/151. Wash. C. C, ^/93, 3/i56. 35. Effect of misrepresentation. Cranch, 6/333. Pet., l/l70, ^/557, ^°/507. Story, 1/57^ 2/59_ Wash. C. C, l/gog. See, also. Fraud, 2. 36. What is a material concealment. Chic. L. N., 5/4g3_ Cranch, 6/274^ Gall., 2/353_ Paine, 2/32. Pet., I/170. Wall., 15/g64. Wash. C. C, I/93, 1/153, ^283, V378, ^/385, V5O6, 2/357, 3/i38, 3/159. 37. What matters need not be dis- closed. Blatehf., 6/4gi_ 8/i7Q Cranch, 6/274^ 7/506. Cranch C.C.,2/6ig Gall., 2/353. How., 8/235 Paine, 2/32 Pet., l/jgi, 8/557. Sumn., I/218. Wash. C. C, I/93, ^/l45, Vl58, V219, V4OO, 2/243, 2/254. Woodh. & M., 2/472^ 3/529. 38. Concealment of belligerent char- acter of cargo. Cranch, 6/274^ e/ggg^ Wash. C. C, 2/357, 2/391. 5. Perils insured against. 30. In general. Blatehf., 6/241 Cranch C. C, 2/442^ 2/474. Ct, of CL, 2/159 McLean, 1/275' Mason, 3/g Story, 1/343. Sumn., 2/197. Wall., 12/194. Wash. C. C, 2/7^ 3/^59" Wheat., 3/igg^ 6/i7g_ 40. Proximate cause of loss must be within the risk. Cliff., 2/394. Ct. of CI., 3/76. Pet, 1^213,1%. Sumn., 3/27^ 3/27jj_ Wheat., 3/168, ^/l76 INSURANCE, I. 305 41. "What are deemed "perils of the sea." Abb. U.S., 1/343. Pet.,8/gg7_ Sumn., V2I8, ^/l97, %67, %7. 42. Barratry ; and acts of master. Blatchf., 1/251. How., 14/351 Mc- Lean. V275. Pet., 3/222^ 5/gQ4^ 11/213^ ^^/415. Sumn., %^q^ S/g^Q Wash. C. C, 2/61. Wheat., S/igg. 43. Blockade. Cranch,6/7i_8/59_ Wash. C. C, 2/300. Wheat., 3/i83 44. Capture; and detention or re- straint of princes. Cranch, 8/gg Law Rep., 2/127. Story, 1/157. Wash. C. C, 2/243_ 2/3;2_ 2/331^ Wheat., 3/i83 45. Collision. How., 14/351. Pet., 14/99. Story, V463,2/l76. Sumn., 3/389 Woods, 2/53 46. Risks excepted in the policy. Blatchf., 6/241 Cranch, 5/335 Otto, 5/23. Story, 1/360. Sumn., I/434. Wall., ^^/l94, ^%01. 6. When the risk begins and ends. 47. When the policy attaches, gen- erally. How., 23/401^ 23/412, Wash. C. C, %46. 48. Insurances " at and from." Cranch, 7/327 How., 22/111 Mason, Vl27. Pet., 1/170. Wash. C. C, 2/346. 49. "When the risk terminates. Cranch, ^/.^s. Holmes, 1/130, Sumn., %32. 7. DematUm. 50. What amounts to a deviation. Cranch, 6/29 V/^g^, Cranch C. C, ] T 6/309. Paine, 2/g2 Pet. Adm., I/31. Sumn., 1/232. Wash. C. C, 2/254, Wheat., 12/383. 51. What does not. Cranch, 6/29 Cranch C. C, 2/473 Mason, 2/230 Sprague, 1/57. Wash. C- C, 2/7^ 2/202^ 3/igg^ 3/241. 52. Effect of mere intent not carried out. Cranch, 3/3g7^ 6/29, 53. " Liberty to touch." Cranch, 7/26. Pet. C. C., l/gg. Wheat,, ^/l59, %94. 54. Effect of deviation. Wall., 20/488. Wash. C. C, 2/354. 55. Excuses for deviation. Necessity. Ben., 2/407 Cranch, 7/26. Wash. C. C-, 2/7^ 2/339^ 3/201. 56. — saving life, or property. Cranch, 2/240 Newb. Adm., I/449. Pet. Adm., 1/31^ 2/361 Sprague, 1/57^ 1/141. Sumn., 1/328, V400. Wash. C. C, 2/80. 57. Effect of usage on question of de- viation. ' Mason, 2/230 Ole- ^di^v ^/365. Paine, 2/32. Wall., 20/438, Wall. C. C.,1/58. 8. Total and partial loss. 58. Wliat amounts to an actual total loss, generally. Curt., l/i48. Mason, I/341. Pet., ^/604, ^%78, 13/415. Sumn., S/ggQ, 3/gio. Taney, I/159. Wash. C. C, 1/145, 2/375. 69. — in respect to freight or cargo. Alb. L. J., 9/369 Cranch, 8/39 How., 7/595. Taney, 1/159. Wash. C. C, 2/175. Wheat., 6/i76, 12/383. 306 INSURANCE,.!. 60. — in respect to memorandum ar- ticles. Cranch,7/4i5_8/39. How.,7/g95_ Ma- 8011,3/429. Wash. C. C, 3/256. Wheat., ■^/219. 61. Wlien a partial loss only, is recov- erable. Cranch, S/gg^^ T/^^g Mason, 1/341^ ^/429. 9. AbandrnimeiU, 62. The right, generally. Cranch, 4/303^ %^q^ &l^^_ Pet., ^Jqq^ Story, 1/342. Wall., S/^g^^ Wash. C. C, 1/409, 2/54, 2/186, %46, 2/375. Wheat , Wl83. Woolw., 1/278. 63. — in cases of capture, seizure, &o. Cranch, 4/29^ 4/252^ 6/258. Dall., ^^-y^^ Pet., 13/415 Story, I/157. Sumn., ^^q_ Wash. C. C, 1/S82, 1/400, 2/54, 2/331. 64. — of stranding. Cranch C. C, 2/^74. Mason, 3/27^ Pet., 12/37^. 65. — of loss of cargo or freight. Cranch, 4/2Q2^ 4/37^^ 8/39 Sumn., 3/220. Wash. C. C, 1/400, 2/54, 3/256. Wheat., 1/219, 12/383. 66. Other grounds of abandonment. Mason, S/^gg. Pet., 12/373 Wash. C. C, 1/409. 6*7. Time to offer to abandon. Cranch, 3/35^^ 6/263^ 6/333^ 7/gQg_ Cranch C. C, 2/550 Wall. C. C, I/33. Wash. C. C., 1/241, 1/400, 3/127. 68. "Who may make the offer. Cranch, 6/268. Curt., 2/322 I^w Kep., N. S., 7/gi7 Sprague, 1/336. 60. Manner of making an abandon- ment. Deed of cession, notice, &c. Cranch, 6/7i_ 6/268 Curt., 1/143. Pet., ^/l39,^/604. Sumn., I/218. Wash. C.C, ^400, 2/61, 2/300. Wheat., 12/383. 70. Not necessary -where only partial loss is claimed. Wasli. C. C, 2/i8g_ 3/256 Wheat., I/219. 71. Necessity and stifflcienoy of ac- ceptance by under^writer. Curt, 2/322. Law Rep., n. s., 7/gi7 Mason, 3/27 Pet., 4/139 Sprague, 1/335 Wall., 9/461. Woolw., 1/278. 72. Effect of abandonment upon in- surer's rights. Cranch, 6/263 DaH-, 4/421. N. Y. Leg. Obs., S/ggQ Olc. Adm., I/39. Otto, 6/g4g_ Pet., 1/193. Story, I/343. Wall., 8/153 Wash. C. C, 1/400, V409, 1/443, 2/61. 73. — upon rights of insured. Cranch, 4/39^ 4/3^0^ 7/353 Mason, 4/i9g Wheat., 12/333. 74. Revocation of abandonment. Cranch, 6/253 Mason, 8/37. Pet., */l39, 12/378. Sumn., 2/2(,g 75. "Waiver of abandonment. Paine, 1/594^ Pet., 4/^39_ Wash. C. C-, 1/400, 2/89. 10. Adivxlment. 76. Adjustment of the loss, generally ; and ho-w far conclusive. Cranch C. C, 2/213. Low., I/353. Pet., 12/373. Woodb. & M., 1/373. 77. Necessity and sufficiency of the survey. Cranch, 3/137 Sumn., 8/37 W'all. C. C, 1/53. Wash. C. C, 2/152 Wheat., 7/581, 10/411. 78. Valuation; and herein of the rule " one-third new for old." Cranch C. C, 2/213^ 8/193 Law Rep., INSUEANCE, I. 307 l/l7. Mason, S/g^^ S/^gg^ 01c. Adm., ^89, Vl57. P^t., 12/378_ Sumn., S/gy^ ^/220. 11. Average. 79. Meaning of genial and particular average. Sumn., 3/27 Wash. C. C:, ^j^i^ 80. wnen a case for general average arises, generally. Bee Adm., I/154. Blatchf., ^I^si. How., 10/270. Mason, 4/293 Pet., 13/331 Sprague, I/559. Sumn., 8/27 Wash. C C, 1/400. •81. What are not proper oases for general average. Sprague, I/17 Sumn., 3/5^0. Wall., S/347. Wall. Jr., 1/355. Wash. C. C, ^/400,*%26. 82. Jettison of goods. "What goods are entitled to contribution. Cranch C. C, 2/332 McLean, e/g^g^ Story, 1/603. Ware, I/322. 83. Volvmtary stranding of vessel. Blatchf., 6/294^ 8/22i_ Cliff., I/254. Curt., 2/g9 Holmes, I/248. How., 10/270. 01c. Adm., 1/89,1/157. Pet., ^^/331. Sprague, 1/135. Wall., s/g^^^ 12/102. Wash. C. C, 3/298. 84. Bules for adjusting contribution. Blatchf., 8/221 Cranch C. C, S/gg How., 10/270. Ma.son, 8/^29 Story, ^/463, ^/l73. 12. Preliminary proofs. 85. Necessity and sufficiency. "Waiver. Blatchf, 6/241 How., 9/390 Pet., 2/25, 10/507. 13. JExlent of insurer' a liability. 86. In general. Cliff., 3/244 Cranch, 4/29 7/^jg_ Law ^V; %00. Story, 1/463^ '^lyjQ^ Sumn., 2/197, 2/366. Wash. C. C, 1/443, 2/279, 3/1. Woodb. & M., 1/272. 87. In respect to losses of freight. Cranch, e/^i^ 7/358^ How., 22/iii Story, 1/342. Taney, I/159. Wash. C. C, 1/39. Wheat., 8/294, 12/383_ 88. — of cargo. Cranch, 4/3,^^ How.j I/28. Sumn., 2/366. 89. In respect to repairs. Mason, 8/^29. Pet., 12/373 Sumn., 3/220. Wall., 9/461. Wash. C.C, 2/346. Woolw., 1/278. 90. On open policy. Showing real value. Dall., 4/430 How., 23/401 Wash. C. C, 1/509, 2/468. 91. On valued policy. Conclusiveness. Blatchf., 3/231. Cranch, 6/206, 8/gg_ Cranch C. C, 2/473^ 2/474^ 2/559 Curt., l/l48. Dall., 4/43-0 LawEep.,1/5. Pet., 3/222. Sumn., 1/451, 3/i32 Wash. C. C, 1/509, 2/186, 2/468, %. 92. Liability to refund ransom money. Cranch, S/^g Cranch C. C, I/343 I/46O. 93. Contribution in cases of double insurance or reinsurance. Biss., 5/476. I>all., 4/348 Mason, 2/475 Otto, 3/527. Wash. C. C, 2/186, 3/i 94. Recovery over after pajmient of loss, against carrier, or other person causing the loss. Biss., 5/378, 7/35. Blatchf, 14/531. Cent. L. J., 4/103 Ct. of CI., 8/438. How., 19/312. Int. Eev. Eec, 23/49 Op. Att.-Gen., 13/i82. Wall., 13/367. Woods, 1/72 2/490. 308 IN8UEANCE, 1, II, III. 14. Betum of premium. 05. When the insured is entitled to a return. Wash. C. C, 2/io7_ 3/276_ 86. "When he is not so entitled. Cranch, 3/357 Wall., ao/^gg^ Wash. C. C, 3/i7o_ II. FIEE INSUEANCE. 9*7. Insurable interest, generally. Alb. L. J., 14/440 Ct. of CI., 9/479_ Otto, 5/547_ Pet., 16/495_ Wall., 5/609^ 98. — of mortgagee. Am. L. Reg., l/ig. Curt., I/193. 99. Agreement for insurance. Chic. L. N., 2/3J0. How., 9/3go_ Otto, %4. 100. The policy and how construed. Conditions, restrictions, excep- tions, &c. Alb. L. J., i7/i63. -^m. L. Eec, %5. Biss., 1/485, 6/121, %5. Blatehf., V28O, 12/24. Cent. L. J., 2/47g_ Cliff., V300. Conn., 40/g75_ Hughes, 2/53^^ Otto, 5/117^ 5/227 Pet., l6/49g_ Sumn., 1/434. Wall., 7/44_ 12/404_ 14/375_ 101. "What goods are covered. Biss.,5/jgg_ Chic. L.N., 9/89. Holmes, 1/287. Otto, 3/527. 102. Double, or other insurance. Am.L.Reg.,l/i8. Curt.,1/193. BUI, 8/480. Holmes, 1/117. Pet., I6/495. 103. Assignment of the policy ; when it avoids the insurance. Abb. U. S., 2/g7 Am. L. Reg., 1/ig. Am. L. Reg., n. s., IO/333 Bankr. Reg., 4/341. Curt., 1/193. Int- Rev. Rec, 1%9. 104. Transferring or incumbering the property insured. Am. L. Reg., 7/ggj Biss., 4/5^^^ Cliff, 2/2eg^ 3/215 Otto, 2/5ie. Phil., (Pa.) 3/g47_ Wall, 10/33. 105. Warranties. Cliff, 1/300. Curt.,2/gio. How., 8/235^ Sumn., 1/434. Woodb. & M., 2/472, 2/529. 106. Representations. Chic.L.]Sr.,iO/i7i_ Cliff, 1/300. Mcv Lean, 6/324 Otto, 2/5^5^ 5/g73 Pet., 2/25, I6/495. Woodb. & M., 2/472^ 3/529^ See, also, Feaud, 2. 10*7. Concealment. How., 8/235 Otto, 5/242 Woodb. & M., 2/472. See, also, Feaud, 5. 108. The risk; its beginning and end, and w^hat it covers. Cranch C. C, 4/295 DiH., 1/392. Sumn., 1/434. Wall., 12/194^ 109. Hazardous and extra-hazardous articles. Wall., 12/404_ 13/,g3_ HO. Preliminary proofs. Effect of fraud. Biss., 4/2g5_ 5/iQg Blatchf., 14/422, Dill., 1/392, V441, V443. How., 9/390. Sumn., 1/434. Taney, I/171 Wall., 12/433, 14/375. 111. Extent of companies' liability. Chic. L. N., 1/202, 10/113. Otto, 5/547_ Pet., 10/507. Sumn., 1/434 Woodb. & M., 2/472. m. LIFE and accident insurance. 112. Insurable interest. Cent. L. J., l/eo7. Dill., 2/igo Qtto, %7, 4/561. Wall., 15/g43_ INSURANCE, III, IV. 309 113. The policy and how construed. Conditions. Cent. L. J., 4/345 Int. Rev. Rec, 19/14. MacArth., 1/41, 1/246, V471. Wall., 19/531. 114. "Warranties. Representations. Concealment. Alb. L. J., 11/221. Blatchf., 14/107. €ent. L. J., 2/495^ ^q^. Chic. L.N., 7/274. I^il^v %70, ^hn, ^/224, ^/l77, ^/l84n. Int« ^ev. Rec, 22/^52. Mac- Arth., 1/41 1/484. Otto, 1/510 %93, -4/561, %80. Wall., 13/222, 17/672, 22/47. Woods, 1/674. 115. Payment of premiums. Forfeit- lire for non-payment. Alb. L. J., 16/435^ 17/52, 17/368. Am. L. Rec, 5/i4o. Biss., 7/293. Blatchf., 13/462. Cent. L. J., 3/354 Chic L. N., 10/105. Int. Rev. Rec, 19/14, 22/249^ ^3/423, 24/27, 24/189. MacArth., I/632. Otto, 3/24, 5/269, ^/326, ^/425, ^/544, ^/572. Sawyer, 2/325. Woorls, 2/547. ^^> ^^'^> _post, 134. 116. Effect of civil war on pajrment of premiums. Alb. L. J., 14/309, 17/49. Blatchf., •9/234. Chic. L. N., 9/49. Int. Rev. Rec, 24/27, Otto, 3/24, 5/425. 117. Death ; and proof thereof. Alb. L. J., 13/82. Chic KN., 10/105. MacArth., I/246, 1/471, 1/593. Otto, 4/593, ■^Im, %80. Wall., 22/32. 118. Suicide ; and its effect. Alb. L. J., 15/11. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 10/101. Biss., 6/238. Blatchf., 9/142 Brews., (Pa.) 3/502. Chic L. N., T/igg^ 10/105. I>iUv 1/403. MacArth., I/632. Otto, 3/284, %2. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/293 Wall., 15/680. 119. Insurance against accident. Biss., S/399_ 4/357. Blatchf., 14/143. Conn., 34/574 Wall., I6/336. IV. ACTIONS ON INSUEANCE POLI- CIES. 120. The right of action. Time to sue. Biss., 3/351, 5/106. Chic. L. N., 1/353. Dill., 3/44g 4/353 Otto, 3/527. Pet., 10/507. Wheat, 8/268. 121. Limitations of time to sue, in poUoy. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 8/673. Abb. U. S., 2/^ Blat«hf., 1/280, 6/241, 6/445. Conn., 36/543 I>'lJ-> 1/424. McLean, 5/461. Sawyer, 4/gg4_ Wall., 7/339, 13/158. 122. Parties. Dill., 1/392. I^aw Rep., N. S., 11/726. Wall., 12/433. Wash. C. C, I/145, 1/241. 123. Matters of defence. Abb. U. S., 2/1 Bankr. Reg., I2/253. Cliff., 3/332. Cranch, 2/127, 6/206. Di"-. 1/424. MacArth., 1/434. Wall., 19/531. Woodb. & M., 1/272. 124. Pleading. Blatchf., 2/99 Cranch, 5/ioo, 6/206. MacArth., 1/532. Sawyer, S/ggi Sumn., 1/434. Wall., 22/47 Wall. Jr., 2/273. Wash. C. C, 1/279. Wheat., 12/383. 125. Evidence. Alb. L. J., 11/221. Blatchf., 9/201 Cranch C. C, I/361, 2/474. Dill., l/io.^, 1/443, 2/154. How., 4/i85. Paine, I/594. Wall., 11/438, 13/222, 1%5, 21/l52, 22/32. Wash. C. C, 2/31 Woods, I/674. 126. Burden of proof. Blatchf., 6/43^^ 8/170 Chic. L. N., 9/9. Curt., l/i48.' Dill., 1/105. Mason, 310 INSUEANCE, IV, V. 2/541, %9. Otto, 2/377 Wall. C. C, 1/58. Wash. C. C., 1/145, V241, V279. Woodb. & M., 2/472 127. AVhat questions are for the court, and ■wrhat for the jury. Cranch, 8/357^ 6/7^^ 6/374^ 6/333 Pet., Vl70, %5, 10/507. Wash. C. C, 1/283. 128. Amount of recovery. Chic. L. N., 6/^99 Dill., 3/443 , Law Rep., 4/233. Story, 1/453. Woodb. & M., 2/472. V. MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANIES. 120. Organization, &o. Po^wrers of the company and its ofBoers, generally. Am. L. Eeg., n. s., l/ne, IS/511. Bankr. Reg., 6/333 B'ss., 3/417^ S/^g^ 5/211. Cliff., 1/439. Cranch, 2/^27. Cranch C. C, 2/266. I>ill-, 2/26. Wall. Jj"-) %13. ISO. Rights and habilities of members. Cranch, Gj^^^^ 7/396 Cranch C. C, 2/26. 131. Stock; and subscriptions thereto. Bankr. Reg., lO/ggg^ 14/376 Biss., 5/431, «/3l2. Dill-, 2/427, 2/435. 132. Appointment and authority of agents, generally. Agents' bonds. Biss., 6/9i_ 7/30 Int. Rev. Rec, 13/^35 Otto,2/i6i,6/544_ Wall., 13/222, 20/560. 133. What acts of agent will bind the company. Alb. L. J., 17/363 Biss., 2/333^ 5/211^ 7/372. Blatchf., 14/422. Cent. L. J., 2/495. Chic. L. N., 10/347^ l0/3g3 Dill., ^443, 2/i56. Otto, 6/g4^ 6/334 Wall, ^/l29, 12/285, 23/85. Woods, 2/663 See, also, CoRPORATioiirs, 76. 134. Payment of premiums. Premium notes. Abb. U. S., 2/156. Biss., 2/244_ 6/9^ Cranch, S/^oq^ 6/202, '^/396. Cranch C. C.,. 1/460., Dill., 2/232, ^/87. How., 9/390^ 19/318,21/35. How. Pr., 17/127. Hughes, 1/290. Int. Rev. Rec, 22/^62. West. Jur., 4/351 Wheat., 6/6O6. See, also, ante, 115. 185. Assessments ; how laid, and their effect. Bankr. Reg., 14/276. Biss., 6/3^2 . Law Rep., n. , s., II/83. Wheat., I/279. 186. Actions upon premium notes. Abb. U. S., 2/156 Biss., 2/244^ 5/99^ Cent. L. J., 3/3Q3 Cranch C. C, 1/460, West. Jur., 4/351 137. Decisions respecting foreign in- surance companies. Bankr. Reg., 13/17 Biss., S/ggl, •'/420. Cent. L. J., 4/463_ Chic. L. N., 6/126,, 7/411. Wall., 8/168, 10/410. For decisions regulating the organization and management of insurance companies In common with other corporations, see Cobpoka- TIONS. INSURRECTION. Wab, II. INTENDMENTS. Appeal, 50; Ebboe, 60; Evidence, 16-33^ INTENT. Emdmce of, and when presumed, see Evi'- DENCE, 29; HoMicrDB, 15; Labcent, 4j Libel, ; Slakdeb, 7. Assaults with Speaud intent, see Assault, 15> When a Question for the jury, see QrasTiONft OF Law aud Pact, 14, 15. .Effect given to Intent of testator, in construing will, see Wills, 38, 39. INTEREST, I. 311 INTEREST. I. The Eight to Interest. II. The Eate ; and Comptttation. I. THE EIGHT TO INTEEEST. 1. General rules. Blatchf., 4/237_ Cranch C. C, ^Iiqi^ '^/400, %06. Hayw., (N. C.) 2/378. Hempst., 1/438. Hughes, I/207. Paine, 2/109. Sumn., 3/335 Wall., l^gg. Wheat., 9/738. Woods, 2/^83 2. "WTien allo-wance of interest is dis- cretionary. Cranch C. C, 1/99^ I/210. How., 20/255. Paine, 2/109 3. "WTien allo-wed in actions involving accounts. Baldw., 1/536. Cranch C. C, I/99. How., 9/366. McLean, l/4ii_ Mason, 3/284. Wail., 21/105. Wash. C. C, 3/195, %50, %96. See, also, ACCOUNTS, 8. 4. — agents. Eev. Stat., § 3624. Dall., S/g^ Mc- Lean, 3/^71 See, also, Phincipal and . Agent, 23. 5. — bills and notes. Hempst., 1/155. Mont. T., I/499. , Pet. C. C, 1/221. Wall., 22/170 Wash. C. C., l/376_ 1/521, 4/i48. 0. — bonds. Rev. Stat., § 963, 3697, 5217. Cent. L. .J., 1/155 How., 12/159 Mason, %55. Pain*'; ^661. Wheat., S/ggo^ I2/511. 7. — claims against the government. Rev. Stat., § 1090, 1091. Ct. of CI., 1/220. Dev., 1/175, I/188, V2I6. Mason, 2/1. Op. Att.-Gen., 5/71^ 5/io5_ bj^^^, %27, %99, V523, %7. Wall., V/igg. 8. — coupons. MacArth., 1/358. McLean, 8/472. Otto, 2/502. Wall., 7/82" 9/477. Woolw.,1/69. See, also. Bonds, 18. 0. - debts. Alb. L. J., 15/349 Otto, 4/437 Pet. C. C, 1/301. Story, 3/335. 10. — executors and administrators. Blatchf., 1/593 Brock., 2/igg^ 2/179 Cranch C. C, 4/509 How., 20/123. Law Rep., S/ng Mason, 8/284^ S/ggg Story, 3/755 Sumn., 1/1. Wash. C. C, 1/477. See, also. Executors and Ad- MINISTEATOES, 54. 11. — guardians and trustees. Cranch C. C, 4/194 How., I6/535. Mason, S/ggg Pet., 8/713. 12. — judgments and decrees. Rev. Stat, § 966. Cranch, 8/313 Cranch C. C, 1/247. -^^ev., I/216. Hempst., V23I, V26I, ^296. How., 14/328, 2O/255 Wheat., 8/g9o. 13. — leases : claims for rent. Cranch C. C, l/igs, 2/199. ?»• St., 38/442n. 14. — legacies, annviities, &c. Sumn., 1/1. 15. — mortgages. Am. L. Reg., 8/654. How., I/56, 6/146. Sumn., 2/143; 16. — seamens' -wages, or lay. Blatchf. &H., 1/195. Gall., 2/45. Law Rep., N. s., 11/666. Olc. Adm., I/334. Pet., 5/675. Sprague, I/130, 1/433. 17. — services ; claims for. Abb. Adm., I/588. 18. — simple contracts. Bankr. Reg., II/61. 312 INTEREST, I, II— INTERISrAL REVENUE, I. 10. — unliquidated demands, or dam- ages. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/554. Pet. C. C, 1/224. Wall., 14/620. Wash. C. C, aj^si. 20. — vendor and purchaser. Brock., 1/212. Crancli C. C, ^/ggy Curt., 2/jgg How., 6/i46. McLean, 4/77. Wheat., l/i79. 21. — verdicts, reports, a-wards, &c. Abb. Adm., l/ggg. Cent. L. J., 8/445 Wash. C. C, 4/3^0 See, also, Dam- ages, 32. 22. — wrongs : damages for. Hempst., 1/12. McLean, 2/j^45 Pet. C. C, 1/85, 1/172. Wall., 7/132 Wash. e.C.,3/i84 Woodb. & M., 1/195. 23. Effect of -war upon right to inter- est. Abb. U. S., 1/58 Am. L. Reg., n. S-, ^/732. Baldw., 1/536. Ciiase Dec, I/3I6. Dill., 1/372. Pet. C. C, 1/496. Sawyer, 1/401 Wall., T/^^^^ 15j^^^_ Was!) . C. C, 3/396. See, also, War, O, 44. 11. THE KATE; AND COMPUTATION. 24. Law of place. Am. L. Reg., 8/654 DiH-, V529. Hempst, 1/296. 0^0,6/51 Pet. C. C, 1/225,1/301. Wall., 4/572_ 17/123. Wash. G. C., 1/376, 1/521, %53, */296. See, also, CONTKACTS, 96. 25. Effect of statutory provisions fix- ing rate. Cent. L. J., 7/287 Hempst., 1/331, I/261. How.,22/ii8 Minn., 1/352. Mont.' T., 1/371, 1/499. Wall., 1/384^ 22/170. 26. Rules of computation. Abb. Adm., 1/588. Blatchf., 14/497 Cranch C. C, 1/493 Hempst., I/91 Hughes, 2/447. Pet., 13/359. Wash. C. C-, 2/i67. 27. Compound interest Baldw., 1/536. Cranch, C. C:, 4/461. McLean, 8/472. Mont. T., 1/133. INTERNAL REVENUE. I. CONSTITCTIONALITY AND IntEEPBBTA- TioN OF Internai, Eeventtb Laws. 1. Oeneral -principles. 2. Interpretation of particular words and phrases. II. OrncBEs OF Inteenai. EBVEinrE. III. Taxation of Pabtictxlar Teades, Mantjfactures, and Vocations. 1. Bankers and brokers. 2. Ckrrporaiions, 3. Distillers, brewers, and liquor dealers. 4. Various other occupations and cmnmodi- ties, IV. Income Tax. Stjccession Tax. V. Stamps. VI. Penalties fob Violation of Intebnax Kevbntje Laws. 1. What amounts to a violatiillv 1/49. Int- Rev. Rec, \ 11/94. Otto, 6/395. 06. Penalty for unauthorized removal of spirits from distillery. Rev. Stat, § 3284, 3296, 3299, 3327. Bond., 2/140 Int- Rev. Rec, 8/114^ O/gg, 11/125. Wall., 15/660. 97. — for illicit distilling. Rev. Stat., § 3266. Int. Rev. Rec,. 11/158. 98. "What individuals may be held liable. Rev. Stat., § 3242. Int. Rev. Rec, 10/164. 90. The requisite intent to violate the law. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 15/45. Ren., 4/471^ Blatchf., 5/403^ 11/255. Bond, 2/395^ Chic. L. N., 10/355 Int- Rev. Rec,. 11/45, 24/252. Otto, 6/699. 2. Enforcement of forfeitures. 100. 'What are sufficient grounds for forfeiture. Abb. U. S., 1/311. Ben., 6/63^ 6/172. Blatchf, 10/428. Bond, 2/137 101. "What property is subject to for- feiture. Abb. U. S., 2/192. Blatehf., 5/403^ ^/459. Bond, 2/305 lit. Rev. Rec,. 10/93,12/40,18/59. Low., 1/239. Wall.,, 11/356. Woods, 2/54. 102. "What is not. Ben., 4/471 lut. Rev. Rec, 4/i4g^ 11/126, 23/10. Sawyer, 1/34. 103. Procedure in suits to enforce for- feitures. Rev. Stat., § 3213. Ben., 8/457^ Blatchf., 7/483 Deady, I/566. I>ill.^ 2/299. lilt- Rev- Rec, 12/39, l^/l32. 104. Requisites of information. Biss., 4/26, 6/379. Bond, I/587, 2/137^, 2/399. Dill., 3/285. Int. Rev. Rec, 3/114. Phil., (Pa.) 7/603. 105. Defences. Abb. U.S., 1/268. Ben., 8/473. Biss.,. 2/453 Blatchf., 14/317. Wall., 14/44. 318 INTERNAL REVENUE, VI, VH. 106. Matters of evidence, burden of proof, &c. Rev. Stat., § 3333. Blatchf., ^j^q^, ^Im, ^/469. Bond, 2/3gg Int. Rev. Eec, 5/i89_ 5/^9o_ 6/i87_ 7/^^ ll/^g^ Otto, 107. Costs in proceedings to enforce forfeitures. Ben., i/i25, 2/76, ^/436. 1°*- Bev. Rec, */l62. 108. Release of property seized, on bail. . Rev. Stat., § 3331, 3459. Ben., l/jg, ^/lOl. Blatchf., 5/386_ Int. Rev. Rec, %65, ^/l8l. 109. "Who are entitled to share as informers. Shares of inform- ers. Rev. Stat., § 3461. Ben., l/ggy^ 1/374^ 1/472, 2/14. Blatchf., 5/500^ 6/42/_ a! ofCl., %03. Int. Rev. Rec, 6/59. Low., V22. V244. Op. Att.-Gen., IS/^g^ IS/ggg Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/54 3. Punishment by indictment. " 110. When an indictment will lie. Abb. U.S., 1/120. Biss., 6/259 Blatchf., '14/93 Chic. L.N., 8/9 Int. Rev. Rec, ^/ei, ''Ih, ^/i86. Law Rep., N. S., I6/22. HI. "When it -wiU not lie. Blatchf, 5/546, Low., 1/319 Wyom. T., 1/246. 112. Time within which indictment must be fotmd. Int. Rev. Rec, 15/3o_ "Woods, S/j^g 113. Suflaciency of indictment. Ben.,3/29_ Biss., 6/195^ 7/^29, Blatchf., 14/92. Bond, 2/332 Chic L. N., 5/353^ l°/283. Dill., 3/532 Int. Rev. R^c.^ 17/158, 24/347. Low., 1/199^ 1/232^ 1/266. Otto, e/ggo Sawyer, 1/507^ 2/gg3_ 114. Matters of defence. Ben., 2/453 Deady, I/186. 115. Evidence and burden of proof. Ben., 3/^32 Biss., 2/97^ 2/344^ 7/^^^ Blatchf, 5/204^ 6/7j^ 13/534 Bond, ijno, 2/311. Dill., 3/58, Int. Rev. Rec, 9/67^ 9/82, 10/74, 1%. VII. BEMEDIES FOE EXCESSIVE OE ILLEGAL TAXATION. 116. Action to recover back erroneous assessment. Kefunding taxes erroneously assessed, &o. Rev. Stat., § 3220, 3225. Ben., S/ggg Biss.,4/io8. Blatchf., 5/259^ 5/5i,_ Ct. of CI., 9/338. Int. Rev. Rec, 6/j8, Otto, S/337, 6/567. Wall., 5/g4i_ 10/,_ 12/^^ IS/^g^ IIY. — money deposited by distiller to pay for meter. Biss., 3/469. Ct. of CI., 11/538. 118. Necessity of previous appeal to commissioner of Internal rev- enue. Rev. Stat., § 3226. Sawyer, 2/333 Wall., IO/218, 12/i_ 14/6,3_ 21/65_ Woolw.," 1/293. 110. Limitations of time to sue after appeal to commissioner. Rev. Stat., § 3227, 3228. Int. Rev. Rec, 16/134 Otto,2/85_ Woods, 1/296. 120. Action for unlawful seizure of goods. Certificate of probable cause. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 9/47 Ben., 6/333 Blatchf., 7/29 Deady, 1/197 Int. Rev. Eec, 24/378. Otto, 7/642 Wall., 15/67i 17/«2. 121. Injunction to restrain assessment not the proper remedy. Rev. Stat., § 3224. Abb. U. S., 2/94 Am. L. Reg., n. s., 9/557 Int- Rev. Rec, 11/197, 17/99. INTERNATIONAL LAW. 319 As to Taxation generally, see Taxes. As to collection of Duties om Imports, see Duties. INTERNATIONAL LAW. [Consult, also, Blockade; Boundaries; Cap- tube ; Citizens ; Extradition ; Mnns- TEKS; Neutrality; Piracy- Prize; Treaties; War.] 1. General nature of the la"W of nations. Op. Att.-Gen., 7/jg 7/229 Paine, 2/601, 2/688. Van Ness Pr. Gas., I/5. 2. Its obligation upon the United States. Grand., l/i, 2/3^ ^^g 9/388. Op. Att.- <^en., 9/356. 3. Its superiority to municipal la-w. Granch, 4/2^^ Dall., 2/^. Mason, 2/i51. Op- Att.-Gen., O/ggg Wheat., ■9/362. -4. Rights of sovereignty, generally. Granch, ^Jhq^ 137. Op. Att.-Gen., 7/j^8. 5. "WTiat constitutes independence. Wheeler, 2/5^3 e. Effect of conquest or cession upon private rights and property. Granch, e/jgg Pet., ^j^u^ S/jn. 734, 12/410, 436. Wheat., 1/279. V. — upon political relations. Gt. of CI., 5/571. McAlJ., I/186. See, also. War, 17. 8. Acquisition of territory by right of discovery. Wheat., 8/543 9. Jurisdiction of each nation exclu- sive within its own territory. Granch, '^Iuq, Gall., 1/62. Op. Att.- Gen., 7/229. 10. Jurisdiction over adjacent waters limited to a marine league of the coast. Granch, 4/24i_ Gall., 1/, 62 11. Exception to above rule in respect to seizTires of vessels for viola- tion of municipal law. Granch, -2/^87_ 6/281 12. Rights and privileges of war ships in foreign ports. Granch, Tj^q jgg. Low., l/gg. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 10/97 Op. Att.-Gen., I/32, V47, ^87, %6, ^/l22. Wheat., 7/283^ 340. 13. — of merchant vessels. Otto, 2/520. 14. Recognition of revolted provinces, and de facto governments. Op. Att.-Gen., 7/5g2 Wheeler, 2/597^ 2/gQQ See, also, Jurisdiction, 20. 15. Recognition of decisions of foreign courts. Granch, S/^gi Gall., ^Iigi_ See, also, Judgment, 70. 16. How far one government is respon- sible for wrongs done to a citi- zen of another. Gt. of GL, 1/324. McLean, l/i85. Op.' Att.-Gen.,l/io6 7/229 l^/sss l%54. Pet-, lVl85. 17. Right to enlist subjects of foreign powers. Op. Att.-Gen., 3/g7o 6/474 7/3g7_ See, also. Army, 25. 18. Offences against the law of na- tions. Op. Att.-Gen., I/30, 1/68. INTERIOR, (Department of.) Departments, 5. 320 JUDGMENT. INTERPRETATION. Of Contracts, see Bills of Exchange, I; Bills or Lading, 4-14 ; Chakteb Pabties, II; Chattel Mobtqages, 5-8; Contbacts, IV; Deeds, III; Moetgages, II; Sales, I; Vendor and Puechaseb, 9-18. Of Corporate charters, see Corpobations, 7, 8 ; and the titles of the various distinct corpo- rate bodies. Of Statutes and Constitutional provisions, see Constitutional Law, 6, &o. ; Statutes, III. Of WUU, see Wills, IV. INTERROGATORIES. Contempt, 14 ; Depositions, 41, 42. INTOXICATION. As a Defence in criminal cases, see Cbiminal Law, 14. As to the regulation and licensing of the Sale of intoxicating liquors, see Liquor Selling. INVENTIONS. Patents. INVENTORY. Assignments, (for creditors) 9; Bank- ruptcy, 76 ; Execution, 31 ; Executors AND Administbatoes, 12-14. IOWA. For decisions relating to Iowa, In common- ■with the other states of the Union, see States, L ISSUE. Failure of, see Devise, 6; Legacies, U; Wills, 49. Joinder of, in pleading, see Pleadinq, V. Evidence under particular issues, see Plead- ing, VL J JAIL LIMITS. Arrest, 9 ; Execution, 73 ; Imprison- ment, 2. JETTISON. Insurance, 82. JOINDER. Of Issue, see Pleading, V. Of Parties, see Parties, 2-21. Of Counts, in pleading, seci Pleading, 22. JOINT TENANTS. Tenants in Common. JUDGES. Courts, 7-11. JUDGMENT: DECREE. I. Rules Eelative to Parties. II. Rendition and Entry op Judgments.- 1. Formal requisites. Time of entry, &c. 2. What relief may he granted. 3. Filing and docketing. III. Interpretation and Effect. Con- clusiveness. 1. In general. 2. Hew far conausive. u. As respects the parties. 6. As respects the court pronouncing the judgment. c. As respects the form or nature of the adjudication. d. As respects the subject-matter de- cided 3. Collateral impeachment. JUDGMENT, I, II. 321 IV. Lien. Pkiomtt. 1. OeneraZ principles. 2. Duration and extent of Ken, under laws of different states. V. Satisfaction and Discharge. VI. Opening and Vacating. VII. Enfokcement. Actions on Jxtdo- MENTS. Vni. Judgments by Confession. I. EULES EELATIVE TO PAETIES. 1. Actions against several defendants, generally. "WTien a several judg- ment is proper. Cranch C. C, I/150, %. How., IS/igg. McLean, %i2. Minn., I/102. Otto, Vl34, 3/289. Pet., 2/482 Wall., 12/403, 15/552. Wash. G. C, I/168. 2. Judgment against defendant not served -with process. Cranch, 7/^94 Otto, S/ggg. Pet., %6, 15/167. Wall., 6/23i_ 3. — or -who fails to appear or plead. Chic. L. N., 8/i4g_ Otto,l/i6o. Saw- yer, 3/274. 4. Judgment in favor of one or more of several defendants. Brock., I/261. Day, (Conn.) S/ggy. 5. Judgment in favor of one defendant against another. Brock., 2/379^ 387_ McLean, 8/37 4/^20. Wall., 3/704_ 6. Effect of death of party to be charged. Chase Dec, I/432. Paine, I/483. Pet., 2/331. See, also. Abatement, 10, 11, 29. 7. Illustrations of the rule that equity ■will not make a decree affecting parties not before the court. How., 17/130. Sumn., I/173. Wash. C. C, 1/517. Wheat., 3/59, 5/3^3 5/424. IT 8. General rules applicable where personal representatives, heirs, married women, or infants are parties defendant. Cranch C. C, 2/241. Otto, ^Ju^^ 9. Rules relative to parties in admi- ralty. 01c. Adm., I/316. Sprague, I/423. II. EENDITION AND ENTEY OF JUDG- MENTS. 1. Formal requisites. Time of entry, all., 2/415. McLean, 4/253. Otto, 3/150. Wall. C. C, 4/127 4/159. 322 JUDGMENT, II. 16. What steps must be taken before entering judgment for want of a plea, or on decree pro confesso. McLean, s/^g^^ Pet., 8/262. Wash. C. C, 4/391. Woodb. & M., 3/359^ 17. _ before entering summary judg- ment, on motion. Cranch C. C, I/50, ^Il32, ^Im. 18. Assessing damages. "WTien a writ of inquiry is necessary. Wheat., 1/215 ^Ii29. See, also. Dam- ages, 38. 19. WTien defendant may enter judg- ment for plaintiff's neglect to prosecute. Otto, 1/534. 20. 'Bigbt to enter judgment upon finding by referee. Oreg., 1/99. Wall.,2/i23_ 21. Right to judgment non obstante veredicto. Law Rep., n. s., 11/726. 2. What relief may be granted. 22. General provisions. Power to grant relief. CrancbiC. C, 2/^01 ^Ii06. Hempst., 1/217. Paine, 2/209 Pet., l/igg^ 6/gg_ Wall., 10/127. 23. Rule that judgment must conform to the issue raised by the plead- ings. McLean, 6/igg_ Minn., 1/17. Newb. Adm., 1/41. Oreg., I/92. Pet., e/^^Q^ ^252, 10/177, 11/229. Pet. C. C, 1/356. Story, 3/54 Wall.,17/4i7_ Wheat., V/522, IO/18I. 24. Provisions respecting amount, or kind of currency. Ben., 2/47_ 3/499 Ct. of CI., 5/go9_ Ga., 35/320 Hempst, 1/20^ 1/236. How., 16/98. Low., 1/398. Otto, 6/g8o_ 6/gig_ Wall., l/398_ 3/32o_ 7/229^ T/ggg^ ll/379_ Wash. C. C, 1/376. 25. — respecting interest and costs. Rev. Stat., § 983. Cranch, 3/93^ 8/239 Curt., 1/201. How., I8/421, 18/460. Saw- yer, 1/243. 26. "What relief may be granted, gen- erally. Cranch, 9/19 McLean, 5/gig Wheat., 1/215. 27. — under prayer for general relief. Cranch C. C, S/^pg. How., %qq^ 17/447. Paine, ^jn^ Pet., 2/595^ 6/339^ %20, 10/177, 14/156, 16/182. 28. — under prayer for special relief. Wash. C. C, 4/53 29. Proper provisions of judgment in actions on bonds. Cranch C. C, I/250. Hempst., I/271. How., 12/i59_ 14/5gg_ Pet., 5/373 See, also. Bonds, 29. 30. — in actions for chattels. Cranch, 4/299 Cranch C. C, I/243 %55. See, also. Replevin, 20. 31. — in creditor's suits. How., 5/143 See, also, Ceeditor's Suit, 15. 32. — in suits relative to real property, land cases, ejectment, partition, &c. Cranch, 8/229 How., 12/209. Otto, 2/101. Wall., 1/439. 33. What relief may be decreed against infants, heirs, devisees, &c. Hayw., (N. C.) 2/291 McLean, I/120 Pet-, 8/128, 9/62. 34. — against personal representa- tives. Pet., 9/275 Wheat., Sj^^^^ See, JUDGMENT, II, III. 323 also, Executors and Administra- tors, 81. 3. Filing and docketing. 35. Power of the clerk to enter judg- ment; and when the court must be applied to. Pet., 9/573. Wall., 2/123. Ware, 2/331. 36. Entry nunc pro tunc, and effect thereof. Wall., 1/627, 1/690. 37. Necessity of docketing. Paine, 2/251 38. "What is a sufficient docketing. Bankr. Reg., 14/388^ 16/52^ I6/204 Biss., ^kbb. Cent. L. J., 3/526. 39. Effect of docketing. Bankr. Reg., l^/igy Cranch C. C, ^/si, %0. How.,24/333_ Sawyer, 4/262. 40. Requisites of judgment roll ; what is a part of it. Chase Dec, I/432. Sawyer, 3/274 III. INTEKPKETATION AND EFFECT. CONCLUSIVENESS. 1. In general. ■41. General rules of construction. McLean, S/i^g. Pet., 8/573 Wall., ^hoi, ^Vi3o. 42. "What judgraents are final. Cranch, I/103. How., II/398. Paine, ^/209. 43. 'What are interlocutory. How., 6/g2 Int. Rev. Rec, 16/15^ McLean, 1/37. Paine, 2/2Qg_ Pet., 9/4_ See, also. Appeal, 8, 9; Error, 19, 20. 44. "What decrees are final. McAll., 1/91. Paine, 2/313 Wall., l«/583, 1%6. Woodb. & M., 1/61. 45. What decrees are interlocutory. Cranch C. C, 2/gig How., 6/iq3_ %01, ^/206, ^/209. OfctO; V38I. Sumn., 3/495 Wash. T., 1/174 See, also. Ap- peal, 8, 9 ; Error, 19, 20. 46. Judgment of no force unless court had jurisdiction of person or property. Hempst., I/118 How., 12/472^ 9/335^ 11/437. McLean, 2/473_2/5i^_4/9g_ Otto, 5/714. Paine, l/g5_ 2/5oi_ Pet., T/ggg, ^Im, 1^/147. Sawyer, Sl^,^. Sumn., 3/600. Wall., 10/367. See, also. Juris- diction, 11. 47. Effect of judgments and decrees, generally. Deady, I/299. How., 3/^5^^ 24/ig5_ MacArth., 2/4Q9 McAll., 1/401. Mc- Lean, 1/44. Pet., 1/552, 7/554. Wall., 15/600. 48. — of foreign judgments. Blatchf.,10/43g Brock., 1/203. Crabbe, Vi79. Curt., 2/5g9_ How., ^Uey^ 6/44^ McLean, 2/2g7 Paine, 2/g88 Pet, 8/308. Wall., 9/812. Wheat., 10/4g5_4g9_ Woodb. & M., 1/172. See, also, post, 70. , 49. — of judgments of courts of Con- federate States. Am. L. Reg., n. s., IO/641. Int. Rev. Rec, 14/140. Woods., 1/437, V598. See, also. Confederate States, 6 ; Courts, 57. 50. Effect of judgments by default, consent, or confession. Cranch C. C, 1/255, ^/401, ^kso. Saw- yer, 1/243. Wall., 11/268. See, also, post, 140. 51. Validity and effect of judgments as against creditors. Cranch C. C, 2/3gi. McLean, 3/igg_ Wall., 5/433. 324 JUDGMENT, III. 52. Merger of origiual cause of action or contract. Blatchf., 1/326. Cranch, 6/253 Hempst., 1/438. How., 22/27o_ McLean, 2/jgg^ 4/51. Pet., 14/19. Pet. C.C, 1/74. WaU., 6/231,17/545. Wash.C.C.,3/i7_ Woods, ^/l03. 58. How a foiiaer adjudication should be pleaded and proved. Cranch C. C, I/87, 1/288, V5O8. Law Eep., N. S., 11/616. Paine, 2/209. WaU., 2/35, %80. Ware, 2/236. Wash. C. C, 4/86. Woodb. & M., 1/172, V18I, 3/236. 2. Sow far conduaive. a. As respects the parties. 54. The general rule that judgments are conclusive betvreen the par- ties and their privies. How., 8/58g_ 14/5gg^ 18/42j_ 21/33i_ Uj^^^^ 24/333. McLean, 1/460. Pet., S/^gg^ lO/^^g^ 14/156,16/71. Wall., 4/i74_ 7/82. Wheat., 10/192. 55. Scope and extent of the rule. Biss., 6/501. Blatehf., 5/225, Car.L. P*Pv 1/53. Cranch C. C, 2/499 How., %19. McLean, S/^^g Mason, I/515. Otto, 4/351 Wall., 5/5gg 7/gi9_ 13/4gg^ 20/137,23/458. Wash. C.C, 4/503. Wheat., 6/109, 6/453. 53. Its limits and exceptions. Blatchf., 14/242. ClifiF., 2/191 Cranch C. C, 3/228. Ct.^of CI., 5/34. Gilp., 1/489. How., 6/44 McLean, 2/i4g. Ma- son, 8/95. Otto, 1/160,1/526,4/22. Paine, 2/209. Pet., 8/3gi^ 10/298_ Ware, 2/333. Wash. C. C, 1/230. Woodb. & M., 1/172. Woods, 2/igo. 67. What actions or proceedings are barred. Biss., 6/370 Blatchf., 2/308 Chic. L. N., 7/411. Cliff., 2/191 Ct. of CI., 1/220. I^ev., I/216. How., 7/i9g. Mc- Lean, 2/145 OttO; 4/351. Pet., 8/361, 9/8. Wall., 3/1^ 4/174^ 13/497. Woods, 2/137. 58. Judgment against one joint tres- passer no bar to suit against co- trespassers. Cranch C. C, I/33. Wall., 3/i 59. Otherwise as to joint contractors.. Story, 3/g4g Wall., 10/583. 60. who will be deemed to be parties or privies. Cliff., 2/^9j Otto, 4/74^. Sawyer, 3/206. Wall., 3/i_ 4/g57_ 61. "WYxp will not be so considered. How., 6/44 Pet.,8/52g Sumn., 2/401^ 62. Bflfect of judgments on rights of third persons, not parties. Abb. U. S., 2/283. Plack, 2/418^ Blatchf., 2/3Q8^ 7/391 Brock., 1/126, 1/266, 2/311. Deady, l/i. Hempst., 1/251. How., 1,7/239. McLean, 4/192 Paine, 1/549. Pet., 4/466, %26. Sumn., 2/4^1^ Wall., 3/175^ 9/i75_ Wheat., 3/346^ 11/230. Woodb. & M., l/i8i_ 3/23g 63. — on rights of purchasers pen- dente lite. How., 9/34. Otto,3/ig3 Paine, 2/536_ Woolw., 1/69. See, also, Notice, 11. 64. Effect of former adjudication be- tween strangers to former suit ; when conclusive. Black, 2/418 Otto, 3/ig3 Overt., (Tenn.) I/165. Woods, I/368 65. wnen not conclusive. Abb. U. S., 2/283 Brock., 2/i25_ Deady, l/i Hempst., I/251. How., 17/239,17/274. Hughes, 1/373. Pet., 4/466. Wall., 15/51. Wheat., 6/550^ ggo JUDGMENT, III. 325 b. As respects the court pronouncing the judg- ment. •66. "WTien judgment at la-w bars suit in equity, or admiralty. Mason, I/515. Wall., 5/ggg_ 67. Decree in. chancery as conclusive as judgment at la'w. Black, l/77_ How., 3/4i3_ 7/^98^ 14/52^ ^6/65, 24/195, 202, 24/233. Mason, S/ggg^ Paine, 2/533 Wheat., e/^gg 68. Conclusiveness of judgments of state courts. Const., Art. IV, § 1. Am. L. Eeg., N. s., l2/38_ Biss., 3/286. Crabbe, 1/135^ 1/551. Di"-, 4/436. How., 6/44^ 18/253_ 18/404,20/486. MacArth., 1/19. McLean, %29, 2/473, 2/511, 4/262. Paine, 2/309 2/501. Pet., 9/86, 13/312. Pet. C.C, 1/74. Vl55. Sawyer, 1/309. Wall., 8/290, 6/750, «/752, 7/139, 9/1O8, 9/486, 1%50. Wash. C. C, 3/17^ 3/28_ 3ks, 4/657. Wheat., 3/234, «/l29. Woodb.&M., 1/172, 3/105. Woods, 1/274. See, also, Coukts, 34-42. 69. — not binding as to parties not notified of suit. Blatchf., 2/427. How., ll/i63, lVl65, 11/437, 14/334, I8/297. 23/132. McLean, 4/96, ^/l. Pai°e, 2/501. Pet., 4/4gg_ Woodb. & M., 3/105. 'ZO. Conclusiveness of judgments of courts of foreign countries, act- ing in rem. Bee Adm., I/300. Crabbe, I/179. Cranch, S/^gg^ 4/igg^ 4/24^^ 4/434^ 7/423_ Cranch C. C, I/361. Law Eep., 3/^27. Low., 1/253. Pet., 14/99 Story, I/157. Sumn., 3/389^ 3/goo. Wash. C. C, I/241, 4/53. See, also, International Law, 15. 71. Conclusiveness of judgments of courts of exclusive jurisdic- tion. Cranch, 4/434^ 9/^26. Wash. C. C, 2/5O8, 4/715. Wheat., 3/246. 72. — of decisions of land commis- sioners. How., 3/^0. Pet., 12/410. Sawyer, 4/42. Wall., 5/^27. Wheat., 12/530, 543. c. As respects the form or nature of the adjudi- cation. 73. Conclusiveness of judgments by default, consent, or confes- sion. Crabbe, 1/135. How., 8/57. See, also, post, 140. 74. — of judgments of non-suit, dis- missal, or discontinuance. Cliff., 1/237, 1/425. Crabbe, 1/135, 1/434. Cranch C. C, 2/33. Hempst., 1/295, 1/428. How., 6/,g3_ 16/354^ Pet., 14/igg Pet. C.C, 1/199, Story, 3/181,3/299. Wall., 4/232,7/107. Wash. C. C, 3/28. Wheat., 1/233 12/1. Woodb. & M., 1/181, 2/121, %36. 75. — of decrees in rem. Blatchf., 2/427. Brock., 2/125. Cranch, 7/423. Call., 3/54 Int. Rev. Eec, 10/157. Law Rep., n. s., 8/488 McLean., 4/2g2^ 6/562. Paine, 2/652. Taney, I/112.. Wall., 2/210. Ware, 1/104. Wheat, 3/245. 76. 'When joint judgment bars sev- eral action. Sumn., 2/42g. 77. When several judgment bars joint action. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 7/402. Cranch, 6/253 McLean, 2/168, 4/51, Story, 3/646. Wall., 6/231. 326 JUDGMENT, III, IV. 78. Judgxaent of no force unless notice of suit was given. Blatchf., l/4go. Cranch, 9/^26. ^-Y. Leg. Obs., 8/^05. Otto, 3/274 Sumn., %00. 70. Effect of further proceedings in the cause, by appeal, or other- wise. Wall., 7/82 d. As respects the subject matter decided. 80. In general. Abb. U.S., 2/434 Cranch C. C, 5/393 How., 24/553 Otto,%7. Story, 2/582. Wall., 5/566, 7/619. 81. Conclusiveness on question of title to land. Black, 2/606. How., 14/52^ 24/^83. Pet., 5/^5^_ 5/485. Story, I/474, 1/547. Wall., 2/35^ 3/245, 3/332 See, also, Ejectment, 25. 82. Matters not at issue, or not adju- dicated. Cliic. L. N., 9/361. Hempst., 1/38. How., 3/87^ 6/j63_ I6/114, l8/4j^8. Law Eep., N. S., 11/616. Otto, 4/423, */606. Paine, 2/535. Pet., 7/^7^^ 2O6. Story, 1/474. Ware, 3/^^^ Wheat., Gj^qq^ Woodb. & M., 2/^21. Wyom. T., I/240; 83. Doctrine of former adjudication as applied in criminal cases. Abb. Adm., 1/261. Blatchf., 5/2^4 Dill., 4/128. How., 7/89 21/506 Hughes, V552. Petv^/193. Sawyer, 3/556. Wall., ^/744. Wheat., 7/3g_ gee, also, Civil Eights, 5-7. 3. Collateral impecuihment. 84. The general rule forbidding it: Black, 2/585 Hempst., 1/265. How., Vl34, 8/586, 1%6, 20/532 22/352; 22/473. Low., l/i63. McLean, I/460, 5/143, %61,. 6/1. Otto, 4/664. Pet., I6/71. Wall., 3/744, 4/435, 9/315, 10/583. Wash. C. C, 2/142. Wheat., 10/192. 85. Illustrations of the rule. Bankr. Reg., 18/49 Chic. L. K, %30, '7/121. Cranch C. C, 4/g6 How., 2/319, 7/172, 22/1. McLean, 2/267, 2/473, 6/562. Off. Gaz. Pat., 6/34 Pet., e/g^ Sawyer, I/270. Wall., 4/435^ 8/373^ 23/io8^ Woods, 1/279, 2/293. 86. Various exceptions to the rule. Bankr. Reg., 13/17 -Bond, 2/39^^ Sawyer, I/156. 87. Right to impeach judgment for •want of jurisdiction of parties or subject-matter. Abb. U. S., 2/542. Alb. L. J., 9/256. I>illv V362. How., 4/467_ 14/334_ Mc- Lean, 2/473^ 2/gii Pai„e, 2/goi, 2/536^ Sawyer, 4/638. Wall., 2/32g, 5/290 Wash. C. C, 1/330. Woodb. & M., 1/172. 88. — for irregularities or defects in. the pleadings and proceed- ings. Dill., 4/436. How., 22/i_ 22/473_ Mc- Lean, 5/i4g Mason, 1/515' Otto, 4/564^ Pinn., (Wis.) 1/137. Wall., 8/396, IO/3O8, "/581. Wheat., 6/453_ Woods, 1/279. ' 89. — for fraud, collusion, &c. Abb. U.S., 2/434 Am.L.Reg.,N.s., 12/38. Biss., 3/266, 6/i74_ Hempst., 1/286^ How., 11/437, 18/404. Int. Rev. Eec., 12/113, I8/149. McLean, 5/143 Mason, 5/95. Wash.C.C.,4/7ig_ Woods, 1/667^ IV. LIEN. PEIOEITY. 1. Oeneral principles. 80. General nature of the judgment hen. Am. L. Eeg., 5/330^ 9/171 Black,. JUDGMENT, IV, V. 327 2/430. Brock., I/166. How., '^I^qq^ Mc- Lean, 2/7g_ 5/5Q7_ Pet., 1/386, Wall., ^/205, ^2/l50. 91. "WTien the lien attaches. Cranch C. C, 2/351 MacArth., I/155 McLean, z/g^^^ S/^^^^ 8/235^ 4/55^ Paine, %51. 92. Upon what property it attaches. Abb. U. S., 1/474. -^°^- ■'-'• ^s^v ^/236. Biss.,4/206. Blatchf., 2/201^4/^8. Cranch C. C, 5/1. How., 7/760. MacArth., 1/155. McLean, 2/78. 0110,1/357. Paine, 2/591^ 2/600. Pet., 13/464. 93. "Who may enforce it, or have the benefit of it. Black, 2/448 Brock., l/iee. McLean, V35, %87. 94. Ho"w lost or discharged. Gilp., 1/51. How., 13/287 McLean, ^/430, ^/456, %07. Paine, 2/493 Pet., 5/358. Wall., 7/205, 12/150. Wash.C.C, 2/280. West. Jur., 13/258. Wheat, 12/177. 95. Effect of state laws on lien of judg- ments of federal courts. Rev. Stat., § 967. Abb. U. S., 1/474. Am. L. Reg., S/i^i Baldw., 1/246. Black, 2/430 Blatclif., 2/341^ 13/242. How., 7/760, ^/l07, %30. McLean, 2/73^ 4/607. ^- Y. Leg. Obs., 10/1. Paine, 2/251' Wall. Jr., 1/196. 96. Priority of one judgment over an- other. Baldw., 1/264. Biss., 7/73 Gilp., 1/51. How., 17/157. McLean, 3/235^ 4/g54_ Paine, 2/492. Wheat., 2/396, 12/177. 97. — between judgments and other debts or incumbrances. Brock., I/166, 2/159 I>'llv 4/314, 4/3i6„. How., 11/398. McLean, 5/453 2. Duration and extent of the lien, under laws of different states, 98. Indiana. How., 15/i89. McLean, 2/78, 4/353, 4/554. 99. Kentucky. Pet-, 4/366. 100. Louisiana. How., 17/i57_ 101. Maryland. Pet., 5/358. 102. Mississippi. How., 4/4^ 8/107, ^%87. 103. Missoiu-i. Wheat., 12/177. 104. New York. How., 21/126. Paine, 2/351 105. Ohio. Black, 2/430. McLean, I/35, 8/235, 4/430. 106. Oregon. Bankr. Reg., I6/137 Sawyer, 4/262. 107. Pennsylvania. Baldw., 1/246. Gilp., 1/51. Wash.C. C, 2/69. 108. Virginia. Brock., 2/252 Cranch C. C, ^k. How., 12/407. Pet., 4/124, 13/464. 109. Wisconsin. Wall., 2/283, 6/750. V. SATISFACTION AND DISCHAEGE. 110. What amounts to a satisfaction. generally. Biss., 4/249, 4/269 McLean, 2/356 Mont. T., 1/612. Paine, 2/492. 111. Satisfaction by proceedings under levy of execution. McLean, 2/145^ 8/354^ 3/542 Story, 328 JUDGMENT, Y, VI. ^/446. Wall., 3/ggg See title Execu- tion. 112. — by arrest under execution against the person. Hempst., 1/290. How., is/ggi. Pet. C. C, 1/262. Wall. Jr., ^Qg See, also, Execution, 79. 113. Entry of satisfaction; and lio-w it may be compelled, or va- cated. Blatehf., 14/279. How., 4/286. Mc- Lean, 2/3gg Wall., 12/304. Wash. C. C, 2/467. VI. OPENING AND VACATING. 114. Po'wers of the court. Cranch C. C, 1/127. Ct. of CI., 8/97 How., 6/3j_ 18/507 Int- Rev. Rec, 23/333 McLean, s/^^i^ S/^gg^ 4/354 Otto, 4/7^5 Pet., 12/4gg Sawyer, S/ggg Wall., I8/163. Wash.C.C.,2/433_4/84_ Wheat., %9i. See, also. Circuit Courts, 85. 115. Grounds of arrest of judgment in civil causes. Call, (Va.) 6/241^ Cranch C. C, I/40, %28, %26, 2/707, %57, ^/439. Dall., 4/393. Gall., 2/jog Hempst., I/103. McLean, 3/272. Pet. C. C, 1/64. Wash. C. C, ^/257, V258, %00. 116. Matters of practice on motions in arrest. Cranch C. C, I/15 2/324 How., 1%54. IIV. Arrest of judgment in criminal cases. Ben., 4/33o_ Blatehf., 4/33^^ e/^g^^ Cranch C. C, l/i^ 1/237^ 4/gg_ 4/33^^ 4/go^_ ^kei, ^hs. Law Rep., n. s., 12/273. McLean, 6/jgg e/^gg Taney, I/34. Woodb. & M., 1/305 2/i64. Wyom. T., V168. 118. Amending and correcting a judg- ment, generally. Blatehf. & H., 1/151. How., le/gg. 119. wnat corrections are permitted, and ho-w made. Bond, 1/554. Cranch C. C, I/433. How., 11/480. Mont. T., 1/201. Wall., 3/320. Woodb. & M., 1/1^ l/ei. See, also. Amendment, 15, 16. 120. Opening judgments. Time to move, and in ■what court. Abb. U. S., 2/503 Blatehf., 6/gi3_ Brock., 1/529. Cranch C. C, 4/533. 0*. of CL, 3/97 Pet. C. C, 1/155. Wash. C.C.,4/84. Woods, 1/11. 121. Necessity of an affidavit of merits. Baldw., 1/462. McLean, 1/332^ 4/253. 122. Hearing and determination of the motion ; ■when granted, and ■when denied. Blatehf., 6/4gg_ l4/3g2 Crabbe, I/70. Ct. of CI., 3/97 Int. Rev. Rec, lO/gg. Law Rep., 1/354. Wall., 12/304. 123. Imposing terms as a condition of relief. Ben., 3/573. Cranch C. C, I/129, 8/212. How.,20/58j_ McLean, 4/258 Sprague, V4I8. 124. Vaoatiug judgments, generally. Ben., 1/343 Crabbe, I/70 McLean, 3/281. Wall., 9/3g_ 125. "WTio may move to set aside. Otto, 1/341^ 3/4^2. 126. Time to move to vacate or set aside. Abb. U. S., 1/302. Baldw., 1/287. Chic. L. N., 4/4og Cranch C. C, I/84, Vl27, Vl47, V159, V433, 2/238, 2/372, 2/535! 2/633, 2/685, %12 ^/ll5, %93. Hempst., JUDGMENT, VII, VIII— JUDICIAL SALES. 329 V251. How., 6/3^^ 14/297_ 18/go7_ Int. Rev. Rec, 28/25 McLean, ^1^^ S/^gg^ 4/254. Wash. C. C, 2/433_ 4/393 Wheat., ^/591. 127. W^hat grounds are sufficient. Cranch C. C, 8/^73 How., 14/334. McAll., 1/85. McLean, ^Un^ 4/205 128. Vacating office judgments. Cranch, 3/^gg Cranch C. C, l/gs, Vl29, -^/ZSS, ■^/260, ■'^/329, ^/ll5. VII. ENFOECEMENT. ACTIONS ON JUDGMENTS. 129. Enforcement by execution. Abb. U. S., 2/479 Chase Dec, I/540. Pet., 14/^47 Woods, 2/g47_ See title Execution. 130. Upon -what judgments or decrees an action ■will lie. Biss., 5/62. Cranch C. C, i|i^o, How., 16/65, 18/404 Wall., 22/„ Wheat., %97. 131. Questions of jurisdiction, and lim- itation. Blatchf., 1/480. 132. The declaration. Blatchf., 9/274. Pet., 1/686. Wyom. T., 1/22. 133. Matters of defence. Biss., 5/60. McLean, 6/1 Wall.,21/7i_ 22/77_ Wash. C. C, 4/53. 134. "What pleas may be filed in actions on judgments, gener- ally. Baldw.,1/36. Blatchf., 14/324. Bond, 2/104 Dill., 1/362. Hempst., I/229. McLean, 2/5ij_ 5/172 Paine, 2/goi. Pet., 1/686. Pet. C. C, 1/155. Wheat., 3/234. 136. — nil debet. Cranch, 7/4gi Cranch C. C, I/124, 2/22. Dall., 2/302. McLean, 2/511, 4/i25_ 5/461. Paine, 2/501. Wheat., 8/234 See, also. Debt, (action of) 12. 136. — nul tiel record. Cranch C. C, 8/251. McLean, 2/473, 4/96. Paine, 2/209. Ware, 2/235. 137. Amount of recovery. Wheat., 8/g9o. VIII. JUDGMENTS BY CONFESSION. 138. "WTio may confess judgment, and for "what demands. Biss., 5/22. Cranch C. C, I/159, 1/285. 139. How entered. Biss., 5/22. Dall., 2/3go Sawyer, 2/441. Wall. Jr., 2/559 140. Effect of the judgment when en- tered. Cranch C. C, 2/9 Pet, 1/136. Wash. C. C, 3/558 See, also, ante, 50, 73. 141. Confession of judgment by bond and vsrarrant of attorney. McLean, 4/i2g, 4/305 Wall. C. C, %58. As to the effect of a. judgment as an Estoppel, see Estoppel, 8. As to the admissibility and eflfect of a judgment as a Means of evidence, see Evidence, 146-149. As to entering judgment on Awards of arbi- trators, see Aebitbation, 19. JUDICIAL NOTICE. EVXDENCB, 7-15. • JUDICIAL SALES. [Consult, also. Auction ; Execution.] 1. What is a judicial sale. How., 8/495, 24/427. 2. When a sale is proper. Blatchf, 4/142. Wall. Jr., 8/395. 330 JUDICIAL SALES— JURIES, I. 3. Proceedings preliminary to the sale. Notice, advertisements, &c. Bankr. Reg., I8/504. Chic. L. N., 8/2, How., 2/43 MacArth., 1/206, 2/176. Pet., 10/449. Wall., 2/313^ il/4i6_ See, also. Execution, 42. 4. Po'wers of officer conducting the sale. Hempst., I/460. Wash. C. C, 8/546. Wheat., 9/616. 5. Conduct of the sale. Adjourn- ments. How., 18/^43 Hughes, 2j^q,j_ Mc- Lean, 4/79 Wall., 3/196. 6. Validity of the sale ; and its effect, generally. Hempst., 1/460. Otto, 8/424 ^st., 10/449. Wall., 6/94. Wash. C.C, 3/546. 7. Invalidity of contracts not to bid. Morr., (Iowa) I/113. Wall., 14/279. 8. Conflrmation, and its effect. Blatchf., 3/11 How., 8/495 McLean, 1/221. Pet., 10/449. Wall, 2/609. 9. Bights of purchasers; and -what protection is accorded them. Ben., 1/128, 137, '^/528. Blatchf., 6/531 Brock., 1/228. How., 2/319 MacArth., 2/479. McLean, 4/607^ 5/j4g 0110,8/434 Pet., 10/449^12/11 Sumn.,3/318 Wall., ■^/627, ^/l96, ^^lim. 10. No warranty express or implied; caveat emptor the rule. Am. L. Reg., 4/459 ^^^ Rep., N. s., 9/18. McLean, 3/357 4/go7. Otto, 8/434. Wheat., 9/616. 11. What title passes. Abb. U. S., 2/479 Cranch C. C, ■%14. How., 6/jg3 MacArth., l/goe. Otto>V638. Sawyer, 1/309. Wall., 2/337. 12. Compelling purchaser to take title and pay price. Brock., 1/228. McLean, 5/194 Sumn., %18. 13. Vacating; setting aside; impeach- ing, generally. Hempst., 1/460. How., 8/44^^ 5/143^ I8/137. Newb. Adm., 1/37. Pet.,10/449_ Wall., 6/157. 7/559 Wash. C.C, 4/4.5. 14. — for fraud, collusion, &c. Ben., 7/52g Cranch C. C, 5/314, How., 18/i58 Wall., 6/94^ 6/268^ 7/299^ V392. West. Jur., 9/412 15. — for inadequacy of price. Ben., 1/1. McLean, 4/34^. Wall., 6/268. Wash. C. C, 3/546. 16. Sale not to be impeached collater- ally. How., 7/i72_ 8/495^ 8/5g5_' 8/56g^ 18/jgg^ Pet., 10/449. 17. Re-sale, and application therefor. Cranch C. C, 4/715 Wall., 6/157. 18. Review by appeal from order directing sale. Dak. T., 1/224. Wall., 1/655, %60. JURIES. I. Geand Juries. II. Petit Jtjeies. I. GEAND JURIES. 1. Summoning and quajifloations. Challenges. Rev. Stat., § 810, &c., 819, 820. Blatchf., 2/435 Brock., l/i56. Col. T., 2/13. Dak. T., 1/63. Dill., 1/485. Ga., 3%36. Hughes, 1/457 I°t- Rev. Rec, 12/162. Utah T., l/ii_ 1/226, V319. Woods, 2/197 See, also. Indictment, l. JUEIES, I, II— JURISDICTION, I. 331 2. Powers and privileges. Oath of secrecy. Eev. Stat., § 8 1 3, &c. Blatchf., 4/4^3 Cranch C. C, ^In, ^ko, ^/ye, %U. Deady, l/esy. Gall., 2/33^ Hempst., 1/10. Int. Rev. Rec, is/^ge, W/^gs, 19/19. Pittsb., (Pa.) 1/531. Wash. C. C, 2/29. II. PETIT JURIES. [Consult, also, Tbial, IV.] 3. "WTio are exempt from jury duty. QuaUflcations. Rev. Stat., § 812, 1671. Bond, 1/573^ ^Im. Cranch C. C, I/365, I/452, I/505, 4/124. Utah T., 1/215, V226. 4. Summoning and impanelling. Fol- lowing state laws. Rev. Stat., § 800, &c. Baldw., I/123. Blatchf., 2/435^ 10/2i_ Chase Dec, I/460. Cranch C. C, 3/441 Curt., 2/^53 Dall., %35, ^/515. How., 18/588. 1°*- ^ev. Rec, 18/69. McLean, 4/^Qg Utah T., 1/226, 1/319. Wall., 13/434. Woods, 1/499. 5. The requisite number. Baldw., 1/205. I>all., 2/335 Taney, 1/34. 6. Excuses. Cranch C. C, 1/355, 2/247. 7. Oath. Rev. Stat, § 821, 822. Stat, at L., 17/15. Baldw., 1/78. Ga.,35/33g 8. Fees, mileage, &c. Rev. Stat., § 852, 1883. Cranch, 4/433_ Cranch C. C, 2/^93 McLean, %00. Wall. Jr., 1/344. For decisions relative to the right of Tnal by jury, see Civil Eights, 1-4 ; Tmal, 2-7, 99. JURISDICTION. [Includes only decisions upon the Relative powers and jurisdiction of the executive, legisla- tive, and judicial departments of the government, in respect 'to which department is the proper one to exercise the power in question ; together with some rules as to the mode of Obtaining, exercising, and impeaching judicial jurisdiction. For decisions respecting the jurisdiction of the Federal courts, or of any particular court, gener- ally, see Courts ; also the titles of the various courts. As to the jurisdiction of the several Caiises of action, proceedings, or offences, see the titles of the various forms and causes of action ; also Criminal Law, and titles there referred to. For the relative powers of the States, and of the General government, see States; Uniteiv States.] I. General Principles Eelative to Jiteis- diction op Courts. II. Political Questions, and Matters not- Cognizable in the Courts. I. GENERAL PEINCIPLES EELATIVE TO JURISDICTION OF COUETS. 1. The rule that jurisdiction cannot be conferred by consent. Dak. T., 1/387. How., 19/,99^ 19/393^ 21/85,21/386,21/389. McLean, 4/i_ JMinn., 1/289, 1/365. Wash. C. C, 4/482. See, also. Appeal, 3 ; Ekeoe, 8. 2. Exception to the rule in justices* courts. Cranch C. C, 2/47^ 2/444^ 2/523^ 2/524^ 8. Jurisdiction once obtained will be retained. Cranch, 4/293 See, also. Equity, 20.. 4. — and will not be divested by sub- sequent events. Hempst., I/708, 1/711. How., 23/99^ Pet., 2/55g. Sawyer, I/309. 5. Jurisdiction as dependent on local- ity, in civil cases. Cranch, 6/^43 How., 16/i^ 17/424^ 21/go6. McLean, I/200, 2/267, 2/473, 2/611, 3/358. Pet., 6/389_ 12/524, I6/25. 532 JURISDICTION, I, II. 6. — in criminal cases. Cranch C. C, 4/309 '^^^U (Pa.) '*/396. Sumn., 2/4g2 See, also, Ceimi- NAL Law, 3. ^ v. Jurisdiction as affected by state lines. Blatehf., 3/3^0 How., 20/jQg Wall. Jr., 1/275. Woodb. & M., 3/538. See, also, ClECiriT COUKTS, 90, 91. 8. Precedence bet-ween courts of con- current jurisdiction. Bankr. Reg., 6/33^^ V/^^g Blatchf., ■5/170. Bond, 1/422. Curt.,l/i78. Hempst., I/7O8. How., 10/56, 14/368, 20/583, ^%0. Int. Rev. Rec, 15/56. Taney, l/i. Wall., «/334,8/64. Wheat.,' 9/532. 9. — bet-ween federal and state courts. Abb. U. S., l/i4o, 2/^51. Am. L. Reg., 2/^44^ 4/526_ S/ggg. Ben., 1/128. Bond, 1/422. Chase Dec, 1/349 Dill., 1/522. How., 2/9^ 20/583_ 24/450 Int. Rev. Rec., 15/g6 McLean, 6/355. Ma- «on, 5/95 Paine, l/ggo. Pet., 13/136, 10/400. Sumn.,3/i65. Wall., 8/334. Wall. Ji'v %21. 10. Conflict of jurisdiction. Ben., 1/234, 8/455. Cliff., 2/57. Dill., 1/363. How., 14/368. Low., I/173 Mc- Lean, 5/92_ 5/^^4 Wall., 6/j^gg^ 6/5j4_ Wall. Jr., 2/521 Wash. C. C, 1/332. See, also, Bakkeuptcy, 56-61; €ouETS, 21 ; Habeas Coepus, l, 2. 11. Effect of proceeding -without juris- diction. Abb. U. S., 2/542 Blatchf., 6/3g2 Cranch, 8/9 Curt., 1/457 Paine, ^q-,^. Pet., 1/328. Wall., 12/130 See, also. Judgment, 46. 12. Objections to jurisdiction, at -what time to be taken. Bond,2/i6 Cranch, 4/241 6/267. Mc- Lean, 6/537. Newb. Adm., I/95, l/igy. Sawyer, 4/538 Ware, I/332. Wash. C. C, 4/482. Woodb. & M., 2/229. 13. — and ho-w interposed. Call, (Va.) 6/241 Hempst., 1/433. How., 15/354. Mason, . 1/360. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 10/97. Pet, 2/^57^ 12/657. 14. Proof of jurisdiction. Burden of proof. Cranch, 4/2^6 How., 14/595 Mc- Lean, 4/24 Pet., 7/568^ 572^ 7/634^ lO/^go. Wall., 3/396. Wash. C. C, 4/432. 15. Presumptions relative to jtulsdic- tion. Abb. U.S., 2/542. How., 2/319^ 16/65. McLean, 5/i67. Pet. C. C, I/30. Saw- yer, 1/309. Wall., 2/328. See, also, Evidence, 22. II. political questions, and |MAT- TEES NOT. COGNIZABLE IN THE COURTS. 16. "Wbat questions are political, gen- erally. Abb. U. S., 1/246. Ben., Sf-.^^. Blatchf., 1/529. Cranch, 1/137^ 166, %7. Cranch C. C, 8/434 How., 5/343^ 14/33^ ^^/635, 1^/366. Int- Rev. Rec, 9/82.' McLean, 5/9 JST. Y. Leg. Obs., S/gg Wall., 3/407 6/50 Wheat., 3/gio. IV. Questions of national boundary. Pet-, 12/511. See, also, Bounda- eies, I. 18. Questions arising under treaties, or concerning their validity. Blatchf, 8/131 Curt., 2/454 How., 2/344, ^^35, l%66. Paine, 2/g88. Pet., 15/518. Wall, 6/83 Wheat., 6/i. JURISDICTION, II— JUSTICE OF THE PEACE, I, II. 33a 19. — relative to "war, its exlstenoe, termination, &o. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 2/4^9^ 8/22_ 6t. of CI., 4/1. Dill., 1/571. Int. Rev. Rec, 15/i37_ Newb. Adm., 1/352. Pet.C.C, 1/466." Wall., 9/56, 12/700. 20. Recognition of foreign govern- ments. Abb. U. S., 2/35 Bee Adm., I/300. Blatchf., S/e. Cranch, 4/2^1. How., %3, ''/l, ^%. Law Rep., 1/153. Pet., 13/4^5 Sumn., 3/270 Wash. C. C, 2/429, 3/101. Wheat., 3/246, 3/6io. See, also, International Law, 14. 21. Claims against tlie government. How., 4/286, ^''/284. McLean, 4/557, ^/l33. 22. Matters within the discretion of departmental ofBcers. Blatchf., 7/426. Cranch, 1/137. Ct.of CI., 11/117. How., 21/579 Law Rep., N. S., 1/399, ^448. McLean, 8/107. 0*'H %79. Pa'°^' ^68. JUSTICE OF THE PEACE. I. Is THE DiSTBICT OP COLUMBIA. II. In the sEVERAi States aot) Tebbitories. I. IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 1. Appointment and nature of the ofllce. Privileges. Cranch, 8/331. ^^t. C. C, l/igs. 2. The bond, and liability of sureties. MacArth., 2/520. 3. Personal liability. Criminal re- sponsibility. Cranch C. C, 1/436, ^Il6, ^Im, ^Im. How., 24/544. MacArth., 2/520. Wash. c. c, 4/710. 4. Jurisdiction of justices courts. Cranch C. C, 2/47, a/ggg, 2/423, ^/444, %23, 2/524, 2/56I, 2/568, 2/639, %35, %2, */582, ^/670, ^/283, ^/434, %05, ^/509. 5. Po'wer to issue -warrants. Cranch C. C, I/276, 2/337, 2/356, 2/409, 2/459, 2/460, ^/l03, 4/582. Wash. C. C, 2/159. 6. — to commit and discharge prison- ers. Cranch, 4/75, 129. Cranch C. C, 1/373^ ^424, •'■/486, 4/333, 4/343. 7. Trial by jury in justices' courts. Cranch C. C, 2/577. 8. Judgments, and executions thereon. Cranch C. C, 2/524, 2/553^ 5/^34, ^/434. 9. Appeals from justices' judgments. Cranch C. C, 2/39, 2/259, 2/356, 2/515, 2/523, 2/676, 2/677, 3/212, ^17, %48, ^Iqo, 4/352, %81, ^/434, ^/674. II. IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TEERITOKIES. 10. Arkansas. Hempst., 1/14, I/16, 1/20, V24, V28, V44, V50, V98, VlOl, ^/l74, Vl92, ^283, •^/302. 11. Dakota Territory. Dak. T., 1/289, 1/302. 12. Indiana. Biss., 6/474. Chic. L. N., 8/41^ 13. Maine. Sumn., 3/186. 14. Maryland. Cranch C. C, 4/527. 16. Minnesota. Minn., l/gg, l/ioo, I/12I, l/l79. 334 LANDLORD AND TENANT, I. 16. Mississippi. McLean, 5/^^53 17. Pennsylvania. Baldw., 1/571. 18. Rhode Island. Curt., 1/311. Law Rep., N. s., S/gj^^ 19. Utah Territory. Utah T., 1/39, l/i83. 20. Virginia. Cranch C. C, 2/230, 2/404, ^k 21. ■Wisconsin. Burn., (Wis.) I/145, I/150. 22. ■Wyoming Territory. Wyom. T., 1/21, l/ey, V277 ^287. JUSTIFIABLE HOMICIDE. Homicide, 23. JUSTIFICATION. Bail, 8 ; Libel, 3, 11 ; Slaitdeb, 10. KANSAS. K For decisions relating to Kansas, In common with the other states of the Union, see States, I. KENTUCKY. As to the Political organizatvm of the state, see States, 31. As to Pvhlic lands in Kentucky, see Public Lands, 104-111. L LACHES. Effect of to Sar suit, see Equity, 17, 18; Limitations or Actions, IL LAKES. Extension of Admiralty jurisdiction to, see Admibaity, 14. LAND. As to Title to land, and the rights and duties of the owner in its use, see Eeal Peopeety. As to Gonveyajices of land, see Deeds; Geants; MOETGAOES. As to the Public land systems of the United States and of the several states, see Public Lands. For the determination of Private land claims, under French, Mexican and Spanish grants, see Peivate Land Claims. LANDLORD AND TENANT. L The Relation ; and Eights and Lia- BIIJTrES ARISING OUT OP IT. II. The Lease; its Validity, Constbuc- TION, AND EpPECT. in. Eent ; AND Eemedies to Eecotbb rr. I. THE EBLATION ; AND EIGHTS AND LIABILITIES AEISING OUT OP IT. 1. How the relation may be created. Cranch C. C, 5/539 Ct. of CI., ^^^ 12/338. MacArth., 1/345. Story, Sj^^ Wall., 18/436. 2. Attornment. Cranch C. C, 5/gjQ Pet., 13/j_ 3. How the relation may be termi- nated, generally. Cranch C. C, 6/539 Ct. of CI., ^gg^ Otto, 4/382 Pet., 13/i_ 14/^56 LANDLORP AND TENANT, I, II. 335 4. ' Holding over, and notice to quit. Cranch C. C, 1/167, 4/350, 4/477. Mc- Lean, 2/323, Pet., 3/43_ 13/^ 5. The rule ttiat the tenant is estopped to deny the landlord's title. Cranch C. C, S/g^Q Hempst., I/502. How., 6/284 McLean, ^j^si^ Otto, 2/107. Pet.,3/43_5/485_13/i_14/i5g_ Wall., ^^/436. 6. Exceptions to the rule. Dill., 1/213. Pet., 3/43_ 47^ 6/339 Wheat., 7/535_ 7. General rights of landlord during tenant's possession. Woodb. & M., 3/g9 8. Landlord's right of re-entry. Ben., 4/42. Cranch C. C, S/g^g How., 1/211. Paine, l/g52, 2/5^5 Pet., 13/1, 14/156. Wall., 2/i77_ 2/491^ IS/^^^, S. Duty to repair; abandonment for ■want 6f repairs. Cranch C. C, 5/315. Ct. of CL, S/gog. Wall., 7/272. 10. Right of tenant to remove fixtures. Cranch C. C, I/368. Low., 2/^93 Pet., 2/137 See, also, Fixtures, 4. U. Compensation for improvements. Wall., 2/491. 12. Liability of tenant for waste. Abb. U. S., 2/197. Deady, I/405. Sawyer, 1/423. See title Waste. 11. THE LEASE; ITS VALIDITY, CON- STBUCTION, AND EFFECT. 13. "What is a lease. McLean, I/454. Pet., 14/526. Story, %25. 14. Validity and interpretation, gen- erally. Recording. . Ben., 7/235 Blatchf., 2/g2 Cranch C. C, 1/366, 5/127, %39. Ct. of CL, 1/347. Dill., 3/^^3 MacArth., I/7. Otto, 2/^07 Pet., 13/294. Wall. Jr., %46. 15. The) estate transferred. McLean, 2/235 Newb. Adm., I/541. 16. Conditions. Ben., 4/42. Pittsb., (Pa.) 8/190. 17. Implied covenants. Otto, 2/io7_ Wall., 7/4ig. 18. Covenant for quiet enjoyment. Otto, 2/^Q7. See, also. Covenants, 14. 19. Covenant for use and care of de- mised premises. Abb. U. S., 2/197 MacArth., I/179. Otto; 4/53. Sawyer, 1/423. 20. Covenant not to assign, underlet, or sublet. Wall., l/gi. 21. Covenant for renevral Dill., 4/55. 22. Stipulations for repairs. Cranch, I/345 Cranch C. C, I/109. MacArth., I/179. 23. Option to buy or sell. Wall., 15/471 24. Remedies for breach of covenants. Wall., 2/177 See, also, Covenants, 17-25. 25. Assignments and transfers. Bights of assignees. Cranch C. C, l/e, 2/17. Ct. of CI., 1/347, ^/l35, 4/407, 5/526. Curt., 2/592. Wal 1., 17/9 See, also, Assignment, 21. 26. Subleases. Ct. of CI., 5/395. 336 LANDLORD AND TENANT, II, III— LARCENY. 27. Interpretation of leases to the government. Ct. of CI., 3/308^ ^l407. 9/479, ^^Im. Wall, 20/3g7_ 28. — from tlie government. Cranch, I/345. Cranch C. C, I/109. Ct. of CI., l/347_ 3/25 McLean, 1/454. Pet., 14/526.. m. BENT; AND EEMEDIES TO EE- COVEE IT. 29. Bight of landlord to receive, and obligation of tenant to pay rent, generally. Ben., 7/2g Cranch C. C, S/ggg^ Ct. of CI., 3/308_ 4/248_ Dill., I/213. Mc- Lean, %2. Pet., 7/598^ 14/526. 30. The landlord's lien. Bankr. Reg., 5/23. Ben., 6/571. Chase Dec, 1/227. MacArth., 1/509^ 1/567. Otto, 4/382. Wall., ISj^, 16/323. 31. Distress for rent. Bankr. Reg., 8/^,^3 5/23 Cranch C. C, 1/86, ^/lOO, 1/410, 1/437, ^/l7, ^/l60, %42, %72, ^/438, %52, %79, ^/216, %55, %91, ^/411, ^/666, ^/292, ^/707, %09, ■*/728, %39. How., 1/211. Wall., 13/i4^ 15/328. 32. Apportionment of rent. Reduc- tion. Ct. of CI., 4/407^ 5/^08, 5/134. 33. Forfeiture; and re-entry for non- payment. Ben., 4/42. How., 1/211. Paine, 1/652, 2/545. Wair., 2/,„^ 15/47,. 34. Effect of eviction to release ten- ant. Cranch C.C, 3/64^4/707. Wall., 9/593. 35. Ground rent ; and remedies to re- cover it. Vll7, %85. I>ill-j 1/213. How., 15/323. Pet., 7/59g. 36. Liability of assignee of bankrupt to pay rent. Bankr. Reg., IS/gg^ 18/385^ I8/530. Ben., %4, %3, ®/42l. See, also, Bas-ketjptcy, 128. 37. Actions for rent, generally; and. herein of "what will constitute a defence. Bankr. Reg., 12/539. Cranch C. C, ^/l43, ^/l6l, %50. See. also, Set-Ofp, 13. 38. Rules relative to parties and. pleading. Cranch, 4/399. Cranch C. C, I/143 1/243. Ct. of CI., 3/308. 39. — ~ relative to evidence. Cranch C. C, 3/316 40. Amount recoverable. Double rent. Cranch C. C, 4/35^ Wall., l/gi. 41. Action for use and occupation. Cranch C. C, l/i7i_ 1/190, 1/234, V 3/64, 3/92, 3/353, ^/l3, 4/707. Ct.ofCl., 1/319, ®/l56. How., 1/153. McLean, 2/18O, 4/672. Wall., 17/489. See, also. Assumpsit, 11. 42. Action to recover possession. MacArth., 2/437. LARCENY. Cranch, 2/jo Cranch C. C, 1/ 25, 1. "What is larceny. Jurisdiction of federal courts. Bond, 1/571 Cranch C. C, 2/35, 5/38. McAll., l/i96. 2. Larceny on the high seas Rev. Stat., § 5356. Mason, 1/153 5/356. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/35 Pet.,' 12/73. Sprague, l/i96. LARCENY— LEGACIES, L 337 3. — on American ship in foreign port. Mason, 1/153. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/3^ 2/99. 4. The animus furandi. Cranch C. C, ^^^2. McAll., i/igg. McLean, 2/14 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/55_ 5. "What is the subject of larceny. Blatchf., 5/360. Cranch C. C, 1/141^ V278, ^314, V402, V475 2/133 2/469. 'Ma-, son, 5/537 6. Stealing in one jurisdiction and carrying into another. Cranch C. C, I/269, 2/35, 2/410. 7. Sufficiency of the indictment. Cranch C. C, l/ggg, 2/45^ 2/33^^ 3/254^ %36, ^/444, ^/eoe, ^/674, ^/eSl, %21, ^/726, 5/412. Woodb. & M., 3/i64. 8. Evidence on part of the govern- ment. Cranch C. C, ^Jm^ ^|e^3^ McLean, 1/499. Mason, 1/152. Wash. C. C, 4/700. 9. Effect of possession of stolen goods. Cranch C. C, I/94, 1/154. McLean, %09. 10. Receiving stolen goods. Biss., 6/35g_ Chic. L. N., 7/321. Mc- Lean, 5/509. Sawyer, 8/544 For decisions respecting oifences analogous to Larceny, see False Pbetences ; Piracy ; Eob- BEBY ; also, Obiminai, Law, 25, 28, 32, 37. LAW. As to the distinction between Law cmd equity, see EquiTY, 1. What are Questwna of law and what oi fofit, see Questions of Law and Fact. For decisions upon the Law of nalions, see Internationax Law. As to the Law of place, see Contbacts, IX, and the titles of the various contracts; also, Husband and WirE, 3 ; Interest; Usury. V LEADING QUESTIONS. Witnesses, 80. LEASES. Landlord and Tenant, II. LEGACIES. I. Nature, Intbbpeetation, and Epeect Validity. II. When a Charge upon Land. III. Payment. IV. Vabious Eights and Liabilities of Legatee. L NATUEE, INTEEPEETATION, AND EFFECT, VALIDITY. 1. General principles; and herein of ■who may take a legacy. Pet., 3/gg Taney, 1/339. See, also, COEPOEATIOSrS, 47. 2. Describing the subject-matter be- queathed. Cranch C. C, S/ggg. How., l^o. 3. What legacies are vested. Baldw., 1/166, 1/177. Wall., W/igy, 4. What legacies are contingent. Ct. of CI., 5/g32 How., 3/g24_ 4/^22. 5. Necessity of assent of personal representative. Cranch C. C, 1/435, %i. C*- of CI., %32. How., 8/170. 6. General and specific legacies. Brock., 2/ieo_ 2/^85. Call, (Va.) e/gQg. Cranch C. C, 2/505 How., l/i. 7. Conditional legacies. Black, 1/253. 8. Legacies to tvro or more, or to a class. Otto, 3/589, 338 liEGACIES, I— IV. 0. Annuities. Cranch, 8/249 Wall. Jr., S/ggg 10. Legacies for public and charitable uses. Cy pres. A.m. L. Eeg., ^/ggg Cranch C. C, %69, ^/632. How., 9/55^ 17/359^ ^*/465. MacArth., I/541. Taney, 1/339, Wheat., 11. Interpretation of bequests on ques- tions of validity. How., 15/3g7_ MacArth., 1/541, II. WHEN A CHARGE UPON LAND. 12. "WTiat bequests are a charge upon land. Baldw., I/166. How., 16/^ McLean, 1/1^4. Wall. Jr., 3/289. Wheat., 10/204. Woods, 1/144. 13 Eflfect of charging legacy upon land. MacArth., 2/444 14. Enforcement of the lien by legatee. How., I6/1. McLean, 4/^^^ Story, V376. Wash. C. C, 4/349 See, also, Devise, 23. iii. payment. 15. Time of payment. Sumn., 1/1 16. Mode of payment. Priority. Brock., 2/jg9 Woods, 1/144. See, also. Executors and Administka- TORS, 38. 17. Interest upon legacies, and when it begins to run. Sumn., 1/1 IV. VARIOUS EIOHTS AND LIABILI- TIES OF LEGATEE. 18. Ademption and abatement. Cranch, 3/249 Cranch C. C, ^l^si. 19. Residuary legatees. Baldw., I/166. 20. Actions for legacies. Pet., 1/670. Wash. C.C, 4/349. Woods, •'■/262. For decisions relative to a Will, as a whole, and not limited to a particular devise or Legacy contained in it, see Wills. As to the Legacy tax imposed by internal revenue laws, see Intebnal Eeventje, 85. LEGAL TENDER ACTS. Tender, 13, 14. LEGISLATURES. Powers, generally, see Constitutional Law, 9, 10 ; Statutes. Over Corporate franeHises, see Coepobations, 6, 15-21; Over Municipal corporations, see Municipal Cobpoeations, 1-3. LEGITIMACY. Eindence of and when Presumed, see Evi- dence, 18 ; Paeent and Child, 9. LETTERS. Of Credit, see Guaeanty, lO. Upon Decedents' estates, see Executobs and Administbatobs, 2, 5, 7, 10. Eight of Property in, see Copyeight, 8. Admissibility and effect of, As evidence, see Evidence, 186, 187. LEVY. Attachment, 23-31 ; Execution, 28-34; Justice of the Peace, 8; Mabshals, 4; Sheeipps, 3,9; Taxes, III. LIBEL— LICENSE. 339 LIBEL. I. What Constitutes a Libel. II. Jtjstipication. Privileged Communi- cations. in. Pleading and Evidence. I. WHAT CONSTITUTES A LIBEL. 1. "What -words are libellous. Biss., %7. Cranch C. C, l/gga %. Dak. T., 1/471. How., 3/266. Mason, "*/ll5. Op- Att.-Gen., 1/52. See, also. Slander, 1—4. 2. "What amounts to a publication. Dill., 3/iig How., 21/202. n. JUSTIFICATION. PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATIONS. 3. "What amounts to a justification. Cranch C. C, S/g Dak. T., %!. Mason, 4/^15. Wash. C. C, 8/245 4. "What communications are privi- leged. How., 3/236^ 21/202. Int. Eev. Eec, 22/41. 5. What are not privileged. Blatchf., 5/497 How., 21/202. See, also. Attorney and Client, IV ; Slander, l. III. PLEADING AND EVIDENCE. G. The declaration. Blatchf., 5/352 Cranch C. C, 2/^j8 How., 3/2ge 7. The plea. Biss., 4/477 Blatchf., 5/352 Cliff., 1/204. Cranch C. C, 3/8 Dill., 2/244, Utah T., 1/17. 8. General rules of evidence. Cranch C. C, S/g Wash. C. C, ^/246. 9. Proof of malice; and in aggrava- tion of damages. Implied mal- ice. How., 3/2gg Mason, %i5_ 10. Proof of publication. How., 3/2ge 11. Proof of justification. Am. L. Keg., n. s., is/joi. Cliff., 1/204. I>ak. T., 1/471. Mason, 4/iig_ 12. Evidence in mitigation of damages. Am. L. Reg., n. s., IS/iq^ Dill., 2/244. Wash. C. C, 3/24g_ 13. Criminal prosecutions for seditious libels. Cranch C. C, 4/g83 Whart. St. Tr., •^/322, ^IsSS, ^/649, ^1.659, ■^/684, VesS. For decisions illustrating the above prin- ciples, but arising in actions for slander, see Slander. LICENSE. 1. Hovr construed. Mason, 1/24^ 5/^95 2. Assignability. Blatchf., 1/457 How., 14/193 ^^ Iiep.,5/io6. McLean, 2/37g_ 5/^ Sprague, 1/23. Story, 2/525. 3. License to use patents, or patented articles. How., 1/202, 10/477. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 3/43, Story, 2/525_ Wash. C. C, l/igg. See, also. Patents, VIII. 4. Government licenses, generally. Wall., 3/387 5. — to trade, during pendency of non- intercourse laTws. Rev. Stat., § 5306. Am. L. Reg., N. S., 3/735 Cranch, 8/^g^_ Gall, 1/594, Wall., 3/gi7, 340 LICENSE— LIENS. 6. Revocation of licenses. How., 14/gQ Hughes, l/iss. Wall. Jr., V275. 7. Forfeiture for non-performance of conditions, payment of consid- eration, &o. Blatehf., l/i65, 1/536. McLean, Sj^^S, 5/1. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 3/43_ As to licenses to sdl Intoxicating liquor, see LiquoB Selling. As to the regulation and licensing of various li-ades and Employments, in cities, see Mumci- PAl COBPOSATION, 15. LIENS. [Includes only decisions of a general nature, applicable to more than one distinct kind of lien. For decisions relative to any particular lien, see places referred to at the end of this title.] 1. WTien a lien arises. General nattire of liens. Bankr. Keg., IS/jgy^ IB/^^g Blatchf., 3/449 Cent. L. J., 3/gQg Cranch C. C, 5/4g5 Curt, 2/72. Hughes, 2/44_ Law Rep., 8/55 Law Rep., n. s., II/486. Mason, l/gig Otto, I/257. Story, 2/^3^ Wall., 3/275, 9/373. Wash. C. C, 1/174. 2. Necessity and sufiQcienoy of pos- session by lienholder. Am. ,L. Reg., 6/27, Bankr. Reg., 8/47. Ben., 8/45 How., 24^^^ ^f^^^^ Law Rep., n. s., Ij^^i. Otto, 4/332. Story, 2/555. Wash. T., 1/43. 3. Possession not required to sustain maritime lien. Law Rep., 8/55, 5/392. Newb. Adm., 1/274. Story, 2/131 Sumn., I/73. 4. Rule that transfers Of the subject- matter are subject to the lien. Blatchf., 6/^4 Cliff., 2/44Q How., 7/729. McLean, 6/g73_ Pet., 13/4Q4_ 5. Duration of the lien. Discharge.. "Waiver. Extinguishment. Am. L.Reg., 1/37^ 8/459. ^l*"^' ^/448. Curt., 2/4Q^ Law Rep., 8/441. Law Rep., N. s., 8/91^ 11/281. Olc. Adm., I/474. Paine, 2/353 Sprague, I/571. Wall., %7, 18/659. Wall. Jr., 2/337. Ware, 1/535^ Woodb. & M., 2/48. 6. Enforcement of liens in equity. Blatchf., 6/j^4 McLean, 4/192. Ma- son, 3/294. Story, 2/555 7. Priority among liens. McLean, 2/44 2/^39 3/gg^ S/gg^ 4/207^^ 4/607. Wheat., 12/177. 8. General and specific liens. Cranch C. C, 2/231 How., 1/234^ 6/212. Paine, 2/353 Pet., 3/393. 9. Equitable liens. Am. L. Rec, 6/33^ Ben., 8/242.^ Blatchf., 6/j4 Cranch, 9/453 Cranch C-C, 4/291. Curt., 1/297. How., 15/415^ Story, 2/i3i_ 2/555 Wall.,l/i6. Wheat., ^/565. 10. Statutory liens. Brock., 2/325 McLean, 4/192. Otto, 4/382. Sawyer, I/710. Wall., 8/275^ 6/53^^ 11. Lien for services, or advances. Am. L. Reg., 6/37 Paine, 2/353^ Wall., 21/43Q See, also, Factors, 13, 12. Validity of liens as against the government. Law Rep., l/igg Sumn., S/g^g^ Wall., 9/373_ 10/ig_ As to the lien of an Attachment, or Exeeution, see Attachment, 30; Execution, 35-40; Of a Judgment, see Judgment, IV; Of a Mort- gage, see Mortgages, 34, 35. As to the Carrier's lien, for freight, see Caeei- ERS, 33 ; Shipping, 85, 86. As to the lien of a Consignee, Factor, or LIMITATIONS OF ACTIONS, I. 341 ;e, see Bailment, 8 ; Consignor and ill-j 1/358. Hempst., I/620. How.,. 7/776. Oreg., l/i76. n. WHAT LAPSE OF TIME WILL CRE- ATE A BAB. 1. Actions at law, generally. 19. Actions on simple contracts. Baldw., 1/394 Cranch, 8/gg_ 20. Actions on sealed instruments. How., 19/289. Wall., 9/477^ l*/282. 21. Suits by assignees in bankruptcy. Bankr. Reg., I6/285. Dill., 4/135^ 4/38g_ See, also. Bankruptcy, 146. 22. Actions against ofBcers, and their sureties. Rev. Stat., § 786. Blatchf., U/gg^^ Gilp., I/106, 1/554. McLean, 1/317^ S/^gg^ 23. Aotions-and prosecutions for pen- alties and forfeitures. Rev. Stat., § 1047. Ben., 4/^53^ Blatchf., 14/51 Cranch, 2/338 Cart.,. 2/502. Gall., 1/397 Int. Rev. Rec.^. LIMITATIONS OF ACTIONS, II, III. 343 ^Vi50,^%7_ McLean, 3/89_ Otto.l/ggs. Sumn., 2/4^9_ 24. Actions upon judgments and de- crees. Bond, 2/jQ4 Hempst., I/51 How., 8/210. McLean, 4/352. 25. Prosecutions for crime. Ee V. Stat., § 1043, &c. Stat, at L., 18/33 Blatchf., 5/222. Cranch C. C, 1/435, ^/eo, %8, ^/73, ^/ll6, %68. Day, (Conn.) %21. Int. Rev. Rec., 8/202, 11/35, ^Viso, ^^O. Low., 2/267. McLean, S/gg^ S/^gg Otto, 1/566. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/ig2. 2. Actimis respecting real property. 26. In general. How., 3/g2o_ 23/^gQ McLean, ij^^Q^ '^kiS. Pet., 5/151. Sawyer, 1/053. 27. Ejectment. Entry. Black, 2/5gg MacArth., 2/202. M:c- Lean, %11 ^/489. Pet., S/^^q Sawyer, %06, 3/595. Wash. C. C, 4/356_ 4/609 Wheat., 3/212. 28. Foreclosure. Redemption. Am. L. Reg., 6/496. ^iss., l/igo. Curt., 1/297, %86. How., 16/57i_ 24/2g4 Sumn., 1/109, ^Im. Wheat., S/^gg 29. "What adverse possession will constitute a bar. Black, 1/150, V585, 2/563. How., 11/414, 24/175 McLean, 4/439 Overt., (Tenn.) 1/465.' Pet., 10/412, 16/25, I6/455. Wall., l3/g2 14/120. See, also, Adveese Pos- session, 5, 6, 19-31. 3. Suits in equity. 30. In general. Black, 1/585. Cliff., 2/137. GilPvV554. How., 23/199 Pe^v 15/233. Wheat., 7/59. 31. Suits for accounting, or to open accounts. ■How., 6/233_ 7/gig_ 14/253 Story, I/204. 32. Suits to enforce express trusts. How., 1/134^ 4/593 McLean, 2/267. Pet., 10/177. Wall., 8/202,18/493. Wheat., ^/481. 33. — constructive trusts. Bankr. Reg., 6/425. Cranch C. C, %25. Curt-, %86. How., 4/503^ 23/igo Pet., 10/177. Wash. C. C, 4/631 Wheat., 10/152. 34. Suits for specific performance. Black, 1/316. McLean, 3/143 Mason, 5/244. Pet., 8/420. 35. Stale demands. Lapse of time. Biss., 2/336 Bond, I/440. Brown Adm., 1/476. Chic. L. N., 6/271. Dill., 1/333. How., I/161, l/i89, ^/503, "/234, ■^/siQ, %86. McLean, I/146, I/486, 2/375, 4/486. N- Y. Leg. Obs., 5/43. Pet., 9/405. Sawyer, 2/144 Story, 3/516 Wall., I8/493. Ware, 2/252 Wheat., 10/152 Woodb. & M., l/i38. See, also,- Equity, 16, 17. 36. Excuses for delay in suing. Biss., 2/336 Cliff., 2/137 Cranch C.C, 3/325. How., l0/i74_ 20/22. Ware, 2/303 Woodb. & M., 1/342. I [I. WHEN THE STATUTE BEGINS TO RUN. 37. In general. Blatchf., 3/385^ 12/345 C*. of CI., %1, »/517. How., 14/488. Pet., 12/32. Wall. Jr., 3/353 Wash. C. C, 4/711. 38. In favor of agents, attorneys, per- sonal representatives and trus- tees. Bond, 2/214 Cent. L. J., 1/125. 344 LIMITATIONS OF ACTIONS, III, IV. Cranch C. C, ^qq, Curt., ^j^se. Heinpst., 1/659. How., 8/333^ 5/233^ lO/ggg McLean, 2/267^ s/ggg Mason, 4/ie Pet., i/lV2. Sumn., 3/4^g_ Wall., I8/493. Wall. C. C, 4/g3i Wheat., 12/129. Woodb. & M., 2/igg_ 2/371 See, also, Executors and Admini8thatoes,76. 39. Suits on judgments and decrees. Cranch C. C, 4/gi9_ 4/^27^ 5/j 40. Actions on negotiable instru- ments. Chic. L. N., 7/igi Cranch C. C, ^475,^/112. Sawyer, 3/g2 Snmn., 1/473. Wall., 20/583 West. Jur., ^Ins. 41. — on special contracts and sealed instruments. Wash. C. C, 4/711 42. Actions for real property. Chic. L. N., 10/292. How., 20/235_ 23/132, 24/284. Int- Rev. Eec, 24/204 McLean, s/igg Otto, 6/7^4 Wash. C. G; 3/90, 3/47^ 43. Suits for unliquidated damages. Ware, 2/294 44. — for 'wfongs, fraud, &c. Bond, 2/214. Curt., 2/202. DiH., l/gg^ V588. How., 19/69. McLean, l/96_ l/i46. Story, 3/700. Woodb. & M., 2/371 IV. DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONS. 45. In general. Am. L. Reg., S/gg Cranch, 7/igg_ 8/g4. Cranch C. C, 1/579. Curt., 2/430. Gall., 2/315 Hemjpst., 1/274. How., 1/37^ %22, 1^493,24/553. McLean, S/ggg Otto, 4/773 Sawyer, 2/^15^ S/gQg Spragne, 1/289. Wall, IO/218. Wall. Jr., 3/392. Wheat., 1/292, 2/25. 46. Absence: When it will suspend- tbe statute. Brock., 2/393 Cranch, 3/174^ T/ggo. Cranch C.C., 1/567. Grail., 1/^42. Hempst., 1/274. How., 20/i2g Int. Rev. Rec, 17/6, 19/18. Pet., 4/4go^ 13/45_ Utah T., 1/179. 47. Various exceptions to the general rule. Blatchi., 1/179, %56, %85. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 5/172 Sawyer, 4/274 Wall., 20/543. 48. Meaning of the phrase " beyond seas." Cranch, 2/174 Cranch C. C, I/475 1/567, 2/112, ^/403, ^/617. McLean, I/146, 5/486. Pet.,14/i4i_ Wheat., 8/541^ ll/ggi. 49. Non-resldenoe, or concealment of cause of action. Ben., 4/459 Dillv%81. Gall.,1/342. McLean, I/146. 50. Exception of merchants', or mu- tual accounts. Cran6h, 5/ig Cranch C. C, I/433 1/452, ^e. How., 15/i62. Mason, 3/457, %05. Pet., 6/igi_ 12/300. Wall., 4/650. Ware, 2/294 51. Suits for seamen's wages. Blatchf. & H., I/218. Gall., 2/477. Mason, 3/9^^ 3/ig^ Paine, l/igo. Woodb. & M., 2/303 52. Exception in cases of fraud, or ignorance of cause of action. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 8/694. Curt, 1/390. Dill., 1/85, 1/588. Wall, 11/442,^ 1^/493. 53. Exceptions in cases involving trusts. Cranch C. C, 2/^^31 Mason, 4/ig_ W^all., 8/202. Wheat., 6/514 LIMITATIONS OF ACTIONS, IV, V, VI. 345 54. Privilege accorded to personal representatives and trustees. Oranch C. C, 1/492^ 8/325, %71. How., ^3/458 ^^/469. Mason, S/gg^ See, also, EXECIJTOES AND ADMINISTRATORS, 76. 65. The disabilities of infancy and coverture. Am. L. Reg., S/gg Brock., Z/^gg How., 1/37, ^/274, ^^/247. McLean, I/533. Wheat., 2/316. 66. Suspension in time of -war, gen- erally. Oanch, 2/272, ^/454, */l64. Cranch C. C, 1/498, V544. Hayw., (N. C.) 2/227. Wash. C. C, 1/354. 67. — during tlie late civil -war. Rev. Stat., § 1048. Am. L. Reg., N. S., 6/732, 8/673_ 10/g^9 Blatclif., &lu5. Cliase Dec, 1/286. Conn., 86/5^3 Ct. of CI., 9/224. Dill-, 1/372. Sawyer, 1/401. Wall., 6/532_ 9/687, ^0/218, "/244, IV493, 11/508, 13/158, 14/216, 15/177, 1^/555, 1^/570, I8/12O, 22/576. Woods, I/418, 1/569, V628. See, also, War, 48. V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. NEW PKOM- ISE. 68. "What ackno"wledgnient or new promise ■will be deemed suffi- cient to remove the bar of the statute. Bankr. Reg., II/94. Cranch, 7/^gg Cranch C. C, ^j^^^^ 2/5gg Ct. of CI., 4/271 Law Rep., 9/259. MacArth., 2/541. Mason, 4/122. Wall., 8/377 Wall. C.C.,1/66, Wash. C. C, 3/404. Wheat., «/514. 59. WTiat will be deemed insufficient. Am. L. Reg., N. S., 7/^23. Cranch, 8/72. Cranch C. C, I/512, 2/120, 2/193, 2/252, 2/429, 2/452, %11, %93, %58, %63. Low., 1/216. Pet., 1/351, 6/86. Taney, l/l3o. Wheat., 11/309, 12/565. 60. By whom the acknowledgment or new promise may be made. Pet., 1/351. 61. "Who may receive it. Cranch C. C, S/ggg, 4/ggj_ 5/543. 62. Conditional promises. Blatchf., 9/jj4 Cranch C. C, 2/203. McLean, e/^gg Wash. C. C, 2/5^4^ %03, 4/86, 4/i48. 63. Effect of part payment to revive the statute. Cranch C. C, 2/54 Dill., l/gn. Mc- All., 1/491. Wall., 13/254. See, also. Payment, T. VI. DECISIONS APPLYING PARTICU- LAR PROVISIONS OF LOCAL STATE STATUTES. 64. Arkansas. Hempst., 1/620. 65. California. Sawyer, 1/553, 1/653, 2/343, 2/515, %06, 4/536, 4/603. Wall., IS/g. 66. Georgia. Am. L. Reg., N. s., IO/519. Cranch, 4/367, 4/415. lot- Rev. Rec, 24/23_ Otto, 5/g28. 67. Illinois. Black, 1/150, 2/563. How., 11/414, 19/334 McLean, 4/489, 5/i89_ 6/577 ^^^> 3/674. Wall., 1/637, 14/472. 68. Indiana. How., l/i89. McLean, 2/375 69. Kansas. Dillv 1/358, I/4I8. 346 LIMITATIONS OF ACTIONS, VI. 70. Kentucky. How., 2/7g McLean, l/i6//87. Pet, 5/470, 14/147. Wheat., 2/3,6^ llj^^ 71. Louisiana. How., 13/458_ 1^/469, ^^393, ^kss. Otto, 4/g Wall., %2, 4/650, 6/642, 1%55, 1%24. Woods, 2/i5g_ 72. Maryland. Cranch, "^1^50, %8. Cranch C. C, ^/ll2, %14, ^/292, 4/619, 5/403. How., 23/132. MacArth., ^j^iq^ 73. Massachusetts. v Curt., 2/4gg Gall., 2/477_ How., 8/274. Low., 1/326. Mason, %q_ 74. Michigan. McLean, 8/486. 75. Mississippi. How., 15/42i_ I8/16. , 76. Missouri. How., 19/130 77. Montana Territory. Mont. T., 2/394_ 78. Nevada. Sawyer, S/gg^ 79. New Hampshire. Mason, I/243. 80. New Jersey. Wall.,5/2g8 'Wash.C.C.,%,4/go9^ 4/691. 81. New York. Blatchf., S/ggg^ 5/3gy How., I6/247 Paine, I/55, 2/433. Wall., I8/493. 82. North Carolina. Cranch, 2/372. Hayw., (N. C.) 2/3^0 2/378. Mart., (N. C.) l/gg. Pet., e/g^' 9/62. Wheat., 4/230. 83. Ohio. Bond, 2/104 Cranch, 8/462. McLean^ Vl46, %6, 4/282, 5/i72, ^22. Pe*-, 9/405. IV4I. 84. Oregon. Sawyer, 3/gog_ S/^gg^ 4/i_ 85. Pennsylvania. Otto, 6/90 Wash. C. C, 3/90^ 4/47^ Wheat., 9/241. 86. Rhode Island. Gall., 2/315 Mason, 8/284^ 5/95 87. South Carolina. Otto, 7/i7i_ 88. Tennessee. How., 21/493 Pet., 6/20. Wheat., 1/476, 5/116, 9/541. 89. Texas. How., 12/327_ 17/601, 20/235^ 24/i7g^ 24/214. Wall., 6/ii2_ 6/ii6_ 90. Utah Territory. Utah. T., 1/179, V235. 91. Vermont. Blatehf., 3/3gg Law Eep., n. s., 8/557. Vt, 29/535 92. Virginia. Brock., l/2gg_ 2/393_ 2/433 Cranch, 7/202. Cranch C. C, 2/ig7^ 2/553 How., V37, 8/402, 20/128. 93. Wisconsin. Biss., 6/79 Black, 2/599 Burn., (Wis.)l/65. How., 24/2g4_ 94. "Wyoming Territory Wyom. T., 1/233. For the effect of a new promise to take a debt out of the protection of a Discharge in bmh. rwptcy see Bakkrtjptcy, 2SO. LIQUOR SELLING— LOTTERIES. 347 LIMITED PARTNERSHIP. Pabtnebship, VI. LIQUIDATED DAMAGES. Damages, 5. LIQUOR SELLING. 1. Constitutionality of state excise • . la-ws. How., 5/504, 5/54o_ S/gg^ 2. License from United States no de- fence to prosecution for violation of state la-ws. Burn., (Wis.) I/131. Wall., S/gg^^ S/475. 3. Offence of selling liquor to Indians. Rev. Stat., § 2087, 2139-2141. Cent. L. J., 3/383. Dak. T., 1/5, l/i42. Otto, 3/188 Pet., 2/358 Sawyer, a/g^^^ 2/354^ %16, %37. Wall., 3/407 See, also, Indians, 9. 4. Regulation of liquor trafllc in the District of Columbia. Cranch C. C, 1/46, V58, Vgl, Vl74, ^/290, ^/42, ^/92. 5. — in Alaska Territory. Sawyer, 2/57^ 8/3^5 6. — Dakota Territory. Dak. T., 1/113, V3O8. 7. — Massachusetts. How., 5/go4 Otto, 7/25. 8. — Maryland. Cranch C. C, I/268. 9. — Michigan. Burn., (Wis.) I/131. 10. — Ne-w Hampshire. How., 5/554. 11. — New York. Blatchf., 5/2Q4 12. — Oregon Territory. Oreg-, V223. 13. — Bhode Island. How., 5/54o_ LIS PENDENS. Judgment, 63; Notice, U; Pbaotiob, 10. LITERARY PROPERTY. COPYBIGHT, I. LOANS. Bailment, 5; Banks, 34; Debtor and Cbeditob, 22, 23 ; Interest, 9 ; Usury. LOCAL IMPROVEMENTS. Municipal Corporations, 7, 16, 23. LOCAL INSPECTION. Steamboats, 2. LOOKOUTS. Collision, 60-64. LOST INSTRUMENTS. Bills of Exchange, 98 ; Evidence, 40- 49 ; Promissory Notes, 142. LOTTERIES. 1. Bights of holder of ticket. Divid- ing tickets. Cranch C. C, 3/323, 3/g39. Pet., S/ggo Wheat., IO/406. 348 LOTTERIES— MALICIOUS PEOSECUTION. 2. JRights and liabilities of proraoters or managers. Cranch C. C, %02, 2/632. Wheat., 10/395, 12/40. 3. Prohibition under state la'wrs. Wash. C. C, 4/i29. •4. Taxation under internal revenue la-ws. Abb. U. S., 1/275. Blatchf., 7/349 Deady, 1/461. Dill., 2/229 See, also, Inteenax, Revenue, 63. -5. Postal regulations in respect to lotteries. Rev. Stat., § 3851, 3894, 3929, 4041. 6. Lotteries authorized by charter of city of Washington. Cranch C. C, 2/502, %39, %1^ %6, 5/667. Wheat., 6/264, 12/40^ LOUISIANA. As to the Political organisation of the state, see States, 32. For decisions respecting Pnvale land daimt in Louisiana, under French grants, see Gkants ; Pbtvate Land Claims, 3. LUNATICS. iNSA^ra Febsons. M MACHINERY. When deemed a Fixture, and not removable, flee Fixtubes, 1. Liability of master to servant, for Defects in, see Masteb and Seevant, 4. MAIMING. Cbiminax Law, 45. MAINE. For decisions relating to Maine In common vnth the other states of the Union, see States, I. MAINTENANCE. As to the daty of a Susband, Parent, or Oiiar- dian, to support the Wife, Child, or Ward, see Husband and Wife, 22, 23 ; Paeent and OmLD, 6 ; Gtjabdian and Ward, 4r-Q. As to such allowances in Divorce cases, see Husband and Wipe, 62. As to the Oriminal offence of maintenance, see Ohamperty, 4, 5. MALICIOUS MISCHIEF. Cbiminai Law, 46. MALICIOUS PROSECUTION. [Consult, also, False Impbisonment.] L "When the action lies. Ben., 8/4ij_ Pet. C. C, I/207. 2. Liability of corporation for. "Woods, 2/434 3. Prosecution must have terminated, and in plaintiff's favor. Cranch C. C, 2/657 How., 24/544^ 4. Plaintiff must show not only mal- ice, but also want of probable cause. Cranch C. C, 2/478_ 4/^3^ Dill., l/ggg. How., 24/544 Mason, 3/^02. Story, 3/j_ Taney, I/244. Wash. C. C, 8/3^^ 4/79^ 5. WTien malice or want of probable cause wiU be inferred. Blatchf., 6/5Q3 lut. Rev. Rec., 10/42. Mason, 3/jQ2. Story, 3/^ _ Woods, 2/g99_ See, also. Evidence, 29. 6. 'What constitutes probable cause. Cranch C. C, 4/^3-^ How., 24/544^ MALICIOUS PROSECUTION— MANDAMUS, I, II. 34» Mason, 3^02. Wash. C. C, S/g^^ ^g^ Woods, 2/5g9_ 7. The pleadings. Cranch C. C, I/42, 2/438, %57, */731. 8. "WTiat evidence is admissible for plaintiff. Cranch C. C, 2/473 Pet, C. C, 1/207. Wash. C. C, 3/31 9. "What may be sIio-wti in defence. Probable cause. Advice of counsel. Cranch, l/^o. Cranch C. C, I/42, 2/478, ^/283. Mason, Sj^q^. Pet. C. C, 1/207. Taney, 1/244. Wash. C. C, %. 10. Tlte damages recoverable.. Woods, 2/599_ For decisions relative to Other personaZ torts, analogous to MaJieUms prosemtion, see Fai.se Imprisonment, Libel, Slander. MANDAMUS. I. General Principles. t II. Use of the Writ in Various Cases. III. Procedure. I. GENERAL PBINCIPLES. L General nature of the remedy. Cranch C. C, 5/i63. How., 24/gg_ Pet., 5/i9o^ 12/524. 2. Power to issue the writ. Rev. Stat., § 688. Cranch, I/137, 7/504 Cranch C. C, S/ies. Hempst., 1/99 How., 24/37g Mont. T., 2/342. Paine, 1/453. Pet., 12/524/3/225. Utah T., 1/340. Wall., 13/244, 15/427. Wheat., %98. i^ee, also. Circuit Courts, 87. 3. Conflict between federal and state courts. Dill., 4/224. Wall., 9/409 9/415. Woolw., '377. 4. There must be no other remedy. Cranch C. C, I/7. How., S/gy^ 17/225^ ^^284, 22/174. 5. It will not lie to review discretion- ary action. Cranch C. C, 8/595 How., 14/3. Pet., 4/102, ^/216, ^/661, ^/634, %91, %88, 13/404, 1%. Wall., 14/152. Wheat., 9/529. II. USE OF THE WEIT IN VAEI0U8 CASES. 6. Controlling proceedings of inferior tribunals : "When granted. Cranch, %i5^ T^Tj^ How., 14/24^ 1^/275,1^/283. Otto, 4/343^ 4/4i8_ Paine, 1/453. Pet., 5/i9o_ 6/774^ 7/g34^ 8/291^ 9/573_ Wall., 1/69 3/752, 5/825, '^/864 1^/664, 16/258. 7. — when refused. Bankr.Reg.,18/507. Black, I/501. Dall., 3/42. How., 14/3_ 14/24. Pai'ie, 1/453. Pet-, 1/567, ^/l02, 6/2I6, 6/485"., ^/eei, ^/291, ^/588, 9/573, 12/339, 13/279, 13/404, 1%. Wall., 4/522, 6/497, 1%52. Wall. Jr., 3/58_ 8. Compelling allowance of appeal. Chic. L. N., 10/66. Int. Rev. Rec, 23/382. Otto, 4/14, 4/248, 5/221. 9. Compelling removal of causes. Cooke, (Tenn.) l/igo. Woodb. & M., 3/325. 10. Controlling proceedings of public oflacers, generally. Cranch, I/137, 7/504. How., 17/225. Off. Gaz. Pat., 7/603. Pet., 8/573. Wall., 4/522, 5/563. Wheat., 8/593. 11. Mandamus to heads of executive departments. Cranch C. C, 5/i63. Ot. of CI., 6/171. How., 6/92, 11/272, 1^/225, 1^/284. Law 350 MANDAMUS, II, III. Rep., N. S., l/399_ 1/448. Pet., 12/534^ 14/497. Wall., 5/563, 7/347^ 9/298, IS/gge. 12. — to officers of state govermnents. How., 24/gg_ Otto, 2/g3i_ Wyom. T., 1/61. 13. — to county officers. Am. L. Eeg., n. s., 2/394 Biss., 2/77 Dill., 3/28^ How., 24/37g_ McLean, 3/580. Utah T., 1/277. Wall., 4/^35^ ^l705, ^/l66. 14. Oompelling the levy and colleetion of taxes. Am. L. Rec, 7/5^54 Am. L. Reg., n. s., 5/415. Biss., 2/77 Dill., 1/522, 2/1, 3/281. How., 24/37g Hughes, 1/232. I"^*- -^^v- Rec, 13/ioQ McLean, ^l^so. Otto, ■^/258, ^/769, '^/284, '^/293, ''/sOO. Wall., 4/435, 5/705, 6/481, ^ku, 19/107, 19/655. Woods, 1/246, ^/230. 15. Determining title to office. How., 17/284. 16. Mandamus to officers of municipal corporations. Abb. U. S., 2/53 Am. L. Reg., n. s., 2/394. Biss.,2/408. CrancliC.C.,2/i74_ ^/595. , Dill, 1/522, ^/l. Hughes, 1/282. Int. Rev. Rec, is/^qq Otto, 1/536, %58, 7/284. Wall., 5/705, 6/481, 6/514. Woods, %30. III. PEOCEDUEE. 17. "WTio may apply for the writ. Dill., 3/5i5_ 3/524. Otto, 1/343^ 4/^^^ 4/248. 18. The motion for rule to show cause. Cranch C. C, s/^gg How., 14/3 Pet., 11/173, 12/472, l%24. Wall., 2/7gg' 19. Form and contents of the writ; service, &c. Biss., 4/508. Wall., 9/409. 20. "When a peremptory writ will be granted. Cranoh C. C, 5/385 How., 24/373 21. Necessity. Form, and sufficiency of the return. Biss., 2/77^ 6/308 Cranch C. C, S/igs, 5/385. Pet., 4/,o2, 12/524. Wall., 6/igg_ '^/sis, 9/736. 22. Proceedings on the hearing. Pet., 4/102, 9/573. Utah. T., 1/267. Wall., 4/435 Woods, 2/474^ 2/gg6. 23. Enforcement of the writ, and pen- alty for disobedience. Dill., 4/224 Int. Rev. Rec, 8/25. Wall., 9/415 Woolw., 1/377. See, also, Contempt, 5. 24. Incidental matters of practice, amendments, &c. Abb. U. S., 2/53 Dill., 2/527_ 4/473 Wall., 17/604. West. Jur., 9/356. MANDATE. Bailment, 4. , MANSLAUGHTER. Homicide, 19-21. MANUFACTURES. Internal revenue Tax on, see Intebnal Eev- ENDE, 66, &c. MANUMISSION. Slaves, 10-12. MAPS. Beferenees to, in deeds, see Deeds, 43. Admissibility and effect of, As evidence, see EviDEsrcE, 189. MARSHALS, I, II. 351 MARINE INSURANCE. Insurance, I. MARITIME LIENS. ADMiBALTY, 26, 35, 37, 38, 47-49; Bottomry, 17, 18 ; Shipping, IX. MARRIAGE. The Contract of, see Husband and Wifb, I. Settlements in consideration of, see Husband AND Wife, II. MARSHALS. I. Appointment, Powers, and Duties. II. LlABILITIBS. III. Compensation. rv. Deputies. I. APPOINTMENT, POWERS, AND DUTIES. 1. Appointment, oath, bond, &c. Rev. Stat., § 776, 782-786. CraDch C. C, 4/255. Op- Att.-Gen., 2/500^ lO/gg^ .2. Powers and duties, generally. Cranch C. C, ^Iq'jq, How., H/gge. McLean, 8/53 Pet. C. C, 1/466. 3. — in respect to executing process. Abb. U. S., 2/265. Cranch, e/^g^. Dall., 2/335 Pet., 9/573. Pet. C. C, 1/241. Wash. C. C, 2/33e. 4. — in respect to executions and sales thereunder. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/347. Brock., 2/422. €ranch, 9/212. Gall., 2/308. How., 2/39^ 2/244, 3/717. Wash. C. C, 4/322. 5. — In respect to custody of vessels and goods seized, or of their proceeds. Abb. Adm,, 1/503. Bond, I/422. Brock., 2/422. Bro^^'n Adm., I/35. Chase Dec, V430. Cliff., 1/509. Op- Att.-Gen., 2/^93 Pet., 18/279. Phil, (Pa.) 3/5i7_ Wheat., 6/^94. 6. — in respect to custody of prisoners. Am. L. Reg., 5/359 Wash. C. C, ^/353. 7. — in respect to assessment and col- lection of local taxes, on refusal of state ofBcers to act. Abb. U. S., 2/53 Am. L. Reg., N. s., 9/415, 10/512. Diilv 1/130, 1/522. I°t. Rev. Rec, 14/93. Wall., 19/^07 8. — in respect to taking the census. Rev. Stat., § 2175-2206. McLean, %3, 3/299, ^/ll9. 9. Rights of out-going marshaL Com- pleting unfinished business, &c. Rev. Stat., §790. Ben., 4/^0 Hempst., 1/460. -How., 3/7^7^ l4/gg3_ McLean, %09, ^/534. 10. Powers and duties of marshal of District of Columbia. Rev. Stat., § 4065, 4066. Cranch, %87, ^/550. Cranch C. C, 2/359^ 3/gg_ Pet., 5/451. 11. — of marshals in territories. Rev. Stat., § 1876-1894. Utah T., 1/81. II. LIABILITIES. 12. How far protected by process. Pet., 9/573. Wall., 3/334. 13. Marshal's return, and liability for false return. Ben., 1/128. Biss., 7/296. Bond, 1/422. Cranch C. C, 6/400. ^all., 2/4^2. Pet., 14/147. Pet- C. C, 1/241. Wall., 9/go5. 14. _ for taking insuflacient security, or permitting prisoner to escape. Cranch, 9/75, Cranch C. C, 1/535, 352 MARSHALS, II, III, IV. %85//619. McLean, 2/355_ 2/4Q8_ Paine, ^/454. 15. — for misconduct in respect to executions. How., 2/29^ 6/7 McLean, ij^^^^ 4/^33^ Wheat., 12/129. 16 — for acts of deputies. Rev. Stat., § 2189. Brock., ^j^i'j, Hempst., I/460. How., 4/j_ McLean, 3/465. Wall., 1/644. 17. "WTien chargeable with Interest. Cranch C. C, 2/659 How., 2/39, Pet., 5/45i_ Woodb. & M., 1/134. 18. Liability to amercement, or fine. Biss., 5/56 Cranch C. C, 2/44^ 2/6^^ ^/369, ^/585. 19. Suits on marshals' bonds. Lia- bility of sureties. Rev. Stat., § 784-786. Bi.ss., 1/237, l/433_ Cranch, 9/2i2_ Cranch C. C, ^Im, ^/255, ^/4oo, ^Im. How., 1/290, ^h. Int. Rev. Rec, I6/142 ^^Jm, McLean, 2/362, ^/S47. Sawyer, %2.' Wall., 8/759^ 13/63. Wheat., 12/129. in. COMPENSATION. 20. Right to fees ; and how enforced, generally. Rev. Stat., § 781. Ben., Sj^ss, ^/igi. Blatchf. & H., 1/94. Bond, I/210. Brock., 2/9_ Cranch C. C, 1/73^ I/92, V16I, ^/434, ^/403, ^/489. Gall., ^Iiqi_ McLean, 1/443 Sumii., S/g^^. Wheat., 12/546. Woodb. & M., l/i84, 3/227. 21. Fees on execution. Woodb. & M., l/i84. See, also, Exe- cution, 76. 22. — in seizure cases, and other pro- ceedings in rem. Sprague, 1/73. Story, I/135. 23. 'When entitled to commissions. Ben., 5/34 Biss., 7/^75. Blatchf., 13/410. Gall., 2/308^ 2/3ii_ Hempst., V450, V703. McLean, 1/443. Newb. Adm., 1/533 Sprague, 2/225. Woodb. & M., 1/134. 24. — to mileage. Hempst., 1/450. 25. — to poundage. Cranch C. C, 1/257, 2/427, ^/ee, %67, ^/403, 4/201, */238. McLean, 1/443. Pet., ^/l50. 26. Reimbursement of moneys ex- pended. Biss., 7/275 Brown Adm., I/72. Int. Rev. Rec, 8/iQg_ McLean, 4/iig_ gaw- yei-j %37. IV. DEPUTIES. 27. Their powers and duties. Com- pensation. Rev. Stat., § 780. Abb. U. S., 2/265. Bond, 1/210. Brock., 2/31^ Cranch C. C, 1/473. McLean, 3/9^^ 4/534^ Saw- yer, 3/237 Wyom. T., I/259. 28. Their liabilities. Abb. Adm., 1/503. McLean, 3/465^ N. Y. Leg. Obs., 7/174 For further decisions illustrating the rights, duties, and liabilities of officers charged with the Service and return of process, see Execution ; Pkocess; Sheriffs. MARYLAND. For decisions relating to Maryland, In common with the other states of the Union, see States, I. As to the state statute of Limitations, see Limitations of Actions, 72. MASSACHUSETTS. For decisions relating to Massachusetts, In MASTER AND SERVANT— MECHANICS' LIENS. 353 common vyith the other states of the Union, see States, I. As to the Boundaries of the state, see Botjn- DAKIES, 11. As to the state statute of Limitations, see Limitations op Actions, 13. MASTER. In Chancery, see Equity, 39-42 ; Eefbb- ENCE. Of Vessd, see Shipping, VII. Power to lend on Bottormy, see Bottomry, V. MASTER AND SERVANT. 1. The relation ; and rights of the par- ties, generally. MacArth., l/i4_ Olc. Adm., l/ggg. 2. Liability of master to third persons, for servant's acts. Am. L. Reg., 5/28q_ ClifF., ^^^^ How., 14/468, 2%09. 3. — for servant's negligence. Abb. U.S., 2/261. Dill., 1/465. Wall., 4. IiiabUity of master to servant, gen- erally; and herein of master's UabUity for defective appliances, machinery, &c. Chic. L. N., 5/25 Dill., 2/64_ 3/319 Int. Rev. Rec, l6/i42_ 22/257^ 5. — for negligence of fello'w servant. Am. L. Reg., K. s., H/ioi. Chic. L. N., 6/150. Dillv 2/64, 2/259. Int- Rev. Rec, 22/257 Sawyer, 8/^37^ Zj^^^^ 3/562. Wall., 17/508, "/558. See, also, Rail- EOAiy Companies, 26, 27. 6. Master's remedy for enticing away servant. Cranch C. C, I/239, 1/251, 2/246. For rules relating to the law of Agency, gen- erally, see Pbincipai, and Agent. As to Apprentices, see that title. W MATERIAL-MEN. Admiralty, 37-38 ; Shippikg, 168-186. MEASURE OF DAMAGES. ft Damages, II. MECHANICS' LIENS. 1. District of Colurabia. Cranch C. C, 8/365^ 4/g6g_ S/gy^^ How., 14/434. MacArth., 1/463, 2/i89, 2/415. 2. California. Abb..U. S., 2/479_ Wall., 6/561. 3. Colorado Territory. Col. T., 2/470^ 2/694_ 4. Connecticut. Ben., 5/104. 5. lo-wa. Cent. L. J., 4/535^ 4/536 Di"-, %0. West. Jur., 11/345^ 11/346, 1^357. 6. Maryland. Cranch C. C, 8/365. 7. Montana Territory. Int. Rev. Rec, 23/363 Mont. T., V44, ^263, V342, ^/470, 2/115, 2/443. OtH 4/545. Wall., 18/659. 8. Nevada. Sawyer, 1/710. 9. New Jersey. Ben., 3/450 Blatehf., S/ggg 10. Oregon. Bankr. Reg., 5/64 O^eg., 1/169, l/l82, l/l83. Sawyer, 2/^3. 11. Pennsylvania. Wash. C. C, 2/33_ 12. Utah Territory. Utah T., 1/252. 354 MILITIA— MINES. 13. Washington Territory. MILITIA. Wash. T., 1/195. 1. "Who are exempt from militia duty. 14. "Wisconsin. Eev. Stat., § 1629. Cranch, S/gg^^ Biss., 3/iig_ 3/43g Cranch C. C, 1/262, 2/78, 2/139, 2/693. For decisions relative to the Acqwmtum and enforcement of liens, generally, see Lien; and 2. Powers, duties, and liabilities of ofiacers. the titles there referred to. Rev. Stat., § 1631, &c. Cranch C. C, 2/117. MEMPHIS. 3. Pines for misconduct, and how en- Municipal Cobpobations, 44. forced. Eev. Stat., § 1659, 1660. Cranch, 3/331. Cranch C. C, 8/5 MERGER. 4. Punishmentof delinquents by court Of Greater and Lesser estate, see Estates, 8. martial. Of Legal and Equitable estate, see Estates, 7 ; Rev. Stat., § 1658. Brock., I/324. MOETGAGES, 30. Of original Contract, into subsequent one, see -Cranch, S/gg^ Cranch C. C, I/262. CoNTKACTS, 83, 84 ; Evidence, 82. Utah T., 1/537. Wheat., 5/1^ 12/j9 See Of OivU action for damages, in felony. see title CouETS Martial. Criminal Law, 0. 5. Po-^er of president to call out mili- tia in time of war. MESNE PROFITS. Const., Art. I, § VIII, 16. Rev. Ejectment, 30-32. Stat., § 1642, &c., 5297, 5298. "Wheat., 5/1, 12/19. 6. Drafting militiamen into the army. MEXICAN GRANTS. Phil, (Pa.) 5/259. Wall., 3/g49_ 6/g42_ Grants ; Peivate Land Claims. MINES. MICHIGAN. 1. Title to mining lands. For decisions relating to Michigan, In common Rev. Stat., § 2325, 2336. McAU., with the other states of the Union, see States I. 1/271. Op. Att.-Gen., 7/g3g^ 14/^^5 Qtto, ^/634, ®/l65. MILITARY BOUNTY LANDS. 2. Interpretation of Spanish and Mex- ican grants of mineral lands. Public Lands, 34-44. Black, 2/17 McAll, 1/271, 332. Pet., 9/117. MILITARY LAW. 3. Location and pre-emption of min- Akmy; Courts Martial; Militia; Navy; eral lands. Wab. Rev. Stat., § 2258, 2327, &c., 2342. MIN ES— MINISTEES. 355 How., ^lieady, I/228. See, also, DuEBSS, 6 ; Duties, 190. 9. Payments under void contracts or upon invalid consideration. Blatchf., 5/229. Paine, 2/iog. 10. Effect of non-performance or re- scission of the contract. Black, 1/273. Wall., 5/497. 11. Payments upon judgments and de- crees. Cranch C. C, 3/i67_ 4/gg_ 4/327. Ct. of CI, 1/135. Pet-,%. 12. Payments for taxes, assessments, &c. Ct. of CI., 1/192. Deady, 1/400. ^'^U 4/10. Int. Rev. Rec, 28/33 See, also, In- ternal Revenue, VII ; Taxes, 44. 13. Voluntary payments; and pay- ments made with means of knowledge. Crabbe, 1/499. Ct. of CI., l/ie, II/578, "/672, 12/266. Otto, 7/181. Wall. Jr., 1/47. 358 MONEY RECEIVED— MORTGAGES, I. 14. Money paid upon forged or coun- terfeit instruments. Ben., %g Wall., IS/igi. 15. "WTio may sue, generally. Blatchf., 7/i47_ 16. "When the government may bring the action. Call., 3/357. Dili-, 4/387. How., 13/40. Paine, 1/629. ^^^;^ll2. Ware, 2/g 2/^5^. 17. Matters of pleading, evidence, &o. Cranch C. C, 1/102, %2. I^*- I^ev. Rec., 13/4. Paine, l/ggg. Wheat., 7/35^ 9/651. Woodb. & M., 2/75 MONTANA. For decisions relative to Montana, In common with the other states and territories, see States, I ; Tebeitomes, 13. MONTH. When a Lunar, and when a Calendar month is intended, see Time, 4. MORTGAGES. I. What Constitutes a Moetqage. 1. Oeneral principles ; and herein, when a deed absolute in form will be deemed to be a mortgage. 2. Form and reqwisites of the instrument. n. VALIDITT, iNTEEPBETATIOSf, AND EF- FECT. in. Rights and Liabilities op the Par- ties. IV. Decisions undee the BscoBDiNa Acts. Peioeity. V. Assignments. VI. Ebmedies of the Moetgagee. 1. In general. 2. Foreclosure by BUI in Equity. VII. Eedemption. Vni. DiSCHAKGE of THE LlEN BY PAYMENT^ Satisfaction, oe otheewise. I. WHAT WILL CONSTITUTE A MORT- GAGE. 1. General principles; and herein, when u deed absolute inform will be deemed to be a mort- gage. 1. General nature of the contract. Pet., 1/386. Wash. C. C, 4/662. 2. "Who may make a mortgage, and ■what may be the subject-matter of one. Am. L. Reg., e/^^g Cranch, V/g^^ Wall., 2/go9. 3. "What constitutes a mortgage, gen- erally. Am.L.Reg.,l/i8. Curt.,1/193. How.,. 21/414. Woods, 2/103. 4. "What amounts to an equitable- mortgage. Biss., 1/23. Curt., 1/297. I>iUv%4 %6™. McLean, 1/395. Sumn., a/^gg^ Wheat., 5/277. Woodb. & M., 2/37^ 5. Moi^gage distinguished from con- ditional sale. Cranch, T/gig How., 12/139 Pet.,. 11/351. Sumn., 2/4gg See, also. Sales, 1.. 6. — from conveyance in trust. Curt., 1/239. How., 19/246. Law- Rep., N. s., 12/74 McLean, S/^g^^ 6/340^ Woods, 2/206, 2/447. 7. WTien an absolute deed -will be- deemed a mortgage. Curt., 1/193. How., I/118. Law Rep., N. s., 12/74 McLean, 1/173. 01<'- Adm., 1/343. Otto, 6/332_ 7/g8 Pet.,. 10/257, 1^/201. Sumn., 3/474 Wall., 12/323. Wheat., 9/489 Woodb. & M.,, 2/426, ^/277. Woods, 1/667. MORTGAGES, I, II, III. 359 8. Absolute deed -with defeaBanoe clause, or separate agreement to reoonvey. Cranch, ^/g^g McLean, ^j^^i Pet., 11/351. 9.' Evidence to prove that absolute deed "was intended to operate as a mortgage; and herein of the admissibility of parol evidence for that purpose. Biss., 7/40 C«rt., 2/38g How., 12/139,19/289. MacArth., 2/i4 Sumn., 2/228, "Woodb. & M., 3/403. See, also. Evidence, 95. 2. Form and requisites of the instrament. 10. Formal requisites. Execution and delivery. Black, 2/7^5 11. Subscribing -witnesses. Aoknovrl- edgment. Int. Eev. Rec, l^/^^g 12. Description of subject-matter, or debt to be secured. Cranch, ^1^^ n. VALIDITY, INTEEPEETATION, AND EFFECT. 13. VaUdity, generally. Ben., 4/433 Otto, 4/463. Woods, 2/372. 14. "When deemed fraudulent as to creditors. Bankr. Reg., 1^/24^ See, title. Fraudulent Conveyances. 15. Validity of mortgages to secure future advances. Bankr. Reg., 7/gj Cranch, 8/73^ 7/34^ How., 23/j^4 Int. Rev. Rec, 16/iig Low., 1/431^ I/56I. Sumn., 3/4gg_ 16. — of mortgages of future acquired property, unplanted crops, &c. How., '^luj. Otto, 4/332 Wall., 1%62, 19/544. Woods, 1/214. IT. Interpretation and effect, generally. Cliff., 2/454 How., 4/353 Paine, 1/525,2/569. Pet., IS/gi. Wall., 17/44. 18. — in respect to the property in- cumbered; and herein of the la^w.of fixtures. Biss., 4/35 McLean, 4/334^ Wall., 1/53. 19. — in respect to mortgagee's inter- est or estate. Cranch, 7/34 Mason, S/syg, 20. Interpretation of interest clause. Int. Rev. Rec, 17/29. Otto, 4/453 21. RaUroad mortgages. Am. L. Reg., 6/27 Bankr. Reg., 14/4g9, Biss., l/i98, 4/35 Dill., 4/54g_ Holmes, 1/336. How., ^^Iin, Otto, 5/10. Wall., 1/254, 2/609_ 6/15, ^/452, ^/742, 1^/543 11/459. See, also. Railroad Companies, 10. iii. rights and liabilities of the PAETIES. 22. In general. Ben., 4/433 Cranch, 8/456 How., S/168, «/44l, 12/139, 12/327, 16/580. Mc- Lean, 6/gg Wall., 2/283^ 6/453^ 12/323^ Wheat., 5/429. 23. Title to the mortgaged premises. Abb. U. S., 2/^29. Black, 2/575_ Blatchf., 3/25. Ga., 35/344 MacArth., 2/4g5 McLean, 6/^94^ 6/34q_ Mason, 2/531. Sawyer, 4/232 Wall., l/gg, %72. 24. Right to possession of mortgaged premises. Black, 2/575 Chic. L. N., 8/373 Otto, i/eos. Sawyer, 4/333 Wall., 1°/519. Woolw., l/so. 360 MORTGAGES, III, IV, Y. VI. 25. Right to rents and profits. Allow- ances for improvements. Duty to repair, &c. Bankr. Reg., 10/523^ 12/257. Biss., 5/237^ 7/362. Sum.,., 2/io8_ 2/^43 Wall., I/53, "/459, 1^/297. Wheat., 9/489 Woodb. & M., 2/407_ 3/2„ 26. Bights of the parties in respect to insurance. Holmes, l/ii7_ How., l^/^gg Pet., 10/507. 27. Rights of junior mortgagees. How., 13/373 McLean, 2/439^ S/gg^; Olc. Adm., l/i96. Otto, 2/^42 Pet., 13/123. 28. Conveyances of mortgaged premi- ses. Bights of purchasers, gen- erally. Black, 2/575 Sumn., I/109, ^/lOS. Wheat., 9/489 29. — of purchaser under conveyance subject to the mortgage. Wall., 8/292 Wheat., 9/439 See, also, Vendor and Purchaser. 1,2. 30. Merger. McLean, 2/442 Mason, 2/53^ IV. DECISIONS TINDER THE EECOED- ING ACTS. PEIOKITY. 31. Necessity of recording ; and effect of omission. Biss., 4/307 I>ill-, 3/412. How., 11/375^ 13/287. McLean, 8/^4^ 32. The doctrine of constructive, or imputed notice. P6t-> %o. See, also. Notice, 3, 33. Effect of actual notice, or knowl- edge ; and when necessary. Cliff., 1/453 Hempst., I/563. How., 11/375. McLean, 4/430 Wall., 8/292. 34. Priority between mortgages. Cranch C. C, 5/333 ^^^- -^illv 3/454. Hempst., 1/201. -Pet. C.C., 1/390. Wheeler, 3^304. See, also,, COEPOEATIONS, 45. 13. — and to enforce them. Penalties: for violation. Cranch C. C, 1/21, I/248, 2/337, 2/356, 2/459, 2/460, 4/103, 4/582, 4/722, 5/498. Otto, '^/659. 14. Assessment and collection of mu- nicipal taxes. Alb. L. J., 17/321. Am. L. Reg., n. S-, 2/394. Biss., 6/505 Black, 2/5^^^ Cranch, 5/^^ 8/53 Cranch C. C, 8/391^ 4/l76, 4/330, %10. Dill., 4/^0^ 4/^7„ Hughes, 1/282. I"t- I^ev. Rec, 13/ioo,. 23/19,23/33. Otto, 6/432. i Wall., 4/535^ 5/705, 6/481, 8/575. 15/390, 20/655. Woods, 2/108, 2/i28. Wyom. T., 1/270. 15. Licensing and regulation of trades and employments. Cranch C. C, I/318, 2/19, 2/92^ S/^q^ 4/332^ 5/157, 5/381, 5/500. Dak. T., 1/113. 16. Regulation of streets and high- ways. Cranch C. C, 2/224 How., 7/jg5^ 20/135. Pet., 12/91. Wheat., 6/593 17. — of wharves and landings. Chic. L. N., 5/49 Cranch C. C.^ 3/595,5/508. Dill., 2/70. Int. Rev. Rec, 24/36. Newb.'Adm., 1/461,1/541. Otto, 5/80. Wall., 10/497. 18. Permission to lay railroad tracks. Dill., 1/393, 4/593_ 4/ggg„ See, also. Railroad Companies, 32. 364 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, III, IV, V. 19. Suppression and. removal of ntil- sances. Cranch C. C, S/^gg Wall., 10/497, m. LIABILITIES. 1. Upmi contraets. ■20. Gtenerally. Cliff., 2/590 Cranch C. C, ^^g. Otto, 3/gi2. Wall., V221. "West. Jur., 6/495_ Wheat., 12/40. 21. Municipal bondSj generally. Alb. L. J., 13/292^ 13/293. Am. L. Eeg., 4/591^ 8/27i_ Biss., 1/292, V314, ^/79. Blatch., 14/216. Cent. L. J., 1/140, Vl55. €hic. L. N., 3/187. Dill-, V26I, 2/353, ^/l81, ^/l98, ^/402. I°t- I^ev. Rec, 24/340 Otto, 5/g44^ 6/5i_ 7/389 Wall., T/g^g^ "^Im, ^/409. Woods, 2/^28. 22. Bonds in aid of railroads. Alb. L. J., 13/269, 13/413. Biss., 5/280. Black, 2/722. Blatchf., 13/245^ 13/424_ ^^434. I^'ll-. V555, ^/l63, ^/l75, ^/l95. How., 24/3g4 Otto, 2/484^ 2/494_ 2/503^ ^/637, %60 %8 %12. Wall., 1/384, •^/275, ^/654, ^/l94, ^/772, '^/:81, ^/477. See, also, ante, 11. 23. Street contracts, and contracts for services rendered. Otto,4/98_ Wall.,20/289_ 2. For wrongs; and herein of liability for defects in streets. 24. General principles. Biss., 4/j8 Fish. Pat. Cas., I/252. 25. Liability for acts or neglect of oflBcers and agents. Blatchf., 13/289. Otto, 1/540. Wall., 15/429. See, also, post, 32. 26. Liability for property destroyed by mob. Blatchf., 13/289. Taney, I/200. 27. Liability for unsafe condition of streets and side-walks. Biss., 4/4go_ 4/486^ 7/45. Black, 1/39^ 2/4I8, %90. Curt., 1/497. I>illv V312. How., 17/161. Ottx), 1/540. Wall., 4/i89^ 4/657/6/566. Woodb.&M., 2/337, See, also. Damages, 23 ; Negligence, 3. 28. — for injuries caused by altering grade of streets. Blatchf., 13/258. Cranch C. C, l/gg. How., 20/135 29. Necessity and sufficiency of notice to city of the defect. Construc- tive notice. Wall., 4/i89. 30. Recovery over against wrong doer. Black, 2/418. Wall., 4/g57, IV. MUNICIPAL OFFICERS. 31. Appointment or election. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 10/512. Iii*- Kev. Rec.,14/93_ Otto, 3/599, 32. Liability of city for their acts or neglect. Blatchf., 13/289. Dak. T., 1/236. Otto, 1/540. See, also, wrde, 25. V. DECISIONS OF A LOCAL CHAEAC- TER, AFFECTING A PAETICU- LAE CITY ONLY. 33. Alexandria, (Va.) Cranch, S/i_ ^(^^^^ 8/53^ Cranch C. C, V47, 1/61, 1/115, 1/473, 2/27, 2/125, 2/148, 2/224, 3/70, %30, 5/310. Otto, 5/744, Pet, %98, 12^91. 34. Baltimore, (Md.) Hughes, 1/90. Taney, I/200, 1/243. 35. Brooklyn, (N. Y.) Blatchf, 8/533_ 8/535^ lO/gg^^ Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/59g_ 4/598_ MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, V— MUTINY. 365 36. Oarondelet, (Mo.) Black, 1/179. Otto, 1/330, 2/462. Wall., ^*/308. 37. Chicago, (HI.) Biss., 6/505^ 7/4go_' How., 7/i8g_ 38. Oincinnati, (Ohio.) How., 24/4g5 Pet., 6/431 39. Denver, (Col.) Wall., 16/331. 40. Galena, (HI.) How., 21/294. Wall., 5/705. 41. Galveston, (Tex.) Woods, 2/272 42. Georgetown, (D. O.) Cranch C. C, I/132, I/138, V312, ^/366, 1/608, %69, ^/l76, ^/534, ^kos. Wheat., ^/593. 43. Keokiik, (Iowa.) Dill., 4/593, 5991. 44. Memphis, (Tenn.) Otto, 7/284, 7/293, 7/309 Wall., 20/289. 45. Mobile, (Ala.) How., 1/95, 2/591. Pet., I6/234, 261. 46. New Orleans, (La.) Otto, 3/25g, 6/97_ Pet., 10/662. 47. Peoria, (HI.) Black, 2/563, 2/571 How., I3/18, 15/358, 1%34, 342, ^^/l75. 48. Philadelphia, (Pa.) How., 2/127. Phil., (Pa.) 4/413. Wall. Jr., 3/375. 49. Portland, (Oreg.) Oreg., I/218. 50. Bichiiiond, (Va.) Chic. L. N., 10/379. Otto, 6/521. 51. St. Louis, (Mo.) Black, 1/595. I>'11-, %0. How., %9, 24/41.' Pet., 12/410. Wall., 10/91. 52. Salt Lake, (Utah. T.) Utah. T., I/108. 53. San Francisco, (Cal.) McAll., 1/1, l/i42. Sawyer, l/ggs, 4/553, */597, */653, ^/672. Wall., S/ggg, 6/363^ 9/315, I8/57. 54. San Jose, (Cal.) Abb. U. S., 2/448. 55. "Washington, (D. C.) Cranch, 6/53^ 9/4gg Cranch C. C, l/l38, V3I8, V4IO, 2/175, %54, %58, %76, 2/676, ^/653, ^/654, ^/343, ^/582, ^/722, ^/l3, 5/114, 5/434, 5/509, 5/512, 5/553, 5/667, 5/672. How., 9/248, 18/69, 20/135, 22/422. Mac- Arth., 1/53, 1/322, 1/626, 2/351. Otto, 1/317, 1/580. Pet., 4/232, 4/349_ Wall., 1%6, 22/492. Wheat., 6/264. 8/631. MURDER. Homicide, 1-8. MUTINY. 1. Wliat amounts to mutiay, generally. Rev. Stat., § 5360. Wash. C. C, */402. 2.. What constitutes a "revolt" or "endeavor to make a revolt." Rev. Stat., § 5359. Crabbe, 1/553. Cranch C. C, I/94. Curt., 2/225. Ma- son, 1/147, ^/475, ^/l05, 5/272, 5/402, 5/404, 5/460. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/51, 2/99^ 2/256^ Sprague, I/374. Sumn., 1/443, 2/582, %42. Wash. C. C, 3/78, 4/528, 4/547. Wheat., 11/417. Woodb. & M., 1/305, 1/338. 366 MUTINY— NAME— NATIONAL BANKS, I. 3. 'What amotints to a "confinement of the master." Y. Leg. Obs., 1/388. Wash.' C. C, 7- Matters of defence. Sprague, 1/75. Sumn., 2/^3^ 2/^^^ Mason, 4/^05, ^Im. ^P- Att.-Gen., 14/589. Pet. C. C, l/iis, 1/213. Sunin., 1/168. Wash. C. C, 3/525_ 4/^28, ^j,^^ 4/647. 8. Punishments. -4. What does not. Eev. Stat., § 1624, arts. 4, 8, 4596. Cranch C. C, I/94. ■5. Siifflciency of the indictment. Blatchf., 4/420. Sumn., l/jgg. Aa to Other offences by or affecting seamen, see CEiMnsTAi, Law, 26, 27, 40; Pibact; Sea- men, VII. e. — of the evidence. MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANIES. Blatchf., 4/^20. Mason, I/443 N. Insdbance, v. N NAME. 1. Only one Christian name recognized. Middle name disregarded. Blatchf., 13/276. Cranch C C, S/g^. McLean, I/32X. Op. Att.-Gen., 4/4gy_ Pet., 3/1^ 14/322. 2. Identity of name evidence of per- sonal identity. Ct. of CI., 6/305_ 7/55i_ Deady, "^/ise. 3. "What names are idera sonans. Hempst., 1/299. 4. What is a material misnomer. Pet. C. C, 1/139. Wash. C. C, ^285. 6. What is immaterial. * Abb. Adm., 1/433. Off- Gaz- Pat., «/34. Wash. C. C, 1/285, 2/201. 6. Effect of misnomer; and how taken advantage of. Cranch, 4/224 Law Rep., I/223. Sumn., 3/279 Wash. C. C, 2/300^ %74. NATIONAL BANKS. I. Obsanization and Powers. II. Stock ; and Eiohts op Stockholders. III. Sttits By or Against. IV. IhssoLTjTioN. WdtdinoUp. I. OEGANIZATION AND POWERS. 1. Interpretation of statutes author- izing formation of national banks. Rev. Stat., § 5133-5156. Op. Att.- Gen., 11/334^ 14/4^4_ 14/4gg WaU., 3/573_ ®/533. 2. Powers and duties of comptroller of the currency. Rev. Stat., § 324-333, Stat, at L., 17/603. Blatchf., 7/426 Ct. of CI., 12/281. 3. Organization of state banks as national banks. Rev. Stat., § 5154, 5155. Otto, %4. 4. National banks are "public de- positaries" of government money. Ct. of CI., 12/281. Op. Att.-Gen., 11/23. NATIONAL BANKS, I, II, III. 367 6. Po-wer to hold real property. Eev. Stat., §5137. Dill., 2/37^. 6t Banking po'wers, generally. Eev. Stat., § 5136, 5190. Wall., 10/604. 7. Receiving circulating notes. Eev. Stat., § 5157-5189. Stat, at L., 18/296, ^^/302. 3. Right to issue circulating notes not essential to existence of bank. Op. Att.-Gen., n/334. S. Receiving deposits ; and obligation to repay. Brews., (Pa.) 4/334 10. Certification of checks. Eev. Stat., § 5208. Wall., IO/604. 11. Issue of post notes prohibited. Eev. Stat., § 5183. Wall., IO/604. 12. Restrictions on poorer to deal in corporate stocks. Otto, 2/122. 13. Fawer to make loans and dis- counts, generally. Abb.U.S..,2/4i6_ Dill., 2/371. Hughes, VlOl. West. Jur., 13/i7e_ 14. Validity of loans and discounts. Abb. U. S., 2/416^ 2/424. Bond, 2/^70 Int. Eev. Eec, 21/349 15. — of loans on stock of bank mak- ing loan. Eev. Stat., § 5201. Wall., H/ggg, 16. What rate of interest may be taken. Eev. Stat., § 5197. Alb. L. J., 9/122. Dill., 4/362». Otto, 1/29. Wall., 18/409. 17. Forfeiture of usurious interest. Penalties for usury. Eev. Stat., § 5198. Alb. L. J., 8/235, 12/310 Blatchf., 11/243. Bond, 2/17^. Dill., l/ggg Int. Eev. Eec., 8/132 Otto, 1/29. II. STOCK ; AND EiaHTS OF STOCK- HOLDERS. 18. Statutory provisions relative to stock-. Eev. Stat., § 5139-5143. 19. Transfers; how made, validity, &c. Eev. Stat., § 5139. Alb. L. J., 1^146. ^m. L. Reg., N. s., IO/774 Biss., 2/527. Wall., 3/573^ 11/369 20. Lien of bank on shares of stock- holders indebted to bank. Am. L. Eeg., n. s., 10/774 Ben., 2/469. Biss., 2/527_ 4/327. Chic. L. N., 6/287. Cliff., 3/429. I^** B.ev. Eec, 14/125. Wall., 11/369, 18/589. 21. Stockholder's remedy against bank. Abb. U. S., 2/416. 22. State taxation of shares in na- tional banks. Eev. Stat., § 5219. Chic. L. N., 6/253. Dill., 3/330 Otto, 4/415. Wall., %73, ^/244, %9, %53, ^/468, 1^/490, ^^/480. See, also. Taxes, 13. III. SUITS BY OR AGAINST. 23. Right of bank to sue. Abb. U. S., 2/232. Alb. L. J., 10/155. Blatchf., 8/137 Chic. L. N., s/ggg Dill., 3/298. Int. Eev. Eec, 14/77^ 22/66. Otto, 6/640. Wall., 8/498 24. — of stockholder, to restrain mis- application of funds. Abb. U. S., 2/416, Wyom. T., i/ios. 25. — of receivers. Ben., 1/534, 2/303. Wall., 8/493. 368 NATIONAL BANKS, IV— NATURALIZATION. 26. Suits against national banks. Stat, at L., 17/603. ^Ib. L. J., Wj^oi. Blatchf., 12/480. Wall., 14/383. 27. — in state courts. Blatchf., 11/101. Chic. L. N., 10/343. IV. DISSOLUTION. WINDING UP. 28. Statutory provisions for dissolu- tion. Rev. Stat., 5220-5243. Stat, at L., 1^/603, ^^/63. Biss., 5/499^ 6/3Qj_ 29. Preferential transfers of assets by insolvent bank, void. Rev. Stat., §5242. Biss., 6/301. Chic. L. N., 7/313 Wall., 2l/go9 Woods, %3, ^h. 30. Appointment and powers of re- ceiver. Stat, at L., 17/603, 19/63. Ben., I/534. Bis^., 6/301 Blatchf., 12/480. WalL, 14/383, 20/650, ^l/eog. Woods, 2/„_ 31. Suits by receiver. Ben., 1/534, %03, %57. Hughes, 1/373. Wall., 8/498. 32. Distribution. Priority among claims. Dividends. Rev. Stat., § 5236. Otto,4/437_ Wall., 14/383. 33. Individual liability of stockholders. Rev. Stat., § 5151, 5234. Ben., %1,%57. I>ill-; 4/463. Hughes, I/307. Otto, 4/673. Wall, 8/498 34. Decision of comptroller of curren- cy as to deficiency of assets, conclusive on stockliolders. Ben., 8/331 DHL, ij^^^^ Hughes, 1/378. Otto, 4/673. Wall., 8/^93 For decisions relative to Banking, generally, applicable to national banks in common with other banking institutions, see Banks and Banking. NATIONAL BOUNDARIES. BOITNDAKIES, 1. NATURALIZATION. 1. Power to pass naturalization laws, exclusively vested in congress. Cranch C. C, 8/699. I>allv 2/294, 2/370. Dill., 4/425. How., 5/554_ 585, ^/gss, 556, 19/393. Wash. C. C, 3/313 Wheat., %59, 260. 2. Powers of the courts. Rev. Stat., § 2165, 2173. Blatchf.,. 14/223. Curt., 2/98 Law Rep., n. s., 7/491. Pet., 4/393 3. "What persons may be naturalized. Rev Stat., §2171,2172. Alb. L. J., 17/385,18/153. Cent.L.J.,7/84_ Cranch C. C, 1/372. Gall.,, 2/11 Wall., 7/496^ West. Jur., 5/171. 4. Reporting on arrival. Registration. Cranch C. C, 2/139 Pet., 4/393 Pet. C- C., 1/457. 5. The necessary residence in this country. Rev. Stat., § 21 70. Abb. U. S., 2/434^ Cranch C. C, 1/39, 1/186, 1/219, 1/243. Mc- Lean, 4/^5 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 4/98 Op. Att.-Gen., 13/376_ 14/ig4_ 6. Declaration of intention to become citizen. Rev. Stat, § 21 65. Stat, at L., 19/2^ Gall., 2/11 Wall. Jr., 3/i Woodb. & M., 1/323. 7. Sufiaciency of certificate or order. Presumptions in favor of regu- larity of proceedings. Abb. U. S., 2/434_ Cranch, e/i^g^ r/^g^^ How., I8/1 Op. Att.-Gen., 14/509/ Pet, 4/393. NAVIGATION— NAVY. 369 8. Offences under naturalization laws. Eev. Stat., § 5424-5429. As to the rights of Oitisenship, see Citizens ; CrvrL Eights. NAVIGABLE RIVERS. Navigation, 2-4. NAVIGATION. I. Geneeai Pkinciples. II. EuLES or Navigation. I. GENEEAL PEINCIPLES. 1. Power of congress to regulate navi- gation. Am. L. Reg., 3/yg How., 22/227, McLean, 4/286. Otto, 3/^ Pet., 12/72. Wheat., 9/j See, also, Commekce, 3, 4. 2. WTiat rivers are navigable. Chic. L. N., V/jo5 How., 14/80. Wall., l0/557_ 11/411, 20/430. Wall. Jr., ■'/275. 3. The right to their use as public highways. Abb. U. S., 1/246. Wall., 7/272. 4. Powers of the states over naviga- ble streams. Abb. U. S., l/i58. Baldw., l/eo. Biss., 1/546. Black, 1/532. Blatchf., 4/395. How., 3/212, 9/471, 1%5, "/568, 15/426, 2%4-. McAIl., 1/212. McLean, 5/425, «/70, «/237. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 4/333, 4/450. Otto, 5/459. Pet., 2/245. Wall., 2/403. Wheat., 9/j. See, also. Com- merce, 9, 22, 23. 5. Obstructions to navigation, and remedies therefor. Abb. U. S., l/i58. Am. L. Eeg., N. s.,l%ei. Black, 1/23. Dill., 1/469, %9. How., 14/80. McLean, I/337 3/326, 6/209, X %37, 6/517. Newb. Adm., I/501. Otto, 5/459. Sawyer, 2/33^ Wall., 2l/389_ See, also. Bridges, 5-7. II. EULES OF NAVIGATION. [Consult, also. Collision, II.] 6. General rules. Rev. Stat., § 4233. How., 10/557 Hughes, 2/^7 Law Rep., 7/222. ^- Y. Leg. Obs., 9/232, 11/225. Sprague, I/245. Wall., 4/509 Ware, 2/^93 7. Operation ; and when they take ef- fect. Brown. Adm., I/313 Otto, 2/g-^_ Wall., 23/g9^ 76 8. State regulations as to lights not binding upon foreign sea-going vessels. Blatchf., 3/50 How., 18/223, 20/543^ 21/184. 9. Adoption of English rules of Jan- uary 9, 1863. Stat, at L., 13/58. Wall., 14/170, 1^/345. 10. Consequences of failure to comply with rules. Law Rep., K. s., 14/731 Low., 2/21^ 2/40. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 9/321. Sprague, 2/17. Ware, 2/359 11. Rules peculiar to river navigation. Biss., 5/^72 See, also Collision, 67-77. 12. Informations for violating naviga- tion laws. How., 19/92. Sumn., 2/4^9 NAVY. 1. Powers of congress to provide and maintain a navy. Const., art. I, § VIII, 13, 14. How., 20/g5 Wheat., 3/336. 370 NAVY. 2. Powers of tlie president as com- mander-in-chief. Const., art. II, § II, 1. Op. Att.- Gen.,1/380 13/^ See, also, President, 21. 3. — of the secretary of the navy. Op. Att.-Gen., I/320, Vsso. See, also. Departments, 8. 4. Powers and duties of commanders of vessels. Blatehf., 4/451 How., 6/92^ 7/89_ 12/39o_ Op. Att.-Gen., 4/533^ e/g^^^ 5. — of subordinate officers. Ct. of CI., 4/87_ Pet., 5/ii5_ Wall., %88. 6. Midshipmen. Ct. of CI., 10/474 Op- Att.-Gen., 10/46, 10/315. 7. Pay of officers. Rev. Stat., § 1556, &e. Stat, at L., 1^/330, 1^/191. Crabbe, l/ggs. Cranch C. C, 4/203. Ct. of CI., 2/ie7^ 4/i39_ 5/g35_ How., 3/556_ 8/83_ Qp. Att.-Gen., 13/397. Otto, 5/7gQ Taney, l/go. Woodb. & M., 1/45. 8. Bemoval of officers. Op. Att.-Gen., IS/g 9. The retired list. Rev. Stat., 1443-1465. Op. Att.- Gen., 11/105. 10. Navy agents; their compensation, <&o. Rev. Stat., § 3639. Cliff., 2/340 Ct. of CI., 4/384. Curt", l/ig_ 2/gi7_ GUp., V399, V563. Op. Att.-Gen., l/302_ 4/351. Taney, 1/152. Wall., 6/738 Ware, 2/374. 11. Enlistments, generally. Rev. Stat., § 1417, &c. How., T/gg Sprague, 2/103. 12. — of aliens. Op. Att.-Gen., 4/350 ^^> ^'^°> Aliens, 5. 13. — of minors. Rev.Stat., §1419, 1420, 1624. Alb. L. J., 3/75. » Blatehf., 8/g7. Crabbe, 1/265. Cranch C. C, 5/554. Low., 2/270 Ma- son, 1/71. Op. Att.-Gen., 4/350^ 12/258 "Wheeler, 2/521 See, also. Infants, 14. 14. Decisions respecting the marine corps. Rev. Stat., § 1596-1623. Cranch C. C, 5/554. How., 3/55g^ T/gg^ 12/39^, Woodb. & M., 1/45. 16. Navy pensions. Rev. Stat., § 4693, &c. Op. Att.- Gen., 13/328. 16. Punishment in the navy. Rev. Stat., § 1624. Curt., I/501, How., 7/89_ 12/3go. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/172^ IO/168. 17. Naval courts martial. Rev. Stat., § 1441, 1489, 1624. Ben., 3/257 Op. Att.-Gen., 1/309^ 6/359^ 11/137. See title Courts Martial. NEBRASKA. For decisions relative to Nebraska, In common with the other states and territories, see States, I ; Tberitohies, I. NECESSARIES. Husband and Wipe, 23; Infants, 4; Parent and Child, 6. NE EXEAT. Writs, 7. NEGLIGENCE— NEUTEALITY, I. 371 NEGLIGENCE. 1. What amoimts to negligence, gen- erally. Abb.U.S.,2/i97_ Ben., 8/129. Chic- L. N., 10/121. Curt., 2/72. Deady, ^/405. How., 16/469. McLean, e/^^i Newb. Adm., 1/454 O^*^- A.dm., I/hq^ 1/329. Otto,^/439. Sawyer, 1/423. Wall., 15/524. Ware, 2/20. 2. "Who is liable for negligence. Black, 1/62. Cranch C. C, 8/257^ 8/397 How., 24/110 Sawyer, S/^^g. Wall., ^5/649. 3. Excavations in or under streets, and otlier obstructions. Abb. U. S., 2/261. r>ill., 1/312, 1/465. McLean, 4/333 Wall.,4/i89. See, also, Hi&HWAYS, 7; Municipal Coepo- EATIONS, 27. 4. Evidence to prove negligence. How., 20/34^ McLean, I/540. 01c. Adm., 1/428. 5. The burden of proof in cases involv- ing negligence. Ben., 8/3Q1 Biss., 7/23 Blatchf., 2/121 Crabbe, 1/273. Cranch, 7/242. Cranch C. C, 1/536. How., I6/469. Pet., 13/181. See, also, Evidence, 67. 6. "WTaen negligence is a question of la-w, and -when a question of fact. Blatchf., 3/209. Cranch C. C, 2/474. How., 19/96. See, also. Questions op Law and Fact, 8, 9, 18-21. V. Contributory negligence. The gen- eral rule. McLean, 4/333 8. Scope and limits of the rule. Biss., 6/409_ 7/35 Chic. L. N., 7/363. Pet., 13/181. 9. "What ■will amount to contributory negligence, generally. Sawyer, 4/ig5. 10. — in oases -where children are in- jured. Wall., 15/401^ 17/g57_ 11. Evidence, and burden of proof as to contributory negligence. Dak. T., 1/152. Otto, 3/291 Wall, 15/401. See, also, Evidence, 67. For decisions upon the Liability of carriers for negligence, see Carriers, 16, &c. ; Express Companies, 2, 3 ; BAiiiROAD Companies, 20, &c. As to negligence of Municipal authorities, see MiTNioiPAi Corporations, 25-29. For the liability of Master to servant, for negli- gence of the former, see Master and Servant, 4; Bailroad Companies, 26, 27. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS. Bills op Exchange; Bixls oe Lading; Bonds, 17, 18 ; Promissory Notes. NEGROES, As to 'their former condition of Slavery, and emancipation therefrom, see Slaves, As to their Sights under recent amendments to United States Constitution, and subsequent enactments, see Civil Bights, 10-16. NEUTRALITY, [Consult, also. War, V.] I. BuLES or International Law. II. Decisions under United States Neu- trality Laws. I. BULES OF INTEBNATIONAL LAW. 1. Bights of neutrals, generally. Black, 2/g35 Cliff., 2/159. Cranch, 9/359,9/388. Dall.,2/1. Op. Att.-Gen., '^/367. Sprague, 2/177. 372 NEUTEALITY, I, II. 2. — of neutrals domiciled in country of a belligerent. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/gg, 1/556. Op- Att,-Gen., 12/21. 3. — in respect to returning home. Cranch, 8/253^ 8/335_ Gall., I/467, VsU. How., 11/47. 4. "WTiat trade wUl be permitted. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/453. Ct. of CI., «/311,%23. Op.Att.-Gen.,l/6i. Wall., ^ku, %8. 5. "WTiat will not be. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/387 1/556. Gall., 1/274. Wall., 3/514 3/559_ 6. Oaxriage of enemy property on neutral ship. Gall, 2/261. Op. Att.-Gen., l/gi. Wash. C. C, 3/117. Wheat., 1/159, V382, 236. 7. — of neutral property on belligerent ship. Cranch, S/ggg Wheat., S/^^g 8. What amounts to a breach of neu- traUty. Ben., 4/452. Ct. of CI., 6/431. Dall., 3/307. Otto, 14/49 Whart. St. Tr., 1/49 V85.. n. DECISIONS UNDER UNITED STATES NEUTRALITY LAWS. O. How interpreted, generally. Eev. Stat., § 5291. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 9/257. Wheat., 3/24g^ 4/29g^ 6/i52^ 7/47^^ 9/381. Wheeler, 2/232 10. "WTiat amounts to an illegal outfit of vessel. Rev. Stat., § 5283. Bee Adm., I/43. Dall., 2/321 Op. Att.-Gen., l/23i_ 8/738' ^/74l, %2. Pet., 6/445 Whart. St.. Tr., 1/93. Wheat., 5/ig4^ 7/47i_ 11. What does not. Bee Adm., 1/57^ l/gg. Brock., 1/473, I>all-. %07, %19. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/190^ 2/86. Wheat., 7/283. 12. "What is an augmentation of force, and its effect. Eev. Stat., § 5285. Bee Adm., 1/73.^ ^76,^292. Brock., 1/478. Cranch, 9/359^^ Dall., 3/285_ 3/319 Op- Att.-Gen., 4/335^ Wash. C. C, 3/g5 Wheat., Ij^ss, 342. 13. Enlistment of troops for foreign service. Rev. Stat., §■ 5281, 5282. Brock., 1/478. I^a^ Rep., N. S., 8/254 Op. Att.- Gen., 4/33g_ 7/337^ 8/4gg 8/47g_ Sprague,, 2/7. 14. Various other offences. Rev. Stat., § 5286. Ben., 4/453^ Bond, 1/5. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/57. Pet, C. C, 1/487. Wheat., 6/i52^ 6/23g_ 15. Seizure of vessels for violation of neutrality laws. Blatchf., 3/35g Dall., 2/34 yt.^ 29/535. Wheat., 3/246. 16. Bonding vessels to observe the laws. Rev. Stat., § 5289. Am. L. Reg.,. 2/645. Op. Att.-Gen., 11/444. Pet., ^/445. 17. Restitution of property captured in violation of neutrality. Bee Adm., I/73 Brock., 1/473.^ Cranch, 9/359^ Wheat., 4/497^ S/gg^^ 6/335^ ^/471, ''/49O, '^/496, '^/520, ^/658. See, also,. Capture, 29. 18. Requisites and sufficiency of in- dictments for violation of neu- trality laws. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 9/257 Pet., ^/445. NEW TRIAL, I. 373 19. — of information for forfeiture. Wheat., 3/246. 20. Evidence of intent to commit breach, of neutrality. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/463. DalL, 2/321, As to the Warranty of neutrality in a marine jpoliey, see Insubancb, 26, 27. For rules of International law, generally, see Ihat title. As to the Effect of War upon commerce be- tween neutrals and belligerents, see War, I, 2. NEVADA. States, 39 ; Territories, 14. NEW HAMPSHIRE. For decisions relative to New Hampshire, In ■comvwn vnth the other states of the Union, see •States, I. NEW JERSEY. For decisions relative to New Jersey, As one ■of the states of the Union, see States, II, 40. NEWLY DISCOVERED EVIDENCE. JBiULS or Review, 11; New Trial, 27-30. NEW MEXICO. Teebitobies, 15. NEW PROMISE. Bankeuptcy, 230; Limitations op Ac- tions, 58-62. NEW TRIAL. I. Gbotwds in Civil Cases. 1. Error on the trial. 2. Misconduct, or disqualification of jurors. 3. Verdict against evidence. 4. Damages excessive or inadequate. 5. Newly discovered evidence. 6. Surprise at the trial, 7. In ejectment. II. The Application ; and how Disposed op. III. New Tbials in Criminal Cases. I. GEOUNDS IN CIVIL CASES. 1. Error on the trial. 1. In general. Black, 1/96. Wash. C. C, 2/4^3 2. Ne-w trial granted for error in ad- mission of evidence. Blatchf., 1/343. r>ak. T., 1/125. Herapst., 1/538. Pet. C. C, 1/225. 3. — but not ■when evidence admitted is immaterial or has done no injury. Woodb. & M., 2/121. 4. — or where verdict is supported by other evidence. Law Eep., S/gy Woodb. & M., 2/i2i_ ^/l93. 5. When exclusion of evidence war- rants a new trial. Blatchf., 1/322. 6. Irregularities in counsel's address to the jury. Cliff., 1/524. Law Eep., 8/258. Sprague, 1/109. 7. "What errors in instructions war- rant a new trial. Black, 1/140. Hempst., I/22, 1/437. Pet, 7/596. Wall., 1/637. Wheat., II/59. 8. Error in enlarging or curtailing the functions of the jury. Blatchf., 2/1 9. Effect of failure to object at the trial. Blatchf, 7/535 Curt., 1/334. Law Rep., 8/258. McLean, 6/i_ Sprague, 374 NEW TRIAL, I. 1/109. Suran., 1/482. "Wash. C. C, I/440. Woodb. & M., 2/j2i. 2. Misfjmdiud,, or disqualifieation of jurors. 10. Irregularities in summoimig and impanelling the jury. Dall., 4/353 Wall. C. C, 1/147. 11. Misconduct of jurors, generally. Cliff., 2/108. Cranch C. C, I/545. Dall., 3/g^5 Fish. Pat. Cas., Z/gg^^ Pet. C. C, 1/159. Sumn.,2/i9 Wash. C. C, 4/32. Wheeler, S/ggg. 12 Taking out papers. Beading ac- counts of trial, &c. Cranch C. C, 2/^52 S/gg^^ 5/^g3_ How., 12/361. Sumn., 2/ig_ Wash. C. C, ^k^^, 13. Separation; mode of arriving at verdict, &c. Burn., (Wis.) I/175. Day,' (Conn.) %87, ^/309. Grail., l/sgo. See, also, Tkial, 83, 84. 3. Verdict against evidence. 14. Verdict unsupported by evidence. Ben., 4/33Q Bond, 2/^^,^ Wyom. T., 1/17. 15. — against th.e la-w as laid down by the court. Cliff., 2/82. Gilp,, 1/356. 16. — against weight of evidence: New trial granted. Blatchf., 13/200. Cliff., 2/82 Cranch C.C, 2/478 Curt.,l/63_ Henipst., l/43i_ Int. Rev. Rec, I8/30 Law Rep., n, s., 10/561. Wash.C.C.,4/i48 Wyom.T., V336. 17. — new trial refused. McLean, 2/35^ Paine, 2/32^ Wash. C. C, 3/58 Woodb. & M., 3/38_ 3/jgg ^/l93, ^/348, %80. 18. Illustrations of the rule where the- evidence is conflicting. Blatchf., 2/69 MacArth., 2/jgg N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/84_ Wash. C. C.,'l/202. Wash. T., 1/105. 19. Repugnancy or uncertainty in ver- dict. Blatchf., 3/255 Cranch C. C, ^I^q^ Curt., 2/55g_ Mason, 1/153. 4. Damages excessive or in 20. <3-eneral rules. Cliff, 1/524. l5all., 4/38g. Hempst., 1/72. Woodb. & M., 2/j2i. 21. Excessive damages: "When the- verdict -will be set aside. Cliff, 2/108 Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/291. 22. WTien sustained. Blatchf., 2/37_ 12/484 Dall., 4/389.^ Hempst., 1/179 McLean, 2/35 Wall. Jr., l/i64. Wash. C. C, l/i52. Wyom. T-; V3O3. 23. What are deemed excessive dam- ages in actions of -fcort. Baldw., 1/303. Hempst., 1/44 Woodb. & M., 3/348 24. Mistake or improper motive on part of jury must be sho-wn. Abb. U. S., 1/556. Curt., 2/j4_ Mc- Lean, 2/35 Minn., l/i56. Story, 1/336^ 25. Remitting excess. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/^34 gee, also^ Damages, 36. 26. Inadequacy of damages. Wash. C. C, 1/202. 5. Newly discovered evidence. 27. The diligence required. Effect of" laches. Ct. of CI., 2/382 Curt.,2/j4_ Hempst.,. Vei, V65. Pet. C. C, 1/364. Story^ ^/l22. NEW TRIAL, I, II. 375 28. The evidence must be material and discovered since tlie trial. Int. Rev. Rec, 12/^35. Mason, 2/9^ Wash. C. C, 2/4^1. Woodb. & M., ^/l93. 29. The rule as to cumulative evi- dence. Sumn., 1/482. 30. Evidence to contradict or dis- credit a -witness not suffi- cient. Cranch C. C, I/128. Curt., I/384. McLean, e/^gg^ Oreg., I/146. 6. Surprise at the trial. 31. Complainant must have used due diligence. McLean, 5/170. Woodb, & M., S/gg^^ 32. 'When a ne w trial will be granted for surprise. Huglies, 1/378. 33. "When it will be refused. Bankr. Reg., H/gog. Blatchf., 1/445, Curt., 2/j4 Gall., 1/419. Hempst., V259. 7. In ejectment. 34. State laws allowing new trials binding in federal courts. Chic. L. N., 5/289. I"'^- ^^v. Rec, 18/30. 35. How the new^ trial is to be con- ducted. Pet., 12/410. n. THE APPLICATION; AND HOW DISPOSED OF. 30. Jurisdiction and powers of the court. Rev. Stat., § 726. Blatchf., 14/313. Gall., 1/5, 20, Vse. Law Rep., n. s., l^/eoo. Otto,5/g4i Pet., 3/433 Sprague, 2/85. 37. Right to move. Time and place to move. Blatchf., 14/4ji_ MacArth., 2/203 Mason, 5/jgj_ Wyom. T., 1/42. 38. Sufficiency of moving papers, gen- erally. Blatchf., 5/407 Cliff., 3/4g4_ Mac- Arth., 2/504_ Paine, 1/426. Sumn., 1/432. 39. Admissibility of jurors' affidavits to impeach or sustain the ver- dict. Cranch C. C, I/305, 2/119. Day, (Conn.) 3/309 Oreg., 1/90. Wall.C.C, Vl47. 40. How the motion is heard and de- termined. Blatchf., 13/200 l%9. I>eady, I/579. Pet. C. C, 1/7. Wash. C. C, 2/4^3 Woodb. & M., 2/j2i. 41. The granting new^ trials discretion- ary ; not matter of strict right. Cranch C. C, 1/530 ^/206. McLean, %53, %56. Pet., 1/170. Wash. C. C, l/l98. 42. Effect of divided court. How., 5/215. Ware, 2/381. Wash. C. C, 4/32^/332. Wheat., 6/542. Woodb. & M., 2/i_ 43. Granting new trial on terms. Woodb. & M., 3/193^ 3/348 44. Effect of the motion on further ' proceedings in the cause. Bee Adm., I/104. 4'5. Reviewing the order in appellate court. Burn., (Wis.) l/g. Wall., 4/534 Wash. T., 1/13. See, also, Appeal, ' IV ; Eeeoe, 30. 46. Refusal to grant not reviewable by writ of error. Cranch, 5/^j S/^g^ Cranch C. C, 376 NEW TRIAL, III— NOTARIES. 1/545. How., \ 20)448 Suinn., 2/^9. Wheat., 4/2i3_ 7/248 III. NEW TRIALS IN CRIMINAL CASES. 47. "What cotirts or judges have the po"wer ; and its estent. Cliff., 1/5. McLean, 3/573_ 5/28g Pet., 8/291. Wall., 9/38. Wall. Jr., 1/127. 48. Upon -what grounds a new trial will be granted. Cranch C. C, ^/ggg Int. Rev. Rec, 17/53 Sawyer, I/277. 49. "When it will be refused. Ben., 3/68. Blatchf., 5/io2. Int. Rev. I^v ^'^/53. Low., 1/266. 50. Discharge of jury no bar to second trial. Curt., 1/23. Gall., 2/3g4 McLean, 2/114. Sumn.,2/i9 Wash. C. C, 4/402. Wheat., 9/579 See, also, Civil Rights, 6. 51. The application, and how deter- mined. Blatchf., 14/473 I>eady, 1/524. Wyom. T., 1/82. 52. The pow^er to grant new trials in capital cases. McLean, 1/429. Sumn., 2/^g -Wal]. Ji-v Vl27. As to Other modes of review, see Appbai" Cases Cebtipied ; Cebtiorabi ; Ebeob ; Ex- ceptions. NEW YORK. For decisions relating to New York, In common with the other states of the Union, see States I. NOLLE PROSEQUL Pkaoticb, 8 ; Teiai, 65, 108. NON COMPOS MENTIS. Insaub Peesons ; Wilis, 2, 3. NON-INTERCOURSE LAWS. Embaego and Non-intebcouese Laws. NON-JOINDER. Pabtebs, 4, 9, 12. NON-SUIT. Judgment, 74 ; Teial, 57-62. NORTH CAROLINA. As to the Political organization of the state, see States, 42. As to the Public land in/stem, see Public Lands, 119-123. NOTARIES. 1. Po'wer to administer oaths, and take acknowledgments. Rev. Stat., § 1778. Stat, at L., 19/206. Bankr. Reg., 14/195^ U/ggg Ben., S/^o^ Off. Gaz. Pat., 10/907. See, also. Affi- davits, 2. 2. — to protest negotiable paper ; and herein of the form and requisites of the certificate of protest. Rev. Stat, §5226. Dill.,1/414 How., ^%68. McLean, 8/43^ gee, also. Bills OF Exchange, 59; Promissory Notes, 62, 3. Sufficiency and effect of notaries' seal. Bankr. Reg., 11/289, ^^/219. McLean, ^/243. 4. Effect, as evidence, of notarial cer- tificates. Cranch C. C, S/^go. How., ij^^. McLean, 1/317. ^^^;^lm,^lm. Wash. NOTICE— NUISANCE, I. 377 C-C, 2/449. Woodb. & M., 1/221. See, also, Evidence, 169. NOTES. Peomissoey Notes. NOTICE. 1. WTien necessary. Right to notice. Int. Rev. Rec, 7/j5^_ Pet., 8/2^0 Wall., 6/83 2. Sufaciency, generally. Ct. of CI., 1/270. How., 3/333 Mc- All., 1/419. McLean, 8/27. Pet., 1/299. 3. Constructive notice. Imputed no- tice. Bankr. Reg., 5/gg Law. Rep., n. s., 8/91 McLean, I/321, I/520, V533. Ma- son, ^Im, ^/244. Pet., 15/93 Sumn., 2/486. See, also. Assignment, 33; Bills of Exchange, 44 ; Deeds, 33 ; Mortgages, 32. 4. Rule that notice to agent binds principal. Craiicli C. C, 2/70^ Hempst., 1/450. McLean, ^j^'je, ^ks. Wheat., ^qq. See, also, Principal and Agent, 34. 5. — that putting party on inquiry is equivalent to notice. Cranch, T/ggg Curt., I/390. Dak. T., 1/387. Gall., 1/41. How., 3/333 McLean, l/no, 2/267, 2/412, ^/358. ^^^^> 1/525. Wall., 6/83. 6. Sufficiency of notice to corpora- tions. Blatchf., 4/j Law Rep., N. s., »Iqi, Pet, 1/299. 7. Form and sufficiency of written notices. Newb. Adm., 1/09. Wheat., 12/570. 8. Service, and proof thereof. Cranch C. C, 4/^93 How., I2/371 McLean, 4/339 Sumn., 2/339 See, also. Practice, 11. 9. Service of notice by mail. Cranch C. C, 2/312. Pet.,10/572. See, also, Bills of Exchange, 64, 65; Promissory Notes, 69-72. 10. Publication of notices. Bankr. Reg., 7/279 Pet., 4/3^9. 11. Effect of pending suit as notice. Lis pendens. Bond, 1/277. Cranch, 8/^62. How., 9/34_ McLean, l/i67 1/321. Pet, 1%22. Wall., 2/237^ 7/^81 See, also. Judg- ment, 63 ; Practice, 10. As to Notice of appeal, see Appeal, 37. As to Notice to quit, see Ejectment, 8 ; Landlokd and Tenant, 4. As to effect of notice to an Agent, to bind his principal, see Peincipai, and Agent, 34. As to notices in proceedings under Mechanics'' lien laws, see Mechanics' Lien. As to Notice of motion, see Motions, 3. NUISANCE. I. What Amounts to a Nuisance. II. Eemedies. I. WHAT AMOUNTS TO A NUISANCE. 1. Generally. Blade, 2/^18. Cranch C. C, l/igo, ^/620. 2. Highway and street obstructions. Black, 2/418^ Wall., 4/gg7^ See, also, Highways, 7 ; Municipal Corpora- tions, 27. 3. Obstructions or encroachments upon navigation. A m. L. Reg., 3/79 Black, I/23, 2/485. How., 13/518. McLean, 5/435^ 6/^^^ 6/337^ 378 NUISANCE, II— OFFICERS, I. 6/517. Pet, 12/91. Wall, 3/782. See, also, Navigation, 5. II. REMEDIES. 4. Abatement. Black, 2/485 Otto, 1/580. 5. Injionction. Black, 2/485_ 2/5^5 Blatehf, ^^ 5/366, 6/487. Chic. L. N., 5/49 Cliff, 1/247. How., 9/10, 13/518, 15/233. Mc- All, 1/212. McLean, 1/337^ 5/425 Pet., 12/gi See, also. Equity, 28 ; Injunc- tion, 27, 28. 6. Remedy by civil action for dam- ages. Black, 2/4^8 Cranch C. C, 4/534^ How., 24/188 McLean, 6/70. 7. — by information. MacArth., I/433. Pet, 12/gi. NUL TIEL RECORD. When a Proper plea, see Jtjdgment, 136; PliEADING, 34. o OATH. Of Officers, see Officebs, 6; and the titles of the various officers. As to the Power to administer an oath, see Affidavits, 2; Commissionees, 1; Nota- ries, 1. As to taking False oaths, see Perjtjbt ; also, CBiMnifAL Law, 39. OBSCENE PRINTS. As to the offence of Mailing obscene matter, see Post Office, 39. As to the forfeiture of such matter for Illegal importation, see Duties, 210. OBSTRUCTIONS. Highways, 8; MtrNiciPAi. Coepoeations, 27 ; Navigation, 5 ; Nuisance, 2, 3. OFFICERS. I. General Principles. Acquisition and Tenure op Office. II. Powers and Duties of Opficees. III. Their Compensation. IV. Their Liabilities. V. Official Bonds ; and Proceedings for THEIR Enforcement. I. GENEEAL PRINCIPLES. ACQUISI- TION AND TENURE OF OFFICE. 1. "Who are ofiBcers of the tJnited States. Ben., 2/35g Blatehf., 8/425. Ct. of CI., 2/jg7_ Gilp., 1/399. Pet., 5/373. Wall., 6/385. 2. "Who are not. Ct. of CI., 4/277 Curt., 1/15. Dill., 2/219. Wall, 4/333. 3. Powers of congress in respect to officers. Am. L. Keg., n. s., 7/78g Brock., 2/96. How.,24/gg_ Oreg., 1/149. 4. Appointment of ofilcers. Powers of the president. Rev. Stat, § 177-180, 450, 1313, 1437,1761,1774. Ben, 2/303 Cranch, 1/137. Ct. of CI., 5/535 Dill., 1/267. How., 19/73. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/212, 2/525, 1%21,1%00. Pet., 10/343. Wall., 4/642. Woodb. & M., 1/248. See, also, Peesi- DENT, 9-11. 5. The ofl&cial commission. Cranch, 1/137 162. How., 19/73 Pet. C- C., i/igg. OFFICERS, I, II, III. 379 6. Oath of ofBoe. Eev. Stat., § 1756-1759, 2614-2618. Ct. of CI., 5/430 Gall., 2/^5 Wall., 7. The ofiaoial bond, generally. Blatchf., 1/330. Cranch C. C, 2/363^ 4/255. Pet., 1/46, 6/172, 7/435, 10/343, 15/290, 314_ Wheat., S/gsi, 12/^33 See, also, post, 37-45. 8. Bonds of disbiirsing oflaoers, and receivers of public moneys. Eev. Stat., § 3144, 3614. Brock., V177, ^/96. Gilp., 1/554. How., 3/578_ 7/573 McLean, I/493. ■ Paine, I/417. Pet., 5/115. Wash. C. C, ^k^o. 9. Term of office. Kev. Stat., § 1767-1775. Op. Att.- Gen., 12/469. Pet., 13/230. Wall.,l8/ii2. 10. Proceedings to try title to office. Rev. Stat., § 563, 629, 1786, 2010. Crancli C. C, 4/433 ^'^11., 8/236^ 6/29^ Wheat., 5/291 See title Qtro Wae- RANTO. 11. De facto officers. Blatchf., 3/368 Brock., 1/520. Ct.of a., 1/360. McAlL, 1/430, 1/480. McLean, 2/488 Op. Att.-Gen., 9/432. Pet.,4/349_ 16/71. 12. Termination of office. Resignation. Ct. of CI., 10/282, l%01. McLean, 1/509. Op. Att.-Gen!, 10/229 12/457 1^9. Wall., 12/173. 13. Removal. Rev. Stat., § 1772. Cranch, I/137. Ct. of CI., 1/258, 12/201. I^eady, I/204, Hempst., I/460. Op. Att.-Gen., 6/37 Pet.,1%30. Sumn., 1/276. Wall., 6/419. Wall. C. C, 1/119. Wheat., 11/134, 12/505. II. POWEES ANB DUTIES OF OFFICEES. 14. In general. Ct. of CI., 9/187. McAll., 1/1, l/i42^ Paine, 1/046. Story, 2/202. Woodb. & M., 1/76. 15. Implied poAvers. McAlL, 1/235. McLean, 3/i56. Stoiy, 3/742. Wheat., 12/19. 16. What acts of officers ■will bind the government. McLean, 8/571. Wall., 2/177. 17. When the government is not. bound. Ct. of Ben., 4/37g Cranch, CI., 2/144, 3/25. Law Rep., N. s., II/482. McLean, 6/13^ Mason, 5/425 Otto,. 3/247. Pet., 5/173. Wall., 8/489^ 9/45 18. Proper mode of exercise of official poTvers. I^ill-, 1/267. Sawyer, 1/596. Woolw.,. 1/175. 19. Powers of military officers. Ct. of CI., 2/i_ 2/g8_ 2/70^ 2/223^ Mc- All., 1/142. Ware, 2/33. See, also,. Army, 7 ; Navy, 4. iii. theik compensation. 20. The right to compensation, gen- erally. Am. L. Reg., 5/268. Bond, l/gg, Cranch C. C, 4/igi Ct. of CI., 1/33, 1/170, 1/173, 1/299, I/38O, 2/2O6, '''/565, %69, 12/430. Gilp., 1/563. Op- Att.-Gen.^ 12/459. Oreg., 1/106. Otto, 1/317. 21. — for extra services. Rev. Stat., § 1 764. Stat, at L., I8/109., Am. L.Reg., 5/268. Black, I/55. Bond,, 1/149. Cranch C. C, 4/203, 4/401. Ct. of CI., 1/123, I/2O6, %8, %54, 10/426. Curt., I/16. Gilp., 1/356. How., 9/487^ 380 OFFICERS, III, IV, V. ^^463. Law Rep., 3/95 Oreg., l/ioe. Pet, 7/,_ 7/,8_ 7/28^ 16/29,_ Story, %02. Taney, l/go, l/i52. Wall, 8/33 22. —under the 20 per cent, resolu- tion, -what persons are in- cluded. Ct. of CL, 3/257^ 3/2gQ^ 3/2g3^ 3/2g5_ %67, %23, %02, %15, ^V565, ^^/730. Wall., 13/568, 20/179. 23. "What persons are not -within the 20 per cent, resolution. Ct. of CI., 4/227, 5/523, %51, %08, «/495, 9/152, 9/302, l"/449, 11/570. Otto, V303, 5/748. Wall., 20/,79 22/^92. 24. Conunissious. Ben., 7/412. Cliff., 2/340 Ct. of CI, ^/539,l%6. McLean, I/306, 1/467. Pet., ■7/28, 15/141. 25. Reimbursement of expenditures. Ct. of CI., 1/400, 2/217. I»illv 1/585. Ware, 2/374 IV. THEIE LIABILITIES. 26. In general. Bond, 2/267. Cranch C. C, 2/44, 2/gg4_ How., 3/87_ Int. Rev. Rec.,,10/94, 18/^53 Wall, 9/83. 27. Liability upon their contracts. Cranch, I/345 Cranch C. C, I/109 %31, %70. Dall., 3/384 How., H/ggg. 28. — for negligence ; losses of money, &o. Blatchf, 7/147 Conn, 16/558„. Ct. of CI., 3/209_ 3/2i2_ 3/397^ 4/5oi_ 5/453^ 5/433^ '^/431, '^/512, 9/270, 11/642, 11/698. How, %78, 11/154, 1^/92. Int. Rev. Rec, 11/45. Mason, 1/96. Wall., 4/i82_ 15/337^ Woodb. & M., 1/45 29. — for wrongful acts, generally. Cranch, I/137. Cranch C. C, 5/i63. Ct. of CI., 3/412, 6/171. How, 14/575. McAlL, 1/235. McLean, 2/332. Pet., 'lV%24. Wall., 11/136, 11/139. 30. — of their clerks and assistants. Blatohf., 3/325 Cranch, 7/242 Law liep., 3/95 31. WTien process is a protection. Crauch C. C, 2/139 Hempst., I/34 How., 20/eg Wall., 3/334^ 14/gi3_ 32. When it is not a protection. Hempst., 1/302. How., I/301. Mc- Lean, 6/142 Mason, 5/497. Wall., 3/334 See, also. Marshals, 12 ; Shkriffs, 8. 33. "When the command of a superior oflQcer is a protection. Alb. L. J., I8/493. Cranch, 2/64 134. Curt, I/306. How, 7/1. Pet, 10/go,95_ Wyom. T., I/202. 34. "When it is not. Blatohf., 3/125^ 3/334 Cranch, 3/331. Cranch C. C, I/262. How., 13/115 Otto, 5/204 Wash. C. C, 3/209. 35. Accounting by public ofllcers. Blatohf., 3/325 Srock.,2/9g Cranch, 7/575. Cranch C. C, 4/203^ 4/401. Dak. T., 1/403. How.,18/92. Pet, 7/i_ 10/i25_ 15/336. Wheat,, 9/g5i. See title Ac- counts. 36. Criminal responsibility. Blatohf., 3/319 Cranch C. C, I/149, 2/70, ^/506. V. OFFICIAL BONDS; AND PBOCEED- INGS FOE THEIR ENPOECE- MENT. 37. How construed, generally. Valid- ity. Ben., 4/194 Bond, 2/133 Brock,, 2/96. Cranch C. C, 2/69g_ S/gig. Mc- OFFICERS, V. 381 Ijean, I/462. Otto, V/gg^ Pet., l/4g_ 5/115, %72,"/435. Sawyer, 3/424. Wall., l-'/lU. Wyom. T., 1/318. See, also, anie, 7, 8. 38. "WTiat constitutes a breach. Black, l/i40. How., I/104, 1%7. McLean, S/ggj^ Pet., IS/^gy. 39. Liability of sureties. Black, l/i4o. Cranch C. C, 2/333 Curt., 2/gi7 Gilp., 1/41, 1/92. How., Vl04, V25O, 2/405, ^/l79, ^/578, ^/g, 5/29, 48, 1^154, ^^/l43, 157, ■^^/437. McLean, 1/509, 2/265. Otto, 5/316. Paine, 2/;i89 Pet., %73,^5/l87. Wall., 4/i82, 6/788. Wash. C. C, 4/414^ 4/g78 Wheat., 8/720, ll/i84, 12/505. 40. Their liability not discharged by delay to prosecute. Pet., 1/318. Wheat., 9/70^ 11/134. 41. Right to proceed upon the bond. Cranch C. C, 2/333 Pet., l/gig. Wheat., 9/651, 9/^20, II/184. 42. Pleading. ' Cranch C. C, 3/^20. How., I/104. Int. Rev. Rec, I6/142. McLean, 2/265^ %62, 2/405. Paine, I/422. Woodb. & M., 1/381. 43. Matters of defence. Dill., 1/585. How., 11/22, 17/437. Mc- Lean, 5/9. Mason, 5/32. Paine, 2/igg_ Wall., 9/83^ 13/i7^ 13/56^ IS/gg^ Wash. C. C, %8. 44. Rules of evidence. Presumptions. Blatchf., 13/252. How., 5/29. Pet, 7/435. Wall., 9/759_ See, also. Evi- dence, 20. 45. Judgment ; damages recoverable, &c. Cranch, 3/24^ How., 12/159. Pet.,, 5/373. Wheat., 12/511 As to Officers of corporations, generally, see CORPOEATIONS, VI. As to Municipal officers, see CotrNTiES, 3, 5, 6 ; MuNiciPAi, C0EPOBA.T10NS, rv. As to Compelling or Restraining official action^ see Injunction, 29, 30 ; Mandamus, 10-16. OHIO. As to the Limitation laws of the state, se& Limitations op Actions, 83. As to the Public land system of Ohio, see Public Lands, 124-126. ORDER. Of distribution of Decedents estate, see ExEcu"- tors and Administbatoks, 39-41. Of Putting in evidence on trial, see TbiAX, V, 2. As to Orders for money, see BiLi/S OF Ex-' CHAjfGE ; Post Oppice, 14. As to Orders of court, see Motions, 7, 8. ORDINANCES. Municipal Corporations, 12, 13. OREGON. For decisions relating to Oregon, In common viith the other states and territories, see States, I ; Territories, 16. OVERDRAFTS. Banks and Banking, 29. 382 PARDON— PARENT AND CHILD. PARDON. 1. General nature and extent of the president's po'wer. Const., Art. II, § II, 1. Rev. Stat., ^ 4103, 5330. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/327, %2, V359, 5/43, %0, "/227, 14/20. Wall.; "*/333. 2. Its limits and exceptions. Ct. of CL, lO/gg^ Op. Att.-Gen., 10/452, 11/124, 11/445. 3. Power of president to remit fines and penalties. Rev. Stat., § 5330. Abb. U. S., 1/no. Biss., 4/33g Blatchf., 7/23 Cranch C. C, S/^is. Op. Att.-Gen., %29, ^/418, %32,- %79, ^/393, ^/488, %81, l«/l 11/35, 11/122 1%99. Otto, 1/474. See, also, Foefeituees, 19 , Penal- ties, 10. 4. WTiat is a sufficient delivery to prevent revocation. Ben., S/gp^ Int. Rev. Rec, 10/34. 5. Effect of pardon. Rev. Stat., § 3480. Ben., Ij^qq Biss., 4/33g Cent. L. J., V/g^ Cranch C. C, 2/528. Dill-, 4/i28. Op. Att.- Gen., 7l^eo, ^Im, 12/81, 12/547, 14/599. Otto, 1/474. Paine, 1/209, 231. Phil-, (Pa.) 1/302. Wall., 4/333_ IS/.^g, n/^g^. Wash. C. C, 4/g4 6. Judicial notice; and duty of the courts respecting pardons. Abb. U. S., 2/3g2 Baldw.,1/78. Ben., 3/i32. Int. Rev. Rec., 9/82 Pet., 7/^50. 7. Conditional pardons. Abb. U. S., 2/382 Ben.,3/307_ Ct. of CI., 7/443^ 7/444^ 7/gQj^ 8/457 How., I8/307. McCahon, 1/229. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/341, 1/482, %68. Otto, 1/474. Pet., 7/150 Wall., 13/154 Woods, 1/234. Woolw., l/l98. 8. Amnesty ; and its effect. Stat, at L., 17/i42 Abb. U. S., a/^gg^ 2/382. Alb. L. J., 8/gi Bond, 1/574' Ct. of CI., 4/337^ 7/393^ 7/444^ 7/goi_ 7/551^ V595. McCahon, 1/229. 0110,5/1497/39 Sawyer, 4/437. Wall., e/^gg^ e/^^Q^ 13/154^ l^/l56, 1%58, 1^/147. Woods, 1/209, 1/234, Woolw., i/i98. See, also. War, VII. PARENT AND CHILD. 1. Right to custody of child. Deady, 1/299. Law Rep., 7/374. Ma- son, 1/71, 3/482 Ware, 1/452. Wheeler, 2/521. See, also. Habeas Corptts, 11. 2. Parent's right to child's services or earnings. Cranch C. C, 4/351 Law Rep., 8/503 Law Rep., n. s., 13/533. Mason, 4/330 Pittsb. (Pa.) 2/32g Sprague, 1/32, 1/355, 1/522. Ware, I/75, I/462, 8/45^ S/gg^ 8/353 3. Right of action for seduction of plaintiff's daughter. Cranch C. C, 8/3 4. — for shipping of minor son as a seaman. Mason, 4/330 Sumn., 8/127 Ware, 1/75, 1/91. 6. — for personal injin:ies to child. Mason, 4/330. Ware, I/75. West. Jur., 9/32. PAEENT AND CHILD— PARTIES, I, II. 383 6. Parent's duty to support child, and liabilities for necessaries fur- nished to child. MacArth., 2/555^ Ware, I/91. V. Contracts and conveyances be- tween parent and child. Brock., 2/^32. Cranch C. C, 4/5^^^ 5/409 How., 8/^g3^ 14/34g_ Law Eep., ^•s., 11/531. McLean, 1/110, 1/282. -Pet., 12/241. Story, 2/3^2. Wall. Jr., I/107. Wash. C. C, 2/397_ Wheat., II/199. See, also, Fbaudtjlent Convey- ances, 4. 8. niegitimate children. ^ Hempst., 1/483. How., 24/553^ Wall., ^/l75. Wall. Jr., 1/107. See title Bas- tardy. ©. Evidence on question of legitimacy. Brock., 2/255 Cranch C. C, I/592, 5/367. How., 12/472, 24/553 go9. Wall., ^/i75 ^/642. See, also. Evidence, 18. As to the rights of Infants, generally, irre- spective of the relation with the parent, see Otjaedian and Ward ; Intants. As to Apprentices, see that title. PAROL EVIDENCE. Its admissibility to Affect written instruments, see Evidence, II. When admissible, though Written eindence exists, see Evidence, 34-49. PARTIAL LOSS. Insurance, 61. PARTIES. [Includes only General rules relative to par- ties in civil actions. Such rules as are peculiar to any particular cause of action, remedy, or defence, whjch is the subject of a separate title in the work, will be found under that title.] I. In Actions at Common Law. II. In Suits in Equity. III. In Suits in Admiralty. I. IN ACTIONS AT COMMON LAW. 1. "Who may sue or be sued, generally. Cranch, 2/342 Dill., 3/gg Hempst., V16O, V54I. Otto, 5/289. Petv ^/222. Pet. C. C, 1/276. Wall., 9/237. W^ash. C. C, 2/429. Woodb. & M., 3/277 2. Joinder of parties plaintiff. Black, 1/309. Cranch C. C, I/432. Pet. C. C, I/168. Wasl,. C. C, 4/227. S. — of parties defendant. Bankr. Reg., 17/g4 Hempst., I/222, V29O, V428, V434. How., 6/279_ 13/^g3_ Otto, 5/g37 Pet., 12/221, ^%3. Sumn., 4. Misjoinder, or non-joinder. Black, 1/309. How., 17/309. II. IN SUITS IN EQUITY. 5. Who may sue, generally. Dill., 1/392. Woodb. & M., 3/277 6. Who may be sued. Cranch, 5/332 Pet., 2/33^. 7. All parties in interest should be joined either as complainants or defendants. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 7/32. Blatchf., 5/481. Gall., 1/371. McLean, 4/i92_ 5/444. Pet., 1/299, 7/252, 13/359. Wall., 19/94, 19/563. Wheat., 11/103. Woods, 2/1 c 8. Joinder of parties complainant. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 7/32. Black, 2/485 Blatchf., 4/432, 5/48^ Cent. L. J., 8/333 How., 6/228, 1^/288. McLean, 2/257, 5/339 Mason, 2/^8^ Pet., 2/432 Wash. C. C, 1/517. 384 PARTIES, II, III— PARTITION. 9. Misjoinder of complainants. Non- joinder. Blatchf., 8lu7, 9/65. 10. "Wlio are necessary or proper par- ties defendant. Blatchf., 5/525. Cranch,9/i9 Gall., 1/371. How., 14/29, ^^/l. MacArth., 2/i4i McLean, 1/22. Otto, S/^gQ. Pet., V299, %2. Story, 3/33g_ Sumn., I/173. Wall., 1/81, 6/280, 9/364, 17/78, ^^kes. Woolw., 1/400. 11. WTio are improper or unnecessary parties. Am . L. Rec, 2/145 Black, s/^gg^ 2/g24_ Blatchf., 4/^89. Brock., 2/2Q Cranch- C.C, 5/349 Gall., 1/371. How.,24/ig9 McAll., 1/271. Mason, 4/^g Otto,3/ig5_ Paine, 2/535 Pet., I/299, ^km^ %7q^ 10/269. Wall., 7/392, 14/314. Wheat., 6/550,10/152. 12. Misjoinder and non-joinder of de- fendants. Chase Dec, 1/475. Cranch, 8/19 "Wall., 11/624. 13. Bringing in neTW parties. Am. L. Rec, 5/^36. Ben., 8/27_ Blatchf., 3/513, 6/l51, 14/432. How., 17/l30, 1^/295. McLean, ^^i^^ Minn., 1/274. Otto, 7/423. Pet., 1/299. Phil., (Pa.) 3/464. Sumn., 2/^43 Woods, 2/521. See, also. Amendment, 21. 14. Rule as to parties beyond the ju- risdiction. Abb. U. S., 2/542. Blatchf., 4/489^ ^/481, ^/lia. Cranch, 8/220, ^/l9. How., l/l89, 12/327, 19/113. McLean, 2/375 Paine, 2/535 Pet-j '^/252. Sawyer, 1/470. 4/538. Story, I/64. Wash. C. C, I/517, 4/631. Wheat., 10/152 See, also. Cir- cuit Courts, 57. 15. How objections for want of parties should be taken. Blatchf., 3/11 How., 19/113 McLean, %76. III. m SUITS IN ADMIEALTY. 16. Who may be libellants. Rule as to real party in interest. Ben., l/i83, 3/279, %9. Black, 1/494^ 2/581. Blatchf., 3/524, 7/226. Blatchf. & H., 1/569. How., 12/455, 21/343. Low., 2/323. Pet-, 15/40. Sprague, I/574. Wall., 1/43, 3/257. 17. Joinder of parties libellant, or re- spondent. Abb. Adm., l/i. Blatchf., I/414, 6/ii9_ Blatchf. & H., 1/9, 1/264. How. Pr., 19/35 Ole- ^dm., l/i76, 1/275. Sprague, l/l58, 1/315. Ware, 2/199^ 3/53^ 3/294_ 18. "Who may intervene as claimant. Abb. U. S., 2/2o„. Blatchf., 3/513. Brown Adm., I/270. How., 17/ig2. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 11/38. 19. Who may not intervene. Ben., 4/272 Mason, S/ggg^ Sumn., 1/328, 1/400. See, also. Admiralty, 88. / 20. What is a sufficient appearance, and its effect. Curt., 1/201. Call., 3/331. 21. Parties to proceedings in rem. Pet. Adm., 2/452_ Wheat., 3/24g_ PARTITION. 1. Jurisdictional questions. Cranch C. C, 3/^23, 4/715. Deady, 1/350. How., I8/297. McLean, S/gjg^ Pet, 2/157. Sawyer, 1/227. Wall., e/ggg. 2. Parties -who may have partition. How., 14/589. McLean, 5/223 Pet., PARTITION— PlRTNEESHIP, I. 385 i3/^eg_ See, also, Tenants in Com- mon, 6. 3. Matters of defence. Abb. U. S., l/i69. 4. The decree ; and its effect. Cranch C. C, 1/479. How., ^8/297, McLean, 8/3^9 5. Sale ; validity, &c. Abb. U. S., l/l69. 6. Actual partition. Deady, 1/366. How.,18/150 Sawyer, %34. PARTNERSHIP. I. The Eelation ; aot) how Constituted.'' 1 In general. 2. lights of partner s; and herein of partner- ship property. 3. Interpretation of partnership artides. 4. The firm name. n. POWEE OF ONE PARTIIEB TO BiND An- OTHEB, OE THE FiRM. III. StrtTS Between Paetnees. IV. Eights of Ceeditoes. V. Dissolution. 1. How a partnership may be dissolved. 2. Consequences of dissolution, (a) In general. (6) Eights and liabilities of surviving or liquidating partner. (c) Application of assets to debts. VI. Limited Paetnebship. I. THE EELATION ; AXD HOW CONSTI- TUTED. 1. In general. 1. 'What constitutes a partnership, generally. Black, 1/346. ' How., 19/82, 22/330. Mc- Lean, 6/gQ Mason, 5/jyg_ Newb,.Adni., 1/95. N.Y. Leg. Obs., 1/38. 01c. Adm., V334. Otto, 1/134. Sawyer, 2/2i_ Story, 1/371. Ware, 2/320 Wash. C. C, 1/491. 2. Who "wrill be deemed to be partners. McLean, 2/3^^^ Sj^^^ Minn., I/162. Sawyer, a/ggg Wash. C. C, 1/491^ ^g^^ 3. Who will not be so considered. Bankr. Reg., 9/402, I8/555. Biss., S/gg^^ Blatchf., 1/488, 3/201. Col. T., 2/g39 How., 24/g3g Mason, 8/^33 Paine, %56. . Story, I/37J, S/^Qg Wall., 8/203^ 11/624. Wash. C. C, 3/110. 4. Effect of agreements to share pro- fits or losses. Bankr. Reg., 7/359 Biss., 3/35^ Blatchf. &H., 1/525. Cliff., 1/28. Mont. T., 1/290. Story, I/371. Wa^h. C. C, 3/110. 5. How partnership may be proved. Ban kr. Reg., 7/47^ 7/359^ Brock., 1/466. Col. T., 2/500. Cranch C. C, 1/403. How., 2/263. McLean, I/313, 2/^39^ 21^^^^ ^/365. Sawyer, 2/28g_ Sumn., 8/435 Wall., 6/3\g^ 14/570, 22/116. Ware, 1/437, %20. 6. Effect of declarations and admis- sions of person sought to be charged as partner. Bankr. Reg., 15/i26. Biss., 7/323 How., 20/j25. McLean, 2/34^^ 3/3g4_ 3/549, %65. Paine, 2/^1 Wall., 2/igo Wash. C. C, 2/338 See, also. Evi- dence, 118. 2. Rights of partners ; and herein of partnership property. 7. Rights of partners inter sese. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 7/499 How., 386 PARTNERSHIP, I, II. «/l22, 1%6, 22/266. McLean, S/g^ 01c. Adm., 1/334. Story, 1/396. Wall., "/217. 8. Liability of incoming partner upon previous contracts of the firm. Cranch C. C, Z/ggg McLean, %50. 9. Right of partner to do business on his O'wn account. Gall., 1/618, %68. How., I8/289. Wall., I/518. 10. Kights and liabilities- of dormant or secret partner. Baukr. Reg., 7/^53 Cli£F., l/gg, Ves. Cranch C. C, I/575. Low., I/207. Ma- so". ^/l76. Pet., 5/529 Ware, 2/330 11. Real estate as partnership prop- erty. Bankr. Eeg., 11/131, I6/22, I8/207. Brock., 1/456, V466. Cent. L. J., S/^gg^ McLean, ^l^f^ Paine, 2/^^^ Sumn., 1/173. Wall.,'6/316 Ware, 2/320. 12. Suits by partners against third persons. Cranch 3/g^j Cranch C. C, I/257 V313, V339, %9i, 3/2. McLean, 1/313^ %05, 6/27. Wash. C. C, 3/1,0. 3. Interpretation of partnership articles. 13. In general. How., 22/2gg Mason, 5/,yg_ Pet., %29. 14. —in respect to partnerships in buying and selling lands. Sumn., 3/435 15. Instances of interpretation of par- ticular agreements. Black, I/506. Blatchf., 6/^4 Mc- Lean, 4/^5 Newb. Adm., I/95 Otto, Vi31 Pet., 8/355 Sawyer, 2/2, 4. The firm name. 16. Adoption of, and right to use firm name. Gall-,V618,%68. Pet.,2/i86. Wheat., ^/642. 17. Right to sue in firm name. Cranch C. C, I/351. II. POWER OF ONE PAETNEE TO BIND ANOTHEE, OE THE FIEM. 18. In general. Bond, 1/302. Brock., I/33 Call, (Va.) 6/279 Cranch C. C, S/gg^ S/jgg I>all., 3/33J How., 22/253 Mason, ^/l76. Pet., 1/222, ^/529. Sumn., I/537. 19. By contracts, generally. Cranch C. C, 2/35, McLean, 2/jgg Pet., 1/311. Wall., 23;492 20. By purchase of goods. Cranch C. C, 2/33 McLean, 2/333 Pet., 5/529. 21. By sales of goods, or other dis- posal of partnership assets. Bankr. Reg., 6/399 Brock., 1/455 Cranch, 5/289 How., 23/j72_ McLean, 3/27. Pet., 12/221. Wash. C. C, 2/224, ■*/232. 22. By receiving or transferring ne- gotiable paper, generally. Cranch C. C, 8/50 3/gg^ s/^gg Pet., %29. 23. By making, accepting, or trans- ferring bills of exchange. Cranch C.C.,2/ig4_2/g5i Gall., l/ggo. How., 22/2gg McLean, Sj^^^. Pet., 2/186. Ware, 2/330 See, also, Biu^ OF Exchange, 23. 24. By making or indorsing promis- sory notes. Bankr. Reg., 7/^07, V299, ^^Isi2, "/22. PARTNERSHIP, II, III, IV, V. 387 Cranch C. C, I/575. How., 4/404. Mc- Lean, 2/233_ Mason, S/^r-g. P^il,, (Pa.) «/392. Wall., 9/544. 25. By sealed instruments. Brock., 1/456. Col. T., a/gg Cranch C. C, 4/g95 Int. Rev. Rec, I8/164. McLean, ^1^^ Mason, ^j^qg. Pet., 13/423. Wall., 14/244. Wash.C.C.,3/508, 26. By admissions, entries in toooks of account, %64. McLean, 4/j6g Woodb. & M., 3/69.' (c) Application of assets to debts. 48. Marshalling the assets ; rights of the partners. How., 13/26. McLean, ^Jqq-j^ Otto,. l/i34. Sumn., I/173. Wash. C. C, 4S. — of the creditors, generally Bankr. Reg., 13/33 Biss., S/^gg. Cranch C. C, 2/629. How., 8/^^^^ Sumn., 1/173. Ware, 2/329 Woods,. Vl25. 50. — of firm creditors. Bankr. Reg., 17/334. Black, l/gge^ Blatchf., 6/^4 Cent. L. J., 1/554^ 6/^51^ Chic. L. JST., 4/i_ Cranch C. C, 3/95. Holmes, I/28. McLean, 4/^86. Story,. 2/334. Ware, 2/320. 51. — of individual creditors. Am. L. Rec, 8/536 Ben., 3/ggg^ Black, 1/346. Chic. L. N., 3/gg Cranch, ^/289, ^/238. Gall., 1/367. How., 8/4^4. McLean, 4/23g Mason, S/^gj Pet., 8/271. Pet. C. C, 1/460. Sawyer, ^Jiss. Woodb. & M., 3/69. See, also, Bank- EUPTCY, 231-242. VI. LIMITED PARTNERSHIP. 52. How formed. Paying in capital^ &c. Bankr. Reg., 13/91 Blatchf., 12/221. 53. Publication of teraas of partner- ship. Bankr. Reg., H/gi 54. Rights and liabilities of special! partner. Bankr. Reg., H/gi. Cent. L. J., I/555. 55. Dissolution; and accounting- thereon. Biss., 5/no. PASSPORTS— PATENTS. 389 66. "Winding up insolvent limited PATENTS, (for inventions.) partnerships. Baukr. Reg., 7/279 ^en., S/^gg I . Powers of Congress in Bespeot to Patents. As to the competency of one ParlTwr as a wit- II . What may be the Subject of a Pat- nees, for or against the others, see Witnesses, 46. ent Eight. 1. In general; and he/rein of what consti- tutes invention. PART PAYMENT. 2. ^Combinations and improvements. Effect of, generally, see Debtob and Cbbd- 3. Designs. ITOE, 4r-8. On Statute of limitations, see Limitations of ni Proceedinqs at the Patent Office. Actions, 63 ; PAYivrRTW, 7. 1. In general; and herein of the application, specification, draunngs, and model. 2. The hearing and decision. Appeals. PART PERFORMANCE. 3. Caveats for incomplete inventions. Contracts, 75 ; Saxes, 10 ; Vendor and 4. Interferences. Purchaser, 4, 5. IV. Surrender AND Reissue. Disclaimer. 1. Surrender and reissue. PASSENGERS. 2. Disclaimer. Carriers, II; Eailboad Companies, 18- V Extension of Patents. 22; Shipping, III, 2. VI. VII. Eights of Patentees. Assignments; and Eights of As- PASSPORTS. signees. VIII. Licenses ; and Eights of Licensees. 1 To individuals, generally; how and to -whom issued. IX. Stamping. Rev. Stat., § 4075-4078. Stat, at X. Interpretation and Validity of L. "/55, 11/60, 14/54. Op. Att.-Gen., Letters Patent. ^/350, 10/517, 1%9, 13/397. 1. Interpretation. 2. Validity. 2. Passport not evidence of citizen- ship. XI. Eepeai, op Patents. Vacating. Pet., 9/692. xn. Infringement. 3. To foreigners entering Indian coun- 1. Jurisdiction. try. 2. What constitutes infringement. Rev. Stat, § 2134. 3. Remedy by action at law. 4. To vessels. 4. Remedy in equity, to restrain infringe- ment. Rev. Stat., § 4306-4310, 5423. 5. Questions of law and fact in respect to Oranch, S/^g^ GaU., l/594_ infringement. 6. Evidence on question of infringement. 7. Damages. Loss of profits. Costs, &c. PAST CONSIDERATION. XIII. Decisions Interpreting Particut.ar Contracts, 19. Patents. 390' PATENTS, I, II. I. POWEES OF CONGRESS IN BESPECT TO PATENTS. 1. Gtenerally. Const., art. I, § VIII, 8. How., 1/202. Off. Gaz. Pat., 9lio62. Story, 2/i64. Sumn., 3/535 Wash. C. C, I/125. 2. Oonstitutionality of special grants to inventors. McLean, ^/-^sg. 3. — of special extensions a.nd renew- als. Blatehf., I/258. Car. L. Eep,, I/209. McLean, S/j^gg. Pet. C. C, 1/322. See, also, pod, 136. 4. Private act granting patent for in- vention previously in use, not un- constitutional as a retrospective law. How., 1/202. Story, 2/i64. Sumn.,3/g3g_ 5. Interpretation of private acts. Wheat., 3/454_ gjg_ 6. Congress cannot reinvest inventor with rights previously assigned for value. How., 14/539 7. Patent laws cannot operate outside of territory of United States. Curt., 2/37J How., 19/i83_ 198. 8. — except upon American vessels on the high seas. CHff., 2/4g2 9. Recognition and effect given to BngUsh statutes and decisions. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/^07 Pet., 2/^ Wash. C. C, 4/538_ 11. WHAT MAY BE THE SUBJECT OF A PATENT EIGHT. 1. In general; and herein of what constitutes iry- vention. 10. What is patentable, generally. Rev. Stat., § 4886. Stat, at L., le/goj^ Blatehf., 5/4g8_ 6/29g^ 7/58 Fish. Pat." Cas., l/44_ l/239_ 8/141^ 8/2^2^ S/ggg^ 3/g38,^ 4/175, How., 14/igg^ i75_ How. Pr., 37/77_ Off.Gaz.Pat.,6/i87 9/g89 Taney, 1/374. Wall., 11/516. 11. What is not. How., 11/248. McLean, ij^Q^ 12. Abstract principle, fact, or theory- not patentable. Baldw., 1/303. Blatehf., a/gg^^ ij^^^ 3/535. Bond, 1/212. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^64, Vl27, V239, V372, ^/l75. How., 14/i56^ 175, 15/62, 20/378, ^2/132. McLean, S/^g^ Mason, 1/182, 1/447. Off. Gaz. Pat., 3/97^ Paine, 1/441. Pet. C. C, 1/333, 341.. Story, 1/270^ 1/273, V590. Sumn., S/ggg^ Wall., 1/531, %20. 13. So held of the discovery of the anesthetic uses of ether. Blatehf., 5/116. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/32^ 14. But a practical application of the principle is. Blatehf., 1/445, %60, %99, 8/440. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/44, 1/127, 2/1, 3/^73^ 4/508_ How., 14/i56_ 14/2J8_ 20/378. 15. A mere effect, or result, not patent- able ; otherwise of a new means of producing an effect. Baldw., 1/303. Biss., 1/332, ^490.. Blatehf., 4/ig3_ 4/5og_ 7/232^ 11/2^5 Bond, 1/254. Brews., (Pa.) %qq^ Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/239, V461, 2/i46, 2/202, 2/268, 2/563, ^/i2, 4/532, %14. Gall., 1/478. How., 14/l56, 175, 1%2, 112, 1%52. MacArth., 1/301. McLean, 6/345^ off. Gaz. Pat., 6/837. Pet., 16/513 Story, 2/19^ Wash. C. C, 4/9_ 16. A mere process is not patentable^ eo nomine. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/^75 How., IS/gga, Off. Gaz. Pat., 8/97 PATENTS, II. 391 17. A n&w adaptation or application, of old. articles, or materials, is patentable. Blatchf., 2/279_ 6/477 Brews., (Pa.) 4/260. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/44, S/ggg^ 4/^53^ 4/532. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/251 Off. Gaz.Pat.,1/4. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/352. Wall., 1I/5I6. Wash. C. C, 3/i9g 18. But a mere application of an old machine or process to a new use, is not. Blatchf., 9/4QQ Bond, a/^^g Chic. L.N.,8/98. Cliff., 1/538. Deady, 1/649. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/gg^ 8/343^ 4/^2. How., 2*/i64. Off- <5az. Pat., 9/g89 Otto, V37, Vl50. Story, 2/-^gQ_ 2/4Qg^ 2/4^2. Sumn., 1/482. Wall., 13/453^ 21/^^2. Wash. C. C, 3/443. Wheat., 7/355. 19. The machine, not its product, pat- entable. Ct. of CI., 1/7. 20. "What compositions are patent- able. Holmes, I/312. How., 11/243, 265. Law Rep., 3/220. McLean, 4/455 Sumn., 3/514. 21. "What " arts " are patentable. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/64, 1/133. Wash. c. c, 4/9 22. "What amounts to invention, gen- erally. Blatchf., 1/488, ^/240, 3/209, ^/ll6, %69. Cent. L. J., 5/467. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/127, V16O, V602, \ 2/83, %30. How., 11/248, 18/289 Law Rep., N. s., IO/664. Mc- AIL, 1/48. McLean, 4/^55 Off. Gaz. Pat., 1/331, 3/124, 7/425, 10/508, l°/789. Taney, I/180. Wall., 10/117, ^^Ig70, 21/112. 23. —as respects completeness or perfectness of thing invented. Blatchf., 10/igi Fish. Pat. Cas., %4, % 6/115. Off Gaz. Pat., 2/^42. Story, 1/590. 24. "Invention" distinguished from "process." How., 15/252, 268. Wall. Jr., 2/355 25. — from " discovery." Blatchf., 5/jjg MacArth., I/410. 26. Necessity of, and what constitutes novelty of invention. Blatchf., 5/282^ 9/3gi Fish . Pat. Cas., l/l98, 1/239, 1/532, 1/544, 1/602, %0, %21, 2/668, ^/l2, %l. Gall., 1/478. Holmes, 1/172. Mason, 1/302, ^/l. Otto, 7/3 Wall., 21/112. Woodb. & M., 1/290. 27. The necessary utility. Meaning of "useful" as used in patent laws. Baldw., 1/303. Blatchf., 1/373, 2/133, 2/240, 2/26O, 2/279, 1^/505. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/1, 1/17, l/l98, 1/239, 1/532, 1/544, 2/10, 2/20, 3/2I8, 6/l87. McLean, 4/5gg_ Mason, l/l82, 1/302. Paine, 1/303. Pet- C. C, 1/322. PWl., (Pa.) 8/144. Wall., 11/616. Wash. C. C, 4/9 28. Who will be deemed a first or original inventor. Blatchf., 1/205, 1/372, 1/445, 1/488, 2/229. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/17 How., 15/62 m 14/218 McAll., 1/48. McLean, 6/3^3 • Mason, I/302. Pet., 2/^ Story, 8/122. Wall., 7/583. Wall. Jr., 2/233. Wash. C. C, 4/538, 4/5go. 29. Who will not be so considered. Blatchf., 2/229. Off. Gaz. Pat., S/ggg Paine, 2/92. Story, I/336. Wash. C. C, 3/443. Wheat., 7/355 392 PATENTS, II. 30. Rights of first of two or more inventors of confiioting discov- eries. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/i, l/i7, %8. Gall., ^438, %1. I°t- ^^^- ^^°-' ^^/ll4. ^^^ Rep., 4/342. I^*^ Rep-' ^- ^-J ^^/70. Masou, I/182. Pet. C. C, I/322. Story, 1/590. Wall.,V/583. Wash. C. a, 3/443. Woodb. & M., 2/^21. See, also, post, 153. 3L "WTiat is a "prior description in a public work," so as to render patent void. , Fish. Pat. Ca.s., l/gig, 1/532, VeiS. Mc- Lean, 5/44^ 6/3Q3 Pet. C. C, 1/322. Wash. C. C, 1/168. Wheat., 8/454^ 5,^4 See, also, post, 278. 32. Effect of prior discovery in for- eign country. Rev. Stat., § 4923. Fish. Pat. Cas., V532, ^615. How., 15/62 110. See, also, post, 279. 33. — of prior patent in foreign coun- try. Rev. Stat., § 4887. Law Rep., n. s., "/70. 2. Combinations and improvements. 34. A combination involving inge- nuity and producing a new and useful machine, valid, though all the parts have been in use ■ before. Baldw., 1/303. Biss., I/400. Blatchf., V398, 2/194. ^/200, ^/l95. Bond, 1/259^ 1/361. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/i98, I/239, 1/465, ^g, %94, ^/528, ^/562, ^/606. Gall, 1/473. How., 22/^32 Mason, 1/447^ 2/^^2, ^/l. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/251 Pet., 2/1 Pet. C-C, 1/322. Story, 2/432 2/609. Sumn., %14. Wall., 15/i87. Wash. C. C, 4/538. Woodb. & M., 1/290. 35. The combination must be novel ; a new result or principle merely, is not enough. Blatchf., 2/474 How., 14/i56, 178. Off. Gaz. Pat., 9/300. Wall., 20/553 36. Instances of combinations held valid. Blatchf., 7/443^ 14/293 ?ish. Pat. Cas., 2/g9_ 2/ggg_ 3/g_ 3/330^ 6/i_ Law Rep., N. s., 10/664. Off. Gaz. Pat., ej^^i, 9/746. Pet. C. C, 1/394. Taney, I/180. 37. Instances of combinations held not patentable. Black, 1/427. Blatchf., 7/443^ 9/524 Bond, 2/ij5 Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/343 Gall., 1/478. Otto, 2/347 Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/397. Wall., 2/320^ 20/498. 38. An improvement to be patentable, must be new and useful. Blatchf., 1/372, 2/51, 2/194, 3/209. I'ish. Pat. Cas., 2/330 How., 16/48o_ W/gg. McLean, 5/44. 30. "What does not amount to a pat- entable improvement. Blatchf, 1/258, V398, 2/194, 2/240, 2/275, 3/190, 3/209. Brock., 2/298 Gall., 1/433. How., 15/62, ^%30, "/96, 24/i64. Law Rep., N. s., 10/664. McLean, 2/35^ ij^^^^ 6/539. Mason, 1/132. Off Gaz.' Pat.^ 4/612. Story, 2/408^ 2/433. Wall., 7/395 Woodb. & M., 1/290. 40. Change of form, merely, not pro- ducing any new or useful result, not patentable. Blatchf., 1/372, V488, ^/243, ^/438. Ohio. L. N., 1/377. Curt., 2/340 Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/265, ^/l56. Cilp., 1/439. How., ^%30, 341, ^%89. McLean, S/ggg^ 3/432_ 5/44. Pet. C. C, 1/322, V394. Wall., 1/491. Wash. C. C, 1/168, 3/i96. PATENTS, II, III. 393 ■41. Other'wise where change of form produces new effect, or is a ma- terial change in process of man- Tifacture. Brock., a/ggg Fisli. Pat. Cas., S/^g^ 42. Introducing mere mechanical equivalents into an existing ma- chine, not patentable. Blatchf., 1/258, 2/240, 2/275. Bond, I'sei. Cliff., 2/500 Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/31, 2/523, %36. How., 16/480. Wall., 1I/516. See, also, post, 256. 43. "What are deemed mere mechani- cal equivalents. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/64, 1/351, V397, 2/52, 2/477. -44. Improved machine distinguished from an improvement on a ma- chine. Gall., 1/478. Mason, I/447. Pet. C. Cv 1/322. Wash. C. C, 3/443 Wheat., %54, 516. 45. Bights of patentee of improve- ment. Car. L. Rep., I/209. Fish. Pat. Cas., V298,2/i46. McLean, 6/558. Pet. C. C, 1/394 See, also, posl, 154, 155. 3. Designs. 46. Statutory provisions for patent- ing designs. Rev. Stat., § 4929, &c. Stat, at L., 12/249, 1%09. 47. "WTiat patentable. Requisites as to form, novelty, &c. Blatchf., I/247//282, '^/513, 1^212. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/583. MacArth., 2/149 Wall., 1%1. 48. Machine for transferring designs, patentable. Wall., 10/133. III. PKOCEEDINGS AT THE PATENT OFFICE. 1. In general ; and herein of the application, speei- fication., drawings, and model. 49. Early statutory regulations of the patent ofBce. Stat, at L., 5/ii7_ S/^gi^ S/^g^^ ll/^gg, 12/219, 12/247. 50. Powers and duty of secretary of interior. Stat, at L., 9/395 Fish. Pat, Cas., ^/248, ^/528. 51. — of commissioner of patents. Stat, at L., 5/117^ i6/i9g Blatchf., 2/31. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/381 4/2^8. Off. Gaz. Pat., 8/4g Woodb. & M., 1/348. 52. — of acting commissioner. How., 4/g4g^ 663, 1^30, 41. Woodb. & M., 1/248, 1/389. 53. — of chief clerk. Blatchf., 8/513. Fish. Pat. Cas.,'4/5gi. Woodb. & M., 1/389. 54. Regulations in respect to printing of papers, &c. Stat, at L., 16/59o_ 17/2. ' 55. Commissioner's franking privilege. Stat, at L., 5/ii7_ 9/231. 56. The application generally. Sec- ond application. Rev. Stat., § 4888, 4897. Stat, at L., 5/119, 12/248. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/i, 1/133, 2/531, 3/609, 5/610, 6/468. Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/34o_ 7/425, ^/408. Sawyer, 2/4gi. Wall., 1/317, 3/315. 67. The oath or afOrmation. Rev. Stat., § 4892. Stat, at L., ^/l94, ^/544. F'sli- P^^t- C^S-' ^/536. Gall'., 1/429. How., 6/437^ 482. Op.Att.- 394 PATENTS, III. Gen., l/339/0/j37_ Pet., 14/448. Stoiy, 58. Right of personal representative to take out patent. Eev. Stat., § 4896. Stat, at L., ^%02. Blatchf., 4/333 Wall., 9/738. 50. Patent to alien on false oath of citizenship, void. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/l89. Wall. Jr., 3/20. 60. The necessity and object of the speci:&cation. Bond, 1/285. Cliff., 2/379_ 2/507 Fish. Pat. Cas., l/i98, 1/239, ^/252, ^/277, ^/298. Law Rep., 4/54. Law Rep., n. s., H/esi. McLean, 5/44 Paine, I/441. Story, 1/273. Wall, 22/1 Wheat., 7/35e_ 433 61. "What the specification should con- tain. Rev. Stat., § 4888. Am. L. Reg., 3/i36. Baldw., 1/303. Cliff., 2/304. Cent. L- J-, 2/721. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/ggg, 1/544, 2/20, 2/600, 3/55, */l75. How., 6/437_ 434^ l4/i5g McLean, 5/44 Wall., 7/327. 62. The requisite certainty in describ- ing the invention. Bald w., 1/303. Blatchf , \ ^kjs, 4/200. Bond, 2/115 Fish. Pat. Cas., I/127, 1/325, 2/330, %43, 4/468, «/402. McAll., 1/43. McLean, 3/250. Mason, I/182, 1/447. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/251. Pet. C. C, I/394. Wall., V/327^ 14/g2o. Wash. C. C, 4/9 Woodb. & M., 1/53, 1/290, 3/17. 63. — in describing the claim. Rev. Stat., § 4888. Blatchf., I/247, 6/195 Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/294 Int. Rev. Rec, 23/112 Law Rep., 4/54 Phil. (Pa.) 10/251. Story, 1/273, 2/432. Woodb. &M., 3/i7_27. 64. If description is sufficient to enable mechanic of ordinary skill to construct the machine, it is suf- ficient. Biss., 7/3g2 Blatchf., 2/132^ oj^q^^ Bond, 1/27, 1/285, 2/45. Chic. L. N., 9/217. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/544, Vsss, 2/20, 3/124, 3/157, 4/284. McLean, 6/303. Wall., 14/620. Wa^h. C. C, 4/9 65. Requisites of description where part only of a machine is claimed as the invention. Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/555. Wall., H/sig. 66. What specification is sufficient ■where the invention claimed is an improvement. Blatchf., 1/372. Brock., 2/298. Cliff, V538. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/213, I/239, %6Z. How., 15/212, 24/ig4 McLean, 8/243^ %50, 3/432. Mason, I/182, I/447, 476, 478. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/251 Paine, 1/441. Wash. C. C, 3/408, 3/443, 4/68, 4/259. Wheat., 3/454_ 7/353 7/453 Woodb. & M., 3/17. 6*7. Illustrations of insufficient descrip- tion. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/198, 2/477 Holmes, l/l20. How., 5/1. Sumn., 1/482. Wall., "/463. 68. Ho-w specifications are to be con- strued and their sufficiency de- termined. Blatchf., 5/268. Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/373^ 4/29, 4/37, 4/g6_ 4/263. How., IS/ggQ. Sumn., 1/482 3/514. Woodb. & M., 1/53. See, also, post, 220. 69. Specificatiort is part of the patent and will be construed with it. Blatchf., 2/1 How., 6/437^ ll/5g7_ Story, 2/609. Wall., I/491. Woodb. & M., 1/53. PATENTS, III. 395 70. "What errors in speciflcation will not avoid the patent. Blatchf., 9/77_ Curt., 2/^75. Mc- Leai) %50. Story, 1/273. Wash. C. C, 4/9,4/215. 71. Defect, or concealment in specifi- cation will not avoid patent in the absence of intent to deceive. Blatchf., 1/258. Gall., 1/429. Mason, 1/182. Pet. C.C, 1/394. Wash. C. C, %96, 4/9. 72. Amending the specification. Reference to drawings. Biss., 1/121. Blatchf., 7I521. Otto, ^/554. 73. Effect of the speciflcation as an estoppel. Fish. Pat. Cos., %. See, also. Es- toppel, 15. 74. The necessary drawings, dupli- cates, &c. Rev. Stat., § 4889. Stat, at L., S/^gg^ Blatchf., 2/1 2/279 Curt., 2/475 Fish. Pat. Cas., l/i33_ 2/3^ How., 11/537, 1^/62, 126. McLeau, S/ggQ Mason, 4/^ Op. Att.-Gen., 9/37g Story, 3/^22. 75. The model. Eev. Stat., § 4891. How., 20/402. 2. The hearing and decision. Appeals. 76. The hearing or examination, gen- erally. Eev. Stat., § 4893. Stat, at L., I6/202. Blatchf, 1/506, 6/401. Fish. Pat. Gas., 3/53i_ 77. Powers and duties of the commis- sioner in respect to granting or withholding the patent. Rev. Stat., § 4885. Stat, at L., S/ng. Baldw., 1/303. Fish. Pat Gas., I/516. How., 14/575. MacArth., 2/90^ 2/^35. McLean, 4/g^g_ Off Gaz. Pat., 8/46. Pet., 2/i_ i8_ 78. Delay in issuing patent after ap- plication filed, ■will not prejudice inventor. Rev. Stat., § 4894. Blatchf, 1/205. How., 15/02^ 126. McLean, 4/^^^^ Woodb. & M., 2/^21. 79. Nor will delay in applying, during experiments, Sco. Blatchf, 2/3j_ Cliff., 3/gg3 Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/73. .' 80. Effect of public use of invention with knowledge of inventor. Blatchf., 9/50. Chic. L. N., ^j^qi^ See, also, post, 160, 277. 81. The patent, its form, proper recit- als, &o. Rev. Stat, § 4884. Wash. C. C, 2/135. 82. Signing and sealing the patent. Rev. Stat., § 4883. Stat, at L., I6/200. Blatchf., 6/429. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/ggo 83. Issuing patents for joint inven- tions. Mason, 1/153 I/447. Paine, 2/92^ Wash. C. C, I/168, 4/580. 84. — for inventions previously pat- ented abroad. Stat, at L., 5/354_ How., 15/62, 112, 15/137 McLean, 5/7g_ 85. Rule that two valid patents can- not issue for same invention. Cliff, 3/5g3 Mason, %8_ Wall., 3/315 Wash. C. C, 4/703. 86. Distinct inventions or combina- tions, or improvements in dis- tinct machines, cannot be joined in one patent. Cliff, 3/563. PIow.,6/437_ Law Rep., 4/54_ McLean, '^Jm^ Mason, 1/447^ ^/ll2. Story, 1/273. 396 PATENTS, III, IV. 87. "WTieii one patent may include several improvements, or de- vices. Off. Gaz. Pat., 4/692. Story, a/ggg -88. Exceptions to the rule that two patents must not be united in the same letters. Blatchf., 2/i Holmes, 1/331. How., ■^/437, 483. 89. How far commissioner's decision is conclusive. Blatchf., 2/47i_ 4/2og_ S/^gg^ U/g^g^ Brews., (Pa.) %5. Chic. L. N., 9/25. €liff, 2/528. Curt., 2/506. Fish. Pat. <^as., 1/133^ 1/289, 'V382, ^/l81, %62, %43, ^/635, %42, ^/248, ^/su. Holmes, I/215, ^/812, V429. How., 4/3go Off. Gaz. Pat., ^/92, 6/801 0^0, ^j^^^. Story, 3/742, 3/749. Wall., 8/445 ^O. statutory regulations of appeals from adverse decisions. Rev. Stat., § 4909, 4910. Stat, at L-, %54, l«/75, 12/246, ^6/204. 01. Appeals from commissioner to su- preme court of District of Co- lumbia. Eev. Stat., § 4911, &c. Fish. Pat. •Cas., 4/248. MacArth., 1/375 Off. Gaz. Pat., 5/235 Op. Att.-Geii., 18/77^ is/ggg/ 92. Effect of appeal upon further proceedings before commis- sioner. Blatchf., 5/ieo 93. Effect of delay in prosecuting ap- peal. Fish. Pat. Gas., Sj^s^^ 8. Caveats for incomplete inventions. ■04. Authority to file caveats. Eev. Stat., § 4902. Stat, at L., S/^gi, ^2/247,16/203. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/351. 05. The purpose of a caveat. Blatchf., 4/3g2 McLean, 6/3Q3 06. "What protection it affords the in- ventor. Rev. Stat., § 4902. Blatchf., I/205, 4/352 Bond, 1/212. Fish. Pat. Cas., V372, V479. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 5/122. 07. "What certainty in description is required. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/31 08. Fees. Rev. Stat., § 4934. Stat, at L., 12/248. 4. Interferences. 99. WTien a case of interference arises. Rev. Stat., § 4904. Blatchf., a/g^g^ 6/307. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/^gg^ 100. Powers of commissioner in cases of interference. Stat, at L., 5/i2o_ 5/355^ l2/24g^ I6/204, Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/381 MacArth., 2/3^^ 101. Remedy by suit in equity against owner of interfering patent. Rev. Stat., § 4918. Stat, at L., I6/207. Blatchf., 2/308. See, also, post, 202. IV. SUEEENDEE AND REISSUE. DIS- CLAIMEE. 1. Surrender and reissue. 102. Statutory provisions respeotingr surrender and reissue. Rev. Stat., § 4916. Stat, at L., 6/122^ 12/247, 1%05. 103. The right to surrender, generally. Blatchf., 4/2og^ 5/i34_ 9/524. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/133, 3/1, 5/90, 6/1 Off. Gaz. Pat., 1/91, 1/437. Faine, 1/343. Pet., 6/213^ 7/292. Taney, I/106. Wall., 22/i_ PATENTS, IV. 397 104. Wlio may sixrrender and claim reissue, generally. Blatchf., 4/206. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/337. McLean, 4/g4_ Wall., 4/522. J.05. Right of assignee to siorrender. Blatchf., 4/2og Bond, 2/j^g Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/327, %43. Holmes, I/45. Wall., 4/522. 106. Alien owner of defective patent may surrender. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/igg. Pet, T/ggg^ 315 107. Personal representative may sur- render and obtain reissue. Cliff., 3/356. How., 4/712. Law Rep., 7/276. McLean, 3/25o_ 3/^32. Phil., (Pa.) 10/227.. Story, 3/122, 3/171. Woodb. & M., 1/248. 108. Time within which to make siir- render. Blatchf., 5/134 Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/362. 109. The defect may be either in spe- cification or claim. Bond, 2/iig Fish. Pat. Cas., l/igg, 2/213, 3/218, %43, 4/133. How., 17/74. Law Eep., S/^gg Phil., (Pa.) »liu. Story, 3/742. Wall., I/531. Wall. Jr., 2/101. 110. — or in a disclaimer. Blatchf, 5/134 Fisli- Pat. Cas., 2/131^ 2/362. 111. The application, hearing, &c. Powers and duties of commis- sioner. Blatchf, 5/134 Bond, 2/gg_ Cliff., 2/379, 2/528, 2/555, %56. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/87, 3/141, 3/176, 4/468, %51. How., W/ga, 112. Law Rep., 8/i65. MacArth., 1/375. Off. Gaz, Pat., 5/235^ 10/464^ Story, 2/432, 3/742. Wall., 4/522. 112. "What recitals are necessary or proper in specification of reis- sued patent. Bond, 2/115 Cliff., 2/351 Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/133, 2/499, 3/141, 3/343^ 3/g3g^ 4/ig3^ Phil., (Pa.) 8/144 Wall., 9/788. 113. "What are unnecessary. Fisli. Pat. Ca^., 3/i_ 3/53g^ 4/ig3_ 4/359^ 4/468. Pet., 14/448. 114. Applications of the rule that new features must not be intro- duced in reissued patent. Biss., 7/322. Cent. L. J., 5/4g7_ Int. Rev. Rec, SS/ng. Off. Gaz. Pat., 9/533^ 9/689,10/505. Phil., (Pa.) 9/395 115. Validity of reissued patents, gen- erally. Blatchf, 5/4g^ 5/,go_ lO/gg^ 10/i8i_ Cliff, 2/351. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/499^ 2/543^ 5/593^ 6/551, 6/574. Off Gaz. Pat., 2/442^ 2/gg8^ 4/692, %85. Wall., 8/230. ' 116. Reissued patent relates back to date of original application. Abb. U. S,, 1/567. Blatchf, 5/i34_ Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/3g2^ 8/335^ 4/291 Mc- Lean, 2/35^ 2/i7g^ 5/i58_ Pet., 6/218^ 7/292, 315. Wall., 14/452. Woodb. & M., 1/248. 117. Effect of reissue on patentee's rights. Black, 1/273. Bond, I/315. Cliff, 2/555. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/610. How., 17/74. Off Gaz. Pat., IO/505. Wall., 2/591, 7/583. Wall. Jr., 2/191. 118. — on rights of prior assignee. Cliff., 2/555 Fish. Pat. Cas., ^I^ss, 3/87, 4/248. Story, 3/749. 119. — on rights of third persons. How., 4/380. 398 PATENTS, IV. 120. Reissued patent presumed to be for same invention as original one. Blatchf., 5/^34_ 6/jgg Fish. Pat. Cas., ^/l33, ^/sog, %62, ^/417, ^/l41, ^/294, %35. How., 15/62. Woodb. & M., ^j^^l, %20. 121. Effect of reissued patent as evi- dence. Cliff., 2/379 Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/j_ 3/218. Wall.,n/5^g_ 122. How identity between original and reissued patent is to be determined. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/4gg_ Wall., II/516. 123. Effect of conunissioner's decision as res adjudicata. Presump- tion in favor of decision. Abb. U. S., 2/393 Blatchf., 1/567. Bond, 2/g6^ 2/1^5. Cliff., 2/35^_ Fish. Pat. Cas., l/i33_ 1/382^ 2/499^ 4/395 How., */380, 404. Off- Gaz. Pat., 5/149^ 5/335^ %17, ^/724, ^/837, ''/698, ^877, ^%05. ?«*•. W/448_ Stoiy, 3/749_ 124. When not conclusive. Grounds of impeachment. Abb. U. S., 2/393 Blatchf., ^j^^i, «/l95. Cliff, 2/528 Fish. Pat. Cas.,' ^/417, %43, %94, %35, %43, ^/536, ^/ll7, V^/424. Off Gaz. Pat, 5/235 Woodb. & M., 2/i2i_ 139. 125. Setting aside reissue on grounds of corruption and fraud. Blatchf., 6/^95 Bond, 2/^^^ Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/553^ 3/294_ 3/3^3 Off Gaz. Pat., 6/682. Woodb. & M., 3/^20. 126. Or because of want of identity with original invention. Bond, 2/„5_ 2/^39 Cliff, 2/203. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/4j7_ 2/543^ 3/^4^^ 3/335^ 3/555^ 4/117, 4/163, 4/363, 4/395, 6/115. Off Gaz. Pat., 6/^18, 10/464, ^0/505. Otto, 3/^60 Wall., 11/516. Woods, 2/310. 127. 'Where a reissue is adjudged in- valid or withdrawn, the original patent revives. Cliff, 2/379 Woodb. & M., 1/248, V389, ^/l20. 128. Keissue of extended patents. Blatchf., 1/3, l/i67. How., 4/g4g Paine, I/348. Woodb. & M., 3/i2o. 2. Disclaimer. 129. The right to make disclaimer; and when necessary. Eev. Stat., § 4917. Stat, at L., 8/^93 Bald., 1/303. Blatchf., 2/^9^^ s/^^g Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/553, %65, 3/i97, 4/493. How., 15/62, 121. Story, 1/373. Woodb. & M., 1/290. 130. Time to file disclaimer ; and ef- fect of delay. Blatchf., 2/i94_ 3/209^ 6/9g_ 8/3^5^ S/^^g Cliff, 2/528. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/558^ 2/^^^ %43, ^/l97, %00, 4/449, 4/493. How., 1^/62,19/96,20/378. McLean, 5/44. Story, 1/273, 1/590. Wall., 21/1J2 131. Effect of delay on right to costs. . Blatchf., 2/194 Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/553. How., 20/37g_ Story, I/590 132. Form of disclaimer. Stating in- terest in patent. Blatchf., 1/445. How., 14/218 Mc- I^a°j ^/432. 133. Effect of disclaimer. Baldw., 1/303. Blatchf., 4/2og Fish. Pat. Ca^., 1/93^ 1/327, 2/572, 3/400. 134. How disclaimer must be proved . Blatchf., 1/445. How., 14/218. PATENTS, V. 399 V. EXTENSION OF PATENTS. 135. Po'wer of congress to grant ex- tensions. Abb. U. S., 2/398 Blatchf., 1/258. Car. L. Rep., I/209. McLean, 5/^^58. Pet. C. C, 1/322. Sumn., S/ggg 136. Validity and effect of special acts for that purpose. Abb. U. S., 2/398_ Blatchf., l/i67, ^/258,V529,%07. Brock., I/248. Cranch, «/l99. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/389^4/232 How., 14/539_ Phil., (Pa.) 7/533 Wash. CO., 2/342. ^^^> ^^^°> (^nte, 3. 137. Their effect upon rights of as- signees. Blatchf., 1/258, 1/529, 2/144, %07. Mc- Lean, 5/^58. 138. Powers of the commissioner of patents, or chief clerk. Eev. Stat., § 4924, 4927. Stat, at L., 5/124, 9/231, 12/249. Blatchf., ^^n. Fish. Pat. Cas., &/513. ' 139. "What patents may be extended, under act of 1836. Stat, at L., 5/^24, 1^/208. I'ish. Pat. Cas., 3/53g Law Rep., 7/279^ 7/537. Story, 3/171 140. Bight of personal representative to obtain extension. . Blatchf., 1/3, 1/529, 3/307. How., 4/646, ^/709, ^/712, 1^/539. Law Rep., 7/537 McLean, ^1^50, 3/432, ^/l58. Story, 8/122, 5/171 Wall., 1/340. Woodb. & M., 1/248, 2/524. 141. Term of extension. Woodb. & M., 3/120. 142. Effect of extensions by commis- sioner, generally. Rev. Stat., § 4928. Blatchf., l/igy. Brock, 1/248. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^l4^^^ 3/474. Woodb. & M., 3/120. Woods, 1/195' 143. — upon rights of assignees. Biss., 2/62. Blatchf., 1/529, 2/144, 3/201, 3/488, 9/170, 10/52, 10/89, 12/384, 13/88, 13/ll4, 13/i28. Curt., 2/5Qg Fish. Pat. Cas., ^/388, ^/448, ^/581, %86, O/50, ^/595, O/599. Holmes, I/296. How., 4/6^6^ ggg^ 4/713^ 0/109, 22/217. Law Rep., 7/375^ 7/379^ 7/527. McLean, 4/6^^ 4/353^ 4/525. Off- Gaz.'Pat., I/306, 3/380, 8/598, ^/644, 0/691, 0/1110. Otto, 2/724 Story, ^i^^ 135^ 3/171. Wall., 18/414. 144. — of licensees. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/9 Off. Gaz. Pat., 10/244. 145. Effect of commissioner's decision. How far conclusive. ' Abb. U. S., 2/393 Blatchf, 2/471 Bond, 2/45_ 2/iig Curt., 2/5^6. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/157^ 3/197^ 3/343^ 3/536 How., ^/646. McLean, S/ggp^ 8/433 Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/89 Phil. (Pa.) 7/533 Woods, 195. 146. Validity of extended patents. Rev. Stat., § 4925. Blatchf., 7/97 9/18 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/515 McLean,. 3/432. Wall., 7/583. 147. Grounds and manner of impeach- ment. Blatchf, 9/ig Cliff, 2/351. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/499^ 4/615 Wall., 9/788. 148. Proceedings to vacate or im- peach. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/307^ 4/324 Off Gaz. Pat., 3/380. Wall., 9/311. 400 PATENTS, VI, VII. VI. EIGHTS OF PATENTEES. 149. Patentee has no common la-w rights ; lie must look to his pat- ent as the source of his rights. Am. L. Eeg., K. s., 2/572. Blatchf., ^/ll6, 9/77. Bond, 1/315. Fish. Pat. Gas., 1/351, ^/eiO, %20, %9, ^/284, ^/48, ^/l09. Pet., 7/292_ 320. Pet. C. C, I/322. 150. His right to protection in the courts. Baldw., 1/303. Brock., 1/243. Curt., 2/475. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/252,4/12. Mc- Lean, Z/^^g Off.Gaz.Pat.,4/g92. Wall., 151. Bights of inventor before the is- sue of the patent. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/343^ 152. Rights of joint O'wners of a patent. Blatchf., 3/201. Curt., 2/506. 153. Conflicting rights of rival inven- tors. Off. Gaz. Pat., IO/507. Wall. Jr., 1/347. Woods, l/i38. See, also, ante, 30. 154. Relative rights of inventor of original machine, and of inven- tor of improvements on it. Law Eep., 7/375 Pet. C. C, I/394. Story, 3/122. Wall. Jr., 2/355 Wash. C C., I/168, 2/i96. 155. Inventor of improvement cannot use original machine -without license from original patentee. Blatchf., 6/j2i. Bond, I/279. Cliff., %79. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/iog, l/igg, V351, ^/532, V586, %1, %18, %90, %20, ^/l, ^/29, %, ^/l07 %8 ^/584. McLean, 6/558_ Pet. C. C, 1/394, 476. Wash. C. C, I/168. Woodb. & M., 3/i3g_ See, also, ante, 45. 156. Rights of patentee in respect to sales of patent rights. Blatchf., 12/202, ^3/375. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/203. Off Gaz. Pat., IO/41. 15*7. Time at which patentee's rights attach. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/133, 1/239, 2/i(, 158. Duration of patent rights. Eev. Stat., § 4884. Blatchf., 13/364^ Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/^70. Off. Gaz. Pat., ®/ll96. 159. Inventor's rights terminate on expiration of patent. Blatchf., 4/200. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/igg. McLean, 6/539_ 160. Wliat acquiescence in public use amounts to a surrender or abandonment of an invention. Blatchf., 2/229^ l4/g4 Chic. L. N., 9/313 , Mason, 4/^08. Sawyer, 1/273^ See, also, ante, 80, post, 277. 161. Obligation of government to com- pensate patentee for use of pat- ented machine. Off. Gaz. Pat., 10/702 Op- Att.-Gen., 9/135. 162. Rights of purchaser of patented machine. Blatchf., 2/g9 Fish. Pat. Cas., e/gg^ How., 14/539 Off. Gaz. Pat., 9/g9i. Story, 3/402. Wash. C. C, l/igg. See, also, post, 185, 186, 194,. 260. VII. ASSIGNMENTS; AND EIGHTS OP ASSIGNEES. 163. Statutory authority to assign. Eev. Stat., § 4898. Stat, at L., Sj^^l, ^/l28, 1^/202, 1^/583. 164. Terms "assignee," "licensee," and "grantee" of exclusive right, defined. Blatchf., 4/2og Fish. Pat. Cas., I/327. PATENTS, VII. 401 165. Divisibility of patent rights. Blatchf., 2/20 Gall., I/429. Holmes, Vl49,%7. McLean, 3/427_%o Story, 2/625. Wall. Jr., 1/337. 166. Po'wer of personal representa- tive of patentee to assign the patent. Dm., 1/104. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/239, 4/16I. 167. Right of one of two or more joint owners to assign. Chic. L. N., 4/9_ 168. "What amounts to an assignment. Fish. Pat. Cas., s/g. Wall., 10/367. 169. Effect of assignment in insol- vency to pass title to letters patent. Holmes, I/152. 170. Assignment must be in writing. Blatchf., 2/^44 Cliff., 1/150. I'ish. Pat. Cas., 5/528. Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/545 171. Necessity of recording the assign- ment. Stat, at L., I6/202. Biss., 6/225. Blatchf., 7/195^ 8/295 Chic. L. N., 7/41, Fish. Pat. Cas., ^j^^s, %28. Holmes, l/l52. McLean, 8/437^ 4/525. Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/546^ 7/i73_ Pittsb., (Pa.) I/513. Story, 1/273, 2/525. Wall. Jr., I/337. 172. Time within which to record. Blatchf., I/506, 2/144. Story, 2/525^ 2/609. 173. "Who is an assignee within the meaning of the patent law. Blatchf., 4/206, 4/438. Fish. Pat. Cas., V327, 2/37. 174. Assignment of invention before patent issued, valid. Eev. Stat., § 4895. Blatchf., I/506. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/^. How., 10/477^ 493. z McLean, S/^gj. Mason, 4/jg Woodb. & M., 1/34. 176. Agreement to assign renewed patent not yet obtained, to as- signee of original patent, valid. Blat«hf., 3/201^ 3/4gg Curt., 2/595. How., l%n, 20/216. 176. Assignraent of extended patent before extension, is invalid, but agreement to assign when ex- tension shall be granted, is valid. Fish. Pat. Ca^., % 8/^97 177. "Wliat instrument will convey a future extension. Blatchf., 4/271 Fish. Pat. Cas., S/^go. Int. Eev. Rec, le/igg. Wall., 10/367^ 452. H. 178. Effect of assignraent. Rights of assignee, generally. Stat, at L., I6/203. Am. L. Reg., n. S., 1/207. Blatchf, 1/388, 2/144, 7/86, 9/214, 10/1. Bond, 1/126. Cliff, 1/343. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/487, 2/37, 2/^92^ 2/543^ S/jg^^ %1,%48,%75. Holmes, 1/429. How., V202, ''/709, 19/211. McLean, 3/295 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 5/207 Off- Gaz. Pat., %01. Sawyer, 2/373 Story, 8/492 See, also, ante, 105, 118, 137, 143. 179. Rights of assignee Umited. to term of original patent. McLean, 4/525 Story, S/^^^. 180. Rights of assignee of alien in- ventor. Blatchf, 2/49. N. y. Leg. Obs., 5/207. 181. Right of assignee to sue in his own name, Blatchf, 1/3, I/506, 2/20, 7/j95_ 8/295 Cranch, 6/324. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/^2. Gall-, V429. How., 4/g4g_ 10/4„. Mc- Lean, 3/250. Story, 3/122. Wall., 21/205. 402 PATENTS, VII, VIII. Wall. Jr., 1/337. Wash. C. C, 4/534. See, also, post, 265. 182. Patentee's right to sue after as- signment. McLean, S/ggg Mason, ^Ji^_ Wall., 7/515. Wash. C." C, 3/i96 183. Interpretation of assignments containing particular provi- sions. Blatchf., 4/271^ T/gg^ 9/301 Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/i97_ 5/igo^ 5/245 Off. Gaz. Pat., 9/352. Wall., 14/452. 184. Interpretation of grants of exclu- sive sectional rigMs. Blatchf., 2/379 Bond, l/iae. Cliff., 1/348. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/37^ 3/4g4_ Mc- Lean, 3/295^ 3/427. 185. Rights of piu-chaser from as- signee. Cent. L. J., 3/223 Chic. L. N., 6/141 Cliff., 2/435 Dill.,, 2/383 Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/12. Holmes, 1/40, 1/42. Off Gaz. Pat., 1/282, 3/441. Wall., 17/453. See, also, aide, 162 ; post, 194, 260. 186. — of purchaser from infringer. Fish. Pafc. Cas., ^I^i^ Sawyer, 1/702. See, also, post, 260. VIII. LICENSES; AND EIGHTS OF LICENSEES. 187. "What amounts to a license. Bond, 1/407. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/i2o_ ^Im, ^Im, 5/411. How., 1/202. N. y! Leg. Obs., 3/43 Wash. C. C, i/igg. 188. "When a license -will be presumed. Chic. L. N., 5/75 Cliff, 1/288. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/71 Int. Rev. Rec, 16/ig4 Phil., (Pa.) 9/378. 189. Power of one joint owner of pat- ent to grant licenses. Biss., 7/223, Curt., 2/5Qg_ 190. License need not be recorded. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/221 S/ig. Story, ^/525. 191. Interpretation of licenses, gener- ally. Biss., 1/367, V400. Blatchf., 2/151^ 6/35^ 7/86. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/424, V487, %0, %82. Story, 3/132. 192. Rights and liabilities of licensee. Blatchf., 2/i5i^ 8/321. Cliff, 2/35i_ 3/371. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/ii2_ 2/337^ 2/^99^ ^j^^ %5, %14, ^/382. Holmes, 1/215. How., 22/217 Low., 1/333. McLean, 2/35^ 3/g23_ 6/603. Off Gaz. Pat., 5/273 Wall., ^/788. 193. — in respect to duration of license. Blatchf., 6/85^ 6/ig5 Cliff, 2/435 Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/410 ^/388. McLean, 5/l58, 163. Phil., (Pa'.) 9/335 194. Rights of purchaser from licensee. Cliff, 1/288, 2/435. Fish. Pat. Cas., %02, %6, ^/221, %84, 4/388, 4/392. How., 9/109,22/217. McLean, 4/275. Off Gaz. Pat., 5/273_ 7/1098 Story, 8/402. Wall. Jr., 3/320. Wheat., 10/353. 195. — of assignee of licensee. Blatchf., 3/449 Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/192^ 4/50. McLean, 5/1 196. Actions by or in behalf of licensees. Blatchf., 2/20^ 3/32^ 14/gio Off Gaz. Fat., 4/553 197. — against licensees, for breach of conditions, to collect license fee, &c. Blatchf., 2/igi_ 5/251 Bond, I/194. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/ggo. Woodb. & M., 2/329. PATENTS, VIII, IX, X. 403 108. Effect of license to use single machine. Blatchf, 3/488_ 10/^ Cliff., 1/150, 2/43g_ Fish. Pat. Gas., ^k^Q^ ^kn. How., 20/2^g_ McLean, 4/2^5^ 5/23g_ Wall., 1/340, 9/788. Woodb. & M., 2/524. 199. Other contracts in respect to pat- ents. Blatchf., 1/467, %79, ^oi. How., 10/99, l*/l93. Int. Rev. Rec, le/igg. Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/47^_ 4/83^ 5/3^ 10/420. Wall., 11/488. 200. Validity of state laws restricting sales of patent rights. Alb. L. J., 17/72. Biss., 2/309_ Fish. Pat. Gas., 4/j8g_ 4/388_ Off. Gaz. Pat., 1/3O6. 201 — of patented articles. Otto, 7/5oi_ IX. STAMPING. 202. Duty to stamp, and effect of omission. Rev. Stat., § 4900. Stat, at L., 12/249, 16/2^3 Blatchf., 6/33_ Fish. Pat. Gas., ^/374. 203. Effect of stamping. Fish. Pat, Gas., 2/536. OS- G^az. Pat., ^/455. 204. Penalty for false stamping, or stamping unpatented article. Rev. Stat., § 4901. Stat, at L., S/g^^^ I6/203. Blatchf., 5/494 Bond, 2/23' Fish. Pat. Gas., ^Im^^k^. 205. Proceedings to recover penalty.' In whose name suit should be brought. Bond, 2/23 Fish. Pat. Gas., S/^g, %7 X. INTEKPEETATION AND VALIDITY OF LETTERS PATENT. 1. Interpretation. 206. Law in force when patent was granted governs its construc- tion. How., 1/202, ^/437, 479. 207. Construction to be liberal, in favor of patentee. Baldw., 1/303. Blatchf., 4/206^ 4/227^ 4/238. Brock., 2/298. Cliff., 2/304. Fish. Pat. Gas,, 1/93, 1/252, ^298, V327, ^340, 1/382, 1/465, 1/626, %00, ^/43. How., 4/709_ McLean, S/^gg^ 5j^^ S/^gg, e/g^g^ Pet., 6/218. Story, 2/^64, 2/432. Sumn., 1/433, %14, 3/535. Wall., 1/491, 19/433. Wall. Jr., 2/356. Woodb. & M., 1/53. 208. Ordinary rules, not subtile and technical principles, to be fol- lowed. Blatchf., 4/227. How., 6/437^ 435, IS/ggo. Woodb. & M., 1/248. 209. Ascertaining the claim and in- tention of patentee. Fish. Pat. Gas., 8/93; S/^gg^ 4/^^ Pet. G. C., 1/322. Story, 2/4g2^ Wheat., 3/454, '^/356. 210. Patent to be construed so as to cover only what is distinctly claimed. Fish. Pat. Gas., I/93, 1/127, I/222, 3/i86. Off. Gaz. Pat., 4/692. 211. Construing the whole instrument together. Baldw., 1/303. F'sh- P^*- Cas., 4/224. Story, 2/4g2 212. Interpreting title, or name of in- vention in the patent. Fish. Pat. Gas., 1/222, 1/372. 213. "When resort may be had to ex- trinsic evidence. Fish. Pat. Gas., I/31. 404 PATENTS, X. 214. Beferring' to the speciflcation. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^/g^g. How., 6/^37^ 478. Paine, I/441. Pet. C. C, I/322. Story, 2/609. Wall. Jr., 2/35g Woodb. &M.,l/53. 215. — to other papers, application, special acts, &c. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/3^^ 6/130. Off. Gaz. Pat., 7/385. "Wash. C. C, 4/215. Wheat., ^/454, 506. 216. Resorting to the model and draw- ings. Blatchf.,2/1 Bond, 1/212. Fish. Pat. Gas., 4/263^ 6/244. How., 6/437^ 485^ II/587, 606. McLean, 6/345 Mason, 4/i_ Off. Gaz. Pat., 9/300. Story, 8/122. 217. Correspondence -with commis- sioner, and proceedings in pat- ent office not admissible in aid of construction. Cliff, 3/408. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/^75^ */224. 218. Interpretation of foreign -words and phrases. Cliff., 2/224. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/440 219. How far opinions of experts will be regarded. How., 15/252, 270, 2^88, 100. Wall., 9/312. See, also, post, 365. 220. Interpreting the specification, generally. Biss.,1/87. Blatchf., 2/i_ 5/2g8_ Cliff., S/356. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/626, 6/424. Mc- Lean, ^/44, 57, 6/303. Sumn., 1/452, %14. Wall. Jr., 2/356. Woodb. & M., 2/121. See, also, cmte, 68. 221. — as respects the "claim." Blatchf., 9/77, 9/205. Brews., (Pa.) 4/260. Cent. L, J., 3/223. Cliff, 2/203. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/351, 1/461, ^483, ^/lO, 2/31, 2/417, 2/477, %55, %, %, ^/41, V 4/532 How., 15/330. ^^- ^^- ^^^-r 10/909. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/352. Wall., 1/491^ II/5I6. Woodb. & M., 3/i7_ 222. Effect of errors and mistakes, and how corrected. Blatchf., 10/481. Curt., 2/47g_ Off. Gmz. Pat., 3/412, ^/l32. Wash. C. C, 4/9 See, also, post, 229. 2. Validity. 223. Q-eneral rules. Blatchf., 9/490. Bond, I/259, 1/315. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/252, ^465. 224. Patent is prima facie evidence of its o^wn validity. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/382, V397, V532, ^544, ^/602, %o, 2/62, 2/120, 2/174, 2/igi^ 2/221^ 2/600. See, also, post, 348. 225. — and of novelty, utility, and priority of invention. Bond, 1/212. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/252 2/535. 226. Where two patents cover same invention, the one last issued is void. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/108. McLean, 6/303. Paine, 1/343. Wall., 3/3^5 Woodb. & M., 2/121. 227. Validity of reissued patents. Blatchf., 5/4g^ IO/181 Cliff, 2/203, Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/^5^ 6/5^4 Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/442^ 4/gg2^ 5/585_ 6/ii8^ 6/582^ 10/505. 228. Seal of the XTnited States and signature of commissioner con- clusive of validity, in absence of fraud. Blatchf., 6/429. ^ish. Pat. Cas., 3/530 See, also, post, 347. PATENTS, XI, XII. 405 229. Correction of errors and mis- takes. Woodb. & M., 1/248 1/389. S^^J ^Iso, mde, 222. XI. REPEAL OF PATENTS. VACATING. 230. By scire facias, under act of 1793. Gilp., 1/489, V517. Mason, I/153. Wheat., 9/603. 231. G-rotmds for repeal. Baldw., 1/303. Gilp., 1/439. 232. Vacating patents under later statutes. Blatchf., 6/35g_ 13/375 Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/483. How.,' 11/552. Off. Gaz. Pat., 10/41. Wall., 9/811^ 14/434_ 233. Grounds of impeachment. Wall., 11/488, 11/516. XII. INFEINGEMENT. 1. Jwisdiction. 234. Of federal courts, generally. Stat, at L., I6/206. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/37. How., 14/539 235. Of circuit courts. Eev. Stat., § 629, subd. 9. Stat, at L., 5/124, 1%16. Blatchf., 1/480, %0, ^/63, ^/l60, %56, '^/l96, ^^/siO. ^^nd, l/l26. Brews., (Pa.) %5 Fish. Pat. Cas., %, 2/3gj_ 3/218^ 3/251^ 5/i87. Holmes, 1/317. McLean, 8/523 Mason, I/153. Off. Gaz. Pat., 7/5i4_ 8/iQ32_ Paine, 1/45. Pet. C. C, 1/322. Pbil., (Pa.) 8/iee Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/24i_ 3/377_ Wall. Jr.,3/i9e_ Wheat., 3/454^ See, also, Ciecuit •CotTETS, 78, 79. 236. Of district courts having circuit court poTwers. Fish, Pat. Gag., 6/448. 237. Of supreme court on writ of error. Stat, at L., 12/130. How., 16/93. 238. Jurisdiction of circuit court not dependent on citizenship, or amount in dispute. Blatchf., I/480, 1/536, 1/628. 239. State statutes of limitation not regarded in patent cases. Blatchf., 7/230 I'ish. Pat. Cas., 2/53^ 2/541 2/543^ See, also. Limitations of Actions, lo. 240. In ■what cases state courts have jurisdiction. Cliff, 2/435. 2. What constitutes infringement. 241. "What amoimts to an infringe- ment, generally. Biss., 7/34g Blatchf., 9/g5^ 14/ii9_ CHff, 3/g39 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/go^ 4/584 Gall., 1/429. McLean, 3/582, 4/370. Off. Gaz. Pat., 1/117. 242. "What does not. Blatchf., 7/73 Chic. L. N., IO/99. Curt., 1/100. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/131. Gall., 1/429, 1/485. How., 17/72. Otto, 5/274. Sawyer, 4/g92_ 243. Is intent to deprive the patentee of his discovery necessary to constitute infringement 9 Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/44, I/602, 2/37. Gall., 1/485. 244. Infringer acts at his own peril. How., 1/202, ^/380. Sumn., 1/432. 245. Substantial identity between two machines or processes, is enough: absolute identity not required. Blatchf., 2/411^ 4/227. Brock., 2/293. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/537. How., 16/330. McLean, 4/177. Pittsb., (Pa.) I/31. Story, 1/336. 406 PATENTS, XII. 246. Substantial similarity in "prin- V oiple," and mode of operation, is infringement. Gall., 2/51. McLean, Sj^^o, 4/370, ^/ses. Off. Gaz. Pat., 9/923, IO/508. Story, 2/^9^ 247. — even though the "form" be different. Blatchf., 1/488, 2/411, 3/190, 3/535, S/46. Brock., 2/2gg Curt., 2/34Q Fish. Pat. Gas., 1/537. How., 15/330, 342. Otto, 7/120. Story, 1/273, 2/432 Wash.C.C., 248. In -what oases "form" must be imitated to constitute infringe- ment. How., 15/330. Woodb. & M., s/g^g^ 240. 'What constitutes the "princi- ple " of a raachlne. Blatchf., 2/474 How., 22/^32 Mc- Lean, 2/^7g_ 5/44^ g3 250. Ho^w "principle" is to be distin- guished from " form." Blatchf., 2/4^j Mason, I/447, 471^ Pet. C. C, 1/394. Wash. C. C.,'4/703. 251. If one patent covers t'wo distinct machines or improvements in same machine, the use of either is an infringement. Blatchf., 2/j Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/553, 4/i48_ Law Eep., 4/5^ Mason, 2/j^j^2. Story, 1/273. 252. Mere additions to, or improve- ments upon machine used, no excuse for infringement. Blatchf., 1/488. Curt., I/279. Law Eep., N. s., 13/70. Off. Gaz. Pat., 6/734^ ^/638, %95. Story, I/336. 253. All the elements of a combination of existing materials must be used, or equivalents substituted, to constitute infringement of the combination. Black, 1/427. Blatchf., 8/4J Cliff, %00, %7. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/33g_ How.,. 10/329, 1%12, 20/402. McLean, 4/64_ 4/^7^^ 4/370, %39. Mason, I/447, 2/113. Off. Gaz. Pat., 4/i8i_ 4/g3g^ 7/gog_ lO/g^g^ 10/431^ 10/4g6_ Pet., 16/336. Pet. C. C, I/322, 1/394. Story, 1/568, ^/igo. Wall., 1/73^ 14/620, 15/187. Woodb. & M., 3/348_ 254. But if the -whole combination be taken, it is an infringement, though a ne-w element be added. McLean, S/ggg^ 255. Not so, where original combina- tion is "worthless, and addition renders it useful. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^SQ 6/465. Off. Gaz. Pat., 4/132 256. Substitution of mechanical equiv- alents as much an infringement, as adoption of devices patent- ed. Blatchf., 5/268^ 9/igg Fish. Pat. Cas.^ 4/12,4/404,6/519. Sawyer, 1/512. Wall., l5/l87. See, also, ante, 42. 25'7. 'What is an infringement of a pat- ent for a design. McLean, 4/^^^^ Off. Gaz. Pat., S/ggg^ 258. "What is an infringement of a pat- ent for a composition. Blatchf , 2/521 Curt., 1/260. McLean,^ 6/303, 313. Vt., 24/ggg 259. WTiat constitutes an infringe- ment of a chemical process or compound. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/357^ Holmes, 1/124^ Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/j2o 260. Sale, or use of product of pat- ented machine, no inftinge- ment of the patent. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/626, 2/203. PATENTS, XII. 407 3. Remedy by action at law.^ 261. "When an action -will lie, genei^ ally. Stat, at L., I6/207. Am . L. Reg., 1/139 Gurt., 1/100. How.,10/477_ Story, 3/^49 Woods, 1/195. 262. Trespass on the case proper form of actioni Eev. Stat., § 4919. McAll., 1/32. 263. Election bet^ween action for dam- ages, or suit to restrain, or for profits. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/275. ^^- Gaz. Pat., 5/430. Sawyer, 4/230. 264. 'Who may sue, generally. Rev. Stat., § 4919, 4922. Off. Gaz. Pat., 4/692_ 5/430 Wall., 7/515^ 10/3g7_ 265. Right of assignee to sue. Bond, 1/126 135. See, also, ante, 181. 266. Joinder of parties plaintiff. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/533 ^/4ll. McAll., 1/82. Off Gaz. Pat., 2/47^ 267. Parties plaintiff in actions by personal representatives. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/499 Wall., 9/738_ 268. Rights of licensee, in action in name of patentee. Blatchf., 4/433 Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/95 269. "Who may be sued. Biss., 1/367. Gilp., 1/439. Law Rep., 9/g45_ Low., 1/211. McLean, 3/gg2_ Phil., (Pa.) 10/221. Wheat., 10/353. 270. "When a corporation is liable. Blatchf., 3/91 Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/32. See, also, Corporations, 63. 271- Requisites of declaration, gen- erally. Blatchf., 2/31 McLean, 4/353 4/370 Wash. C. C, 4/220. 272. Pleading the letters and specifi- cation. Blatch., 2/3J McLean, Sj^^^ 4/526. Pet. C. C, 1/96, 1/476. Story, 2/^09. Wall., 2/59, Wash. C. C, 4/320. 273. Allegation of infringement. Blatchf., 2/3j^ McLean, ^j^^o^ ^1^26. Wall. C. C, 4/220. 274. "What may be set up in defence, generally. Rev. Stat., 4920. Stat, at L., 5/^33, I6/203. Abb. U.S., 1/89. Blatchf., 1/597' Cliff., 2/379 Fish. Pat. Cas., s/^^g Holmes, I/312. How., 15/137 Pet., 6/218. Story, 1/336. Wash. C. C, 3/408. 4/9. Wheat., 3/454^ 7/453. 275. Sho-wing that specification is de- fective, or contains more than is necessary to produce the de- sired effect. Baldw., 1/303. Blatchf., I/372. Brock., 2/298. Cliff., 2/351. Curt., 2/475 Gall., ^438,^478,%!. How., 15/g2. McLean, 2/35, %48, ^/44. Mason, I/132, 1/447, 2/^12. Paine, I/203, I/300. Pet., 6/213. Wall, 19/433. Wall. Jr., 2/35g 276. — that patent was surrep- titiously or unjustly ob- tained. Blatchf., 4/3g2 Fish. Pat. Cas., I/479, %14. Holmes, 1/215. How., 18/173. McLean, 6/93 Story, I/590. Wall., ''/583. 277. Showing prior use of the inven- tion. Baldw., 1/303. Blatchf, 3/543^ Qj-^^^^ 10/140 Brews., (Pa.) 4/275. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/109. How., 10/477, 1^/74. Mc- Lean, 4/j77_ 5/44^ g2. Paine, 3/343. Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/241. Sumn., 8/514 See, also, ante, 80, 160. 408 PATENTS, XII. 278. — or description in a public ■work. Am. L. Eeg., 8/33. Blatehf., S/g^g^ %i7. How., 19/96. McLean, S/ggg See, also, ante, 31. 279. Prior use or description abroad. Rev. Stat, § 4923. Stat, at L., I6/207 Blatehf., 4/347^ 9/352. Bond, 1/327. Cliff., %63. Fish. Pat. Gas., l/gis^ 8/276. Law Rep., n. s., lO/egi. McLean, S/^^^ Off. Gaz. Pat., I/525, 5/555. Otto, 7/j2g_ See, also, ante, 32. 280. Denial that patentee is first in- ventor. Blatehf., 4/307^ 4/508 Brews., (Pa.) %60 %5. Fish. Pat. Gas., 4/^37 4/533^ 5/i89, %56, ^Im. Holmes, I/124, 1/372! McLean, ^/g^g^ Mason, 1/302. Off. Gaz. Pat., l/4_ 1/466, %4, ^829, %01, 9/745, 10/507, 10/588. Wall., I8/120. Wash. C. G., 2/311 2/342. Woodb. & M., 1/290. 281. Sbo-wiug abandonment by in- ventor. Blatehf., 2/229^ 2/279_ 6/43g^ g/^Q^ 14/94^ Brews., (Pa.) 4/275. Cliff, ^kos, 2/224, 2/494, %63. Fish. Pat. Gas., S/^gg^ 6/23^ 5/471. Holmes, I/503. How., 21/322. Off Gaz. Pat., 6/g82. Otto, 7/126. Fet. 2/1.7/292. Pet. C.G., 1/394. Story, 1/273, 3/402. Wall., 7/583 Woods, l/i38. 282. Showing neglect of alien patentee to place invention on sale. Blatehf., 2/49 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 8/207. 283. Defence of want of novelty. Abb. U.S., 2/398. Bond, 1/327. Cliff., 2/304. Fish. Pat. Gas., 2/eoo, 4/^37^ 6/^4 Off Gaz. Pat., 6/g82_ 8/g85. Otto, 2/347_ Wall, 20/498. 284. — of want of utility. Fish. Pat. Gas., 1/433. Holmes, I/340. Int. Rev. Eec, 23/go Off Gaz. Pat., ^/ll8. 285. Necessity of notice of special matter of defence. Eev. Stat., § 4920. Blac&, I/427. Holmes, 1/503. Otto, %. Wall., 8/420. Wash. G. C., 4/g 286. Time to give the notice. Length of notice. Fish. Pat. Gas., e/g^g How., as/g McLean, 4/525 Off. Gaz. Pat., 4/g3g^ 10/420. 287. What is a sufficient notice. Stat, at L., I6/208. Blatehf., I/372. Bond, 1/327. Fish. Pat. Gas., l/gig, 6/543^ 6/5ig. How., 14/218, 24/164. Off Gaz. Pat., 4/g3g_ 6/724. Pet., 14/448. Pet- C. C, 1/215, 1/322. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/397 Wall., 9/737 Wall. Jr., l/ig2. Wheat., 3/454. Woodb. & M., 1/376. 288. What is an insufficient notice. Blatehf., 1/445. How., 14/218. 289. Form and requisites of the plea. Blatehf., 3/i^g^ 5/4^^ McLean, 4/17,^ 6/631. Off Gaz. Pat., 5/149 290. Defendant cannot set up same defence by special plea, and notice under general issue. Blatehf, l/gg7 Bond, I/259. Fish. Pat. Gas., 3/gio 291. Time to file special plea. McLean, 4/525. 4. Remedy in equity to restrain infringement. 292. General nature of the remedy. Bond, 1/126. Fish. Pat. Gas., I/222, 1/340 3/67, 3/77, 3/340, 3/420, 5/396. Off! PATENTS, XII. 409 Ga^. Pat., 2/g9_ Story, S/^^g^ Wall. Ji"-> %10. 293. Injunotion allowed to prevent multiplicity of suits at law. Fish. Pat. Cas., a/g^g. 294. The riglit to sue. Blatchf., 6/33 Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/374^ 4/2g3_ Hughes, 1/64. Off. Gaz. Pat., ^/ll63. Woods, 1/195. 295. "Wlio may file a bill. Joinder of complainants. Abb. U. S., 2/398 Blatchf., %o^ %33, 12/202. Bond, 1/126, 1/407. Cliff, 2/35i_ Dill., 1/104. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/626, ^/l61. How., 4/7J2. Off. Gaz. Pat., 4/692, 6/34, 9/1163. Wall., 10/357. 296. Parties defendant. Blatchf., 5/i34_ 7/5_ 297. Wlien patent must be first estab- lisbed at law. Am. L. Reg., l/igg. Blatchf., 1/247, 4/174, 4/509. Curt., 2/553_ Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/661, 6/82. Law Eep., 8/314^ 8/4^3_ McLean, 4/70 Paine, I/441, 2/92. Story, 3/122. Wash. C. C, 4/259. Woodb. & M., 1/13, 1/376, 3/120. 298. "What is a sufiacient estabUsh- ment of tlie patent to entitle complainant to an injunction. Blatchf., l/i63, l/l87, 2/471, 4/i84, ^!m. Curt., 2/5og Fish. Pat. Cas., I/317, 2/74, 2/251, 2/465, ^/l30, ^/448. ^aw Rep., 7/465, 9/545. Off. Gaz. Pat., 6/go4 Sawyer, 8/422. Woodb. & M., 1/13, 1/248, 1/290. 299. "What is not. Blatchf., 3/293 Fish. Pat. Cas., I/31. Low., 1/87. Cff. Gaz. Pat., 3/334. 300. When previous trial at law is unnecessary. Am. L. Reg., 8/475. Blatchf., 2/275, 3/548,^/151. Brews., (Pa.) 4/275. Curt., 2/506. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/ig7, 2/455^ 2/553^ 2/642, 4/i98, 6/465. Otto, 4/^80. Wall. Ji"-? 2/283. 301. Effect of long possession, public acquiescence, &c., to dispense with trial at law. Blatchf., 3/548_ 4/238, IO/217. Curt., 1/279, 2/506, 2/553. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/277, 1/382, 1/626, 2/465, 2/553, 6/370, 6/465. Law Rep., 8/4^^3 McLean, 3/25Q Paine, 1/441, 2/92. Story, 3/,22. Wall. Jr., 2/356. Wash. C.C, 4/259, 4/584_ Woodb. & M., 1/13, 1/248, 1/290. 302. Effect of laches on part of com- plainant. I>illv %8, %2. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/147 Law Rep., 8/413 Story, I/273. 303. The bill; and motion papers, gen- erally. Blatchf., 4/37g_ 7/i95_ 13/^5j_ Uj^^^ Fish. Pat. Cas., Sj^s^ sj^e^^ ^ksi, 6/286, 6/413 , McAU., 1/17. Off Gaz. Pat., 8/773 'Pe^me, 1/441. Sawyer, 3/542^ Wash. C. C, 4/259, 4/514. 304. Opposing papers. Blatchf., 3/548, 14/179. Fish. Pat. Ca.s., 1/58, 1/93. Sawyer, 8/542. Story, 8/171 305. Suflaciency of the answer, or plea. Biss., I/168. Blatchf., 6/401^ 14/53 Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/531^ 5/j Off Gaz. Pat., 8/268. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/397. Wall., '^/583, II/5I6. 306. Effect of denials in answer, and how overcome. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/i85. Law Rep., 410 PATENTS, XII. 8/413. Wall. Jr., 3/^24. Wash. C. C, 4/259. Woodb. & M., 1/248. 307. Effect of admissions in the an- swer. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/3^^ Wall., 1/155. 308. Amending tlie answer. Blatchf., ll/524_ 13/349 ^isli- Pat. Cas., 6/325 Otto, 5/214. 309. "When supplemental answer may be filed. Wall. Jr., 3/30S 310. Hearing and determining the mo- tion. Biss., 5/444. Blatchf., s/^g^^ 4/^^^^ 12/494. Boad,,2/386. Cent. L. J., 5/425. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/320. Off. Gaz. Pat., */l32, ^/255. Woods, 1/195. 311. What proof of title will give pat- entee right to a preliminary injunction. Blatchf., 2/^44_ Curt., 2/gQg Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/133^ 2/195^ 2/gg3_ Paine, I/441. 312. What proof of infringement is sufilcient. Blatchf, l/i67, 4/2og^ 14/505 Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/382. Holmes, 1/450. Off. Gaz. Pat., 7/83g Wall., Sj^^^^ See, also, post, 356. 313. What is insufiacient. ■Dill., 4/100. Law Rep., 8/4^3 314. Effect given to opinions of ex- perts. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/335 McLean, 4/7Q Wall. Jr., 1/347. See, also, post, 365 ; Witnesses, 105. 315. When issues will be sent to a jury. Blatchf., l/i87^ l/545_ 1/537. ^^ish. Pat. Cas., 2/395^ 2/gg^ McLean, 3/25o_ 4/gj_ 4/70 See, also, Equity, 39. 316. Granting preliminary iiyunctioa discretionary. Cent. L. J., 5/425. Fish. Pat. Cas., */359, ^/l5. Law Rep., N. S., II/471. Story, 1/273. Woodb. & M., 1/13. See, also, Injunction, 31. 317. WTien an injunction will be granted. Blatchf, 1/532, %0, 4/109, 4/l84, 4/509, ^/l65, ^/l70. Bond, 1/126, V407. Curt., 2/340. Fish: Pat. Cas., 2/^81^ 2/435^ 3/^^^ %9//l80. Int. Rev. Rec, 23/gj)_ Law Rep., 9/545 Low., 1/87. McLean, 4/gj^ 4/174. Sawyer, 2/3gi_ Wall., I6/544. 318. W^hen refused. Blatehf , 3/545_ 4/gj^ 4/70^ 4/4^3_ 6/49g^ %21, ^^/453, ^4/337, 14/342. Bond, 1/393, 2/100. I>ill-, %2. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^/l81, V277, ■^/472, %2, 4/i89, 4/359. Law Rep., N. s., 11/390, 1^651. McLean, 3/395^ 4/275. Off Gaz. Pat., 2/590^ S/g^g, 9/255^ 10/828. Pittsb., (Pa.) 1/513, 2/241. Story, 1/273, 3/749, 4/280. Wash. C. C, 4/259. 319. WTiat persons may be enjoined as infringers. Blatchf., 2/78_ S/gj Law Rep., 9/545.. McLean, 3/437. Off. Gaz. Pat., 5/491^ Woodb. & M., 1/248, 3/120. 320. What persons may not be. Blatchf, 3/268. Woodb. & M., I/248, 321. What acts on part of licensee will be enjoined. Blatchf, l/i65, 1/536, 3/449. McLean, 3/523. 322. When licensee will not be en- joined. Blatchf, 1/536. 323. Injunction in favor of licensee. Blatchf, 1/388. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/34^^ PATENTS, XII. 411 324. Effect of the iujvinction on rights of third persons. Int. Rev. Eec, 24/23 0^0, 5/355 325. "When an order for account and security 'will be granted in- stead of an injunction. Abb. U. S., 2/398 Blatchf., l/sn, ^/275, ^/l84, ^/227, ^/496, ^/266, -^^/426. Curt., 1/279. F'sh. Pat. Ca.s., 1/317^ 1/340, V472, V586, 2/l67, 2/311, ^/377. Law Rep., N. s., 11/471. Off- G^az. Pat., S/^^^^ 326. "When the injunction will be dis- solved. Blatchf., 3/2eg Woodb. & M., %35 327. "When it will not be. Oases of doubt Blatchf., 1/205, ^^549. Law Rep., ^/465, 8/413. Woodb. & M., 1/376, 1/389, %35. 328. Dissolving on sworn answer. Woodb. & M., 3/i35_ See, also. In- junction, 49. 320. liehearing. Blatchf., 9/550^ 11/524. Fish. Pat. Gas., 4/508_ 5/3^Q_ 5/g37_ 330. What amounts to a violation of the injunction. Blatchf, 4/253 Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/80. 331. Attachment for violation. Fine. Biss., 5/77_ Blatchf, 14/i52_ Bond, l/eoi. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/33^^ Woodb. & M., 3/135. 332. Incidental matters of practice. Blatchf., 8/i„^ 13/205^ 14/^82 Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/428, 4/348 How., 20/^98 Off. Gaz. Pat., S/^gg S/g^^ Phil., (Pa.) 1%68. 5. Questions of law and fact in respect to infringe- ment. 333. Generally, the construction of the language of the specifica- tion is for the court. Brock., 2/298 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/57^ 4/64. How., 5/i_ 6/43^^ 484_ McAlL, 1/48. Woodb. & M., 1/53. 334. And so is the interpretation oT the claim. Blatchf., 1/398. How., 16/330 335. But the application of the claim, the meaning of technical words, the effect of surround- ing circumstances, &c., are for the jury. Blatchf , 1/445 How.,14/218. Story, ^/l22. 336. The truth or falsity of the speci- fication must be found by the jury. Baldw., 1/303. Pet. C. C, 1/394. Story, 2/432. Wash. C. C, 1/168. 337. And they must find whether spe- cification is precise enough to enable skillful mechanic to construct machine described. Brock., 2/298. How., 17/74, 17/85. McLean, 5/44. Mason, 1/182. 338. The court decides what novelty is, but the jury must find its presence or absence. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/g^g How., 17/74. McLean, 5/44, eo. Wash. C. C, 3/^96 339. Utility is ordinarily a question of fact. Paine, I/203. 340. So is priority of invention, know- ledge, or use. Baldw., 1/303. Deady, I/649. Wall., 13/453. Wash. C. C, I/168. 412 PATENTS, XII. ■341. And identity between conflicting machines. Blatchf., 1/372, 2/474. Gall., S/g^^ McLean, 2/^76. Wall., 18/453. 342. WTiether rene-wed patent is for same invention as original sur- rendered, is for the jury to de- cide. How., 4/380. Story, 2/432 343. The question of infiringement is for the jury, and not for the court. Blatchf., 1/258. How., 15/330. Mc- Lean, 3/250. 344. WTiether an invention has been abandoned is for the jury to determine. Blatchf., 4/509. How., 21/322. 345. Wliat are mixed questions of law and fact. McAU., 1/17, 1/48. 6. Evidence on qtieslion of infringement. 346. General rules. Blatchf, 14/54J Dill., 4/448. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/107, ^/550. McLean, 5/44. 347. Presumptions in favor of regu- larity in the proceedings at the patent ofiQce. Blatchf., 14/352. Cliff., 3/277_ 3/g39 Fish. Pat. Cas., S/ggg^ Gj^^g^ MacArth., 1/459. Phil., (Pa.) '10/227. See, also, eady, I/649. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/43^ 3/g3g^ 4/404 Sawyer, 1/512. Wall., 13/453. 350. "Where description exceeds claim, excess is presumed to be abandoned. Off Gaz. Pat., 5/235^ 5/494 351. Evidence of novelty, or want of it. Blatchf., 1/407, 1^3. Bond, I/407. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/gig, 2/120, «/67, 6/74. Holmes, I/133, I/172. Off. Gaz. Pat., 8/685. Wash. C. C, 4/703. 352. — of utility, or absence of it. Bond, l/sei Holmes, I/340. Int. Eev. Rec, 23/go 353. Proof that plaintiff was, or was not first inventor. Cliff, 2/224^ 3/408. Fish. Pat. Cas., ■^/44, 2/440. Holmes, I/412. Off. Gaz. Pat., 6/728, 10/421. Wash. C. C, 4/538 354. Burden of proof on defendant to show that plaintiff was not first inventor. Blatchf, 2/229^ 6/51, Cliff, 2/304^ 2/449. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/332, 2/000, %. McLean, 3/432_ 5/44^ 6/303. Otto, ^/l26. 355. Or to show want of novelty in invention. Blatchf, 5/2g8_ 14/293 Cliff, 2/304_ Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/20^ 2/goo. 356. Burden of proving inftingement is on complainant. Cliff, 3/277_ 3/408 Fish. Pat. Cas., V351,%6. McLean, 5/44 Phil., (Pa.) 8/157 See, also, ante, 312. PATENTS, XII. 413 367. Effect of defendant's admiBslons. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/521, S/gg, ^ks. How., 22/217 358. If plaintiff -would ante-date in- vention to time prior to appli- cation, the burden is on him. Cliff., 2/108, 2/449. ^ish. Pat. Cas., 2/291, 2/440, %35. 359. What is admissible in evidence under notice of special mat- ter. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/479. Pet. C. C, 1/215. Wash. C. C, 4/g8 360. Burden of proof of special mat- ter on defendant. Pet., 14/448. Woodb. & M., Zj^^l. 36L Abandonment of invention not inferred ; but must be afiflrma- tively proved. Blatchf., 2/229. Brews., (Pa.) 4/375. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/384. Off. Gaz. Pat., 5/555. Phil., (Pa.) 10/252. k 362. What is sufiQoient proof of aban- donment. Blatchf., 9/50. Fish, Pat. Cas., 5/23. 363. Models of the conflicting ma- chines evidence of high char- acter. Bond, 1/254. Fish- Pat. Cas., I/461. Hughes, 1/59. Otto, 7/554 Phil., (Pa.) 10/227. 364. If defendant have a patent he may put it in evidence. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^Iza. How., 16/252. 366. Admissibility and effect of ex- pert testimony. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/25g Hughes, I/59. Mason, I/447 470. See, also, ante 219, 314, Witnesses, 105. 7. Damages. Loss of profits. Costs, &c. 366. The general rule is a fair compen- sation for the loss sustained by the infWngement. Blatchf., l/398_ 2/j94_ 2/239^ 8/2^9^ 8/3g_ Sawyer, I/512. Wash. C. C, 4/9 Woodb. & M., 2/i_ 367. Illustrations of the rule. Bond, 2/45 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/j4j_ Otto, 7/348_ 368. Exemplary or vindictive dam- ages not to be found by the jury. Blatchf., 2/194^ 2/229. Gall-, 1/478. Off Gaz. Pat., 8/393^ lO/^^g^ Otto, 3/54. Wall. Jr., l/i64. 369. Discretionary powers of the jiuy in estimating damages. Baldw., 1/303. Blatchf, 1/445^ 1/457, 2/37. Gall., 1/429. How., 14/218. Ma- son, 4/1 Pet. C. C, 1/394. 370. WTien a license fee is the mea- sure of damages. Blatchf, 2/j^ 3/2(,9_ 8/535^ 14/235 Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/ig7^ 2/207. How., 11/587, 16/480. Off Gaz. Pat., 9/497_ Rttsb , (Pa.) 2/241. Story, 3/402. Wall., le/g^. 371. When patentee's usual, or proba- ble profits are the measure. Blatchf., 1/398, 2/229, 2/474, %09, 225. Ct. of CI., 2/451. How., 16/480. Mc- Lean, 6/g3i 372. WTien profits realized by defend- ant by reason of the infringe- ment, are the measure. Biss., 1/382. Blatchf, 2/132, 2/194, 2/229, 11/197, "/265, 1%3. Bond, I/212, V5II. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/57^ 4/404^ 5/290, %06. How., 15/546, 20/i98. Mason, I/182. Off Gaz. Pat., 1/609, Otto, 2/7ie. Wall., l*/620. 414 PATENTS, XII. 373. What plaintiff has lost, not what defendant has gained, th^ mea- sure of damages. Blatchf., S/gg Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/375. 374. "When value of use duringterm of infringement, is the mea- sure. Gall., 1/478. Wall., 3/3i5_ 375. "When nominal damages only, are recoverable. Baldw., 1/303. Blatchf., 14/315. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/588. Gall., 1/429, 1/478. Stp- ry, %22, 137. 376. If plaintiff claim more than nom- inal damages, he must prove his actual damages. Fish. Pat. Ca^., 1/352, %2, %88. How., 23/487_ 377. Measure of damages for infWnge- ment of patent for an improve- ment. Blatchf., 12/243. F'sh. Pat. Gas., 2/588^ How., 16/480, 491. Off. Gaz. Pat., 8/377 378. Power of the court to increase the verdict. Stat, at L., 5/^23, ^%08. Blatchf., V244, 2/37, 2/194, 9/173, 9/194. Fish.' Pat. Oas., I/38O, 2/i67, 5/113, ^/l34. How., 11/587. 15/546, 16/480, 2O/198. -Off. Gaz. Pat., 10/748. Otto, 3/64. 379. "WTien the court wiU treble the damages. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/^37 Gall., 1/439 Pet. C. C, 1/394. 380. WTien they will not be trebled. Bond., 1/194, 2/29. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/38O, 2/i67, 2/207, 2/642, ^/ll6, %81. Wall. Jr., 3/330 381. Verdict no bar to suit for subse- quent infringements. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/8g_ 4/g4^_ Gall., 1/478. Sawyer, I/702. Wall., 3/3i5_ Woodb. & M., 2/i3i_ 382. But where plaintiff has estab- lished license fee, verdict for such fee gives defendant right to use invention. Blatchf., 3/535_ 13/389 Off. Gaz. Pat., ^/293. 383. Bemitting excessive damages to avoid new trial. Blatchf., 9/173. 384. Distinction between mode of as- sessment in equity and that adopted at law. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/137^ 2/3^7^ 2/343^ 4/253^ 385. Formerly, both profits and dam- ages could not be recovered in equity. Blatchf., 9/47g Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/381 386. But imder present laws they may be. Eev. Stat., § 4921. Cliff., 8/355 Off. Gaz. Pat., 9/497 387. Reference to master to ascertain and report damages. Biss., 5/344. Blatchf., 1/430, %6, 1^/109. Cent. L. J., 2/34g Off Gaz. Pat., 8/98g Paine, 1/45. Wall., 9/783 Wash. C. C, 4/48. 388. How profits are to be computed. Biss., 5/179 Blatchf., 4/8g^ 6/328_ 9/385_ 9/476, 12/20, 14/19, 14/i41. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^/497, 4/404, %90, %10, 5/381, 6/l87, 6/24O. Holmes, 1/58, l/igg. Off Gaz. Pat., l/gog, 5/491, ^/l76, 9/203. Otto, 4/g95_ Wall.i 9/788, 14/620, 21/205, 23/518. 389. "WTien interest on profits is re- coverable. Blatchf., 21^^ 4/8g How., 20/378 Wall., l4/g2o. PATENTS, XII, XIII. 415 S90. Right to costs, generally. Bond, l/i72 Fish. Pat. Cas., S/^og ^/211. 391. "WTiat items are taxable. Blatchf., 5/210. Bond, I/528, Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/244 392. Wliat are not taxable. Bond, 1/528. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/285 393. Counsel fees. Blatchf., 1/258, V272n. G^all., I/429. How., 23/2 McLean, 4/4g2 Mason, 2/119. Wall., 17/460. Wall. Jr., I/164. Woodb. & M., 2/121. 394. Master's fees. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^/gjg 395. "Witness fees. Eev. Stat., § 4907. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/g33 See, also. Witnesses, 8-11. XIII. DECISIONS INTERPEETING PAE- TICULAK PATENTS. [The cases referred to below, so far as they contain elucidations of legal principles, will also he found in the previous divisions of the title.] Amalgamating barrel, improved. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^Iigj_ Amalgamating pans for silver ores. Sawyer, a/g^j.^ Annealing and cooling cast-iron ■wheels, process for. Bond, 2/45 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/141^ 4/207. Wall., 14/620. Anvil for -welding railroad bars. Biss., 3/66. Chic. L. N., 6/43 Anvil, or swedge-block, improvement in. Chic. L. N., 6/4g Off. Gaz. Pat., 12/709. Otto, 4/695. Apple-paring machine. Curt., 2/34Q Fish. Pat. Cas., I/277.. Artificial gums and palates. Blatchf., 13/375 Fish. Pat. Cas., %7, ^/l34, ^/224. Holmes, 1/354. Off Gaz. Pat., 5/586, «/l54, %, ^Il53, ^°kl, 12/561. 14/346. Otto, 3/4g6. Artesian wells, improvement in ex- ploding torpedoes in. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/ggg Auger-handles, improvement in. Off. Gaz. Pat., 14/203. Augers, machinery for manufacturing. Blatchf., 14/198. Automatic lathes. Off. Gaz. Pat., 8/go8 Baling-presses, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., e/ggg Off. Gaz. Pat., 4/18I. Band-ruffles. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/514. Bank-note printing, improvement in. Wash. C. C, 4/9 Bark-mills. Blatchf., 2/132 Barrel head linings, improvement in. Blatchf., 12/366. Off. Gaz. Pat., 8/193 Base-burning stoves. Wall., 20/353 Billiard tables, design for. Off. Gaz. Pat., 3/689. Billiard tables, making and construct- ing certain parts of. Off Gaz. Pat., 10/467. Bit-braces, improvement in. Blatchf., 14/169. 416 PATENTS, XIII. Bolting' machine. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/igg, 1/335. Bolts, improvement in manufacture of. Blatchf., 8/344^ 14/79_ Bomb-shells, fuses, &c. Ct. ofCl., 5/i_ Bonnet frames, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/3^ Bonnets, itnprovemient in the manu- facture of. Blatchf., 9/509„.' Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/442. Off. Gaz. Pat, 2/330 Bonnets, machine for pressing. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^g^^ S/ggg Bookbinders' paste. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/357_ Holmes, I/124. Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/^30. Boot and shoe heel polishing machine. Off Gaz. Pat., 10/4 Boots and shoes, improvement in the manufactiu:e of. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/203. O^- Gaz. Pat., %23. Boot trees. Fish. Pat. Ca^., 2/i4g^ 2/53^ Bottle stopper. Biss., 3/j^gy Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/3^ Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/225. Brakes for railroad oars. Otto, 7/554 Bran duster, improved. Blatchf., 4/200. ^ish. Pat. Cas., 8/343^ Brass kettles, machine for making. Blatchf., 9/77 Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/43 Breech-loading flre-arms, improve- ments in. Blatchf., 10/39^ 10/201^ 12/444 Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/3J Off Gaz. Pat., 2/392. Brick or tile-making, improvement in. How., 5/1 Bridge piers, improvement in mode of building. Wall., 12/47. Bridges, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/4gg* Bronze dressing for leather. Holmes, 1/43. Brushes, improvement in. Holmes, I/432. Off. Graz. Pat, 7/302 Brush heads, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/3og. Buckets for chain pumps. Off Gaz. Pat., H/ggg^ ^ Buckles, improvement in. Holmes, 1/395. Off. Gaz. Pat., S/^gg. Bunch-and plug tobacco. Blatchf., 14/307 Off. Gaz. Pat., 12/7^4 Bung-bushes, improvement in. Off Gaz. Pat., 9/837_ 9/933. . Burning fluid. Wall., 7/327_ Buttons, designs for. Blatchf., 1/247 Buttons, improvement in. Blatchf., 9/342 Fish. Pat. Cas., S/ggg^ Off. Gaz. Pat., 1/534. Button shanks, devices for attaching. Fish. Pat. Cas., e/gog Holmes, 1/393, Off. Gaz. Pat., 5/33 Candle-'makiug machine. Blat«hf., 9/3L70. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/349^ V475, ^/l07, ^/l30. Cannon, improvement in msinufac- ture of. Blatchf., 5/3g9 Fish. Pat. Cos., 8/^34 PATENTS, XIII. 417 Oaoutohouo, improved maohine for cutting. Holmes, I/372. Off. Graz. Pat., ^/egs. OaOTitoliouo, improvement in manu- factiire of. Blatchf., 4/493 Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/g2_ 2/213. Oaoutoliouc, improvement in treating. Blatchf., 4/i84_ 4/^9o_ 4/253^ 4/493^ S/^g^ Fish. Pat. Cas., l/i^i, 1/213, 2/74^ 2/2i3_ Capstans for steamboats, &o. Brews., (Pa.) 4/27g_ Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/i89. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/377 Carbonic acid gas, appliances for gen- erating. Phil., (Pa.) 10/227. Car brakes. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/337^ 2/523. Oarburetting air, improved apparatus for. Blatchf., 12/144 Off. Gaz. Pat., 8/2 Carding engines, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/^33 Car for transporting petroleum. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/j4g_ Carpenters' squares, improvement in. Off. Gaz. Pat., 14/44 Carpet lining, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/3Q2 Holmes, l/gg Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/53 Carriage wbeels, improved. Blatchf., 9/524, "/295. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/4i5_ 6/495_ Off Gaz. Pat., I/437. Oars for coal, improvement in. How., 15/330. Cars, improvement in supporting bodies of. Blatchf., 4/227 2a Car vrheels. Blatchf., 1/372, 1/388. Fish. Pat. Cas., Vl7, 1/31. Off. Gaz. Pat, ^g. Casters for bedsteads. N.Y. Leg. Obs., 2/251. Oases for rotary blowers. Off Gaz. Pat., 4/29 Caustic alkalies, improvement in de- vices for putting up. Fish. Pat. Cas., 31^23, ^/l48. ^^^U (Pa.) 8/144. Centrifugal machines for draining sugar. Holmes, 1/438. Chains for necklaces, improvement in. Blatchf., 13/173 Off. Gaz. Pat., 8/204 Chains, machine for stretching. Blatchf., 6/307 Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/595 Cheese presses, improvement in. Blatchf., 13/107. Circular-sa-w miUs. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/293. Circular-sa'ws, mode of hanging. Bond, 1/361. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/39 Clothes wringers, improvement in. Blatchf., 14/46 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/379^ %28. Holmes, l/jgi, I/278. Off. Gaz. Pat., 4/527. Wall., 20/342 pioth-marking machine. Otto, 4/288. Cloth, process for making. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/339 Clover and grass-seed harvesters. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^Ji^^ Coal-oil, improved process for purify- ing. Blatchf., 8/416 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/514 418 PATENTS, XIII. Ooflans, improvement in. Cliff., .2/379. Columns, shafts, &c., improvement in construction of. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/456. Off- Gaz. Pat., 1/466. Phil., (Pa.) 9/368. Combination locks. Blatchf., 5/455. ^ish. Pat. Cas., 3/279. Composition for inking printers' roll- ers. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/^53 Off. Gaz. Pat., 1/48. Composition for roofing. Holmes, 1/^67. Compression steam gauge cook. Blatchf., 13/357_ Concrete pavement, improvement in. Blatchf., 14/i52. Off. Gaz. Pat., 14/7^3 Cooling and ventilating rooms, im- provement in methods of. Blatchf., 12/303. Off- Gaz- Pat., ^/642, ^%88. Cooking stoves, improvement in con- struction of. Blatch., 1/398, V445, 2/26O. How., 20/378, McLean, 4/^74. Corded elastic fabric. Blatchf., 9/400 Fish. Pat. Cas., ^I^^q^ Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/5^9 Corn-cultivator. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/ggg Corn-planting machine. WaU., 23/^81. Corset-clasp and cloth attachment. Blatchf., 14/72. Corsets and abdominal supporters, improvements in. Blatchf., 12/225. Holmes, 1/325. Off- Gaz. Pat., 5/273^ 6/259^ 12/890' Otto, %66. Corset springs, improvement in. Blatchf., 9/553. I'Jsh. Pat. Cas., 5/531. Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/g2. Cotton and other thread, improve- ment in packing. Paine, I/203. Cotton bale ties. Blatchf., 10/350. Fish. Pat. Cas., %84, %96, 5/471, %54. Off Gaz. Pat., %3, ^/435. Woods, 1/153, Vl95. Cotton-gin, improvement in. Pet., 16/513. Story, 2/433. Cotton-speeder, improvement in. Woodb. & M., l/gg. Cultivators. Biss., 2/i89_ 3/32i_ 6/494 Blatchf., 2/275, 2/279». Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/g32. Off Gaz. Pat., 9/795 Otto, S/ggQ. Curing meats, improvement in pro- cesses for. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/g5_ Curtain rollers. Cliff, 1/538. Cushions for billiard tables. Blatchf., l0/33j_ l3/^87_ Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/143 Off Gaz. Pat., %5_ Cutting and engraving stone, metal, glass, &c., iraprovement in. Blatchf., 9/42^ Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/323. Off Gaz. Pat., 1/574 Cutting irregTolar forms, machine for. ■Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/ggg Crimping and fluting machines. Otto, 6/218. PATENTS, XIII. 419 Defensive armor for ships and batter- ies, improved. Blatchf., 9/352. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/g^g^ Off. Gaz. Pat., 1/535. Deodorized hydrocarbon oils, im- proved method of manufaottir- ing. Holmes, I/331. Off. Gaz. Pat., 5/267. Otto, 4/gg8_ Detachable teeth in sa-ws, mode of in- serting. Deady, 1/649. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/ggy. Differential pulley blocks. Blatchf., 13/447 Door locks, improvement in. Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/68. Wall., 18/^20. Door or shutter bolts, improvement in. Blatchf., 8/344 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/443 Double-faced door lock. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/521, I/527. Draining plo^ws. Biss,, 1/362. Bond, I/279. Fish. Pat. ■Cas., 1/532, ^/l74. Dust deflector for'windo'ws of railroad cars. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^/ggg Egg-beater. Holmes, 1/413. Off. Gaz. Pat., 6/685. Elastic fabrics, improvement in. Holmes, I/172. Elastic packing for joints and valves. Holmes, I/120. Elastic packing, improvement in the manufacture of. Blatchf., 9/5ig^ Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/433 Off. Gaz. Pat., 1/359, Electro-deposition of nickel, improve- m.ent in. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/g^y. Holmes, I/155 1/328. Off. Gaz. Pat., 1/578. Electro-magnetic bathing apparatus. Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/335. Electro-magnetic telegraph, improve- ment in. Blatchf., 9/345. I'ish. Pat. Cas., I/64, Vi33,^/268. How., 15/62. McLean, 5/73. Off. Gaz. Pat., 1/551. Exercise, apparatus for. Blatchf, 12/110 Off. Gaz. Pat., S/gg Extra yards for top-sails. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/333 Eat acids and glycerine, process for making. Wall., 19/287. Fatty bodies, process for purifying. Blatchf, 9/j Bond, 1/511. Fish. Pat. Css., 2/229, 2/5I8, ^/599, %15. Feed-water heater and filter. Off. Gaz. Pat., 7/g2g. Fibrous material, machine for surface- sizing. Blatchf, 6/80 Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/239, %26. Filling and crimping machines. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/452. Fire engines, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/252.- Pire extinguishers, improvement in. Off. Gaz. Pat., 6/34 Fire places, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/iig. Fire-proof safes. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/i, 2/1 Fish preserving, process for. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/igQ Holmes, I/20. Otto, 1/37. 420 PATENTS, XIII. Flasks for casting iron pipes, improve- ment in. Off. Gaz. Pat., 10/375_ Flexible tubing for illmninating gas. Blatchf., 8/3ig_ Fish. Pat. Cas., %9. FloTir, improvement in manufacture of. Cranch, S/^gg, Flour, process for making from mid- dlings. Dill., 4/100, 4/448. Flour-separating machinery. Blatchf., 4/200. Bond, 2/1^5 Fluting miachines. Blatchf., %e8, l%70, 12/530. Fish. Pat. Cas., %7. Off. Gaz. Pat., e/ggg. Fruit jars, improvements in. Blatchf., 12/149 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/528. Otto, 4/92. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/3gg_ Forks and spoons, improvement in. Blatchf., 11/54. Forks and spoons, designs for handles of. Blat«hf., 7/5i3_ Furnaces, improvement in. Blatchf., 10/66. Fish. Pat. Cas., C/ggQ- Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/3gg_ Furnaces for burning wet ftieL Off. Gaz. Pat, e/^j^^ Furnaces for treating ores by super- heated steam. Blatchf., 6/307 Fish. Pat. Cas., Sj^g^ Qaiter boots, elastic woven fabrio for. Wall., 21/112. Gang-plows, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^I^q^_ Sawyer, I/512. Glass-cutting tool. Blatchf., 12/1 Off. Gaz. Pat., 7/^77 Glass knobs, Improvement in. Baldw., 1/303. Globe-valves, improvement in. Blatchf., 9/516. Glue, improvement in manufacture of. Otto, 7/3_ Gold pens. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/igg. Grain-drills, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/415. Graining pails, improvement in ma- chinery for. Wall, 10/133. Guard-plate for stoves, iraproved. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/35. Phil., (Pa.) ^/376. Gun locks, improvement in. Blatchf., 1/567. Halter-rings, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/517 Holmes, 1/374. Hand cars for railroads. Off. Gaz. Pat., 3/334 Hand-mirror, improved. Blatchf., 9/301 Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/345. Holmes, I/415. Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/4^ 6/723. Hand stamps, improvement in. Blatchf., 10/481 10/490 Off Gaz. Pat., 3/412, 4/l32. Fish. Pat. Cas., %qs^ 6j^s, Harness saddle-pad, improved. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/353 Holmes, l/i33_ Off Gaz. Pat., 2/595 Harvester rakes, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/337. Harvesters. Blatchf., 2/24o_ 3/209_ 5/433^ lO/igj^ 10/307 PATENTS, XIII. 421 1^317, 11/334. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/ggg^ */ll6, %56, %34. ^/551, ^/562. McLean, 6/543. Off. Gaz. Pat., ^j^^^, ^Il81, 10/113,14/308. Otto, 7/348 Wall., T/egg, 11/678. Hat body machinery, improvements in. Blatchf., 4/^e3_ 10/403 Fish. Pat. Oas., 5/^36, 6/219 Off. Gaz. Pat., S^^q^ 5/364. Wall., 1/531, 22/1 Hat brims, method of curling. Fish. Pat. Oas., S/ggg^ 3/371 Hats and bonnets, improvements in. Blatchf., 9/494 Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/75 Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/351 Heated masses of iron, improvement in mode of carrying. Off. Gaz. Pat., 5/ggg Hoisting apparatus and elevators. Holmes, I/459 Off. Gaz. Pat., S/ggg Hoop-skirts, improvement in. Blatchf., 5/477 ^Im. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^l553, %06, %8b. Hoop-skdrts, machinery for fastening clasps to. Blatchf., 7/126. Horse rakes, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^j^is. Horse shoes, machine for making. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/477^ Hose-coupUng, improvement in. Blatchf., 7/7^ 7/279^ 10/g2i_ Fish. Pat. <^as., 3/621, 4/596_ 6/289_ Hose pipes. Sawyer, a/g^g^ Hotel register. Off Gaz. Pat., 6/491^ 5/493 5/494. Hubs for wagon -wheels, improve- ment in. Off. Gaz. Pat., 1%8. Hydraulic mining apparatus. Sawyer, S/gg. India rubber and steel springs, im- provement in combined. Blatchf., 12/go. Off. Gaz. Pat., %24. India rubber goods. Blatchf., %i^ 5/468. Cliff., 1/348. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/437, 3/242. How., IS/gn 20/216. Wall. Jr., 2/356 India rubber, improvements in- the manufacture of. Biss., 2/1 Blatchf, 3/488, «/429, 5/463, 5/468, 6/i21. Bond, 2/i89 Fish. Pat. Cas.-, 1/472, 1/626, ^/l54, ^/203, %12, ^llSi, 3/209, 3/242, 3/259, 3/390, 3/420, 3/439, 3/456, 5/90. How.,20/216. Hughes, 2/492. Off Gaz. Pat., 1/91. Wall., S/^gg. India rubber pencil heads, improve- ment in moiilds for shaping. Blatchf., 6/511 India rubber, process for yulcanizing. Blatchf, 6/229. Cliff, 3/356. Iron bridges, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/456, 5/468. Off Gaz. Pat., V466, 1/471. Irregular forms, raachine for turning. Blatchf, l/25g, 2/411 Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/103,1/154. Off.' Gaz. Pat., 7/341. Story, 2/i64. Sumn., 8/279, 3/635. Knitting machines, improvements in rotary. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/577 Knitting needles. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/197 422 PATENTS, XIII. Ladies' hair nets, improvement in. Blatchf., 12/96. Off- G^az. Pat., S/g^g. Otto, 3/271. Lamp black, process for making. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/isg. Lamps, improvement in. Blatchf., 9/g5^ 14/232 Fish. Pat. Cas., ^Is7, %0. MacArth., 1/301. Off- Gaz. Pat., 1/117. Wall., 17/463. Lanterns, improvement in. Biss., 3/374^ S/ggg Blatchf., S/g^g^ Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/563^ ^j^^^, ^/iso, ^Il38, Hohnes, 1/120. Lantern deflector. Biss., S/ggo Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/677_ Lead pencils, improvement in. Blatchf., 12/68. Otto, 2/347 Lead pipe machines. Blatchf., 2/474_ How., U/igg, 22/^^, Leather, machine for ornamenting. Wall., 10/117. Leather preparing, improvement in. Otto, 3/460. Wall., 19/433. Leather splitting machines. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/284_ Lime-kilns. Biss., 2/3ig_ Locks, improvement in. Blatchf., 5/455 Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/279 Locks and latches, improvement in. Blatchf., 7/61^ 10/i4o_ Pish. Pat. Cas., 3/640. Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/495 Locomotive trucks. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/i87 Off Gaz. Pat., %27. LoQomotives, improvements in spark: arresters for. Holmes, 1/445. Long trunks for cleaning cotton. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^/gg Looms, improvement in. Blatchf., 13/^^9^ l3/37j_ Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/536. Off Gaz. Pat., ^1^22, ^/iSl, 10/3. Story, 1/270. Lubricators, improvement in. Off Gaz. Pat., 7/425^ S/g^Q^ Lumber-sawing machines. Otto, 4/ig7_ Machine for sa'wing thin boards. Blatchf., 8/44g Fish . Pat. Cas,, 4/493^ Magic ruffles. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/330 Marine paint, improved. Off. Gaz. Pat., 5/92. Martingale rings, improvement in. Off. Gaz. Pat., 7/go6. Otto, 7/7 Matches, improvement in friction. Blatchf., 2/521 Curt., 1/260 Sumn,,. 3/514. Mattresses, treating moss for. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/320. Meal, improvement in cooling and. drying. Blatehf., 14/293. Means of rendering joints steam tight.. Blatchf., 6/299 Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/476^ How. Pr., 37/77 Men's hats, improvement in. Blatchf., 8/552 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/628.. Metallic button holes and links. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/575 PATENTS, XIII. 423 Metallic ouspadore. OfiF. Gaz. Pat., la/^gg Metallurgio furnaces, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Gas., 5/33 Millstone dressing, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/ggg. Millstones, improved mode of regu- lating. McLean, ^lnQ_ Mop-head, improved. Blatchf., 9/156. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^I^q^ Mortising machine. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/446. Mouldings, mode of making. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/289. Mowing maobines, improvement in. Wall., 11/678. Musical instruments. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/5^3 Muskets, improved auger for boring. Wash. C. C, 4/215. Nails, improvement in macliinery for making. Pet. C. C, 1/394. Nitro-glycerine, mode of exploding. Sawyer, 3/^g Nuts, improvement in the manufac- ture of. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/555 Oil vrells, method of increasing ca- pacity of. Brews., (Pa.) 4/260 Fish. Pat. Cas., ■*/532. Off. Gaz. Pat., 1/4. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/352. Oxide of zinc, furnace for manufac- ture of. Phil., (Pa.) 10/262. Paint cans, improvement in. Blatchf., 8/^26^ 11/162. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/53i_ 4/524 '6/457 Off Gaz. Pat., 4/55. Paint for ships' bottoms, improvement in. Blatchf., 10/gg Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/593 Holmes, I/312. Off. Gaz. Pat., a/ggg Palm-leaf, mode of preparing. Story, 2/190 Paper-making machine, improved. Sumn., 1/482. Paper bags, machine for making. Blatchf., 7/475^ 11/379 Cent. L. J., 3/223. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/igg^ e^Qz, %82. Off. Gaz. Pat., 8/173. Otto, 7/^20. Paper collars. Blatchf., 7/58_ 8/324_ 10/jo9_ Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/g38_ 4/45^,^ 5/597 Holmes, 1/427. Off- Gaz. Pat., 2/361^ 7/g98^ 7/8„_ Wall., 23/530 Paper collars and ctiffs. Holmes, 1/427. Off. Gaz. Pat., 7/221, Paper collars, fabric for making. Wall., 23/530 Paper cuffs, improvement in. Blatchf., 10/109. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/597. Off Gaz. Pat., 2/3gi Paper for roofing purposes, method of preparing. Off. Gaz. Pat., 10/931 Paper-pulp, improvement in. Blatehf., 5/i5i_ 8/5J3 Fish. Pat. C^s., 2/341, %40. Holmes, I/142. Off. Gaz. Pat, 1/409. Wall., 23/5g6_ Pens, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/gjg^ 424 PATENTS, XIII. Picker staff motion for looms. Fish. Pat. Cos., 5/1 Wall, ^Sj^q^^ Planes. Blatchf., l%o. Planing machines, improvements in. Biss., 1/121, V168. Blatchf., l/igs, Vl67, Vl87, V529, V532, 13/95. Fish. Pat. Cas., V154, %1, %7, %2, %35, ^/50. How., */712, 1%12. McLean, S/gg^^ Sj^^^ 4/7^ Off. Gaz. Pat., S/ggg Story, 3/i22_ Woodb. & M., 3/120, 3/i35_ Plated-metal bracelets, improvement in manufacture of. Blatohf., 12/107 Off. Gaz. Pat., 6/3 Plate holder for cameras. Cliff, 2/449. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/535^ %72, %07, %48. Ploughs, improvement in. Brock., 2/298 Pet., le/agg. Story, ^/568. Portable forge. McArth., 1/620. Portable still--water dam. Blatchf., 12/122. Off- Gaz- Pat., 5/753. Otto, 4/225 Powders, improvement in putting up. Blatchf., 9/361. Fish. Pat. Caa., S/ggg. Off Gaz. Pat., I/165. Power looms, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/^72. Preparation of leather, improvement in. Ofcto, 3/430 Preserving fish, improvement in. Blatchf., 10/2g4 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/175. Holmes, I/20. Off. Gaz. Pat., 8/4,3/97. Otto, 1/37. Preserving fruit, improvement in. Biss., 2/472. F'sh- Pat- Oas., 4/395. Preserving green corn, improvements in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/343. Holmes, I/37. Hughes, 2/527. Off Gaz. Pat., 8J401. Otto, 1/171. Printing presses. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/gog Holmes, I/303 Off Gaz. Pat., 5/gi Printing type, improvement in manu- facture of. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/355 Prisons, improvement in construction of Wall., 7/295. Puddle balls, machine for rolling. How., 15/252. Pulping and disintegrating vegetable substances, improvements in. Blatchf., 6/27 Fish. Pat. Cas., S/gjg 3/362, %24. Pulverulent acid, for use in the prepa- ration of soda powders, improve- ment in. Blatchf., 10/122. Pish. Pat. Cas., 5/615. Off Gaz. Pat., 8/349 Pumps, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/373 Punching and stamping metals, Im- provement in. Off. Gaa. Pat., 4/579 Railroad car brakes. Biss., l/4g8, 3/52 Fish. Pat. Cas., %87, ^/586. Railroad cars. Blatchf, 2/279 Pish. Pat. Cas., l/jgi, 1/213 3/1 4/1. How., 10/329^ 15/330,21/88' Story, 2/415 Taney, l/iQg. PATENTS, XIII. 425 Railroad cars, improvemont in mode of supporting. Blatchf., 4/227_ Fish. Pat. Cas., I/340. Railroad cars, improvement in repair- ing. Chic. L. N., 3/337_ Fish. Pat. Cas., ^/sso. Railroad car wlieels, unprovem.ent in process of manufacture. Bondj 2/45 Fish. Pat. Cas., S/^g^^ 4/141, Wall., 14/620. Rails for railroads, improvement in mode of forming. How., 10/329. Rakes, improvements in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/534. Off. Gaz. Pat., %48. Reaping machines. Biss., 1/300. Blatchf., 2/240^ S/ggg^ S/^g^ Bond, 1/407. ^isli- Pat. Cas., I/509, 2/120, 2/362, «/ll5. How., 19/196. Off. Gaz. Pat., 5/398 O"o, 7/348. Wall., H/gig. Reflector for gas-lights. Blatchf., 11/422. Off Gaz. Pat., '^/201. Refrigerators, improvement in. Blatchf., 11/11. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/393. Holmes, I/224. Off. Gaz. Pat., S/ggg Otto, 1/150. Registering steam-gauge. Off. Gaz. Pat,, 5/208. Repeating fire-arms. Cliff., 2/224. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/44^^ %6. Reversible locks and latches. Blatchf., 12/36. Off Gaz. Pat., 7/353. Revolving flre-arms. Fish. Pat. Ca.g., l/ios 2/572. Rifled flre-arms, improvement in. Off Gaz. Pat., 14/355. Rock-crushing apparatus. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/543 Pittsb., (Pa.) Rook-drill, improvement in. Blatchf., 14/ii9_ Rocking chairs, improvement in. Story, 2/408. RolUng mills. MacArth., I/531 Rooflng composition. Holmes, I/167. Rotary blo"wers. Chic. L. N., 1O/307. I'ish. Pat. Cas., ^/439. Otto, 7/224 Rotary knitting machines. Blatchf., 5/268. Rubber heads for lead-pencils. Blatchf., 9/490 Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/377^ Wall., ^0/498. Rubber overshoes, improvement in. Blatchf., 12/101 Off Gaz. Pat., 7/ioi2. Ruffles, improvement in. Blatchf., 13/151 Off Gaz. Pat., 8/773, Saddles, improvement in. Wash. C. C, 4/68. Safety valves for steam engines. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/222, 2/202, 2/417. Sash lock or fastener. Blatchf., 14/396. Sa-w mills, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/244 Otto, 2/426, Off Gaz. Pat., 3/30 Saw mills, improvement in circular. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/298. How., 24/159, 426 PATENTS, XIII. Seed-planting machines. Biss, 2/457 Cliff., 1/592. Fish. Pat. Gas.; 1/397, 2/268, ^/363. Off- t^az. Pat., 7/385 ^*/l. Self-closing faucet. Off. Gaz. Pat., ^^-^^^ Sewing harness, improvements in. Fisii. Pat. Gas., 6/432 Holmes, I/234. Off. Ga^. Pat., 9/201. Sewing machines. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/133^ 1/337^ 1/351^ 1/382^ V558, ^/586, 2/102, 2/112, 2/i63, 2/291, 2/395^ 2/588. Sewing machines, improvements in. Biss., 1/515^ 6/203 Blatchf., 4:1^^8, ^/se, 7/97, 7/209, 7/521, IV304. Cliff, 2/245 Fish. Pat. Cas., l/igo, I/558, 1/^86, 2/102, 2/112, 2/395, ^/77, %2, ^/472, ^Im, ^kn, ^/488. Holmes, 1/149 Low., 1/37. Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/470^ 4/goj Sewing machines, mode of putting up. Off. Gaz. Pat., S/^^^^ Shade fixtures, improved. Blatchf., 7/j2Q Holmes, l/493_ Off. Gaa. Pat., 8/94, Shawl straps, improvement in. Off. Gaz. Pat., 6/jg7 Sheep-shearing devices, improvement in. Off. Gaz. Pat., 9/^018. Sheet-metal pressing and stamping machines. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/5^2 Shingle machines, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., e/gg^ Off Gaz. Pat., %8. Shirt-collars, improvement in. . Blatchf., l0/jQ9 Fish. Pat. Cas., S/gg^^ Off. Gaz. Pat., 2/3gj Shoe-lasts, improvement in. Cliff, 2/507. Shoe -pegging machine. Blatchf., 10/232. Off- Gaz. Pat., 2/g45_ Shower-baths, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/g Taney, l/jgo. Sieves, improvement in. Off. Gaz. Pat., 12/940 Silk goods, mode of dyeing and finish- ing. Mason, l/447_ Silver-ware, designs for. Wall., 14/gii. ' Skates, improvement in. Off. Gaz. Pat., 14/377 Slides for extension tables. Blatchf., 11/34 Smut-mUl and separator, improved. Blatchf., 9/205_ Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/i74_ Soda-water apparatus, improvement in. Blatchf, 7/77 Solar camera, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/^33 Speaking-tube whistles, improvement in. Blatchf., 9/^39 Fish. Pat. Cas., S/yg, Spelling blocks. Off. Gaz.'Pat., 6/3 Splitting wood, machine for. Blatchf., 6/go Fish. Pat. Cas., S/ggg^ ^/386. Spring mattresses, improvement in. Blatchf., 9/214 Fish . Pat. Cas., 5/2i3_ PATENTS, XIII. 427 Springs for hoop-skirts, improvement in. Blatchf., 9/262_ 9/277 Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/224. 5/230. Off. Gaz. Pat., ^^g^ Stationary -warps for looms. Off. Gaz. Pat., 5/429. Staves, improvement in machine for making from bolts. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/jog. Steamboat staging-, improvement in. Off. Gaz. Pat., 8/^05 Woods, 2/^^ Steam boiler covering, improvement in. Dill., 3/131 Fish. Pat. Cas., I/602. Steam boilers, arrangement of. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/372, Vsso. Steam cut-off. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/222, 2/199, 2/417. Blatchf., 3/538_ 4/go9 Steam engines, improvement in. Blatchf., 4/g(j8. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/199^ ^/609, ^/l06, ^/434. Steam engines, mode of opera-ting and. handling. Wall., 15/187 steam-gauges, improvement in. Holmes, I/309. S-team-generators, improvement in. Bond, 1/259. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/455, V471. S-team-boUers, safety apparatus for. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/221. Holmes, 1/356. Off. Gaz. Pat., 6/725. Otto, 7/^89. Stem-setting -w-atches, improvement in. Blatchf., 9/294. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/337. S-tone-breaking machines. Bies., 3/77 Blatchf., 6/294^ 11/237. Chic. L. N., 3/353. Fish. Pat. Cas., %94, ^/591, ^/74, ®/609. Holmes, I/200. Off. Gaz. Pat., 8/122, S/297. Otto, ^/728. Stone-channelling machines. Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/477^ Stone pavement. Off. Gaz. Pat., 5/149. Stop-valves for petroleum packages. Blatchf., 9/353 Fish. Pat. Cas., 5/235. Off Gaz. Pat., 2/545 S-toves, improvement in. Blatchf., 2/260 6/307, 7/443. Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/489. How., 20/378 Wall., 21/205. Stuflang-boxes, improvement for pack- ing. Blatchf., 6/95 Fish. Pat. Cas., 3/4oq_ Sub-marine cables, improvement in insulating. Off. Gaz. Pat., 14/943 Sugar-draining machines. Holmes, 1/438. Sugar, improvement in pvtrifying and cleansing. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/gQo Sulphuric ether, improved mode of applying. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/320 SiiBpender s-traps, improvem.ent in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/525^ 5/540^ 6/575^ Holmes, 1/234. Syringes. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/454 Off Gaz. Pat., 4/398. Wall., 8/230. Tailors' shears. McLean, 6/345 Tan bark, extracting process. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/236 Holmes, 1/53^ 1/205. Off Gaz. Pat., 3/30. 428 PATENTS, XIII. Threshing machines. Biss., 1/87. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/io, Zj^i^ 2/465. Hughes, 1/59. McLean, e/ggg Story, 2/gQg_ Tin cans, improveemnt in. Blatehf., 14/505. Tin cans, machinery for making. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/452. Off- Gaz. Pat., 82. 1/31 Tool-grinding machinery. Woodb. & M., 3/j7 Traveling bags, improvement in. Otto, 5/214 Tremolo attachment, improvement in. Blatehf., 8/440^ 9/55o_ Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/508_ Holmes, 1/456. Off. Gaz. Pat., ■^/633, '^/781. Trucks for locomotives. Blatehf., 10/292. Off- Gaz. Pat., 8/93 Phil., (Pa.) 10/252. Trunks, improvement in. Int. Rev. Rec, 23/^^2. Truss bridges, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^I^iq^ Tuck-creasing attachment to sewing machines. Otto, 4/299 Turning machine. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/103. Umbrella ribs, improvement in tem- pering. Blatehf., l4/438_ "Valve cocks. Fish. Pat. Cas., l/sjg Valves for governors. Bond, 1/285, V327. Fish. Pat. Cas., ^ku V615. Valves of steam-engines, apparatus for lifting, &c. Blatehf,, 3/293 Fish. Pat. Cas., V222. Vault covers, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/420. "Wagon gearing, improvement in. Off. Gaz. Pat., 12/1026. Wagon reaches, improvement in. Biss., 2/ig9 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/igg Wall., 18/g7o. "Wash boards, improved. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/30^ ■Watchman's time detectors. Blatehf., 9/479 Fish. Pat. Cas., S/ggg. Off Gaz. Pat., 2/395 "Water-closet receivers, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/^69 "Water-wheels, improvement in. Blatehf, 8/4J Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/44^ ^/58, ^/93, ^/239. McLean, 4/3^^ Sj^ Wash. C. C, 4/259_ "Weavers' harnesses, improvement in machine for making. Holmes, I/234. "Wells, process for constructing. Blatehf., 13/307 "Well-boring drills. Off. Gaz. Pat., 9/333 Well-filter, improved. Biss., 5/42g_ "Well-tubes, improvement in. Cent. L. J., 2/25e Diii.^ a/g^g^ 4/343^ Off Gaz. Pat., 8/333 "Whips, improvement in. Blatehf., 6/477 Fish. Pat. Cas., S/ggg^ PATENTS, XIII— PAYMENT, I. 42& Whip-sookets, improvement in. Blatchf., 9/33g Fish . Pat. Cas., S/ggg, White zino, process for making. Blatchf., 6/435 Fish . Pat. Cas., S/gg^^ Off. Gaz. Pat., S/^gQ Winnowing maoliines. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/^67. Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/241. Wire fences. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/^79 Wire staple, improved. Blatchf., 7/507_ Wood-bending machines. Bond, 1/254, 2/66, 2/84. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/461, 3/176, 3/186. Wall., 8/420. Wood-splitting machines. Fish. Pat. Ca^., 4/^2, %_ 4/i7o_ Wooden bungs, improvement in. Off. Gaz. Pat., V/^gg Wooden pavements, improvement in. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/^gg^ S/g^g, e/^g^ Otto, 7/i2g. Sawyer, 4/gg2 Wool-cleaning machines. Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/39, 4/4^^ i/^^ Wool, machine for manufacturing. Wall., 7/583. Wrenches, improvement in. Otto, 6/549 Yam, apparatus for dyeing. Fish. Pat. Cas., I/537, 2/97. As to Oopynghts and Trademarks, see those titles. PATENTS, (for Lands.) Public Lands, 81-91. PAYMENT. I. QeNEBAL PRENCrPLES. n. Payments otheb, than in Money. I. GENERAL PBINCIPLES. 1. What amounts to a payment. Cranch C. C, 2/53^ 4/7^3. Ct. of CI., 2/167,2/421. Low., 1/398. McLean, 3/37i_ Pet. C. C, 1/441. Sumn., l/i. Wash. C. C, l/sgg, 4/3Q8 2. Who may receive payment, gener- ally. Op. Att.-Gen., 2/gg 3. — of bUl or note. McLean, ^Isqi. 4. — of mortgage debt. McLean, 2/5^9 5. — of claims against the government. Op. Att.-Gen., 8/29, 8/533^ 4/399^ 5/^83, %77. 6. Part payment, and its effect, gen- erally. Blatchf., 1/335 Cranch, B/u. Cranch C. C, 5/jo2. Ct. of CI., 2/508. Mac- Arth., 2/334 Pet., 12/178. "7. — to stop the running of statute of limitations. Blatchf., 9/114 McLean, 6/i8g. Wash. C. C, 4/i48. See, also, Limitations of Actions, 63. 8. The presumption of payment, gen- erally. Brock., 2/20. Cranch C. C, 1/35, 2/72. Hempst., l/eg. 9. What lapse of time wUl raise the presumption. Black, 1/253. Cranch, ^^li^o, ^/415. Cranch C. C, 2/72. Gilp., I/554. How., 430 PAYMENT, I, II. 8/210. McLean, 2/253^ 4/282_ Wash. C, Cv 2/323. Wheat., 9/489. Woods,! 10. "What is insuflacient. Crabbe, 1/434. Pet., I/318. Pet. C. €.,1/497. Wall, 10/519. Wash. C. C, %23. U. Such presumption does not arise against the government. McLean, 4/gg7_ 5/^33 12. How the presumption may be re- butted. Brock., 2/2Q Crabbe, l/yg Cranch, 2/18O. %5. Cranch C. C, I/85. 13. Evidence to prove payment.- Cranch, 5/^^^ Cranch C. C, I/282 3/51. Dill., 1/372. Pet., 3/, Wall.; 1/637. Wash. C. C, 2/i8o_ 4/93 14. Under what plea payment may be given in evidence. Cranch, S/ggg^ 4/333 Cranch C. C, 4/448. Hetnpst., 1/12. Pet. C. C, 1/441. 15. Effect of compulsory pajrments under sequestration acts. Abb. U. S., 1/58. Chase Dec, l/igg. See, also, Confederate States, 5. II. PAYMENTS OTHEE THAN IN MONEY. 16. Forged paper, spiu-ious coin, &c. Cranch C. C, S/ggg How., Il/ig4_ Mason, 2/373 Wheat., 10/333. 17. Bank notes ; and herein of pay- ment by a bank in its own. notes. Hempst., 1/236. How., 2/29 Wheat., .^0/333. 18. Confederate money. Abb. U. S., l/i69. Wall., 22/^98 See, also. Confederate States, 3. 19. Effect of receiving a bill, note, or check as payment, generally. Blatchf., 1/297. Bond, 1/267. Cliff., •'■/420. Cranch, S/^gg Cranch C. C, Vi35, %54. How., 12/225. McLean, 4/128. Pet., 10/532_ 12/32 Sawyer, I/47. Story, 2/455 Vt.,/20/ggg Wall., 8/3^ Wash. C. C, 3/39g^ 4/27^ 20. When such payment will be deeemd an extinguishment of the debt. Cliff, 1/1, 1/63, V420, 2/4, 2/130. Cranch, , I/18I. Cranch C. C, 2/25 Hempst., 1/315, Low., 2/226. McLean, 2/539 Pet, 7/^13. Pet. C. C, 1/262. Sawyer, 2/356. Taney, 1/400. Ware, 2/^j^2. Wash. C- C, l/i56^ 2/24^ 2/jg-^^ 8/39g_ 21. When It will not have such effect. Am. L. Reg., 6/5^ Brock., 2/35^ Cliff, 1/420. Cranch C. C, I/27, l/ggi, %54. Hempst., 1/431. How., 1/134^ ^^0. McLean, S/ggg^ 4/393 Mason, ^/336. Wall. Jr., 2/327 Wash. C. C, Vi9i, 1/328. Woodb. & M., 2/75_ See, also. Debtor and Creditor, 8. 22. Right of creditor to sue on origi- nal cause of action. Brock., 2/350 Cranch, 3/3jj_ Cranch C- C, 1/257, ^/285. How., 3/483^ Pgt. C- C., 1/262. As to Payment into court, see Practice, 13. As to Application of payments, see Debtok Awa Cbeditoe, 9-17. As to payment of Legacies, and Debts of dece- dent, see EXECTJTOKS and ADMOflSTRATORS, 30-41. Legacies, 15-17. As to payment of Executions, or of Redemption, money, see Execution, III. As to Receipts for money paid, see Eeceipts. For rules regulating the Recovery back, of money paid, see Money Paid; Money Re- ceived. PENALTIES. 431 PEDIGREE. Admissibility of Hearsay, to prove, see Evi- dence, 55. PENAL STATUTES. Statutes, 40, &c. PENALTIES. 1. General nature of penalties; and herein of tlae construction of stat- utes imposing tliem. Ben., 3/257^ 5/220. Cranch C. C, I/55. Int. Rev. Rec, H/ng. Paine, l/ie ^/23. Story, 1/109. 2. Enforcement, generally. Abb. U. S., 1/66. Crancb, I/252. Cranch C. C, 1/125, %17, ^/l33, ^/542. Deady, I/281. Law Rep., IO/395. Mc- Lean, 3/g3i Paine, 2/300. Taney, I/418. .3. — by action of debt. Brock., 1/520. Cranch C. C, ^1453. How., 13/429. I"t- ^^^- ^^<^-' ^%8. McLean, 6/277 Sumn., 2/^19. "Wall. ■Jr., 2/3JJ 2/324 See, also, Debt, (action of) 6. 4. "WTio may sue. Cranch C. C, S/^gg^ 4/352 Deady, 1/588. I"t- ^®^- ^^•> ■'^^/ss. ^^'^ ^V; N. s., 11/598. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 4/294. Newb. Adm., I/262. Sumn., 3/jjg .5. Rules of pleading, evidence, &c. Blatchf., 1/151. Brock., 1/520. Cranch ■C. C, 3/199//199. Deady, 1/588. Gall., V26, V55, %, V257, V26I, V268. How., 5/215. Int. Rev. Rec, 9/97 Law Rep., N. s., 8/672. McLean, 2/^95^ 2/g^j_ ij^^^^ Wall., I8/516. Ware, I/450. Wash. C. ■C, 2/493. 6. Defences ; ignorance, &c. Cranch, 9/71 Gall., l/gg. Gilp., I/235. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 4/3 7. Judgment ; recovery, &o. Curt., 2/502. 8. The information. Abb. U. S., 1/495. Cliffi, 1/532. Cranch C. a, 1/21. Gall., 1/67, 2/485, 2/552. Wheat., 9/38I See, also, Foeeitttees, 9. 9. Rights of informers. Distribution. Biss., 4/^7g_ Blatchf., e/^^g^ Cliff., 2/453. Deady, 1/538. !"*• I^ev. Rec, ^/20,^/l69. McLean, 3/53_ 3/299 Mason, 2/85, %39. Paine, I/426. Taney, I/47. Wall., 7/454_ Wash. C. C, 3/464_ See, also, FoEFEiTUEES, 15; Inteenal Revenue, 109. 10. Remission, -waiver, &c. Abb. U. S., i/iio. Blatchf., e/^^g Brock., 1/439. Cranch C. C, 2/1 8. Gall., 2/515 How., 3/534 Op. Att.-Gen., 10/3 Wall., 5/372. ^/i66. Wash. C. C, 4/g4 Woolw., l/i98. See, also, Paedon, 3 ; President, 16. For further decisions relative to penalties under Specific laws, see Duties, IX ; Internal EEVBNtTB, VI. As to when the Amount recoverable for breach of a contract, or covenant, is in the nature of a penalty; and as to the distinction between Liquidated damages and Penalty, see Dam- ages, 5, 6. PENDENCY OF ANOTHER ACTION. Abatement, 6-9 ; Pleading, 28. PENNSYLVANIA. For decisions relative to Pennsylvania, In common with the other states of the Union, see States, I. As to the Public land system of the state, see Public Lands, 130-138. 432 PENSIONS AND BOUNTIES— PERJUKY. PENSIONS AND BOUNTIES. I. Pensions. n, BOXTNTIES. I. PENSIONS. 1. Po'wers of congress. Constitution- ality of pension la^ws. Abb. U. S, 1/74^ 2/53^ Law Eep., N. s., 12/53 2. Cases interpreting the pension la'ws. Am. L. Reg., N. s., ^I^qq^ Ct. of CI-, 1/179, 1/207. How., 19/355 Law Rep., N. s., 12/82. 3. "WTio are entitled to pensions. Proof of the right. Stat, at L., 18/gi^ 19/4Q3 Cranch C. C, 5/367. Ct. of Cl'., 1/207,4/218. Dev., 1/188. Op. Att-Gen., 11/1 11/442 Wall., 12/177. 4. Pension agents. Compensation. Penalty for exacting illegal fees, or ■withholding pension moneys. Rev. Stat., § 5485. Abb. U. S., 1/74^ 2/531. Ben., 4/33o_ Biss., 7/gg. Blatehf,' 12/345. lilt- Kev. Rec, 23/73 II. BOUNTIES. 5. Interpretation of statutes giving military bounties. Abb. U. S., 2/53 j_ Ct. of CI., 8/523 Wall., 9/432. 6. Who entitled to bounty. a. of Cl., 3/6^ 3/385_ 5/47g Wall., ®/432, %14, 1^/34. 7. Liability of county or town. Ct. of CL, 5/312. 8. Military bounty lands. Ct. of Cl., 1/233. How.,22/j8g_ Mc- Lean, 1/32. Otto, 5/334 P^i;%n,^lm. See, also. Public Lands, 34-44. PEORIA. Municipal Coepobations, 4*7. PERILS OF THE SEA. Definitions; Insbbanoe, 41. PERJURY. 1. Jurisdiction of federal courts. Ball., 4/372. McLean, 8/5^3^ 4/33^ Sawyer, 4/539 Wash. C. C, 1/34. Woods, 2/^28. 2. What constitutes the offence. The oath. Stat, at L., 19/404 Baldw., 1/370 Biss., 4/425. Blatehf., 14/^^5. Bond, l/i. Cranch C. C, 3/393^ 4/^90 Gilp., I/439' How., 17/204 Law Rep., n. s., 9/91 McLean, 2/^35^ 4/3^ ij^^^^ 4/j3g_ ej^^^^ Mason, 2/gg Pet., 9/333 Sawyer, 4/639. Sprague, 1/553 Wash. C. C, 1/34. 3. The statement must be material, and -willfully made. Int. Rev. Rec, 12/i3g_ Law Rep., ^'- s., 9/91. McLean, 3/5^3^ 6/499^ Saw- yer, 1/277. Wash. C. C, i/84. 4. Form and sufflciency of the indict- ment. Blatehf, 4/39^^ 4/393^ 6/503_ Cranch C- C., l/495_ l/505_ 4/613 Gall., 1/337, 1/497. How., 17/304 Int. Rev. Rec, 10/42. McLean, 3/390 4/3^ 4/113 Mason, 2/229. Morr., (Iowa) I/341. Sprague, 1/232. Wash. C. C, 2/328. 5. AdmissibiUty and sufflciency of evidence. Blatehf, 14/go Cranch C. C, 4/299 Deady, I/127. Pet., 14/430 PERSONAL PROPERTY— PIRACY. 433 6. Punishment. Cranch C. C, I/123. As to who may Admimisier an oath, see Arir- DAYTTS, 2 ; NOTASIES, 1. PERPETUATING TESTIMONY. Depositions, 2. PERPETUITIES. Devise, 5 ; Legacies, 10 ; Wills, 33. PERSONAL INJURIES. Cakriers, 42, 43 ; Munioipax Cobpora- moNS, 27, 28 ; Eailkoad Companies, 21-27 ; Trespass, 4, 10. PERSONAL PROPERTY. 1 wnat chattels are property, so as o be proper subjects of replevin nd trover. Low., 1/223. See, also, Replevin, 6 ; Teover, 3. 2. The title and ownership, generally. Ct. of CI., 4/, 4/^79. Hempst., 1/225. Mason, 1/381. Pet., lO/jgi. Utah T., 1/33,1/215. Wall.,7/33j Wash. C.C, ^/l72. 3. Effect of the law of place. Cranch C. C, S/g^g Ct. of CI., S/ggg How., 3/483_ Mason, l/gg^ N. Y. Leg. Obs., 11/38. Otto, 3/gg4 Pet., 13/io7_ Wall., 5/307_ 7/^39 Wheat., H/ggi. 4. Conveyances, and other transfers of title. Rights of purchasers. Black, 3/672. Blatchf., 3/244 Brock., 2/l85. Call, (Va.) 6/3og_ How., 12/197. Wash. C. C, 3/g4g See title Sales. 2b 5. Confusion ; and its effect. Chic. L. K, 5/217. Ct.ofC].,5/g97^ %93, %46, Vm, Vb&i, ''Im. Int. Rev. Eec, l0/ig4 Otto, 3/575 Sawyer, 1/306. Wall., 11/356. PETITION. In Bankruptey, see Bankhuptct, 37, 74, 98. In Insolvency, see Insolvency, 6. For Rules of pleading, generally, see Plead- PETITORY ACTIONS. AuMrRALTY, 66. PHILADELPHIA. Mttnicipal Coepoeations, 48. PILOTAGE. Shipping, V. PIRACY. 1. Piracy is an offence against the law of nations. DalL, 3/133 Wheat., 6/153^ 6/^34^ 5/4^2^ 11/1. 2. What amounts to piracy. Statu- tory definitions of the crime. DalL, 3/133. Gall., 1/247. How., 2/310. Mason, 3/jjg Op. Att.-Gen., 11/114 Sawyer, 4/5^1 Wash. C. C, 3/209^ 3/34^^ 4/402. Wheat., 3/gjo, S/144, S/153, 5/l84, 6/152, 12/1. Wheeler, 2/90^ 2/305^ 2/543 3. "Who are deemed to be pirates. Blatchf., 5/g Paine, 2/324 Sumn., 2/19. Wash. C. C, 3/228. Wheat., 6/144. 434 PIEACY— PLEADING, I. 4. The necessary piratical design. Sumn., 2/^9, 5. Accessories. Wash. C. C, 3/34o_ 4/428. 6. Jurisdiction of federal courts. Baldw., l/i5. Wash. C. C, Sj^q, Wheat., 3/gio "7. Indictment. Blatchf.,%8. Sumn.,2/jg Wheat., ^/l84. 8. Evidence. Sumn., 2/^9_ go. Wash. C. C, S/ggg Wheeler, 2/5^3 For Other offences usually committed by sea- men, see CBiMiifAL Law, 26, 27, 40 ; also, Homicide, 9; LAECEirr, 2; Mutint; Sea- men, VII. PLACE OF TRIAL. Laying the vmue, see Pleading, 8. Ohcmging the venue, see Trial, II. PLEADING. [Includes rules of pleading in civil actions at law, in equity, and in admiralty, except such as are peculiar to some partieular cause of action, remedy, or defence, which is the subject of a sep- arate title in the work.] I. PLEADDia AT COMMON LaW. 1. Oeneral principles. 2. Dedaration. 3. Plea. 4. Demurrer. 5. Replication; and subsequent pleadings. II. Pleading in Eqtiity. 1. General principles. 2. BUI. Oroes-bUl. 3. Plea. Answer. 4. Demurrer. 5. Replication. III. Pleading in Admikaltt. IV. Vebipication of Pleadings. V. The Issue ; its Scope, and how Joined. VI. Evidence tjndee Pleadings. Vaei- ANCB. 1. In actions at law. 2. In suits in equity. 3. In suits in admiralty. VII. Effect of Pleadings as Evidence. VIII. Service. Filing. Withdrawal. IX. Amended and Supplemental Plead- ings. X. Eemedies for Errors and Defects. Waiver. I. PLEADING AT COMMON LAW. 1. Oeneral principles. 1. Interpretation of pleadings, gen- erally. Blatchf., 8/227 Hempst., I/294 How., Vl04. 2. The requisite certainty. Hypo- thetical pleadings. Biss., 5/j83 Blatchf., 5/^^ Cranch, 7/408. Cranch C. C, l/ggg^ l/goy. How., "/282, 16/65. McLean, 4/^^ 5/2^4 Saw- yer, 4/382. Wash. C. C, 3/140. 3. Pleadings must contain facts, not evidence. McLean, 3/2^^^ 4. Exhibits, when part of a pleading. Otto, 7/389 Sawyer, I/166, 2/259.. 5. Pleadings must not contradict terms of -written instruments. Gall., 1/388. 6. How statutes should be pleaded, generally. Ct. of CI., 4/61 McLean, 2/^95 Pet., 13/45. Sawyer, l/ggg. Wall., IS/ige, 17/109. Woodb. & M., 2/337 PLEADING, I. 435 7. Title of cause. Oommenoeinent and conclusion. Cranch C. C, 2/5^5^ 2/g2g McLean, S/105. 8. Tlie venue, and lio-w laid. Hempst., 1/236, V409. How., I/241. McLean, a/ggg^ S/^^g ■9. "What amounts to duplicity; and its effect. Abb. U.S., 2/120. Bond, 2/296. Ga., 35/320 McLean, 2/226^ S/gg^ Woodb. * M., 1/381. 10. Surplusage. McLean, S/gg^ S/^g^^ 4/2^3 Mason, 1/57. Paine, 2/ig8 Pet., M/ig. 2. Dedaration. U. General rules; formal requisites, &c. Blatchf., 4/465, «/77. Wall., I/221. 12. Naming and describing the parties. Cranch C. C, 5/435. McLean, 2/jg^ -2/i89. Pet, 14/19. Wheat., 8/642^ ^/651. 13. Necessity of averment of citizen- ship, or alienage. Cranch, I/343, 2/9^ 2/126, %03. Ml., %82, %. Hempst., 1/423, 1/444, 1/662. McLean, 1/330, 2/44 Pet., 2/136^ S/ng^ «/l48, 8/436, ^5/125. Wheat., 6/450^ 9/537^ See, also, Circuit Courts, 20, 60. 14. What is a suf&cient averment. Blatchf., 9/274 McLean, 1/317^ 2/123. Pet., 6/761. Wall.,8/342_ Woodsi I/638. 15. "What is insufficient. Alb. L. J., I8/453. Dall., 4/8 Day, (Conn.) 3/294. How., I6/104. McLean, 4/574 Mason, 5/35 Sumn., 8/422 Wall., is/gj. See, also. Circuit Courts, 22. 16. Necessity and sufficiency of the averment in actions by or against corporations. How., I8/404. McLean, 5/455 P^t., 1/238. Wall., 8/342_ 10/553^ ll/gio XT. — by or against assignees. Cranch, 4/46 How., 6/23. McLean, ^/lOl, ^/468. 18. Stating the cause of action, gen- , erally. Blatchf., 8/150 Bond, 2/i Cranch, 7/408. Ct. of CI., 4/61. MacArth., 1/203. McLean, 2/35^ 2/93^ 5/354 ^/441. Otto, 6/87. Pet. C. C, 1/476. Sawyer, 2/530. Story, 1/528. Wash. C. C, 8/331. 19. Assigning breaches. Cranch, 6/37 Hempst., I/219. Paine, 2/417 See, also, Bonds, 23 ; Cove- nants, 21. 20. What may be declared for under the conunon counts. Pet., 9/541. See, also, Assumpsit, 16. 21. WTien special counts are neces- sary. Cranch C. C, I/167. How., 14/575 Pet., 9/541. Wash. C. C, s/ggi Wheat., ^^/237. 22. WTiat counts may be joined. Cranch C. C, 1/88, ^472, ^/es, 3/650. Int. Rev. Rec, 12/38. -Mason, 3/4gg. Sawyer, 2/259 Wall., I/359. Wash. C. C, 4/514. 23. Effect of variance between decla- ration and ■writ. • Blatchf., 2/3i_ 10/524 How., 1/241. Wheat., 2/45^ 11/280. See, also, Abate- ment, 18. 3. Plea. 24. General rules, including time to plead, &c. Blatchf., 5/40, 6/499_ 9/513 Cranch, 436 PLEADING, I. Viio. Cranch C. C, I/44, V116, V440, 2/249, %91. I>eady, I/104. Gall., l/ggg. How., 11/22, "/282, 1^/296, 1^/297. Mc- Lean, 3/j7_ 3/gg_ Pet., V/4i3_ Wash. C. C.,3/i4o. ' Wash. T., 1/87. 25. BiiLle to plead. Cranch C. C, I/550, ^/gg. Curt., 2/364. McLean, 2/255 ^^^j ^°> P°^^* ^^> 132. * 26. Plea in abatement, for variance be- tween -writ and declaration. Cranch C. C, 2/337 How., I/241. McLean, 4/4gg Overt., (Tenn.) l/gge. Wheat., 2/4g_ 11/280 27. — for want of jurisdiction, on grounds of citizenship. Deady, 1/224. How., T/^gg, is/yg. Mc- All., 1/17. McLean, 1/334^ 4/3^^ 4/5^4 Pet., 11/351. Woodb. & M., S/ggg^ For other grounds, see Abatement, I. 28. Plea of another action pending. Hempst., 1/213. 29. Plea in bar, generally. Cliff., 1/204. Cranch C.C, 1/43, 3/115^ ^/684. Ga., 35/32o_ Hempst., 1/24^ I/72. How., 3/57_ McLean, 2/405^ 8/33^^ 3/39^^ ^/7, 4/544, 5/76,6/401. Pet.,6/2ig, Wall., 4/182, 13/297. Wash. C. C, 4/g78_ Wood. & M., 2/2ii_ 30. The general issue. Cliff., 2/555 Cranch C. C, I/33, I/75, %6, 3/343. Fish. Pat. Cos., 3/87_ Gall., 2/325. Hempst., l/55g. How., 6/1^ V/igg. "/505, 19/263, 21/202. McAll., 1/119. Pet., 4/480. Wall., 21/317 31. Non assumpsit. Hempst., 1/12^ 1/iie. How., ^Ii^i. Otto, 6/328. 32. Nil debet. Cranch, ^/^g-^ Cranch C. C, I/124. Dall., 2/302 McLean, 2/405^ 4/i3g_ S/^g^^ Pet., 16/gg. Wheat., 8/ggo. See, also,. Debt, (action of) 12. 33. Non est factum. Cranch, 9/28. Cranch C. C, 2/ig3_ How., 1/104. Story, I/135. 34. Nul tiel record. Cranch C. C, 1/134^ I/430, SI251. Paine, 2/309 Ware, 2/235. See, also, Judgment, 136. 35. Special pleas, generally. Blatchf., 5/352^ 14/324 Cranch, B/gQg^ 8/30 Cranch C. C, 1/339^ I/343. Curt., 2/105. Hempst., l/i6^ l/e5^ 1/73^ 1/221, 1/259. McLean, 2/235^ 2/553 , S/^g^^ 3/303^ 6/401. Wall., 18/510. 36. Notice of special defence with general issue. Blatchf., 1/372, 1/597, 3/179. Burn,, (Wis.) 1/175. Cranch C. C, 2/4ig How., 14/218, 15/187, 23/2, 24/164. McLean, 4/535. Pet., 14/448. Pet. C. C, 1/315. Wheat., 3/454 See, also, Patents, 285-288. 37. The statute of limitations. Baldw., 1/igg Cranch C. C, 2/303 2/363, 2/529, 2/575, 2/629, 2/667 5/561 5/667. How., 20/j4g See, also. Limitation OF Actions, 15-17. 38. Performance or tender. Cranch, S/ggy Cranch C. C, 8/684. Gall., 1/86. Hempst., I/221. Wall., 13/604. 39. Former recovery. Cliff., 1/435 Hempst., I/184 Otto, 1/584. Paine, 2/3og_ Sawyer, 4/8g_ Wall., 7/83. PLEADING, I. 437 40. Pleading matter in avoidance. McLean, S/jgy. Pet., 10/343_ ■41. Plea puis darrein continuance. Gall., 2/^Q5_ Hempst., l/ig, 1/460. McLean, a/^g^ Pet., 2/5^3 g^g^ IS/j^gg^ Wall., 1/371. 42. Double pleas. Plea and demurrer. Brock., 1/261, 2/14. Cliff., 1/425. €rancli C. C, S/g^g^ 3/g_ 3/^^ Int. Rev. Rec, 9/201, Pet./3/39g^ 6/ggj Wall., */254, %94, 1^/355. 43. Pleading ane-w after amendment of declaration. Hempst., l/i7, 1/423. Pet-5 Vi65, ^^/l38. 4. Demurrer. 44. "WTien a demurrer ■will lie, gener- ally. Abb. U. S., 2/120. Blatchf., l0/524_ ^^24. Cranch C. C, I/536. How., ^0/523, 21/283, 28/443. Pet., IS/^g. Pet. ■C. C, I/406. Wall., 9/394_ 45. General demurrer. Pet., 10/298. Wall., 5,290. 46. Special demurrer. Blatchf., 2/3^^ 5/3g7 Cranch C. C, ^5, V428, ^/639. Ga., 35/320 Hempst., ^/222, .^/236, 1/409. How., 7/573^ 11/22. Paine, I/539, 2/4^7 Wall., 18/297.. Woodb. A M., 1/381. 47. Effect of demurrers, generally. Brock., 2/i4_ Cranch C. C, l/geg, ■2/i67. How., 13/212. McLean, 8/241 48. What — atters are admitted by demurring. Cranch C. C, 1/122, V166, %. Gall., 1/348. How., 20/io8_ McLean, 8/2^1^ ^/303. Pet., 2/527. Wall., 14/282. Wash. ■C. C, %7. Wash. T., 1/215. 49. How demurrers are determined, generally. Blatchf., 1/151. Cranch C. C, 3/g^ %39. Curt., 2/97 Deady, 1/405. Hempst., V204. How., l/]04, 7/573^ 7/706, 11/22. MacArth., 1/554. Paine, 2/417^ 2/545, Pet., 14/147 Wall., 1/25, 12/65. 50. Rendering judgment against party "Who committed first fault in pleading. Blatchf., 5/3g7_ Cranch, 8/229^ 4/333^ 5/257. Cranch C.C, 1/428, 3/639. Gall., V86. Hempst., 1/204, 1/238, V268. How., Vi04, %7, ^/706. McLean, I/178, 2/405^ %6, ^/268, %03, ^/441. Paine, 2/433^ Pet., 10/257_ 15/115. Wall., 7/82 ^^g. Woodb. & M., 1/381. 5. Replicalvm; and aubaeguent pleadings, 51. When a replication is proper. Cranch, 8/372. -'-'aw Rep., N. 8., II/726. 52. Form and sufllcienoy of replica- tion, generally. Cranch, 8/193 Cranch C. C, 2/353^ 3/8. McLean, 1/414, 1/450, 2/92, Pet., 1/46, 3/12, 15/187. Wall., I/25, l^/eig. Ware, 2/233 Wash. C. C, I/446, 4/338. Woodb. & M., 1/381. 53. Replication to plea of statute of limitations. Int. Rev. Rec, 15/io5. McLean, 1/35, 4/52;. Mason, 8/329. Pe*-, ^^/soo. Pet. C. C, 1/443. 54. Rejoinder and surrejoinder. Cranch, 8/229 Cranch C. C, I/452 1/481, .%39. McLean, 3/ig3_ Wall.^ ^/759, 1°/421. 55. Effect of departure in pleading. Cranch, 6/gy Cranch C. C, I/48I, 1/547. Paine, I/209. Pet., 6/141. 438 PLEADING, II. 66. Profert and oyer. Blatchf., 2/3J Bond, I/590. Cranch, ^/257, Vm. Cranch C. C, I/44, V45, V213 V514. G^all., 1/86, 2/l52. Hempst., ^84, V265. McLean, %ii^ ^qq^ ^/yg. Mason, a/^^g^ Pet. C. C, I/476. Story, 2/609. Ware, 2/236. Wash. C.C., 4/220. Wheat., 2/^g^ 8/6gQ See, also, Exegu- TOES AND AdMINISTKATOES, 68. II. PLEADING IN EQUITY. 1. General principles. 67. Grounds for relief must be fully stated. Fish. Pat. Cas., 8/609. 68. Impertinence, and its effect. Deady, l/j^ l/ipg. McLean, ^g. Paine, 1/390. Story, 8/^3 Sumn., 1/573. 2. BUI. Oross-biU. 59. General rules relative to the biU; and herein of naming the par- ties, describing their interests, &c. Blatchf., 7/424_ 8/282_ Bond, 2/^3 Chic. L. N., 2/33^ 6/i3^_ How., 11/552. Pet., 9/483. Sawyer, 2/^68 ^aU., ®/327, ^/864. 60. Signature and verification. Am. L. Rec, S/^^g Blatchf., 6/33_ Cranch C. C, S/gg^ Fish. Pat. Cas., %74. McLean, S/^q^^ See, also, pod, 106. 61. Necessity of averment of citizen- ship. Biss.,'4/j2o. Cranch, 2/g McLean, 4/192. Mason, 4/435 Ct^S/^gj Paine, 2/426. Pet.,8/i48 Sumn., 1/578 Wall., 1/81. 62. "What is a sufficient averment. Cent. L. J., 3/jg7_ McAIl., y^^ i/g^ 1/267. McLean, 4/j Otto, 7/171. Wall.^ 2/87. 63. Stating the cause of action. Blatchf., 6/j34_ 7/^95 Bond, 1/493^ Burn., (Wis.) 1/92. Deady, 1/350. Fish. Pat. Cas., S/gQg How., l7/i3o, Mao- Arth., 2/38 Pet., 16/i82. Story, I/204. Wall, I6/16, 17/78 , Wheat., n/,03_^ Woodb. & M., 1/34. 64. The prayer for relief. McLean, 8/27. 65. Multifariousness. Am. L. Rec, 2/^45^ Blatchf., 6/259^ 12/298. Bond, 1/440. Cranch C.C.,4/3ii_ I>ill-. %03. How., 2/619^ 3/333^ 4^2, 5/127,. 6/55018/25324/159. MacArth., 1/647. Mc- Lean, l/i6_ 2/267^ 3/27^ 3/4^5^ 4/51^ 5/344^ Mason, 2/^81. Otto, S/^q^^ Sawyer,. V641, 3/259. Story, 3/25_ 'Wall., V/^gg^ Woods, l/ii8_ 1/262. 66. Oross-biU. Blatchf., 9/3jg^ 14/37J Hempst., l/gg.. How., 5/j43_ 17/^30^ 1.7/g9j_ Pet., 16/269_ Wall., 1/1, 2/283^ 6/742, 9/807, "/299. Wash. C. C, 4/521. Wheat., II/446. 3. Plea. Answer. 67. Defendant's right to elept between. plea, answer, or demiirrer. Black, 2/5^g_ Cranch C. C, 4/458, Pet., 9/632. Pet. C. C, 1/493 Wash.' C. C, 4/53 Woods, l/i87. 68. When a plea is necessary or prop- er. Form and suflaciency, gen- erally. Baldw., 1/394 Bankr. Reg., IS/^gg^ Blatchf., 6/130 Bond, 2/13 2/j8i Deady^. V108, V350. McLean, l/295_ 3/gg_ Pet.^ "/351, 14/210. Sumn., I/506 Wall.,.. ®/788. PLEADING, II. 439 60. Time to plead. Cranch C. C, S/ggg Phil., (Pa.) ^/676. 70. Plea taust sh.o'w a complete de- defence. Cranch, S/ggQ. McLean, 1/295^ S/gg Wash. C. C, 4/595 71. Ho^w citizenship may be contested. Plea to the jurisdiction. Blatchf., 12/280, 14/463. How., 15/4,5_ 17/47^ 20/g4^_ McLean, 6/^3 Mason, 4/435. Sumn., 1/578. Woodb. & M., 2/497 S^6> ^°j Abatement, 26. 72. Plea of statute of limitations. Cranch, V/202. Pet., 16/455 Story, 1/204. Woods, 1/523. ^^6, also. Limi- tations OF Actions, u. 73. Duplicity and multifariousness. Pet., 14/210. Woodb. & M., 1/381. 74. "When the proper defence is by ans'wer. Black, 2/gj9 Blatchf., 6/425 Bond, 2/181. McAll., 1/26. McLean, S/ggg 75. Formal requisites of answer, gen- erally. Cranch C. C, 1/349. Deady, l/ios. McLean, 4/^33 76. Exceptions to rule that defendant must ans'wer fully. Woods, 1/238, 1/523. 77. Proper contents of answer, gener- ally. Curt., 2/34Q Paine, I/390. Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/137 Story, 8/^3. Wall., 22/198, 78. Form and suflacienoy of denials. Phil.,(Pa.)8/ig5 Story, 1/296. Sumn., 2/228. Wall., 7/205, 21/ig5_ 6/2g8 Wash. C. C., 4/5i3_ 79. Answer not to contain matter for cross-bill. How., 5/143 McLean, 2/5^9^ 3/339 80. Effect of admissions in answer, or of failure to deny allegations in bUl. Hempst., l/7i5_ How., I/134, 2/4^5 Pet., 12/i78 See, also, post, 109, 110. 81. Effect of answer to overrule plea or demurrer. Pet. C. C, 1/493. Story, 1/204. Sumn., 2/228. Woodb. & M., 2/23 82. Exceptions to answer and how determined. Cranch C. C, 8/237^ B/g^g. Deady, V1O8. Hempst., 1/715. How., ^|i26. Paine, I/390. Story, 1/295, ^/l3, %90. Sumn., 1/578. Wall., 7/205. Wall. C. C, 1/4. Wash. C. C, 4/335 Woods, ■^/238, -^/428. 83. Compelling defendant to answer. Cranch C. C, I/139 3/gg McLean, 3/283. Pet., 13/23. Wash. C. C, I/139. See, also, post, 132. 4. Demurrer. 84. When a demurrer -will lie, gener- ally. Bankr. Peg., 18/4g9 Ben., 6/203. Black, 2/519^ 2/5g5_ Blatchf., 14/371. How., 6/ig3 McLean, 8/335 Pet., 1/241, %23, 9/632. Woodb. & M., 3/i2o. 85. Demurrer for defect of citizen- ship ; misjoinder, non-joinder, &c. Am. L. Reg., N. S., 7/32 Bankr. Reg., IO/188. Blatchf., 5/481^ 12/280. Dill., 1/104. McLean, 6/13 Pet, 18/359. Wall., 11/172. 86. Demurrer for lapse of time. How., 8/210. Wash. C. C, 4/g3i. . 440 PLEADING, II, III, IV. 87. Greneral and special demurrers. Blatchf., Z/gg^ 8/347 Dill., 1/104. Pet., 9/632. 88. Efifect of a demurrer as an admis- sion. Black, %9. Holmes, 1/386. Mc- AU., 1/113. McLean, S/g^g Wall., 21/430. Woodb. & M., 3/120 89. The hearing and determination of demurrers. Blatchf., 14/371. Bond, Z/^g How., %. Story, 2/59 5. Beplication. 00. When necessary or proper. Blatchf., 6/291 Pet., 7/253. ?«*• C. C, 1/351. Sawyer, 3/134 Wash. C. C, V320. Woods, 1/238. 01. Time of filing. Obtaining leave to file. Pet. C. C, 1/351. Wall. C. C, I/4. 92. Form, sufaoiency, and effect of replication. Blatchf., 6/291^ 13/22 Cranch, 4/4Q3 Mason, 1/515. Pet., 7/252. Wall., 6/299^ Wash. C. C, 2/199^ 4/128. Wheat., 6/453 93. Beplication to plea of statute of limitations. Cranch, 7/i5g How., 5/333 Pet-, 9/405. UI. PLEADING IN ADMIEALTY. 94. General rules. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/i. How., IS/igg. How. Pr., 28/283_ Mc All., 1/505. Mc- Lean, 6/i52 Newb. Adm., l/g. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/119 01c. Adm., 1/127. Ware, 1/51, 1/437, 2/208. Wash. C. C, ,*/484. Wheat., 3/232. 95. The libel, generally. Abb. U. S., 2/2,3,; Ben., 1/395, l/gg. Bias., 4/234 Blatclif. & H., 1/9^ 19 Cliff., 1/210. Crabbe, 1/426. Cranch, 7/382. Dak. T., 1/1. Deady, l/gg. How. Pr., 20/447 -"-^^ Eep., 6/255.^ Low., 1/520. Sumn., 1/328, V390, 2/1. Wall., 9/g65 Ware, 2/203. Wash. C. C, 4/651. Wheat., 8/421. Woodb. & M.,2/87.' 96. "What allegations may be joined. Am. L. Keg., 8/i5g_ Ben., y/g^g Gall., 2/93_ Law Rep,, ]sr. s., 18/545 Ware, 1/65, 1/437, ^/l84. 97. The plea. Chase Dec, I/145 Gall., 2/^77^ Sumu., 1/390. Ware, I/367. 98. The ansTwer. Ben., 2/212^ 3/i4g_ 3/376 Blatchf. & H., l/i89, V335, V356, V525. Deady, l/gg. How., 21/572 Low., 1/400. Newb. Adm., 1/107. Olc. Adm., 1/130. Saw- yer, 1/463. Sprague, I/418. 99. Demurrer. Crabbe, 1/326. Wash. C. C, 8/434^ 100. Replication. Abb. Adm., I/451. Blatchf. & H., V390. Law Rep., N. s., 9/27 Sprague, 1/315. Story, 3/io8_ Sumn., 2/306 101. Cross-libel. Ben., 4/55 Brown Adm., I/445. Wall., 18/5i_ Woods, 1/99. IV. VERIFICATION OP PLEADINGS. 102. Necessity of verifloation. Abb. Adm., 1/579 Baldw., I/463. Cranch, 8/193 Cranch C. C, 2/163^ 2/223^ ^/684, ^Im. Curt., 1/494 How., 1/104. McLean, 1/414^ 2/93^ 2/194^ 6/21^ 103. Form and sufficiency, generally. Mont. T., 2/35 Wash. C. C, 4/555. PLEADINGS, IV, V, VI. 441 104. "WTien an attorney or agent may verify. Abb. Adm., I/579 105. Verification of plea or ans-wer in admiralty. Bee Adm., 1/9. Gall., ^^^^ Story, ^/l08. Ware, I/427. 106. — of plea or answer in equity. Bankr. Eeg., n/igg. Blatchf., 8/347^ 12/199. CranchC.C, 1/349. Phil., (Pa.) 1/576. "^all- J^v ^/l34. See, also, ante, 60. 107. Remedies for defective verifica- tion. How., 23/443 Pet., 14/60. V. THE ISSUE ; ITS SCOPE, AND HOW JOINED. 108. "Wliat is a snffloient joinder of issue. Craneh C. C, 1/73, 1/124. Hempst., 1/37. McLeau, 1/414^ ^Iq2. Pet., 1/45, ^/l41. 109. Effect of express admissions. Craneh C. C, 4/465. Ol^. Adm., I/428. Sumn., 2/366. Wall., I/155. Wash. C. C, 3/434. 110. Admission by omission to deny. Dak. T., 1/227. Hempst., 1/715. How., 13/i73_ McLean, 8/3^3^ 6/^53, %31. Newb. Adm., l/g. Pet., 4/430^ 5/^4^^ 1%78, 1%00, 335, '^/413. See, also, arde, 80. VI. EVIDENCE UNDER PLEADINGS. VARIANCE. 1. In action at law. m What evidence raay be admitted under tlie pleadings, gener- ally. Craneh, 7/565. Craneh C. C, I/102, 1/239,2/67. I>ill-. V108. McLean, 3/175^ %1. Pet., 6/i. Wall., 5/689. Wash. C. C, 2/180. Wheat., 9/581^ 9/651. 112. "WTiat should be excluded. Craneh, 2/4^9^ 6/206^ 7/342. Craneh C. C-, 1/340, 2/401, %93, ^/231. I>ay, (Conn.) %12. Gilp., 1/135. Hempst., I/229. Otto, 1/294. Pet., 13/378. Wash. C. C, 3/31. 113. Evidence must conform to the pleadings. Hempst., 1/344. Wall., 2l/i52_ Wheat., '^/522. 114. Admissibility of evidence under the general issue. Biss., 5/193 Craneh, 3/j8o. Craneh C. C, 1/87, V508, 2/119, 3/439. r>ay, (Conn.) 3/3Q3 How., 6/^^ 7/^g8_ 14/gog_ McLean, 3/3^3 Paine, V594. 2/209. Wall., 6/23,_ 2l/3,7_ Wash. C. C, 4/86. 115. Instances of material variances. Brock., 1/177 Craneh, 1/232, */299, ''/2O8. Craneh C. C, I/239, I/243, V430, V471, V505, 2/14, 2/316, 2/401, 4/293. r»ay, (Conn.) 3/312 Hempst., I/294. Paine, V594, 2/209. Pet., 14/43 Story, 1/533. Wash. C. C, 2/482 116. Instances of variances held im- material. Craneh, 8/^93^ 7/242^ 7/4^3 Craneh C. C, 2/65, 3/424. 3/425. Dall., 2/300, How., 1/104. McLean, 1/427, 2/59. Pet., ^Ii. Wall., 4/e42. 117. Effect of variance. McLean, 3/gg3 Mason, I/57. Minn., 1/87. Paine, 2/525. Wash. C. C, 2/432, 3/31. 2. In suits in equity. 118. What evidence is admissible and sufficient to support the bill. Pet. C. C, 1/380. Suran., 2/612. 442 PLEADING, VI, VII, VIII. 119. Variance between pleadings and proof. McLean, %5. Pet., 10/177^ ^%78. Story, 2/2g7 Sumn., l/ggg. 3. In suits in admiralty. 120. Wliat evidence may be admit- ted under the pleadings, gen- erally. How., 21/343 McAlL, 1/181. 121. Strict common lla-w rule as to variance not foUo'wed. Curt., 2/3g3_ Sprague, I/257. Wash. C. C, 3/48,_ 122. But the proofs must substantially conform to the pleadings. How., 2l/343_ McAll., 1/77. Newb. Adm., 1/481^ 1/504. 01c. Adm., l/gog. Wheat., 8/39^_ VII. EFFECT OF PLEADINGS AS EVI- DENCE. 123. General rules. Cranch C. C, l/igy. 124. When the answer is evidence for the defendant. Baldw., 1/464. Burn., (Wis.) I/99. Cranch, e/g 7/39^ g^^ 9/^53 Crunch C. C, 2/284. Heiiipst., 1/251. How., I/118, 2/4O6, 422, ^/l85. McLean, 1/22^ S/ggg Pet., 5/99 Story, 1/^72^ 2/267^ ^ig, ^Im. Wash. C. C, 1/230. Wheat., 6/453 125. "When the answer is not evi- dence. Cranch C. C, 5/349 How., 11/131 Pet., 5/99_ Story, I/296. 12a. Answer of one defendant not evi- dence for or against co-defend- ant. Cranch, B/g g/^gg Hempst., I/251. Sumn., 3/^52. Wheat., 2/3go_ 9/738,832. 12*7. Answer by agent not evidence against principal. Wheat., 2/380 128. Answer not evidence in respect to new matter not responsive to the bill. Baldw., 1/464^ 495. Cranch C. C.,. 3/377. How., 1/^34, 11/131, 24/gg3_ Ma- son, 3/378. Pet., 5/2g4. Sumn., 2/4gg_ Wall., 3/320, 10/304. Wash. C. C, 2/199^ 129. Effect of the answer as evidence. Cranch, B/g^^ 9/^53 Wheat., 2/3go^ %20. 130. To overcome answer, two wit- nesses, or one witness with corroborating circumstances, necessary. Chic. L.N., 5/241. Cliff., 1/501, 2/40. Cranch, 9/^53 Cranch C. C, 2/233^ 2/284. How., 4/jgg 218. McLean, I/22, Vl46, 163. Mason, 1/515. Paine, 2/473^ Pet., 5/99_ Story, I/172, 2/367, ^le, 3/659. Wall., 2/423. Wash. C. C, 1/230, 2/199. Wheat., 6/453 Woodb. & M., l/ng^ Woolw., 1/340, 363. 131. Effect of answer in admiralty as evidence. Abb. Adra., I/263. Blatchf., I/370. How., S/ggg iSTewb. Adm., 1/274. Oh. ^(^m., 1/343 Story, 1/91 Sumn., 3/127. Ware, I/385. VIII. SERVICE. FILING. WITH- DEAWAL. 132. The rule to plead. Leave to plead. Cranch C. C, 3/gg^ 4/33 McLean, 2/555. I'et., 13/23 See, also, ante, 25, 83. 133. Time to plead, and extensions thereof. How., 11/22. McLean, 3/j7_ Pet, 7/413 PLEADING, VIII, IX, X. 44S 134. Ho^r pleadings should be served. Proof of service. Wash. 0. C, 1/135, %56. 135. 'Witlidra'wal of pleadings. Cranch C. C, 1/72, 1/78, Vi34, V192, 1/442, 2/22, 4/169. How., 2ilu7. Mc- Lean, 4/540 Wall., 1/25, 17/545. Wash. C. C, 1/467. IX. AMENDED AND SUPPLEMENTAL PLEADINGS. 136. Amended pleadings in actions at la-w. Blatchf., 2/3^ Cranch C. C, 3/^ McLean, 5/^^35 Sumn., S/g^g Wheat., 10/443 See, also. Amendment, II. 137. — in suits in equity. Baldw., 1/188. Cliff., 1/269. Ho^v 5/233, McLean, I/514. Pet., 7/352, 9/455^ l4/j56. Wash. C. C, 4/128. See, also, Amendment, III. 138. — in suits in admiralty. Ben., 1/295. Blatchf. &H., 1/9. How. Pr., 28/283 Law Rep., 4/20 Law Rep., N. 8., 11/589. Ware, 2/203. See, also. Amendment, IV. 139. Supplemental bill in equity. Biss., 5/73 Blatchf., 2/^3. Bond, 1/440,^492. How., 8/586, 12/407. Minn., I/1O6. Pet., 1/138, 16/182. Phil., (Pa.) ^/464. Story, I/218 3/299 ^/749. Sumn., 1/173. Wall., 2/609, 6/742, 23/352. 140. Supplemental libel in admiralty. Blatchf. & H., 1/493. Sprague, I/73, 1/315. Sumn., 1/328. 141. Supplemental answer in equity. Baldw., 1/289. How., 20/535 Mc- Lean, 6/45g_ Sawyer, 4/^35. Sumn., 583. 142. Pleading over after demurrer. Cranch C. C, I/192 I/452. Hempst.,. 1/22. How., 5/29. Wall., 8/354. Wash. C. C. 3/4g4_ Woodb. & M., 3/^20. Wyom. T., 1/22, 1/172, 1/178. X. EEMEDIES FOB ERROES AND DE- FECTS. WAIVER. 143. General rules. Abb. U. S., 2/^20. Blatchf., 2/399_ Dak. T., 1/25. Hempst., I/215. Saw- yer, 1/374. 144. Striking out pleadings, generally. Abb. U. S., 2/120 Blatchf., 1/597,, %99. Cranch C.C, 2/203, 2/629. Hempst.,. 1/72. McLean, I/313, 4/540 Pet., ^Ui^.. Sawyer, 4/8g Wall., 8/394, 15/355. 145. Sham or false pleadings. Sawyer, I/70. 146. Frivolous pleadings. Dak. T., 1/227. Overt., (Tenn.) l/gge. Sawyer, 4/332. 147. Striking out irrelevant, scandal- ous, impertinent, redundant, or reptignant matter. Blatchf., 9/513 Curt., 2/340. Deady,, 1/104. Paine, I/390. Story, 3/^3 148. Making allegations more definite- and certain. Ben., 1/86, 5/4. Sawyer, 2/261. 149. Effect of pleading to cure prior errors. Cranch C. C, 2/167. How., 6/23, 9/313^ McLean, 3/368. Wall., 12/235, l5/i46. 150. "What errors ia declaration may- be cured by verdict. Black, 1/96, 1/450. Blatchf., 6/235_ Brock., 1/520. Cranch C. C, I/78, I/152, 2/530, 4/205. Dall., 3/365. Gall., I/26I, 1/368. Hempst., 1/90, 1/96. How., 2/263^ 444 PLEADING, X— POST OFFICE, I, II. ^/l55, %1, ^/745. McLean, 2/35^ 3/272. Paine, 1/436, ^Il68. Pet., l/ig_ I/46, 67, 1/89, %13. Pet. C. C, 1/7, 1/96, V476. Sumn., 1/319. Wall., ^1^20, %78, ^^Il7. Wheat., 9/581, 595. 151. "WTiat errors in plea may be cured by verdict. Black, 1/96. How., 4/13^ As to pleas in Abatement, see, also, Abate- ment, 23-28. For rules governing the Amendment of plead- ings, see, also, Amehdment. For Intendments in respect to pleadings, on appeal, see Appeal, 50. For rules of pleading peculiar to any Par- iievlar form, or Cfctase of aetion, see the title of the action, or cause of action in question. As to pleading in suits by or against Personal representaiives, see Exectjtoks and Adminis- TEATOES, 67, 77, 78: In actions by or against Husband and wife, see Husband and Wipe, 59. POST-NUPTIAL SETTLEMENTS. Husband and Wife, 14-16. PLEDGE. Bailment, 8 ; Debtob and Cebditok, 22, 23. POLICIES OF INSURANCE. Insueance, 8-21, 100, 113. PORTLAND. Municipal Coepoeations, 40. POSSESSION, (Writ of.) Weits, 8. POST-MASTERS. Post Oppice, III. POST-NOTES. Banes and Banking, 21. POST OFFICE. [The regulations of the post office depart- ment, naail carrying, rates of postage, &c., being for the most part statutory, the Eevised Stat- utes should also be consulted, as the various provisions are far too numerous to be referred to seriatim in a work of this kind.] I. The Post Oppice Bepaetment. II. Conveyance op Mail Mattee. III. Eights, Duties, and LiABrLrriES ag Postmastees. IV. Oppences Undee the Postal Laws. I. THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. [See, also, Depaetments, O.] 1. A poet-master-general a mere agent of the United States. Mason, 3/^^g 2. His po-wers, generally. Blatchf., 4/j42. How., 3/^20. Pet., 1^/377, 400. 3. Power to make contracts, loans, &c. Ct. of CI., i/7i_ 1/243^ i3/jgg_ How., 9/487. Op. Att-Gen., 13/^73^ Uj^^^ 4. To establisbfand discontinue post ofBces, and take bonds from post- masters. Gilp., 1/106, 1/554. How., 19/73. Wall., 4/g^7 Wash. C. C, 4/g7g_ Wheat., 12/,3g_ 12/^3g II. CONVEYANCE OF MAIL MATTER. 5. Powers of congress to establish post offices and post roads. Const., art. I, § VIII, 7. Alb. L. J., 17/448. Chic. L. N., 10/307 Otto, ^/727. POST OFFICE, II, III. 445- 6. Proposals for mail contracts. Stat, at L., 17/gg Op. Att.-Gen., Gen., 9/174, ^3/477, 13/534. Otto,. 3/242. 7. Tlieir interpretation ; and rights of the parties. Stat, at L., 18/235. Ct. of CL, ^%99. How., 3/g7 Op. Att.-Gen., ®/252, ®/3Sl, ^/342. 8. Compensation of mail contractors. Ct. of CI., 9/500, ^%14. Otto, 5/353. 9. Extra compensation. Law Kep., N. s., 12/53 Op. Att.- Gen., S/^. Wall., 8/38. 10. Rates of postage. Stat, at L., 17/406, 1%32, 1^/237. Blatchf., 13/207 11. "WTiat is a letter. How., 12/284. 12. 'What is a newspaper. Op. Att.-Gen., ^I^o^ ^^j^^j^ 13. The franking' privilege. Stat, at L., 18/421. Chase Dec, I/531. Op. Att.-Gen., 11/33, "/si, ^Vz5. 14. Money orders. Op. Att.-Gen., 14/119 OttOj %66. 15. Right to reclaim letter -while in transit. Op. Att.-Gen., V/^g 16. Right of department to refuse de- livery of mail matter. Op. Att.-Gen., 9/i6i, 9/45^ 12/399^ l%95. 17. Prohibition against carrying mail matter by private persons, on post routes. Am. L. Eeg., 9/^45^ 9/332. Biss., S/gi. How., 12/g8. Law Rep., ^/gg. Law Eep., N. 8., 11/598. N. Y. Leg. Obs., ^/l43. Ware, I/214. See, also, Expeess- COMPAKIES, 1. 18. WTiat are "post roads" within above prohibition. Am. L. Reg., 9/^45 Law Eep., 9/451 III. EIGHTS, DUTIES, AND LIABILI- TIES OF POSTMASTEES. 19. How far deemed agents of post- master-general. Woodb. & M., l/i5o. 20. The ofiacial oath. Stat, at L., I8/19 Int. Rev. Rec.,. 17/53. 21. Nature and tenure of the office. McLean, 2/^4. Wall., ^^^ 22. Compensation of postmasters. Ct. of CI., 12/226, 12/455. Deady, I/294.. Otto, 5/750. Wall., 11/648. 23. Buties as to custody of moneys, accounting, &c. Bond, 1/432. How., T/gg^^ g/gg^ Op> Att.-Gen., ^^04:. Story, S/g^g^ Wall., ^/617. 24. — in respect to delivery of letters. Op. Att.-Gen., 12/136, 13/481. '25. Their liabiUties, generally. Chase Dec, 1/521. Cranch, 7/242^ Cranch C. C, 1/536. How., 12/284. Pet., I/318. 26. Requisites and suflaciency of post- master's bond. Gilp., 1/1O6. How., 19/73. Pet., 10/343. 27. Liability of the sureties. Blatchf., 13/279. Bond,2/i83 Chase Dec, 1/521. How., 9/5Q1 McLean, 4/106. Woodb. & M., 1/150. 446 POST OFFICE, III, IV— POWERS. 28. "What ■will discharge them. Mason, 3/^^g Paiiie, 2/^39 Pet., 1/3I8. Wall., 18/662. Wash.' C. C, 29. Limitations of suits against sure- ties. Bond, 1/432. Gilp., 1/106, V554. Mc- Lean, 1/217, ^/483. 30. Proceedings to enforce the bond. Wheat., 12/136. 31. Matters of defence. Deady, 1/294. How., Sj^^^ Wall., %3, ■'•%62. IV. OFFENCES UNDEK THE POSTAL LAWS. 32. In general. Eev. Stat., § 3829-3979, 5463-5480. Biss., 1/227. McLean, 2/^3^ 33. Obstructing the mail. Rev. Stat., § 3995, 3996. Law Rep., 8/77. Pet. C. C, 1/390. Wall., 7/482. Wheeler, ^^^ 34. Intercepting letters. Rev. Stat., § 3892. Brock,, Zf^Q^ Curt., 2/265 Law Rep., 4/^97 Low., 1/303. McLean, 1/499^ ^1^^ e/^gg 35. Stealing or embezzling from the mail. Rev. Stat., § 5467-5469. Blatchf., %04, ^/l08, ^/470, ^/516, ^^/333. Bond, 1/51. Chic. L. N., 3/^93 Crabbe, 1/584. CranchC.C, 2/212. Curt., 1/354. Deady, 1/524. Hughes, l/gi4 Int. Rev. Rec, 17/54. Low., 1/303^ 2/115 McLean, V499, 2/14, 2/256, 2/431, 3/405, 4/317, %42, ^Im, ^Im, %98. 36. Thefts by mail carrier. Baldw., l/78_ 102. Blatchf., a/^^g, ^%35 14/l26. Brock., 2/2go, Curt., Vs64. McLean, ^j^gQ^ 5/33. 37. "Robbing the mail." Rev. Stat., § 5472, 5534, 5535. Baldw., V78, 93. Pet., 7/i38^ 7/i5o. Wash. C. C, 3/440. Wheeler, 2/233 38. Receiving property stolen from the mail. Rev. Stat., § 5470. McLean, S/g^g Pet, 13/176. 39. Sending or receiving obscene and other prohibited matter through the mail. Rev. Stat., § 3893, 3894. Stat, at L., 17/302, 17/599, 19/90. ' Alb. L. J., 17/448 I8/1IO. Blatchf., 11/346, 13/418, 1^/245! •Cent. L. J., 7/gi Chic. L. N., M/gQ^. Int. Rev. Rec, 24/229 'Otto, S/^g^ Sawyer, 3/ggg_ POWERS. 1. Execution and validity of instru- ments conferring powers. Cranch C. C, 2/gg5 How., 20/304 McLean, 2/533 Wheat., 6/g„ 2. Execution of powers, generally. How., 8/10^ 20/5oi_ McLean, i/gg. Pet:, 6/598, 6/622, ^^Il82. Wall., 6/337^ 10/364. Wheat., %. Woolw., l/i76. ' 3. — of powers of attorney. Baldw., 1/129. Blatchf., 4/193^ ij^^^ 5/525. Cranch C. C, 2/395^ S/gjg' Ct.' of CI., 4/511 How-, 8/451^ i3/345_ 13/441^ 22/75. McLean, 1/413 2/543^ 4/45_ Otto, 2/418. Pet., 5/i32_ 5/319^ O/g^y^ 13/302. Pet. C. C, 1/433. Wall., 19/606. Wash. C- C., 3/5Q8, 4/280 See, also, Peincipal AND Agent, 7, 8. POWERS— PRACTICE. 447 ■4. — of pcwer to sell. Blatchf, 2/g2^ 3/^^ Cranch, 6/53^ T/g^ Cranch C. C, S/ggg Curt., 1/479^ 2/^39 How., 5/233_ 8/^95 Int. Rev. Rec, 22/344 McLean, 1/197, ^/486. P^*., %S8, %19, ^°/532. Wheat., 8/^95 Woodb. & M., ^/i5i. See, also, Executors and Ad- MINISTEATOES, 26. 5. — of po^wer to appoint. Cui-t., l/4i9_ How.,8/jo Story, 1/426. Wall. Jr., 3/32 €. — of other po'wers in trust. Blatchf., 3/459 How., 17/369. Wall., */723. Wheat., S/g^^^ V. Aiding defective execution in equity. Blatchf., 3/^-1^ McLean^l/gg Story, 1/478. Wash. C. C, 3/12 8. Delegation of powers. McLean, 1/197^ 4/359 ^et., S/gg^^ ©. Revocation, or other determination of powers. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 7/32 Blatchf., 5/481 Cranch C. C, S/ggg^ 5/3^,^ Ct. of CI., 4/511^ 7/535 Fish. Pat. Cas., S/g. How., l7/3gg_ 385 Mason, 2/244 Wheat., 8/174. Woodb. & M., 3/gg PRACTICE. [Includes only such , decisions upon ques- tions of practice as could not be conveniently arranged under the various practice titles, or elsewhere in the digest. For rules of practice in actions, and special proceedings, generally, see the title of the action or proceeding in ques- tion, or that of the caiise of action out of which it would naturally arise.] 1. How far the English chancery prac- tice has been adopted. Blatchf., 2/gg_ McLean, 2/5jg Paine, 2/47e_ Pet., 7/252_ W/gio. Sumn., 2/gi2. 2. Adoption of state laws respecting procedure. Abb. U. S., 1/495. How., 2/241, 10/187, 20/149 McAll.,l/i7. Paine, 1/426, 2/476. Pet., 16/89_ 16/303 Wall., 3/320, %78, ''/175, ^/409. 3. — under act of June 1, 1872. Inter- pretation of the act. Rev. Stat., § 9 1 4. Stat, at L., 17/197. Biss., 3/370. Chic. L. N., 5/97^ 5/i4g_ Int. Rev. Rec, I6/174, 17/53, ^^/so. West. Jur-, ^/59, ^320. 4. The supreme court rules. Bond, 1/126. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/3^^ How., I2/168. Pet., 1/620, ^/262, ^%59, 15/9. Wall., 6/241. -5. Matters of practice on taking and opening defaults. Abb. Adm., I/297. Abb. U. S., 2/503. Ben., 1/343, 3/573 Burn., (Wis.) l/igg. Cranch C. C, 2/227. McLean, I/332. Newb. Adm., 1/107. 0**0)^/586. Wall., ^V268. Woods, 2/407 6. — on discontinuance. Blatchf., 4/438 Crabbe, I/50, I/434. Cranch, 7/152, '^/l76. Cranch C. C, 1/439, ^/95, %26, %38. %39, %37, %47, %27, 4/533. Dall., 3/344 Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/96. Hempst., 1/264, V282. How., %3. McLean, 1/429, 444, 2/491. O^C- Adm., 1/67. Pet.,l0/i6i. Wheat., 1/233. Woodb. & M., 2/531 Y. — on dismissal. Hempst., 1/9. Hughes, 2/gg Int. Rev. Rec, 12/42. Sawyer, 3/134 Wall., 22/42. Wheat., 10/406. 8. Entry of nolle prosequi as to one of several defendants. Cranch C. C, 4/3 6/571 Hempst., 448 PEACTICE— PEESIDENT. V47, V288, V428. How., 1/104. Pet, 1/46. Sumn., 3/37g_ 9. Rule to show cause of action. Cranch C. C, I/551. Wash. C. C, ^/l98, ■*/325. 10. Filing a lis pendens, and its effect. Bond, 1/277. Cranch, 8/^g2. Mc- Lean, l/i67, 1/321. Story, %q^_ Wall., %37, '''/18I. See, also, Notice, 11. 11. Rules relative to notices, and other papers in suits, and service thereof. Burn., (Wis.) l/ng. Paine, 1/436. 12. Stipulations betTveen counsel. Biss, 4/5^7^ 5/^^3 Blatchf., 13/255. Cranch C. C, 1/341^ l/ggi. Fish. Pat. Gas., 6/g^_ How., 17/72. Low., 2/3JQ. Sawyer, 2/333 Ware, I/286. See, also, Admiralty, 90. 13. Payment into court. Abb. Adm., 1/503. Ben., l/i Biss., 6/393. Blatchf., 8/^j3 Sumn., 2/333 Wall., 9/j75 See, also, Courts, 30. For rules relative to Parlies, generally, and parties appearing in a Mepresentaiive capacity, see Pahties ; also, Execdtoks and Adminis- TKATOBS, 66, "75 ; GUAHDIAN AD LiTEM ; IN- FANTS. For rules of Pleading and Evidence, see Plead- ing; Evidence; and the titles of the various forms and causes of action. For matters of practice in connection with the various Prmrisional remedies and Special proceed- ings, see their titles, chiefly, Aeeest; Attach- ment; Bail; Cebtiobaei; Injunction; Man- damus; Ebceivees, &c. As to the Mode of trial of actions, see Abbi- TBATION; EeFEEENCE; TeIAI, As to Place of- trial; changing it; and what actions are local, and what transitory, see Teial, II. For various proceedings Incidental to an ac- tion, see Affidavits; Amendment; Contempt OF Couet; Notice; Eemoval of Causes. For rules governing the Enforcement of judg- ments, see Execution ; Impeisonment ; Judi- cial Sale ; Set-off. PRAYER. For Relief, see Pleading, 64. For Instructions, see Teial, 74-78. PRE-EMPTION. Public Lands, 66-73. PRELIMINARY PROOFS. To obtain admission of Secondary evidence, see Evidence, 41-43. Of Loss, to obtain insurance money, see In- suEAifCE, 85, 110, 117. PREMIUMS. Insubance, 95, 96, 115, 116, 134-136. PRESIDENT. 1. Oonstitutional provisions respecting: the president. Const., art. II, § I, § II, 1, 2, 3, § III, §IV. 2. Statutory regulations of presiden- tial elections. Const. Amend., art. XII. Eev. Stat., § 131-149, 150, 151. 3. President's salary. Rev. Stat., § 153. Stat, at L., IT/^ge. 4. Powers and duties of the president, generally. Gall., l/i37_ Op. Att.-Gen., 4/5^5^ %26,"/ll6. Wall.,4/475_ 5. — to review acts of preceding presi- dents. Op. Att.-Gen., 2/3^ 2l^^^_ 2/3^^^ ej^^^^ %05. 13/456. Pet., 15/377. PEESIDENT. 449 6. — in respect to dealings with for- eign governments. Eev. Stat., § 1680, &c. Blatchf., 4/451. Op. Att.-Gen., 6/209, 9/320. 7. — dealings ■with Indians. Eev. Stat., § 465, 1112. Op. Att.- Gen., 4/i44_ 6/4g2_ 8. — recognition of state government. How., 7/i_ 9. — appointment of officers. Eev. Stat., § 1773, 1774, 3142, 3496, 3554, 3559, 3595. Bankr. Eeg., 10/14 Cranch, I/137 10. — filling vacancies in office. Eev. Stat., § 177-180, 1768, 1769. Op. Att.-Gen., ^I^qi^ 11. — removal of officers. Eev. Stat., § 3651. Ct. of CI., I/258. Op. Att.-Gen., 4/^^ 6/^^ ej^^^ 12. — expenditure of public moneys. Eev. Stat., § 291. How., I/290. Op. Att.-Gen., i/gao, 2/304^ 4/^^^^ e/gg^ %92. 13. — ordering arrests, or discharge of persons airested. Eev. Stat., § 2001. Op. Att.-Gen., ^/213, V229, ^/231, %85, ^°/74. 14. — interposing in suits, defending officers, &c. Law Eep., n. s., 13/^45. Op. Att.- Gen., 1/77^ l/gi^ 1/366^ 1/405^ 1/504^ 2/53^ 3/7I8, 4/269, 6/75, %20, 11/117, 1%. 15. — granting pardons. Eev. Stat., § 5330. How., I8/307. "Wall., 4/333 See, also. Pardon, 1-3. 16. — remission of penalties and for- feitures. Op. Att-Gen., 4/573^ 7/g2 See, also, FOBFEITUEES, 19; PENALTIES, 10. 2c 17 — removing intruders from public lands. Op. Att.-Gen., 7/534^ lO/^g^ See, also. Public Lands, 92. 18. Act of executive department deemed to be the act of the president. Cranch C. C, S/gig, Curt., ^Jq^^ How., 1/290. Op. Att.-Gen., 7/453 Pet., 1^/498, 1%91, 302. 19. His control over the departments. Eev. Stat., § 202, 216. Blatclif., 3/117 Cranch, 1/137 Cranch C. C, 5/l63. Law Eep., n. s., 11/341. Op- Att.-Gen., Sj^qo, l^/ios, lVi29. Pet., 12/524. Pet. C. C, 1/466. 20. Appeals to president from depart- mental officers. Op. Att.-Gen., 2/544^ 4/g,g^ 5/33^^ 10/526, 10/527, "/l4. 21. His povrers as commander-in-chief of army and navy. Eev. Stat., § 1296, 1434, 1463-1466, 1531, 1534-1594. How., 3/555 Op- Att-Gen., l/ggg, 6/^0. Pet., I/293, 1%1. Ware, 2/33 Woodb. & M., I/45. 22. — in respect to making -war. Eev. Stat, § 4067, 4068, 5297- 5315. Black, 2/535 Cranch, S/^^q Law Eep., N. s., 14/144, 14/335 Pet- C. Cv 1/466. Sprague, 2/123 Wall., 7/700 23. — calling forth state militia. Eev. Stat, § 1642-1644, 1648. Wheat., 12/19. See, also. Militia, 6. 24. — declaring martial law. Blatchf., 5/g3^ 5/3^9 25. — suspending writ of habeas cor- pus. Am. L. Eeg., 8/524 Taney, 1/245 See, also. Habeas Corpus, 18. 450 PEESIDENT— PRINCIPAL AND AGENT, I. 26. — ordering captures or seizures of vessels on the high seas. Rev. Stat., § 4294, 5557. Cranch, 2/l70, 7/589. How., i3/498 Pet., lO/gg. Wheat., 3/246. 27. — reviewing sentences of oourts- naartial. Rev. Stat., § 1342, arts. 105, 106, 108. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/233, ^Ii9, ^^ki. See, also, CouETS Martial, 8. PRESUMPTIONS. Appeal, 50; Eeeob, 60; Evidence, 16-33. PRINCIPAL AND AGENT. I. Appointment op Agents, and Their PowEKS, Generally. II. Eights, Duties, akd Liabilities of Agents. 1. In general. 2. As towards the prirwipal. III. Eights and Liabilities op Pbincipals. 1. In general. 2. When bound hy agent s acts or contracts. IV. Decisions Eelative to Particular Classes op Agents. L APPOINTMENT OF AGENTS, AND THEIE POWEES, GENEEALLY. 1. What acts of the principal amount to an appointment ; and herein of ■who ■will be regarded as an agent. Bias., 7/gg Ct. of CI., 1/383. Law Rep., N. s., S/^gg. Sawyer, %q_ Sprague, I/229. Ware, 2/3^3 2. SufiQciency of verbal appointment. Cranch C. C, I/268, 6/444. 3. Proof of appoin^tment. Ben., 1/77. Woodb. & M., 8/529. 4. Implied po-wers of agents, gener- ally; and herein of the distinc- tion bet^ween general and special agents. Black, 1/533. Cranch C. C, S/^^g Pet., 1/264. Philv (Pa.) 8/152. Wall., 4/447,^447,10/604. Wash. C. C, I/174. 5. Implied po'wers of one appointed agent to buy or sell. Am. L. Reg., N. s., I/13. Biss., 4/3gg_ Bond, 1/92. 2/392. Ct. of CI., 5/701 How., 8/451. Otto, 5/48 Pet., 9/607. Wall., ^359,^/766. Wool w., 1/99. 6. — of various other kinds of agents, such as collectors, merchants' clerks, insurance agents, &c. Cranch, 6/268. Law Rep., N. S., II/12. McLean, 4/g7_ 7. Express po'wers. Ho^w conferred; vaUdity, &c. Ct. of CI., 5/362. How., 20/264. Mc- Lean, 2/gg2. Sawyer, 4/672. Wall.,15/9. 8. Po^wers of an attorney in fact ; and ho^w executed. Bules of con- struction of po'wers. Black, 1/192. Blatchf., 4/193^ ij^^^^ Cranch C. C, 2/635. Ct. of CI., 4/gii^ 7/535. How., 8/451^ 13/345^ 1%41, 22/75. McLean, 2/543^ 2/552^ 4/45 Otto, %i8. Pet., 5/i3i_ Pet. C. C, I/433. Wall., I/16, "/606. Wash. C. C, 1/333. See, also. Powers, 3. 9. Revocation, or other termination of agent's authority ; and herein of revocation by death of principal. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 7/32 Biss., 6/134 Blatchf., 5/481 Chase Deo., I/224, 1/535. Cranch C. C, 2/685, 8/389 Ct. of CI., */511, 7/535, 13/367. Fish. Pat Cas., 8/9 Mason, 2/244 Wash. C. C, I/174. Wheat., 8/i74_ Woodb. & M., S/gg PEINCIPAL AND AGENT, II, III. 451 ,11. RIGHTS, DUTIES, AND LIABILITIES OF AGENTS. I. In general. 10. Right to compensation. Brock., l/io3. How.,22/g9 Hughes, ^/l72. McLean, 4/3^9 Mason, 4/275. Pet. C. C, 1/59. Sawyer, 4/317 11. — to reimbursement of expendi- tirres. Baldw., 1/536. Cranch, 7/5Q0. 12. In ■what manner an agent should execute his authority. Delega- tion of authority. Cranch C. C, S/ggg Hempst., I/223. McLean, 4/359 Pet., S/ggo. 13. Restrictions upon right of agent to deal for his 0"wn benefit, or to purchase from the principal. Bankr.- Reg., 6/43 Biss., l/igo, ^Ii28, 7/260. Blatehf., 2/343 Brock., Z/^g^ Cranch, ^li^g, Cranch C. C, ^/ggg^ McLean, 4/-igj Mason, l/34i_ N. Y. Legs. Obs., 10/225. Pet., 10/269.- Saw- yer, 2/i35_ Story, 3/181 Sumn., S/^^g^ Tt., 23/720 14. Right of agent to sue on contract made for benefit of principal. Black, 1/533. Blatchf., 8/305 Cranch C.C, 2/219 Gall., 1/467. Hempst., 1/9. How., 21/343 Pet.,l5/4o_ Wash.C. C, %60. 15. Liability of agent to third persons, generally. Pet., 1/46, %. Wyom. T., 1/51. 16. What contracts bind the agent personally. Ben.,3/8_ Chic. L. N., 3/226. Wall., 17. What contracts do not bind him personally. Cliff., 1/519. 2. As towards the pniicipal. 18. In general ; and herein of the care or diligence required. Am. L. Reg., 1/32. Cranch C. C, 5/526. Curt->Vl30. I>all., 4/389. Gall., 2/560. Wall, 6/420. Wash. C. C, 1/152, ^/248. 19. Liability for disobeying instruc- tions, neglect of duty, &o. Piss-, 2/255. Brock., I/103, 2/350. Cranch, 3/415 Dall., 4/339 Pet, 3/69. Wash. C. C, 1/152, 1/454. 20. — for, neglect to effect insurance for principal. Wash. C. C, 1/504, 2/203. Woolw., 1/372. 21. — for acts of sub-agent. Gall., 2/565 Wash. C.C, 4/514 22. Duty to account, and liability for refusal. Gall., 2/530. How., 3/7g3 Wall., 2/70. Wash. C.C, 1/278.' 23. Wlien chargeable with interest. Brock., 1/103. Mason, 1/117. See, also. Interest, 4. in. EIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF PEINCIPALS. l.In 24. Right to sue on contract made by agent. Ct.ofCl.,9/i87. How., 21/287, 23/49. Paine, I/252. 25. Right to ratify agent's act; and herein of effect of ratification. Cranch, 9/153 Ct. of CI., 4/511 Gall., Veso. How., 19/349. McLean, 6/iog_ ^/393. Paine, I/305. Pet. C. C, I/496. Story, 3/700. Wall., 8/242. 26. What acts of principal will con- stitute ratification. I Ct. of CI., 7/535 Law Rep., 10/, 32. 462 PEINCIPAL AND AGENT, HI, IV. McLean, 3/2o//g69. Pet.,3/69. Woodb. & M., 2/217. 27. Acquiescence by failure to repu- diate. Black, 1/533. Blatchf., 14/422. Mc- Lean, 6/jog Otto, 6/g4o Pet., 3/g9_ Story, 2/471. Wash. C. C, 4/549. Wheat., •■•/iTg. 28. "WTiat acts will not amount to ratification. Effect of -want of knowledge of material facts. Abb. A dm., 1/499. ^'ss., 4/395. Blatchf., 1/358. Pet., 9/607. Taney, ^389. 29. Proving ratification. Cranch C. C, 1/471, 2/635. 30. Rights and liabilities of principal as respects sub-agents. How., 3/733 Woodb. & M., I/195. 2. When bound by agents acts or contracts. 81. In general. Baldw., 1/528. Bankr. Eeg., 8/^12 Black, 2/372. Cliff., I/370. Cranch, 3/193. Ct. of CI., 2/483 How., 5/29^ 8/451. Mason, 4/^^ Newb. Adm., ^464. Oreg., 1/115. Paine, 1/377. Pet., 3/413, %87. Wall., 18/436. Wash. C. C, 4/28O, %4, 4/564. Wheat., 12/408. 32 Admissions, declarations or repre- sentations of agent. Cranch C. C, 2/^gg How., 8/29. McLean, 2/157 Paine, 2/gg Pet., 1/311. Pet. C. C, 1/15. Wall., 3/jj4 Wash. C. C, 4/464^ 4/492 Woodb. & M., 8/343 See, also, Evidence, 119. 83. Acts of agent performed after re- vocation. Ct. of CL, 2/^83 Law Rep., 8/^6i. Wash. C. C, i/i74. 34. Wlien notice to agent will bind principal. Ben., 8/52. Cranch C. C, 2/701. Mc- Lean, 2/376, 4/93. Wall., 11/356. Wheat, ^/440, 4/466, ■^^/78. 35. Negligence of agent. Cranch C. C, I/536, 2/05^ 8/397^ 4/53^^ How., 23/209 McLean, ^1^2, %l. Wall., 15/649. 36. "Wrongful acts of agent. P>all., 3/333. 37. Criminal acts of agent. Cranch C. C, l/ioi, I/102. Pet., 2/358. Wall., 3/jj4 See, also, Ceiminal Law, 20. 38. Rigbts and liabilities of uudis- closed principal. Ct. of CI., 9/i87. Law Rep., N. s., 10/498. 39. Wben the government is bound by acts of public agents. Ct. of CI., 2/599^ 3/,o, 6/,o3. IV. DECISIONS EELATIVE TO PARTIC- ULAE CLASSES OP AGENTS. 40. Brokers, generally. Blatchf.; 3/305^ McAll., I/408. 41. Stockbrokers. Bankr. Reg., 13/45 Biss., 6/405. 42. Brokers' fees, commissions, &c. How., 20/221 Sumn., 2/47^_ 43. Broker's lien. Wheat., 6/565^ S/ggg. 44. Commission merchants. Chic. L. N., 2/201 How., 8/384. Story, 1/43 For decisions relative to the powers, duties, and liabUifies of Particular classes of agents, see Attorney and Client ; Banks ; Cabriees Express Companies ; Factors ; Oei-ioers. PRINCIPAL AND SURETY, I, II. 453 As to agents of Oorporations, see Cobpoba- TiONS, *74, 75 ; also, Insubakce, 132, 133 ; Mtjnicipai, Corpobations, 31, 32 ; Eail- BOAD COMPAHriES, 11. As to Presumptions respecting agents, see Evi- dence, 21. PRINCIPAL AND SURETY. I. Geneeal Peinciples. II. Eights and Liabilities op the Paeties. 1. Of the prindpid. 2. Of the surety. 3. Of co-sureties. 4. Of the (sreditor. III. What will Exonerate the Stjebty. I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 1. WTio are to be deemed sureties; and the nature of their undertaking, generally. Blatchf., 6/524 Hempst., I/39. Mc- Lean, l/iyg. Pet., 10/257^ 15/290. Sumn., 2/426. Wall,4/i86. 2. Interpretation and validity of con- tract of suretyship. Sumn., 2/453 II. RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF THE PARTIES. 1. Of the principal. 3. As respects the surety. McLean, 2/44^ 4. As respects the creditor and others. Dill., 1/536. How., 21/e6. 2. Of the surety. -5. Liabilities to third persons, gener- ally. Chic. L. N., 3/233 Cranch C. C, ^387. Holmes, 1/263. Pet., l^i^ IS/^gy. Wall., 2/219. Wall. Jr., 1/173. Wheat., 6. What may be set up in defence; and herein of right of surety to equitable relief. Alb. L. J., 13/451 How., 7/726. Mc- Lean, 2/45i_ 4/577 Oreg.,1/97. Sawyer, 3/424. Wall. Jr., 1/173. T. Right to indemnity. Bankr. Reg., '^^Iiqs. Newb. Adm., ^/432. 8. Right to be reimbursed by princi- pal ; and ho'w enforced. Black, 1/566. Cranch, 7/273 Cranch C. C, 2/20. How., 5/9g_ Mason, 5/38o_ Newb. Adm., I/432. Wash. C. C, I/278. Woodb. & M., 3/390 9. Right to be subrogated to position of creditor. Brock., 2/252 Cranch C. C, 5/485. McLean, 1/384^ 2/451^ 3/557^ e/ggg^ Mason, 5/62. Newb. Adm., 1/432. Pet., 5/173. Story, 3/393 Sumn., 8/4^0 Wash. C. C-, ■*/446. 10. Rules of evidence in actions against sureties. Black, 1/140. Blatchf., 13/252. Cranch, 7/308. Gilp.,1/41. How., 17/437. Pet., 17/251. Wash. C. C, 2/473 3. Of co-sureties. 11. In general. Cranch C. C, I/92. Gilp., l/iog. McLean, 1/493^ 2/501 12. The right to contribution ; and ho-w enforced. How., 21/432 4. Of the creditor. 13. When creditor is in a position to sue surety; and herein of ex- hausting remedy against prin- cipal. Cranch C. C, I/442. 454 PRINCIPAL AND SUEETY, III— PEIVATEERS. 14. Right to be substituted to benefit of securities held by rival credi- tor, or surety. McLean, 2/^ Pet., 13/^23 Sumn., 2/410. III. WHAT WILL EXONERATE THE SUBETY. [Consult, also, Guaranty, 17-20.] 15. In general ; and herein of impair- ing the surety's remedy. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 10/519 Gilp., 1/92. McLean, S/j^^^ Otto, 2/g3_ Wall., 20/165. Wyom. T., 1/301. 16. Altering the terms of the contract, or departure from it. Bond, 1/339. Craiich, 4/gQ Cranch C. C, 1/233^ 5/g23_ How., 6/292^ 21/gg_ Paine, 1/305. ?«*•> ^^/201. Sumn., ^j^^^. Wall., 2/2i9_ 3/257_ 21/272. Wash. C. C, 4/26. Wheat., 9/g8o_ 17. Taking a new or further security. Cranch C. C, 2/^81. 18. Giving further time to principal; when a discharge. Bankr. Reg., 17/357. Brock., I/220. Pet., 14/201. Wash. C. C, S/^q 19. — when not a discharge. Brock., 2/i32 McLean, S/ggQ Wheat., ^%05, ^%54. 20. Effect of mere indulgence or delay to prosecute. Gall., 1/32. How., 5/192. McLean, 2/451. Pet., 14/201. 21. Discharge of surety by notice to creditor to proceed against prin- cipal. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 10/519 How., 1/197. Story, 3/3g3_ 22. WTien the discharge of the princi- pal exonerates the surety. Brock., 1/220. How., 23/iQg Mc- Lean, 1/226, ^/483. Paine, 1/525. Pet.,. V573, ^/l73, ^/329. Sumn., 2/31Q For the liability of the surety as fixed by the terms of the Bond, see Bonds. For the liability of sureties on Official bonde, generally, see OrFiCEBS, V; also, Marshals,. 19 ; Shesiffs, 17. As to sureties of Personal representatives and Trustees, and proceedings to enforce their lia- bility, see ExECTJTOES and Administbatoes, 82-84. As to the rights and liabilities of sureties upoa Bills and Notes, see Bills of ExcHANaB, 26 ; Peomissoey Notes, 18. PRINCIPALS. Who are Principals and who Criminal Law, 18, 19, 22. I, see PRIORITY. Assignment, 37, 38; Attachment, 32- 38 ; Debtob and Ceeditoe, VI ; Deeds, 33 ;. Execution, 38-40; Judgment, IV; Me- chanics' Lien, 8 ; Mortgages, 34, 35. PRIVATEERS. 1. The commission, rights under it^ and how forfeited. Cranch, S/^gi Ball., 3/133 Gall.,. 2/29. Wheat., 1/238^ S/ggi^ 2. Bond of owners under act of 1812. Wheat., 8/257^ 3. Illegal outfit or augmentation of force, a breach of neutrality. Dall., 3/i52^ 3/285^ 3/3^7^ 3/3^9_ Wheat, '^/283. 4. What captures are legal. Bee Adm., 1/67 C^aH., 1/445 Wheat., 1/46. 5. "What captures are illegal. Wheat., 9/658 PRIVATEERS— PRIVATE LAND CLAIMS, I. 456 6. Restoration of property illegally captured. Crauch, % Wheat., 9/ggg_ 7. Liability of OTwriers. Crancb,4/2. Call., s/gg^^ 8/333 Gall., 2/29. Mason, 1/365. Wash. C. C.,3/262. Wheat., 1/238, 2/345_ 3/g4g 8. Distribution of prize money. "WTio may share. Bee Adm., 1/399. DalL, 2/36. Gall., 2/19, 2/626. Mason, I/346. 9. Letters of marque. Bee Adm., 1/112. VoT.Statutoj-y provisions respecting privateers, see Eev. Stat., I 4758-4763. PRIVATE LAND CLAIMS. I. In California. 1. History, interpretation, and validity of the claims. 2. Jurisdiction and powers of commission of 1851. 3. Proceedings before the commissioners. 4. Review of their decisions in the courts. II. In Florida. III. In Louisiana. rV. In Missouri. V. In Various Other States. I. IN CALIFORNIA. 1. History, inteipretation, and validity of the claims. 1. Authority of Spanish governors, alcaldes, or prefects to make grants. Black, 1/541, 2/17 Hoffm. L. Cas., Vl57. How., 19/343, ^^/274, ^%3, ^^/273, 23/464. Sawyer, 2/345^ S/^gg Wall., 5/536, ®/592, ^%86, ^^/449. 2. The colonization policy ; and regu- lations for carrying it out. Hoffm. L. Cas., l/ge. How., 10/363, 20/59. Wall., 13/449 3. Protection of claims under treaty of G-uadalupe Hidalgo, and sub- sequent laws. Stat, at L., 9/922. How., I8/235, 18/363. Wall., 1/326, ^/352, V4OO, ^/478, %26. 4. Claims invaUd a,t date of treaty not protected. Hoffm. L. Cas., 1/162. How., 21/170 23/312. 5. Authority of Mexican government to grant lands ceased July 7, - 1846 ; grants since made, void. Black, 1/267. Hoffm. L. C, 1/249, 1/279. How., 23/32i_ 24/^25. Wall., I/412, V745, V766, ^/589, '^/743, ^*^/224, ^^/386. 6. How^ the grants w^ere made, bound- aries, identifying land, all., 3/6. Paine, l/m. Wheat., 3/54g 3. Jurisdiction extends to claims against property captured, and every incident relative to ques- tion of prize, untU final adjudica- tion. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/220 Gall., 2/^9 Wall., 4/^34^ 7/^52 4. Jurisdiction as dependent upon place of capture or locality of prize. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/i, I/122, l/l73, ^302, ^463, V628. Gall., I/563. Paine, 2/goj Pet.Adm., \ ^ku. ^a» ^^ss Pr. Cas., 1/5. 5. Jiirisdiction in cases of capture for violation of neutrality laws. Gall., 1/585. Wheat., 5/335 6. "When jurisdiction attaches, or is acquired. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/142, I/202, ^357. Curt., 1/266. Wall., 4/g34 7. Foreign ships of war and their prizes not -within the jurisdic- tion. Op. Att.-Gen., 7/-|^22. 8. Prize courts have no jxirisdiction of captures by land forces only. Car. L. Rep., 2/^93 Wheeler, S/gg^ 9. But where capture is made by com- bined land and naval forces, they have. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/302. Law Rep., N. 8., 15/451. 10. Rule that courts of captor have exclusive jurisdiction of cap- tures jure belli. Bee Adm., 1/29^ I/40. Cranch, 4/293 Ball., 3/121. Paine, 2/e55 Pet.Adm., ^/l2, %09. Wheat., 1/238, 6/193^ 7/283. Wheeler, 8/352 11. Exceptions to the rule. Brock., 1/478. Cranch, 8/359 Gall., 2/29. Wheat., 4/298_ 7/283. 12. Decisions relative to the court of appeals in prize causes. Ball., 3/54 Cranch, 4/2_5/jig. Wash. G. C, 1/129. II. WHAT IS LAWFUL PKIZE. [Consult, also, Captttre, I.] 13. In general. Cranch, 8/353^ 9/191. Low., l/n^ I/18, I/280. Wall., 17/29. 14. Grcneral rules as to enemy's prop- erty. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/gn. Cranch, S/hq Gall., 1/618, 2/4_ 2/268. Newb. Adm., V352. Paine, ^Iqqi, Sprague, 2/^43^ 2/226. ^^^ ^^®^ P""- Cas., 1/5. 15. Oaptmres of enemy's property on land, by naval forces, not mari- time prize. Blatchf., 5/231. Blatch. Pr. Cas., ^/211, ^/302. Sprague, 2/233. Wall., 2/404^ 10/57'7. 16. Effect of transfer to neutral, on hostile character of property transferred. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., %, I/133, V151, V387, ^643. 17. Effect of owner's domicile to settle hostile or neutral character of ship or goods. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/379, I/556. Gall., V445,%68. Newb. Adm., 1/400. Sprague, 2/123, 2/177. Wall., 6/2g3. See, also, Domicile, o, 10. 462 PEIZE, II, III, IV. 18. Effect of ooramercial domicile of OAvner or his agent. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/133^ I/644. Cranch, 8/363. Wall, 3/231. Wheat., 1/46, 1/159, 4/105. 19. Right to withdraw from enemy's country. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/291, I/309, Veso, V661, ^668. Gall., 1/467, VeU. Wall., ^/l70 ^Is77. See, also, Neutrality, 3. 20. Recaptures. Eev. Stat., § 4652. Cranch, S/^^^^ 286. Gall., 1/585. See, also," Capture, 20. 21. WTiat was la'wful prize in the late civil war. Rev. Stat., § 5308. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/2, 1/91, 1/302, V882. MacArth., 2/438. Wall., %oi, 422, 2/451. III. EIGHTS, DUTIES, AND LIABILI- TIES OF CAPTOES. [Consult, also, Captuee, III.] 22. Rights of government paramount. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/566. Wall, S/^gg. 23. The title or right acquired by the captors. Bee Adm., 1/92. Call., S/^gg Gall., V295. Sprague, 2/^50. Woods, 1/40. 24. Rule that capture overrides pri- vate liens, mortgages, bottomry bonds, &o. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/133^ 1/199^ 1/271^ ^/296, ^/382, ^556, ^/665. Cranch, S/^^g^ 9/126. Sprague, 2/^94 Wall., S/g^g 25. Priority among successive cap- tors. Wheat.,.2/i23. 26. Duty to send in the prize; and excuses for not doing so. Cranch, S/^gg Curt., I/266. How., ^%98. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/78. Wheat., %45, 360. 27. Duty to bring in master and crew, ship's papers, &c. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/ioi, I/200. Gall., 2/93 %68, %74. Mason, 1/14. Wheat.,. 2/76. 28. Liability for •wrongful captures or misconduct. Damages recover- able. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/107. Curt., I/266. Dall., 2/jg_ 3/333 Call., 1/315. Pet.' Adm., 2/330 Wheat., 2/327_ 3/435 See also,, posi, 92. IV. PEOCEEDINGS FOE CONDEMNA TION. 1. Orounds of condemnation. 29. What is such a violation of neu- trality as will warrant condem- nation. Gall., 2/251 Wash. C. C, 3/igi Wheat., 1/382. 30. "WTiat is not. Bee Adm., 1/59. Cranch, S/ggg See, also, Neutrality, 8. 31. Assertion of false claim as to char- acter or ownership of vessel or cargo. Brock., 1/299. Pet., 8/495^ 522 Sprague, 2/177. Wheat., 1/417^ 3/23g_ 6/1^ go_ 32. Concealment of papers. Blatchf Pr. Cas., 1/387. Wall., 8/559 Wheat., 2/227. 33. Misrepresentation or suppression of facts concerning the voy- age. Cranch, 9/3gg Law Rep., n. s., 14/276. 34. Spoliation of ship's papers, log book, &c. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/173, Vl87, ^242, PRIZE, IV. 463 ■ ^/243, ■^/272, ■^/280, ^/283, ■^/288, ^IsQG, ^l556, ^362, VsSl, ^isSl, ^463, ^561, ^/648, ^658. Wall, ^ku, 3/564. 35. Breach of blockade. Blatehf. Pr. Cas., I/223, 1/641, ^665. Sprague, S/^gg^ Wall.,.5/28, ^Im. See, also, Blockade, 5, &c. 36. Carrying contraband goods. Blatehf. Pr. Cas., 1/379, V38O, V38I, ^434, ^463. Wall., 5/j_ s/gg^ See, also. War, IV. 37. Illegal trading. Cranch, %82, ^Iu4, ^/451. How., 1^/110. ^ewb. Adm., l/3g3_ See, also, Wae, 38. Sailing under enemy's license. Blatehf. Pr. Cas., I/262, V266, ^646. Cranch, S/^g^^ S/g^g^ Sj^^^^ Gall, a/gj^o. Wheat., 2/j^43 See, also, Wae, VI. 39. Instances of condemnation of ves- sel and cargo as enemy's prop- erty. Blatehf. Pr. Cas., 1/53, l/gg, V99, V119, •^/l42, •'^/l73, -^/l85, ■'■/195, ■'■/196, 1/241, 1/248, V332, V552, 1/645, 1/647. 40. — for violating, or attempting to violate blockade. Blatehf. Pr. Cas., I/2, I/122, l/l43, l/l48, l/l96, 1/197, 1/283, l/sOO, I/302, ^370, 1/664, 1/665. Sprague, 2/jq„_ 2/2^3 2/33^ Wall., 3/go3. 2. Parties, pleading, and practice, generaUy. 41. Tlie civil, not the common law, the foundation of the practice in prize courts. Cranch, 8/244^ 284. 42. The admiralty practice to be fol- lowed. Blatehf. Pr. Cas., l/gg^ l/i48_ I/647. 43. Statutory provisions regulating the practice. Stat, at L., 13/315 Sprague, 2/^43. 44. Practice in respect to delivery of property on bail. Rev. Stat., § 4626. Stat, at L., 13/3i3_ Blatehf. Pr. Cas., I/57 Cranch, S/ggg Gall., 1/451, 2/249_ 2/320 See, also, Ad- miralty, 93 ; Bail, 28 45. The proper parties, generally. Ben., 6/^08. Blatehf. Pr. Cas., 1/575. How., I8/110. Wall., 5/3„ Wheat., 12/1. 46. Bights of the government as a party. Abb. Adm., 1/495. Blatehf. Pr. Cas., 1/220. Gall., 2/249 Wheat., 2/278_ 12/i_ 47. Serving and retiirning the moni- tion. Blatehf Pr. Cas., I/123, I/258, 1/641. 48. Rules of pleading, generally. Blatehf. Pr.' Cas., I/64, I/107, I/223, 1/296, ^/641. 49. The libel; its contents, and effect of filing it. Blatehf, Pr. Cas., l/^e, I/382, 1/56I. Wall., 2/4gi 50. Who may interpose as claimants. Blatehf. Pr, Cas., l/^e. Gall., I/274, l/5g3 Paine, 2/539 Van Ness Pr. Cas., 1/45.' 51. Form and suflaciency of the claim or answer. Blatehf. Pr. Cas., I/107, I/124, l/u6, 1/151, V266, 1/291, 1/296, 1/649, 1/669. 52. Annexing test oath to claim. Blatehf. Pr. Cas., I/133, Mm, 1/434. Cranch, 8/244 286. Gall., 2/377 Wall., 5/1. 464 PRIZE, IV. 53. Taking objections and exceptions. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/232, ^/250, ^642, 1/664 Woolw., 1/236, 245. 54. Incidental matters of practice. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/173^ 1/349. ^^wb. Adm., 1/393. 3. Proofs. Further Proofs. 55. On the first hearing, evidence to acquit or condemn must come from papers and cre-w of the prize. Bee Adni., I/292. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., Vloi, Vi73, %5. Wall., 5/517. Wheat., 2/76, 2/227, 6/1. 56. But if doubt then exists other proofs are admissible. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/jgi^ 1/543. Gall., 1/274. Wall., 3/45,_ 5/5,7; 57. Limits and exceptions to rule as to papers and ore'w. Blatchf Pr. Cas., I/120, I/121, Vl26, V223, 1/329, V434, V641. Wall., 5/i_ 58. Rules of evidence, generally. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/223. 59. Of what the court will take judi- cial notice. Blatchf Pr. Cas., 1/333^ I/463, 60. "When biu'den of proof is on cap- tors. Blatchf Pr. Cas., i/jqi. Call., 2/,9_ 61. When on claimant. Crall., 2/374 Paine, 2/ggg Mason, 1/38. Van Ness Pr. Cas., 1/45 Wall., %59, 5/l83. Wheat., 4/^03, % ^Im. See, also. Capture, 25 ; Evidence 68. 62. Admissibility and suflflciency of documentary evidence. Ben., 6/4Qg Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/107 1/294, 1/463. Gall., 1/274, 1/594. Wall, ■/28. Wash. C. C, 3/i77_ Wheat., 3/i4_ 5/, 63. Survey or inspection of captured ship or cargo. Blatchf Pr. Cas., 1/349. Gall., l/gi3_ 64. Inspection of ship's papers not generally allowed until claims are put in. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/i4e, 1/059. Sprague, 2/168. 65. Riiles of examination of witnesses. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/345, I/463. Gall., 2/93. Phil., (Pa.) 4/4ig/ Wall., 5/2g^ See, also. Witnesses, 15. 66. Suspending decree to allow fur- ther time to libellants. Blatchf Pr. Cas., I/120, I/123, I/200, 1/209, 1/250, 1/323, 1/553, 1/642. 67. — to claimants : — allowing a year and a day to interpose claim. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/52. Gall., 2/3gg_ Pet., 8/4 Sprague, 2/ig4 Wheat., 1/393. 68. Opening case for new proofs. Sprague, 2/igQ Sumn., 1/323. 60. Invocation of proofs from other prize causes. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/124, l/ggo, I/434. Wheat., l/408_ 4/g4_ 70. In what cases further proofs will be allowed. . Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/69, l/joi, 1/646. Crauch, 8/354^ 8/3gg_ S/^gg^ 9/344^ 289. Gall., l/g2o, 2/7g Mason, 1/^4 Sprague, 2/168,2/177. Wheat., 1/9 2/igi;3/i4_3/409_ ^/433. 71. "WTien order for further proofs will be refused. Cliff., 2/ig9 Cranch, 8/335^ 8/434^ 9/205. Gall., 1/401, 1/451, 1/467, 1/513, PRIZE, IV, V. 46,5 V532, %74, %77. Mason, l/38_ Newb. Adm., 1/383. Wall., B/g^g. 72. Tlie application and order: and effect of failure to comply with order. Cranch, 8/345 Wall., 8/45^ Wheat., ^/l08, 169. 73. What is admissible as further proof. Gall., 1/401. Wheat., S/^g^^ 8/jQg_ ^^^ 74. AHo'virance of further proof on ap- peal. Cranch, ^^i. Wheat., l/ng, 2/76, 2/371. 4. Decree; and mihaequesni proceedings. 75. Requisites and effect of the decree of condemnation. Stat.- at L., 13/309 Cranch, I/103, 3/242. Law Rep., N. s., l7/i34_ 76. Effect of foreign decree. Bee Adm., l/igs^ I/213, I/228, VsoO. Cranch, 8/458^ 4/34^^ 4/434^ 7/433 Sumn., 3/600. Wash. C. C, 2/508_ Wheat., 4/108 167. See, also. Judgment, 48, 70. 77. Opening' the decree. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/265, V310. 78. Sales of prize property, generally. Rev. Stat., § 4627-4629. Stat, at L., 13/308. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/123, 1/664. Cranch, 7/433. Gall., 1/315^ Z/ggg 79. — of perishable property. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/gi, I/186, Vigs, Vl99. Dall., 2/4Q See, also, Admi- KAiTY, 100. 80. Sale pending an appeal. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/531^ I/632, V638. 81. Costs, expenses, auctioneers' fees, &c. Rev. Stat., § 4639, 4640, 4650. Stat. at L., 13/311^ 13/313. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., VeiO. Ct. of CI., 9/211. Sprague, 2/225. 2d 82. Appraisal of prize vessel or prop- erty taken for use of the gov- ernment. Rev, Stat., § 4624. Stat, at L., 13/3^4_ Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/202, V204, V207. 5. Distribution of prize money. 83. The right to prize money. Rev. Stat., § 4616, 4630. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/566, V635. I>ev., I/201. Cranch, 8/382 Dall., 2/36. Gall., 1/545^ 2/56. Low., 1/95. Wall., 13/389. 84. Mode of distribution, generally. Ascertaining shares. Rev. Stat., § 4631, &c. Stat, at L., 12/606, 1%06, l%ll. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/584, 1/607. Curt., 2/333 Gall, I/506, 2/i84. Law Rep., N. s., 12/55. Mason, 1/4 Op. Att.-Gen., 11/9^ 11/102, 11/326. Pet. Adm., 2/4Q3 Sawyer, 4/gQj Sprague, 1/273. Wall., 3/425. 85. Relative rights of joint captors. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/566, 1/534. Gall., 2/1. Low., 1/30. Op. Att.-Gen., ll/i48. Sprague, 2/226^ 2/235^ 2/35^ Wall., 8/425 86. "What is deemed to be "signal distance.'' Int. Rev. Rec, 2/^^^ Low., 1/35. Sprague, 2/262, %66, %67. 87. Duties and responsibilities of prize agents. Dall., 3/54^ 87, %31. Gall., 2/^9^ 2/3^1 Op. Att.-Gen., 5/^42 88. Their compensation. Sprague, 2/351 Wall., 8/425. V. EESTITUTION; AND HEREIN OF PEOBABLE CAUSE. 89. Who may have restitution. Bee Adm., I/43. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/l65, V375, ^615, V629, ^650. Cranch, 4/241. Wall., 5/180. 466 PRIZE, V— PROCESS, I. 00. To whom restitution -wlU be re- fused. Cranch, SI253, Gall., 2/377 Sprague, 2/177. Wall.,5/gi7. Wheat., 2/76^/435. 91. Restoring vessel captured, in viola- tion of neutrality. Paine, a/ggg. Wheat., ij^Qs, %7, %85, ^/235, '^kn, '^/496. 92. Restitution in cases of recapture, on payment of salvage. Bee Adm., l/x52. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., V99, V579. Sprague, 2/j,77_ Wash. C. C, 2/54. Wheat., 3/78 93. Damages for -wrongful capture. Bee Adm., I/141 Blatchf. Pr. Cas., V375, V615. Cranch, 2/34^ S/^gg Gall., 1/315. Paine, l/m^ 2/ggg Pet. Adm., 2/345. Wash. C. C, 1/245. Wheat., %8, ^*^/431. See, also, ante, 28. 94. AlloTvance of costs, generally. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/54^ l/ggg, l/gsg. Mason, I/91 Newb. Adm., l/ggg Wall., */l70. Wheat., 6/127 See, also. Costs, 27, 50. 95. Costs and damages not allowed to claimant in cases of probable cause. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/igi, 1/377^ l/ggg. Sprague, 2/207 Wall., S/jgg. 96. What constitutes probable cause. Bee Adm., 1/g. Gall, ij^Q^ Mason, ^/24. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/iQg Sprague, 2/207. Wall., 5/170 As to admiralty practice, generally, applica- ble to prize causes, in common with other admi- ralty proceedings, see Admtealty. PROBABLE CAUSE. CAPTtjEE, 9 ; Mamciotjb Pbosectjtion, 6, 9; Pkize, 95, 96. PROBATE. COTTRTS, 56 ; WlMiS, II. PROCESS. I. In Crvii- Actions. 1. Oeneral principles. 2. Service ; and how proved. n. In Ceiminal Peoceedings. I. IN CIVIL ACTIONS. 1. General principles. X. Necessity of process. How., 6/i63, 9/336. McLean, S/gig. Pet., 14/147. 2. Power of court to prescribe forms of process. Rev. Stat, § 917. How., 1/301. Mc- Lean, 1/226. Pet-, V604, %29, ^^/45, 1^/301, 1%03. Sumii., 3/358 Wheat., 10/1, 10/51. 3. Adoption of state regulations re- specting form, &c. Interpreta- tion of the process acts. Rev. Stat., §914-916. Abb. U. S., 1/495. Blatchf., 10/211. Curt, 2/94. How., 2/608 Pet., 13/45 Wall., 6/igg_ %14, 6/756. Ware, 1/286. Wheat, 10/i_ 10/51 See, also, Circuit Cottets, 103. 4. Necessity of a seal. Rev. Stat, § 911, 912. Wall., e/ggg. 5. Form and contents of the writ. Mart., (N. C.) l/yg. 6. — of writ of subpoena. Hempst, 1/546. McLean, B/gig^ 6/341. Pet., 5/604. 7. Conflict between federal and state process. Int. Rev. Rec, 2/109 McLean, 4/333 PROCESS, I, II. 467 Newb. Adm., I/73 See, also, Execu- tion, 39. 8. Effect of various irregularities in process. Rev. Stat., § 948. Cranch C. C, %27,^/464. Hempst., 1/9. How., iS/g^g. McLean, I/466, 8/17, 4/436. ©. Po"wers of courts of admiralty in respect to process. Abb. Adm., I/373. Blatchf. & H., 1/525. Gallv2/29. Story, 1/531. Wheat., 10/473 See, also, Admiralty, 76. 2. Sei-oice ; and how proved. 10. General rules ; and herein of wlio may make service, and upon •whom. Service on corporation. Biss., 4/78. Blatchf., 3/^^ Cent. L. Jv %05, %33. Cranch C. C, S/ggg^ Dill., 21^27, %09. Fish. Pat. Cas., 6/374. How., 11/293. McLean, l/4g6_ 2/323^ S/^g^^ Oreg-, V112, V113. Otto,V/774 Pet. C. C.,1/41. Sprague, 1/361. Wall., 17/445^ 21/119. Wall. Jr., 1/269. Wash. C C, 2/465, %0, 4/426, 4/472. Wash. T., 1/154. Woods, 2/479 11. Service on one of several defend- ants. Brock., I/261. Cranch C. C, 4/gg_ Dall., 2/373 Pet. C. C, 1/431. Wash. C- C, 2/505. 12. Service upon a state. Dall., 3/32o_ 3/339 Pet., 3/46^^ 6/234^ 13. Mode and sufBciency of service. Time of service. Curt., 2/579 McLean, s/^^g^ 6/^4_ Sprague, 1/78^ 1/382. Wa"-, 17/624. Wall. C-C, 1/141. Wash.C.C.,4/i27//i59. 14. Place of service. Bankr. Reg., e/^j^^ e/ggg. Blatchf., I/480. Cranch C. C, I/346, 1/357. Curt., 2/6. Law Rep., n. s., 8/137. McLean, 2/473 Mason, 5/35_ 01c. Adm., l/ig. Pet., 12/72, 12/300, 1%24. Phil., (Pa.) 3/464. Story, 1/531. Sumn., I/131. Wash. C. C, 3/456, 4/53_ 4/2,j_ 15. Substituted or constructive ser- vice. Bankr. Reg., 6/557 Ben., S/ggg^ Blatchf., 4/,2o, 9/316. Chic. L. N., 6/472. McLean, 6/^4 Otto, 1/503. Sawyer, 1/547. Wall., 9/807. Woodb.&M.,3/97. 16. Service by publication. Abb. U.S., 2/542. Dill-; 2/498. Otto, 5/714. Sawyer, 8/274^ 4/34^^ 4/g38_ West. Jur., 7/320. Woods, 2/^^44 17. Proof of service. Chic. L. N., 6/358 Cranch C. C, 1/41. McLean, s/ggg Otto, 7/^^ Sawyer, 4/603. Wall., W/sg. Wash. C. C., 1/135. 18. Marshal's return ; and hoTW com- pelled. Blatchf., I/480. Cranch, 7/194 Curt., 1/223. Call., 2/402. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 8/105. Pet. C. C, 1/441. Wash. C. C, 2/336, %56. Wash. T., 1/116. See, also, Maeshals, 13. 19. Relief against irregular service. Blatchf., 3/268. Cent. L. J., 3/3gg_ Cliff., 2/304. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/338. 20. Privilege from service of process. Biss., 5/64, 5/159. Chic. L. N., 1/245. Dall., 4/34^ McLean, 4/29^ 4/^^ Pet. C. C, 1/41. Wall., 13/335. ' Wall. Jr., 1/269. See, also. Ministers, 7, 9. II. IN CRIMINAL PBOCEEDINGS. 21. "Warrants of arrest. Cranch C. C, 1/52 2/409. Wash. C. 468 PROCESS, II— PROMISSORY NOTES, I. C, 2/159. Wheeler, 2/233. See, also, III. Validity. Akrest, 16. IV. Tbansfbrs ; and Eights of Purchas- ers. 1. Negotiability ; and haw transferred. 2. Sights of purchasers, or holders. V. Eights and Liabilities of Indorsers, 22. 'Warrants of commitment. Cranch, S/^^g^ ij^^^ ^gg Cranch 0. C, V276, V373, V424, ^/rsr, ^/343. Gall., 1/474. 23. Search warrants. Curt., 2/i87 How., I8/71. 1. Demand and notice. 2. What will excuse demand and notice. As to Amendment of process, see Amenb- 3. Discharge. New promise. TtTENT, 4, 5. How far a Protection to officer, see Mab- SHAXS, 12 ; Offioees, 31, 32 ; Sheeu'I's, 8. VI. Non-Negotiable Notes. VII. Law of Place. As to Final process, see Ezecdtion. VIII. Actions upon Promissory Notes. PRODUCTION OF BOOKS AND PAPERS. 1. The right of action and defences. 2. Parties. IhscoTEBT, 9-15 ; Evidence, 44-48. 3. Pleading. (a) The declaration. PROFERT AND OYER. (6) The plea. 4. Evidence. Executors and Administbators, 68 ; Pleading, 56. 5. Amount recoverable; Judgment, <6e. L NATURE AND REQUISITES, GEN- EEALLY. PROFITS. 1. Form and contents. Recovery for Loss of, see Damages, 2; Patents, 3Yl-3'74. When Agreement to share constitutes partner- ship, see Partnership, 4. Mesne profits, in ejectment, see Ejixjtment, 30-32. 1. What is a promissory note. Biss., 4/473 Cranch C. C, 2/^^^ 2. General requisites of the instru- ment. Interpreting the lan- guage. PROHIBITION. Writs, 9. How., 14/505 3. Conditions and stipulations. Col. T., 2/320 Dak.T., l/eo. Mcv Lean, S/^g^ PROMISSORY NOTES. 2. Execution and delivery. [Consult, also. Bills of Exchange.] 4. In general. I. Natdbe and Requisites, Generally. Hughes, 1/172. 1. Form and contents. 2. Execution and delivery. 3. Consideralion. n. Parties. 5. Filling blanks. How., 20/343_ 361, 22/96. McLean, 6/496. Wall., 4/44^ 9/544 See, also, post, 30, 127. PEOMISSOEY NOTES, I, II, III. 469 3. Consideration. G. Right to inquire into the considera- tion. Cranch C. C, S/g^ McLean, 4/^i7_ Wash. C. C, 3/5 See, also, ^post, 120. V. Presumptions in favor of consid- eration. Hempst., 1/84. Wash. C. C, Z/^gp Wheat., 5/277 8. "WTiat is a sufficient consideration. Cranch, ^l\^2. Cranch C. C, 3/g54 Dill-, 1/219, 1/248. How., 21/266. Wall., 1^/646, 1^/654, 1^/546. 9. "WTiat is insufficient. Abb. U. S., I/261. Ga., 35/330 Mc- Lean, S/gyj Woods, l/eso. See, also, post, 20. 10. Failure of consideration. McLean, 2/^64. Wheat., 2/^3 IL Partial failure of consideration. Cranch C. C, 2/3^^^ 2/^35. How., '^/213. McLean, ^gg Sawyer, 2/546. II. PAETIES. 12. General nature of maker's liability. Wyom. T., I/45. 13. Notes made by agents, partners, &c. Bankr. E,eg., 13/312 1%2. McLean, 2/233 Mont. T., 1/172, See, also, Paet- UBESHIP, 24. 14. Description of the parties. McLean, 1/473^ 2/^3^ 15. Joint, and joint and several makers. Cranch C. C, 2/^^^^ Wall., 6/231 Wyom. T., 1/45. 16. Payees. •McLean, 1/471 2/139. IV. Guarantors. Am. L. Rec, 6/345. ^^' ^- ^^gv N. s., 17/111 How., 22/34j_ See title Guaranty. 18. Sureties. Biss., 6/^gg Cranch C. C, I/534, See title Principal and Surety. III. VALIDITY. 19. Questioning the inception of the note. Woods, 2/554 20. InvaUd, or insufficient considera- tion. Abb. U. S., 1/261. Biss., 7/33g_ Cranch C. C, 2/203. Ga., 35/33^ See, also, ante, 9. 21. Corporate notes made in violation of law, or charter. McLean, 3/j^o2_ 3/265^ 3/275^ S/gg^^ 4/g_ 4/3g7. Wall., 4/447_ 22. Notes m.ade during late ■war, in Confederate states. Chase Dec, I/222, 1/551. Wall., 12/343^ ■ 22/479 ^®^ ^itl® Confederate States. 23. Illegality. Col. T., 2/502. Cranch C. C, 2/173^ 2/207, 4/16I. Int. Rev. Rec, 13/142. Minn., 1/94. Wall., 8/377 24. Fraud, duress, &c. Cranch C. C, 2/237 McLean, ^j^yj_ 25. Altered, or forged notes. Ben., 5/26g Biss., S/^gg Burn., (Wis.) 1/185. Cranch C. C, 2/213, 2/346. 5/235 See, also, Alteration of In- struments, 6. 470 PROMISSORY NOTES, IV. IV. TEANSFEES; AND EIGHTS OP PUECHASEES. L Negotiabiliiy ; and how transferred. 26. WTiat is a negotiat)le note. Blatchf., 10/280. Cranch C. C, S/^g How., 13/218. Hughes, l/l72. McLean, %53. 27. "What notes are not negotiable. Alb. L. J., 18/330. Biss., 7/3g(, Cranch C. C, 2/345 MacArth., I/263. McLean, 2/^q^ 3/jQg_ Pet., l4/293_ Saw- yer, %05. See, also, post, VI. 28. The right to pass title by indorse- ment. How., 6/190. McLean, S/g^ 29. Indorsement, how made, and suf- ficiency. Blatchf., 3/43^ Cranch C. C, 4/533 Hempst., l/i64. McLean, ^Ins. 80. Indorsement in blank. Filling up, and striking out. Cranch C. C, 8/330 How., 22/9g_ See, also, ante, 5 ; post, 12*7, 128. 31. Special, or conditional indorse- ment. Indorsement -without recourse. Am. L. Reg., is. s., 16/475 Bond, 1/387. Cranch C. C, 2/3^5^ 2/452^ How., 9/263, 278. O^o, 4/433 Wheat., 32. Effect of indorsement, generally. What warranties are implied. Cranch, 6/221^ Cranch C. C, 2/g 2/62, %45, %70. McLean, 4/g_ Wheat.^ 2/520. Woods, 2/j35_ 33. Indorsement imports a considera- tion. Cranch, 7/^59 Cranch C. C, 1/423, 1/572. McLean, 1/4^4^ 4/^^^ 34. Indorsement' for accommodation. of maker. Cranch, 4/^41 Cranch C. C, I/221.. See, also, post, 48. 35. Liability of one not a party, whO' indorses to give maker credit with payee. Alb. L. J., 16/316 ^m. L. Rec, ®/345, Vz&. Am. L. Reg., N. 8., 17/iii_ Chic. L. N., 10/57. Col. T., 2/218. Cranch, 5/142. Cranch C. C, I/428'. ^463, V504, ^k. How., 22/34^_ Minn.,. 1/369. Otto, 5/90 Utah T., 1/92. 36. Contribution between indorsers. Cranch C. C, l/gio, ^k%%, ^Iaii, %48, 4/401. How., 5/278_ MacArth., l/goe. Pet., 3/47o_ 3Y. Subrogation of indorser to rights of holder. Cranch, 7/273 Cranch C. C, 2/2q^ Wheat., 3/520. 38. Assignment. Biss,, 5/go Chic. L. N., S/jyg. Otto,. 2/135. Pet., 2/331^ 4/3gg 2. Rights of purchasers, or holders. 39. "Who is a purchaser in good faith,. and for value. Biss., 5/363. Wall., 21/354 40. Who will not be deemed a bona fide purchaser. Blatchf., 2/186 41. How far protected. Alb. L. J., 14/350 Bankr. Reg.,, Il/l67. Biss., 5/363 Bond, 2/42 Cranch,. 7/548. Cranch C. C, 2/^59^ 2;245_ 2/349^ How.., 9/263_ 20/34g_ 355^ MacArth., 1/532. McLean, 3/5^7^ 4/437. Otto, 3/g2_ 4/373^ 5/474. Pet., I6/1. Wall., 2/ijo, 9/544. Woodb. & M., 2/246 287. Woods,. ■^/439. PROMISSOEY NOTES, IV, V. 471 42. PuxohaBing after maturity. Bankr. Reg., 11/282. Cranch C. C, 2/139, 2/l40, S/285. Pet., 14/318. Wall., ^/492, 2^/l38. 43. Taking a note as collateral se- cvirity. Bankr. Reg., 12/315. Blatchf., 14/243. How., 20/343 Pet., I6/1 Woodb. & M., 2/246. 44. — or in payment of a pre-existing debt. McLean, 2/539^ 4/3^ Pet., I6/1. Woodb. & M., 2/245^ 288. See, also, Debtor and Ceeditoe, 8; Payment, 19-21. 45. Necessity of, and -wliat is parting •witli value. McLean, 2/gg See, also, post, 131. 46. Wlien purchaser will hold sub- ject to equities betw^een original parties. Chic. L. N., 9/139 How., 9/213 Otto, 3/379 Wall., 20/72. Wheat., 2/246. 47. Actual and constructive notice of equities. Duty to make in- quiry. Biss., 5/363. Blatchf., 2/i8g How., 20/343,365. Pet., H/gig. 48. Rights of purchaser of accommo- dation paper. Blatchf., 1/409. Cranch C. C, I/221. McLean, 4/117 Wall., 21/241 Wash. C. C, 1/100. See, also, ante, 34. V. EIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF IN- DOBSEES. 1. Demand mid notice. 49. Necessity to hold maker. Cranch C. C, 2/53. Pet., l/gg. 50. — or indorser. Cranch, 1/131^ 4/i^j Cranch C. C, 1/534. How., 3/.15 McLean, 1/309. Pet., 3/87, 90. Wash. C. C, I/230, 2/191. 51. The time to deraand payment. Biss., 5/57 Cranch C. C, 2/137, 2/294, 2/417. MacArtl.., 2/249. Pet., 9/33. Wheat., 9/581. 52. Days of grace, generally. Cranch C. C, 2/45_ 2/152^ 2/132 2/313. Hempst., 1/47, 1/84. Mason, I/176. 53. — in district of Columbia. ' Cranch C. C, 2/^^ 2/237^ 2/239, 2/510, 2/56O, ^/361. How., 4/317 McLean, %83. 54. Effect of custom of bank to demand on fourth day of grace. Cranch C. C, 2/334^ 2/^38 How., 23/368. Pet., 1/25, 14/318. Wheat., S/ggi, 1^431. 55. Time to demand when last day of grace falls on Sunday. Cranch C. C, I/534, 2/314. Wheat, ^/l02. 56. The rule as to notes payable on demand. Blatchf., 3/431. Mason, 2/341. 57. — or at a particular place. Cranch C. C, 2/253, 2/319^ 2/475^ 2/53^^ 2/645 3/173. How., 3/515^ 5/g9_ 9/263. McAll., 1/523. McLean, 3/ig5_ Pet., 1/604, 2/543, 13/136, 1^/43. Wheat., II/171. Woodb. & M., 2/75 58. By whom, and to whom, present- ment should be made. Cranch C. C, 2/239, 2/434, 2/541. 59. Place of presentment. Cranch C. C, 2/217, 3/g98 Wheat, 9/598. 472 .PROMISSORY NOTES, V. 60. SufiQciency of the demand. Cranch C. C, S/g^g^ 2/^gg_ McLean, %76. Pet,2/543_ 61. Effect of special agreements re- specting demand on maker. How., 3/5jg Pet., 1/89. 62. Protest of note not necessary. How., 2/gg Wheat., e/^^g^ e/g^g, 63. Necessity of notice of dishonor. Cranch C. C, 2/440 Pet., 2/9g 64. Proper time to give notice of dis- honor. Cranch C. C, 2l^e7, 2/226, %07, 2/528, 3/424. How., lS/539. Wheat., 6/^04 65. By -w^hom, and to -whom the notice should be given. Cranch C. C, I/210. How., 2/g6_ 4/33g_ Masou, S/ggg 66. Wliat is a sufficient notice. Cranch C. C, 4/i3g^ 4/445 DiH., I/414. McLean, 4/343^ 4/3gg Pet., 2/543^ 9/33 Wheat., n/431. 67. Instances of notices held insuffi- cient. Cranch C. C, 2/5^ 2/53 68. Service of notice, generally. Per- sonal service; leaving notice, &c. Cranch C. C, 2/3^0^ 2/5^^^ 2/54^^ 2/5^0^ '/46, ^/624. McLean, I/qq^ S/gg Pet., V578, 2/96, 2/121, 6/250. Wash. C. C, %06. 69. "When notice may be sent by mail. Cranch C. C, ^In^ 5/^20. DiH-, I/414. Pet., 1/578, 2/543. Wheat., 6/^02, ^Iwi. 70. "When it may not be. Cranch C. C, 2/3^^^ 2/5^0^ How., 8/248. McLean, 3/gg3_ Pet., 2/gg_ 71. Proper time to mail notice. Cranch G. C, 2/45^ 2/2g4_ 2/3^3^ 2/3gg^ 2/510, 4/l36. Pet., 9/33. Story, 2/4^3 Wheat., 2/373 72. The proper address. McLean, s/g^ Pet., 1/578 2/543. See, also, Notice, 9. 73. What is using due diligence, gen- erally. How., 3/gjg^ 4/33g_ 9/gg2 McLeaH, 3/583. Pet., 2/gg_ 2/i2i_ 10/g72 Wheat., 12/559. 74. "What is due diligence in Ken- tucky. Pet-, 2/331^ 348^ 4/3gg 75. — in "Virginia. Cranch, l/^gi, 5/49^ 5/^42^ 5/333 Cranch C. C, 1/23, 1/424, 1/428, 1/463, 1/547, 2/121. How., 3/gig^ ggg 76. Due diligence a question of law for the court. Cranch C. C, 1/233, 1/567. How., 2/457,^/336. Pet., 1/578, %3. See, also, Questions of La"w and Fact, 9, 21 2. What mil exCMse demand and notice. 77. In general. Bankr. Reg., I6/476. Cranch C. C, 2/249, 2/265, 2/541. How., 2/gg Law Kep., 6/i58. Pet., 3/87_ 7/287. Wheat., 9/598. Woodb. & M., 2/,g^ 85 78. Insolvency of maker. Cranch, 8/^42 Cranch C. C, I/73 1/213, 1/463, 1/572, 1/584. 79. Cases ■where indorser holds secur- ity. Biss., 1/284. Wall., 17/411 80. "What amounts to waiver of de- mand and notice. Cranch C. C, 2/389. Pet., Vsg, 7/287. Wall., 13/e^ Wheat., 6/5^2. PEOMISSORY NOTES, V, VI, VII, VIII. 473 81. "WTiat does not. Cranch C. C, l/eos, ^Im. ■ Mont. T., ^/l36. 3. Discharge. New promise. \ \ -82. Discharge, generally. Bankr. Reg., 1%7. Col. T., ^Jq^^^ Crabbe, 1/296. Day, (Conn.) S/g^^^ Low., 2/440. McLean, 2/99^ 2/^jj5/35o_ Wall., 22/576. Woods, 1/456. S3. Effect of mere delay. Wheat., 12/554. 84. Extensions of time to pay. Bankr. Reg., 13/i6o. Cranch C. C, ^/233, ^/l23. Low., 2/44Q McLean, %. Pet., 6/250 85. Taking a nevr security. Cranch C. C, 8/238 ^/l23. McLean, ^/309. 86. Revival of liability by new- promise. Blatchf., 1/297. Cranch C. C, I/213 2/37. How., 12/225, 20/496. McLean,' 3/91. Vt., 20/ggg Wash. C. C, 2/5i4_ Wheat., 12/183. 87. — by acknowledgment of liability. How., 20/49g Pet., 12/497 Wheat., 12/183. 88. Ackno-^ledgment or promise must be made with full knowledge of the facts. Cranch C. C, 1/534, ^Im, 2/334. Ma- eon, 2/24j_ Wheat., is/jgg VI. NON-NEGOTIABLE NOTES. 89. Rights of the parties, generally. Defences. Cranch C. C, 1/557. Hempst., I/164. McLean, 3/gjy Mason, 2/gg_ 90. How transferred ; necessity of de- mand, &c. Cranch C. C, I/567. Hempst., 1/57 1/72. Pet., 14/293. VII. LAW OF PLACE. 91. Effect of, generally. Cranch C. C, 2/4g How., 8/295. McLean, 6/622. Pet-, 8/36I. Phil., (Pa.) 8/147. 92. — on indorsements. Biss., 4/53 4/220 Cranch, 6/221. How., ^/262, ^/263. McLean, I/315, S/^gg^ S/ggg, %97, %, */243, ^/448, ^/622. 93. — on demand and notice, protest, &c. McLean, ^l^^g. 94. — on questions of interest and usury. Am. L. Reg., n. s., ^Iii2. Bankr. Reg., 13/356, ^''/504. Biss., I/442. Blatchf., ^^/233. Pet., V37. See, also, Interest, 24 ; Usury, 3. 95. — on amount recoverable. McLean, 2/ggj_ 4/301 _ VIII. ACTIONS UPON PEOMISSOKY NOTES. 1. The right of action, and defences. 96. When the right to sue arises. Jurisdiction, &o. Stat, at L., 1/78. Hempst., I/103. How., 16/622. See, also. Circuit Courts, 34-41. 97. Necessity of previous suit against maker under laws of Virginia and Kentucky. Cranch, l/igi, 8/49, ^Iu2, %33. Cranch C. C, 1/23, 1/424, V428, V463, V547, 2/121. How., 3/515, 533. Pet., 2/331, 348, 4/3gQ 474 PROMISSORY NOTES, VIII. 98. "What may be set up in defence, generally. Cranch C. C, a/g^g Curt., 1/239. McLean, 4/g , 99. What may not be. •MacArth., l/goe. Pet., 6/5^^ S/^g. 100. XJsTiry as a defence. Am. L. Reg., n. s., S/^^g. Biss., 1/442. MacArth., 1/535 P^t., 1/37, See, also, Usury, II. 2. Parlies. 101. Who may sue generally. Blatchf., 1/297. Cranch, S/gg^ Mo- Lean, 2/226^ 3/jQj Mason, 5/gg 102. Eight of assignee to sue. Biss., 4/22o_ 5/^29, ^360. Cranch, 4/^3 How., 16/622. McLean, 5/-^Qg Wall., 8/393. ^se, also, CiECtriT Courts, 27- 33. 103. — of indorsee. Hempst., 1/534. McLean, S/^^^^ 5/^g_ 6/496. Pet., 11/80. Wheat., 6/^46, 9/537. Woodb. & M., 2/75_ Wyom. T., I/210. See, also. Circuit Courts, 34-^41. 104. — of bolder of note payable to bearer. McLean, 2/^30 Mason, I/243. Pet., 15/125. Wooclb. & M., 1/115. See, also, Circuit Courts, 3*7. 105. Proper parties defendant. Abb. U. S., 1/302. Cent. L. J., 6/^g McLean, 2/^g8 Qtto, S/gg^ 106. Right to sue remote indorser, in Kentucky and Virginia. Cranch, 1/290, %ll, 5/322. Cranch C. C, V27, V95. Pet., 2/331. (o) The declaration. 107. Q-eneral rules of pleading. Cranch C. C, s/gg McLean, 2/^22, 3/i65. Pet., 13/176. 108. Averments relative to execution and delivery. Wall., 10/421. 109. — to citizenship of parties. How., 6/23 McLean, S/^q^^ S/^gg 110. Describing the note sued on. Cranch, ^/gQg Cranch C. C, 4/^^^ Pet., 14/43 Wall., 10/421. Wheat., 9/558. 111. Pleading the legal effect of the note. Cranch C. C, 4/4gg McLean, 2/gg ^/l39, ^/402. 112. Averments as to plaintiff's title as legal holder. Cranch, ^Jig^. Hempst., I/49 Mc- Lean, 1/414^ 3/jgg 113. What must be alleged to charge an indorser, generally. How., 22/34^ McLean, 2/29^ 2/^39 Minn., l/igg 114. Averments respecting present- ment, notice and protest. Cranch C. C, 2/319^ 2/325. McAll., 1/523. McLean, 2/122, 2/580, 3/i65. Pet, 13/136. Wheat., 9/58i_ ll/^^i 115. SufiQciency of complaint against maker, in Oregon. Oreg., 1/147, V234. 116. What variances are material. Cranch, T/gQg Cranch C. C, ^j^u^ 2/625, 3/102, 4/1], 4/446. Pet., 14/43' Wheat, 9/55g^ PROMISSORY NOTES, VIII. 475 117. 'What Eire immaterial. McLean, ^Jno (6) The plea. 118. General requisites of plea. Col. T., 2/307_ Cranch C. C, I/547. McLean, 2/553 119. Controverting plaintiff's title as legal holder. Wheat., 11/431. 120. Averments to enable defendant to give evidence impeaching the consideration. Biss., 5/82_ Cranch C. C, 2/e7_ Mc- Lean, 2/^g4^ S/ggg 'See, also, ante, 6. 121. Plea of payment, or set-off. Cranch, e/gQg Cranch C. C, 1/536. McLean, S|u^, ^/ssi. Wash. C. C, 8/359. 122. — of duress, fraud, &:o. . McLean, 1/414. Mont. T., I/604. 4. Evidence. 123. "When the note may be given in evidence. McLean, 4/8_ • Woodb. & M., 2/75^ 3/333. ^s> ^Iso, Evidence, 159. 124. Necessity of produ'cing note sued on. Blatchf., 1/297. Cranch C. C, I/280 V369, V497 %85. How., 12/225. "^t-j 20/666. Wall. C. C, 2/9S 126. Evidence to prove or disprove plaintiff's title as legal holder. Blatchf., 1/297. How., 12/225. 126. Possession of the note as evi- dence of title. Alb. L. J., 17/3J How., 17234. ^^ I^an, 2/2jg_ 4/226 Wheat., 7/35 See, alec, Evidence, I60. 127. Filling up blank indorsements. Cranch C. C, 1/428, ^/l5, ^/349. How., 22/gg McLean, 6/495 See, also, ante, 5, 128. Striking out indorsements. Cranch C. C, 3/330 Ct. of CI., 4/252. 129. Evidence to prove or disprove making, or indorsement. Col. T., 3/^37 Cranch C. C, 2/625^ , McLean, ^Iiqq_ ISO. Presumptions in favor of bona fide purchaser. Burden of proof as against him. ' Alb. L. J., 17/31 Cranch C. C, 2/g, 2/14. How., 20/343 Otto, 4/753^ 5/^g; Pet., 4/29i_ I6/1. Wall., 2/^10, 12I. 131. "When parting -with value must b© shovTzi by plaintiff. McLean, 2/93 Otto, 4/^53 Wall., 11/139. 132. Proof of presentment and due diligence. Cranch C. C, 1/534, %17, ^/625, %4. 133. — of notice of dishonor. Cranch C. C, 3/45. Pet., 2/121, 10/572. Wheat., 6/^04 134. Sufficiency, and effect as evi- dence, of notaries' certifi- cate. Crabbe, I/296. See, also. Evidence,. 169 ; Notaries, 4. 135. Evidence in defence, generally. Pet., 1/604, 617. 136. Evidence in defence bet'ween original parties. Impeaching the consideration. Cranch C. C, 8/299. Sawyer, 2/54g 5. Amount recoverable ; Judgment, &c. 137. In general. Blatchf., 3/431 Pet., 3/470. 476 PEOMISSORT NOTES, VIII— PUBLIC LANDS. 138. Recovering interest. Hempst., l/i84^ 1/438. S^6> ^^^} ^^~ TBREST, 5. 139. — costs of protest. Cranch, 7/273 Cranch C. C, 2/2q_ 140. When damages are recoverable in addition to interest. Cranch, 7/gQQ How., 2/^^^ Pet., %8l. See, also, Damages, 13. 141. Judgment; ho'w entered. Amount recoverable, &o. Bankr. Eeg., 17/5i4_ Otto, 4/434 142. Recovery on lost notes. Cranch C. C, a/igo, 2/293, 2/527. Gall., 2/35i_ McLean, 2/49^ Wash. C. C, V467, 2/172. 143. — on forged notes, by innocent holder for value. Biss., 1/230. Cranch C. C, 5/2gg_ As to Bills of Exchange and Ohecks, see BrLLS DP Exchange ; Banks, 26-29. For rules governing the admissibility of Parol eoidence io explain 07* vary a promissory note, see Evidence, 99, lOO. As to when taking a note will operate as Payment, see Debtor and Okbditob, 8 ; Pay- SEENT, 19-22. As to Premium notes, see Insubance, 134. As to the power of a married woman to bind lier Separate estate by a promissory note, see Husband and Wipe, 35. PROOF. Of Debts, in bankruptcy, see Bankruptcy L6, 44, 148, 163. Of Loss, in action on marine policy, see In- lUEANCB, 85 ; in action on Fire policy, see In- lUEANCE, 110. Of Death, in action on life policy, see Insub- lNce, 117. PROTEST. Sufficiency and effect of Notary's certificate of protest, see Evidence, 169; Notaeies, 4; Pkomissory Notes, 134. PUBLICATION. Of Libd, see Libel, 2, lO. Of notice of Judicial sale, see ExEormoir, 42 ; Judicial Sale, 3. Of terms of Limited partnership, see Part- nership, 53. Of Statutes, see Statutes, 1. Of WUU, see Wllls, 7, 8. Service of process by, see Process, 16. ^ Of Negoiiahle paper, see Bills op Exchange, il-SQ ; Promissory Notes, 62. PUBLIC LANDS. I. Land System op the United States. 1. Acquisition and ownership of public lands. 2. The land office. 3. Surveys. 4. Reservations, geneiraUy. 5. Military reservations and bounty lands. 6. Donation lands and New Madrid certificates. 7. School lands. 8. Sales of public lands. 9. Pre-emption. 10. Grants. 11. Patents. 12. Intrusion, and trespasses on public lands. II. Land Systems op the Several States. 1. Alabama. Arkansas. California, Oeor- gia. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 2. Kentucky. 3. Louisiana. Marylcund. Minnesota. Mis- sissippi. Missouri. Nevada. New York. 4. North Carolina. 5. Ohio. 6. Oregon. 7. Pennsylvania. 8. Tennessee. Texas. 9. Virginia. I. LAND SYSTEM OP THE UNITED STATES. 1. Acquisition and 1. Title by discovery, Wheat., 8/543_ ownership of public lands. PUBLIC LANDS, I. 47T 2. Gk)verninent the original source of all titles. McLean, 2/412. Op- Att.-Gen., 8/, 333. 3. Constitutional grant to congress of povT'er of disposal of the public lands. Dill., ^lui. How., 4/ig9_ 20/558 McLean, I/454. Pet., 13/43g_ isj^^^^ 14/533 Sawyer, 4/g53_ 4/g53 Wall., 15/77_ 4. Bights and po"wers remaining in the states. McLean, 8/344 Pet., l3/498_ Wall., 21/44_ Woods, 2/e47 5. state legislation cannot embarrass the congressional power of dis- posal. Dill., 3/490. I^it- ^ev. Eec, 16/ii4_ Sawyer, ^J^q, Wall., IS/gg 6. Shores of navigable rivers and soil under them remained the prop- erty of the states. How., 1/95, 3/212, 9/471, ^^/25. 7. So did the shores of the great lakes. Op. Atfc.-Gen., 6/172, ^/314. 8. French cessions. Pet.,4/5ii_ Wall.,6/ieo. 9. Spanish cessions. Pet., 1/511, 7/51^ 8/438^ 12/410. 10. Purchases by the tJnited States. Rev. Stat., § 355, 3736. Op. Att- Gen., 11/201. 11. Transfers by the TJnited States; how made, their effect, &o. How., 3/441^ 11/552. McAll., 1/151, 1/401. Pet., 13/498. 2. The land office. 12. Organization, appointment of ofB- cers, &c. Rev. Stat., 446, &c., 2248, &c. Stat, at L., 2/7ig^ 5/107. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/290. 13. Powers of commissioner of land. ofQce. Rev. Stat., § 453-456. Sawyer, 2/493^ ^/l64, ^/369. 14. Powers and duties of registers and receivers. Rev. Stat., § 2244, &c. Pet., 18/93. 15. Their salaries, commissions and fees. Rev. Stat., § 2237, &c. Stat, at L.,. 19/403. Black, 1/55. Otto, 5/334. 16. Conclusiveness of decisions of conunissioner. How., 15/433 Op. Att.-Gen., 1/713^ 17. — of decisions of registers and receivers. How., ll/i85, 24/357. Op- Att.-Gen.,. %3, %64. Otto, 1/330. Pet., 13/498. Wall., 9/575. 18. Supervisory review by secretary of the interior. Black, 1/195. Sawyer, 8/154 19. Review by the courts. Black, 2/554 Chic. L. N., 6/397^ How., 22/193 Otto, 1/330. Wall., 19/646. 20. — by territorial courts. Wash. T., 1/109. 3. Surveys. 21. Statutory provisions. Rev. Stat., § 2395-2413. Stat, at L-, %13, ^/566, ^/34. 22. Powers of surveyor-general. Rev. Stat., § 2207, &c. How., 8/650^ 20/372. 23. Siirveys to be in squares bounded by the four points of the com- pass. Rev. Stat., § 2410. How., S/ggo. 478 PUBLIC LANDS, I. 24. SufBciency of surveys as respects boundaries. Pet., 3/92. Wall., 7/272. Wash. C. 'C-,V484. Woolw., 1/88. 25. Conclusiveness of surveys. Black, 1/204, 2/554. How., 4/421. Otto, 6/33. Wall., 8/337. 26. How fractional sections should be laid out. Rev. Stat., § 2397. How., S/eso, UO/372. Op. Att.-Gen., 3/28i_ 4. Heservations, generally, 27. Powers of the president in respect to reservations. Op. Att.-Gen., e/^gg Wall., 6/363. 28. "What lands may be reserved. Pet., 15/407. Wall., 21/g6o. 29. What acts on the part of the gov- ernment amount to a reserva- tion of land. Pet., 13/498. Wall., 6/160. 30. Ascertaining boundaries of re- serves. Wheat, 9/469. 81. Land appropriated as reservations not subject to sale, pre-emption, or location. How., 2/284^ 14/268, 21/426. McLean, 5/344. Op. Att.-Gen., 2/^86 32. Eeservations for town sites. Eev. Stat., § 2380-2394. Stat, at ^■, 12/754, 1%43, 14/542, 19/392. Utah T>, 1/129. 33. Indian reservations. Chic. L. K, 8/265. How., 2/581^ 18/87 Otto, 2/733 Wheat., 2/25. 6. MUiiary reservatiom and hmmty lands. 34. Interpretation of statutory provi- sions. Pet., 1/655 667. 35. Effect of appropriation to withr draw the land from right of pre- emption. Stat, at L., 11/336. Pet-, 13/498. WaU., 2/525. 36. Abandonment; and its effect to restore pubUc character of land reserved. Law Rep., n. s., 10/530 McLean, 6/517. 3*7. The Virginia reservation of lands northwest of the Ohio river. Ct. of CI., 1/125. McLean, I/32. Pet., 1/628, 2/417, 4/332, 6/666. Wheat., 7/i_ '^/23, 9/469. 38. Issuing military land warrants. Op. Att.-Gen., 5/387 Pet-, ^Im. 39. Locating the warrant. Validity of location. Rev. Stat., § 2415. Stat, at L., 16/256. How., 7/262, 1^/197. Op. Att.- Gen., 1/361, 1/424, 2/26. 'Pet., 4/466. 40. The entry ; its validity, and effect of -withdrawal. Rev. Stat., § 2416-2418, 2421. Cranch, 6/j4g McLean, S/gQ 4/44^ Wall., 4/210. Wheat., 12/586. 4L Assigning the -warrant, and rights of assignee. Rev. Stat., § 2414, 2436, Dill, 3/490. How., 21/228. McLean, I/533. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/336, 2/26. , 42. Cancelling void warrants. McLean, 4/440 Op. Att.-Gen., 7/657. Pet., 6/680. 43. Issuing land scrip in satisfaction of "warrants. Op. Att.-Gen., 2/385 ^llQZ, 3/246, 3/382, 7/32. PUBLIC LANDS, I. 479 44. Sales and conveyances of bounty lands. Dill., 2/23 McLean, 1/22. 6. Danaiwn, lands and New Madrid certificates. 45. Donations to states for internal improvements, &o. Stat, at L., 5/455 How., S/g^^^ 12/59^ Op. Att.-Gen., ^^ Wall., ^Jus. 46. — for reclaiming swamps and overflo-wed lands. Rev. Stat., § 2479-2484, 2490. Stat, at L., 9/519, 10/634, 12/3. Op. Att.-Gen., «/253. Otto, 7/345 47. — for maintenance of universities, agricultural colleges, &o. Stat, at L., 12/503, 13/47, l^/lll. How:, 1^/268. 48. Location of donation claims. How., I8/43. Wheat., la/ggg 49. Their liability to taxation. Wall., 4/210. 60. Validity of New Madrid certifi- cates. Dill., 2/41 How., 21/426. Op. Att.- ^%98. Woolw., 1/340, 360. 67. "WTio may exercise the right. Rev. Stat., § 2259, 2260. Stat, at L., 17/10. Op- Att.-Gen., 3/go^ S/g^g^ 4/147, ^/746. Oreg., 1/153. Otto, 6/174. Pet., 15/407. . 68. "WTio are deemed to be " settlers " or "occupants." Stet. at L., 14/541 Op. Att.-Gen., 3/l26, 3/182. Oreg., 1/166. Utah T., ■^/l29, ■'/347, ■'/sei. 69. Bights of settlers. Priority over other persons. Rev. Stat., § 2280. Stat, at L., 19/35^ 19/55. How., 9/gi4_ 24/334 McLean, 6/409. Op. Att.-Gen., 2/357^ 4/33^ 5/7 Otto, 1/330, 6/513. Utah T., 1/361 Wall., 13/72^ 13/gi^l5/77_ 70. Necessity of survey previous to filing claim. Rev. Stat., § 2266. How., 9/qi, l«/43. 71. No vested right acquired until price paid and receipt given. Op. Att.-Gen., 11/490. Wall., 9/jg. 72. Assignability of right? acquired by pre-emption. Rev. Stat., § 2288. Stat, at L., 17/go2. Abb. U.S., 2/559 Mlv V28I How.,' ^2/24, 20/501, 21/294, 24/132. Op. Att.-Gen., %1. Wall., 13/291^ 18/307_ 73. Jurisdiction of conflicting claims.. Rev. Stat., § 2273. How., 20/g 10. Orants. [Consult, also, title Gbahts.] 74. Statutory grant effectual without the issue of a patent. Dall., 3/425. How., 2/3ig 19/323. Op. Att.-Gen., 3/350 Otto, 3/7g_ Pet., 12/410. 75. Rules of interpretation. Black, 1/358. Hughes, I/72. Op. Att.-Gen., s/m. Pet., 16/334. 76. Suflaciency of grant as respects description of land conveyed, boundaries, all., 486 QUESTIONS OF LAW AND FACT, II, III. 4/325. How, 12/225^ 14/2^0^ 17/^83, ^^ko. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 5/i72. Pet., 8/44^ Q/^^g, 13/65. Vt.,2C 15. Malice. How., 24/544 Law Rep., 7/4g9_ Sprague, I/95. 16. Interest and usury. Pet., 9/4i8_ West. Jur., n/agi. 17. Interpretation of written instru- ments. Bankr. Reg., IS/igg, Black, I/533. Cranch, S/igy. Cranch C. C, 3/g_ bj^^^^ How., 6/292^ 8/274_ 19/263^ 21/^4g_ Pet., 14/479. Wheat., 11/59. 18. Matters relative to date, execution, delivery, &o. How., 23/353 McLean, 8/332 Pet., 7/448. Wall., 12/307. 10. Negligence, and due diligence. Cranch C. C, 2/474 See, also. Neg- ligence, 6. 20. — in collision cases. How., 1/28. 21. —in protesting negotiable paper. Cranch C. C, S/^gg. McLean, 4/243^ Pet, 7/287. See, also, Peomissoey Notes, 76. 22. Reasonable time. Biss., 4/7g_ 23. "Weight and sufficiency of evi- dence. Cranch C. C, S/gg^ How., 19/263^ 2^/170, 24/224. Law Rep., 9/339 Mc- Lean, 1/266. Pet.,2/25_2/j3^_2/2,g^6/5 ^V41,l\"/,9_ Wall., 8/242. 24. Credibility of witnesses. McLean, 1/266, 4/i42^4/504_ 4/589^5/5^3^ 6/106. Pet., 11/41. Wash C. C, Sj^^^ See, also. Witnesses, III. 25. What are questions of fact in pat- ent cases, generally. Baldw., 1/303. Blatchf., 1/445 Brock.,. 2/298. How., 4/3go^ 14/2i8_ 17/74_ Mc- Lean, 5/44 Mason, l/^gg. Paine, 1/293. Pet. C. C, 1/394. -Story, 2/433^ S/^^^ Wash. C. C, I/168, 3/i96. 26. — in respect to infringement. Blatchf., 1/258, V372, 2/474. Gall., 2/g^_ How., 15/330 McLean, 2/^73^ 3/250. Wash. C. C, 1/168. See, also. Pat- ents, 343. 27. — in respect to abandonment of invention. Blatchf., 1/247, 4/509. How., 17/74_ 21/331. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 6/99 Painej. 1/348. Pet., 2/1. Wa^h. C. C, 4/538_ See, also. Patents, 335, &c. HI. MIXED QUESTIONS OF LAW AND- FACT. 28. "What are, generally. Black, 1/484. Bond, 1/345 Cranch. ^- C, 3/46, 5/435 Hempst., 1/483. How.,, 7/220. Paine, 1/457. Pet., 2j^21 ^^Il9 Wall., 9/248_ 12/39^ 29. — in actions on insurance policies. Cranch, 6/263, %74, %38, Vm. Pet-. Vl70, 1%07. Wash. C. C, 1/283. 30. — in patent cases. Baldw., 1/303. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/44^ McAll., 1/17, 1/48 McLean, 8/433^ 5/44^ As to the propriety and sufficiency of Insti-uc-- tims to the jury, see Trial, VI. QUIET POSSESSION. Covenants, 14; Landlord and Tenant,, 18. QUO WAREANTO— RAILROAD COMPANIES, I. 487: QUIETING TITLE. CiOTJD ON Title. QUO WARRANTO. 1. Wlio may file an information. Jioria- diotion. Rev. Stat, § 563, cl. 14, 629, cl. 13, 14, 1786. Burn., (Wis.) I/215. Wall., 3/236. Wheat., 5/291. 2. And on -what grounds. Cranch C. C, %8_ S/gg 3. Suffloienoy of the information; amendments, &o. Cranch C. C, ^/^gg 4. Incidental matters of practice. Burn., (Wis.) 1/215. How., 22/^^4 Mont. T., 2/9g 5. The judgment ; and lio'w enforced. Wall., 6/291. See, also, Oppicebs, 10. R RAILROAD COMPANIES. I. Incoepobation. Okganization, and PowEBS, Generally. n. AcQTiiEiNG Eight op Way, and Con- structing THE EOAD. m. Powers, Duties, and Liabilities in Eespect to the Management op the KOAD. 1. Under the contract to can-y. 2. lAabilityfor injuries caused by negligence. 3. Relative rights and liabilities of connect- ing lines. IV. Horse and Street Railroads. I. INCORPORATION. ORGANIZATION, AND POWERS, GENERALLY. 1. Constitutionality and interpretation of state statutes affecting rail- roads. Alb. L. J., 9/321. Biss., 6/177 Brews., (Pa.) 4/563_ Cent. L. J., 2/335. Chic. L. N., 6/133 Otto, ^ku, 4/155, 4/l64, 176, 7/l46. Pitteb., (Pa.) 3/20 Wall., 12/65, %60. West. Jur., 9/347 Woods, 2/120. 2. — of acts of congress affecting rail- roads. Rev. Stat., § 4386-4390. Cliff., 3/339. Dill., 3/5jg^ 3/524. Otto, 1/72. Wall., 17/445. 3. Interpretation of charter provi- sions. How., 3/534_ l3/7i_ 22/3g4 McLean, 5/425. Otto,7/g97 Wall., I6/452 21/4^5. West. Jur., 9/3gg 4. Interpretation and validity of grants in aid of railroads. Rev. Stat., § 2279. Alb. L. J., 15/205. Am. L. Reg., n. s., l^/ggg Cent. L. J., 1/53. , Dill., 2/310, ^Im, 4/297, 4/307. Otto, 3/442. Sawyer, 1/641. Wall.,16/203. See, also. Grants, 17; Public Lands, 80. 5. Subscriptions to stock, and how enforced. Bankr. Reg., II/247. How., 22/3g4 Wall., I6/390. See, also. Corporations, 31-36. 6. Right to receive municipal sub- scriptions. Otto, 3/502, ^/567, 4/801. See, also. Bonds, VT; Municipal Corpora- tions, 10, 11, 22. 7. Rights of stockholders. Dill., 1/174. Wall., I6/390, 17/96. 8. — of bond holders. Alb. L. J., 13/353. Biss., 6/j3g Blatchf., 14/463. Chic. L. N.,7/41. Dill., 488 RAILROAD COMPANIES, I, II, III. 2/465, 2/539, 3/251. Otto, 5/279. Wall, ^/392, 1%1, 21/616. West. Jur., II/428. Woods, 2/2g3_ 2/447^ 2/523^ 2/g42, 2/606. 9. Powers of the company, generally. Otto, l/454_ 3/502, %67. 10. Power to make contracts; and herein of railroad leases, mort- gages, i&c. Am. L. Reg., 6/27 Biss., l/igg, 4/35^ 6/629. How., 23/jj7 McLean, S/^g^^ Otto, 2/32o_ 6/450 Wall., 7/393^ 12/352^ 22/424. See, also, Mortgages, 21. 11. Powers and duties of president and directors. Dill., 3/343_ 4/33^. Otto, 5/48 Phil., (Pa.) 3/304. 12. Dissolution and forfeiture of fran- * ohise. Receivers. Dili., 4/^14. Otto, 5/319 Wall., 16/203. 13. Decisions upon the rights and ob- ligations of particular compa- nies. Rev. Stat., § 5256-5262. Blatchf., ^V385, "/453. Cent. L. J., 2/30^ Ct. ofCL, 10/548, 12/237, 13/401. Dill., 2/396, 2/469, %67, Mn, %7^-' %Q7, ^m. Otto, ^72,^491. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/20. Sawyer, 4/341. West. Jur., 9/356. Woods, 2/120. n. ACQUIRING EIGHT OF WAY, AND C»NSTEUCTING THE ROAD. 14. Proceedings to condemn lands. Locating the road. Baldw., 1/205. Law Rep., n. s., 10/g3o McLean, 5/425 Wall., 1/333 9/50 See title Eminent Domain. 15. Constructing the road ; and liabil- ity for defective construction. Cent. L. J., 3/382 3/447 Col. T., 3/94 Wall.. 15L,„ 16. Interpretation of contracts for rail- road construction. Rights of contractors. Chic.L.K,9/i.6g_ Curt., 2/28. How., 13/307. Otto, 3/gi2. Pet. C. C, 1/85 Wall., 22/424 III. POWERS, DUTIES, AND LIABILI- TIES IN RESPECT TO THE MAN- AGEMENT OF THE ROAD. 1. Under the contraot to carry. 17. Carriage of merchandize. Biss., 1/35. MacArth., 1/94, l/g^j Otto, 4/179 Wall., 16/3i8_ 18. Carriage of passengers, and their baggage. Cent. L. J., 3/591 Dak. T., I/351 Wall., 12/262. 19. Liability for ejecting passenger from car. Biss., 4/ii4_ Chic. L. N., 6/85 Dill., 4/321. Sawyer, 4/ii4_ Wall., l7/445_ 2. Liability for injuries caused by negligence. 20. In general. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 17/783 Otto, ■^/454. 21. Injuries to passengers. Alb. L. J., 17/166. Biss., 1/503, 3/43. Chic. L. N., 10/380. How., 14/468, 1%69. Int. Rev. Rec, 24/276. McLean, 6/401 Otto, 3/291, 5/g55 Wall., 12/369^ 22/341 Wyom. T., I/27. 22. When punitive damages are re- coverable. Dill., 1/568. Otto, 1/489. Wyom.T., 1/27. See, also. Damages, 22. 23. Injuries to persons crossing the track. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 11/220. Biss., 4/430. Chic. L. N., 10/121. Dill-, 2/294. EAILROAD COMPANIES, III— REAL PROPERTY. 489 MacArth., 1/235. O^o, S/^g^ Wall., l'/657. 24. WJiat facts slio-w contributory negligence on part of person crossing tlie track. Col. T., 3/125. MacArth., 2/277 West. Jiir., 12/206. 25. Duty to look out for the train. Chic. L. N., 10/121, 10/139. ^/579. Otto, 5/igi_ 5/g97_ Dill., 26. Injuries to employees, occasioned by defecctive construction, im- perfect machinery, &c. Dill., 3/3ig See, also. Master and Servant, 4. 27. — by act of co-servant, Cent. L. J., 3/447 Chic. L. ISl ., 6/i5o_ Col. T., 2/484 Int. Rev. Rec, 22/357 Otto, 5/439 Wall., 17/553 See, also, Master and Servant, 5. 3. Relative rights and liabilities of connecting 28. Interpretation of contracts and leases betvreen associated com- panies. Cent. L. J., 3/g5g MacArth., I/492. McLean, 5/45Q 29. Their habilities as carriers of mer- chandise. Biss., 1/403, V447, ^/466. Chic. L. N., 7/273. Otto, 5/43^ 6/258 Wall., 16/318, ^^/l23, ^%94. *See, also. Carriers, 6; Express Companies. 5. 30. — of passengers and others. Biss., 1/412, V453. Blatchf., 5/317 MacArth., 1/335, V492. Sawyer, 4/114. Wall., 5/90^ 12/g5^ 17/445 31. Consolidation ; and its effect. Bias., 4/78_ Chic. L. N., 8/377 I^il'v 3/251. How., 17/30. Otto, 2/g77^ 4/ig4_ 4/801, S/319. Wall., 1/25, 15/470. IV. HORSE AND STEEET EAILEOADS 32. Their right to use city streets; and herein of municipal regula- tions, w Alb. L. J., I8/28 Blatchf., ,4/193 r»ill-, V393, 4/593, 4/599„. Otto, %2i, 6/521. "Wall., 9/5Q See, also. Muni- cipal Corporations, 18. 33. Liability for injuries to passen- gers, and others. Wall., 15/401. As to the Taxation of railroad companies, see Taxes, 8. For decisions upon the validity of Municipal bonds in aid of railroads, see MtjnicipaI/ Cor- POEATIONS, 11, 22. RANSOM. Admiralty, 51 ; Capture, 30. RAPE. Criminal Law, 47'. RATIFICATION. Of act of Agent, see Principal and Agent, 25-29. Of Infants contract, see Infants, 9. RATIONS. Army, 27. REAL PROPERTY. [Embraces only general principles relative to title, and the rights and liabilities of the owner in the nse of realty. See heads referred to at end of this title.] 1. The title; and possession, generally. Black, 2/593. How., 16/48. McLean, 490 EEAL PROPERTY— RECEIPTS. l/l. Pet., V/i7i^ 10/25. Pet. C. C, 1/64. Wall., 9/241 2. Effect of law of place upon title, transfers, &c. Cranch, V/^^g Ball., S/g^^ Gall., 2/105. How., 11/33, Wheat., 6/577 8/543^ %65, ^°/l92. 3. Legal and equitable titles. Cranch, 4/177 How., 21/241 Wall., 5/268. Wheat., 4/213^ 7/i_ 4. Evidence to prove title. Overt., (Tenn.) 1/456. Paine, I/457. Wall., 2/313^ 5/795 Wash. C. C, 4/355^ 4/609. Wheat., 4/77 See, also. Eject- ment, 20, 22. 5. Duty of cwner in use of land. Lat- eral support. MacArth., 2/435 6. Accession, accretion and alluvion. Black,' 1/209. How., 18/150 24/41 Pet-, 10/662, 717. Wall., 2/57^ 4/502^ 10/9i_ See, also. Riparian Rkjhts, 5. As to the capacity to Hold and Transfer title to land, see Aliens, 11-18 ; Corpobations, 46, 4*7; Descent, 6-7; Devise, 2, 3; Husband and Wife, ''VI ; Indians, 3 ; In- fants, 7-10; Insane Persons, 2; Muni- ciPAi Corporations, 5. For decisions as to Sow title to land may be acquired and transferred, see Adverse Posses- sion ; Dedication Deeds ; Eminent Domain ; Fraudttlent Conveyances ; Mortgages ■ Partition, As t(3 Succession to real property, and the rights of heirs and devisees, see Descent ; De- vise; Wills. As to the Validity of contracts relating to land, generally, and under the provisions of the Statute of frauds, see Contracts, 30, 31 ; Landlord and Tenant, II; Vendor and Purchaser, I. For decisions relative to Boundanes, Ease- memts. Fixtures, Water-courses, Wharves, see those titles. As to Wrongs relating to real property, see Forcible Entry; j!^uisance, 2; Trespass, ; Waste, RE-ARGUMENT. Appeal, 65 ; Equity, 36-38. REASONABLE TIME. Questions of Law and Fact, 22. REBELLION. Was, II. RECEIPTS. 1. Validity and effect, generally. Con- clusiveness. How., 19/126. McLean, 8/571^ 6/472^ Newb. Adm., 1/49. Wall. Jr., 3/gg 2. HovT- far subject to explanation by extrinsic proof. Cranch C. C, ^j^iQ. McLean, S/ggg %87, ^/472. Mason, 8/425 01c. Adm., 1/144. Sprague, 1/512. Wash. C. C, 1/328. See, also. Evidence, 102. 3. Receipts in full; and herein of re- ceipts by seamen. Abb. Adm., 1/41 Abb. U. S., 2/ig4_ Crabbe, I/422. Ct. of 01., 3/105^ 8/131^ 4/523. Mason, 2/g4i_ Newb. Adm., I/49. 01c. Adm., 1/24 Pet. Adm., 1/179 -^/iSO. Pet. C. C, 1/182. Phil-, (Pa.) 7/572. ' Saw- yer, 1/539. Sprague, 1/34^ 1/45^ I/304. Wall. Jr., 2/327_ Wash. C. C, 4/562. As to the admissibility and effect of a receipt, as a Means of evidence, see Evidence, 19L For decisions upon questions growing out of the relation of Debtor and creditor, and as to what constitutes Payment, and its effect, see Debtor and Creditor ; Payment. As to the sufficiency and effect of a Release under seal, see Release. RECEIVERS— EECOGNIZANCES. 491 RECEIVERS. 1. Po'wer of the court to appoint receivers; and its control over them. How., 21/^^2, 22/380. Otto, 7/^46. Wall., 2/5io_ 16/^9g Woods, ^koe_ 2. In -what oases a receiver will be appointed. Eev.Stat., § 5141,51Sl,&c. Blatchf., 2/78_ Bond, 1/422. Chic. L. N., 5j^iq, CranchC.C.,4/eg7 Dill., 2/448. Hempst., 1/225. -"^t- ^^^- Rec, l^/gg McLean, %03. 3. "When a receiver -will be refused. Bankr. Reg., 6/33]^ Biss., 4/35 Blatchf., 6/271. Dill., 4/114. Hempst., 1/442. Wall. Jr-, ^/l39. Woods, 1/647, 2/621. 4. "Wlien appointed in creditor's suits. Cent. L. J., 3/35^ Cranch C. C, 4/667. Int- Rev. Rec, 22/343 5. Necessity of notice of application. McLean, 3/5Q3 6. "Who may be appointed. Hughes, 1/28. 7. Effect of appointment; and herein of the receiver's title. Biss., 5/66. How., 14/52 1^322. Mont. T.,1/39. Wall., 4/262. Woolw.,1/49. 8. Powers and duties, generally ; and herein of receiver's right to sue. Ben., 8/357 Blatchf., 6/235 Wall., 16/196. Woods, 2/506. 9. Iiiabllities. Suits against receivers. Leave to sue. Cent. L. J., 7/^4g Dill., 2/^60, ^j^qs. How., 14/52, ^^/368. Int. Rev. Rec, 22/376. Otto,3/352_ West. Jur., 12/593. Woods, 2/506^ 2/gjg_ 10. Accounting by receivers. Biss., 4/22 Otto, 3/352 Woods,, ^/331. 11. When a receiver will be dis- charged. Woolw., 1/49. 12. What interference with a receiver amounts to contempt of court. Biss., 7/513^ 7/529_ As to Receivers of pMic money, their bonds,, &o., see OrFiCERS, 8. RECEIVING STOLEN GOODS. Larceny, 10. RECOGNIZANCES. 1. Who may take them and when. Col. T., 2/528. Cranch C. C, 2/3^^ 3/81. Gall, 2/313 How., 13/212. See,, also. Bail, 29. 2. Form and requisites. Bond, 1/103, 1/123. Col. T., 2/528^ Dill., 1/413. McLean, 6/274. Wash. C. C, 2/422. 3. "Validity and interpretation. Dill., 2/94 McLean, 6/274 Sawyer,, ^/629. 4. Rights of sureties ; and what will exonerate them. Cranch C. C, 5/358. Dill., I/406. Wall., 9/13. 5. What constitutes a breach; and how proved. , Curt., 2/41. Wash. C. C, 2/422. 6. Forfeiture; and excuses for non- performance. Alb. L. J., 8/149. Cranch C. C, I/510. Dill., I/4O6. 492 EECOGNIZANCES— KEFERENCE. 7. Distribution of proceeds of forfeit- ure. Low., 1/117. 3. Bemission of forfeitures. Rev. Stat., § 1020. Blatchf., 6/^04 12/3gg_ Brock., 1/255. Cranch C. C, 5/113. Deady, 1/502. Pittsb., (Pa.ys/ggg. 9. Actions upon forfeited recogniz- ances. Bond, 1/123. Dill-, 1/406,3/431. Pet., 7/276. Wash. C. C, 2/422. 10. Vacating judgments on forfeited recognizances. Blatchf., 5/^04^ l3/j27 Cranch C. C, ^/98, ^/299. RECONSTRUCTION ACTS. CONFEDEKATE STATES, 7. RECORDS. As to recording Deeds and Mortgages, see Deeds, 28-36 ; Mortgages, 31-33. As to the sufSciency of the record on Appeal or ei-ror, see Appeal, 43-45 ; Eeeob, 47-57. As to the admissibility and effect of records Ax evidence, see Evidence, 149, 172-179. RECOUPMENT. SET-orr. REDEMPTION. Bailment, 8 ; Mortgages, VII ; Taxes, 42. REDUNDANCY. Pleading, 147. REFERENCE. i Power of the court to order. "When consent is necessary. Burn., (Wis.) l/33_ How.,5/83 Otto, 7/581. Paine, 2/678_ Wall., 2/123. Wyom. T-, VsoT. 2. "WTien a reference will be granted. Ct. of CI., 6/23 How., 9/647. Mc- Lean, %6Q 01c. Adm., l/55_ Pet.,7/g2g_ Wall., 2/123. Wheat., 11/103. Woodb.& M., 3/277. 3. "When refused. Cliff., 2/311. 4. Powers and duties of referee or master ; the bearing, &c. Ben., 2/81. Blatchf., 2/85^ 6/225. Brock., 1/500. Cliff., 1/158. Curt., 2/28. How.,' 18/246. Otto, 7/581. Pet., 18/359. Story, I/5I6. Wall., .2/123. Wheat., 11/103, 127. 5. The report. Blatchf., 13/393 Blatchf. & H., I/94. Low., 1/400. Wall., 2/123 6. Objections and exceptions to report. Abb. Adm., 1/37, 1/100. Ben., ij-^^^ ^/l38, 8/594. Blatchf., 6/328. Cliff,'l/i86. Crancli, S/gig Fkh. Pat. Cas., S/^g^. How., 16/82 01c. Adm., 1/444. Pet., 13/359. Wall, 1/43, 6/5gi 15/g24. Wall. C. C, 2/4i_ Wheat., 11/103. Woods, %06. 7. Amending and correcting the re- port. Further report. Ben., 3/195 Blatchf., ^^ 13/393^ 14/109. Cliff, 2/538 Wash. C. C, ^/l08. 8. Review of report : when set aside, &c. Abb. Adm., l/eo, 1/588. Black, I/506. Blatchf., 4/28^ 7/i58_ 8/81. Bond, ^1^20. Cliff., 1/367 Cranch, 2/g^_ Sprague, V315, 2/37. Story, 2/2^3_ Wash. C. C, 2/507. Woodb. & M., 2/497_ 3/258. RELEASE— REMOVAL OF CAUSES. 49a O. Fees and costs. Blatchf, 8/io,_ 10/214 As to Reference to Arbitrators, and effect of their Award, see AEBiTKATioiir and Awabd. REFORMATION OF CONTRACTS. Equity, 29, 30. REHEARING. AppEAi, 65 ; Equity, 36-38. REINSURANCE. INSURANCE, 23, 102. RELEASE. 1. "WTiat constitutes a release. Black, 1/451 Sumn., S/^^g Taney, ^448. 2. "WTio may give a release ; and ■what may be released. Cranch C. C, 1/35, ^Im. Wash. C. c, 4/92. 3. Release by one of several creditors, or to one of several debtors. Cranch C.C., 4/695. Curt., 2/21. Gilp., 1/614. Pet. C. C, 1/301. Sumn., a/^gg West. Jur., 2/35i_ 4. Necessity and sirfflciency of the seal. Taney, 1/443. Wall., IS/gn. 5. Validity and effect, generally. ' Ben.,4/gio. Cranch, V/g Day, (Conn.) 3/312. Deady, I/39. How., 8/^34^ 9/gg^ ^^/313. Mason, Z/g,^^ Story, ^len. Woodb. & M., 2/3gg 6. Conclusiveness; and hovr im- peached ; and herein of releases by seamen. Ben., 3/114 Crabb., I/422. Pet., ^%69. Sprague, 1/199^ I/304. Taney, V448. 7. Relief against, in equity. How., 9/55^ 10/i74_ 14/3i3_ Mason^ 4/312. Pet. C. C, 1/301. Wall., 15/211, Wash. C. C, 2/266. ' 8. Covenant not to sue. Brock., I/166, 2/i85. Call, (Va.) Qj^os^ How., 8/134 Ware, a/ggg^ Woodb. & M., l/i38, %98. What amounts to a Belease as between debtor and creditor, generally, see Debtok aud CkEd- ITOR, II. Power of Partner to release firm claims, see Pabtnership, 25. Release of Quardian, by ward, see Guardian AND Ward, 9. RELIEF. Pi'ayerfor, in pleading, see Pleading, 64. When Surety is entitled to, see Principal. and Surety, III. RELIGIOUS CORPORATIONS. Societies and Associations, 7. REMAINDERS. Devise, 18 ; Estates, 5. REMEDIAL STATUTES. Statutes, 14, 37-39. REMOVAL OF CAUSES. I. From State Court to U. S. Circuit Court. 1. Oeneral pi-ineiples. Bemovals under judi- ciary act. 2. Bemovals under subsequent statutes. II. From One Federal Court to Another. 494 EEMOVAL OF CAUSES, I. I. FEOM STATE COURT TO U. S. CIR- CUIT COURT. 1. Oeneralprineiples. JRemovals under judieiary act. 1. Removal under judiciary act, § 12, a matter of right rather than of dis- cretion. Stat, at L., 1/79. Pet., I6/97 2. Rule that all the plaintiffs must be, and all the defendants must not be citizens of state •where suit is brought. Alb. L. J., 9/203. Blatchf., 3/g4 Dill., 1/299. McLean, 4/3g3 Yt., 25/7^5^ Wall., ■«/l39. Wall. Jr., 3/258^ S/^gg Wa^h. C- C., 4/28g 3. Exceptions to the rule in cases of nominal parties. Biss., 7/603 Blatchf., 6/105,^/73. How., 18/467. Woods, 2/120. 4. One of two joint defendants cannot apply for removal. AU must join. Paine, 1/410. Wash. C. C, 4/, 286. 6. Otherwise where one only is served. Bond, 1/100. •6. Merely nominal party cannot have removal. Biss., 6/4g7_ Chic. L. N., 8/49_ ■7. Right of removal as respects the amount in controversy. Blatchf., 8/74 Pet., 16/9^ Pet. c. <3-, V220. Wash. C. C, 2/4g3 Woodb. * M., 3/325 8. —as respects the nature of the action or proceeding. Biss, 1/19, 6/425. Blatchf., 5/107^ %08^ 6/215. Cent. L. J., 8/^1^ Chic. L. N.,' 5/434. Dill., 1/308 2/5gQ s/^gg Hempst., 1/692. How., 18/i37_ Wall., 6/i39_ 9. A corporation may apply as a "citizen of another state," to remove a cause. Am. L. Eeg., n. s., 2/221. Blatchf., ^/lll, ^/l07, ^/l05. 10. BngUsh corporation an " alien" within the act. Dill-, 3/408. West. Jur., %^j^^ 11. "What amounts to a waiver of right to remove suit. Blatchf., 13/224. 12. State statutes requiring foreign corporations to waive right of removal, as condition of doing business in the state, unconsti- tutional. Alb. L. J., 10/377. Biss., 6/4gi Chic. L. N.,7/81 Hughes, 1/322. Otto, 4/53. Wall., 20/445^ 20/543_ 13. Receivers of national banks not entitled to removal of suits against them, as of course. Woods, 2/32 14. Removal of suits against railroad companies. Biss., 6/330^ 6/529. Dill., 3/366. 15. The petition for removal. Time to apply, &o. Alb. L. J., I6/392 Am. L. Eec, 6/339 Biss., 3/60 Cent. L. J., 3/i2_ 7/^27^ 7/3^9 Chic. L. N., 3/33o_ 10/179 r)eady, l/agg. Dill., 1/73. Hempst., 1/692. How.,18/137 Int. Rev. Eec, 24/g8 McLean, 4/3gj Otto, 5/i83^ 6/199 Sawyer, 4/i7g West. Jur., 12/55. 16. State court cannot -allow appear- ance to be entered nunc pro tunc in aid of motion for removal. Paine, 1/410. Pet. C. C, 1/44. 17. State court cannot deny applica- tion for removal, if in proper form and within the act. Abb. U. S., 1/284. Alb. L. J., 13/254. REMOVAL OF CAUSES, I. 495 Blatchf., 6/105. McAll., 1/207. McLean, «/l3. 18. Compelling removal by mandamus. Cooke, (Tenn.) l/igo, Woodb. & M., %25. 19. Perfecting the removal. Filing papers in circuit court. Blatchf., 6/105^ 6/362^ II/406, Dill., V367, %25. Wall., I8/41V. 20. Effect of removal. Subsequent proceedings. Biss., l/si, 4/514^ 5/3g3_ 7/245 Blatchf., 1/149, ^/359, ^luo, '^1258, ^/l07, ^/343, ^/467, 13/218,1=^/227,1^/445. Bond, 1/100. Cent. L. J.', 1/312, *'/28. Curt., 2/212. Dill., 1/301, 1/305, 1/367, 2/501. How., 15/i98. McLean, 4/202^ 4/35^^ 5/3^2. Otto, 5/401 Wall., 6/i34_ 9/3g7_ 15/573_ 22/233^ 22/350. 21. "Wlien cause ■will be remanded. Stat.atL.,18/472. Biss., 6/330 Blatchf., ^/336, V ^470, 1%20, 1^/231. Cent. L. J., 3/12. Dill., l/s, 1/119. How. Pr., 40/337 Int- I^ev. Eec, 22/4g_ Pet., %92. Sawyer, ^j^^.'j. Wall., 6/347 Wash. C. C, 4/344 2. Removals under subsequent statutes. 22. Act of March 2, 1833. Stat, at L., 4/g33 Blatchf., 2/304^ %70, 2/421, 4/256, 4/311, ^/l28, %14. Int. Rev. Rec, 6/igi Law Rep., n. s., 11/210. Woods, 1/620. Woolw., 1/170. 23. — March 3, 1863. Stat, at L., 12/75g Blatchf., 5/343^ 10/34, Dill., 1/8. 3Phii., (Pa.) 5/302 5/304 Wall., 9/274_ 9/339 24. -^ April 9, 1866. Stat, at L., 14/27. Wall, 10/22. 25. — May 11, 1866. Stat, at L., 14/4g. Abb. U. S., 2/^5 Wall., 6/247. 26. — July 13, 1866. Stat, at L., 14/i7i_ Blatchf, 8/30^ ^-^^^^ 27. — July 27, 1866. Stat, at L., 14/306. Biss., 2/igo. Cent. L. J., 5/7g Blatchf., 9/359^ 9/4g7_ Deady, I/288. Dill., l/ng^ 2/5^^, 28. — March 2, 1867. Stat, at L., 14/558. -^bb. U. S., 1/284* 1/368. ^I'o- D. J., 13/328. Biss., 3/256. Blatchf, 7/255. Chic. L. N., 4/325^ 6/73^ %63. Deady, I/430. Dill., I/290, I/299, 1/305, I/3O8, 3/350, 3/357, 3/379. Holmes, 1/235. Int. Rev. Rec, I6/154. Otto, 2/10, 3/71, 5/186. Wall., 13/270, 16/190, I8/553, 1%14, 19/572, 20/117, 21/41. Woods, 1/254. Woolw., 1/390. 29. — July 27, 1868. Stat, at L., 15/226. Blatchf, 6/3g2_ %43, ^/299, II/4O6. 30. — April 20, 1871. Stat, at L., 17/13. Biss., 3/435. Chic. L- N., 5/337. 31. — March 30, 1872. Stat, at L.. 17/44. 32. — the Revised Statutes, ? 639, &c. Alb. L. J., 17/111. ^y^' D- Reg., N. S., I6/417, "/376. Blatch., 14/269. Cent. L. J., 4/127, 4/560, 5/465, ^/365. Chic. L. N., 8/41. Dill., 3/460. Hughes, I/326. Int. Rev. Rec, 21/358, 28/203. Woods, 2/342. 33. - March 3, 1875. Stat, at L., I8/470, 471. ^Ib- D- Jv 15/103. 15/121, 15/472, 1^/353, 19/214. Am. 496 EEMOVAL OF CAUSES, II— REPLEVIN, I, II. L. Reg., N. s., 18/298. Biss., 6/330^ e/^gg^ «/529, ''he, ''lios, ^Im, Vm. Blatchf., ^^/l70, ^%18, ^^/23I, ^%66, ^%95, ^%4, 14/449, 14/451, 14/496. Cent. L. J., 2/797^ 3/719, 4/127, ^/78, ^/349. Chic. L. N., 7/403_ Dill., 3/284, 4/242, 4/26O, 4/277, 4/474, 4/503, 4/557, 4/559, 4/562n., 4/563, 4/566. Hughes, 1/270. Otto, 4/ggo^ 6/jgg Sawyer, 8/553^ 4/l78, 4/289. Woods, S/^^^^ ^j^^^^ Ij^^^^ 34. — June 26, 1876. . Stat, at L., 19/62. Dill., 4/2g4„. II. FROM ONE FEDERAL COURT TO ANOTHFlR. 35. Interpretation and validity of sta- tutory provisions. Stat, at L., 5/322 1^/768. Cranch, 1/299. Wall., 7/,75_ ' 36. Removal from district to circuit court.' Stat, at L., 2/534^ 3/g43 Gall., I/338, McLean, S/^^g Pet., 12/^^3 Wheat., %21. 37. — from one circuit court to another. Stat, at L., 5/322 Curt., 1/250. How., 20/264. Paine, 1/435 38. Removals of criminal causes. Rev. Stat., § 1037. Stat, at L., 9/72, Curt., 1/23. Dill., 4/j_ N. Y. Leg. Obs., 9/193. Wall., 8/^49. As to removal of a cause for revision, After judgment, see Appeal ; Ceetioeari ; Ekeoe. As to certifying questions upon which judges of Circuit Court are Divided in opinion, see Cases Certipied. RENT. Landloed and Tenant, 29-40. REPLEVIN. I. When it Lies. II. Peocedtjbb. III. Remedies upon Replevin Bonds. 1 L WHEN IT LIES. 1. When replevin will lie, generally. Blatchf., 7/548 Cranch C. C, ^j^^^ Dak. T., 1/372. DiUv 2/398. 2. When it will not lie. Holmes, l/i_ Mason, I/319. 3. The necessary unlawful taking from. plaintiff's possession. Hempst., 1/10, 1/65, V286. Mason, ■^/319. 4. Who may maintain replevin; and herein of the necessary title, or possession of plaintiff. Blatchf., 2/383^ 7/548 Curt., I/130. Mason, 4/5^5 Pet., 4/^^^ Pet. C. C, •^/l68. 5. For -what property it Ues. Rev. Stat., § 934. Cranch C. C, V609, 2/193, 2/684, 4/39, 5/71, 5/461. DiH-, 4/464, 4/469„. Holmes, l/i 1/348. I"*- Rev. Rec, 22/2og Mason., 4/5^5 Pet., 4/147. Wheat.,, 2/j^ See, also. Per- sonal Property, l. 6. De homine replegiando. Paine, 2/3^3 Wheeler, 2/gg. II. PROCEDURE. 7. Parties. Blatchf., 3/2^ Mason, 4/gjg Pet. C- C, 1/^68. 8. The afiadavit, bond, &o. Cranch C. C, 2/ijg Hempst., l/gse. Wash. T., 1/119. 9. The declaration. Cranch C. C, S/gg^. REPLEVIN, II, III. 497 10. The plea or ansTwer; and herein of what may be set up in de- fence. Black, 1/96. Mason, %5. U. Non oepit. Cranch C. C, 4/^28. Hempst., l/es. Mason, 1/319. 12. Avowry. Cranch C. C, %qi_ 13. Plea to avowry. Cranch, 4/399 Cranch C. C, I/243, %7, ^/449, ^/527. 14. Evidence and burden of proof, generally. Cranch C. C, %^^ ^lr,2, %65, %9, ^/292//728. DalL, 4/342. Mason, 1/319^ 4/515 Pet., 4/^47 Utah T., 1/237. "Wyom. T., 1/157^ 1/263, V28O. 15. Rules of evidence in replevin for goods distrained for rent. Cranch C. C, l/gy, I/135, V410, ^/n, ^/292, ^/349, ^/527. 16. The verdict or finding ; and herein of recovery of possession of property sued for. Cranch C. C, ^^g^ 2/579^ Zj^^^^ ^l^^_ Wyom. T., 1/213. IT. Practice. Discontinuance and re- instatement. Cranch C. C, 1/193, 2/66, 2/95, ^/leo, 2/205, 2/227, 2/264, 2/407, 2/509, ^k, %2, 3/242,4/527. Dall., 4/^2_ 18. Recovery of damages, in lieu of possession, or for detention. Mont. T., l/i63. Wall.,20/48g See, also, Damages, 26. 19. When defendant is entitled to re- turn of property replevied. Cranch C. C, 2/gg_ 2j^^^^ 3/^ 8/93^ %5, ^/eii. 2f 20. The judgment. Cranch, 4/299 Cranch C. C, 1/243 3/172, ^/655. Hempst., 1/286. See, also, Judgment, 30. III. REMEDIES UPON EEPLEVIN BONDS. 21. Validity of the instrument; and liability of parties. Cranch C. C, I/92, S/ng, a/^gg^ ^]^^^ 2/303. McLean, 2/355 Mont. T., I/570. Wash. T., 1/119. 22. Right to proceed upon the boiia. . Wall., 21/98^ 22/208. 23. Rules of pleading and evidence. Cranch C. C, 2/;^6o^ 2/539^ 3/gg^ 3/jjg^ 3/257, 5/646. Pet., 15/115. 24. Amount recoverable. Cranch C. C, S/ggg, Mont. T., 1/584. Wash. T., 1/119. REPLICATION. PxEADiKG, 51-53, 90-93, lOO. REPORT. Eefeeence, 5-8. REPRESENTATIONS. Fkaud, 2-4 ; Insubance, 33-35, 106, 114 ; Saxes, 4, 49, 52 ; Vendor and Purchaseb, 11. RESCISSION. CoNTEACTS, VIII; Sales, 54-58. RESERVATIONS. In Deeds and Qrants, see Deeds, 57 ; Granm, 12. Of FuUie lands, see PtiBLic Lands, 27-4^. 498 RIPAEIAN RIGHTS. RESIDENCE. Domicile, 1, &c. RESPONDENTIA. Bottomry, II. RETROSPECTIVE LAWS. Constitutional Law, 20 ; Statutes, O, 32. RETURN. Execution, 56-58; Mabshals, 13; Sheriffs, 11. REVENUE. Duties ; Internal Eevenue ; Taxes. REVERSIONS. Estates, 6. REVIEW. Appeal ; Error ; Equity, 36. REVISED STATUTES. Statutes, 49. REVIVAL. Ab to revival of Actime, generally, see Abate- ment AND EeVIVAL, II. Effect of JVew promise, see Bankruptcy, 230; Limitations of Actions, V; Promis- sory Notes, 86-88. REVOCATION. Of Agent's authority, see Principal and Agent, 9. Of Letters of administration, see Executors and Administbators, 10. "Of Gs/i!, seeGiPT, 5. Of License, see License, 6. 01 Powers, see Powers, 9. Of Will, see Wills, 9, lO. REWARDS. Services, 10. RHODE ISLAND. For decision relative to Ehode Island, In common with the other states of the Union, see States, I. RIGHT, (Writ of.) Writs, 10. RIOT. Criminal Law, 49; Municipal Corpora- tions, 26. RIPARIAN RIGHTS. [Consult, also, Water-Courses.] 1. In general ; and herein of the natu- ral flo^w of the stream. Mason, 4/39^ Pet., I6j^_ Sawyer, ^/450. 2. Title to bed of the stream, or to land under water. Rev. Stat., § 2476. Abb. U. S., 1/246. Black, 1/204. Blatchf., S/g^^ How., 17/426, ^^In, 24/188. McLean, 2/376. Mason, 4/3gy_ Pgt. C. C, I/64 Wall., 7/272. 3. Bight to erect dams, piers, &c. ; and remedies for flowage, obstructing navigation, &c. Bks., 5/338 Black, 1/23. Dill., 2/479. How., 14/80 Otto, 4/324^ 5/459 Pittsb., (Pa-) 3/557. Snmn.,1/46. Wall., IO/497. Woodb. & M., 1/76. See, also, Navi- gation, 5. EIPARIAN RIGHTS— ROBBERY. 499 ■4. Remedies for diversion. Int. Rev. Rec, ^^lu/i. Sawyer, 2/;^yg ■Sumn., 3/-^gg Woodb. & M., S/ggg See, also. Injunction, 22. 5. Accretion and alluvion. Alb. L. J., 11/75. Black, 1/209. Chic. L.N.,7/ig3_ How., 18/150, 24/41, Ma- «oii, 4/349 Otto, 4/324 Pet., lO/ggg, 717. Wall., 2/57^ 4/502, 23/46. Woolw., 1/88. See, also, Real Peopbety, 6. -6. Right to take sea-vreed. Cui-t., 2/571 Y. Relative rights of upper and lower proprietors. Mason, 3/272. Mont. T., 1/295. Pittsb., V9I, Vll9, V139, Vl43, Vl54, V234, V3IO. How. Pr., 18/3i9_ McLean, 5/359. Maaon, I/372. Newb. Adm., 1/130, 1/421. Woods, 1/397. 45. Either a percentage on property saved, or a fixed sum. may be avrarded. McLean, 5/359. Newb. Adm., I/130. 46. In a-warding a proportion of prop- erty saved, not less than one- eighth nor more than one-half, is the rule. Bee Adm., 1/173, 1/193. Cranch, 8/221. Story, 1/314. 47. Exceptions to above rule in extra- ordinary cases. Blatchf. & H., 1/114. Pet. Adm., %8, Sprague, I/91. Story, 2/^95, Sunin., 1/400. 48. One-third the usual amount a-warded. Cranch, 2/24^ Dall., 3/jgg_ Newb. Adm., 1/449 Pet. Adm., 2/351 Wash. 49. That one-half the value, or at least one-third, should be awarded in cases of derelict property, see Abb. U. S., 2/42 Bee Adm., l/i. Ben., l/g, 8/219. Blatchf. & H., 1/114,, 1/270, Cranch, %7. How., 19/^5o^ How. Pr., I8/319 Mason, 1/372. Newb. -A-dm., 1/329. Ole- ^^m., 1/402. Op. Att.-Gen., 9/374 Pet. Adm., l/34„., 1/45^ 2/278. Phil-, (Pa.) 7/550. Story, 2/^95^ Sumn., 1/400. Ware, 1/35^ 1/373. 50. That the same rules should be fol- lovred in oases of derelict as in other salvage cases, see. Blatchf., 4/372. How., 19/150, 161. Low., 1/2, 1/91, 1/143. 51. In "what cases the "whole proceeds ■will be a-warded to the sal- vors. Ben., l/go Cent. L. J., 8/^47 Low.,, I'/l. 52. The proper amount of salvage determined, in cases depending upon peculiar and unusual cir- cumstances. Ben., 4/i8_6/,,7^ 7/57, Blatchf., 10/45S. Brown Adm., I/372. Cent. L. J., 8/227.^ Curt., 1/353. Hughes, 2/99^ 2/jj2, 2/^44. Low., 1/270, 1/396, %oi. J^ewb. Adm., V449. Petv 1°/518, 597. Pet- Adm., V34«. Sawyer, 8/137, ^/eiO. Sprague, 2/48. Ware, 3/87_ 3/gg_ 3/98_ III. KECOVEEY AND DISTRIBUTION OF SALVAGE MONEY. 1. In general. 53. The salvors' lien. Blatclif., 6/^38. Low., 1/71, 1/274. Mason, 2/3^9 Newb. Adm., 1/274. Sumn., 3/308 Ware, S/gg 54. Priority of salvage claims over other liens. Brown Adm., I/310. 55. Jurisdiction of salvage claims, generally. Blatchf. & H., 1/235. Mason, 5/455^ 508 SALVAGE, III. Paine, ^Jisi. Pet., IS/^^^ Pet. Adm., 1/37, Ware, 1/477. See, also, Admiealty, 39. ' 56. The proper parties. Abb. Adm., I/564. Blatchf., 1/4^4 Hov iVi 522. Sawyer, 2/533 Wheat., 4/, Newb. Adm., 1/522. Sumn., 1/328, V400. 98. ■57. Bights of aliens as parties. Abb. Adm., 1/3^7. Cranch, 2/24Q. 68. Rules of pleading' and evidence. Black, 1/121. Bond, I/270. Cliff., 1/210. Cranch, 9/244. Pet., 8/4 •59. Proceedings in personam. Pet. Adm., 1/37, 94. 'GO. Proceedings in rem. Blatchf. & H., 1/34. •61. Estimating value of property- saved. "When a sale is neces- sary. Bee Adm., l/^gg. Low., 1/71. Story, %49. ■62. Rules for distribution of salvage money. Rev. Stat., § 4642, 4652, 4759. Bee Adm., 1/241. Ben., 2/^^^^ s/ggQ Blatchf. ^ H., 1/270. Curt., 2/350 Int- Rev. Eec, 19/94. Low., 1/143 Newb. Adm., 1/329. Pet. Adm., 2/3gj Phil., (Pa.) ^/508. Wash. C. C, 2/80. €3. "What share should be awarded to the ownets of salving ves- sel. Ben., l/s, 1/553. Blatchf. & H., 1/114^ 1/270. Cranch, 2j^^q_ Low., I/143. Newb. Adm., 1/329. Sumn., I/400 See, also, ante, 7. 64. Pasdng wages of crew of wrecked vessel out of salvage money. Crabbe, I/218. Mason, 2/3^3 Newb. Adm., 1/341. 65. Apportioning the salvage ex- penses between ship, cargo and freight. Law Eep., N. s,, 12/275. 66. "When interest will be allowed. Blatchf., 4/g4 67. Costs and counsel fees. Ben., l/g^ l/es, l/gi. Newb. Adm., 1/522. Sprague, 2/37 Sumn., S/g^g^ gg^^ See, also. Costs, 28, 51. 68. Appeals, and how determined. Gall., 1/133. Pet., 8/4 lO/jog Story,- 1/314. Wall., 8/448. 2. Special contracts. 69. Effect of special contract to pre- clude claim in admiralty for sal- vage services. Showing the contract. Abb. Adm., 1/222. Cliff., 1/210, 1/219, V23O. Ct. of CI., l/i84. Curt., 2/35o_ How., 22/2^4 Low., 1/154 Pet. Adm., 1/87. Sprague, I/282. Wall., 8/443^ 70. Effect of special contract in deteiv m i ni ng amount to be awarded. Ben., 1/545. Blatchf., 1/414 Bond, ^/476. Brown Adm., 1/349^ 1/364 Chio. L- N., 4/24i_ How. Pr., 24/128. Saw- yer, l/i. Story, l/3i4_ 71. Unreasonable or exhorbitant con- tract disregarded. Bee Adm., 1/135, Vi39. Ben., 7/343^ ®/l79, ^/495. I-^aw Rep., I/249. Newb. Adm., 1/274, V443. Pet. Adm., 1/31^ 33. Sumn., 1/207. SCIRE FACIAS— SEAMEN. bO» SAN FRANCISCO. Mtinicipai, Cokporations, 53. SATISFACTION. Of Qmiracts, generally, see Coktracts, "72. Of Execution, see Execution, III. Of Mortgage, see Mortgages, VIII. SAVINGS BANKS. Banks, 38. SCHEDULES. Of property Assigned for creditors, see As- EtGNMENTS, 9, 22. Of property of Bankrupt, see Bankrtjptcy, 74, 104, 207. SCHOOL LANDS. PuBiiic Lands, 54-57. SCIRE FACIAS. 1. Greneral nature of the proceeding. Power to issue. Rev. Stat., § 716. Cranch C. C, 2/37. Hempst., 1/249. How., 14/434 2. In -what cases a scire facias 'will lie. Cranch C. C, 2/553 Pet., H/^^^ Pet. C. C, 1/140 See, also. Execu- tion, 12. 3. "When it will not lie, or is unneces- sary. Biss., 3/309_ Pet., 8/25g^ S/gg^^ 8/523. 4. Parties. Cranch C. C, S/ggj Pet. C. C, I/446. 5. Bules of pleading and evidence. Cranch, e/jgg Cranch C. C, S/gsi. Gall., i/i6o. Hovir., 13/212, 1^/434. P^ine, 1/652. Pet., 14/147, Pet- C. C, 1/269, 1/441, 1/446. Pitteb., (Pa.) 1/37. 6. Matters of defence. Cranch, 6/jgg Cranch C. C, ^Jqzi^ C^ilPv V614. 7. AUo'wing amendments. Cranch C. C, 2/343 ^kzi. SEAL. Of Corporation, see Corporations, 50. As to the necessity and effect of a seal upon- any Particular instrument, see the title of th& instrument in question. SEAMEN. I. Who are Seamen. II. Shipping Articles. 1 . Nature and form of the contract of ship- ment. 2. Interpretation and validity. III. Bights and Duties of Seamen. 1. Mights, generally. 2. Statutory protection and relief. , 3. Duties and obligations. IV. The Master. 1. His authority. 2. His duties and liabilities. V. The Mate. VI. Wages. 1. Bight to wages; and when earned. 2. Lien for wages. 3. Bate. Extra wages. 4. Actions for wages. 5. Forfeiture of wages. Deductions. (o) In general. (6) For desertion. VII. Offences by Seamen. 610 SEAMEN, I, II. I. WHO AEE SEAMEN. 1. In general. Meaning of term ' ' mari- ners." Law Rep., N. s., S/gyg. Newb. Adm., l/5_ Pet. Adm., 2/2S8. Sawyer, 4/io5_ 2. "WTio are included in the term " cre'W." Curt., 2/241 Law Rep., l/gs. Sumn., ^/209. 3. Rights of aliens as seamen on American vessels. Op. Att.-Gen., II/488. Sumn., S/^^g Woodb. & M., 1/305. See, also, post, 35. n. SHIPPING AKTICLES. 1. Nature and form of the contract of shipment. ■4. General nature of the contract. Pet., 6/143. ■5. Power of seamen to make it. Ship- me;it by infant. Abb. Adm., 1/451. Chic. L. N., 7/gg Pet. Adm., I/104. Sawyer, 8/194. See, also. Infants, 14. e. statutory requisites of shipping articles. Form. Rev. Stat., § 4611, 4612. Stat, at L., %94_ 17/282. Sawyer, 3/gQ^ S/^g^ 7. Necessity of a writing to protect the master against highest rate of wages, or penalty. Rev. Stat., § 4514,4515,4521. Stat. at L., 1/131. Biss., 2/415 Deady,l/ii8. Int. Kev. Rec, 21/^^^^ Law Rep., n. S-, %2. Pet. Adm., I/212. Ware, 1/437^ Wl26, ^/240. 8. Appointment, powers, and compen- sation of shipping commission- ers. Rev. Stat., § 4501, &c. Stat, at L., 18/64. Blatchf., 13/339 I"t. Rev. Rec, 16/147. 9. Under act of 1872, articles to be signed in presence of shipping conunissioner. Rev. Stat., § 4612. Ben., T/gj Blatchf., 11/439. Cent. L. J,, l/^g Holmes, I/342. Otto, 6/527^ s/ggg 10. Rights and liabilities of seamen under parol contract of ship- ment. Blatchf. & H., 1/335. 'Crabbe, l/ggg. Pet. Adm., 1/212. 11. Seamen shipping in foreign port need not sign articles. Gall., 1/474. Sprague, I/73. 12. Execution on part of seamen. Deady, l/ng. 13. Necessity and suflaciency of de- scription of voyage in arti- cles. Curt., 2/301 I>eady,l/49. Law Rep., 4/349 Law Rep., N. s., 9/21 Sprague, 1/300. Woodb. & M., 1/338. 14. Misdescription may be shown by parol. Curt., 2/377. ^y^ Rep., n. s., 8/gg. Low., 1/130. Sprague, I/285. 15. "WTien the voyage is terminated. Blatchf. & H., l/i5i_ 1/454. Mason, Vl47. Sprague, 1/435. Sumn., I/373. 16. 'When voyage is not terminated until cargo is unladen. Cranch C. C, I/424. Gilp., I/207, V219. Mason, 5/^04. Pet. Adm., I/253. Ware, 1/454. 17. What -will dissolve the contract of shipment. Gilp., 1/1. 18. 'What will not. Curt., 2/225 Gall., 2/154 Mason, V443, %72, ^/404. Sumn., 2/582. SEAMEN, II, III. 511 2. Interpretation and validity. 10. Gteneral rules. Crabbe, I/226. Gilp-, ^/219. Mason, 2/541, 555. Paine, a'/agg. Sprague, S/^g Sumu., 2/443 20. Interpreting tlie articles as re- spects the voyage intended; and herein of -what is such a deviation as ■will authorize sea- men to leave the ship. Bee Adm., l/ioe. Grail, 2/477^ Gilp., %,Vl47,V219. Low., I/180, 1/191. Ma- son, 5/4Q4_ ]S!"e^vb. Adm., 1/449, G)lc. Adm., 1/289. Pet. Adm,, 2/3gQ_ 2/4^5^ Sawyer, 3/gQ Sprague, 1/485. Ware, 2/407 Woodb. & M., 1/338. 21. Stipulation as to voyage may be varied by mutual consent of master and crew. Olc. Adm., 1/24. 22. Stipulations in respect to wages, time of payment, &c. Blatclif. & H., 1/372. Pet. Adm., ■'/142, 1/215. 23. — in respect to recovery of wages by suit. Blatchf. & H., 1/401, 1/454. 24. Stipxilations disadvantageous to seamen not enforced, unless understood by them and bal- anced by fair consideration. Blatchf. & H., 1/83, 1/401. Low., 1/38. Sprague, l/jgg, 1/5,56, 1/584. Ware, 8/340, %04. 25. Instances of agreements respect- ing wages, set aside as unjust to the seamen. Deady, 1/473 Mason, 2/54^ Sawyer, 1/390, See, also, post, 101. 26. Interpretation of agreements for shares of proceeds of voyage. Blatchf. & H., 1/401, 1/525. Sprague, ^/l67, ■^/584. 27. Various other stipulations in ship- ping articles, held void. Cliff., 2/gg Mason, 2/54j_ 28. Articles not the only evidence of the contract. Agreement made with shipping agent when arti- cles were signed, may be shown, and will bind the ship. Ben., 6/^42^ Cliff., 2I^^_ Mason, Sj^ei. 29. Ambiguities decided in seaman's favor. Chic. L. N., 6/jo2. Crabbe, I/226. Sawyer, 2/474^ * 30. Articles may be contradicted on part of seamen by parol. Blatchf. & H., 1/83. Cliff., 2/85. 31. Effect of alterations and erasures. 01c. Adm., 1/232. 32. "What amounts to a breach of shipping articles, generally. BflFect of breach. Low., l/eo. Sawyer, I/31. Sprague, 1/184. 33. Damages for breach of articles on part of vessel. Ben., 6/402 Law Rep., 4/349 Low., 1/66. 01c. Adm., 1/316. Sawyer, 8/194 Woodb. & M., 1/338. III. EIGHTS AND DUTIES OF SEA- MEN. 1. Mights, generally. 34. General duties of the master toward the seamen. Pet. Adm., 2/407 ^ee, also,^osif, 73. 35. Foreign seamen on American ships entitled to same protection as native seamen. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 1/338. Woodb. & M., 1/305. See, also, ante, 3. 36. Right to subsistence. What is a sufficient daily allowance. Eev. Stat, § 4564. Abb. Adm., 512 SEAMEN, III. 1/564. Pet. Adra., 3/219. Sprague, I/45, V378. Ware, I/454, See, also, post, 127. 37. Right of self-defence. Pet. Adm., l/ige. Sprague, I/407. Sumn., 1/448. Wall. Jr., l/i. Wash. C. C, 3/525. Woodb. & M., 1/305, 3/1. See, also, post, 68. 38. Right to be cured at expense of ship. The general rule. Abb. Adra., 1/344. Abb. U. S., 1/126. Gilpv V447. Low., 1/66 2/l36. Mason, %41. Sprague, I/243, I/462. Sumn., V195, V591. Ware, I/9, I/420. Woods, ^/l70, -^/SOI. 39. "What mariners are within the rule. Abb. U. S., 1/126. ^m. L. Reg., n. S-, ^/707. Ben., 5/4gg_ Biss., I/562. Sprague, I/279. Sumn., I/151, I/591. 40. How long the right continues. Abb. Adm., 1/451. -^tb. U. S., 1/126. 01c. Adm., I/316. 41. "What sickness or injury is within the nale. Abb. Adm., 1/344. Abb. U. S., i/jge. Biss., 1/562. Low., 2/i_ Sawyer, ^l^^^ Sumn., 1/195. Woods, I/170. 42. What is not. Gilpv 1/435. Sprague, I/67. Sawyer, 4/252. Sumn., 1/195. 43. The medicine chest. Rev. Stat., § 4569, &c. Stat, at L-, 1/134. Gilp., 1/447. Mason, 2/54^^ Sumn., 1/195 Ware, 1/420. 44. .State statutes authorizing iln- prisonment of colored seamen^ void. Law Rep., V/ggg. Sprague, l/gs Wheeler, 2/53^ 2. Statutory protection and relief, 45. Various statutory provisions. Rev. Stat., § 4554, (Sec. Stat, at L., 1/203, 1/477, %03, %09, 1^/64. 46. Right to reftaee to go to sea in un- seaworthy vessel. Demanding survey. Rev. Stat., § 4556, &c. Stat, at L., 1/132. Abb. Adm., I/402. Curt., 'ij^^^^ 01c. Adm., 1/289. Sprague, 1/75^ 1/73^ Sumn., 2/j3 Ware, 1/357. Woodb. & M., 1/338. 47. Right to leave ship on account of master's cruelty. Gilp., 1/219. Ware, 1/33, 1/91,1/104. 48. Right to leave ship after capture or wreck. Gall.,2/i64 Pet. Adm., 2/393 Sumn., 2/443. Ware, I/41, -^k^^, 49. Seamens' right of complaint tO' consul. Stat, at L., S/ggg Or abbe, 1/53. Curt., 1/69. Sprague, 1/62, Vies. 50. Discharge by consul in foreign port. Effect of such discharge on right to wages. Rev. Stat., § 4580. Stat, at L., 11/62, l''/580. A.bb. Adm., 1/451, I/519, 1/545. Blatchf. & H., l/i85, l/i87. Curt., l/gg. McAll., 1/77. Sprague, 2/^3^ 51. Duty of consul to send destitute seamen home. Obligation of master to receive them. Rev. Stat., § 4578. Stat, at L., 2/203. Low., 1/107. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/53, Op. Att.-Gen., 4/jgg^ 7/722. Pet. C. C, 1/118. Sprague, 1/32. Sumn., S/ng. 52. Master's bond for safe return of seamen. Rev. Stat., § 4576. Stat, at L,, 2/203. Low,, 1/107. Tawey, I/24. SEAMEN, III, IV. 513 3. Duties and obligations. 53. Duties implied in contract of ship- ment. Abb. Adm., 1/564. Blatchf., 3/g^Q Crabbe, I/283. 54. What services seamen may be required to render. Abb. Adm., I/573. 01c. Adm., I/216, V271, ^289. Pet. Adm., 1/253. Sumn., ^/l68, -^/STS. 55. Duty to work on S\mday. Biss., 1/440. Crabbe, 1/204. Sawyer, Vl50. 56. Duty to obey orders of master or mate. Blatchf. & H., 1/423. Sprague, I/73. Woodb. & M., 1/305, 1/338, 3/1. 57. Duties in cases of capture or ship- wreck. Mason, 2/3^9 Pet. Adm., 1/203. Wall. Jr., 1/1. Ware, a/^gi. Wash. C. c, 4/141. 58. Duties of seamen sent home by consul. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/53 Pet. C. C, V118. 59. When seaman is responsible in damages for misconduct. Sumn., 1/384. 60. Liability for losses occasioned by negligence. Bee Adm., I/255. Gilp., l/gg, I/46I. Pet. Adm., I/239, I/258. 61. — by embezzlement or barratry. Contribution. Bee Adm., 1/132, V262. Gilp., I/46I. Mason, I/104. Pet. Adm., I/200, I/239, 1/242 ®ee, also, post, 146. 2g IV. THE MASTEE. [Consult, also, Shipping, VII.] 1. His authority, 62. In general. Abb. U. S., 2/20. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/51. 01c. Adm., 1/289. 63. Power to preserve order on board the ship, quell affrays, Sso. Curt., l/gg Sumn., 2/^^ 64. — to compel obedience, suppress insubordination, &c. Blatchf. & H., 1/356^ 1/433. Deady, 1/54. Sprague, 1/54^ 1/95^ I/407. Story, 2/120. Sumn., 2/534 Ware, I/219, 8/321. Wash. C. C, 1/316, ^l615. 65. — and to use deadly weapons for that purpose. Bee Adm., 1/248. Crabbe, 1/417. Pet. C. C, 1/213. Sprague, l/ng, l/gn. Woodb. & M., 3/j 66. Power to inflict punishment, flog- ging, &c. Bee Adm., I/161 I/239. Blatchf. & H., 1/507. Crabbe, 1/233, ^449. ^^y> (Conn.) 3/294 Gilp., 1/31. How., 12/390^ Hughes, 1/525. Mason, ^j^q^^ Pet. Adm., I/168, 2/420. Sprague, 1/54. Ware, V51, V83, V219, V5O6, 2/221. Wasli. C. C, 3/525, 4/33g_ 67. Abolition of floggtag by statute. Rev. Stat., §4611. Stat, at L., S/gj^ Curt., 1/501, ^509. 68. Limits of power to punish. WTien resistance is justiflable. Law Rep., 9/397^ Pet. Adm., l/igg. Pet. C. C, I/118. Sprague, I/374. Woodb. & M., 1/305. See, also, ante, 37. 514 SEAMEN, IV, V. 69. Power to disrate subordinate offi- cers or seamen. Blatchf. & H., l/i95^ 1/366. Gilp., l/gg. Law Eep., N. S., H/ms, ^^204. Mason, 4/g^_ S/^gg Pet. Adm., I/244. Sprague, 1/62. Ware, I/109, %18. Wash. C. C, 4/338. 70. — to discharge seamen in foreign ' ports. Cliff., 1/145. Low., 1/289. Pet. Adm,, V168, 175, 2/268. Sawyer, 1/150. Sprague, Vl84, V215, 2/43. Ware, I/9, l/gg, 2/266. See, also, post, 78. 71. — or imprison them there. Crabbe, 1/239. Curt., l/gg^ a/g^^^ Gilp., V31, V219 Mason, S/^gg. Pet. Adm., 2/393. Sprague, I/300. Ware, l/ggy. Woodb. & M., 1/262. See, also, post, 79. 2. Sis duties and liabilities. 72. In general. Paine, I/336. Sprague, I/462. 73. Duty to hear complaints, protect seamen, and redress griev- ances. Blatchf. & H., 1/195^ l/33i_ Sawyer, V539, %1. Sprague, 1/407^ 2/5g_ Sumn., 2/1. 74. Civil liability for assaults upon seamen, excessive punish- ment, &c. Abb. Adm., 1/573. Blatchf. & H., V264,V507. Crabbe, 1/283^ 1/417. How., ^2/390. Sawyer, 1/539^ S/g^^. Sprague, ^/62, V304. Sumn., 2/^_ "Ware 1/53. See, also, Assault, 7-10. 75. Oriminal responsibility for unlaw- ful beating of seamen. Rev. Stat., § 5347. Stat, at L., 4/775. Curt., 1/501^ 1/509^ 2/^94. Hughes, I/525" Sumn., 2/gg^_ gee^ also, Assault, 16. 76. — for maliciously discharging seamen in foreign port. Stat, at L., 3/2-^7. Mason, 5/192. Cp. Att.-Gen., 7/^3^. Story, 1/357. Sumn., V394. 77. Civil liability for deserting sea- men in foreign port. Blatchf. & H., 1/275. 78. — for wrongful discharge of sea- men. Blatchf. & H., 1/275^ 1/366. Sprague, V212, V215, V433. See, also, anie, 70. 79. — for wrongfully imprisoning sea- men in foreign port. Gilp., 1/31. Sprague, l/gg^ 1/4^7. Ware, l/gg^ 1/367. See, also, ante, 71. 80. Liability on bond to return crew. Rev. Stat., § 4576. Low., 1/107 Taney, I/24. V. THE MATE. 81. His authority in absence of mas- ter. Abb. U. S.,2/i6o. Curt., 1/340. How., 18/63. Masou, 4/54J N. Y. Leg. Obs., %3, 2/99, 10/193. Phil., (Pa.) 7/570. ~ 82. His rights and duties, generally. Crabbe, l/ggi. Pet. Adm., 1/344^ I/258. Sprague, l/gg, I/73, I/210. 83. Right to be cured at expense of ship. Sumn., 1/151. 84. Wages of mate, forfeitures and deductions for misconduct, &c. Bee Adm., I/237. Bias., 8/209. Brown Adm., I/161. Cranch C. C, 2/^63 Curt., 2/377. Clc. Adm., 1/12. Pet. Adm., V250. Sprague, 1/285. Sumn., I/373. Wash. C. C, 4/338. SEAMEN, V, VI. 515 S5. His responsibilities; liability for losses, &o. Crabbe, I/278. Cranch C. C, ^j-ifus. Pet. Adm., I/258. Sprague, 1/71. 86. Duties and responsibilities in re- spect to punishing seamen. Law Eep., l/es. Story, 2/^20. •Sprague, I/407. Ware, 1/53^ I/219. fi7. Bisoharge for drunkenness. Low., 1/289. Sawyer, Sj^^^^ VI. WAGES. 1. Might to wages ; and when eaiiied. 88. In general. Eev. Stat., § 4524, 4527. Low., 1/57. Sawyer, l/jga. S9. Rule that li-eight is the mother of wages. Blatchf. & H., 1/525. Paine, 2/^5^ Pet., 5/g75_ Pet. Adm., I/203, 2/376. ■90. Scope and extent of the rule. Gall., 2/i64, 175. Sumn., 2/443^ S/g^^ ^/286. 91. Its limits and exceptions. Aboli- tion of the rule by the Revised Statutes. Eev. Stat., § 4525. Deady, I/49. Oall., 2/jg^ 01c. Adm., 1/395 Paine, 2/i51. Taney, 1/379. 92. Rightto wages in cases of capture. Bee Adm., 1/173^ l/igp. Mason, 1/45^ 2/91,3/161. Pet.,5/e75. Pet. Adm., 1/115, 1/123, %84, 2/390. Pet. C. C, l/i42. Taney, I/379. Wash. C. C, 4/i4i_ 93. — of breaking up or interruption of the voyage. Bee Adm., 1/43 Ben., 6/^^^^ Gall., 2/i64. McAll., 1/77. Sprague, 1/394. 94. — of sickness of seamen during voyage, seamen left behind, &c. Blatchf. & H., 1/545. Crabbe, 1/54^ Low., 2/383. Pet. Adm., 1/139. Sawyer, 2/242. Sprague, l/67_ 2/^3 95. — of shipwreck. Rev. Stat., § 4526. Abb. Adm., I/123. Ben., 5/355 LawRep.,N.s.,3/2g6. Low., l/l48. Mason, 2/319 Newb. Adm., I/341. Paine, 2/jg^_ Pet. Adm., 1/203, 2/434. Sprague, I/97 Ware, I/41 2/121. Woodb. & M., 1/262. 96. Right to wages determined in cases depending upon peculiar and unusual circumstances. Crabbe Adm., 1/54 Paine, 2/j^gj Pet. Adm., 2/261^ 2/264^ 2/430, 2/428. 97. When wages become due and payable, generally. Eev. Stat., § 4529. Blatchf. & H., V286, V335. Ole- ■^^^■> V232. Saw- yer, 2/226. Sprague, I/126, ^485. 98. Effect of act of 1790, giving mas- ter ten days after discharge of cargo, within -which to pay wages. Stat, at L., 1/133. '^^^- J^^dm., I/150. Ben., l/i83, 6/398 Blatchf. & H., 1/33, 01c. Adm., 1/232. Pet- -^^m., I/165, V210, V253. Sprague, I/34. Ware, %22. 99. Effect of stipulations in articles as to time of payment. Blatchf. & H., l/83_ 1/139, V]51. Paine, 2/229. 100. In what kind of money payable. Rev. Stat., § 4548. Ben., 2/225. Cliff., 2/465. Low., 1/38. Op. Att.- Gen., 13/557. 516 SEAMEN, VI. 101. Inequitable contracts respecting wages already earned, set aside. Ben., 6/400 Sawyer, 3/go_ Woods, 1/300. ^^' ^^^> '^'"^> ^^> ^^' 102. Receipts for wages not conclu- sive. ' , 01c. Adm., 1/24, Sprague, 1/433. Ware, 1/495. See, also, Eeceipts, 3; Re- lease, 6. 103. Liability of wages to contribute in general average. Gall., 2/ig4_ Sprague, 1/17^ 1/559. 2. lAen for wages. 104. Lien covers ship, cargo, freight and proceeds, and takes prece- dence of all other claims. Bee Adm., I/414. Ben., 1/234. Biss., %62, ^/209. GilPv Vl84. 1^°*., 2/234^ Newb. Adm., 1/215^ I/341. Paine, l/igo, 183. Pet., 5/g75_ Sumn., 2/443_ Ware, V41, ^/l34, ^/l21. 105. Q-ovemmentvesselssubjecttothe lien as well as private ships. Law Rep., l/jgg. Sumn., S/gog 106. "What persons are entitled to a hen, generally. Abb. U. S., 2/20. Ben., 1/223, 5/82. Brown Adm., 1/^3 Cranch C. C, I/207. Low., 1/130, %5. Pet. Adm., I/223. Sawyer, 4/^05. 107. The master has no lien ; he must look to the owners. Bee Adm., l/jgg Cranch C. C, 4/97^ Gilp., l/i. Paine, 1/73^ 2/202. Pet., ^Vi75. Pet. Adm., I/223. Sprague, ^/402. See, also. Shipping, 129. 108. But the mate may claim a lien. Sprague, l/ggg. 109. What services are maritime, so as to create a lien. Cranch C. C, l/x52. Olc. Adm., l/4go Sprague, 1/204, ^/437. Woodb. ,& M.,. 2/48. 110. Lien not assignable. Rev. Stat., § 4536. Bond, I/267. 111. How the lien may be lost, gen- erally. Rev. Stat., § 4535. Biss., ^j^qq^ Mason, 2/gg_ Pet., S/g^g^ Sprague,, V437. 112. Effect of accepting owners' not& to waive the lien. Sprague, I/33. Ware, l/igg a/^^g 113. Loss by delay in proceedings for enforcement. Ben., 8/423 Crabbe, 1/173 Paine,. V18O. Sprague, I/437. 114. — by sale of vessel, by owners. Crabbe, I/17 115. — by sale under execution against- owners. Bee Adm., l/gg Newb. Adm., I/215 ^284. Sprague, 1/373^ 1/332. Wall. Jr.,. V311, 2/592. 116. Priority of the lien over bottomry bond. Blatchf. & H., 1/90. Pet., 8/538 See,. also. Bottomry, 23. 117. — over attachment of vessel in state court. Law Rep., n. s., 12/4^3^ Sprague,. 1/510. 118. Personal liability of owners. Bee Adm., 1/255. Gnp.,1/592. Ware, %92. SEAMEN, VI. 517 3. Rate. Extra wages. 119. Ascertaining rate from shipping articles. Abb. Adm., I/451, Or abbe, l/gs. -Sprague, Z/gg 120. "WTien a quantum, meruit will be aUo-wed. Curt., 2/i47_ Sprague, V564, ^584. 121. To what, date -wages should be computed. Crabbe, l/ge, Vi79. 122. Effect of promotion to increase rate. Ben., 1/228. 123. Nature of the "lay" in whaling voyages, and how com- puted. Blatchf. & H., 1/366. Holmes, I/92. ■Sprague, I/243, I/315, ^355, ^/564, ^/es. •Story, 3/^08 124. Right to extra wages on sale of ship, or discharge in foreign port. Eev. Stat., § 4682. Stat, at L., 2/203^ 11/62. Ben., 1/228, 5/10. Blatchf. &H., 1/342. Ct. of CI., 10/453. Gilp., 1/193. Holmes, I/92. Low., l/ies, ^/l9l, ■^/297, 2/81 Mason, 1/45^ ^j^n. Op. Att.- <^en., l/i48, 1/593, 2/256, 2/413, 2/443. Saw- jer, 2/72. Sprague, I/243 I/433, ^^^^> ■^/485, ^/l21. 125. Right to extra wages in cases of deficiency of provisions and short allow^ance. Eev. Stat., § 4568. Stat, at L., I/135. .Bee Adm., l/go. Low., I/515. Pet. Adm., 1/219. Sprague, 1/45, 1/182. Ware, ^/454, ^/l96. 126. Both deficiency and short allow-' ance must concur. Am. L. Eeg., 8/224. Crabbe, I/216. •Olc. Adm., 1/275. Paine, 2/391 127. What is a deficiency within the statute. Paine, 2/29^ Sprague, I/45, 1/132. See, also, ante, 36. 128. 'When treble wages are recover- able for short allowance. ■ Sprague, l/igs. 129. "Validity of master's agreement to pay extra wages. Sprague, I/104. 4. Actions for wages. 130. Jurisdiction of admiralty. Eev. Stat., § 4546. Abb. Adm., 1/413, V490. Bee Adm., 1/199. Biss., T/^gg^ Brown Adm., I/290. Low., 2/142. ^^*'' Adm., I/208. Ware, 3/ig4. Woodb. & M., 1/248. See, also, Admiralty, 52- 59. 131. — of courts of common law, state courts, &c. Eev. Stat., § 4546. Wall., n/igs. 132. Who may sue, generally. GilPv V505, V514. Low., 1/475. Newb. Adm.,l/5//2i5. Pet., 6/143. Pet. Adm., 1/244. Sumn., 1/151. 133. Limitations of time to sue. Stale demands. Abb. U. S., 2/i64 Ben., ^k^Q, ^/sSS. Blatchf. & H., 1/218. Gall., 2/^^ Hughes, 2/123. Mason, S/gj^ 3/igi Paine, 1/180. Woodb. & M., 2/303. 134. Parent's right of action for wages of minor son. Law Eep., N. s., 8/21, 11/463. Sprague, V?,2, V355. 135. Suits by representatives of de- ceased seamen. Bee Adm., I/255, 1/441. Crabbe, I/239. Pet. Adm., I/115, 1/142, Vlbi, Vl57, ^/263. Wash. C. C, 1/414. 518 SEAMEN, VI. 136. The proper parties defendant. ' Sprague, I/158. 137. Rules of pleading. Matters of defence. ^ Abb. Adm., I/451. Ben., 2/212, 6/12, 6/287. Blatchf., 3/gjo Blatchf. & H., V195, %2. Crabbe, 1/52. Deady, l/gg. Mason, 4/g4j_ Olc. Adm., I/24. Saw- yer, 3/4g5 Sprague, l/ggg. Sumn., ^/384. 138. — of evidence. Abb. Adm., l/433_ Bee Adm., l/ng. Blatchf, & H., l/i5i. Crabbe, I/417. Gilp., 1/1. Mason, 3/jgj_ Newb. Adm., V539. Olc. Adm., 1/24, 1/450, V502. Sawyer, I/510, 8/485 Wash. ,C. C, 2/201. 139. Presumptions. Abb. Adm., 1/391. Newb. Adm., i/i. Sprague, I/374 Woodb. & M., 2/^g_ 140. Burden of proof. Abb. Adm., l/go. Blatchf. & H., 1/454. Cliff., 1/145. Mason, 2/5^1^ gg^^ 4/541. Olc. Adm., 1/24, I/208, 1/232, 1/275. Ware, 2/121. Wash. C. C, 8/243. 141. Right to costs. Abb. Adm., 1/281. Ben., e/ggg. See, also, Costs, so. 142. AUo-wance of interest. Blatchf. & H., 1/195. Gall., 2/45 Olc. -A-dm., 1/334. Paine, 2/391 Pet., S/g^g^ Sprague, 1/130, ^433. Woodb. & M., 2/303. See, also. Interest, 16. 5. Forfeiture of wages. DedvHicma. (a) In general. 143. Grounds of forfeiture, generally. Bee Adm., 1/237. Mason, 2/5g Paine, 2/457. Pet., 5/g^5 Pel. Adm., 2/272. Sprague, I/204. Ware, 2/2eg 144. Forfeiture for incompetency. Gilp., 1/83. Mason, 4/541^ Sprague,. V225. 145. — for disobedience or neglect of duty. Bee Adm., l/i4g. Ben., 8/315 Deady,. V473. Gilp., l/i4o. Mason, ^f^^ ij^^^ Pet. Adm., I/168, I/187, 2/407. Sprague,. 1/73. 146. — for embezzlement. Abb. Adm., I/261. Cranch, 2/340, Gilp., 1/461. Pet. Adm., 1/239. See,, also, ante, 61. 147. — for misconduct, intemperance^ &c. Abb. Adm., 1/270. -^^ee Adm., 1/134, Blatchf. & H., 1/493. Brown Adm.,. Vi49,V547. Crabbe,^ 1/179. Curt., 1/395. Deady, I/72. Gilp., 1/33. Mason, 4/io2. Olc. Adm., 1/289. Phil., (Pa.) 7/594^ 7/598_ Sprague, I/9. Sumn., 1/334. Ware, %96. 148. — for smuggling. Abb. Adm., 1/253. Ware, S/^g^ ^/236. 149. "What deductions are proper. Bee Adm., I/429. Gilp., I/294. Saw- yer, 4/172. 150. "What deductions wUl not be al- lo"(yed. Bee Adm., 1/423. Orabbe, I/239. Gall.,. 2/l64. G'IPv %1, V219. ^'^^•> V435. Sumn., 3/gQ Taney, I/379. Ware,. V9. 151. Deduction ftom Msrages for hos- pital fund. Stat, at L., 1/605, V729, 2/l92, %02, %8^ 61. H SEAMEN, VI, VII. 519 (6) For desertion. 152. Statutory provisions respecting desertion; and liow oon- strued. Rev. Stat., § 4522. Stat, at L., l/igi^ 11/62. Sawyer, 2/533 163. The general rule tliat desertion forfeits -wages. Law Rep., n. s., 11/148. 01c. Adm., V4, V2I6. Pai»e^ ^/229. Story, 3/io8_ 154. "WTiat is sucli desertion as ■will ■work a forfeiture. Abb. U.S., 2/172. Ben., 1/490. Brown Adm., 1/424, 1/547. Pet. Adm., I/128. Sawyer, ^Jso, 2/559. Ware, I/309. 155. What is not. Abb. U. S., 2/160. Bee Adm., 1/37. Ben., 2/ig9 Blatchf. & H., 1/151, I/293, %2, V545. Crabbe, 1/52. Olc. Adm., 1/24. Sprague, l/ig, VllT. 156. Desertion must occur during the voyage. Blatchf. & H., 1/151, 1/454. Cranch C. C, 2/149. 157. What ■will justify lea^^ing the ship. Am. L. Reg., n. s., IO/340. Cliff., %48. Crabbe, I/204. Gilp-, V219. Low., I/180. Pet, Adm., I/186, 2/420. Sprague, l/l63. Story, S/^Qg Sumn., 2/582. Ware, ■^/l09. 158. Fact of desertion must be entered in log-book. Time to make entry. Rev. Stat., § 4290. Ben., 2/^89. Blatchf. & H., 1/545. Crabbe, I/52. Gilp., Vss, V207, V294. Paine, 2/329. Sprague, 1/534. Sumn., I/373. Ware, 1/309. Wash. C. C, 1/48, 2/272. 150. Sufflcienoy and effect of the en- try. Bee Adm., 1/57. Crabbe, I/204. Gilp., VsS, Vl40, Vl47. Pe*^- ^^^-^ V2OI. Sprague, I/534. Ware, 1/309. 160. WTiat return to duty ■wUl cure the forfeiture. Blatchf. & H., 1/275, ^289, ^331. Crabbe, I/204. Gilp., 1/140. Low., 1/38. Paine, 2/377 ?«*• -'^dm., l/ieo. Story, 3/1Q8. 161. What ■will not. , Crabbe, 1/204. Olc. Adm., I/216. Paine, ^ 2/229. Pet. Adm., I/139. 162. Discretionary po^wer of the court to mitigate the forfeiture. Law Rep., n. s., 8/31 Sprague, I/355, V424. 163. Effect of mere absence from ship as ground of forfeiture. De- ductions for absence. Bee Adm., I/134. Blatchf. & H., ^/289, V545. Gilp., 1/89, ^/l40, V329. Olc. Adm., 1/271, 1/316. Pet. Adm., ^/l32, ^/l38. VII. OFFENCES BY SEAMEN. 164. Various statutory provisions. Rev. Stat., § 4596, 4608. Stat, at Lv ^/l31, ^^/304. 165. Barratry. Cranch, 8/39 Pet., 8/222. Wash. C. C, 2/61. 166. Burning vessel on high seas. Rev. Stat., § 5367. Law Rep., n. s., Vl51. 167. Casting away vessel ■with intent to defraud insurers. Rev. Stat., § 5364, &c. Pet., 12/102. 520 SEAMEN, VII— SEIZURES. Wash.C.C.,3/i46. Wheat., 11/392. See, also, Cbiminal Law, 27. 168. Desertion. Eev. Stat., § 4598, &c. Stat, at L., 1/134. Wheeler, 2/6i5_ 169. Disobedience; breach of disci- pline, &c. Rev. Stat., § 4596, 4602. Sawyer, %67, ^/602. 1*70. Forcing ship-mate on shore. Rev. Stat., § 5363. Law Rep., n. s., 8/683. Mason, Sj-^^^. Story, I/307. Sumn., 1/394. Wash. C. C, 4/544 See, also, Ceiminal Law, 40. 171. Revolt. Rev. Stat., § 5384. Abb. Adm., I/270. Curt., 2/225. See title Mutiny. 172. Entries of offences in log-book. Rev. Stat., § 4290, 4597. As to the Jurisdiction of courts of admiralty over the subject of seamens' wages, see Admi- EALTT, 52-59. As to Salvage by seamen, see Salvage, 14. As to Seamen in the navy, see Navy, 11-16. SEARCH WARRANTS. Pbocess, 23. SEAWORTHINESS. Cabriees, U ; Charter Paeties, 8 ; In- BDHAircE, 28-80 ; Seamen, 46. SECESSION. Confederate States, 1 ; Wae II. SECONDARY EVIDENCE. Evidence, 40-49. SECRETARIES. Departments, 5-11. SECURITY. As to Bonding the res in Admiralty, see Ad- MiEAiTY, 93 ; Bail, 28. As to bonds on Appeal or Error, see Appeal, 39-41 ; Eeeoe, 44. As to the security required in various actions and proceedings, see Attachment, 22 ; In- JtrNCTiON, 44 ; Ebplevin, 8, 21-24. As to Official bonds, see Oeficees, 7, 8, 37- 45, and the titles of the various officers. As to municipal Bonds in aid of railroads, see Counties, 9 ; MtnnciPAi, Coepoeations, 11, 22. As to security for Costs, see Costs, IV. SEIZIN. of, and remedy for breach, see Covenants, 12. What is sufficient seizin in husband or wife to support claim for Dower or Ourtesy, see Dowee, 5 ; Estates, 2. SEIZURES. 1. Necessity of seizure to give juris- diction. Abb. U. S., 1/577. Biss., 4/jgg^ 4/jg7 Sawyer, I/153 Story, l/jog. 2. "Who may make a seizure How., 3/j97 Wheat., 3/^^^^ ^1^^^^ 3. What property may be seized. Blatchf., 8/475 Op. Att.-Geii., l/gog. Wheat., 2/j 4. Grounds for seizures. G^all., 2/359 Pet-, ^%42. Sprague, V213. Vt.,22/g55_ 5. Place of seizure. In what territory or -what waters it may be made. Cranch, 2/^87_ 4/24^^ 379, %93, 9/l02. SEIZURES. 521 Mason, S/^^g^ S/^^g Wheat., S/ggg^ Q/gg^^ 6. "WTiat amounts to a seizure, and ho^w it should be made. Ben., 4/526. McLean, 2/332 Sprague, 1/551. Wall., 9/103 Wheat., 10/312. 7. Validity and effect. Seizures under repealed statute void. Oanch, S/ggj^ 6/203 Pet., I6/342. Story, 1/109. Wheat., V/g5i_ 8. Right to custody of property seized. Ben., 1/125, ^/526. Int. Eev. Rec, l3/58_ Mason, 2/409. 9. Bffectof abandonment of seizure, or neglect to proceed. McLean, 2/332_ Mason, 1/330. Wheat., 2/1, 10/312. 10. Effect of adoption of seizure by government, to cure defects. Blatchf., 5/407. Gall., I/563. How., 3/197. Pet., 16/342. 11. jTirisdietion ; and proceedings for condemnation. Rev. Stat., § 663, 564, 711, 734, 920. Stat, at L., 17/599 I^all-) ^/342. Wash. C. C, 2/gig Woods, 2/3^8 See, also, Admiralty, 9. 12. The Information, and pleadings, generally. Int. Rev. Rec, 10/17 "^'all., 7/573. 13. Discharging the property on baU. Enforcing the bond. Rev. Stat., § 938. Ben.,l/ig. Blatchf., '^Iii5. Woods, 1/42 See, also. Admi- ralty, 93 ; Bail, 28. 14. Distribution of proceeds; rights of informers, &c. Rev. Stat., §3090. Mason, 2/gg Paine, 1/426. Sprague, 1/273. Wash.C.C.,3/464_ '*/492. See, also, Forfeitures, 15; Internal Revenue, 109; Penal- ties, 9. 15. Suits for damages for wrongful seizures, made without probable cause. Cranch, 2/g4_ 2/^70^ 3/458_ Ct. of CI., 10/248. I>eady, I/197. McLean, 2/332 Mason, 1/24, 1/96. Wheat., 2/345 %46. 16. Certificate of probable cause. "What is probable cause. Rev. Stat., § 970. Blatchf, ^j^q^ %56,%9. Brown Adm., 1/1 Cranch, 3/458, %11. Gall., 1/111. How., 4/242. Pet., 8/495^ I6/342 Sprague, 1/^94. Yt., 22/g55_ Wash. C. C, 1/245. Wheat., %62, 10/421, 12/i. See, also. Prize, 96. As to captures in Time of war, and proceedings for condemnation of prizes, see Captueb ; Prize As to seizures for violations of Oustorms lawt, see Dtjties, IX ; of Embargo and Non-inter- course laws, see Embargo, 7, 10-15 ; of Internal revenue laws, see Inteknai. Eevenue, VI. SELF-DEFENCE. HomcTOB, 22, 23 ; Seamen, 37, 68. SEPARATE ESTATE. Htjsband and Wipe, V. SEPARATION. What is sufficient, to constitute Delivery of goods sold, see Sales, 19. Agreements for, Between husband a^d wife, see Husband and Wipe, 52-54. SEQUESTRATION. CONFBDEKATE StATES, 5. SERVANTS. Master and Servant ; Railroad Compa- nies, 26, 27. 522 SERVICES— SET-OFF. SERVICE OF PROCESS. Pbocess, 10-20. SERVICES. 1. When a contract to pay for Bervioes ■will be implied. Cranch C. C, ^Jm, Oreg., l/gs. Paine, 2/^o9. ^^i ^^^°> Assumpsit, 8. 2. — as between parties oocupying one of tbe personal or legal rela- tions. Pet., 1/562. ^66j ^^°j Paeent and Child, 2. 3. — as against tlie government. Pet., 13/^09. See, also, Contracts, 116. 4. Interpretation of express contracts for services. Abb. Adm., l/i65. Black, S/ggg^ Mont. T., 1/437 Law Rep., N. s., 5. Wliat amounts to a breach, by em- ployer, and its effect. Cranch, ^g Mont. T., 1/437, Wyom. T., 1/205. 6. Rules of pleading, in actions for services rendered. Cranch, 4/239, Day, (Conn.) S/^g Oreg., 1/171. 7. — of evidence. Abb. Adm., 1/466. Blatchf., e/^gg Cranch C. C, 1/131, 2/423, %9S. Ct. of CI., 4/49g_ How., 14/454^ IS/gg^ Mac- Arth., 2/305 8. Claims for extra services. Cranch C. C, 3/ggg Law Rep., n. s., %8, 10/561, 11/752. Taney, 1/468. See, also. Officers, 21-23. 9. Decisions interpreting the eight- hour law. Stat, at L., 15/77, Alb. L. J., IS/ggg, Chic. L. N., 9/233 Op. Att.-Gen., IS/gg^ 13/424. Ottx), 4/400 10. Enforcement of offers of rewards. Blatchf., 6/42g Ct. of CI., 9/4^5. Oreg., 1/86. Otto, 2/73 As to the Damages recoverable in actions upon contracts for serrices, see Damages, 16. For further decisions illustrating the above principles, see Master and Servant. SET-OFF. 1. What demands may be set off, gen- erally. Cranch C. C, 4/jg 4/349^ Hempst., 1/155. How., 11/461. Pet. Adm., l/igg. Pet. C. C, 1/276. Wash. C. C, I/467. 2. What may/not be. Cranch, 2/342^ Cranch C. C, 2/499. Mason, 1/93. Pet., 15/115. Wash. C.C, %59. 3. The demand must exist 'when suit is brought. Brock., 1/244. Cranch C. C, 4/443. 4. The demands must be mutual. Hempst., 1/155 Mason, 5/201 Sumn., 2/471. 5. — and in the same right. McLean, 3/229, ^/l25. Sumn., 2/471. 6. No set-off between joint and sepa- rate debts. Cranch, 7/565. Cranch C. C, I/2, 1/543, %2, %26, %65. I)ay, (Conn.) 4/4^2. Mason, 3/j3g_ Story, S/ggg^ Sumii., 2/409. Wyom. T., 1/45. 7. Set-off of unliquidated damages. Cranch, 2/342 Cranch C. C, I/585, 1/589. How., 14/434^ 23/220. McLean, SET-OFF. 523 %81, 5/133. Wash. C. C, 1/43, 1/156, ^/504, %32. 8. Eiglit of set-off in actions by or against carriers. Law Rep., n. s., S/igg. Olc. Adm., V365. Sprague, I/324. 9. — in actions upon negotiable in- struments. Cranch, ^l20S. Cranch C. C, 1/423, 1/585, 1/586, ^/l9, I^ay, (Conn.) %2. Hempst., 1/155. McLean, 3/38i_ "Wash. C. C, l/i78, 1/504, %59. See, also, Peomissoky Notes, 121. 10. — in actions respecting real prop- erty. McLean, '^j^^^. Sawyer, S/^gg^ 3/5gg_ 11. — personal property. Cranch C. C, ^1^3. 12. — in suits for seamen's wages. Baldw., 1/544. See, also, Seamen, 137, 140-151. 13. The right of set-off as between landlord and tenant. Cranch C. C, 1/37, I/366, %79, ^/449, %3l. See, also, Laijdlokd and Ten- ant, 37. 14. — principal and agent, and persons dealing with agent. Blatchf., 1/290. Cranch, 2/g^2. Cranch C.C, 2/215. How., 3/763. Sumn., 2/470. Wheat., 6/24o_ 6/ggg 15. What demands may be set off in actions where partners are par- ties. McLean, 3/3g^_ Mason, 8/133. Story, %35. 16. — in actions by or against person- al representatives. Smnn., 2/g2g_ 17. — in actions by or against bank- ing, insurance, or other corpo- rations. Otto, 2/3g2 Story, Sj^^^^ 18. — in actions by or against as- signees. Bankr. Eeg., 6/7^^^ 17/^^3 Chic. L. N., %. Cranch, 2/342. Cranch C. C, 1/423, 1/543, ^/l72, %38. I^all-J %0. Day, (Conn.) %2. Law Rep., 6/^gg_ Low., 1/550. Mason, e/gm^ Pet., "^Iqqs. Story, 2/3gg_ Sunin., ^j^^g^ Wash. C. C, 1/44, 1/178, 1/424. Woods, 2/4g3_ 19. — in actions by the government : Set-off allowed. Am. L. Reg., 5/268. Blatchf., S/ggg^ Bond, l/es. Brock., 2/g McLean, 1/493, 4/119,' %5. Pet., 7/;_ 7/,8_ 7/28^ 8/l50, 9/319, l°/l25, 1%36, 15/377. Wheat., ^/l35. 20. — not allowed. Blatchf., 3/325. Bond, 1/68. Cliff., 2/325. Crabbe, I/135, 1/563. Cranch, 9/212. Deady, 1/394. GUp-, 1/356. How., 8/83 McLean, 4/gg7^ 5/j33_ 6/g5 Paine, 1/156, 1/417, 2/68. Petv «/319. Wall., 4/617, 7/491, 9/759, 13/63. Wash. C. C, 2/161. 21. — in actions against the govern- ment : Set-off allowed. Rev. Stat., § 1059, 1766. Ct. of CL, 11/693, 12/504, 13/284. Op- ^tt.- Gen., 4/380, Wall, 17/207. 22. — not allowed. Op. Att.-Gen., 3/g24_ 8/197. 23. What may be set off against a judgment. Chic. L. N., 10/i87. Cranch, 7/3gg_ Cranch C. C, 1/539. Otto, 6/173. 24. Setting off one execution against another. Story, 2/366. 524 SET-OFF—SHERIFFS. 25. Under what plea a set-off may be given in evidence. Cranch C. C, 1/37, 2/418, McLean, ^/ssi. 26. Account not admissible as set-off unless ffled and notice given. Cranch C. C, I/503, 2/96. 2*7. Judgment, scire facias, Validity. Rev. Stat., § 4319, 4332. Abb. U. S-, 2/434. Crabbe, I/271. Gall., l/ng. How., 22/227^ 22/244 Newb. Adm., l/gj^ 1/262. Wall.,3/5gg Ware, 2/9_ 47. Rights acquired by enrollment; ♦ and consequences of neglect to enroll. Blatchf., 11/274^ 285. Crabbe, I/271. Newb. Adm., i/gi. N. Y. Leg. Obs., ll/3g. Wall., 15/232, I6/471. Wheat., ^/l, 212. 48. Effect of enrollment as evidence. Crabbe, I/479. JSTewb. Adm., 1/175^ 1/308,312. Pet., 16/215. Wall., I6/471. ' 49. Forfeitures for false or fraudulent enrollment. Rev. Stat., § 4373, &c. Gall., l/ng. Wall., 3/536. 50. Effect of license. Rev. Stat., § 4320. Wheat., 9/i^ 212. 51. Forfeitures of licensed vessels. Rev. Stat., § 4377. Cranch, ^Iiqo^ Gall.,l/ii8. Wall., 3/566. Wash. C. C, 1/226. See, also. Coasting Tbadb, 5- 7; Fisheries, 9. III. EMPLOYMENT OF VESSELS. 1. Carriage of merchandise. [Consult, also, Cabbiees, I.] 52. Implied Tvarranty of sea^worthi- ness. Woods, 2/490. 53. Duty of the ship in respect to stowage of cargo. Ben., 7/357^ 8/3^ 8/9o_ 8/2ig_ Blatchf., 6/193. Curt., 2/21. How. Pr., W/ge. Sawyer, S/^^g Sumn., 3/4Qg_ "V^^all., 13/672. Ware, 2/igi^ 2/^72. 54. Effect of custom on raode of stow- age. Abb. Adm., 1/343 Blatchf., I/526 ^/374. 55. Duty to deliver goods to con- signee. Abb. Adm., 1/119 Biss., 2/3jg_ Blatchf., 1/173 Conn., 36/ggg Deady, 1/179. 01c. Adm., 1/43. Wall., 9/435 SHIPPING, III, IV. 529 56. Time and place of delivery. Effect of delay. Biss., 4/4i7_ Cliff., 1/383, V396. 57. "Wliat is a euflaoient delivery ; and herein of storing the goods, no- tice to consignee, &o. Am. L. Reg., n. s., S/ggg. Ben., I/46, ^Im, */247, "^h, ^/l65, %97. ^iss., 3/goi_ Sprague, 1/477. Story, l/gg, 2/g^_ Wall, %25, ^/481. Woods, 2/3jg_ 58. Effect of custom on mode of de- livery. Brown Adm., l/x66. 59. Damages for loss or non-delivery. Ben., 8/jgQ How., 19/162. How. Pr., I8/166. Hughes, a/g^ Law Rep., N. s., 10/129. Low., 1/366, 1/464. Sprague, 2/1. Ware, a/g^g 60. — for injuries to the goods. Black, 1/170. Blatchf., S/g^^^ Saw- yer, 3/538. 61. Excuses for non-delivery or dam- age. Burden of proof. Ben., 8/301. Biss., I/354, 2/505^ 3/317^ Sawyer, 8/538. See, also, Bills of Lading, 10-14. 62. Right to demurrage for delay caused by consignee. Abb. Adm., 1/543. ^en., 5/432, %33, 7/301.- Biss., 5/37j^ Blatchf., 14/522. Brown Adm., l/igg. Cliff., 8/123 Holmes, I/290, 1/500. -Low., 2/93 2/^^92. Wheat., 9/3g2. 63. Liability for transportation of prohibited articles. Rev. Stat., § 2462, 2463, 3989, 4278, &c., 4288. McLean, 6/139 O^to, 7/413. Wash. C. C, 1/238. 2h 2, Carriage 0/ passengers. [Consult, also, Cakeibes, II ; Steamboats.] 64. The obligation to carry. Wall., 4/go5. 65. Care and protection of passengers. Inspection. Rev. Stat., 4252, &c. Ben., 8/25]. Blatchf., 6/i5g Cliff., 1/145. Sawyer, %11, ^/l85. 66. Rights of passengers, generally. Brown Adm., l/n 67. Rights of steerage passengers. Sawyer, 3/397 68. Liability in damages for vTTongful- ly setting passenger ashore. Blatehf , 11/233. Wall., 4/go5. 69. Punishment for seduction of female passenger. Rev. Stat., § 5349-5351. Stat, at L., 70. Interpretation and effect of the " passenger acts." Rev. Stat., § 4252-4289. Stat, at L., 3/488, 9/127, 9/223, 10/715, "/276. Ben., 2/88. Blatchf., 10/226. Int. Rev. Rec, '^/28, 9/177. Low., 1/126, 1/179. Taney, ^/549. 71. Offence of carrying excessive num- ber of passengers. Rev. Stat., § 4253. Am. L. Reg., 2/421. Gilp., 1/332. Taney, 1/549. IV. FEEIGHT. 1. Bight to freight 72. In general; and herein of the ' meaning of the term. Black, 1/170. Crabbe, I/223. Cranch C. C, 2/gi8 Law Rep., N. s., 8/36. McLean, 2/422. Sprague, 1/144. Wash. C. C, 4/110. Wheat., 8/605. 530 SHIPPING, IV. •73. In wliom right to freight is vested. Rival claimants. Blatchf. & H., 1/485 Mason, 4/jgg 01c. Adm., l/i44. Wash. C. C, I/443. 74. "Who must pay freight, generally. Ben., 3/39 Gall., 2/gj Qlc. Adm., 1/144. Sprague, 2/^9 Wash. C. C, 4/181 See, also, Consigstob and Con- SIGITBE, 6. 75. Liability of underwriters to pay freight. Cranch, 7/353 76. Rule that freight cannot be de- manded unless voyage be fully performed. Cranch, y/ggg , Gall., ^liQi_ Mason, 1/43. Pet. Adm., 1/123. Sumn., 3/gQ_ Wash. C. C, 1/443, 1/530. 77. Illustrations of the rule. Abb. Adm., I/499 Blatchf., I/354 V358. McLean, 2/422_ Pet. Adm., I/123. 78. Limits and exceptions to the rule. Bond, 1/105. Cliff., 1/533. McLean, 2/422. Sprague, 1/557. Sumn., S/g^g. 79. What acceptance at intermediate port will give right to freight pro rata itineris. Abb. Adm., I/499 Cranch C. C, 5/559. Gall., 2/jg4 McLean, Z/^gg. Story, 1/342. Wall., 8/^53 80. "What will not. Blatchf., 1/354. Cranch, 7/353 Mason, I/43 Sumn,, S/g^g Wash. C. C-, V443, V530. 81. Right to freight as dependent upon deUyery of the cargo. Blatchf., 14/274 Holmes, 1/232. How., 2V527. Sprague, 1/473. Story, 2/gj_ Sumn., 2/gg9_ Wall., 8/43^ See, also, Carriers, 24. 82. "What will bar the right, generally ; and herein of deviation. Crabbe, I/534. Cranch, 2/24Q 01c. Adm., l/i44_ 1/365. 83. Effect of capture on right to freight. Gall., 1/315 Mason, I/43 Sumn., 3/542. Wheat., 1/332. See, also, Cap- ture, 22. 84. Effect of loss or deterioration of goods, jettison, &c. Black., 1/170 Blatchf., 4/443 Law Eep., N. 8., 9/36. Low., 1/366. Ware, %2, %60. 2. Enforcement of the right. 85. The lien for freight. Stat, at L., 14/g^,^ Ben., 4/2^3 Blatchf., 4/474 Conn., 86/553 Cranch CO., 1/549. Gilp-,Vi84. How., 21/527. Sprague, 2/^9^ gumn., 1/551^ 2/539 Taney, 1/504. Wall., 5/431 5/5^5 Ware, 1/149. Wash. C. C, 4/igj Wheat., ^^Isss. See, also. Carriers, 33. 86. And how waived or discharged. Black, I/108 Blatchf., 4/3gg Brown ^dm., 1/151. Cliff., 1/63, 2/4_ Int. Eev. Rec, 15/34 Newb. Adm., 1/533. Sprague, 2/33 Wall., 8/3^^ s/^g^^ 5/5^5 87. Actions for freight. Jurisdiction, &c. Mason, 4/i9g 01c. Adm., I/365. Ware, V149. See, also, Admiralty, 32. 88. Ascertaining amount, or kind of money. Ben., 3/497^ 6/i99_ Chic, L. N., 6/9^ Int. Rev. Rec, l^/igg 89. Apportoinment. General average. Pet., 13/331 Sprague, 1/17 Woodb. & M., 3/43g_ SHIPPING, IV, V, VI. 531 so. Charges against freight. Ben., S/ig]^ Int. Eev. Eec, iB/gg V. PILOTAGE. ©1. Po'wers of state legislatures to regulate pilotage. Stat, at L., 1/54^ 5/153^ l4/g3 Deady, %. How., 12/29; Wall., 2/45013/236. 02. What is pilot ground. Effect of custom and usage. Ben., 8/523. Paii^e, 2/343^ ^^qq^ ©3. The obligation to take pilot or pay penalty or half pilotage. Am. L. Reg., 1/262. Ben., s/^g^ e/gg^^ */280, %86, %92. Black, I/414. Cliff., I/481. Int. Eev. Eec, 16/-^98. Low., %5. ' Wall., 2/450^ 7/53 Wall. Jr., 2/435. ■©4. The pilot's license or -warrant. Deady, 1/27^ l/iyg, I/591. Sawyer, ^/596. 95. The pilot's authority. Crabbe, 1/558. N. Y. Leg. Obs., Z/g^ Olc. Adm., 1/329. Wall. Jr., 2/435 ©6. His duties and responsibilities. Blatchf. & H., 1/235. Chic. L. N., 7/250. Paine, 2/131 Wall., 21/339 ©7. His right to compensation, and ho-w enforced. Abb. Adm., I/436. Ben., S/ggj^ S/g^^ 7/386. Blatchf. & H., 1/235. Paine, 2/131. Pet. Adm., 1/223. Wall., 2/450. ©8. His Hen for services rendered. Am. L. Eeg., e/ggg Biss., I/321. Bond, 1/267. Mason, 1/503. Sprague, ^284. 99. Right to extra fees in cases of ves- sels in distress or peril. Abb. Adm., I/436. Law Eep., 4/20. N. Y. Leg, Obs., 12/357 Sprague, 1/ 100. "WTien pilot may become salvor. Gilp., l/eo. Law Eep., 1/349. Paine, 2/466. Pet.,10/i08. 101. Cannot become salvor untU duty as pilot is entirely performed. "When duties as pilot cease. Gil p., l/eo. Newb. Adm., 1/421. Paine, ^j^^^^ 2/343^ 2/4gg gee, also, Sal- vage, 11-13. 102. Rights of master actuig as pilot. Biss., 1/321. Wail., 9/370 Woolw., 1225 VI. TOWAGE. 103. Nature of the contract. GilPv V579. Wall., l4/4og. 104. Liability of tovr-boats as conunon carriers. Ben., 1/109. Bond, 2/35g Chic. L. N-j %17. Law Eep., N. s., 3/399 C)'^, 4/494. "Wall. Jr., 3/58. See, also, Cae- BIBBS, 4. 105. Inspection and hcense. Biss., 5/4go Blatchf., 6/307. 106. What is to^wage service. Abb. Adm., I/222, 228. 107. Duties of the tug-boat. Biss., 4/374 %53. Brown Adm., 1/449^ ^456, V499, V509. Chic. L. N., 6/405 Cliff, 3/4g2 Int. Eev. Eec., IS/jgo. Otto, 4/494 ^/297. Sawyer, 2/58g Wall., 14/406, 21/1. 108. Liability for ipjviries to tow. A.bb. U.S., 1/465. Ben., 1/109, 3/248, %52, ^/l63, %44, %22, ^/l78, %72, '^/l37, '^/l39, '^/l91, ^/380, ^/l29, %61, ^/481, ®/496, 8/498. Blatchf., 6/3^ 10/igo^ 10/4g7_ 13/403_ 14/30 Bond, 2/355 Brown Adm., 1/231, %9, V432. Chio. L. N., 3/217 Low., 1/504, 2/281. Wall., 14/406, I6/177. See, i. Collision, 47-53. 532 SHIPPING, VI, VII. 109. Effect of special contracts. Ben., 5/3(,i_ Blatchf., ^^ 14/474 110. Bight to towage, and lien there- for. Ben., 8/211 Biss., 7/393. Brown Adm., l/i41. 111. When towing is salvage service. How. Pr., 19/229. Newb. Adm., 1/453. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 6/223 See, also, Sai.- VAGE, 26. VII. THE MASTER. [Consult, also, Seamen, IV.] 1. His rights and powers. 112. Appointment ; and herein of who may be deemed master. Abb. U. S., 2/20 Ben., 2/^07^ 4/ig^ 4/278. Blatchf. & H., 1/309. P«t- C. C, 1/159. Wheeler, ^Qg. 113. His authority as commander, gen- erally. Blatchf. & H., 1/465. Brown Adm., 1/544. Chase Dec, 1/527. Chic. L. N., 7/162. Wash. C. C, 1/142. 114. His powers as general agent of owners. Ben.,7/3go Newb. Adm .,1/274. Wash. c. C, 2/226. 115. TTia power to hire seamen and bind owners for their wages. Bee Adm., I/353. Sawyer, 2/343 Sprague, 1/32. 116. — to bind vessel or owners by contracts of afEreightment, bills of lading, &o. Blatchf., 7/244 How., IS/igg. Mc- Lean, 6/4g4 Newb. Adm., l/gj. Story, 3/465 See, also, Bills of Lading, 2. 117. — by agreements as to repairs and supplies. Abb. U. S., 1/191. .Ben., l/ng, 2/31^ 2/3I8, %94, '''/no. Blatchf., 3/ig7^ 6/493^ 5/539, 5/542»., 8/337. Ct. of CI., 6/i4g^ How., 19/22. Olc. Adm., 1/120. Sprague,. l/l3g. Taney, 1/456 1/500. Wall., 10/192^ 10/204, 208. Wash. C. C, 1/226. 118. — to bind vessel by bottomry bond. Ben., 2/iQ7_ Blatchf. & H., l/igg. How., 19/22. 'Pa.me, 1/572. Pet., S/ggg^ Taney, I/55. Wall., 9/129^ 141. Wash.. C. C, 1/293, 2/145, 2/226. Woodb. & M., 2/303 See, also, Bottomey, 7-9. 119. — to draw bills of exchange for,, or upon the owners. Blatchf., 14/499 Mason, 4/333 Olc. Adm., 1/120. 120. — to select place to discharge- ca,rgo. Low., l/ii4_ 1/464. 121. Powers of master who is also part owner, or mortgagee. Ben., 1/1 Int. Eev. Rec, ^^Ins^ Low., l/eo. See, also, ante, 8. 122. — of master who is also con- signee. Cranch C. C, 3/igi 123. In what cases the master may sell the vessel. Abb. Adm., 1/305. Ben., 3/337^ 8/409^ Blatchf., 1/354 Blatchf. & H., 1/465^ Pet., 13/3g7_ Story, 1/343^ 3/435 Sumn., 2/206,3/220. Wall., 6/ig Ware, 3/3i3_ 124. "When he may not. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 4/33 How.,. 19/150. Wash. C. C, 2/i5o_ 125. Sale of wrecked vessel by di- rection of court of admiralty. Abb. Adm., 1/305 Mason, 5/4g5_^ N. Y. Leg. Obs., 11/97. SHIPPING, yil, VIII. 533 126. Po-wer to sell the cargo. How. Pr., 18/141. Story, a/g^^ ^j^^^^ Taney, 1/55. Ware, 2/igi_ S/^gg. 127. "What facts sh.O'w an intent to bind tlie vessel. PresvunptLons as to intent. Blatchf.,7/3gg Sawyer, 1/135. Taney, 1/400. Wall., 10/204, 215/7/666. Ware, %65. 128. Right to Twages, generally. Sawyer, 4/40 Sprague, I/548. 129. Master has no lien for -wages. Biss., 5/131. Paine, I/73, 2/302. Pet., 11/175. Pet. Adm., 1/223. See, also. Seamen, 107. ISO. His right to sue for -wages in per- sonam. Low., 1/547. Mason, 3/gi Paine, "2/457. Sprague, 1/543. 131. Extra -wages. Crabbe, I/454. 132. Forfeiture of wages. Mason, 3/igi. Sawyer, %. 133. "When master's engagement terminates. Abb. Adm., 1/391 Low., 2/212. Ma- son, 4/y^ Olc. Adm., 1/334. Sumn., 3/144. Wheat., 12/408. 134. Dismissal of master. Stat, at L., 17/gi Bee Adm., 1/333. ^w., l/eo. Pet. Adm., 2/397 2. His duties and liabilities. 135. In general; and herein of his duty to-wards the o-wners. Ben., 5/433. Blatchf., S/ggg. Sawyer, %ll, %. Wall., 9/370. Woolw., ^/225. 136. Master's duties in case of capture by armed vessel. Cranch, 8/242. Mason, 3/igi. Wash. C. C., 2/452. 137. Duty to deposit papers -with con- sul, or at custom house, on ar- rival. Eev. Stat., § 2790, 4309, 4310. Abb. ^dm., l/so. Op. Att.-Gen., 4/390^ S/igg^ V395, %56, ^V72, ^^237. Sumn., 2/419. Ware, I/277. 138. Responsibility for care of passen- gers and cre-w. Blatchf. & H., 1/195. How. Pr., ^^/272. 139. — in respect to safety of vessel and cargo. Biss., 4/13 Blatchf., l/igg. Chic. L. N., 4/486 Hughes, 2/53. McLean, 2/422, ^/76. N'ewb. Adm., I/221, I/528. Olc. Adm., 1/110. 140. Liability to shipper of cargo for bad sto-wage. Wall., 9/370. Woolw., 1/225. 141. — for losses by collision caused by his o-wn negligence. Story, 2/i7g. Vin. LIABILITIES OF OWNERS. 1. Upon contracts. 142. Contracts on behalf of the vessel, generally. Biss., 6/334 Brown Adm., I/40, 1/208. Curt., 2/102. Wall., 4/572. 143. Contracts for carriage of mer- chandise. Limitation of lia- bility. Eev. Stat., § 4283. Blatchf., S/gig^ 6/533 Brown Adm., I/279. Bill., I/460. Holmes, 1/437. How. Pr., 18/328^ 19/3g Int. Rev. Rec, l^/gg. Low., 2/40. Saw- 634 SHIPPING, VIII. yer, 4/292. Sprague, 2/28 30 Wall., 8/526. Ware, ^1^^^^ %s^ Woods, l/gg, 2/33. 144. — for carriage of passengers. Abb. Adm., 1/43^ 1/242. Blatchf., V36O, V569. Curt., 2/49. Phil., (Pa.) 1/468. Wall., 4/411 145. Liability for loss of goods occa- sioned by fire. Stat, at L., 9/635. ^^- ^- ^^S; %04. Biss., 7/23. How., 24/i_ Sawyer, 2/348^ Wall, 3/150 2. For wrongs. 146. "Wrongs of master, generally. Bee Adm., 1/369. Biss., 5/315. Blatchf. & H., 1/569. Crabbe, 1/22. Low., 1/126. Wash. C. C, 1/13, 1/142, %62. Woodb. & M., 2/303. 14*7. Barratry, and losses by neglect or tmsldllfulness of master. Adm., 1/124. Ben., l/gn, 2/329. Brown Adm., 1/430. Deady, 1/32. Ware, ^/l72. 148. Shipment of minors. Mason, 4/330 Sumn., ^Ii<^_ Ware, 1/75, V91. 149. Wrongs to passengers. Injuries, &c. McAll., 1/104. Otto, 3/gg Wall., 2%28. 150. Injuries to seamen. Woods, 1/401. 151. Collision. Blatchf., 8/499 How. Pr., 18/482. N. Y. Leg. Obs., 7/33 See title Collision. 3. Omtribution in general average. [Consult, also, Insubance, 79-84.] 152. Meaning of "average" and "gen- eral average." Wash. C. C, 2/51 153. Jurisdiction of admiralty. Curt., 2/72. How., 8/gig Olc. Adm.,. 1/12. See, also, Admiealty, 33. 154. When a case of average arises^ generally. Biss., 7/23 How., 10/270. McLean,; 6/573. Mason, S/ggg Olc. Adm., l/i2_ Pet., 13/331^ 13/415^ 14/99. Story, Sf^^^ 506. Sumn., 1/195. Woods, I/642. 155. Subjects of general average. Story, 1/603. Wall., 8/203. Wash. C. C, 1/400. 156. Bule as to perishable goods. Wall, Jr., 1/355. 157. — goods carried on deck. Biss., 2/ig7 Brown Adm., I/469. CranchC.C, 2/332, Low., 2/154 Ware,. V822. 158. Contribution in cases of jettison. Brown Adm., 1/459. McLean, 6/573^ Sprague, I/559. Wall., 8/3^7 159. — in cases of voluntary stranding.. Ben., 3/42. Blatchf., 6/294^ S/ggj^ Holmes, 1/243. ^^'^- Adm., 1/39 Pet.,. 13/331. Wall.', 9/203. 160. Bules for adjusting general aver- age. Abb. Adm., I/499 Blatchf., 6/294 8/221. Chic. L. N., 7/89. Mason, 3/igi^ 3/429. Pet. C. C, 1/142. Sprague, 1/51, Story, 2/173 3/4g5 Sumn., 3/542. Wall.,. %03, ^°/421. 161. Commissions on amount contrib- uted or collected. Curt., 2/382 How., IO/270. 162. Lien on vessel or cargo, of persons. entitled to contribution. How., 7/729^ 19/ig2 Sumn., S/gog. SHIPPING, VIII, IX. 535 163. Gtovernment property liable to contribute. Blatchf.,6/i38 .Sumn.,3/308 Wall., 10/15. IX. LIENS UPON VESSELS. 1. OenercU maritime lien. 164. Jurisdiotion of admiralty. McLean, 6/573 Wall., 6I213, "Ware, 1/188. See, also, Admiralty, 47. 165. What vessels axe subject to the lien. McLean, S/ggg 166. Lien not to be extended to cases not strictly covered. Curt., 2/42i_ 2/48Q Holmes, I/99. Wall., 9/517. 167. What will dissolve or divest the lien. Abb. U.S., 2/20. Ben., 2/394. Biss., V437, V459, ^/200. Bond, l/i89. Curt., 2/404. Wall., 6/i8_ 10/204^ glS. Ware, V585. Woods, 1/92. 2. Liens of material-Tnen. 168. Lien for construction, and mate- rials furnished for construc- tion. Ben., 2/405_ 5/83. Blatchf., 4/55 Bond, V446. Ware, 2/^99 169. Waiver of lien for construction, or materials. McLean, 6/472 Newb. Adm., 1/49^ Vlll. 170. Jurisdiction of admiralty to en- force lien for repairs. Int. Rev. Rec, 7/109. Story, I/244. Ware, 2/29 See, also, Admibalty, 37, 38. 171. No maritime lien for repairs of domestic vessel in a home port. Biss., 6/414. Cent. L. J., 3/285 Int. Rev. Rec, 5/3 McLean, S/ggg. Olc. Adra., 1/382. Pet., 7/324. Sprague, Vl52, V307. Story, l/gg, I/244. Ware, 2/29. Wheat., 4/438. 172. Otherwise of repairs of foreign ship, or domestic vessel in port of state to which she does not belong. Bee Adm., 1/73. Crab be, l/l85. Hughes, 2/78 McLean, 6/413 Newb. Adm., 1/432. Sprague, 1/39^ 1/173, ^453. Ware, 2/39^ 2/71^ 3/2^ Woodb. & M., 2/92. See, also. Admiralty, 37, 38. 173. "What ports are home ports, and what foreign. Ben., 5/391, 7/448 Blatchf., 18/505. Bond, 1/359. Crabbe, I/479. Craneh C. C, l/i52, V207. Low., 1/375. McLean, ^/463. Newb. Adm., 1/56, 1/308. 174. WTiat facts will give rise to a lien. Ben., 7/53 Biss., 2/301. How. Pr., 20/447 Taney, 1/502. 175. In whose favor a lien will attach. Assignment of lien. Curt., 1/253. Low., 2/555 176. Lien for repairs preferred to bot- tomry bond or mortgage. Biss., 2/131 Cent. L. J., 8/191 Gall., %45. Sawyer, 1/353. 177. What will divest or dissolve the lien. Waiver. Bankr. Reg., 18/557. Blatchf., lO/gn Crabbe, 1/440. Gilp., 1/473. Newb. Adra., 1/296. Pet., 7/324. Sprague, I/369. Story, 1/68. Wheat., 4/438 3. Lien for supplies. 178. When a lien arises, generally. Ben., 4/537 Biss., S/gg Blatchf., 1/361, %5, 3/i87, 13/503, I4/34 Blatchf. 536 SHIPPING, IX. & H., Vl89. Brown Adm., 1/202. Saw- yer, 1/135. Sprague, 1/571. Wall., 179. WTiat vessels are deemed foreign vessels, so as to be subject to the general maritime lien. Ben., 7/448_ Blatchf., is/ggg^ U/^^ Dill., 4/43g_ How. Pr., ZO/^^^ Law ^P-> %9. Low., 2/477 Story, 2/455 180. For w^hat supplies a lien may be claimed. Alb. L. J., 6/4QJ Blatchf. & H., V300. Crab be, 1/135. Low., 2/555 Wash. C.C, 4/453 West. Jur., 8/232. 181. No lien for supplies to foreign ves- sel, ■virhere same could be pro- c\ired upon personal credit of owner. Blatchf., 11/241. How., 18/359 Sprague, 1/453^ I/571. 182. Effect of agreement between master and owners, tbat former will furnish, supplies. Bee Adm., 1/73 Sprague, I/37. 183. Priority between lien for supplies and other claims against ves- sel. Ben., 2/527 Biss., 2/^3^ Blatchf., %29. Hughes, 2/9g Sprague, I/152. ^Vheat., 9/409. 184. "What will discharge or divest the lien. Blatchf. & H., 1/218, 1/309. Newb. Adm., 1/432. Olc. Adm., 1/235. Sprague, V554. 185. "Waiver by taking note of owner or master. Am. L. Eeg., 8/^44 Ben., 8/^9 Biss., S/gg Low., 2/5gg_ McLcau, %69. Olc. Adm., 1/286. Sprague, 1/39^ V335, V512. Story, 2/455 Woodb. & M., 3/193. 4. Iden for advances. 186. In general. Ben., 5/j5j^ 7/23^ 7j^^^^ Sj^^^^ 8/4^^ Bond, 1/476. Brown Adm., I/537. Cranch C. C, S/465. Int. Rev. Rec, ^2/123. Low., 1/350, 2/7, ^/l03. Sprague, 1/51. Wall., 17/666, 20/159 187. Advances by master. Curt., 2/427 Mason, 8/255. Pet. Adm., •'/223. 5. Lien for services, wages, &c. [Consult, also. Seamen, 104-117.] 188. In general. Woods, 1/234, V290. 189. Services dt master. Biss., 1/321. Bond, 1/267. 190. — of laborers and servants. Blatchf. & H., 1/569. Sprague, 1/229. 191. — of physician. Pet. Adm., 1/223. 192. — of ship-broker. Blatchf. & H., l/i89 193. — of ship-keeper. Low., 1/375. 194. — of stevedores. Am. L. Rec, 5/43g Blatchf. & H., V215. Low., 1/350, 2/477. Olc. Adm., 1/120. Wall. Jr., 1/370. Woods, 2/229. 195. — of supercargo. Cranch C. C, ij^^^ ij-,^^^ 4/594 196. — of wharfingers. Alb. L J., 17/23 Am. L. Reg., n. S-, 17/423. Chic. L. N., 4/21S Gall., 2/483. Gilp., l/ioi Newb. Adm., I/5.53 See, also, Wharves, 3. SHIPPING, IX.— SLANDER. 537 6. Validity and interpretation of state laws, giving liens. 197. Validity of state laws, generally. Blatchf., 14/24 Ct. of CI., 3/297 Low., 1/375. Wall., %n, 4/555. See; also, Admiralty, 18. 198. State laws creating' maritime liens, or conferring jurisdiction in rem, unconstitutional. Ben., 1/309. Wall., T/gg^ 199. Decisions respecting lien-laws of California. Abb. U. S., 2/74 Sawyer, S/^^^ S/^o^^ 3/491. Wash. T., 1/43. 200. — Illinois. Biss., 1/557. 201. — Louisiana. Newb. Adm., I/432. Pet., 7/324. 202. — Maine. Curt., 2/404_ 2/4ig_ 2/^21. Story, I/244. Ware, 1/545, I/556, I/565, 2/l99. 203. — Massachusetts. Curt., 1/253, 2/^39 Holmes, 1/99. Law Rep., N. s., II/153. Low., I/375. Spvague, 1/39, l/iso, I/2O6, ^284, V289, 1/35.5, V453. Story, 1/68, 2/455. Ware, 3/154. 204. — Michigan. Biss., 1/106. Brown Adm., 1/439, V56O. Chic. L. N., 7/419. McLean, 6/463. Newb. Adm., 1/56. 205. — Missouri. Newb. Adm., 1/234. 206. — New York. Abb. Adm., 1/165, I/173. Ben., 2/495^ %2, %0, ^/478, ^/556, ^/sBS. Blatchf., 2/329, 3/513, 11/451, 11/472, 1%. Blatchf. & H., 1/175. How. Pr., 19/334, 23/371^ %73, 23/376. 01c. Adm., 1/134, 1/271, 1/382, 1/401. 20Y. — Ohio. Biss., 1/210. Bond, 1/139. Brown Adm., 1/76, l/l70. McLean, 6/453, ^/sST. Newb. Adm., 1/55, 1/137. 208. — Pennsylvania. Gilp., 1/536. Pittsb. (Pa.) 2/304. 209. — 'Wisconsin. Biss., 1/1, 3/344 Burn., (Wis.) 1/73. As to Shipping articles, see Seamen, H. As to Sills of lading, see that title ; also, Cab- EEEKs, 10 ; Evidence, 85, 86 ; Sales, 22. SIDEWALKS. MtTNICIPAL COBPOBATIONS, 27 ; alsO, DAM- AGES, 23 ; Negligence, 3. SIGNALS. Liability of Railroad company for failure to give, see Eailboad Companies, 23-25. SIGNATURE. Aepidavits, 3; Bonds, 2; Contracts, 9-12 ; Deeds, 10 ; Pleading, IV ; Wills, SILENCE. Effect of to create Equitable estoppel, see Es- toppel, 26. When construed as an Admission, see Evi- dence, 126. SLANDER. [Consult, also. Libel.] 1. What words are actionable, gen- erally. Biss., 5/339 Cranch C. C, 4/335 Otto, 1/225. 638 SLANDER— SLAVES. 2. Charges of larceny. Cranch C. C, l/ggg. Minn., l/igg. 8. Charges of imchastity. Alb. L. J., 13/94 Cranch C. C, 2/190. MacArth., 1/296. Otto, 1/225. 4. Words touching one's ofiQoe or business. Blatchf., 1/588. Cranch C. C, l/gs^ %24. 5. The declaration. Alb. L. J., 13/94 Cranch C. C, V219, %24, 4/170 MacArth., 2/^97. Otto, 1/225. 6. The coUoquium and innuendo. Blatchf., 1/588. Cranch C. C, 2/334 7. Evidence, generally. Cranch C. C, I/287, I/388, V550. 8. Evidence of special damage. Cranch C. C, 3/8^ 9. Evidence in defence, generally. Cranch C. C, I/75. 10. — in justification, or in mitigation of damages. Cranch C. C, 1/46, Ves, ^Il7, 2/324. Curt., 2/548 U. Variance betvreen pleadings and proof. Cranch C. C, 1/337, V388, V550. L2. Bail. Cranch C. C, 4/475 .3. Costs. Cranch C. C, 1/53. Hempst., 1/173 For the law of lAbd, see Libel. For decisions as to Privileged communicatwna, ee Attorney and Client, IV ; Evidence, 14 ; Libel, 4, 5. SLAVES. [Owing to the abolition of slavery, most, if not all of the cases indexed below have become of little value. Cases which, while involving rights of property in slaves, are of value in con- nection with other species of personal property, are treated under the respective titles which they serve to illustrate.] 1. Condition of slavery. "Who are slaves. Cranch C. C, 2/4^3 McLean, ^j^qq^ 5/469. Pet., 15/518. 2. Title to slaves, and how estab- lished. Cranch C. C, 2/,5g^ 8/55^ 5j^^_ Zj^ Wheat., 10/66, "/361. 8. Title to issue of female slave. Cooke, (Tenn.) l/ng. Cranch C. C, 2/155, %47, ^/l89, %0. How., 11/375^ " Pet., 8/220. Wheat., 12/563. 4. Transfers of title to slaves. Baldw., 1/571 Brock., I/316. Cranch, ^/398, 4/401, %61. Cranch C. C, 1/437^ V435, 2/149, 2/i84, 2/295, %44, 4/429, 4/616. Hempst., 1/240. Pet., 1/333, ^^Im. 5. Actions and prosecutions for inter- ference with enjoyment of prop- erty in slaves. Cranch C. C, 1/133, 1/263, V364, ^477, 2/16, 2/68, 2/82, 2/83, 2/117, 2/153, 2/346, 2/637, 4/2, 4/3oi_ 4/3Q3 Hempst., I/240. How., 5/2jg_ 13/447_ 14/i3_ 21/5^3 Mc- Cahon, l/i85 McLean, 2/593^ 2/3^^^ ^/631, 4/504, ^/64, %14, %59. Mason, V45. Pet., 2/^50 Phi]., (Pa.) 4/jgj Wall. Jr., 2/31J Wash. C. C, 4/337 6. Restrictions on removal. Baldw., 1/571 Cranch, 8/334^ 6/3^ Cranch C. C, I/316, I/422, 1/432,' %5, %92, 4/1, 4/457_ 4/4g3_ 4/^4^^ 4/^43^ S/gg^ Day, (Conn.) S/g^^ How., 6/^34^ 5/^4^^ SLAVES— SLAVE TRADE. 53& % '/726, 12/79, 19/393. Pet., 8/44, 15/449, l«/539. 7. Rights of slaves. Cranch, 2/24Q Cranch C. C, 1/443 V5O6, ^kl, 2/l62, ^/SOO, ^/412, ^/441, ^/470, ^/eOS, ^/608, ^/3n. Ware, I/402. 8. Contracts by slaves, or betTveen master and slave. Cranch C. C, 1/443, ^506, 2/i62, ^IsQO, 2/412, 3/214. Ct. of CI., 9/i7o. Otto, 2/27. 9. Assaults upon slaves. Cranch C. C, I/251, I/373, 2/107, ^/468. 10. Manumission by will. Cranch C. C, I/199, I/405, 2/145, 8/597^ */l7, */l71, ^/431, ^/398, 5/409, 5/674. How., l/l. Pet, 2/664, 8/220, 9/461, 10/583. 11. — by deed. Cranch C. C, 1/405, 2/]56, 4/l89. How., 5/72. 12. — by removal from one state to another. Abb. U. S., 2/283. Cranch, 8/324^ 6/3 Cranch C. C, I/32, I/264, V3I6, I/370, 1/407, 2/101, 2/102, 2/159, 2/i65, 2/26I, 2/295, 2/373, 2/405, 2/4I8, 2/463, %94, 3/296, 3/663, 4/1, ■*/l67, ^/l87, %3, ^/312, ^/450, ^/540, %9, */641, */643, ^/710, 5/303. How., 2/397, 19/82, 19/393, 396. McLean, 8/530. Pet., 8/44 Wash. C. C, 1/499, 4/396. 13. Suits for freedom. Cranch, B/ggg Cranch C. C, I/315, 1/328, 1/350, 1/365, 1/392, 1/393, 1/407, 2/2, 2/23, 2/100, 2/155, 2/26I, 2/343, 2/412, 2/463, 2/514, 2/561, 2/634, 3/li2, 3/214, 3/611, 3/663, 4/99, ^/l71, 4/l87, 4/l89, */253, %12, 4/450, %0, 4/500, 4/540, 5/622, 5/663, 5/674. How., 24/208. Pet., 8/220, 9/461, 15/518. Wheat., 361. 11/; 14. Evidence on question of freedona. or slavery. Baldw., 1/571. Cranch, 7/271. Crancb C. C, 1/370, 2/21, 2/95^ 2/^56^ 2/220, 3/55.. How., 24/208. Pet., 9/461 Wheat., l/e.. 15. Presumptions relative to freedom or slavery. Cranch C. C, I/370, 2/21, 2/236^ 8/257^ 5/35. McLean, 8/469 Wheat., 12/590. 16. Arrest and extradition of fugitive- slaves. Baldw., 1/571. Blatchf., 1/535 Crabbe, 1/243. Cranch C. C, I/295, ^9, 5/338^ How., 5/215^ 13/429^ U/^g 21/5^6. Mc- Cahon, l/i85. McLean, 2/595^ 8/53^^ 3/631, 4/402, 4/504, 5/64, 5/92, S/469, ^/259,. %73. Op. Att.-Gen., 1/566, 2/i98. Paine, 2/348. Pet.,16/539. Wash. C. C, 1/499^ 4/396, 4/461. Wheeler, 2/594. 17. Offences by slaves and how pun- ished. Cranch C. C, 2/56, 2/3^^4^ 2/4^2^ 2/620^ 2/640, 4/470, 4/539, 4/579. 18. Abolition of slavery. Const. Amend., art. XIII. As to the rights of Freedmen, see Civil. Eights, II. SLAVE TRADE. 1. Is the trade contrary to the law of nations ? Mason, 2/409 Wheat., 10/66. 2. Constitutional powers of congress to prohibit the traflftc. Const., art. I, § IX, 1. Am. L. Reg., 8/525, 8/663. Pet., 15/518. Wheat, 19/66. 540 SLAVE TRADE— SMUGGLING. 3. Prohibitory statutes, and lio-w con- strued. Rev. Stat., § 5375, &c., 5524, 5551, &c. Stat, at L., 1/347^ 2/^0, %05, ^kw, %50, %32, %00, ^^ko, ^^/531, ^2/592, ^%53. Brock., 1/384. Cranch, 6/33Q Mason, 2/129. Newb. Adm., I/409. Pet., 8/5^^ 11/73. Wash. CO., 1/522. Wheat., 9/38i_ 4. Wliat amounts to a violation of the statutes. Am. L. Reg., S/ggg Blatchf., S/g^ Brock., 1/384. Mason, ^I^^q, 8/175. Op- Att.-Gen.,2/3g5_4/24i_ Paine, 2/721. Pet., ^Vvs, ^^Im. Sumn., 2/240 Wheat., 9/391, 10/133, 12/460. Woodb. & M., 1/221. 6. Jiirisdiction of the offence. Op. Att.-Gen., 5/454. 6. Requisites and sufQciency of indict- ment. Rev. Stat, § 1046. Blatchf., S/jg Cliff., 2/4g8_ Law Rep., N. S., 15/657. Mason, 2/129 ^/l43. Sprague, 2/77. Wall. Jr., 3/143. Wheat., 12/460 7. — of the evidence. Blatchf., 3/25g_ 5/i8_ Mason, 2/i29_ 2/143. Pet., 14/464 Sprague, 2/23 Taney, 1/413. Wall. Jr., 2/254 Wash. C.C.,4/91. Wheat., 12/460. Woodb. & M., 1/221. 8. Jurisdiction of circuit and district courts in seizure cases. Rev. Stat., § 629, subd. 7. Cranch, 2/406,4/443. Dall., 3/297. Wheat., 8/391^ 10/312. 9. What vessels are liable to capture and forfeiture. Rev. Stat., § 5551, &c. Cliff., 2/395 Cranch, 7/495 Curt., 2/307 I^aw Rep., */a55. Sprague, 1/515 2/25. Taney, I/413. Wall., 2/383_ Wheat., lO/gg. 10. The information. Wheat., 8/380 11. "What evidence -will justify forfeit- ure of vessel. Paine, 2/721. Wall., 2/350, 2/366, 2/375, 2/383. • 12. Evidence on part of claimant. Mason, 2/409 13. Distribution of proceeds of for- feited vessel, or penalties. Rev. Stat., § 5558, 5565. Curt., 2/307. Wheat., 10/312. 14. Disposition of negroes found in captured vessel. Rev. Stat., § 5559, 5561, 5568. Pet., 3/57, 15/518. Wheat., II/413, 12/546. 15. Prohibition of the "Ooolie trade." Stat, at L., 12/340. Op. Att-Gen., %82. SMUGGLING. 1. "What constitutes the offence. Abb. U.S., 1/14, 2/,,4 Ben., 1/490." 2. 'Within w^hat time prosecution must commence. Int. Rev. Rec, 8/202. 3. Indictment. Abb. U.S., 2/114 Ben., 4/370 Blatchf., 5/427, 13/178. Int. Rev. Rec, 18/195^ 15/33 4. Evidence. Rev. Stat., § 3082. Ben., 4/370^ 4/410^ 5/290. Blatchf., 13/60. Wall., 15/29. 5. Punishment, forfeitures, &c. Rev. Stat., § 2802, 2865, 4596. Stat, at L., 3/781^ 11/^79 Wall., IS/ggj^ a. Civil action for penalty, or to en- force forfeiture. Ben., 4/237 How., ^i Int. Rev. Rec., 15/74. Otto, 7/546 SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS— SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE. 541 7. In -what oases tlie vessel will be forfeited. Abb. U. S., i/i4. Beu., 1/490. I"*- E€v. Rec, 11/63. Wall., 15/29. As to forfeitures for ViolatioTis of duty laws, see Duties, IX. SOCIAL COMMUNITIES. Societies and Associations, 8. SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. [Includes only decisions applicable to unin- corporated associations and companies, and charitable and religious societies ; for other cases, Cobporations, and the respective titles of the various distinctive corporate bodies should be consulted.] 1. Voluntary associations, generally. Black, 1/346. How., 14/589. Law Rep., N. s., 2/5 McLean, 5/233. Sprague, ■^/l70. 2. Benevolent societies. Taney, I/339. 3. Biiilding' associations. McArth., 2/594. 4. Chnrches. Cranch, 9/^3^ S/ggg. Cranch C. C, 2/274, ^/ll6. How., I6/288. McLean, 5/369. Wall., 15/131. Wheat., 9/445. 5. Joint stock companies. Biss., 2/i4g Chic. L. N., 1/361. Cranch C. C, 2/25^ 2/35^ 2/i8g^ S/^gg. Mason, 1/191. Pet., 2/432. Wheat., I/85, ^/255. 6. Manufacturing companies. Low., 2/547. 7. Religious societies. Cranch C. C, 2/599 How., 14/589. McLean, 5/223. Pet., 2/556, I6/455. Wall., 1%9, ^5/l31. Wall. Jr., I/210, ^/se, %7«- Wheat., % 8/464. 8. Social communities. How., 14/589. McLean, 5/223. SOUTH CAROLINA. For decisions applicable to South Carolina as One of the states of the Union, see States, 46. SPANISH GRANTS. Pbivate Land Claims, I, II, III. SPECIAL VERDICTS. Tbial, 96. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE. I. When Specific Pbbpormance Will Bb Adjudged. II. Sttits for Specific Performance. I. "WHEN SPECIFIC PEEFOBMANCE. WILL BE ADJUDGED. 1. What contracts may be en^orced^ generally. Cranch C. C, 2/590. Curt., 2/524 Dill., 1/121. Pet., 16/169. Woolw.,1/26. 2. Contracts providing for payment of penalty on breaoli, not en- forced if penalty be tendered. Cranch C. C, 8/377. ^^t., 5/264. 3. Contracts for sale of land. McLean, l/69_ 83, Vl20, ^/252. O^to,, 5/200, 6/580. Pet., 4/3ii_ 9/g2, Wall., 4/513 10/339 See, also, Vendor ani> Purchaser, 45, 46. 4. Contracts relating to personal property. Hempst., 1/245. Pet., I/299. Woolw.^ V26. 542 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE, I, II. •6. A'wards of arbitrators, and agree- ments to refer. Dill., 4/g4„ Mason, S/gQ^^ bj^^^ Story, 3/8Q0 ^. The requisites of the contract: Assent, mutuality. How., 12/126. McLean, 4/^9 Wall., ■^/SOS, ^°/339. 7. Certainty. Cranch C. C, S/ggg Hempst., I/475. Otto, 5/20(,_ Paine, Z/^^ Pet., 9/204, 14/77. Sumn., 2/278^ 3/43g_ Wall., IO/339. Wheat., 1/179, 2/336, 1%82. 8. Completeness. Pet., 14/77. S. Reasonableness. Effect of misrep- resentation, or fraud. Hempst., 1/245, V715. Otto> ^/643. Paine, 2/^ Pet., 4/3^^^ 5/254. Pet. C. C, 1/380. Wall., 13/379. iO. Wlien the contract to be enforced must be in -writing, and what ■writing is sufficient. Craiich C. C, 1/295. McLean, l/igy, 5/495. Pet., 1/640. Pet. C. C, I/380'. See, also. Contracts, III. 11. Necessity and sufficiency of the consideration. Effect of excess or inadequacy of price. Brock., 2/^85 Cranch C. C, 8/377. How., 12/197. Pet-, %64. 12. Effect of part performance to take the contract out of the operation of the statute of frauds. Pet. C.C, 1/380. Wall., 4/513. Ware, 2/294. Wheat., 6/g28. See, also, Cow- TEACTs, 34; Sales, 10, 11. 13. — of part payment. Ware, 2/294. 14. Necessity and sufficiency of per- formance on part of complain- ant; and herein of tender, and readiness to perform. How., 17/340, 20/94 McLean, 1/395^ 5/253. Pet., 1%2, l^/l69. Sumn., 2/278 Wall., 9/1 Wheat., 2/33S 15. Effect of complainant's inability to give a good title. Brock., 2/^85. Call, (Va.) 6/3^8 Cranch, 5/262. Cranch C. C, 2/gg Curt., 1/479. McLean, 1/200. Pet-, V455, %89. Wheat., 1/179, 195, %90. 16. Effect of deficiency or excess in quantity of land. Cranch, 5/2g2, 278. Pet-, ^/sii. 17. "When time is of the essence of the contract. Brock., 2/i85 How., 20/511 Pet., V455. Wheat., 6/528. Woodb. & M., 2/168. 18. Time within which complainant must perform. McLean, 4/^9^ 4/77 Wheat., 1/179, 195. 19. "What delay in performance will defeat complainant's right to a decree. Black, I/316. Brock., 2/135. Cranch, 8/471, 9/456. How., 12/126, 17/340. Mc- Lean, 2/495. Mason, 5/344 Otto, 5/200. Pet., 8/420. Wheat., 6/523 20. "What will not. McLean, 1/395, 8/143, %7. Pet-, 14/172. II. SUITS FOB SPECIFIC PERFORM- ANCE. 21. Matters relative to jurisdiction. Cranch, 6/143 Hempst., I/245. Ma- son, 3/294. Pet., l/i, 5/2g4_ l2/i78 Woodb. & M., 3/45g. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE, II— STATES, I. 543 22. "Who may sue. Joinder of com- plainants. Curt., 1/479. McLean, I/200, 4/i9. Pet., 1/241, 5/264_ e/ggg Sawyer, l/gog. Wall, 8/557_ 10/339 23. WTio may be made defendants. Joinder of defendants. How., 20/94 Pet., 1/241, ijiio, l*/l72. Wheat., 1/179, 2/290 24. Bules of pleading. Cranch C. C, I/295. Curt., 2/534. How., 13/57, 24/322. McLean, I/200. Mason, 5/244. Pe^v %89, ^/420. ^^t. <^- C., I/380. Wheat., 1/179, 200. 25. Rules of evidence. MacArth., I/554 Mason, 5/244 26. The judgment or decree; -what relief ■will be granted, gener- ally. Cranch, 8/456. Pet., I/376. Wheat., ^/l79, 200. 27. How far relief is discretionary. Mason, 5/244. Otto, 1/643. Pet.,1/376, %l Wall., 8/557. 28. "What title or conveyance a plain- tiff seeking to enforce contract for sale of land will be com- pelled to accept. Curt., 1/479. McLean, I/200, 2/552. Pet., 6/389. See, also, Vendor and PUECHASEE, 46. 29. Allowing interest. Bents and profits. How., 1/56. McLean, I/200. Pet., %89. Wheat., 1/179, %31. SO. Wben compensation in damages VTill be adjudged, and to what amount. Mason, 5/244. ■ 31. Decree cannot operate on lands without the jurisdiction of the court. McLean, I/200. Pet., 6/339^ 16/35^ 57. STALE DEMANDS. ADMmAiiTY, 84 ; Equity, 5, 17 ; Limita- tions OF Actions, 35. STAMPS. t Internal Eevbnue, V. STATES. I. Eights and Liabilities or the States, Geneeallt. II. Decisions Applicable to a Pabticular State. I. EIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF THE STATES, GENEEALLY. 1. "OTTiat constitutes a " state." Cranch, 2/4^5^ 9/392 Deady, l/ns. How., 5/343^ 377. Pet., 5/1^ 18. 2. "When the states became invested with sovereign powers. Baldw., l/eo. Cranch, 4/359 3. General nature of the confederation of states. Blatchf. & H., 1/66. How., 21/505 Paine, 2/3^0^ 2/50^ Pet., 2/536 10/572, 13/519. Wall., 7/700. 4. Admission of new states into the Union. Powers of congress. How., 3/212, %89, 10/82, 1^/568, 1%93. Op. Att.-Gen., 10/426. See, also, Tee- EITOEIES, 7. 5. Powers reserved to the states, gen- erally. Const. Amend., art. X. Wheat., 5/i Woodb. & M., 1/401. See, also, Con- stitutional Law, 10. 544 STATES, I, II. 0. Po'wers in respect to local govern- ment. Police po'wers of tlie states. Cranch C. C, 2/354 How., 10/82_ 14/i3_ Pet., 11/102, I6/539. 7. Power to suppress insurrection. How., 7/1 8. — to borro-w money and Issue bonds therefor. Wall. Jr., 3/381 Woods, 2/g(,g 9. Liability on state bonds. Dill.,2/i88. Otto, 2/299_ 2/531 Woods, 2/48, %85. 10. Power to regulate tlie transfer of title to land. McLean, ^q. Pet., 10/294_ 11. — to regulate settlement of dece- dent's estates. How., 6/44 McLean, 6/4^3 Mason, ^/l31. 12. Powers in respect to public lands. McLean, ^Iga, Pet., l^/^Qg. See, also, Public Lands, II. 13. Power over private contracts. Gall., 1/371. Law Rep., N. s., lO/gog. 14. — to change the form of legal rem- edies, or create new ones. Pet., 2/38o_ 7/4g9 Wall., 4/555 15. Powers of the states over internal navigable rivers. How., 3/212, ^kn, 13/25, 15/426, 20/84. McAll., 1/212. See, also, Commerce, 22, 23 ; Navigation, 4. 16. Power to sue ; and herein of right to priority on court calendar. Wall, 7hoo, 12/159, 12/163. See, also, Supreme Court, 20. 17. Jurisdiction of federal courts over controversies between or against states. Const. Amend., art. XL Rev. Stat., § 687, 688, 711. Cranch, s/ng. How., 17/1. Pet,, 2/3i8_ 3/4gi^ 12/g57_, Wheat, %4, ^/738, ^/904. See, also, Bounda- ries, 4; Circuit Courts, 15; Su- preme Court, 6. 18. Immunity from suits by private persons. Const. Amend., art. XL Dall., 2/419 3/378. How., 20/527, 20/53o_ Pet., 5/^^' '^/627, 11/257. 19. Suit against governor, as such, is a suit against the state. How., 24/gg Pet, 1/110. 20. Power to secede fi-om the Union. Abb. U. S., 1/58. Wall., 7/7oo_ nj^.^^ See, also. Confederate States, 1. II. DECISIONS APPUCABLE TO A PARTICULAR STATE. 21. Alabama. How., 3/212. McLean, 6/209. 22. Arkansas. Hempst., 1/304, 1/444, 1/469, 1/562. How., 4/gg7^ 15/467. Otto, 2/698. Wall., 18/151. 23. California. Blatchf., 3/325 Sawyer, 3/164 Wall., %20, 3/478, I8/57. 24. Connecticut. Blatchf., 9/32 Wall., S/^g, 25. Florida. Otto, 1/667. Pet., 1/511. 26. G-eorgia. How., 13/381, 23/505 Pet-, ^kw. Wall., 15/610. Woods, 1/437 1/439, 1/456, 1/463. 27. Illinois. Black, 1/459. McLean, I/337 3/^^^^ STATES, II— STATUTES. 545 28. Indiana. 42. North Carolina. How., l/i89, ^^/268. McLean, a/g^g^ Pet., 6/20 Wheat., 4/23,, Woods, 29. Iowa. 1/439. Dill., 4/55, How., 7/660,10/1 43. Oregon. 30. Kansas. Oreg., 1/77, 1/230. Wall, 6/402. Dill-, V358, 1/418. 44. Pennsylvania. 31. Kentucky. Pet., 11/185, '14/147. Wall., 11/395. Otto, 6/90 Pet. C. C, 1/496. Wash. C. C.,3/475_4/,7,_ Wheat., 1/292, 5/874. 45. Rhode Island. 32. Louisiana. How., 4/591^ 7/,_ Ct. of CI., 1/383. How., 3/589^ 7/^60. 46. South Carolina. Wall., %2, 4/650. Woods, 2/i56 Chase Dec, 1/286. Otto, 3/4 33. Maryland. Cranch, 7/35^^ 8/gg_ How., IS/yj. 47. Tennessee. Otto, 7/454_ Pet,., 11/185 Wheal., 34. Massachusetts. %41, 11/325. Curt., 2/^88 How., 4/g9i_ Mason, 4/16. 48. Texas. How., 6/92_ 14/227^ 14/282. Wall., 35. Michigan. 4/l96, 6/1I6, 20/226, 20/264. McLean, 2/267, 5/486. Wall., 5/211. 36. Minnesota. 49. "West Virginia. Blatchf., 7/391 Wall., 11/39. Int. Eev. Rec, 19/i58, Minn., I/127. 50. "Wisconsin. Black, 2/599 Bum., l/gg. How., 37. Mississippi. How., 15/421, I8/16. Wheat., 4/355^ ^/218. 24/284. Otto,5/5i7_ As to the recognition of State laws and decis- ions in federal courts, see Coubts, 34-54. 38. Missouri. Dill. 4/148, 4/i56. How., 7/660, ^% For table showing in what state any Circuit or District Court decision was rendered, see page IX, ante. 19/180,24/41. Otto, 2/698_ 5/465. Wall., 11/395, 15/123, 1%26, 22/351. STATUTE OF FRAUDS. 39. Nevada. CONTKACTS, III; GlJAEANTT, II; SATiTfl, Otto, 3/634. 7-11 ; Vendor and Pukchaseb, 2-6. 40. New Jersey. Baklw., l/eo. Pet., 16/367. Wall., STATUTES. 5/268. I. How Enacted. 41. New York. II. Constitutionality. Validity. Blatchf., 9/32. How., I6/247. Wall., III. Inteepbetation and Effect. I8/493. IV. Eeptjat,; and its Effect. 2i 546 STATUTES, I, II. I. HOW ENACTED. L General rules. The necessary vote, approval, publication, &o. Const., Art. I, § VII, 1, 2, 3. Rev. Stat., § 79, 3805-3808, 3823-3828. Stat, at L., 3/439^ S/^gg^ 9/77^ 18/^J3^ IS/gg^^ I8/268. Am. L. Reg., 8/gQ3 Biss., I/314. McLean, 2/^95^ 3/^^^ Wall., %qq, Wyom. T., l/gg, l/gg. 2. Entitling. 'What is a sufficient title. Enacting clause, &c. Rev. Stat., § 7-13. Stat, at L., %37. 3. Adoption of English statutes. Cranoh C. C, 4/jjg Pet., T/ggg^ See, also. Common Law, 2. 4. When a statute takes effect. Alb. L. J., 19/53_ Chase Dec, I/227. Cranoh, 9/io4. Gall., 1/62. Hughes, ^356. McLean, S/ggg Op. Att.-Gen., 3/82. Paine, 1/23^ I/32, I/26I, 2/501. Story, 2/571. Vt., 20/gg3^ 21/gi9 Wheat., 7/l64. 5. Public and private acts. Cranoh, ^/gg^ Cranoh C. C, I/369 Vm. 6. Special acts. Dill. 2/353. II. CONSTITUTIONALITY. VALIDITY. 7. General principles; and herein of the povrers of congress. Const., Art. I, § VIII, 18. Blaok, ^/459. Cranoh, 1/137^ 4/^37 Cranch C. C, 4/595. Dall., 2/304_ 308 How. Pr., 17/201. Otto, 5/80. Pet., I6/539 Wall., %03, 9/353, 9/579, 12/457^ 1%95, 1%. West. Jur., 9/347 Wheat., ^j^iq^ lO/^^ 10/51 See, also, Constitutional Law, g. 8. Powers of state legislatures. Wall., 5/119^ 5/j94_ 5/2gg_ Wheat., 4/122, 195, %. Woodb. & M., 1/401. See, also, Commerce, 13 ; Constitdtional Law, 10. 9. Constitutionality of retrospective laws. Cranch, 1/103. Hempst., l/ng. How., 7/279. Int. Rev. Rec, 21/333 Otto, ^/644. Paine, 2/74 Pet., 7/222, ^^420. 10. — of ex post facto laws. WTiat laws are such. Const., Art. I, '§.X, 1. Ben., S/gg Wall., 9/35 See, also, Constitutional Law, 20. U. — of statutes in derogation of vested rights. Alb. L. J., I6/330, 17/72. Baldw., i/eo. Cranch, 9/43 How., 8/ig3 How. Pr., 27/igi MacArth., 1/531. See, also. Civil Rights, 4; Constitutional Law, 13. 12. — of statutes impairing the obliga- tion of contracts. Const., Art. I, § X, 1. Abb. IT. S., 2/53. Cranch, S/ggg Dill., I/522. How., 10/402. McLean, Sj^i^. Otto, S/jgg^ 5/173, 6/69, 7/454. Pet., 2/380, V 14/67. Wall., 2/10, 7/487,9/50,10/511,13/68, 14/g6i, 20/36,21/196. Wall. Jr., 3/206. Woods, 1/463 1/474. See, also, Constitutional Law, 21. 13. — of state statutes regulating com- merce. Am. L. Reg., N. s., 4/750^ I6/526 Mc- Lean, 4/28g Otto, 2/259_ 4/24g^ 4/3gj_ 5/485, '^/566. See, also. Commerce, 14, 15. 14. Constitutionality of various stat- utes relating to remedies. How. Pr., 27/igj_ Hughes, I/536. STATUTES, III. 547 McAlL, 1/513. McLean, 1/35^ Otto, ■^/SOS, ■*/ll3, */l55. ni. INTEKPRETATION AND EFFECT. 16. General rules of oonstruotion. Black, 1/459. Brock., I/520. Cranch, %58, '^/350. I>ak. T., I/308. McLean, 4/463. Pet. C. C, I/188. Story, 2/339 Sumn., 1/46. 16. Constraction to be in favor of constitutionality. Ball., 4/14 Dill., 4/29 Pet., 8/433^ 12/^2. See, also. Evidence, 24. 17. Following tlie language. Ordi- nary meaning of the "words to be adopted. Am. L. Eeg., n. s., IO/737. How., I6/251. McLean, 4/453^ S/^^g^ 6/^52. Newb. Adm., l/g. Paine, 2/gg4_ Pet., 10/524. Wall., 6/458. 18. Interpretation and effect of general -words in a statute. Crabbe, I/307. McLean, S/^yg Pet., 12/72. Wall., 7/482_ 20/251, Wall. Jr., 19. Ascertaining and giving effect to legislative intent. Cranch, 6/307. ^^' °^ ^1., 1^/347. Dall., 3/3g5 How., S/ggg^ ggg PaiuC, 2/584. Pet., 1/46, 2/627, "/l78. Pet. C. C, 1/10. 50. Bule tliat entire statute must be construed together. Black, 1/358. Brock., I/162. Cranch, 2/33. Paine, 2/534 51. Construing two or more provisions together. Statutes in pari materia. Abb. U. S., 2/448_ Baldw., 1/502, Blatchf., 3/325_ Crabbe, 1/397. Cranch, 6/1. Ct. of CI., 4/337_ Mason, 3/33^ McLean, 4/4gg_ Op. Att.-Gen., 2/44, Paine, 1/10. Sawyer, I/456. Story, I/251. Sumn., 1/21. 22. What resort may be had to ex- trinsic facts, or other instru- ments. How., 3/i_ 12/37i_ 18/595_ McLean, 3/480 Mont. T., 1/90. Op. Att.-Gen., 6/464. Otto, 1/72. Wall., 3/495^ 5/io7_ «/499, 23/307, 23/321. Wheat., I/115. 23. "What may be supplied by infer- ence or implication. Cranch, 2/^^ Cranch C. C, I/117. McLean, 6/^12. Wall., I/220. 24. Referring to the title and pre- amble. McLean, I/135. Op. Att.-Gen., 7/393 Paine, 2/584_ Pet., O/go^, Pittsb., (Pa.) 1/24. Wall., 5/io7_ Ware, 2/38 Wheat., %10. 25. Provisoes and exceptions. .Pet., 15/i4i_ 15/423_ Wash. C. C, Vl09, 119. Wheat., 4/j22. 26. Effect given to punctuation. Abb. U. S., l/i96. Blatchf., 6/509_ 2*7. Effect of custom or usage on con- struction. Abb. Adm., 1/436. Blatehf., l/gig. Newb. Adm., 1/31. 28. Effect of contemporaneous con- struction by heads of executive departments. Blatchf., 1/218. Ct. of CI., 10/548. How., 10/226. McLean, S/g. Op. Att.- Gen., 10/52. Pet., Vi, 16/141. Taney, l/go. Wall., 8/330. Wheat., 12/206. I 29. Following prior English construc- tion. Black, 1/459. Brock., 2/38g_ Pet., 2/1, 6/264, %58, 12/524, 527. 548 STATUTES, III. 30. Interpretation of state statutes in federal courts. Bla^k, 1/358. Cliff., ^Isn, 2/469. "Wall., 4/jgg_ See, also. Courts, 43- 54. 31. Interpretation of statutes grant- ing: franchises. Black, 1/360. How.,'8/gg9_ g/^^g, ^^Im. McAlL, 1/212 1/370. See, also, Cor- porations, 7, 8. 32. Construction of retrospective statutes. Ben., 3/212. Cranch, S/ggg Crancli C. C, 2/254, ML, 3/38g Dill., 1/243. Gall., 2/204 How., 4/449_ 24/242. Mc- Lean, 6/422. Paine, 2/goj Story, 2/^34 Sumn.,3/53g_ Wall., 2/333^ 4/^73. Wash. C. C, 3/3J3 Woodb. & M., 1/323. Wdolw., 1/175. 33. — of declaratory la-ws. Biss.,4/327_ Phil., (Pa.) 7/543 Wheat, •"■^/ise, 148. 34. — of ex post facto laws. Wall., 4/172. 35; — of statutes in derogation, of common right, or of the common law. Dall., 2/304^ 3lg_3/3gg_ McLean, 6/gg7 Newb. Adm., 1/137. 36. — of private acts. Blatchf., 3/ge_ Cliff., 1/565. Cranch, 3/1. Ct. of CI., 6/84 7/529 Paine, 2/409 Pet., 4/i52, 10/294. 37. Interpretation of remedial statutes, generally. Ct. of CI., 3/297 Hempst., 1/3. Wall., 10/464. Wyona. T., I/413. 38. What words or phrases are man- datory and imperative. Qt. of CI., 4/75_ 39. What are permissive or directory^ merely. Baldw., 1/303. Op- Att.-Gen., 8/39^ 8/4^ 40. Rule that penal statutes must be strictly construed. Baldw., 1/502. Blatchf., 1/151^ 10/423.^ Bond, 2/23 Cranch, 6/^71 Curt.,2/go2^ I^'l'v^ig! Hempst., l/469_ I/497. Paine,. 1/32, 2/162. Pet. C. C, 1/118. Story, 2/202. Wall., 6/385 Wash. C. C, 2/366.^ Wheat., 2/119^ 5/7g Woolw., I/93. 41. Limits and exceptions to the rule. Abb. U. S., 2/129. Baldw., 1/78, 101. Gra., 35/344 Grail., 1/114 Paine, 1/33. Pet., 2/358, 14/4g4_ Story, 1/251. Sumn., 3/209. Wall., 6/38g_ Wheat., 6/7g_ gg^ %8l. See, also, Pejstalties, 1. 42. Interpretation of the revenue laws, generally. Abb. U. S., 1/275, 2/3og_ Ben., S/gg^ Blatchf., 3/325^ 7/459^ 7/483 Brock., 2/325. Crabbe, 1/356. Dill., 1/49. How., ^/l97, 210, ^/3?7. Story, 2/gg9_ Sumn., l/l59. Wall, 3/114^ io/39g_ See, also,, INTERNAL Revenue, I. 43. — of customs laws. Blatchf, 3/391 I^ewb. Adm., %i^ Story, 1/341, l/eio, 2/3g9_ Sumn., 3/384, Wall, 5/1Q7 See^ also, Duties, 3-12. 44. — of appropriation acts. McLean, 6/112 Op. Att.-Gen., 8/iii_ Ware, 2/274 Wyom. T., l/gi 45. Various interpretations of the word "may." How., 22/422 Op. Att.-Gen., S/m^ Otto, 5/ig8 Pet., l/4g Sawyer, l/ggg" Wall., 4/43g_ 5/705_ 46. — of the words "or," "and." Oilp., 1/147. Paine, 2/ig2 STATUTES, III, lY. 549 47. Interpretation of various other particular -words and phrases. Rev. Stat, § 1-6, 605, 1674, 2766- •2768, 2951, 2952, 3140, 3407, 4130, 4612, 5013, 5413. Black, l/ggg, Minn., 1/401. Sumn., 2/^jg_ 423, S/g^g Wall., ^/l07. Wheat., ^1207, 257. 48. Hq-w a revising statute should be construed, generally. Chase Dec, 1/364. Ct. of CI., Z/^^g^ Int. Rev. Rec, 11/30. McLean, 5/4gg_ 49. The revised statutes. Rev. Stat., § 5600. Stat, at L., 18/113 I8/293. Alb. L. J., 19/92. Bankr. ^S-> ^^/l99, ^^/405. Sawyer, 3/gj4_ :60. Correcting errors and mistakes. Paine, Z/^gg Sumn., 8/279 -61. Effect of repugnancy or ambig- uity. Siu-plusage. Ben., 4/547 Blatchf., 5/203^ S/g^g. Wall., 6/45g 52. How statutes may be pleaded and proved. Law Rep., ^g McLean, 2/^95 Op. Att.-Gen., 13/224. Pet., 13/45 Woodb. ■& M., 2/3g7_ See, also, Evidence, 161-163 ; Pleading, 6. IV. EEPEAL; AND ITS EFFECT. -53. "Wh.at amounts to a repeal, or expiration, generally. Rev. Stat., § 5596. Ct. of CI., 3/152. Dall., 3/199^ 3/3g5 Op. Att.-Gen., 12/250. Paine, I/55. Wall., lO/gg. Wheat., 2/259. -64 Express repeal. Rev. Stat., § 5601. Sawyer, SJiQi^ -^/424. 65. Implied repeal. Bankr. Reg., IS/^gg^ 14/4^5 Blatchf., 1/gOg. Crabbe, l/gsg. Dak. T., I/17, l/agg. Dill., 1/267. Hempst., 1/434. How., 3/i97_ 13/429, ^^/85, 2%99. Mc- Lean, 2/2J2, 5/i7g Paine, ,1/400. Pet., 5/292. Sawyer, Sj^^^^ 4/254. Wall., H/gg. Wall. Jr., 2/3g8_ Wash. C. C, 4/g9i_ Woods, 2/34g Woolw., 1/123. 56. If both statutes can stand there is no implied repeal. Abb. U. S., 2/305 Black, 1/459. Blatchf., 2/127 Cranch, 8/iog Ct. of CI., 3/g4 Dill., 1/49. Hempst., I/434. How., 3/g3g_ 4/37 Oreg., 1/31, 1/42. Otto, 7/546. Pet-, 1%42. Wall., II/356, "/652. 57. Effect of repeal. Abb. U. S., 1/268, 1/364. Biss., 4/327. Blatchf., 5/229. Oreg., l/ng. Otto, 7/293. Pittsb., (Pa.) 3/126 Sawyer, 1/710, 4/254. Wall., 2/4.o_ 3/435^ 5/54i_ ll/gg^ Wash. C. C, 1/202. Woods, 2/4g3. 58. Saving clauses, and their effect. Rev. Stat., § 5597-5599. Dall., 4/372. Gall., 1/177. How, 13/429. Wash. C. C, l/g4. Wheat., 7/551 59. Revival. Rev. Stat., § 12. Crabbe, 1/358. Cranch, 2/272, 7/382, ^/svo. ^^^- T., Ves. Gall., 1/137. How., 3/197 McLean, ^/212 '^/486. Wheat., S/ggg. STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS. Limitations or Actions. STAY OF PROCEEDINGS. Appeal, 42; Ekrob, 45; Execution, 82-84. 50 STEAMBOATS. STEAMBOATS. [Consult, also, Cabbiebs, II; Shtpping, 1-71.] Sales of steamboats. "What will pass as appurtenant. Newb. Adm., l/gy Statutory provisions for inspec- tion. Rev. Stat., § 4399-4462. Stat, at •,%1,%20, 16/440. — for enrollment and license. Rev. Stat., § 3123,4316, 4317. Stat. L., 5/304. Small private steam yacMs not -within the inspection laws. Woods, 2/318 Nor are steam ferry-boats plying -within a state. Blatehf., 4/24^ 5/^98^ 6/207_ Int. Rev. ec., 7/i79 Newb. Adm., 1/341, 1/256, 536. Woolw., 1/266. Engineers and pilots. Rev. Stat., § 4441, 4442. Stat, at ., I8/30. Deady, l/gg^ l/gg, I/591. Iiiability of o-wners as common car- riers of merchandise. Dill., 2/14 Ware, 2/82 — for contracts of master or mate. Bond, 1/369. Liability of o-wners for injuries oc- casioned by escape of steam, explosions, &c. Chase Dec, I/150. I. — by s-wells caused by paddle- ■wheels. Ben., 8/50 I — as carriers of passengers, under act of July 7, 1838. Stat, at L., 5/304 Blatchf., 2/523^ 270, */446. iJeady, 1/433. How., 6/441 How. Pr., 20/gi7 Int. Rev. Rec, lO/gg^ Newb. Adm., 1/259, V323, V536. Taney,. V4I8. 12. — act of August 30, 1852. Stat, at L., 10/gi Ben., 6/42. Biss.,. V371, V373. Bond, 2/34 Deady, 1/433^ V588. Int- B.ev. Rec, 7|■^yQ^ 10/53^ Law Rep., K. s., 9/201. Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/440^ Wash. T., 1/91. 13. — act of March 3, 1855. Rev. Stat., § 4252, &c Stat, at L.,. 10/716 Int. Rev. Rec, 7/23. 14. — act of June 8, 1864. Stat, at L., 13/120. ■I'^*'' Rev. Rec,. ^/l30. Woolw., 1/266. 15. — act of July 4, 1864. Rev. Stat., § 4252. Stat, at L.,, 1%90. Biss., 4/igg 16. — act of February 28, 1871. Rev. Stat., § 4463, &c. Stat, at L.,. I6/440. Biss., 3/313 lat- Bev. Rec, le/gg, 17. — under the re-vised statutes. Rev. Stat., § 4417, 4463-4500. Ben.,. */251. 18. — act of February 27, 1877. Rev. Stat., § 4467, 4472, 4490. Stat, at L., 19/252. Dill., 2/14 Woods, 1/275.. STIPULATIONS. Admieaxty, 90-92. STOCK. Banks, U-13; Corporations, 22-26;, Baileoad Companies, 5-7. STOPPAGE IN TRANSIT. Bills of Lading, 19 ; Satis, 33, 34.. SUNDAY.— SUPREME COURT, I. 551 STRANDING. CJontribution in Oenerat average in cases of Toluntary,see Iusubancb, 83 ; Shipping, 159. SUBPOENA. Pbocess, 6 ; Witnesses, 1, 2. SUBROGATION. Debtor and Ceeditob, 29, 40 ; Pkinci- pai, and subety, 9. SUBSCRIBING WITNESS. Deeds, 13 ; Evtdence, 135 ; Mortgages, U; Wills, 8. SUBSTITUTED SERVICE. Process, 15. SUCCESSION TAX. Intebnai, Eeveitoe, 85. SUICIDE. ISSCEANCE, 118. SUNDAY. L Validity of contracts made on Sun- day. How., 23/28^ 23/209_ 24/2^7 Law Eep., 2. — of service of process, notices, cfec. Cranch C. C, 4/^93 3. Duty to abstain from labor on Sun- day. Eev. Stat., § 3283. Am. L. Reg., %80, %04. How., 23/28^ 41^ 23/209_ Law Rep., N. s., ii/e. 4. Duty of seamen to "work on Sun- day. Biss., 1/440. Sawyer, l/i5o_ See, also. Seamen, 55. 5. When Sunday is counted in com- putations of time. Rev. Stat., § 5013. Abb. U. S., 2/503 Wheat., 12/511 6. Fact that marine tort occurred on Sunday, no defence in admi- ralty. Blatchf., 7/29Q How., 23/309 I^ow., 1/134. : SUPERSEDEAS. Appeal, 42 ; Error, 45 ; Execution, 84. SUPPLEMENTAL PLEADINGS. Pleading, 139-141. SUPPLIES, (lien for.) Admebaxty, 65 ; Shipping, 1*78-185. SUPREME COURT. [Includes only decisions relating to the ju- risdiction and powers of the Supreme Court as distinguished from the other federal tribunals ; for a fuller view of the appellate poWers of the court. Appeal, Cases Certified, and Error, should be consulted, together with the titles referred to therein. Cases applicable to the Supreme Court in common with courts of jus- tice generally, will be found indexed under Courts ; and rules of Pleading, Evidence and Practice, under those titles, respectively.] I. Jurisdiction. II. Pboceduee. I. JUEISDICTION. 1. PoTvers of the court limited to those conferred by positive law. Cranch, S/^gg^ Paine, I/453. 2. Interpretation of constitutional grant of pow^er. Cranch, I/137. Wall., I/252. Wheat, ^/264, ®/738. 652 SUPREME COURT, I. 3. The number of justices, salary, &o. Rev. Stat., § 673, &c. Stat, at L., 16/44, 17/486. 4. Sessions and terms. Rev. Stat., § 684-686. Stat, at L., 17/419. 5. Original jurisdiction under the con- stitution independent of con- gressional regulation. How., 18/460, ^%6, 98. 6. In ■what cases original jurisdiction may be exercised. Rev. Stat., § 687. Cranch, I/137. Dall., Sj^n. How., 13/518, 17/478, 24/66. Otto, 6/379_ Pet., 2/3^g_ 5/2g4_ nj^^^^ Wall., 4/475_ 6/2^,_ lO/ggg^ ll/39_ Wheat., 9/g04. See, also, BOUNDAEIES, 4; States, 17. 7. Appellate jurisdiction dependent on act of congress, and to be exercised in conformity?; there- with. Cranch, Sj^^q^ S/^^g^ 6/3Q7 Dall., 3/321. WaU., 71506, %5, 8/307. 8. General nature and extent of ap- pellate jurisdiction conferred by judiciary act. Pet., 5/i9o_ O. Appellate jurisdiction as depend- ent on amount in controversy. Rev. Stat., § 691, &c. Stat, at L., 14/520. How., 11/522, 20/,„, 22, Wall, 4/ig3_ 5/208_ 16/338 522, '^/461, 22/i74_ 10. In -what cases amount involved is immaterial. Patent, copyright, and revenue causes. Rev. Stat., § 699. Stat, at L., 5/ggg^ 12/130, 15/44, 1%7, I8/337. How., 8// 1%8, l«/98, 20/55, 21/390. 11. No appellate jurisdiction in crimi- nal cases. Black, 1/503. Cranch, S/^gg - Pet., ^/l93, 7/568, 574. Wheat., 7/38. 12. Appellate jurisdiction by writs of habeas corpus and certiorari. , How., 5/i76_ Wall., 6/318^ 8/85_ 13. Review of decisions of circuit courts. Rev. Stat., § 691, &c. Stat, at L., 1/84, I8/471. How., 12/88. Otto, 4/4 Wall., 3/g73^ °lm,'^kn, %04. See, also, Appeal, 95-104 ; Ebkor, 3. 14. — of district courts. Rev. Stat., § 695. Stat, at L., S/ggg How., 1/265, %92. See, also. Appeal, 92-94; PeIVATE LaND ClAIMS, 56, 75. 15. — of supreme court of District of Columbia. Rev. Stat., § 705, 706. Otto, S/g^g Wall., 19/62. 16. — of court of claims. Rev. Stat., § 707, 708. Stat, at L., 12/766, 15/75. Ct. of CI., 12/565; Otto, 4/258. Wall., 5/4jg^ i\l^^^ See, also, Cotjet of Claims, 28. 17. — of state courts. Rev. Stat. § 709, 710. Stat, at L., 1/83, 1%85. How., 15/354_ 1%6. Otto, %20, %86. Pet., 2/44g_ 16/52g_ Wall., ^/l77, ■*/43l, 17/655. See, also, Eeeok, II. 18. — of territorial courts. Rev. Stat., § 702, &c. Stat, at L., l«/27, 19/62, 19/241. How., 4/g8g_ 9/g,^_ 9/578, 9/579, 21/290. Otto, 1/580, 2/353' Wall., 2/igQ See, also. Appeal, 124; Eeroe, 5. SUPREME COURT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 553 II. PEOCEDUEE. 10. Power to prescribe rules and regu- late process. Rev. Stat., § 917, 4990. Stat, at L., ^/275, ^/278, ^/499, °/518. Biss., 7/4gQ_ Woolw., i/es. See, also. Circuit Courts, lOO ; Courts, 13. 20. Call of tlie calendar or docket. Preferred causes. How., 4/574_7/784_ llj^^^^ 211^^^^ Otto, 1/356, 1/558, 3/i. Wall., IS/ggo. See, also. States, 16. 21. Hearing' and determining the cause, generally. • Ball., 3/321 How., 15/354. Otto, 2/214. Pet., 8/307^ IS/g.^^ Wall., %02, '*/650, ■'■'^/sgo. 22. Effect of previous decisions. Stare decisis. Black, 2/544 Wheat., I/304. 23. All0"wing amendments. Rev. Stat., § 1005, 1006. How., */586. Pet., 7/130 24. Allowing reargument, or rehear- ing. Black, 1/488. Cranch, 7/j. How., %3, 1^/25, 18/42. Pet., &ln8, 12/488. Wall., 9/603. Wheat., 7/53. 25. Power to stay execution on judg- ment appealed from. How., 11/294. Wall., 5/188 26. Allowance of interest on judg- ment or decree brought up for review. How., 14/328. Pet-, 12/84. 27. Effect of division of opinion. How., 3/413 Wheat., lO/gg, II/59. 28. The mandate to the court below. Abb. U. S., 2/479. Wall., 9/605. 29. Remanding cause for insufiacient record. Wall., 6/101^ 9/55,^ 9/661. 30. Second appeals. Cranch, ^/gig How., 1^/93. Pet., 9/275, 290, 12/488. Wheat., 7/53^ IO/431. SUPREME COURT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1. Organization. Stat, at L., 12/762. Wall., 7/364^ ISj^s^, 2. Jurisdiction and pow^ers, generally. Rev. Stat., § 811, 3491, 4977. Mac- Arth., 1/241^ 1/507. 3. Appellate jurisdiction. Rev. Stat., § 4911, &c. MacArth., 1/345. 4. Equity powers. MacArth., 1/121, 1/541. Otto, 4/730. 5. Pow^ers as to admission of attor- neys. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 6/292 6. Power to punish contempts. Wall., 7/364. V. — to issue mandamus. Wall., 9/298. 8. Matters of practice relative to motions for new trials. MacArth., I/335. 9. — to applications to open decrees. MacArth., 1/291. 10. Rehearings. MacArth., l/ng. 11. Review of decisions of, in United States supreme court. Rev. Stat., § 705. Otto, 3/543. Wall., 19/62. 654 TAXES, I, II. SURETIES. Pbikcipai, aot) Subbty. SURPRISE. New Trial, 31-33. SURVEYS. BOUNDABIES, 18; EyiDENCE, 171, 189, 190; Pbivate Land Claims, 50, 68, 88, 89, 97; Public Lands, 21-26, 70, 108- 110, 119, 125, 134-137, 144; Seamen, 46. SUTTER'S TITLE. Pbivate Land Claims, 22. SWAMP LANDS. Public Lands, 46. T TAXATION OF COSTS. Costs, 46-60. TAXES. L The Poweb to Lvipose Taxes. II. ,Who may be Taxed by the States, AND FOE WHAT PbOPEBTY. EXEMPT- IONS. [II. Assessment and Collection. rv. Sale op Land eoe Non-Payment. Tax Titles. V. Eemedies fob Illegal Taxation- [. THE POWER TO IMPOSE TAXES. .. Scope and extent of the power of congress, generally. Const., Art., I, § VIII, 1, § IX, 1, ). Blatchf., 10/327 Brews., (Pa.) 4/24g 3all.,3/i7i_ Pet., %4^ 11/420. WaU.,' Vll3, ^'^/322. i. — of the state legislatures. Const., Art. I, § X, 2. Dill., %-jq^ /l48, ^/216. How., 8/73 Otto, 3/108. ^alL, 4/210, 7/71^ 12/418^ 15/300 West. "ur., 9/219. i. Constitutionality of statutes im- posing taxes. Alb. L. J., 16/33g_ Blatchf., 5/2„4 Jrews., (Pa.) ^k^S. ^all., Sj^n. Wall., 'l72. We^t. Jur., 4/2g2_ 4. — of statutes imposing direct, or capitation taxes. Const., Art. I, § II, 3, § IX, 4. Stat, at L., l2/294_ 12/489 Wall, 5/433^ Wheat., 5/317 5. Equality and uniformity of taxa- tion. Rev. Stat., § 1977, 2164. Black, 2/510. Blatchf., 5/204 McLean, 6/j II. WHO MAY BE TAXED BY THE STATES, AND FOE WHAT PROP- ERTY. EXEMPTIONS. 6. Natural persons. Cranch C. C, S/gg^^ 4/^^ Wall., 6/i5_ 7. Non-residents, and sales by them. Blatchf., 4/263 How. Pr., 17/201 Wall., I2/418. 8. Corporations, and herein of rail- road companies, their business and franchises. Blatchf., 14/426. JDillv 4/497». How., 10/376. Otto, 2/575^ 3/,,6, 6/499_ Pet., I6/281. Sawyer, 2/503. Wall., a/g^^^ 6/594, 6/611, %32, 7/262, 8/168, 10/410, lo/see! 1%78, I8/5, I8/206, 20/36^ 20/46^ 2I/492, 9. What property is taxable, gener- ally. McLean, 4/25. TAXES, II, III. 55& 10. "Wliat real property, or interest therein, is taxable. How., 3/44^_ McLean, 3/^^^^ 4/25 Wall, 4/2io_ Wyooi. T., 1/270. 11. "Wliat personal property is taxable, generally. Alb. L. J.,lV/26. JBfinkr. Reg.,16/535. Cranch C C, 5/539.* Otto, 4/7g2. Wall., H 423. 12. Stocks, and shares in state banks, insurance companies, railroad companies, and other corpora- tions. Black, 1/436. Chase Dec, I/268. How., l6/4ig_ Int. Rev. Rec, 1^/77 Otto, 2/575. Pet.,%4. Wall., 2/200, 15/300. 13. Shares in national banks. Rev. Stat., § 5219. Stat, at L., 13/111, 1%4. Alb. L. J., 9/304^ 15/3ig Biss., 3/82^ 4/472. Chic. L. N., 3/3g9_ Dill., 3/330 lilt- Rev. Rec, 22/343^ 23/223. Otto, %5^ 4/527. Wall., 3/573^ */244, */459, %53, ^/468, 1^/490, 2^/480. 14. Bonds, and other United States securities not taxable. Rev. Stat., § 3701. Black, ^Je^o. McLean, %. Pet., 2/449. Wall., 2/200, V16. 15. Validity of state laws taxing travel, and means of transporta- tion. Abb. U. S., 2/323. Biss., 7/227. Phil., (Pa.) 7/555. Sawyer, 2/503, ^llU. Wall., 6/35 15/232. See, also, Commerce, 16, 16. — taxing goods brought from sis- ter state and sold within the state. Wall., 8/123, 8/i48, 10/173. 17. — taxing imported goods. Wall., 8/110, 1%9. . 18. — taxing vessels ; and herein of tonnage taxes. Dill-, 4/10, 4/i7„. Wall., 6/31^ 6/35^ 12/204, I6/471, 19/581. 20/577. 19. "What is not subject to state taxa- tion. Bankr. Reg., 1^/232. Chase Dec^ 1/268. How., 12/293, 17/59g. Pet., I6/435.. Wall., 5/7gi_ 7/262, 11/423. Wheat., 4/3ig, ^/738. 20. Relinquishment by state, of the- right to tax. Abb. U. S., 2/323 Black, 1/436^ Blatchf., 12/452. How., I6/416. Int. Rev. Rec, 24/53 Otto, 3/595^ 5/g79_ Phil., (Pa.) 7/555 Wall., 4/i43_ 13/373. 21. Such relinquishment not pre- sumed. How., 10/376. Otto, 3/595 Pet., 4/514. Wall., I8/206, 20/46, 21/492. Wash. T.,, 1/18O. 22. "What property is exempt, gener- ally. Blatchf., 10/327, 13/104. ClifC., 2/5i2_ McLean, e/ggg Otto, 5/19^ 7/541. Wall.^ 13/373. 23. Exemptions in favor of corpora- tions. . Abb. U. S., 2/323. Black, 1/436.. How., 10/37g. Otto, 3/217, 4/718^ 6/g97^ Wall., 9/579_ 13/2g4, 13/2g9, I6/244, 17/322^ I8/39I, 20/46, 22/215, 22/444, 22/527. 24. — of charitable and educational corporations. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 18/365. How.,. 24/300 Pet., 16/281. III. ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION. 25. In general. Wall., 4/210. 556 TAXES, III, IV. 26. Appointment, -paweTB, and duties of assessors, commissioners, boards of equalization, &c. Ml-, %5, %n. Sumn., 3/186. Wall., "^/eio. Woolw., 1/175^ 1/313. 27. Validity of assessment. Curt., 2/439. I^i^l-j ^/267. Hempst., 1/692. How., I8/137. Otto, 6/450 Wall., "^/eio. 28. The valuation. Chic. L. N., S/ggg. Sawyer, S/gg. 29. Tax lists, and their effect as evi- dence. Int. Eev. Eec, I8/164, 22/333. 30. Proceedings to enforce collection, generally. Who is liable. Eev. Stat., § 919, 3213-3216. ■Cranch, 8/53 Cranch C. C, 8/394^ 8/432^ 4/91. Dill., 2/^75_ 4/gg_ Hempst., I/45. Int. Rev. Eec, 22/32^^ Ott», S/ggQ Wall., 6/i5_ 7/7,_ 31. In -what kind of money taxes are payable. Eev. Stat., § 3473, 5182. Idaho T., ^/203,V217. Otto, 6/g9 Wall., 7/71. '82. Enforcement of direct taxes in insurrectionary districts. Dill., 1/267. Wall., 14/553_ 18/549_ West. Jur., 11/203. -33. Liabilities of collectors and their sureties. Cranch C. C, 2/293 Mason, 5/497. Paine, 2/^39 Wall., 4/593 Wheat., '®/720. IV. SALE OF LAND FOE NON-PAY- MENT. TAX TITLES. ■34. Forfeiture for non-payment does not vest title ipso jure. Sale is necessary. Dill., 1/267. Wall., 9/326. 85. Notice of sale. Advertising the sale. Cranch C. C, 5/539 Curt., 2/439^ How., 16/610, ^^/69. MacArth., I/405. McLean, 4/2^;^. Pet., 4/349 Wheat., ®/ll9, ^/esi. 36. What lands may be sold. Cranch C.C, 4/72. Dill., I/349. Wall., ^/23, ■^%03. 37. WTien -whole tract, and when part only, should be sold. Cranch, 4/4Q3 How., IS/^g. Pet., 4/349. Wall., 6/268, 13/506. Wheat., Sj^^^ 38. Conduct and validity of the sale. Statute to be strictly followed. Cranch, 4/4Q3 9/g4 Cranch C. C, %15. Curt., 2/439 Hempst., l/gga. How., 11/414^ 14/76^ l8/j,37 McLean, ■'■/32I, ^/457, ■*/l38, ^/211, ^/213, ^/481, '*/489, 6/365,6/418. Pet., 4/349 14/322. Wall., %68, 9/23. West. Jur., 9/412. Wheat., ^/77, ^/ll6, 6/119. Woolw., 1/175. 39. Validity of tax sales in the Dis- trict of Columbia. Stat, at L., 19/396 Cranch C. C, 4/l76, S/125, 5/615. How., 9/248^ 22/422^ Wheat., 8/681. 40. Form and sufilciency of the deed. Validity. Biss.,3/39 Dill., 1/416,2/256. How., 13/472, 21/331. MacArth., 1/405. Mc- Cahon, I/212. McLean, 1/321^ 4/2^^ 6/365. Otto, 3/387^ 4/405. Pet., I4/322. Wall., 10/26. West. Jur., 11/99 Wheat., 4/77. 41. Rights of the purchaser; and herein of what will defeat a tax title. Am. L. Eeg., n. s., 7/^09 Chic. L. ^•) %45. Cranch, 4/403. Cranch C. C-, 3/168, 3/394, s/eii. How., 3/44i_ 21/332. TELEGEAPH COMPANIES— TENANTS IN COMMON. 557 MacArtl.., 1/121. Wall., lO/gg^ 12/39^^ 18/506,15/151. Wheat, 4/„_ 42. Bedemption from tax sales. Cranch C. C, ^^^^ S/^gg Dill., 1/267,2/478. Otto, ^g Pet., lO/j^ 12/34g_ Story, 1/478. Wall., 9/326,10/464^ 22/2g3_ 43. — from sales for non-payment of direct taxes. Stat, at L., 18/252. V. REMEDIES FOR ILLEGAL TAXA- TION. 44. Action to recover back. Hughes, 1/402. Int- Kev. Eec, 17/i09 19/117. Otto,7/,g, Wall., 15/75. See,' also, Money Received, 12. 45. Injunction to restrain collection. Alb. L. J., 17/345. Blatchf., 14/426. Chic. L. N., 10/65. Dak. T., l/i3i^_ 1/179. I*'llv 1/536, %79, %03, ^/52. How., 3/441. Otto, I/206, 2/575, 5/37. Wyom. T., i/ge. See, also. Injunction, 20. As to Duties on imports, and Internal revenue taxes, see Duties ; Intebnai. Reventje. Ab to Municipal taxes, see Municipal Cor- porations, 14. As to Compelling collection of taxes by man- damus, see MANBAirns, 14. TELEGRAPH COMPANIES. 1. Statutory regulation and protection. Rev. Stat., § 5263-5269. Stat, at Lv 14/221, 18/250. 2. Po-wers of congress respecting ocean cables. Stat, at L., 19/20], 19/232. Op. Att.- Gen., 12/337. 3. The right to construct lines on military and post roads. Rev. Stat., § 5263, &c. Chic. L. N., 10/251. Otto, 6/1. Woods, 2/643. 4. "What state statutes relative to telegraph companies are void, as regulations of commerce. Alb. L. J., 17/306. Chic. L. N., 10/251. Otto, 6/1. Woods, 2/643. 5. Rights and liabilities of connecting,. or competing lines. Biss., 7/337 How., 21/45g^ 21/4go^ Woods, 2/g43. 6. Liabilities for injuries by negligence- of employees in constructing the line. Otto, l/495„. 1. — for injury to vessel by submarine cable. Ben., 8/5Q2. As to the validity of Contracts made by tele- gram, see Contracts, 8. TENANTS. For Idfe, see Devise, 17 ; Estates, 1. For Yeai-s, see Estates, 4 ; Landlokd and- Tenant. By the Curtesy, or in Dower, see Dowek;. Estates, 2. Remedy for Waste by, see Waste, 2, 3. TENANTS IN COMMON. 1. "Who are tenants in common ; and herein of the nature and inci- dents of the estate, generally. Pet., 16/i82. Sumn., l/igi, 8/475 2. Survivorship among tenants in common. Dall., 4/354 Mason, 8/373. "Wheat., 11/361. 3. The rule that co-tenant cannot pur- chase outstanding title. Black, 2/613 Sumn., 8/475 i58 TENAif TS IN COMMON— TENDER. L Right of one tenant to hold ad- versely to the others. Entry and ouster of co-tenant. How., 1/37, %4. McLean, I/485. tiason, 4/32g Pet., S/^gg^ le/^gg^ Saw- ■er, 3/634. Sumn., S/^gg Wheat., 5/ijg_ See, also Adverse Possession, 3. i. Sales and conveyances of land held in common. Sawyer, I/25X. Story, I/77. t. Partition between tenants in com- mon. How., 11/329^ 14/589. McLean, S/ggg. !ee title Partition. '. Suits between tenants in common. Cranch, Tj^^q^ Mason, S/ggj. 1. Rules as to joinder of parties in actions by tenants in common. Cranch, 4/jgg McLean, 1/135 P®*v Vl85. I. Joint tenants. Pet., 15/21. Sumn., I/121. TENDER. , When necessary. Abb. Adm., I/222. Ben., I/77 Cranch ). C., 1/283. Dall., 4/325 Pet. C. C, '15. . In "What currency tender may be made, generally. Const., Art., I, § X, 1. Eev. Stat., 3584, &c. Stat, at L., n/igs, Ct. of '^■> Vl49. How., 2/29 Int. Rev. Eec, 12, ^/l08. Mason, 2/^. Op. Att.-Gen., Vl'96. Otto, 2/382_ Pet., 8/i8j_ Wall., '447, ^^/604. . — in cases of contracts expressly made payable in gold or silver coin. Ben., 3/igg Blatchf., 8/33^ Ct. of CI., 5/509 Dill., 3/,95 WaU., 7/229_ ^58, ^/444, ^V379, ^^/687, ^%05. 4. What is a valid tender. The amount, 8co. Blatchf., 3/44 Blatchf. & H., I/401. Cranch C. C, 1/263. Dall., 4/325 Wash. C. C, 2/142. 5. Keeping the tender good. Otto, 6/580 6. Conditional tender. Cranch, I/321. Cranch C. C, 4/gg 7. Tender of choses in action. Cranch, 1/321. Cranch C. C, a/ggg 8. Effect of tender. How., 13/295 Low., l/398_ 1/483. McLean, 4/g3o_ 9. Waiver of tender. Refusal to ac- cept. Pet. C. C, 1/15. Wash. C. C, 2/143 10. Accepting tender under protest. Chic. L.N., 8/369 Ct. of CI., 5/509 Otto, 2/382 11. Rules of pleading respecting ten- der. Cranch C. C, I/294. 12. — of evidence. Cranch C. C, I/122, I/263. 13. Constitutionality of legal tender acts. Rev. Stat., § 3588, &c. Stat, at L., ^%45, ^%32, ^2/710, ^%22, ^^/218, ^^/479. Ct. of CI., 1/149, 2/573. Wall., 8/533_ %03, %39, ^2/457, ^%04, ^*/297, ^^/l95. 14. Their interpretation. Ben., 5/144 Ct. of CI., 8/545 Phil., (Pa.)5/5i5_ Wall.,7/2g,7/7,_12/4g7_ As to Payment into court, see ConiTS, 30; PBAcnciE,.13. TEREITOEIES, I, II. 559 TENiyiESSEE. Public Lands, 139 ; States, 47. TENURE OF OFFICE. Officers, 9-13 ; Pbesident, 9-U. TERMS. For Holding courts, see Circuit Courts, lOl ; Courts, 12 ; Supreme Court, 4. Orders granted on terms, see Costs, 18-21. As to terms of Office, see Officers, 9-13 ; and the titles of the various particular officers. TERRITORIES. I. Generai Principles. II. Decisions and Statutes Applicable to Particular Territories. I. GENERAL PEINCIPLES. 1. Po-wer of governuient to acquire territory. How., 3/212, 19/393. Pet., l/5ii_ 542. 2. What la-ws govern in newly created territories. IdalioT.,1/89. 3. Powers of congress respecting the territories. Const., Art., IV, § III, 2. Rev. Stat, § 1891. How., 19/393. Pet., 14/526. 4. Organization and po'wers of terri- torial legislatures. Rev. Stat., § 1846, 1850, &c. Stat. at L., 17/335_ l7/4ig Chic. L. N., 2/113^ 3/251. Hempst., 1/259. How., l\ l^g. <)reg., 1/213. Pinn., (Wis.) I/449. Wash. T., 1/128. 5. Territorial courts, their powers, en., 14/468. 38. — Switzerland. Pub. Trs., 748. Blatchf., 7/3^5 Ct. 0fCl.,5/g87. 39. — Wurtemberg. Pub. Trs., 809. How., as/^^g II. WITH INDIANS. [Consult, also, Indians, 4.] 40. Operation and effect, generally. Rev. Stat., § 2079. Cranch, 9/jj_ How., 9/3gg_ 10/442 19/366. McLean, 2/412,5/344. Op. Att.-Gen., 6/g58 Pet., 6/515, 1% 41. How interpreted. Ct. of CI., 1/261. Op. Att.-Gen.,2/4gg Pet., 2/216 Wall., 5/737 42. How abrogated or repealed. Rev. Stat., § 2080, 2100-2102. Morr., (Iowa) I/467. Wall., U/eig. 43. Interpretation of treaty with Oherokees. How., 2/76_ 4/5g7 Pet., 15/433. 44. — -with Ohippewas. Rev. Stat., § 2368. 45. — with Creeks. How., 2/58j^ 46. — with Sacs and Poxes. How., 14/513 III. POWERS AND DUTIES OP COM- MISSIONEES OF CLAIMS, ATSTD PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THEM. [Consult, also, title PKrvATB Land Claims.] 47. Powers and duties of commission- ers, generally. Cranch C. C, 6/349 Wall., 9/691. 48. Effect of their decisions. Cranch C. C, 5/23. Dev., 1/195, 1/204. How., 17/612. Pet., 1/193, 14/95. Wash. c. c, 4/570. 566 TKESPabs. 40. Compensation. Ct.0fCl.,l/l66. 50. A'wards under treaties, and ho-w enforced. •How., Il/g29_ 12/iii_ 17/gj2. Mason, 5/62. Pet., 1/193, 1%. Wall., 1/97. As to Ectradition of fugitives from justice, pursuant to treaty provisions, see Extkadi- TION, J. As to treaties of Peace, see Wab, 30-33. For treaties with various other governments, the provisions of which have not heeu subjects of judicial interpretation, see the volume of the Eevised Statutis relating to public treaties. TRESPASS. L wnat constitutes a trespass, gen- erally. Cranch, S/g,^ N. Y. Leg. Obs., 2/388. Paine, 2/352 Wheeler, S/ggg 2. What constitutes a trespass on land. McAlI., 1/119. 3. Cutting timber on public lands. I>'llv */464. How., 9/351. McLean, */378, %07, %58. See, also, Ceiminai, Law, 32 ; Public Lands, 04. 4. "What amounts to trespass to the person. Cranch C. C, 1/45, ij^se. See, also, AssAtnLT, I ; False Imprisonment, 1. 6. Who are liable as trespassers. Bond, 1/345. Cranch C. C, I/104 Dill., 1/66. Wall., 3/1. 6. Joint trespassers. Baldw., 1/572. Cranch C. C, I/33. Dill., 1/66. McLean, 2/^45 WaU., S/^ "7. When trespass is the proper form of action. McLean, S/gg^ Wheeler, 8/332 8. When it is not. Blatchf., Z/gg O. When trespass on the case is: proper form of action. Biss., 4/jj4 ID. When trespass for loss of services- •will lie. Cranch C. C, 1/477,2/16, 2/107, 2/318. 11. When trespass to try title will Ue. How., 10/i87_ 12. Trespass quare clausum a locat. action. Cranch C. C, 2/3^^ 13. The title or possession necessary in order to maintain trespass- quare clausum. Cranch C.C, 1/79, 1/103, 2/g7_5/4y„_ 14. — trespass de bonis. Holmes, I/80. McLean, 2/g32 Ma- son, */497. Pet., 6/262. Wash. C. C.,.. %81, ^/371. 15. Jurisdiction, parties, &c. Blatchf., 1/549 Brock., I/203 How.^ 13/115. 16. The declaration. McLean, S/^^g^ 4/4^2. 1*7. The plea or ans-wer ; and herein of defences, generally, CrancK C. C, 1/134. McLean, ^g^ Story, 1/91. Wheat., 3/246. 18. Trespass by officers : When pro- cess is a protection. Hempst., 1/34. Mason, S/^g^ See,. also, Maeshai£,12 ; Officers, 31,32;. Sheriffs, 8. 10. When order of superior officer is a protection. Blatchf., 1/549 Blatchf. & H., I/423. Cranch C. C, 2/^^^ How., is/j^g^ Otto, 7/g42. TRESPASS— TRIAL, I. 567 20. The general issue, and wliat must be specially pleaded. Cranch C. C, l/gg^ l/l76, ^/l04. Hempst., 1/259. 21. Replication de injuria. Wall., 14/613. 22. "What evidence is admissible and sufficient. Cranch C. C, I/124, Vne, 2/112, 2/119, %1, %. How., 13/447 McLean, S/^^g 23. Evidence in defence or in mitiga- tion of damages. Cranch C. C, ^lio4^ 4/^3^ Dak. T., 1/42. How., 7/g9^ 13/447 McLean, 2/332^ 3/571. Olc. Adm., 1/18. Wall., 15/539. 24. The burden of proof. Cranch C. C, 1/124, ^Im. Wall., 1^/613. 26. The damages recoverable, and ho'w assessed. Baldw., l/i38. Dill., 1/67. How., 13/447 McLean, 3/^71 Pet., 4/391^ 6/262, 10/gQ See, also. Damages, 27. 26. Judgment, and how enforced. McLean, 2/145 27. Judgment against one co-tres- passer no bar to action against another. Cranch C. C, I/33 McLean, 2/145 See, also. Judgment, 58. 28. Indictments for trespasses on public lands. McLean, 5/358, ^/28, ^/56. See, also. Criminal Law, 32 ; Public Lands, 94. TRIAL. I. Mode of Trial. Whethee by Jubt OB BY COUET. II. Place of Trial ; and how Changed. III. Bringing on the Trial. Postpone- MESTB. IV. Impanelling the Jitby. Challen- ges. V. CONDTJCTING THE TbIAL. 1. In general. 2. I*uttmg in the evidence. 3. Objeclions and exceptions. 4. Non-suit. Nolle prosequi. Diseharge of jury, &c. VI. Instbtjctions to the Jury. 1. What iTtstrrictioTis are proper. 2. What instructions are improper. 3. The prayer for instruction. Further instructions. 4. Directing a verdict. VII. The Verdict or Finding. VIII. Trial in Criminal Cases. I. MODE OF TRIAL. WHETHER BY JURY OR BY COURT. 1. "What is a trial. Mason, 4/232 2. Right to trial by jury, generally. Const. Amend., art., VIL Rev. Stat., § 648. Baldw., I/394. Ct. of CI., 12/312. Fish. Pat. Cas., 2/642. How., 5/441, IV437, 12/443. McLean, 8/539 Mont. T., 2/242 Paine, 2/34g Pet., ^/433. Wall., 4/2, 9/3g_ See, also, CiVii- Rights, 1-4; Kefbeence, 1-3. 3. — in suits to enforce forfeitures and penalties. Abb. U. S., 2/129. Int- ^^v. Rec, 12/42. 4. — in suits in admiralty. Rev. Stat., § 566. Stat, at L., I8/316 Brown Adm., 1/553. 6. Power of the states to restrict right to jury trial. Otto, 2/90. Wall., 21/532. 568 TRIAL, II, III. 6. "Waiver of trial by jury. Blatehf., 1/290. Dill., 3/^01. Wall., 9/425. Wheat., 4/235. 7. "WTien trial by the court -witbout a jury is proper. Rev. Stat., § 649. Blatehf., 14/328. Cliff., 2/351 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/g4 How., 12/254. Wheat., e/^gg U. PLACE OF TEIAL; AND HOW CHANGED. 8. Grounds for obange of venue, gen- erally ; and herein of prejudice, or excitement. Cranch C. C, 2/500^ Wash. T., I/122. 0. The motion papers. Affidavits, &c. Cranch C. C, 2/500^ 4/93 Wyom. T., ^/l87. 10. Hearing and determining the naotion. Dak. T., 1/11. Wash. T., I/122. in. BRINGING ON THE TRIAL. POST- PONEMENT. 11. "When the cause is ready for trial. Hempst., 1/37. Otto, 3/^ Pet. C. C, 1/217. Wash. C. C, 2/204. 12. At -what term the cause may be tried. Rev. Stat., § 746. Cranch, 5/4g_ Cranch C. C, 1/73^. 1/157^ l/igg. IS. Compelling payment of costs of former suit, before going to trial. Cranch C. C, I/451, 2/35^. Dall., %3. Pet., 5/i5i_ Wash. C. C, 4/573. See, also, Costs, 63. 14. "Wliat are sufficient grounds for continuance or postponement, generally. Cliff., 2/311 Cranch C. C, 1/235, V338, V347, V446, ^Is8. DalL, 3/512. G*Uv V168. Wall. Jr., 1/189. 15. W hen non-attendance of Tvitnessea is a sufficient ground. Dall., 2/383 Wall. C. C, I/29. 16. When it is not. Cranch C. C, I/123. 17. Absence of counsel. Change of counsel. Cranch C. C, I/280. McLean, i/334. Wall. C. C, 1/1. 18. Alteration or amendment of plead- ings, as ground for continu- ance. Cranch C. C, I/246, ^347, V402. Wash. C. C, 2/223. 19. Failure to ffie security for costs. Cranch C. C, I/341, 1/347. 20. Continuance to permit execution and rettu:n of commission to take testimony. Cranch C. C, 1/134^ ^Issi. McLean, 4/364. Pet.C. C, 1/2^7. Wall. C. C, 1/5, 21. — where commission is abandoned, or taken ex parte, -without notice. Cranch C. C, 1/343^ 3/ggi See, also, Depositions, 53. 22. Continuance to allovr time to pro- duce documentary evidence. Cranch C. C, I/408. Gall., 2/igi Wash. C. C, 2/i64. 23. Requisites of the moving affida- vits. Cranch C. C, 1/337, 2/204, ^luz Day, (Conn.) 3/280 McLean, 4/538_ Wall., C. C, 1/46. 24. Counter affidavits. Cranch C. C, 1/235. Day, (Conn.) %08. TRIAL, IV, V. 569 25. Hearing and determining the mo- tion ; and herein of admissions to avoid postponements. Cranch C. C, S/ggg McLean, 1/460. 26. Granting the motion on terms. Overt., (Tenn.) 2/^^^ Wall. Jr., l/jgg. IV. IMPANELLING THE .JURY. CHAL- LENGES. [Consult, also, Jtjkies, XL] 27. "What persons are disqualified to act as jurors. Cranch C. C, 2/247 Wall., 13/357. 28. Summoning and impanelling the jury. Discharging incompetent jurors. Ci-anch C. C, I/566, 2/247. Hempst., 1/1. How., 14/218. 29. Talesmen. Dall., 2/382. SO. Challenge to the array. Dall., %n. Wall., 13/434 31. Challenge for cause, or to the favor. Cranch C. C, I/452, 1/477, 3/84. Curt., 1/23. Otto,6/g4o Utah T., 1/215. 32. Challenge for alienage. Baldw., 1/78. I>allv%4. Wall. C. C, 1/147. 33. Peremptory challenges. Stat, at L., 17/282. Baldw., 1/73. McLean, Z/g^^^ Wall., 18/434. Wall. Jl"v V3O9. 34. At "what stage of the trial chal- lenges must be interposed. Cranch, ^/ggg Cranch C. C, 2/3 Wash. T., 1/82. 35. Appointment of triers ; and pro- ceedings to try competency. Baldw., 1/73^ 84. Cranch C. C, 1/477^ V628. 36. S'wearing the jurors. Cranch C. C, l/igi^ S/g^g^ Sj^^^^ V. CONDUCTING THE TRIAL. 1. In general 37. "What questions are before the court. Consolidating suits. Dill., %o Wall., 5/580. 38. The right to open and close the argument, generally. Crabbe, I/135 Cranch C. C, l/ggo, V403, V404. How., 13/3g3 39. When defendant may open and close. Cranch C. C, I/122, l/i87. Wash. C. C, ^/467. 40. The counsel's address to the jury. Cranch C. C, 1/443, 3/441,5/304. Dill., 1/1O8. Wall. Jr., 1/107. 2. Putting in the emde/nce. 41. Greneral rules as to admissibility of evidence. Blatchf., 5/4gj^ Mason, ^j^g 441. Sumn., 3/g8. Wall., 8/450^ 18/435 42. Admissibility of evidence under particular pleadings. Cranch, Sj^sQ, %39. Cranch C. C, 1/102,3/439. Paine, 2/209. Wall, 4/i82. See, also. Pleading, VI. 43. Illustrations of the rule that where part of a transaction, conversa- tion or document has been elici- ted by one party, the other is entitled to the whole of it. McLean, 6/470. Pet., 5/^32. 44. The order of proof. Pet., 14/i9^ 14/448 Sprague, I/109. 45. Re-examining witnesses. Baldw., 1/78, 91. Mason, ^Jqx^ See, also. Witnesses, 91. 670 TEIAL, V. 46. Openingr cause after parties have rested. Cranch C. C, l/xee. McLean, S/g^g, Pet., 14/448. Wash. C. C, 3/134^ ij^^^^ 47. Admissibility and effect of docu- mentary evidence. Oauch C. C, 1/268, 2/636. Hempst., 1/265. Pet., 5/13, Wall., 10/263. Wash. C. C, 2/4gQ See, also, Depositions, IV ; Evidence, IV. 48. Production of papers; and iuyvr compelled. Burr's Tr., 2/534 McLean, 2/^43 Wall., 17/384. See, also. Discovery, II; Evidence, 44-48. 3. Objections and exeeptixma. 40. The proper time to object, gener- ally. Dill., 1/417. Wall., 1/359. Wyom. T., 1/190. 50. — to object to evidence. Chic. L. N., 10/17. Sawyer, S/gg. Wall., 3/io7_ 3/,75_ 6/573 51. General and specific objections. How., 3/5^5 Wall., 4/^80. Ware, 2/328. Woodb. & M., 3/38 52. What objections must be taken at the trial. Cranch C. C, 2/223 Sumn., I/232. See, also. Appeal, 53 ; Eeeok, 65. 53. "Waiver of objections. How., 14/240. Sumu., 1/232. See, also, Eekoe, 66. 54. Demurrer to evidence, and its ef- fect, generally. How., 20/427 Pet., 3/g2 Wheat., 11/171. 55. Effect as an admission of the truth of evidence demurred to. Brock., 1/520, Cranch, 4/219 How., 5/215. McLean, 2/595. Mason, 5/425_ Pet., 3/3g Wheat., II/171. 56. Joinder in demurrer to evidence. Cranch, 7/gg5 Cranch C. C, l/go 2/372,2/442. Wheat., 11/350. 4. Nonsuit. Nolle prosequi. Discharge of jury ^ 57. The power of the court to order a non-suit. WaU., 1/359. Wyom. T., l/ago. 58. Compulsory non-suit cannot be ordered by federal courts. Blatchf., 1/445^ 5/87 Dak. T., I/206. Hempst., l/g. How., 14/213, 23/^^2. Paine, 1/530. Pe*-, 1/469, 1/476, %98. Woodb. & M., 2/g3i_ 3/38 59. Voluntary non-suit. Brock., 2/jgg Hempst., 1/94 Woodb. & M., 2/531 60. wnen a non-suit -will be refused. Pet. C. C, I/406. 61. Effect of non-suit. How., I6/354. Pet., 1/46, 16/303. Woodb. & M., 1/262. Wyom. T., I/28O. 62. Setting aside non-suit. Hayw., (N. C.) 2/390 McLean, %89. 63. Withdrawal of jurors. Blatchf., 1/445 , Cranch C. C, %47. 64. Discharging the jury. Wall. Jr., 1/347 Wheat., 9/579 65. Entry of nolle prosequi against one of several defendants. Bond, 2/^47 Pet., l/^g gumn., %79. TRIAL, VI. 571 VI. INSTRUCTIONS TO THE JURY. [Consult, also, Questions of Law and Fact.] 1. What in^tructums are proper. 66. In general, and herein of the pow- ers and duty of the court in re- spect to instructions. Cranch, S/ggg Dill., S/g^^^ How., 3/674, 23/172. Otto, oj-^^^^ %^s_ Pet., 6/622. Story, '^Iqqq^ 620. Wall., 17/go8. Wyom. T., 1/202. 67. Question of neg'lig'ence to be left to the jury. How., 1/28. See, also, Questions OF Law and Fact, 19-21. 68. Oomments upon the evidence. Black, 2/575 Gall., 1/53. How., 4/123. Otto, 6/424. Pet., 1/170. Pet- C. C, 1/225. Wall., 17/384. 69. Expressions of opinion. Gilp., 1/235. How., 13/ii5_ 24/188. McLean, 1/321. Otto, S/gg^ Pet., lO/8o^ 12/1,14/322. 2. What instructions are improper, 70. In general. Cranch, 7/gQg Gall., 1/400. How., 1/219, 2/486, 20/252, 2O/343, 24/224. Mac- Arth., 2/541 Otto,5/g97_ Pet, 1/25. 71. Abstract propositions and remarks calculated to mislead the jury. Black, 1/140. Wall., I/637 8/544^ Wheat., 11/59, 11/78. 72. Comments upon the evidence, or credibility of witnesses. Cranch, 4/g2^ 9/339 How., 2/433. Mason, 1/57. Pet., 2/137^ 149^ Q/ggg. 9I^^^_ 73. Instances of instructions held to be erroneous in particular cases. Otto, 2/728. Petv 9/107 9/4I8. Wall., "/28. 3. The prayer for instiiictions. Further inslrwc- iitms. 74. Necessity of a prayer or request. Gilp., 1/235. How., 9/3gg. McAlL, 1/60. Pet., 2/1. , Wall., 8/342. Wash. O. C, 4/538 Wheat., 11/258, 277. 74. Form and siofflciency of the prayer. Pet., 15/377, 406. 76. "What prayers should be granted. Cranch, S/ggg^ 4/g2 MacArth., I/220. Pet., 6/328, 7/596. W.ill., 2/45 77. "What requests to charge may be properly refused. Cranch, 4/g2 5/^gy Cranch C. C, 1/495, 2/474. How., 2/457_ 20/252. Ma- son, 1/57. Otto, 3/2gi, 5/297, 6/424. Pet-r 1/25, 2/2I6, 2/613, «/328, 10/58, 10/657, 12/84, 1%19. Wall., I/166, 3/240, 13/270, 18/436, 20/159. 78. "WTien further instructions may be given after retirement of jury. Cranch C. C, I/63, 2/324, ^/ll6. Curt., 464. 4. Directing a verdict. 79. Power to direct a verdict, and herein of when it becomes the duty of a judge so to do. Otto, 4/278 Pet-, 9/292. Wall., 22/116. 80. In what cases a direction is proper. Blatchf., 5/403 Chic. L. N., 9/^55^ How., 24/224. Otto, 3/^43_ 7/3ig 81. "When improper. How., 11/362. McLean, 2/5g6 Wall.^ %42, 9/197, 9/248. Wheat., 12/130. 82. Directing separate verdicts. How., 23/^72 Wash. C. C, 4/ig9^ 572 TRIAL, VII, Vni. VII. THE VERDICT OE FINDING. 83. Custody and conduct of tlie jury ; and herein of taking out papers. Biss., 6/ig3 Wash. C. C, 4/3-2. 84. Mode of arriving at verdict, as- sessing damages, &c. DUl, 1/66. Gilp, 1/135. How, 13/363. Minn, l/igg. Mont. T., l/ng. 85. Receptionof the verdict. Clinch C. C, 1/536. 86. Form and sufficiency of the ver- dict, generally. Ci-anch, 3/270 JDak. T., l/goe. Gall., V257, V26I. How., 14/240. Sprague, 1/467. Utah T., 1/287. Wheat., 2/221. Wyom. T., 1/45. 87. — in respect to damages. Blatchf., 3/431 Dill., 1/66. Oreg., 1/92. Wheat, 11/431. 88. Effect of rendering verdict for sum below the jurisdiction. Cranch C. C, I/40, I/113, 1/179^ I/440, ^483, ^/473. 89. Power of the jury to give interest. McLean, ^kis. Pet. C. C, l/gg, 1/173. Wash. C. C, 3/jg^ See, also, Inter- est, 21. '90. Effect of uncertainty or repug- nancy. Cranch C. C, 3/^^^ S/gg Mason, Vl53. SI. "When a general verdict is suffi- cient. Bond, 2/147 Wall., 6/433. 92. Reconsidering verdict. Wall., 6/29i_ 6/423. ©3. Amending the verdict. Blatchf., 7/139 Cranch C. C, 2/g How., 12/39 See, also, Amendmeht, 14. 94. Various grounds for setting aside verdict. Day, (Conn.) 3/2g7^ 3/309 Minn., Vl56. Story, 2/ggi Sumn., Sj^^q . Wall., 9/248 See, also, New Teial, I. 95. Effect of verdict to cure defects in pleadings. Blatchf., 6/225. Cranch C. C, I/152. McLean, 2/35 Pet. C. C, 1/475. See, also, Pleading, 150, 151. 96. Special verdicts. Blatchf., 3/325. Cranch, 6/268. Cranch C. C, 2/221, 4/i36. Ct. of CI., 12/565, How., 8/470. Mason, 2/3^ Wash. C. G-, 1/499. 97. Verdicts subject to the opinion of the court. Cranch, 7/43^ Wall., 6/433 98. Findings by the court. Blatchf., 7/51 Wall., 4/go2. Vni. TRIAL IN CRIMINAL CASES. 99. Mode of trial. Trial by jury. Const. Art. Ill, § II, 3. Amend,, Arts. V, VI. Curt., I/311 See, also, Civil Rights, 1-4. 100. The proper place of trial, gener- ally. Const., Art. Ill, § II, 3. Rev. Stat., § 729, 731. Stat, at L., l/gg^ l2/gg9_ Baldw., l/7g^ 117 Blatchf., S/gg^, Cranch C. C, 4/^ Hempst, I/643. How., 15/467. 101. In what district offences com- mitted on the high seas should be tried. Rev. Stat., § 730. Stat, at L., 4/iig Blatchf., 5/e N. Y. Leg. Obs., l/ggg. ' TRIAL, VIII. 573 102. Ohangingtlie place of trial. Rev. Stat., § 1037. Cranch C. C, ^hs. Wyom. T., i/i3i_ See, also, Re- moval OP Cattses, 38. 103. Bringing on the trial ; and herein of separate trials. Baldw., 1/78. Cranch C. C, ^g. Mason, 4/j5g Pet. C. C, l/ii8. Sumn., 2/i9_ Wash. C. C, 4/528. Wheat., 12/480. 104. Necessity and sufficiency of the arraignment. Cranch C. C, ^J289, ^/l86. Sprague, 1/227. Sumn., 2/19 Wash. T., Vl56, I/16I. 105. Effect of refusal to plead. Stat, at L., i/n9_ ^Ins, 4/777. Wash. T., 1/7. Wheeler, %83. 106. Furnishing copy of indictment, list of -witnesses, &o., to ac- cused. Rev. Stat., § 1033. Stat, at L., 1/117. Biss., 6/321 Blatchf., 4/337_ Cranch C. C, I/178. Call., 2/343 Dak. T., 1/320. Hughes, 1/457. Law Rep., N. 8., 12/273. Mason, 4/232. Taney, 1/34. Wall. C. C, 1/23. Wash, C. C, 3/44Q See, also, Indictment, 17. 107. Postponements: ^when granted and -when refused. Baldw., 1/78, 1/510. Ben.,3/^_ Blatchf., %5, ^/464. Cranch C. C, 1/607. Day, (Conn.) 4/471 Sumn., 2/19 Wall. C. C, 1/23. Wheeler, S/iog^ i^g 108. Entry of nolle prosequi. Abb. U. S., 2/523. Blatchf., 7/go Brock., l/i56. Cranch C. C, 1/32, 4/465. Curt., 2/153. McLean, 2/114^ ■ 4/^3. Woodb. & M., 1/305. 109. Remanding prisoner on quashing indictment. Cranch C. C, 2/111 Hempst., I/299. 110. Summoning and impanelling the jury. Baldw., 1/78^ 83. Blatchf., 18/267. Dall., 2/335. Mason, 2/91 111. Effect of state la^ws respecting im- panelling juries. Blatchf., 2/435 How., 18/588. Mc- Lean, 4/105 Whart. St. Tr., I/102. 112. Qualifications of jiurors. Baldw., 1/78, 84. Utah T., I/226, •^/319. 113. Scruples against capital punish- ment. Baldw., 1/78 83. Cranch C. C, 2/477 4/573. Law Rep., lO/ggg Mason, 2/91. 114. Right to mixed jury. Cranch C. C, 2/459^ 4/573. 115. Challenge to the array. Blatchf., 13/267. 116. Challenge for principal cause, or to the favor. Baldw., 1/78, 84. Blatchf., 6/553. Wall. Jr., 2/139 117. Peremptory challenges. Stat, at L., 13/500, 1^282. Baldw., I/510. Blatchf., 6/71 Cranch C. C, I/49, I/330, V444, V517, ^607, %6, ^/l37, ^/l63 2/195 2/252, 4/334, 4/484, S/73. I^eady, I/524. How., 18/588. Taney I/34. Wash. C. C, 1/363, 1/463. 118. How challenges should be inter- posed and tried. Stat, at L., 13/500, 17/282. Hughes, 1/457. 1°*- B'SV. Rec, 12/135. Sawyer, 1/277'. Utah T., 1/319. Wyom. T., 1/112. » 674 TEIAL, YIII. HO. Conduct of the trial, generally. Blatchf., 4/337_ e/^g^ Hughes, I/520. Wash. T., 1/219. 120. "Wliat evidence is admissible and sufficient. Baldw., 1/15. Blatchf., S/gg^^ e/g^g^ Cranch C. C, S/gg Deady, l/igg^ 1/534. "Wheeler, 2/335 Woolw., l/^gs. 121. wnat is inadmissible or incompe- tent. Cliff., 1/98. Cranch C. C, I/49. Wheeler, S/j^q Wyom. T., 1/73. 122. Evidence of character. Baldw., 1/514. Bond, 1/51^ 2/323_ Deady, 1/127. McLean, 6/39 Mason, "*/505. 123. Order of proof. Re-opening cause, &c. Burr's Tr., 1/35. 124. Right to open and close the argu- ment. Biss., 7/^0. Cranch C. C, Z/^^g Curt., 2/j 125. Counsel's address to the jury. Cranch C. C, 1/47^ 4/gg3 126. What instructions are proper. Further instructions. Curt., 2/44g Dak. T., 1/197. Utah T-) -^/sig. See, also, Homicide, 17. 127. To -what extent the jury are judges of the law. Abb. U. S., 2/3g4 Baldw., 1/78^ 99. Blatchf., 5/204 Cranch C. C, ^len, %5, 5/573. Curt., 1/23. N. Y. Leg.' Obs., 2/51. Sawyer, 4/^7 Wheeler, 2/477. 128. Power of the court to discharge the jury, or withdraw one of their number. Ben., 3/j Cranch C. C, 2/4^3, S/^^j Gall., 2/3g4 Hempst., l/i. Wash. C. C-, ^/402. 129. Custody, and conduct of the jury. Utah T., 1/260. Wash. T., I/319. 130. The verdict; its reception, form and sufficiency, generally. Cranch, 7/335 Cranch C. C, l/j %2, 5/573. Dall., 2/347,.. WallJr., 1/127' 131. — when indictment contains sev- eral counts. Deady, 1/364. McLean, 1/439^ Sj^^^ 5/23 6/186. Woodb. & M., 3/^64. 132. In what cases the jury should acquit. McLean, 4/^42^ S/g^g^ e/^g^ 6/3^9 133. Verdict of guilty of lesser degree of crime than that charged. Stat, at L., 17/i98. Cranch C. C, %2, 4/517. Wash. T., 1/82. 134. Reconsidering verdict. Cranch C. C, Sj^^ 135. Assessment of fines, or term of imprisonment. Call. (Va.) 6/245 Crunch, 7/335 Cranch C. C, 1/50, I/163. Gall., 1/3. Wyom. T., I/131. 136. Directing verdict of acquittal Blatchf., 7/j77 How. Pr., 82/47^ 137. — of conviction. Blatchf., 11/200. 138. The sentence ; and judgment of conviction. Ben., 3/j32 Cent. L. J., 3/373 Cranch C. C, I/150, l/jge, ^kn. Dill., 4/l69. Int. Eev. Rec, 9/32. Wyom. T-, ■^/ii2. See, also, Homicide, 18. As to trials before Arbitrators, see AKBrrKA- TION AND AWAKD, 8, 9. Before Beferees, see Reference, 4. TEOVEE— TRUSTS, I. 575 As to the hearing of an Equity cause, see Eak. T., 1/206. Mason, 2/77. Wyom. T., 1/396 See, also. Dam- ages, 28. As to convereion by Pledgee, see Bailment, 8. By Carrier, see Caeeiers, 15. By Agent, see Peincipal asd Agent, 13. By Tenant, see Landloed and Tenant, lO. By Trustee, see Trusts, 23, 24. TRUSTS. I. Ceeation and Dueation. Interpre- tation, Validity, &c. II. The Tettstee. 1. Mights, powers, and duties of trustees. 2. JUahUities of trustees. 4. Death, discharge, removal, new appoint- ment, &c. III. Eights and Eemediib of Cestui que Trust. I. CEEATION AND DUEATION. INTEE- PEETATION, VALIDITY, &c. 1. Implied trusts, generally. Blatchf, 1/332. Bond, I/222. How., 2/619 Pet., 14/19. Wash. C. C, 2/441. 2. Creation of implied trusts by ■will. How., 1/134, 5/233. Pet., 3/99 3. Necessity of consideration in crea- tion of trusts. Deady, I/139. Woodb. & M., 3/456. 576 TRUSTS, I, II. 4. Adoption of English statutes rela- tive to charitable uses. How., 2/127, %5, 24/465. Otto, 5/303_ Paine, a/ggg Pet., a/ggg, S/^g^ 5. Operation of the statute of uses, generally. Baldw., 1/344^ Craneh, 8/229 ^c- Lean» ^476. Pet., ^g. Wall., 5/2g8_ Wash. C. C, 1/70. 6. Declarations of trust. Craneh C. C, S/^^g. McLean, S/g^g 7. Deeds creating trusts. Cent. L. J., 8/314 Chic. L. N., 7/^3 Craneh C. C, 3/103^ S/ggg How., IZ/gg. Otto, 4/812 Pet.,l3/378_ Wall., Sl/igg 8. Construing absolute deed as deed in trust. McLean, l/i Woodb. & M., Z/igg See, also, Evidence, 96. , 9. Devises and legacies in trust. Blatchf., 4/3ig Craneh C. C, Z/ggg How., 15/3g7^ l7/3gg^ 24/4gg MacArth., l/l89. Otto, 5/303 Pet., 2/ggg^ 5/igi_ 8/326. Wall., 6/458 Wheat., 4/i_ See, also. Devise, 3 ; Legacies, 10. 10. DoQtrine of oy pres. How., 9/55/7/359 Wheat., 4/1 See, also. Legacies, 10. 11. Kesultiag trusts, in real property. Black, 2/gi3 Brock., 1/97, Pet., 8/326. Sawyer, S/ggg Story, 2/i_ Sumn., V173, 188, 3/475. Wall., 8/202. Wall. Jr-, V210. Wash. C. C, 2/441 Wheat., 7/46. Woods, 2/g7g_ 12. — in personal property. Craneh C. C, 8/349 How., II/232, 23/,<,„ 13. What is a sufiloient payment of consideration to raise a resiilt- ing trust. Wall., 17/44. 14. Constructive trusts. Craneh C. C, 2/7Q1 Hempst., 1/225. McLean, 4/igi Mason, 4/34g_ Saw- yer, 4/g3g_ 4/gQ3 Story, S/gg^ Wall., 6/83 Ware, 2/154 Woodb. & M., ^/456. 15. Parol trusts. Craneh C. C, 8/312 Story, Sj^si. Sumn., 2/4gg^ ggg Wall., e/ng II. THE TEDSTEE. 1, Rights, powers, and duties of trustees. , [Consult, also, Executors and Adminis- TKATOBS, III.] 16. Appointment of trustees; and herein of their estate or inter- est. Blatchf., 6/ggy Curt., l/4ig How.^ 12/98. Wall., 5/119 14/i2o_21/i85_ 17. Acceptance by trustee, and how proved. McLean, S/gg. Wall., l4/i2o. 18. Rights and powers, generally. Blatchf., 6/g37 WoOfiS, 2/ggg_ 2/347^ 19. Duties of trustees. Baldw., 1/154 20. Power to dispose of trust prop- erty, and how exercised. Blatchf., 8/430 Brock., 2/422 Craneh C. C, 2/i34_ How., 8/495^ 18/i43_ 23/500. Pet. 1/138, 14/19. Wheat., ^^^^ nf^^^ 21. Validity of sales by trustees. Baldw., l/ig4 Brock., I/330. Pet., 4/190. Wheat., 8/421 TKUSTS, II, III. 577 22. Oonduot of the sale. Public and private sale. Baldw., l/i54_ Cranch C. C, 5/^o5. MacArth., I/305. 23. Bight to deal Tvith the estate, gen- erally. Blatchf., 3/^59 How., ^^1^72. Ware, 2/290. Woodb. & M., 3/456. 24. — to purchase the trust prop- erty, or acquire adverse inter- est therein. Bond, l/i42. Brock., 1/355^ 2/43^ ^^ Hempst., 1/225, V251. McLean, 5/^ Mason, I/341, 2/339 Otto, S/g^g Pet., 14/156. Pet. C. C, 1/364. Wall., 22/329 Wheat., 8/421 Woodb. ^ M., 2/^63 See, also, Principal and Agent, 13. 25. Execution of trust where there are t^wo or more trustees. Blatchf., 3/459 Cranch C. C, 8/339 How., 12/180 26. Presumptions respecting due exe- cution of trusts. Baldw., 1/344 363. McLean, 3/, 56. 27. Compensation, commissions, &o. Baldw., 1/154, V38O. How., I6/535. Story, 3/325 Sumn.,3/84 Wall., 8/743 Wash. C. C, 3/434 28. Reimbursement of expenditures. Baldw., 1/154. How., 20/535 29. Rights of third persons dealing ■with trustees. Notice. Blatchf., 8/43Q Holmes, 1/^7 Pet., Vi38, V299. Wall., 15/165. Wheat., 30. "WTien purchaser from trustee will take subject to the trust. Brock., 1/126, V330, 2/422. Cranch, 1/4.5. Pet., 1/299. Wheat., 8/42i_ 2 k 2. LiabUities of trustees. 31. Liability for losses, negligence, &o. Rev. Stat., § 5152. Baldw., 1/154. How., 5/233, 1^/535, 543. Ware, 2/390 32. Liability for acts of co-trustee. Brock., 2/422 33. Liability to account. Blatchf., 6/537 Otto, 5/587 Woods, 2/483. See, also. Accounting, 7. 34. When chargeable with interest. Cranch C. C, 4/194 How., I6/535, 543. Mason, 3/234^ 5/332^ Story, 3/755^ Wall., 9/743. Ware, 2/39^^ gee, also. Interest, 11. 35. Conclusiveness of receipts of cestui que trust. Cranch C. C, 4/194 How., 4/503. 3. Death, discharge, removal, new appointment, &c. 36. Effect of death or incapacity of trustee. McLean, I/120. Pet., 9/62. Wall., 1%20. 37. Discharge. Woodb. & M., 2/168. 38. Removal. Otto, 6/404^ Woods, 2/532. 39. New appointment. Wall., 21/185. Woods, 2/532. III. EIGHTS AND BEMEDIES OF CES- TUI QUE TRUST. 40. The estate or interest of the ces- tui que trust. Curt., 2/582. MacArth., 2/55 Sumn., 3/475. 41. How far interest of cestui que trust is alienable. Sumn., 3/475 578 TRUSTS, III. 42. Right to follow trust property into hands of transferee from trus- tee. Blatchf., 8/430 Brews., (Pa.) ^I^q, Cliff., 3/614, 3/622. How., 8/333 401. 1°*- Rev. Rec, 24/53. McLean, 8/37 Otto, 6/3o_ Wall., 18/332. Wash. C.C, 2/441. 43. Jurisdiction of equity in suits in- volving trusts. Baldw., 1/394^ 422. Biss., 6/183. Blatchf., 5/170. Brock., 2/422 How., 20/558. Wall., 7/i_ 21/185 Wash. C. C, 4/202, %8. Wheat., 4/1 44. Limitations of actions against trustees. Bankr. Reg., 6/425 Otto, 6/90. Pet., 10/177 Wall., 8/202. See, also, LmiTA- TioNS OF Actions, 32, 33. 45. Suits to enforce tnists, generally. How., I8/217. Otto, I/716, 7/450. Woodb. & M., 2/ig8 46. Parties. Blatchf., 1/297^ 8/347_ Cranch, 7/g9_ How., 12/225, 19/376, 23/503 Law Rep., I^- S., 10/498. Otto, 2/j7j_ 3/i5o^ 3/155^ Pet., 1/37. Wall., 5/509_ 8/202. 47. Matters of pleading, in suits to enforce trust. Wall., 2/87 48. Remedies for violation of trust. Biss., 6/i83 How., 3/333 McLean, 2/267, 3/27, %2. Pet., 14/19. Wall., ^V217, ^^/413. 49. Effect of laches on part of cestui que trust. Cliff., 2/137. How.,l/i6i. PetCC, 1/364. Wall.,2/87_17/33g Wheat., 6/481. 60. Change of trustees. Blatchf, 1/512. Cranch C. C, 4/499 How., 8/495 Wall., 6/723 51. Proceedings for distribution of trust funds. How.,, 17/239. Wall.,19/5g3 For rules applying to any Particular doss of trustees, or to persons occupying fiduciary rela- tions, see such titles as Assi&nmbnts for Benefit of Ceeditobs; Attorney and Client; Executors and Administrators; GUAKDIAN AD LlTEM ; GUAEDIAN AND WaED ; Insane Persons; Peincipai, and Agent; Eeceivers ; Tenants in Common. TUG AND TOW. Collision, 47-53 ; Shipping, VI. TWICE IN JEOPARDY. Civil Eights, 5-7 ; JuBaMENT, 83. UNITED STATES, I, II. 579 U UMPIRE. Abbitbation aud Awakd, 0. UNDER VALUATION. Duties, 205, 206. UNDUE INFLUENCE. Contracts, 55 ; Dtjeess, 4 ; FEAtrD, 7 ; "Wilis, 31. UNITED STATES. I. Eights and Powers op the Govern- ment, Generally. n. Claims Against the Government. m. Priority of the United States. rv. Public Accounts. V. Property in Lands Purchased or Ceded. "VI. Actions By and Against the United States. I. EIGHTS AND PO"WEES OF THE GOVEENMENT, GENEEALLY. 1. Rights of tlie government as a body corporate. Paine, 2/3QQ 2. Po'wer to make contracts, and lia- bility thereon. Brock., l/i77_ 2/9g Ct. of CI., 1/28, ^/l90, ^/383, ^/l44, ^ks, ^kl. McLean, 3/36.5. Otto, ^/53, 66, 4/214. Pet., S/^^g^ ■^%43, -^^QO, See, also, Contkacts, XI. ' 3. — to make or become party to ne- gotiable paper. Blatchf., 12/43 How.,2/7jj_ Mason, %. Op. Att.-Gen., 4/go^ 8^^ Pet., 15/377. Wall.,7/ggg Wash. C.C, 4/464. Wheat., 12/559 See, also. Bills op Exchange, 26a. 4. Po'wer to exercise right of eminent domain -within the states. Otto, 1/367. 5. Extent and limits of government po^wers. McLean, I/234. Pet., %o, 463, ^^257. Wheat., 4/3jg 6. Liability as stockholder in private corporation. Brock., 2/393. Wheat., S/g^^. 7. — for acts or neglect of public oflQ- cers. Ct. of CI., 2/184,2/391^ 2/4gi_ 3/367, 6/1, 10/519, 12/201. How., 8/83 Op. Att.- Gen., 7/88 7/229. Otto, 5/316,6/30. Wall., 8/269. Wash. C. C, 3/7Q See, al.so. Officers, 16, 17. IL CLAIMS AGAINST THE GOVEEN- MENT. [Consult, also, Court oe Claims; War, "S''!!!.] 8. In general. Eev. Stat., § 3477, &c. Alb. L. J., 17/188. Ct. of CI., 1/261, 2/592. Wall., ^/269, 10/593. 9. For services rendered at request of public agent. Ct. of CI., 1/170. Law Rep., n. s., 9/557. 10. For property taken for public use. Rev. Stat., § 3483, &c. Ct. of CI., 2/483, %32, ^/389, 9/342, 10/266. ^^"^ Rep., N. S., 10/630. Wall., 11/591. 580 UNITED STATES, III, IV. 11. Right to interest on claims against the government. Dev., 1/216. Op. Att.-Gen., s/^gg^ 5/105, ^/523, %7. See, also, Inter- est, 7. m. PEIORITY OF THE UNITED STATES. 12. Constitutionality and interpreta- tion of statutes giving priority. Eev. Stat., § 3466, &c. Stat, at L., 1/512. Baldw., 1/424. Cranch, Z/ggg^ Int. Rev. Ree., 23/^^3 McLean, 4/gQ7_ Pet., 1/386, %9, 12/102. 13. "WTiat persons are within the judi- ciary act. Stat, at L., 1/512. Cranch, 2/353^ S/ggg^ Otto, 3/e42. Pet., 12/102. 14. What debts are covered by it. Alb. L. J., 13/385. Brock., 2I^^_ Cranch, 2/353 ^/374. Int. Rev. Rec, 23/ii3_ Mason, S/ggg, Paine, I/188. Pet.,6/29_ Sawyer, 4/ig9_ Sumn., 2/133^ 15. "What is an act of insolvency within the meaning of the act. Brock., 1/517, 2/488. Cranch, 2/353^ 3/73, ^/431. Mason, S/ggg^ S/gg^ Paine, 1/629. Pet., 1/386. Wash. C. C, 2/i9g^ 4/418. Wheat., 2/3gg See, also, As- SIGSTMENTS, (for creditors,) "7. 16. Bona flde transfers in ordinary course of business, not affected. Cranch, 2/353^ 8/^3 Pet., I/386, ^j^n, 10/596. 17. Protection accorded to prior liens, generally. Gilp., 1/1. Pet., 1/386, %91, %62, lO/ggg. Wash. C. C, 4/418. 18. — judgment liens. McLean, %q>j_ Wheat., Z/ggg^ 19. — execution liens. Bee Adm., l/igg. Gilp'., I/51. Pet.^ V386, 12/102. Wheat., 2/396_ 20. Priority in bankruptcy proceed- ings. Bankr. Reg., l%s, ^^ki, ^^Il39. Chic. L. N., 8/2i7_ Int. Rev. Rec., 9/159. Otto, 2/gi8 21. Effect of state statutes, insolvent laws, &c. McLean, 4/gQ,^ Pet., 9/^^82. Wash. C. C, 4/424. Wheat., 8/253 See, also, Insolvency, 9. 22. Priority in settlement of decedent's estates. Rev. Stat., § 3466, 3467. Cranch CO., 2/553. Gilp., 1/58. Sawyer, 4/igg^ Sumn., 1/133. 23. Priority of the United States in partnership cases. Crabbe, 1/50. McLean, 4/gg,^ Pet,,. %71. 24. Who may be subrogated to the rights of the XTnited States. Rev. Stat., §-3468. Dill., 7/207 Ma- son, 2/373_ 5/g2 Wash. C. C, 2/49o_ IV. PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. [Consult, also, Accounts, 1, 2 ; Officbbs, 35.] 25. Rights of public debtors, gener- ally. Rev. Stat., § 3471, &c. Bond, I/149. Cliff., 2/340 Cranch, "Tj^^j^^ How., 9/487. Pet., 10/125. 26. Lapse of time raises no presump- tion of payment as against the government. McLean, 4/537^ 5/^33. 27. Issuing treasury distress war- rants. Brock., 2/447 UNITED STATES, Y, VI. 581 28. Effect of the warrant. Gilp., 1/399. 29. Siinmiary judgments against pub- lic debtors. Cranch C. C, 2/jgg McLean, 2/, 249. V. PROPEETY IN LANDS PURCHASED OE CEDED. 30. Right to purchase lands ■within a state, and ho'w exercised. Op. Att.-Gen , 10/34 See, also, Pub- lic Lands, 10. 31. Validity of purchase. Necessity of assent by state. Mason, 2/go 32. Interpretation of instruments ceding lands. Mason, 5/ggg See, also, Public Lands, 8, 9. 83. Po'wer to take title to land as se- curity for debt. How., 12/98_ McLean, S/j^gg^ S/ggg 34. Federal jurisdiction exclusive over places ceded to the gov- ernment. Stat, at L., 1/426. I>iHv ^/ggo. IVheeler, ^J^qq^ Woodb. & M., l/yg. Wyom. T., I/40, I/202. S5. State'law governs respecting lands ovmed by United States, but juirsdiction within which has not been ceded by state granting the lands. How., 20/5gg Op. Att.-Gen., 14/199. Woodb. & M., 1/76. 30. "What places are within the fed- eral jurisdiction. Bond, 1/571, Ware, l/gg. -37. State taxation of government lands. Wall. Jr., 2/72_ 38. Offences within ceded places, and how punished. Stat, at L., 14/13 Cranch C. C, 3/441 452. ^®^> ^^^°> Homicide, 4. VI. ACTIONS BY AND AGAINST THE UNITED STATES. 39. The government's right to sue. Chic. L. N., 1/427. How., 11/229, 1-^/552. Op. Att.-Gen., l/47i_ Paine, 2/300. Woodb. & M., 1/76. 40. The rule that no suit lies against the government, except in court of claims, without special act congress. Ct. of CI., 6/i46. How., 4/28e_ 9/38g_ Wall., 11/199, 1%04. 41. Scope and limits of the rule. Blatchf., 4/^42^ 5/342_ Dill., %^s. How., 11/272. Law Rep., N. s., II/281. Pet., 9/182. Sumn.,3/308. Wall., 7/152, 10/15. Wall. Jr., 3/299. 42. WTio should be named as plaintiff in suits by government. McLean, 2/352 ^P- Att.-Gen., 7/g(,^ Paine, l/i56. Pet., 8/13 12/37. Wheat., ^/l72. 43. "What counsel should represent the government. Biss., 7/502. Wall., 5/370. 44. Preference on calendar of suits in which government is a party. Wall. C. C, 1/4. 45. ;What set-offs are allowed in suits by the government. Blatchf., 3/325 ct. of CI., 3/3,2_ 3/454 McLean, I/493. Wall., 6/484. Wheat., 6/135. See, also, Set-off, 19, 20. 46. — in suits against the government. Rev. Stat., § 1059, 1766. Bond, 582 USUEY, I. 1/68. How., 8/g3 Paine, l/igg. Pet., 9/319 S^^j ^^°> Set-Off, 21, 22. 47. Liability for costs. Eev. Stat., § 969, 3214, 4640. How., 5/29 See, also. Costs, U. UNITED STATES COURTS. ClBCTTlT CotTETS; COITRTS ; DISTRICT COTTETS ; SUPBEME CoftsT. UNLIQUIDATED DAMAGES. Damages, III. USAGE. CCSTOM ANDi-USAGE. USE AND OCCUPATION. Assumpsit, 11 ; Laiidiosd and Tenant, 41. USES. Tetjsts. USURY. [Consult, also, Ihtebest.] I. What Constitittbs Ustjet. n. The Defence of Ustikt. m. Effect op Usubt. IV. ReUEF Df Eqitity. v. Decisions Under Usdet Laws of Vaeious States. L WHAT CONSTITUTES USUEY. 1. In general. Am. L. Reg., n. s., S/^^g. Biss., 1/442. Black, l/i;^5 Cranch, 6/252. Cranoh C. C, I/95, 2/703^ %qq_ Dill.^ 4/358. McLean, ^j^os, ^Il33. ^^t.^ %27, */205, '^/l03, ^^/65. Sawyer, I/243. 2. The corrupt intent. Otto, 7/13 Pet., 4/205^ 9/378^ 9/4i8_ 3. Effect of the law of place. Am. L. Reg., n. s., ^Iii2. Biss.,. 1/442. Blatchf., 14/233. MacArth., 1/31^ 2/371. Pet., 13/65. • Wall., 1/298 ^^l226. See, also. Contracts, 96. 4. wnat constitutes usury in respect to bills and notes. Biss., 1/230. Cranch, ^/jgQ Cranch; C. C, 3/^40 4/4g^ McLean, 4/243 Pet.^ Vs?, 2/527, %78. See, also, Pkomissoe-t Notes, 100. 5. — bonds. How., 21/414 Wall., 12/226. 6. — charges for exchange. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 3/ii2 Cranch C. C, %98. How., 13/151 McLean, S/gg^^ 4/243. Pet., 13/65. 7. — commissions, bonuses, all-, 3/i33_ 160. Gall., l/ggg. How., 7/1. See, also, PEEsroENT, 22-24. 4. Becognition by president, of exist- ing state of war, conclusive on the courts. Blatchf., 6/^5 Brock., 1/473 Conn., 36/543. Wall., 13/158 Wheat., 3/gjo^ '^/283. 5. Declaration of war and its effect. Blatchf., 9/45g Gall., 1/545, Hughes, ^/sio. 2. Effect of war. 6. Upon contracts, generally. Ct. of CI., 7/302. How., 20/235 249. WAE, I. 589 Pet., 7/586. Wall., 3/377_ Woods, I/413. See, also, Conteacts, 58. 7. — upon commercial intercourse. Cranch, 8/35^^ 9/3gg_ Gall., 1/274^ 289, V445. See title Neutrality. 8. — upon bills of exchange. Chase Dec, I/222. Gl^ll-> %25. Paine, i/lgg. See, also. Bills of Exchange, 28. 9. — upon right to interest. Pet. C. C, 1/49S. Wall., 7/^7_ See, also, Intbeest, 28. 3. Bights of belligerents. 10. In general. Cranch, \ 28. I>all., %^ 43. Otto, ®/l76. 11. Right to declare martial la'W. Blatchf., 5/3^9_ Woods, 2/37 id. Bight to take private property for military purposes. Blatchf., 1/549. Dill., 1/351; How., 13/115 Otto, 5/434 13. Bight of blockade. Black, 2/g3g See title Blockade. 14. Right of visitation and search. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/349. Cranch, ^/388. I>all., 4/37^ 43 Law Rep., 3/423. Mason, Z/^qq^ ^Ine. Op- Att.-Gen., 9/455. Wheat., 2/327_ 2/345^ 9/3g2^ 10/gg^ 11/1. 15. Right of capture. Ct. of CI., 3/g4 Dall., 3/121, 3/133. Newb. Adm., 1/333 See, also, Cap- ture, I; Prize, II. 16. Bight of conquest, and its effect, generally. Wash. C. C, 3/jQi_ See, also, In- ternational Law, 7. l"?. Effect of conquest to transfer sov- ereignty. Gall., 2/485_ How., 9/eo3 Wheat., 8/543. See, also, Citizens, 2. 18. — upon private rights, titles, &c. Cranch, ^/igi. Hughes, I/347. Pet., 12/410. Wall., 5/211 Wheat., 8/543^ See, also, Inteenational Law, 6. 19. Liability of military ofilcers for de- struction of private property. Blatchf., 4/^51 See, also, Ofeicees, 33, 34. 20. Military arrests. Biss., 3/13 Woolw., 1/128, Vl41. 21. Bights of prisoners of war. Bee Adm., l/ge. Ct. of CI., 4/209^ Phil., (Pa.) 5/299. Wall., 2/404_ 22. Duties of allies. Bee Adm., I/404. Dall., 2/^^ ig_ 4. Alien enemies. 23. Their rights, generally. Wheat., 1/46. 24. Disabilities respecting property, of aUens domiciled in belligerent country. Cranch, 7/gQ3_ 8/253. I^all., 2/4^ Newb. Adm., 1/333. Op. Att.-Gen., 12/21. 25. Suits by alien enemies. Am. L. Eeg., N. s., 3/735; Blatchf, 5/231 Cranch, 7/gQ3 Cranch C. C, 2/io8^ Gall., 1/366, 1/563, ^lll, ^Il05. Paine, 2/539 Pet- C. C, I/106. Van Ness Pr. Cas., I/45. Wash. C. C, 8/434. See, also, Aliens, 7. 26. Alien enemy cannot be claimant in prize court. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., 1/453. Gall., 1/563. Paine, 2/g39_ 590 WAE, I, 11. 27. The plea of alien enemy. Gall., 2/io5. Woolw., 1/102, 110. 28. Enlistnaent of alien enemies. Paine, l/gg ^l652. ^^> ^^^°> -A-LIENS, 5. 29. Arrest and confinement. Eev. Stat., § 4067-4070. Stat, at L-, 1/577, 2/781. Pet. C. C, 1/466. 5. Treaty of peace, and its effect, 30. Effect, generally. Dall., 3/,99 Wheat., Sj^^ la/g^g, 31. Revival of conunercial obligations. Mart., (N. C.) 1/75. 32. Effect in respect to prior confisca- tion of lands, evidences of debt, Sdo. Cranch, 4/^15 Dall., S/^gg Paine, I55. 1/5 33. Captures subsequent to signing of treaty, invalid. DaU., 2/40 II. CIVIL WAE AND INSUERECTION. [Consult, also, title Coktederate States.] 34. "What constitutes a state of civil "war. Black, 2/gg5 Paine, 2/355 Wheeler, %82. 35. Commencement and end of the late civil "war. Chase Dec, l/gge. Ct. of CI., 4/^^ 5/627. Sawyer, I/401. Wall., O/gg^ l8/jg^' 36. Rights of the belligerents under the la"w of nations. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., l/j. 37. Validity of captures. Phil., (Pa.) 4/4,2 Wall., 2/404 38. Effect of recognition of insurgents by foreign government. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 8/735 39. "Who "were deemed prisoners of ■war. Wall., 4/2 40. Claims for horses lost in the ser- vice. Wall., 18/84. 4L President's po"wer in respect to restoration of state govern- ment. Wall., 7/700 42. Effect of the war on commercial intercourse. Rev. Stat., § 5301-5303. Blatchf., 7/391. Bond, 1/446, 2/217. Ct. of CI., %67, %79, %86, ^/612, ^/648, ^/708, %82, %23, %81, '^/302, ''/402, 1%85, ^^Il78, ^^l408. Otto, 1/7, 3/24_ 3/593 Wall., 13/358 21/73. 43. — on commercial paper. Am. L. Reg., n. s., 11/293. 44. — on running of Interest. Chase Dec, l/i36 Sa-syyer, 1/401. See, also, Inteeest, 23. 45. — on policies of insurance. Alb. L. J., 17/49 Int- Rev. Rec, 19/14. See, also, Insueancb, 116. 46. — on transfers of title to land. Ct. of CI., 3/25_ 7/54,/ Hughes, 2/4g7 Wall.,18/,06. 47. — on legal proceedings. Blatchf., 7/39, Chase Dec, I/454 Otto, 1/712. Sawyer, 1/491 2/549 Wall.,' 10/158, 17/437, I8/99. 48. — to suspend running of statute of limitations. Rev. Stat., § 1048. Blatchf., 6/445 Dill., 1/372. Woods, l/569_ 1/628. See, also, Limitations op Aotions, 67. WAR, III, IV. 591 III. CONFISCATION. ■40. The po'wer to confiscate enemy's property. Rev. Stat., § 5308-5311. Cranch, '/603, 8/110,140. Dall.,3/i9g_4/^4 Gall., 1/563. Paine, 2/601. Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/437 Van Ness Pr. Cas., 1/5. Wall., n/ges. Woods, 2/g8o. • 50. Necessity of legislative enactment to authorize confiscation. Black, 2/g35 Blatchf., 5/231. Cranch, S/llO. Gall., 1/563. 51. Validity, interpretation, and effect of statutory provisions. Abb. U. S., 2/129. Alb. L. J., 17/484. Ben., 3/119 Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/69, 1/92, V119, ^382. Cranch, 8/173^ e/ggg^ Dall., 3/1. Otto, 6/279. Pet. C.C, 1/30. Wall., 11/268, 16/414, l«/l56. Wheat., 9/241. Woods, 1/475. 52. Po-wers of military commanders to make seizures. Black, 2/535 Sprague, 2/143 Wall., 16/483. 53. Grounds for seizure and condem- nation. Wall., 6/759 54. Liability of ofiQcers for irregulari- ties in the proceedings. Int. Rev. Rec, 15/93 Wall., l^/l96. 55. Effect of confiscation, generally. Alb. L. J., 13/114 Cliic. L. N., 6/207. Cranch, 4/4i5_ 6/286. Dill., 2/555 Hughes, 2/467 MacArth., 1/73. Otto, %, 2/202, «/29i. Pittsb., (Pa.) 2/358_ 56. — upon pending suits. Wall., 15/591. 57. Proceedings for confiscation under act of 1861. Blatchf., 5/231. Wall., 6/759^ 6/7gg_ 6/770, 8/507. 58. — under act of 1862. Chase Dec, 1/259. Chic. L. N., 9/209. Otto, 1/21, 3/274^ 4/7jj_ Wall., 9/339, 10/541, 11/259, 11/331, 20/92, 20/ii4„., 20/115. Woods, 1/221. 59. Shares of informers. Wall., 5/338^ 20/475^ 60. Revie-w of proceedings for con- demnation. Woods, i/209, 1/234. 61. Effect of treaty of peace on debts and titles sequestrated during* ■war. Cranch, 4/415 Dall., 3/199 Hughes, 1/249. Paine, 1/55. Wash. C. C, 1/235. Wheat., 4/453 62. Effect of president's pardon. Abb. U. S., 2/129. McCahon, I/229. Otto, 5/149 IV. CONTRABAND OP WAR. [Consult, also, Captuee, 4; Netttbamty, 4, 5 ; Pbize, II.] 63. "What is contraband. Blatchf. Pr. Cas., I/64, I/240, 1/387, 1/434,1/463. Bond, 1/446, 2/217. Cranch, 9/243. Gall., 2/2gi_ 2/325_ Otto, 2/520. Wall., 5/28. Wheat., 1/333, 387, ^Iu9. 64. Neutral not bound to prohibit exportation of contraband goods. Brock., 1/478. Wheat., 7/233 65. During what period ship carrying contraband goods is liable to capture. Blatchf Pr. Cas., 1/337. Pet-, 8/495. Wall, 3/gi4_ 3/559_ 592 WAR, V, VI, VII, VIII. V. ILLEGAL TRADING. [Consult, also, Blockade ; Captubb, 5 ; Em- bargo ; Neutbality, 4, 5.] 66. The prohibition under the laws of ■war. Cranch, 8/^55 Gall., I/295. 67. "What constitutes trading -with the enemy. Granch, 8/^55^ S/^gg^ Gall., l/gig^ 1/532, 2/93, 2/103. Wall., 15/395, ^7/5,7^ 17/go,_ 21/350. Wash.C.C.,3/i8i Wheat., 1/62. Woods, 1/55. . 68. ■Withdrawing property jEtom ene- my's country. Craueh, 9/^20. Gall., 1/4^7, 1/620. See, also, Captttee, 6. 69. Trading between neutral and hos- tile port. Cranoh, S/^gj Gall., I/513, 1/545, l/ggo. Wheat., 1/62. 70. Effect of permission to trade by invading forces. Blatchf., 1/549. Ct- of CI., 8/42^ How., 13/115. Wall., 2/258_ 16/504 71. Validity and effect of treasury reg- ulations during late civil war. Ct. of CI., 6/4j5^ 8/4gj_ Int. Rev. Rec, 13/ie4_ Wall., 6/521, 8/i63, 9/72, 9/766, ^%58. Woolw., 1/217. VI. ENEMIES' LICENSES. [Consult, also, Capttire, 5.] 72. Use of enemy's license unlawful. Brock., 1/447. Cranch, S/^g^^ S/^^^^ Gall., 1/594. Pet. C. C, 1/410. Wheat., %04. 73. "What is an enemies' license or pass. Gall., 2/3g3_ 74. "What are sufilcient grounds for condemnation. Cranch, 8/203_ Wheat., 1/440. 75. Object of voyage, or port of des- tination, immaterial. Cranch, 8/jgg Sj^^^^ 8/303 Gall., •^/233, ^/532, V594. Pet- G. C, 1/410. Wheat., 1/440, 2/143. 76. Seizures valid even after arrival in port. Gall., 2/210. Wheat., 4/ioo, 4/1^3 VII. AMNESTY. 77. What persons were -within the proclamations of 1863 and 1868. Abb. U. S., 2/382 Bond., 1/574, Otto, 7/39_ Wall., 16/147. 78. Effect of proclamation of 1868 upon title to confiscated prop- erty. Otto, 2/202, 5/i49_ 79. Effect of amnesty on right to sue in court of claims. Ct. of CI., 6/253 80. Removal of poUtical disabilities by act of May 22, 1872. Stat, at L., 17/142. VIII. DECISIONS UNDEE THE ABAN- DONED AND CAPTURED PROP- ERTY ACT. 1. Jurisdiction, and right to proceed under the act. 81. Interpretation and effect of statu- tory provisions. Stat, at L., 12/820. Ct. of CI., S/igg^ 4/337, 8/483, 10/375, IS/^g, Otto, 1/577^ 2/281. Wall., 13/128. Woods, 2/37_ 82. 'What captures or seizm-es are ■within the purview of the act. Ct. of CI., 3/358 9/276, ^kss. Otto, 2/i65. Wall, 9/531^ 16/3^o_ 83. Powers of treasury agents in re- spect to receiving and selling captured cotton. Rev. Stat., § 5313. Chase Dec, WAR, VIII. 593 1/443. Ct. of CI., 6/^03 Otto, 2/^65, ^/l87. 84. JTirisdiction of court of claims. Rev. Stat., § 1059. Ct. of CI., 6/393^ ^/277 ^/329, ^%73, ^^/eSS. Woolw., I/102, 117_ See, also, Court of Claims, I. 85. — of circuit court. Wall., 12/130. 86. "Who may be claimant, generally. Ct. of CI., 4/51^ 4/426, 4/456, %49, %08, 7/515, 8/452, 13/7. . Wall., 20/459^ 22/99_ 23/35. 87. Riglit of infant ta.eirs to sue. Ct. of CI., 4/456. 88. — of married -women. Ct.ofCl.,6/308,8/330^13/259_ 89. — of husband -wliose -wife is owner. Ct.ofCl.,7/449_7/49g_7/go4_ 90. Recovery by one of two or more joint owners. a. of Cl., 4/237, 5/g4o^ S/g^^^ 7/533^ y/^gg^ Wall., 11/178. 91. Riglit of aliens to sue uncondi- tional, under act of 1863. Ct. of Cl., 3/195, %38, 3/242, 4/395, 4/471, 4/529 %37, ^/431. 92. "What foreigners may sue under act of 1868, restricting the right to citizens of countries in whose courts Atnericans may prose- cute similar claims. Rev. Stat., § 1068. Stat, at L., 15/243. Ct. of Cl., 5/571, 5/g74, 5/gg7^ 6/204, 6/221, 6/269, 7/517, %54. Wall., 11/178, I6/147. Otto, 7/39 See, also, Aliens, 8. 93. Effect of naturalization on the right to sue. Ct. of Cl., 4/395^ 4/471^ 4/529. 2l 2. Rules of evidence. 94. Proof of ownership on part of claimant. Ct. of CL, 4/328, 4/395_4/4i7_ 4/478, 4/533^ 4/559, 4/579, ^/410, 7/302, 7/510, 8/407, %9, 10/235, 12/638. 95. Evidence of capture or seizure. Ct.ofCl.,4/3„4/433_ 96. — of receipt of proceeds by trea- sury department, and presump- tions relative thereto. Ct. of Cl., 3/291, 4/372, 4/489, 4/490, %78, %89, 7/402, 7/447, 7/604, 8/277, 8/288, 8/329, 8/440, 8/446, 8/454, 8/464, 8/474. Otto, 2/281. Wall., 14/1. 97. Burden of proving loyalty, and what proof is sufiacient. Stat, at L., 15/75. Ct. of Cl., 4/208, 5/627,%. Wall.,9/5g. 98. Presumption of loyalty in cases of colored claimants. CtofCI., 3/52,3/^2, 3/163, 4/4g9_ 99. Presumption of disloyalty from residence within rebel lines. Stat, at L., 15/75, 1^/235. Ct. of Cl., 4/28O, 4/48O, 4/583. 100. How the presumption may be rebutted. Ct. of Cl., 4/372, 6/295. 101. Loyalty of owner at time of cap- ture to be proved. Effect of death of such ovnier. Ct. of CI., 3/84, 4/521, 4/559, 5/620, 5/626, 5/701, %40, 13/7. Wall., 13/151. 102. What is proof of giving "aid or comfort " to the rebellion. Alb. L. J., 8/61. ct. of Cl., 3/53, 3/55^ 3/74, %3, 3/119, 3/120, 3/177, 3/179, 3/18I, 3/226, 3/228, 3/231, 3/232, 3/233, 3/240, 3/243, 3/249, 3/253, 3/269 %70, 3/276 3/291, 3/307, 594 WAE, VIII— WAREHOUSEMEN. %41, %65, %56, %90, %92, ^/400, %37, ^/288, ■*/316, ^lin, %22, ^/475, */569, ^/412, %96, ^/598, ^/eOS, ^/623, ^/642, ^/235, %98, ^/406, %99, ^^/648. O'to, S/g^g^ S/g^Q Wall, 9/53i_ 103. Effect of president's pardon to dispense -wltli proof of loyalty. Ct. of CI., 7/3937/555 Wall,13/i54_ 13/156. 3. Amount of recovery, 104. General rules. Ct. of CL, 3/,9,^ 3/^95_ 4/47^^ 4/533^ 9/419. Wall., 22/8i_ 22/^80, 22/641. 105. Amount recoverable ■where net proceeds cannot be correctly ascertained, O'wing to confusion or mingling of separate parcels of cotton. Ct. of CL, 3/333^ 4/43g^ 5/g97_ 6/248^ ^/393, '^/450, '^1567, '^/589, ■'•''/502. 106. "When interest and commissions are recoverable. Ct. of CL, 10/428. 4. Incidental matters of practice. 107. Rules of pleading' ; amendments, &c. Ct. of CL, 5/645, ^/692, ^/603. Woolw., V102. 108. Substitution of parties claimant. Ct. of CL, 5/io6_ 7/400^ 7/49g_ 8/543_ 1^509, 1^704, 11/722. 109. Intervention of adverse claimants. Ct.ofCL,4/48g 8/3g^ 110. Limitations of time to sue. Ct. of Cl.,7/49g_ 8/259 Woods, 2/ig4_ 111. "What must be averred by alien claimant. Ct. of CL,8/4i2_ 8/470 112. Competency of witnesses. Ct.0fCl.,4/4g7_4/5,,_ 113. "When a new trial will be granted. Ct. of CL, 11/655. For a full view of the adjudications bearing upon the subject of war, and the complications consequent thereto, see, also, Admiralty; Aliens; Army; Blockade; Capture; Citi- ZEsrs; Confederate States; Court op Claims; Courts Martial; Departments; Domicile; Embargo and Non-Intercourse Laws; International Law; Militia; Navy ; Neutrality ; Opficers ; Passports ; Pensions and Bounties; President; Pri- vateers; Prize; Seizures; Treaties. WARD. GrUARDIAN AND WaRD. WAREHOUSEMEN. 1. Warehouse receipts. How., 14/525. Int. Rev. Rec, 16/155 Woolw., 1/96. See, also. Sales, 23. 2. Fees for storage, and lien therefor. Minn., I/408. 3. Liabilities of w^arehousemen: Int. Rev. Rec, l7/4g Woolw., l/gg. 4. Bonded warehouses. Rev. -Stat., § 2954-3008. Law Rep., N. s., 16/609. See, also. Duties, 161, 162. WARRANTS. Arrest, 15-18 ; Attachment, 21, 23-29 ; Process, 21-23. WARRANTY. Covenants, 16; Sales, 35-39; Vendor AND Purchaser, 7. WASHINGTON CITY. Municipal Corporations, 55. WASTE— WATER-COURSES— WHAEVES. 595 WASHINGTON TERRITORY. TEERirOKIES, 18. WASTE. 1. What constitutes waste. Deady, I/405. McAll, 1/271. Mason, ■5/13 See, also, Landloed and Ten- ant, 12. 2. Remedy by action for damages. Brock., 2/57 Mason, 4/326. 3. — by injunction. Cranch C. C, 8/335. How., s/^^o. McAll., 1/271. See, also, Injunc- tion, 37. 4. Forfeiture for waste. Blatchf., %i2. WATER-COURSES. [Consult, also, Eiparian Eiohts.] 1. Title to -water-courses. Mason, ^j^g-j. Pet. C. C, 1/34. 2. Right to the use of the stream; and to its natural flow. Int. Rev. Rec, ^^Im, Law Rep., 3/374 Mason, 4/397 3. Effect of adverse possession. Mason, ^I^q^_ Wash. C. C, ^leoi. Woodb. & M., 3/538 4. Orants of w^ater rights. Law Rep., n. s., n/gss. 5. Water-courses as boundaries. How., 18/^50. Mason, 4/3^9 See, also. Boundaries, 21 ; Deeds, 41. 6. Remedies for obstruction. Dill., 1/469. How., 14/80. Sawyer, 2/ggj See, also, Bridges, 5-Y ; Navi- gation, 5. 7. — for diverting the flow of the water. Mont. T., 1/212, Sawyer, I/470. Story, 1/387. Sumn., S/^gg. Woodb. & M., 3/gg8_ See, also, Injunction, 22. 8. Jurisdiction in oases of obstruction and diversion. Blatchf., s/gj^o Woodb. & M., 1/401^ %38. As to what streams are Navigable, and deci- sions upon the law of navigation generally, see Navigation. WEST VIRGINIA. States, 49. WHARVES. 1. Rights of wharflngers, generally. Wall., 9/241. Wall. Jr., 8/375 2. Right to vfharfage ; and how en- forced. Blatchf., 13/519. Newb. Adm., 1/59^ 1/541. Otto, 5/68, 5/80. Wall., 15/i46. 3. Lien for -wharfage. Alb. L. J., 17/28. Blatchf, 13/519. Gall., 2/483 GilPv VlOl. Int- I^ev. ^ Rec, 5/3 Newb. Adm., 1/553. See, also. Shipping, 196. 4. Jurisdiction of suits for wharfage or to enforce the lien. Ben., 5/6o_ 8/509. Brown Adm., I/37. Int. Rev. Rec, I6/147. Newb. Adm., 1/553. Otto, 5/68_ Phil., (Pa.) 9/364_ Ware, I/354. See, also, Admirai.ty, 64. 5. Liabilities of wharfingers. Ben., 7/37, 8/i63. Blatchf, 7/299. Low., 1/134. Wall., 15/649. 6. Rights of persons using wharves. Ben., 7/37_ 8/^63. Blatchf ,7/290. Low., 596 WILLS. I, II. 1/134. Newb. Adm., I/553. Wall. Jr., %2.' 7. — of third persons. Wall., 15/B4Q WIDOW. Kight to Dower, see Doweb. Competency of, ^8 minesa, see Witnisses, 65. WILLS. [Consult, also, Devise ; Leoaches.] I. The Power to Make a WrLL ; and how Exeecised. 1. Testamentary capacity. 2. Execution, attestation, and revocoMon. n. Pkoving a Will. in. Validity. Law of Place. IV. Inteepbetation and Effect. I. THE POWEE TO MAKE A WILL; AND HOW EXEECISED. 1. Testamentary capacity. 1. General nature of a -will ; and herein of -what will be deemed to be a wm. Brock., 2/g2 Law Rep., 8/^ie Story, ,3/755. Wall.,"l8/436. 2. Testamentary capacity, generally. Cranch C. C, S/ggg MacArth., S/gg^^ Wash. C. C, 3/580^ 4)252^ 3. Evidence of incapacity arising from monomania. MacArth., ^^g Wall. Jr., 3/88. 4. What property may pass by wiU. Forced heirs. How., 6/550 Ss6, also, Devise, 1. 2. Execution, attestation, and revocation. 6. What execution or signing is sufil- cient. How., 23/353_ Wash. C. C, 4/262. 6. Necessity of a seal. McLean, 1/gg. T. Necessity of publication ; and -what publication is suflacient. How., 23/353_ 8. WTiat attestation is sufilcient.- Number of •witnesses, &c. How., 23/353 Pet., 1/503. Wash.C.. C, 4/580. 9. The poTsrer to revoke; and ■what- acts of the testator sho'w the intent to exercise it. How., 14/390^ 14/400. Mason, 3/^86. 10. Effect of a codicil to revoke previ- ous testamentary provisions. Cent. L. J., 7/44g_ How., 14/390^ ^%54. Mason, 3/4gg_ II. PEOVING A WILL. 11. Necessity of probate. Mason, 3/4gg Pet., 2/g27. Wheat.^ 12/169. 12. Place of probate. Wheat., 9/5g5^ lO/^gg^ lO/^gg^ 13. State courts have exclusive juris- diction of proof of •wills, and their decisions are conclusive in. the federal courts. How., I8/470. Story, 2/2g7_ Wall., %42. 14. What e-Tidence is admissible -when subscribing -witnesses are dead„ or are unable to testify. How., 23/353 15. Pro^ving a republication of a -will. Wash. C. C, 3/48^ 16. Re-vle^w of proceedings on the pro- bate. Cranch C. C, S/ggg How., 2/gjg^ 18/470. Pet.,9/i74 Story, 2/2g7_ Wall., 14/113. WILLS, II, III, IV. 597 17. Effect of probate to annul prior wiU. How,2/g^9 Wall., 6/642. 18. Pleading in suits to establish -wills or codicils. Pet., 8/52. Story, ^j^^^^ .19. Bstablisbing lost, or destroyed ■wills. Gall., 1/622. How., 6/55o_ 24/gg3_ 20. Proving a will under the laws of California. How., 23/353 McAll., 1/253. 21. — Illinois. Wall., 3/744. .22. — Indiana. McLean, 4/^5 23. — Kentucky. Pet., 1/503. 24. — XiOuisiana. Woods, 1/112. 25. — Massachusetts. Mason, ^/^^g 26. — Pennsylvania. Wash. C. C, 1/298, aV. — Rhode Island. Curt., 1/457^ 2/202. Story, I/547. III. VALIDITY. LAW OF PLACE. 28. Effect of informality or uncer- tainty. Mason, S/ggg Otto, ^Jsos. Paine, %66. 29. Devises of after-acquired prop- erty, land held adversely, &c. Cranch, 8/66_ Pet., I/570. 30. Validity of will made by resident within Confederate lines, during rebellion. Wall., 10/464. 31. What constitutes undue Influence, and how proved. Cranch C. C, 5/62g 5/632. See, also, Frattd, 7. 32. Alterations. Gall., 1/170. How., 3/464_ 33. Remoteness. Otto, 5/303 Wheat., 12/568. 34. "When the lex rei sitae governs. Wheat., 9/565^ 10/^92, 10/465. 35. When the lex domicilii governs. Cranch, 3/319^ Law Rep., 8/116 Pet., 9/483. Story, Sj^^^^ 36. When the lex fori governs. How., 14/400, 23/354 Wheat., 9/566_ IV. INTEEPEETATION AISTD EFFECT. 37. Interpreting the language, gener- ally. Pet., 9/i74_ 9/483 Wheat., IO/204. 38. Ascertaining testator's intent and carr37ing it into effect. Blatchf., 4/316. Chic. L. N., 10/203. Cranch, s/g^^ Gall., 1/454. MacArth., 1/197. Mason, 5/336 O^o, 5/591^ Paine, %66. Pet., 1/670, %46, ^/es. Story, 1/426. Wheat., 9/325 39. Intent must be gathered from the ■whole ■will, and effect given to all the ■words, if possible. Baldw., 1/454. Brock., S/igg^ How., 3/464, 472. Paine, 2/366. Wali., 5/119 40. Resorting to extrinsic evidence. Black, 2/4og_ How., 11/329, 1^/385. Pet., 6/g8 Wall. Jr., 2/363. See, also, Evidence, 105. 41. Construing separate provisions; and herein of repugnancy. Curt., 1/419. Pet., 8/68. Wheat., 10, 7204. 598 WILLS, IV. 42. Construction as to time. "When tlie ■will speaks from time of tes- tator's death. Law Rep., S/j^q Story, 2/327. Sumn., %66. 43. The estate or interest -which -will pass. Bankr. Eeg., 8/^53 Blatchf., 8/ggy_ MacArth., 2/229. Wall., 17/639^ I8/493. 44. Charges upon land devised. Pet., 9/^61. Story, l/376.> Wheat., 10/204. See, also. Devise, 23, 24. 45. Technical -words. Words ha-\ring strict legal meaning. Cranch, S/g^ Paine, 2/3gg 46. Interpretation of the -word " child- ren." Biss., 5/166. Sumn., 1/359. Wall, Jr., 3/32. 47. — " aU my effects." How., 14/400 48. — " all the residue of my estate." McArth., 2/70. Story, I/426. 40. — " dying without issue." Wash. C. C, 3/339 50. — "estate." Cranch C. C, 2/640. Pet, 1/535. 51. — "heir-at-law," " la-wful heir." Pet., 9/483. Wall. Jr., 2/353 Wheat., */495, 534. 52. — " herein given." Curt., 2/^78 53. — " in trust." Pet., 8/326. 64. — "or," "and." Paine, 2/36g_ 65. — "remainder," "residue." Wash. G. C, 4/645. 56. — "residuary legatee." How., 2/560 57. — "tenements." Wheat., 10/204. 58. Interpretation and effect of codicils. Blatchf., ^/557. How., 14/390, 16/354. Pet., 8/220. 59. The residuary clause. How., 14/390. 60. Lapsed, or void de-vises and be- quests. How., 14/390. Mason, 3/4g6_ 61. Effect of omission to pro-^Tide for^ one of testator's children, and proof as to intent. Cliff., 2/469. Wall., 6/337 62. Doctrine of equitable conversion. Baldw., 1/166, 1/177. Brock., 2/335.^ Pet., 10/532. Wall., 8/202. Wheat.,. ^/563. 63. Effect of express direction to sell. How., l/i34_ 5/233. MacArth., 2/^0^ Pet., 10/532. See, also, Pq-w^ebs, 4. 64. — of mere discretionary power to sell. Curt., 1/419. McLean, S/ggg. See, also, ExEcuTOES AND Administha- TOES, 26. As to the powers, duties, and liabilities of EceeiUors and Testamentary trustees, see ExEC- ■IITORS AUD AdMINISTBATOBS, III; TBTiaTS, II. As to the admissibility and effect of a will as an instrument of documentary Evidence, se& Evidence, 156. WISCONSIN. States, 60. WITNESSES, I, II. 599 WITNESSES. I. Attendance and Compensation. II. Competency. 1. Genercd rules. 2. Parties to the record, 3. Persons interested in the event. (a) General principles. (6) Various illustrations of the rule. 4. Hvsband and wife. 5. Attorneys. Physicians. 6. FeUms, and accused persons.- III. CSEDIBIIiITY. 1. General rules. 2. Impeaching and contradicting. 3. Corroborating. IV. Eddes of Examination. 1. OeneraUy. 2. Examination-4n-chief. Oross-aamination. Re-exam ination. 3. Privilege to refuse to answer. V. Opinions or Experts and Others. I. ATTENDANCE AND COMPENSATION. 1. The subpcBna ; and how served. Rev. Stat., § 876, &c. Stat, at L., 1/335, lO/lSS. Bankr. Reg., 12/397. Blatchf., 6/go9 Hempst., I/546. Mc- Lean, 5/241 Pet., 5/604. 2. Subpoena duces tecum. Alb. L. J., I8/416. Burr's Tr., I/177, 2/535. Di"v 3/566. 3. "Witness' privilege from arrest, and civil process. Cranch C. C, 3/^17. Dall., 4/329^ 4/387 Wash. C. C, I/186. See, also, Arrest, 31. 4. Compelling attendance of witnesses for the defence, In criminal cases. Stat, at L., I/118, ^/74. Wheeler, 2/573. 5. Binding over witnesses to appear in criminal cases. Rev. Stat., § 879, &c,, 1014. , Stat, at L., l/9i_ 5/5^7^ 9/73. Blatchf., 4/427. Cranch C. C, I/422. 6. Excuses for non-attendance, Cranch C. C, i/i30. I'all., 4/34^ 7. Compelling attendance by attach- ment for contempt. Ben., 1/225. Blatchf., a/ggg^ 4/425. Cranch C. C, I/130, I/331, I/447, I/474, V58O, ^/314, ^/572. Sprague, I/276. Wall. Jr., 2/-^27. See, also. Contempt, 7. 8. The right to fees. Rev. Stat., § 848, &c. Stat, at L., 11/50. Cranch C.C, 1/178,1/247. DiU-, 1/420. McLean, 5/24, Wash. C. C, 9. How computed. Per diem allow- ance. Stat, at L.,. IO/167. Blatchf., I/564. Cranch C. C, I/73, I/522! Story, 8/34. Woodb. & M., 2/g3 10. Mileage. Stat, at L., 10/i67. Ben., S/^gg^ Blatchf., 5/i84. Cliff., 3/88. Eish. Pat. Gas., 1/285, 2/244. 11. Attachment for non-payment of fees. Cranch C. C, I/212, ^/ses, %76. II. COMPETENCY. 1. General rules. 12. "WTio are competent, generally. Cranch C. C, I/371, 1/491. Pe^v 5/l31. Wash. C. C, '3/199. 13. Adoption of state laws as to com- petency. Stat, at L., 12/588. Black, 1/427, 1/431. 600 WITNESSES, II. Blatchf., ^In, 4/262, 14/102. Cliff, 1/288. Dill., 1/66. How., l2/3ei_ Law Eep., N. 8., 11/591. Sawyer, 1/531. Wall., 1/gg See, also, Courts, 47. 14. Disbelief in existence of a God. Cranch C. C.> S/gg McLean, S/^^g^ Mason, S/^g, ISn. 15. "WTio are competent in prize causes. Rev. Stat., § 4615. Blatchf. Pr. Gas., 1/52, 1/646. Cranch, S/^g^ Gall., 1/594 See, also, Prize, 65. 16. Slaves. Cranch C. C, I/91, 1/94, I/148, VsiS, 1/371, 1/521, ^/75, ^/esi %11. 1*7. Free negroes. Stat, at L., 13/35^ Cranch C. C, Vl32, V244, 1/370, 1/517, ^/s, %4, %08, ^/l09, ^/241, ^/l80, ^/425, ^ko6, 4/664, 4/683, ^/378. 18. Indians. Eev. Stat, § 2140. Stat, at L., 18/39. 2. Parties to the record. 10. Tlie general rule excluding them. Day, (Conn.) 3/-^g How., S/gi. 01c. Adm., 1/483. Pet., 1/591 13/209. Wheat., 10/367. 20. Illustrations of the rule. Blatchf. & H., 1/366. Cranch C. C, 2/22, 2/71, 2/ig4, 2/315 5/g39. Ct. of CI., 1/383. Vi^'heat., 11/103. 21. Its limits and exceptions, gener- ally. Crabbe, l/2ig. Cranch C. C, I/340 2/32, 3/i69. Pet., 11/86. 22. Proving contents of lost instru- ment, or lost trunk. Otto, 6/37 23. Defendant, vsrhen competent for co- defendant, in criminal cases. Cranch C. C, l/44g, 2/528, 4/576, 4/67S. How., 12/3gi Minn., I/207. Oreg., 1/140. Wall. Jr., 2/139, 24. Actions by or against represen- tatives of deceased persons. Stat, at L., 13/533 -^'^- ^- Eec, 6/1. Dill., 2/475 Woods, 1/623. 3. Persons interested in the event, (a) General principles. 25. The general rule excluding them. Cranch C. C, l/iyg, 8/50. Ct. of CI., 7/454 Curt., 1/390. Hempst., 1/32. McLean, 4/549 '^^^t^,^Ii81,^Is78. Pet., 9/418. Ware, 2/252. Wash. C. C, 2/3gg_ %80. Woodb. & M., l/i38. 26. Limits and exceptions to the rule. Cranch, 4/g2 Cranch C. C, 1/131, 1/211. McLean, 2/99 2/422. Paine, 2/569, Pet., 11/86, 1%03. 27. Witness whose interest is bal- anced, competent. Cranch C. C, l/3g4 McLean, 6/4g3_ Newb. Adm., l/5g. 28. Abrogation of the rule as to par- ties and interested persons in civil actions, by statute. Rev. Stat., § 858. Stat, at L., IS/gg^ Dill.,l/i8i. Wall., 21/438^ 22/341, Woolw., 1/123. 29. Objections to competency ; when, and how they should be made. Paine, 1/400. Pet. C. C, I/322, 338. Ware, I/232. Wheat., 12/^ 30. Hearing and deciding objections. Examination on voir dire. Abb. Adm., 1/411 Cranch C. C, 1/322, 1/351, %8. Ware, I/232. WITNESSES, II. 601 31. Transfer or release of interest. Cranch C. C, l/ggi, 2/313^ S/g^^ Curt., 2/21, McLean, 4/45 Mason, 4/275_ 01c. Adm., 1/450. Pet. C. C, 1/301. Story, 2/ie. Wall., 2/423. Ware, I/541. (6) Various illustrations of the rule. 32. Assignor and assignee. Cranch C. C, 2/12. 33. Bankrupts. Bankr. Eeg., 12/340. McLean, S/ggg. Wash. C. C, 1/29. Wheat., IO/367. 34. Debtor and creditor. Cranch C. C, I/575. How., 8/429. McLean, 4/3^^9 Woodb. & M., 8/193. 35. Devisees, legatees, &o. Wall. Jr., 1/47. 36. Informers. Eev. Stat., § 5295, Stat, at L., 1/317^ 13/442. Baldw., 1/78, 90. Brock., 1/357. McLean, 8/53 37. Inhabitants of town or county, party to the suit. Cranch C. C, I/581. Woodb. & M., 38. Masters of vessels. Blatchf. & H., 1/94. Cliff., 1/254. Curt., 2/2i_ Gall., 2/48_ 01c. Adm., 1/55, V396, ^483. Sprague, l/igg, 1/574. Taney, 1/539. Ware, I/541. 89. Seamen. Blatchf. & H., 1/33. Mason, I/104, 4/505 Olc, 1/4. Paine, 2/291. Pet. Adm., 1/210. 40. Salvors. Phil., (Pa.) 1/122. Sumn., 1/333, V400. Ware, I/35. 41. Ofiaoers and stockholders in cor- porations. Cranch C. C, 8/049 Ct. of CI., 6/241. Story, 2/433 42. Parties to negotiable paper, gen- erally. Cranch C. C, 8/523 How., 8/73^ H 404, 13, 229. MacArth., I/232. Pet., %1, 8/12, 12/145. 43. Makers and drawers. Cranch C. C, I/221, 2/93, 2/249, ^/too, ^/l23. McLean, 2/335 44. Acceptors. Cranch C. C, 2/457 45. Indorsers. Cranch C. C, 2/43^ 2/205^ 2/434^ 6/397^ 5/397. Otto, 4/423 Wall., 1/166. Wash. c. c, 3/125. 46. Partners, and part owners of ves- sels. Cranch C. C, 2/3^3 Wash. C. C, 1/145. Woodb. & M., 3/193 47. Persons aggrieved by offence for ■which accused is on trial. Cranch C. C, I/13, 1/305, '^lu, ^/476. Law Rep., N. s., I/321. Pet., I6/203. 48. Principal and agent. Cranch C. C, I/268, 5/444. Dall., 2/300. How., 4/317 McLean, 4/45 4/259^ 4/378. Mason, 6/241. Wash. C. C, I/145. 49. Principal and surety. Cranch, 7/206. Cranch C. C, I/495, 1/581, %5, 2/35, 2/101, 2/l28. How., 23/469. Pet., 11/86. Sumn., 2/453 Woodb. & M., l/i38. 50. Public officers. Crabbe, I/356. Cranch C. C, 1/534. How., 3/197 McLean, 8/333. 602 WITNESSES, II, III. 51. Trustee and cestui que trust. How., 1lis2. 52. Vendor of lands or cliattels. Cranch C. C, I/221, 5/546. Curt., 2/244 How., 8/429^ 19/289. Pet., I2/145. Sumn., 2/228 4. Sushand and wife. 53. Illustrations of the general rule excluding them. Abb. Adm., 1/411. Siss.,6/gg Cranch C. C, 1/315, 1/575, 2/g8o, 5/536. McLean, 3/490. Pet., 13/209. Wall., 18/436. 54. lilmits and exceptions to the rule. Changes effected by state statutes. Blatchf., 5/jo2, 6/76. Cranch C. C, 4/658. Pet., 13/209. Utah T., I/160. Wall., 20/52g_ 55. Competency of ■widow. Pet., 13/209. 5. Attorneys. PhysicioMS. 56. Attorneys. Am. L. Eeg., n. s., I6/392 Be°-j 6/56. Ct. of CL, 6/221. Wall., 3/175 See, also, Attoeney and Client, IV. 57. Physicians. Wall., 15/9. 6. Felons, and accused persons. 58. Competency of persons accused of crime. Abb. U. S., 2/3^6 Blatchf., 7/3^5^ Dill., 1/422. 59. What conviction and sentence will render ■witness incompe- tent. • Eev. Stat., § 5392. Cranch C. C, 2/60. 60. "What ■will not. Wash. C. C, 3/99 61. Con-viction without sen'tence does not disqualify. McLean, 2/335 Wash. C. C, 3/99_ 62. Accessories and accomplices. Stat, at L., 18/303. Alb. L. J., 19/352. Int. Rev. Eec, ^/^^g^ McLean, 3/221 4/103. Wash. C. C, 4/428. 63. Serving out term of sentence does not restore competency. Cranch C. C, 4/307. 64. Effect of pardon ■to restore com- petency. * Cranch C. C, 2/523 Wheeler, ^j^^^^ III. CREDIBILITY. 1. General rules. 65. Means of kno^wledge: recollec- tion, &c. Cranch C. C, I/491. Oreg., I/92. Pet.,5/i3i_. Taney, 1/437. Wall, 18/9i_ 66. Credibility of accomplices. Baldw., 1/15. Biss., 7/175 ^^^- I^ev. Eec, 7/179 67. ■Weighing testimony. Conflicting testimony. Ben., 5/239^ 6/404. Biss., 7/^08. Cranch C. C, 2/324 Taney, 1/549. Wall., ^''/384. Wheat., 7/333 See, also. Questions of La-w and Fact, 23. 68. The maxim falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus. Col. T., 2/i69 McLean, 4/4^2. Wheat., 7/283 2. Impeaching and contradicting. 69. Proof of previous con^fcradictory or inconsistent statements. Abb. Adm., I/281. Cliff., 1/98. Cranch C. C, I/iqo. Gilp., l/go. How., I6/38 McLean, 6/152 Newb. Adm., l/g. Story, 3/299. Wash. C. C, 1/413, 2/7, WITNESSES, III, IV. 603 70. Oontradiotory statements not ad- missible unless witness is first asked if lie made them. How., 16/38. McLean, 1/540^ 2/335^ %8, ^/402. Wyom. T., 1/263. 71. Contradictory testimony on former trial. Cranch C. C, S/^g^ 72. Right to impeach character ; and by -what proof or testimony. Blatchf., 12/434 Cranch C. C, S/igg, %9, ^/38. How., 23/2 McLean, 2/219^ 2/325. Sumn.,2/go5 Wall., IT/ggg. 73. ShoTving a conviction of crime. Cranch C. C, 4/434 74. Collateral or irrelevant matters elicited on cross-examination, not foundation for impeachment of witness. Cranch C. C, 5/38 Gall., S/g^. Mc- Lean, 2/325 75. Impeaching one's own w^itness. Cranch C. C, 8/441. Wash. C. C, 8/209. 3. Corroborating. 76. Sufficiency of corroborating proof, generally. McLean, e/^gg. Newb. Adm., l/g. 77. Proof of previous consistent state- ments. Cliff., 1/98. How., 11/480. McLeau, ■^/206. 78. — of good character. McLean, 4/504 79. Corroboration of accomplices. Baldw., 1/15^ 1/78. Bond, ^j^u, 2/323, %99. Paine, 2/168. IV. RULES OF EXAMINATION. 1. Oeneraih/. 80. Swearing the witness. Ben., 1/490, 4/102. 81. "Wlien an affirmation is proper. Cranch C. C, 8/216, 3/435. Gall., 2/364^ 82. Ordering witnesses to withdraw from court-room. Cranch C. C, 2/71^ ^j^^^^ 6/38. 2. ExamiTiaiion in chief. Cross-examination. He- examination. 83. General rules as to the scope of the inquiry. Cranch C. C, 1/47, I/55, 1/186. See, also. Trial, 37. 84. "WTiat questions are proper. Utah T., 1/215. Wall., 1/359. Wash. T., 1/76. 85. "What questions are improper. Cranch, 7/242 Cranch C. C, 1/536^ MacArth., l/gog. 86. Necessity and sufficiency of objec- tions to testimony. Otto, 4/4^5 Pet., 14/448 See, also,, Teial, 49-53. 87. Extent of the right to cross-ex- amine. Ct. of CL, 4/48g MaSArth., 2/^9^^ Pet., 14/448. Wall., 1/702. 88. "What questions may be asked on cross-examination. Cranch C. C, 5/309 Gall., 2/gj_ Law Rep., 8/358. Otto, ^I'jq^ 6/019^ Sprague, 1/109. Wall., 19/433. 89. Leading questions. Cranch C. C, I/137. Wash. C. C, 3/580. 90. Compelling answer. Punishment for refusal to answer. Stat, at L., 11/155, ^3/789. Bankr. Reg., 14/569. 91. Re-direct examination. Re-calllng and re-examining. Blatchf., 8/475 See, also. Trial, 45. «04 WITNESSES, IV, V. 02. Refreshing the memory. Cranch C. G., I/524, I/534, 2/426, ^k^S, 2/684, %61. 3. Prmlege to r^wse to answer. ©3. In general. Const. Amend., Art. Y. Stat, at L., 12/333. Cranch C. C, 1/351^ 2/^9^^ S/^gg Wall. Jr., 3/143^ 179 Wash. C. C, 4/729. 94. "Whether court or witness shall decide tendency of answer to criminate, see Cranch C. C, 2/347^ ij^^^^ S/ggg Whart. St. Tr., l/ggg. ' S5. In what cases a witness may re- fuse to answer. Bankr. Reg., S/gg^ Ben., 8/4^9 Cranch C. C, 1/76, 1/170, V445, 2/309, 5/638. Ct. of CI., 6/83 How. Pr., SQ/^gg^ McLean, 2/325^ Utah T., 1/315. Woods, V499. ©6. Privilege to refuse to answer taken away by statute. Stat, at L., 15/37 Biss., 6/379. Saw- yer, 1/531. -^ to Confidential oommu- nioaiions, see Attoebtby and Client, IV.. V. OPINIONS OF EXPERTS, AND OTHEES. ©7. Opinions of ordinary -vvitnesseB, not admissible, generally. Cranch C. C, ij^^g^ How., 20/4g7_ Paine, 1/539 ©8. Limits and exceptions to the rule. Brown Adm., I/130 Cranch C. C, V465, %61. Minn., I/340. Otto, S/ggg Wall., 9/7gg Wash. C. C, I/145, Sl,,^. 89. Admissibility of opinions on ques- tions of value. Blatchf., 4/2i_ 13/403 ct. of CI., 8/240 Holmes, 1/67, 73. How., 4/25^. Minn., Vi25. Oreg., 1/92. Story, 2/431. 100. Opinions of ordinary witnesses as to handwriting. Ben., 1/241. Cranch C. C, 1/37^ V491, 2/253. Wall., 12/317 See, also^ Evidence, 135. 101. Qualifications of experts, and ad- raissibiUty of their testimony, generally. Ct. of CI., 2/380, 6/221 Fish. Pat. Cas., 4/57 How., 23/ig7 Low., 1/485. McLean, I/429. Otto, 5/397 Phil-, (Pa.) ^/405. 102. — of experts as to handwriting. Cranch C. C, 2/573 ^/soi. MacArth., ■^/270. See, also, Evidence, 136. 103. — of physicians, chemists, and other scientific men. McAlL, 1/181. McLean, 8/433^ ^^ 6/303. Wall., 21/152. 104. — of mechanics, and persons skilled in a particular trade or vocation. Curt., 2/229 I>illv ^469. McLean, %32, ^/44, 64. Mason, I/447. Otto, 4/469. Story, 8/742. 105. Experts in patent cases. Blatclif., 3/i84 Dill.^ 4/448 Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/298, 1/46I, %3. How., 21/38. McLean, 8/432^ 5/44^ 6/303 See, also, Patents, 219, 3i4, 365. 106. Rules for the examination of ex- perts ; and effect of their testi- mony. Ben., 8/90 Blatchf., l/i96^9/i42_ Curt., Vl, 2/119, 2/363. Fish. Pat. Cas., 1/351^ 4/468. How., 15/352_ 21/88_ iqq^ 28/157' Low., 1/124, V485. Otto, 2/31 Wall., 15/9. WEITS. 605 As to obtaining Inspection of books and papers, before trial, see Discovery, II. As to taking testimony of witilesses by Depo- tUion, see Depositions. As to the examination of witnesses on the Probate of vriUs, see Wills, II. For Rvies of evidence, generally, irrespective of the competency of witnesses or the manner of examining them, see Evidence. WRITTEN INSTRUMENTS. Accounts; Affidavits; Alteration of isstrumbnts ; arbitration and a ward, ii ; Assignment; Assignments, (for creditors;) Bills of Exchange ; Bills of Lading; Bills OF Partioulaes ; Bills of Eeview; Bonds Bottomry, 10-16 ; Charter Parties ; Chat TEL Mortgages; Compacts; Contracts Covenants; Deeds; Depositions; Excbp TiONS, 10, 11; Fraudulent Conveyances Grants; Husband and Wife, 52, 53 Indictment ; Insurance, 8-21, 100, 113 Judgment, II ; Landlord and Tenant, II License, Mortgages; Notice, 7; Passports Patents; Pleading; Promissory Notes Receipts ; Eeoognizances ; Release ; Sales, 8, 9; Statutes; Treaties; Vendor and Purchaser, I ; Wills ; Writs. WRITS. [Consult, also, title Process.] 1. Assistance. Chic. L.N., 7/298. Dill., 1/458. Wa^v ^^/289. 2. Audita querela. Cranch C. C, S/i. Pet. C. C, 1 Wall., 12/304. 3. De homine replegiando.j Paine, 2/343. Wheeler, 2/56. 4. Elegit. Brock., 1/356. 5. Entry. Mason, ^12^8. 6. Pomaedon. Story, 1/499. 7. Ne exeat. Blatchf., 4/50 Cranch C. C, 1/352^ 1/425,2/478. Wash. C. C, 2/130. 8. Possession. Cranch, TJqq^. Gall.,' 2/^05^ ^^g^ Wash. C. C, 4/64 4/^69. 9. Prohibition. Bankr. Reg., S/^g^ Black, I/503. Blatchf., 7/^59 Dall., 3/^21, 129. How., 3/292. Otto, 5/g8_ Wall., 1/405, ^Il58, 10/541, "/64. 10. Right. Cliff., 1/425. Cranch, 8/229 How., 16/354. McLean, I/193. Pet., S/gg^ Story, 1/474. Wheat., ^j^oe, ^27. As to Writs of error, see Error. WRONGS. Assault; Champerty; Collision; Duress? False Imprisonment; Forcible Entry; Fraud; Libel; Malicious Prosecution; Negligence; Nuisance; Slander; Tres- pass; Trover; Waste. WYOMING. Territories, 19. CASES CRITICISED. CASES CRITICISED. — OF— FEDEEAL AND STATE CASES, AFFIRMED, EEVERSED, OVERRULED, OR OTHERWISE CRITICISED BY SUBSEQUENT DECISIONS. [The column headed criticised, contains cases which disapprove, deny, doubt, limit, question, or modify the case which is the subject of criticism.] BEPOKT. YOL. PAGE, ATFIRMED. REVERSED. OTEBRUI.ED. CRITICISED. Abb. Adm. Abb. U.S. Ala., N. s. 1 1 2 1 3 11 12 11 100 209 235 242 348 499 81 110 191 336 514 567 60 197 ■ 507 559 403 47 1028 240 2 M lAbb.Adm.37n j 1 Blatcbf. 363 I 2 Blatchf. 113 2Blatchf. 116.. 8 Blatchf. 48. 18 How. 89.. 1 Blatchf. 360. 1 Blatchf. 526. 1 Blatchf. 358. 6 WaU. 15 17 WaU. 351. 15 Wall. 524. 15 WaU. 9 . . . 14 Wall. 279. 14 Pet. 353.. 9 How. 421. 10 WaU. 192 . 14 WaU. 452 . 2 How. 591 . 4Biss.336,344 ( 12 Banir. \ Eeg. 185, (l90 8 Ben. 568. 609 j 11 Bankr. I Reg. 276.. 610 CASES CRITICISED. BBPOET. VOL. PAGE. ATFIEMED. KEVEESBD. OVEKBtTLBD. CKITICISED. Ala., N. S. 13 14 17 32 34 37 40 41 43 44 46 53 14 8 9 12 16 17 18 20 21 25 27 29 465 192 780 713 288 560 123 50 139 334 697 493 435 601 359 236 205 9 321 9 440 608 469 359 40 240 144 252 661 j 11 Banir. 1 Reg. 276 . . 13 How. 12.... 13 How. 381 .. . 24 How. 461 .. . 6 WaU. 83 ( 2 Woods', 1 494, 496. . . 8 Wall. 148.... 7 WaU. 624. . , . 8 Wall 110.... 8 Wall 123.... < 12 WaU. 204. . 16 WaU. 479... 21 WaU. 609 .. . 4 Otto, 645.... Allen, (Mass.) 7 WaU. 694.... • Axk.. .. 10 How. 190... 10 How. 218... 9 How. 314.... 15 How. 304. . . 22 How. 144... 20 How. 6 22 How. 193... 22 How. 185... 6 WaU. 142.... 4 WaU. 143.... 4 WaU. 210.... 15 WaU. 382... 21 WaU. 276, .. 5 Otto, 168.... Baldw. . Bankr. Reg, 1 78 — 138 — 344 — 424 — 510 1* 522 — 559 — 575 B 6 Pet. 262 7 Pet. 348... 15 How. 281 . 7 Pet. 469 2 Ben. 369. ( 2 Bankr. Eeg. I 596 f5 Bankr. iReg. 423,430 1 Curt. 23, 58 1 Curt. 23, 58 ^ Octavo edition. CASES CRITICISED. 611 KEPORT. VOL. PAGE. AITIBMED. OVEEEUIiED. CRITICISED. Bankr. Eeg. 1 592 2 7 21 92 138 204 214 229 — 241 306 311 354 427 528 548 596 602 29 33 125 144 261 7Blatchf. 18. ■ 2 Bankr. Beg, 354 (7Blatclif. 18. J. 3 Bankr. Eeg. (l98 f 3 Bankr. Eeg. 1 125 f 8 Bankr. Eeg. 312, 316 5 Biss. 324, 328 \ 6 Ben. 150, 157 5 Bankr. Eeg. 72, 77 12 Id. 185 190 7 BlatcM. 18,22 (8 Bankr. lEeg.514,520 6 Bankr. Eeg. 85, 87 1 Sawyer, 268,270... f 17 Bankr. I Eeg. 319.. j 12 Bankr. I Eeg. 59. . . 5 Ben. 1. . . . (1 Abb. U.S. 1 514, 517... f8 Bankr. lEeg.345, 351 f 6 Bankr. I Eeg. 85, 87 j 12 Bankr. I Eeg. 59, 60 J 5 Biss. 324 1 329 12 Bankr. Eeg. 59, 60 f 14 Bankr. lEeg.311,314 (■14 Bankr. tEeg.311,314 f 5 Bankr. "[ Eeg. 19, 20 j6 Bankr. lEeg.299,301 1 Abb. U.S. 514,517... 4 Bankr. Eeg. 35, 37 112 Banki". lEeg.179,180 612 CASES CKITICISED. BEPOKT. VOL. PAGE. ATFIBMED. BEVERSED. OVERKTJLED. CRITICISED. Baakr. Keg. 305 329 339 465 498 684 698 720 772 35 144 147 213 488 496 553 619 20 34 116 123 155 181 14WaU. 87. 2 Abb. U. S. 527 4 Baiikr. Reg, 394 13WaU. 40. SBlatchf. 461. leWaU. 584. ( 11 Bankr. |Eeg.43,53. (6Bantr. lReg.388,395 f 6 Bankr. lReg.189,190 ' 5 Bankr. Reg. 64, 70. 2 Sawyer, 42,49 (6 Bankr. t Reg, 85, 87. 3 Biss. 169, 170 6 Bankr. lReg.573,577 (■12 Bankr. lReg.185,190 f 9 Banki-. lReg.274, 277 3Biss.219,237 j6 Bankr. lReg.388,395 6Ben.l50,156 r3 Cent. L. J. 1 303, 304. . . . 1 14 Bankr. [Eeg.236,240 2Dm.l69,173 9 Bankr. 57,60 2 Dm. 533, 537 4 Dill 165, 168 (6 Bankr. lReg.569,570 7 Bankr. .Reg.193,211 4DiU.165,168 f 12 Bankr. lReg.385,387 3 Biss. 169, 170 6 Bankr. LEeg.573,577 CASES CRITICISED. 613 EEPORT. VOL. PAGE. AJTFIEMED. BEVERSED. OVEKBUT.ET). OEITlCTSF.n. Bankr. Eeg.. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 232 358 437 448 85 179 257 888 501 509 193 358 412 527 1 152 279 867 38 1 488 21 69 86 289 d BlatcM.lOl . 12 Bankr. lEeg.385, 387 1 13 Bankr. lEeg.523,524 1 Dill. 164. . . 2 Dill. 45 1 4 DiU. 345 .. . [12 Bankr. lEeg.385,387 j 11 BlatoM " 43, 53 2DiU.487,492 f 7 Bankr. lEeg.449,450 j 7 Bankr. lEeg.193,213 7 Bankr. lEeg.6[)9,512 4Dili.l65,168 » 14 Bankr. Reg. 112. . . ■ 9 Bankr. 4Di]L 345... Eeg. 155, 162 ,^ fS Bankr. lEeg.367,368 ■ 14 Bankr. Eeg. 112 . • 9 Bankr. Eeg. 155, [l63 2 DiU. 533, 587 2 Hufflies, 190. . 4Dm.l65,168 1 14 Bankr. lReg.295,300 ( 12 Bankr. J Eeg. 866 . . r 13 Bankr. Reg. 128.. 1 12 Blatohf. [ 562 (Id. 885, 888 fll Bankr. lEeg.195,208 11 Bankr. JEeg.443,444 ^12 Id. 101.. j 14 Bankr. 1 Eeg. 219... ' ' ' ' 614 CASES CRITICISED. KEPOET. VOL. PAGE. AITIBMED. REVEBSED. OTEBRTJT.TD. CRITICISED. Bankr. Eeg.. 11 12 13 14 15 29 34 40 1 308 423 208 379 199 385 82 184 388 216 132 315 602 66 334 5 11 78 80 244 292 300 316 339 348 f 14 Bankr. 1 Eeg. 112 ... . 7Chic.L.N.195 fl5 Bankr. lEeg.409,414 fl5 Bankr. lEeg.373,376 3 Sawyer 614. 7Biss. 430. . . 14 Bankr. Eeg. 243, - 248 14 Bankr. . Eeg. 82, 84. r 14 Bankr. Eeg. 243, f 14 Bankr. |Eeg. 92 247 . Id. 405, 42a (4 Dm. 376, J 378w 7 Biss. 242 . . (4Cent.L.J.19 f 16 Bankr. j Eeg. 52 ( 15 Bankr. t Eeg. 431 Barb. . . . ( 17 Wall 1 357, 365. . . flO Bankr. lEeg.316,32a fl7WaU.357, .366, 370. . . . f6Am.L.Eeg. U.S., 169, 17a - 2 Wall 200.... Bee Adm 3 DaU. 333 1 Wheat. 238, 259. . . 3 DaU. 133 ■ 2 GaU. 29, 38 j 4 Wash. C. t C. 453, 457. 1 Sprague, 45, 47 5 Cranch 289. . . 1 Sprague, . 188, 190. . . .... ( 2 Paine. 655,672... 4 Cranch 241. . . — . , , . 4 Cranch 241. . . 1 Sprague, ■ 152, 155. . . 1 Sprague, ■ 441,446,441 1 1 CASES CRITICISED. 615 BEPOKT. VOL. AITIRMBD. EBVEESED. OVEEEULED. CRITICISED. Bee Adm Ben 404 419 23 30 65 112 118 156 171 174 214 226 295 309 348 431 47 53 67 125 166 192 214 226 299 365 886 399 472 519 533 540 554 35 42 2 DaU. 1. 5 Blatchf. 411 . . 8 Blatchf. 539 . . 6 Blatchf. 3.. 7 Blatchf. 361 5 Blatchf. 496 18WaU. 272. 8 Blatchf. 14. 7 Blatchf. 385 1 Ben. 182?i. . 9 WaU. 634 6 Blatchf. 188. 6 Wall. 266. 6 Blatchf. 533. 14 WaU. 258.. jl Sprague 1441, 444, 446 7 Blatchf. 555. 7 Blatchf. 378 ( 8 Int. Eev. I Eec. 114. . . f 7 Blatchf. 385 1 14 WaU. 270. 6 Blatchf. 528.. 7 Blatchf. 220.. 6 Blatchf. 177.. 9 WaU. 513.... 7 Blatchf. 288.. 7 Blatchf. 180.. 7 Blatchf. 214 ( 7 Blatchf. 211 1 13 WaU. 475 7 Blatchf. 186. 8 Blatchf. 234. 6 Blatchf. 292. 6 Blatchf. 521 . |8 Blatchf. 221. 3 Ben. 14,19, 1 Low. 216. fl Abb. U.S. 407 8 Int. Eev. Eec. 129. . . ( 1 Bro-wn ■{ Adm. 227, (250 7 Blatchf. 366 3Dm.ll6,120 8 Bankr. Eeg. 312, 316 5 Biss. 324=, 328 616 CASES CRITICISED. EEPO RT. VOL. PAGE. AITIBMED. REVERSED. OVEERUT.EP. CRITICISED. Ben. ... 3 ... 4 ... 5 ... 6 ... 7 159 206 241 • 273 279 298 394 450 482 569 19 27 132 138 207 257 376 410 413 515 523 568 184 280 325 391 395 432 469 35 245 398 455 477 550 110 177 382 448 455 505 f8Blatc]if,337, \ 339 8 Blatchf. 207. 8 Blatchf. 264. . 7 BlatcM. 238. . 7 BlatcM. 238 7 Blatchf. 226. 7 Blatchf. 216. . 11 Blatchf. 241. 9 BlatcM. 285. . ( 6 Bankr. 1 Reg. 85, 87 11 Blatchf. 225. 4 Ben. 20n 10 Blatchf. 459. 8 Blatchf. 539. 8 Ben. 594. . . 9 Blatchf. 451. . 12 Blatchf. 43. . 8 BlatcM. 499. . f 12 BlatcM. 67 |l9 WaU. 125. 9 Blatchf. 433. . 9 BlatcM. 438.. 11 Blatchf. 413. 11 Blatchf. 415. llBlatcM.290 12 Blatchf. 163. 11 Blatchf. 218. 9 Blatchf. 372. . 14 Blatchf. 41. . 10 Blatchf. 493. 11 Blatchf. 451. 14 Blatchf. 37. . 2 Dill. 487, 492 14 Blatchf. 524. 13 Blatchf. 521. 12 Blatchf. 562. 10 Blatchf. 537. 14 Blatchf. 480. 14 Blatchf. 499. 13 Blatchf. 503. 13 Blatchf. 514. 13 Blatchf. 505. " ■ 13 Bankr. Reg. 128 " 12 Blatchf. 562 12 BlatcM. 562 11 Bankr. Reg. 21 CASES CRITICISED. 617 EEPOET. VOL. PAGE. AFFIRMED. REVERSED. OVEBBDLED. CRITICISED. Ben 8 2 8 2 4 1 2 3 11 293 ■ 426 471 496 502 526 579 493 539 188 455 502 882 453 476 497 522 525 529 533 589 25 29 41 56 99 131 141 226 268 282 368 381 423 457 505 28 52 82 105 293 ]4. "Rlafn.lif .1^4..'^ 1 L4BlatcU 233 UBlatcU. 254. 14 Blatclif 522 3 Ben 496n 3 Ben 502 n 14 Blatchf 207 3Ben. 580n.. Bibb (Ky.) 6 Wheat 580 f 11 Wheat. '215 220... (3CranchC. t C. 416, 419. 1 GaU. 464. . . Binn. (Pa.) . f 4 Mason 1298,301... Biss. 2 Wall 320 c Wall QO Q Wall K05 9 "Rioa "^^n 1 "Rit^s n25r) fi Wall 827 Q "Wflll ^9(\ K Wall 772 7 Wall ^fif> Q Wall HO 5 Q "CTTqII K90 . . . . 10 "UTon 91 Q "W7q11 fiS9 1Q "Wall fin9 ( 1 Brown \ Adm. 202, 6 Otto 461 01 "Woll 1 (204 15 Wall. Ill . . . 1 A 'ViTn^^ AQ'\ . . . . io WaJl. //u. . . 1 fi Wall 678 1 r? Txr„n KQO 17 Wall. ooJi. . . 14 VVall. 87. . - • 9^ Wall 181 . ... 21 Wall. 260 . . 16 Wall. 584. . . 7 Of to 554. . . . 11 Wall. 108 . . • iQ Wall 241 . . ■ . 17 Wall. olU. . . 618 CASES CRITICISED. EEPOBT. TOL. PAGE. AITIEMED. BEVEESED. OTERBTJLED. OEinCISED. 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 5 7 8 1 2 3 18 280 442 469 82 95 344 431 451 138 177 203 308 370 40 305 499 293 149 244 212 251 297 445 467 488 504 549 569 628 1 165 240 260 304 435 474 1 48 67 5 Wall 566 . 16 Wall. 1 . ... 8 "Wall 27 6 Wall 94 14 Wall. 570 . . 7 Otto 693 4 Otto 695 2 Otto 362 3 Otto 631 . . . 4 Otto 498 4 Otto 164 . ... 16 Wall. 452 4 Otto 299 3 Otto 599 17 WaU. 545 7 Otto 624 Black. .. 24 How. 346. .. j 18 WaU. 1 648, 652. . . 3 McLean 357 Blackf. (Ind.) 4 Biss. 99, 102 4 Biss. 105. 4 Biss. 105 BlatcM. 14 How. 351 .. . 12 How. 225... 14 How. 218... 14 How. 193 . 18 How. 289... 16 How. 251... 13 How. 115... 2 Ben. 294, 299 60tto369,378 j6How. 437.. ]11 Id. 587... 13 How. 165... . . . . 19 How. 96.... 16 How. 480. .. 19 How 96 . 20 How. 378. j 4 Blatchf. 1435,437... lDiU.485,495 22 How. 132... 14 How. 156. .. 22 How 132 ■ 7 Blatchf. 345,358... 18 How. 89.... 12 Abb. U.S. L 346, 361... 17 How. 399... 111 23 How. 420... CASES CEITICISED. 619 BEPOET. AJTITRMBD. KETERSED. OTEBBULED. CEITICISED. Blatchf . , 19 How. 96 9 Wall. 811 ... . 3 Blatchf. 325n. 209 266 325 488 507 548 84 88 97 99 120 199 203 323 395 425 439 477 54 134 225 357 387 496 523 , 27 130 138 154 190 238 241 279 294 445 528 29 61 112 152 177 211 20 How. 216. 20 How. 378 19 How. 150. 21 How. 451. 23 How. 420. 23 How. 167. 24 How. 110. 22 How. 491. 6"WaU. 723.. 2 Wall. 403.. 2 Wall. 123.. 1 Wall. 269 . . 13 WaU. 465. 7 Wall. 316.. 20 Wall. 137. 9 WaU. 758.. 5 Otto 48.... 23 Wall. 566. 10 WaU. 15.. 10 WaU. 15.. 9 WaU. 630.. 9 Wall. 672 . . 12 WaU. 167. 12 Wall. 201. 12 WaU. 102. 9 WaU. 513. 18 WaU. 120. 13 WaU. 311. 13 WaU. 608. ( 3 Pish. Pat. 4 Oas. 464, (470 1 Abb. U. S. 89,92.. : 6 Otto 369, 378 2 Ben. 547, 550 4DiU.165,168 9 Blatchf. 526 10 WaU. 383. 13 Wall. 158. 17 WaU. 82. f 7 Blatchf. I 238, 239. 13 WaU. 475. 3DiU.577,579 620 CASES CRITICISED. REPORT. VOL. PAGE. Al'JlXRMED. REVEESED. OTEEBUT.ET). CRITICISED. Blatchf . . 7 8 9 10 11 226 235 255 308 361 378 385 443 513 536 555 8 14 153 499 539 1 173 196 201 385 451 490 542 550 109 271 280 361 384 459 493 11 72 218 237 290 385 451 482 485 487 533 14 Wall 98 13 WaU. 162.. . . 8 Otto 254 14 WaU. 170... 14 Wall. 116... 14 Wall. 204... j 14 WaU. 270. 1 16 WaU. 177. .... .... .... . . . . ' 20 WaU. 353... 14 WaU. 511... 13 WaU. 3 18 WaU. 272... 14 Wall. 345... 13 WaU. 104... 16 WaU. 277... 19 WaU. 41.... ( 1 Brovm -^Adm, 251, (267 18 WaU. 598... - 19 WaU. 287... 4 Otto 606 21 WaU. 360. .. 18 Wall. 237... 23 WaU. 518... 19 WaU. 125... 20 WaU. 498.. . . 3 Otto 225 23 WaU. 518.. . . 23 WaU. 530. . . 22 WaU. 136... 21 WaU. 188... 22 WaU. 395 .. . 21 WaU. 354. . . 3 Otto 302 6 Otto 539 lotto 150 7 Otto 323 3 Otto 575 4 Otto 728 .... 7 Otto 323 8 Otto 569 f 8 Ben. 478, |480 2 Otto 695. . . . . 2 Otto 432 . . . . . . 2 Otto 31 2 Otto 412 CASES CRITICISED. 621 BEPORT. VOL. PAGE. ATFIRMED. REVEBSED. OVEEEOTJID. CRITICISED. Blatchf. . 12 Blatchf. &H. 13 14 BlatcM. Pr. Cas. 24 43 68 96 122 149 156 195 225 270 380 407 548 34 194 438 55 357 136 139 151 195 235 309 465 545 1 2 Otto 347... 3 Otto 271... 4 Otto 225... 4 Otto 92 ... . 21 WaU. 284. 5 Otto 117. lotto 389. 5 Otto 560. 3 Otto 366. 8 Otto 225. 49 69 6 Otto 148. ... 6 Otto 108.... 6 Otto 145. ... 7 Otto 546.... 7 Otto 319 ... . 1 Blatchf. & H. 138?i 6 Otto 218. 4 Otto 187. 2 Paine 229. 2 Paine 291 . 1 Sumn. 328. ( 2 Black 638. . 4 1 Blatchf. Pr. (Cas. 632 2 Black 635.. 1 Blatchf. Pr. Cas. 654 1 Blatchf. Pr. Cas. 645 1 Blatchf. Pr. Cas. 649 Id. 666 f 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 659 1 Blatchf. Pr. Cas. 645 1 Blatchf. Pr. Cas. 650 2 Paine 131 . 1 Blatchf. & H. 263m 8Ben.365,381 j 2 Abb. U. S. 1 172, 178... j 2 Abb. U. S 1 172, 178... ( 2 Abb. U. S. 1 172, 178. ; 1 Blatchf. & iH. 486n 2 Paine 277., f 2 Abb. U.S. 1 172, 178... : 1 Blatchf. Pr. Cas. 650 622 CASES CRITICISED. KEPOBT. PAGE. AITIRMED. EEVERSED. OVEREULED. CEinCISED. Blatchf. Pr. Cas. 1 89 124 133 146 151 163 175 187 204 223 232 250 258 260 262 266 269 271 272 278 280 288 291 306 309 f 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 647 j 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 641 j 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 654 (3WaU. 231.. 4 1 Blatchf. Pr (Cas. 643 j 1 Blatchf. Pr I Cas. 649 j 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 648 j 1 Blatchf. Pr, I Cas. 641 j 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 664..... j 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 642 j 1 Blatchf. Pr, I Cas. 641 j 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 656 j 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 664 j 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 665 j 1 Blatchf. Pr. jCas. 665 j 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 663.... j 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 648 j 1 telatchf. Pr. I Cas. 652 j 1 Blatchf. Pr I Cas. 659 f 1 Blatchf. Pr I Cas. 659 j 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 658 f 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 646 f 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 649 f 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 668 j 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 661 j 1 Blatchf. Pr. I Cas. 644 CASES CRITICISED. 623 TOL. PAGE. APFIEMED. EEVEBSED. OTEKEUIiED. BlatcM. Pr. Cas. Bond. Brock. . Brown Adm. 3ush (Ky.) 316 362 377 379 380 382 387 434 463 032 315 45 84 110 296 190 235 248 299 330 478 159 115 124 130 251 227 393 297 382 98 j 1 BlatcM. Pr. 1 Cas. 656 3 Wall. 564. .. . 3WaU. 155.... 3 Wall. 451.. 3 WaU. 559.. 5 WaU. 1 3 Wall. 451.... 3 WaU. 559.... 5 Wan. 1 5 WaU. 28 2 Black 635..., 1 Black 273... 7 Cranch 287. CEITICISED. 5 WaU. 1. 14 WaU. 620. 8 WaU. 420.. 18 WaU. 516. 6 Wall. 134 . 5 WaU. 1. 8 Cranch 221. 9 Cranch 199. . . 3 Wheat. 236... 8 Wheat. 421. . . 7 Wheat. 283... 12 Wheat. 169. . fl Brown Adm, |l24n fl Brown Adm. |128w ( 1 Brown Adm. \136n 1 Otto 200 1 Otto 692. 7 WaU. 487. 9 Wall. 353 1 Otto 208. f 13WaU.679, I 730-736... Caines (N.T.) Cai Cas. (N. Y.) 1 347 — 573 1 43 2 153 c 3 Cranch 210. 3Mason,27,76 ( 7 How. 706, I 722 (1 01c. Adm. 1157,163... 624 CASE^ CRITICISED. KEPOKT. VOL. PAGE. APFIEMED. EEVEBSED. OVEKEULED. CKITICISED. Cal 1 2 5 12 14 24 26 27 31 34 36 37 41 45 47 49 50 1 2 295 308 241 448 291 667 644 420 87 175 500 391 135 69 634 167 461 331 351 525 16 145 268 316 475 158 210 247 269 282 322 370 388 481 519 4 40 j 9 Wall. 592, |598 4 Wain .411, 1427 ( 1 Deady 1228,232... 1 Wall. 627 j 17 WaU. 1168,179... 2 Abb. U.S. 1 479, 491. . . j 13 WaU. "480,489... 8 Wall 639 ( 3 Otto 169, |l72 1 Deady ■ 481,498... 1 Sawyer 653, 661... (3 -Sawyer 193,104.... 9 Wall. 315 j 3 Sawyer 1353,362... 15 Wall. 77 21 Wall. 387... • 7 Otto 575 6 Otto 316 5 Otto 58 7 Otto 280 3 Otto 558 Chase Dec. 23 WaU. 165 7 Wall. 262.... 14 WaU. 297 19 WaU. 94 . . . Cliff. .... 1 Black 506.... 1 Black 121. . . . 2 Black 545. . . . 1 Black 77 1 WaU. 1 24 How. 386... 2 Black 372. . . . 2 Black 372.. 5 Wall. 113.... 1 Black 414. . . . 1 WaU. 234.... 3 Wall. 37 2 WaU.' 423.... CASES CRITICISED. 625 wra'ORT. VOL. PAGE. AI'FIRMED. BEVEBSED. OVEBSTJIjEII. CEITICISED. Cliff. .... 2 3 3 1 2 1 6 8 16 17 22 29 32 57 5 70 ] 137 i 157 191 270 351 440 469 205 215 239 284 318 328 376 563 595 432 205 299 370 4G0 495 509 36 228 248 392 411 639 154 527n 142 584 149 368 79 502 561 173 5 Wall 383 L Wall 684 i Wall 87 ? Wn.ll 79« ^ Wall 1 , T Wall 647 ^ Wall 788 fi Wall IS R Wflll ^^7 ■ 1 n "WbII ^^ 1 Wall 604 . . • - 7 Wflll ^83 1 ^ "WqII f^^l * ' ■ ' 90 Wall 4-88 on Wftll 4-Q4 .... n "Wnll 11^ 1 Of f n 71 fi 1 Otfn 1 71 Coldw. (Tenn.) CbL T. . . 8 Wall. 44 16 Wall. 271 .. . 15 Wall. 539... * • ■ " 1 ft "WToll ^^1 .... 1Q Wall fiOfi . . . • 21 WaU. 33.... .... . . . . 1 r\i-4-n KOI • • ■ • 3 Otto 163 O r\4-i-r\ raa • • • • K r\i-i-r\ OQQ Conn 2Cliff.311,322 2 Mason, 1252,279... f 2 Woodb. & 1 M. 211, 216 5How.233,261 . . . • • - • • ■ . . . . 10 How. oil. . . 3Dffl.l85,190 (10 How. 511. 1 Id. 541 . . . . f 22 Wall. 1 123, 130... . . . • C 5 BlatcU. 1 170, 181... . . . . 6 Wall. 594. . . . 2K 626 CASES CEITICISED. EEPOKT. VOL BAGE. AI'FIEMED. KBVEESED. OVBRBtTLED. OEITIOISED. Conn. Cooke (Tenn.) Cow. (N. Y.) Crabbe. Cranch 33 35 36 87 1 166 563 242 325 543 433 160 365 166 314 564 670 530 265 356 479 563 137 252 259 309 10 140 179 267 331 16 WaU. 366. 14WaU. 383. 9 Cranch 64. 12 WaU. 1 . 13 WaU. 158. 15 WaU. 195. 3 How. 197. lBiss.425,428 8- How. 83. j 11 How. 1 480, 490. IBlatchf., H. 66, 74. (1 Abb. U.S. j 169, 183... 2 Low. 270... j 2 How. 497, 1554 : 22 WaU. 123,130... 1 01c. Adm. 196,202... 5 Mason 465,476... ] Blatckf. & H. 465, 470. flNewb.Adm 1308, 311. . . . 1 Taney 1, 3 7 WaU. 347, 349 3 Ben. 307, 316 5 Pet. 190, 203 4 Wash. C. 0. 59, 60. . . 4Gratt. (Va.)422.. 3 Yerg. (Tenn.) 475 f 12 WaU. 1 457,548,661 5 Wend. 315. lEob.(Va.) 20, 39 2 Woodb. & M. 229.... 7 N. Y. 576. f 2 Abb. U. S. 94, 101 ... . 5 Wend. (N. Y.) 170. 5 N. Y. 376, 382 CASES CRITICISED. 627 EEPORT. VOL. PAGE. AIFIRMED. BBTERSED. OVERRULED. CRITICISED. 'Cranch.. 3 337 4 .46 — 75 — 202 — 209 — 241 5 15 — 34 57 — 61 234 — 281 — 289 — 313 6 8 — 87 — 252 — 253 8 Pet. 99, 163 6 Crancli 281 10 Pick. 9, 12 j 1 Mason 1 243, 251 .. . j5Blatclif. I 63, 82 j 4 Mass. 221, I 229 J 2 Abb. U.S. 1 500, 501 .. . 5 CaU (Va.) 16, 46 3Biss.276,287 8 WaU. 168, 178 9 Wheat. 904, 911... 2 How. 497, 554 16 Id. 314, 344 18 Id. 331, 364 20 Id. 227, 233 21 Id. 202, 215 2Woodb. & M. 229, 231 1 Woods 72, 74 i5Eand.(Va.) 1453, 478> . . . 39N. H. 304. r4Johns.Ch. j 460,488... j 2Woodb. & [M. 449, 466. j 10 Wheat. I 431, 435. . . ( 2 J. J. ] Marsh. 443. (4Litt. 218. ill Pet. 420, 1573, 581, 617 7 Conn. 149. . 6 Wall. 231, 236 2 McLean 168,173... 18 Johns. 459 3 Story 646. 628 CASES CRITICISED. EEPORT. VOL. PAGE. AIPFIKMED. EEVEESED. OVEKKULED. CKITICISED. 6 7 8 9 1 329 332 156 164 487 572 229 19 104 126 212 27 35 42 78 95 97 109 116 117 122 126 170 190 221 233 241 242 243 257 39 N. H. ■ 304,388... ■ 9 WaU 387, 393 1 Mason 243,251... 5 Yerg. (Tonn. 1, 10 ■ 30 Miss. 264 ^ 3 Ohio 49. . 12 Id. 351.. 27 Vt. 140... f 12 Wheat. 1 383, 390. . . ( 4 Mason ] 333, 335. (5Id.87,87j* 7Wheal.27,29 j 6 Wheat. ] 550, 559... j 2 McLean, 1 581, 586... 1 Newb. -^Adm. 284 (291,306.... j 2 McLean 1 501, 506. . .. Cranch C.C. ' 1 Cranch 290 1 Cranch 117. . . 5 Cranch C. C. 297 1 Cranch 110. . . 1 Cranch 343. . . 1 Cranch 290. . . 1 Cranch 309. . . 1 Cranch 345. . . 3 Cranch 73. . . . 2 Cranch 10. . . . 1 Cranch 321. . . 2 Cranch 185. . . 1 Cranch 194. . . 3 Cranch 492. . . 4 Cranch 141. . . 4 Cranch 60 3 Cranch 298. . . 3 Cranch 300. . . 4 Cranch 299... 3 Cranch 311. . . CASES CRITICISED. 629 KEPOET. VOL. PAGE. APFIEMED. EEVEESED. OVEEETJLBD. CBITIOISBD. Oranch. C.C. 1 2 260 262 264 269 276 278 291 292 295 357 407 419 432 433 435 437 440 447 452 458 460 462 468 472 489 536 550 569 578 579 585 586 589 3 15 20 31 82 86 114 220 236 252 274 3Cranch496.. 3 Oranch 331. . 3 Cranch 324. . j 6 Cranoli 53. |ld. 301 3 Oranch 448. . 3 Oranch 448. . 4 Cranch 434. . 5 Cranch 19. . . 1 Cranch 282. . 4 Cranch 239. . 6 Cranch 3. . . . 5 Cranch 34. . . 7 Cranch 565. . 5 Cranch 15 . . 4 Cranch 401. 5 Cranch 13. . 7 Cranch 171. 3 Cranch 140. . . 5 Cranch 15. . . . 4 Cranch 384, 5 Id. 45 Id. 49 5 Cranch 100. 5 Cranch 154. . 5 Cranch 142. . 3 Cranch 319. . 7 Cranch 152. . 7 Cranch 242. . 5 Cranch 335. . 6 Cranch 252. . 5 Cranch 100. 6 Cranch 221. 7 Cran6h 156. 6 Cranch 233. 6 Cranch 203. 7 Cranch 366. 7 Cranch 290. 6 Cranch 253. 7 Cranch 273. 6 Cranch 226. 1 Wheat. 233. 1 "Wheat. 179. 7 Cranch 548. 11 Wheat. 309. 9 Wheat. 445.. 12 Wheat. 590 12 Wheat. 590 630 CASES CEITICISED. EEPORT. VOL. PAGE. AFFIEMED. EEVEESED. OVEEETJTrE'O. OEITIOISED. Craneh C.C. 2 3 4 310 319 388 343 376 425 502 510 516 517 530 578 585 590 632 640 659 675 687 699 703 704 707 46 51 70 77 104 123 183 233 283 285 299 328 377 441 662 663 86 9 Wheat. 581. 11 Wheat. 171. . 11 Wheat. 184. . 12 Wheat. 590. . 4 Pet 232 . 1 9 How. 214. . 12 Wheat. 40. . . 1 Pet. 578 ( 2 Cranch 0. 1 C. 529, 530. 10 Pet 596 1 Ppt 89 5 Pet 358 7 Cranch 242 5 Pet. 264.. j 10 Wheat. 395 1 Id. 406 1 Pet 585 5 Pet 451 f 4 Cranch C. JC. 338 ( 1 Pet. 191.. . . ■< 3 Pet. 87 2 Pet 566 (9 Wheat. 483. 5 Pet. 481.. .... 2 Pet. 671 . 7 Pet 103 j 1 Pet. 567.. . . t 2 Pet. 671.. . . 2 Pet. 121 3 Pet. 1.. 3 Pet. 398.. . . 1 How. 14 5 Pet. 141.. 2 Pet. 157 2 Pet 482 5 Pet. 99.. . . 4 Pet. 184 7 Pet 596 3 Pet 470 . 5 Pet. 390.. 5 Pet 264 (17WaU. 1 168, 179... 9 Pet. 204 6 Pet. 86 6 Pet. 8 CASES CEITICISED. 631 REPOBT. VOL. PAGE. AITIRMED. REVERSED. OVERRTJTiED. CRITICISED. Cranch CO 4 5 1 136 151 206 247 429 431 541 643 703 93 102 127 163 278 294 319 393 400 403 435 445 474 496 518 533 546 549 563 619 622 1 28 41 61 70 97 123 125 179 220 233 243 246 9 Pet. 33. . . 6 Pet. 470 j 4 Pet. 205. . . . t 9 Pet. 418. . . . 10 Pet. 497. 9 Pet. 461 9 Pet. 461 12 Pet. 241 8 Pet. 44. . 12 Pet. 1 j 9 Pet. 204. . . . 1 13 Pet. 128 . . 12 Pet. 178. 13 Pet. 294. 12 Pet. 524. . . . 12 Pet. 524. . . 13 Pet. 17. 13 Pet. 107. . 13 Pet. 89 1 How. 290 14 Pet. 141. . . . 14 Pet 19 13 Pet. 345 13 Pet. 381 15 Pet. 1. 13 Pet. 302. • 14 Pet 84 16 Pet. 327 14 Pet. 33 14 Pet. 45 1 How. 290 j 15 Mich. 1 417, 430... ct. ofa. 7 WaU. 188.... 8 WaU. 358.... 7 WalL 331 ... . 7 WaU. 331.... 7 Wall. 122.... 5 Wall. 419.... 8 Wall. 33 9 WaU. 156.. .. 12 WaU. 177 6 WaU. 484.... 6 WaU. 573.. .. 7 Ct of CI 32 j6 WaU. 543.. ■[3Ct.ofCl.451 632 CASES CRITICISED. BEPOKT. VOL. PAGE. AITERMED. EEVERSED. OVEBEULED. CEmCISED. Ct. oi CI. 1 2 3 4 5 261 270 310 316 360 1 68 70 103 184 224 364 366 382 421 429 481 550 592 599 6 10 25 152 385 454 1 113 132 148 176 218 241 258 316 337 467 533 543 559 34 88 113 121 134 182 7 Wall. 113. 7 Wan. 361. 10 Wall. 593.. 7Ct.of a. 82. 7 Ct. of CI. 84. 7WaU. 166. 9 WaU. 691. 8WaU. 489. 8 WaU. 269. 8 WaU. 77.. 8 WaU. 358. 7 WaU. 113. 7 Wall. 666. 9 WaU. 432 . 7 WaU. 666. 9 WaU. 45.. 10 WaU. 62. 12 WaU. 246. 11 WaU. 591 . 12 WaU. 443. 9 WaU. 531 . . 9 WaU. 56... 14 Wall. 1... 12 WaU. 315. 13 WaU. 128. 13 WaU. 633. 13 WaU. 623. 7 WaU. 463. 8 WaU. 185. 8 WaU. 330. 7 WaU. 688. 8 WaU. 38. 7WaE 666. 14 Wall. 531. 4 Ct. of CI. 258. 9 WaU. 614. 6 WaU. 484. 9 WaU. 72. . 6 WaU. 543.. 12 WaU. 232. 12 WaU. 177. 13 WaU. 25 . . 13 WaU. 156. 15 WaU. 51.. 14 WaU. 479. 13 WaU. 35. Id. 38 CASES CRITICISED. 633 KEPORT. VOL. PAGE. ATFIEMED. RISVBBSED. OVBBKTJLED. OHITICISED. Ct. of CI. 234 252 270 277 285 339 348 362 372 395 441 462 476 490 523 586 620 628 648 674 8 57 84 99 111 146 156 162 282 331 363 870 398 415 448 129 874 482 522 543 605 37 14 WaU. 607. 14 Wall. 670. 15 Wall. 202. j 8 Ct. of CI. 134 1 17 Wall. 75. set of CI. 90. 8Ct. of CI. 13. 19 WaU. 13... 15 Wall. 58... 17 WaU. 9.... 15 WaU. 1.... 13 Wall. 636. 18 WaU. 254. 15 Wall. 84. 15 WaU. 86. 13 WaU. 568.. 8 Ct. of CI. 62. 15 WaU. 895. 11 WaU. 178. 17 WaU. 67.. 8 Ct. of CI. 125 18 Wall. 84.... 17 WaU. 515... 17 WaU. 489 .. . 17 Wall. 405...' 9 Ct. of CI. 11 . . 16 WaU. 148. 8 Ct. of CI. 187 ■8Ct.ofCl. 144 16 WaU. 310 17 WaU. 517. 21 WaU. 98.. 9 WaU. 72 . . . 18 Wall. 664. 10 Ct. of CI. 156, 20 WaU. 179. 13 Wall. 151 . 13 WaU. 154. 14 WaU. 550. 2 Otto, 41 . . . 17 WaU. 592. 17 WaU. 601. 8 Ct. of CI. 153 16 WaU. 147 19 Wall. 17. 19 WaU. 37.... 10 Ct. of CI. 181, 14 WaU. 685..., J'7Ct.ofC1.290 19 Id. 152 .. . 634 CASES CEITICISED. KKPOET. VOL. PAGE. Ai'Jl'LKMBD. EBVERSED. OVEKRULBD. oeitiotskh. Ct. ofOl. 8 9 10 252 265 281 288 334 371 391 427 449 451 452 483 499 532 545 560 566 38 81 135 155 170 276 381 377 ' 388 415 455 476 479 500 503 505 506 231 235 276 5Otto407,41f 10 ct. of CI. 11£ 5Otto407,41£ lotto 577 19 WaU. 264... 2 Otto 520 20 WaU. 517... 17 WaU. 439... ( 10 Ct. of CI. -^145 • (22 WaU. 99.. (22 WaU. 641. -1 10 Ct. of CI. /l34 (23 WaU. 35.. |l0Ct.ofC1.22 (10Ct.ofCl.95 1 22 WaU, 81... 20 WaU. 459 . . ' 3 Otto 247 2 Otto 382 lotto 270 ( 10 Ct. of 01. J 168 (22 Wall. 496, 9 Ct. of 01. 820 19 WaU. 37 • lotto 824 5 Otto 61 2 Otto 27 2 Otto 165 lotto 317 5 Otto 589 .. . 3 Otto 235 2 Otto 73 2 Otto 462 (23 WaU. 508. ■ 10Ct.ofCl.37 4 Otto 58. . . . . 5 Otto 356 (23 Wall. 411. I 10 Ct. of CI. / 50 (22 Wall. 492. " iaCt.ofCl.62 2Ottol05.. ... lotto 442 13 Ct. of CI. 556 t Otto 400 CASES CEITICISED. 635 SEPOKT. VOL. PAGE, AITIBMBD. BBVEESED. OVEBEULED. CRITICISED. a. of Curt 01. 10 11 12 13 1 2 385 397 424 433 438 449 494 502 519 548 603 604 606 522 592 625 638 659 672 691 — 698 707 733 761 774 35 181 219 226 295 495 504 648 704 705 709 1 15 49 148 69 266 340 28 3 Otto 605 . 5 Otto 149. 2 Otto 698 13 Ct. of 01. 543. lotto 321. 2 Otto 651. 6 Otto 30.. 1 Otto 72.. lotto 267. 6 Otto 162 . 6 Otto 430. 6 Otto 168. 4 Otto 397 6 Otto 354 6 Otto 567 13 Ct. of 01. 526. 4 Otto 225 2 Otto 281. 4 Otto 214 6 Otto 24 13 Ct. of CI. 526. 18 Ct. of 01. 544. 3 Otto 442 6 Otto 689 13 Ct. of 01. 525. 13 Ct. of 01. 562, 5 Otto 661 7 Otto 39 . 6 Otto 232. 7 Otto 392. 7 Otto 398. 1 Otto 303 , 22 Wall. 180. 5 Otto 539. 3 Otto 242. : 4 Otto 73.. 6 Id. 37.., jl3Ct.ofCl.530 I 5 Otto 750... 7 Otto 233. 5 Otto 407. 5 Otto 750. 5 Otto 760. 6 Otto 421. 18 How. 68.. 18 How. 246. 13 How. 498. 2 Low. 76, 78. 636 CASES CRITICISED. BEPOBT. VOL. PAGE. ATFIRMED. BETEBSED. OVEBBULED. CBITICISED. Curt . 2 1 4 9 69 126 202 216 231 371 386 427 454 488 524 475 322 553 ri Cliff. 481, 492 18 How. 202... 11 Law Rep.jN. s.,87 19 How. 69 18 How. 413... j 6 Blatchf. |48,56 19 How. 183... 19 How. 289... j 2 Low. 5, |l2 2 Black 481.... ■ 11 Bankr. Eeg. 352, - 361 19 How. 318... 6 Ben. 497, 505 Cush. (Mass.) ' 1 Chase Dec. 145, ■ 148 3 DUl. 334 340 j 1 Low. 134, ■) 137,138... 2 Biss. 518, 525 3 Id 124 8 Bankr. Reg. 438. . . 13 DaLT. DaU. 42 5 Otto 204 60 IDak. T. 60n.. 297 1 Taney 1 304 2 Pet. 380, 414 381 j 2 Sumn. ] 251, 257. . . 1 ' lCurt.23,57 ■ 13 N. H. . 536, 564. . . j2GaU.29,40 l4Wheat.66n j 2 Paine, ■ 655,674676 2 Mason, "119, 120... 6 133 306 CASES CRITICISED. 637 KEPOKT. VOL. PAGE. APFIEMED. REVERSED. OVERRDI,ED. CRITICISED. DaU. Dana (Ky-) Day (Conn.) Deady. . . 331 333 365 386 401 491 496 515 107 120 132 283 320 330 374 426 143 136 281 298 431 193 268 405 620 649 4 Cranch 48. 3 Pet. 33.. f4DaU.308n 4 4 Mason (390,394. ] 2 Sumn. ■[251,257., 12 Serg. & R. (Pa.) 243 f2GaU. 29, 40 lWheat.238, 259, 260. . . . [ 4 Wash. C. [ C. 464, 469- 39 N. H. 304,387... f4Serg.&R. I (Pa.) 6, 16. j 2 Sumn. 19, t48 f 1 Wall. Jr. 1 189, 191... 15 Serg. & R. (Pa.) 165, 172. . . (5 Binn. (Pa.) (266, 273. . . . f4 Binn. (Pa.) 1445, 464. . . . ( 2 Wash. C. iC. 69,76... ( 1 Woodb. & I M. 401, 438. f 4 Biss. 283, 1 285 15 Wall 524. 7 Cranch 550. lGaU.379. 5 Mason 35,49... 1 Sumn. 263,272. 17 How. 609,610. (Deady 322, 1 333 ( 1 Abb. U. 8. -^577 ( 1 Sawyer 153. 13 Wall. 453... 638 CASES CRITICISED. EBPOBT. VOL. PAGE. AiTIRMED. REVERSED. OVEBEUIiED. CBITIOISED. Den. (N.Y.) 1 2 5 1 2 1 2 3 441 197 63 244 209 19 24 40 49 139 155 164 174 203 219 264 281 358 372 392 403 441 460 465 41 50 154 182?i 188 259 294 •398 421 441 469 479 539 555 570 7 53 ' j 5 Blatchi 1387,390... lBiss.425,427 ( 7 BanTrr. \ Reg. 359, (365 Dev. (Ct. of CI.) Dev. (N.C.) Din 3 How. 236 . . 2 McLean 221 16 Wall. 577 ^2DiU. 108... 4 10 Am. Law (Reg., N. s., 181 17 WaU. 207. .. 3Dm.l36,138 14 Wall. 44...-. 15 WaU. 573... 18 WaU. 635. .. 15 WaU. 410... 17 WaU. 96.... 13 WaU. 40.... 13 WaU. 654 . . 11 WaU. 616... 14 WaU. 279 . . 17 WaU. 596... 15 WaU. 177... 15 WaU. 591... 15 WaU. 580... 14 Wall. 375... 2 WaU. 24 16 WaU. 566 .. . 19 WaU. 619... 20 WaU. 31 22 WaU. 32 \ . . 18 WaU. 391 .. . 22 WaU, 351. . . 17 Wall. 553... 17 WaU. 657... 21 WalL44.... 19 WaU. 58.... 19 WaU. 20.... 23 WaU. 108... 21 Wall. 389... 2 Otto 320 4 Otto 711 13 WaU. 222... (4 Otto 682... 18 Otto 169... 23 WaU. 383... CASES CEITICISED. 639 EEPOBT. VOL. PAGE. iFFIEMJED. BEYBBSBD. OVEBEULED. CEITICISED. Dffl. Diiv. (Ky.) 87 150 185 200 303 313 343 392 411 479 593 20 5 Otto 269... 2 Otto 569... 5 Otto 373... 3 Otto 567... 22 WaU. 444; 22 WaU. 464. 4 Otto 631.. 4Dm. 415n. lotto 343.. 4 Otto 324.. 8 WaU. 603. 5 Otto 576. F Fish. Pat, Gas, Ha... 213 252 610 275 499 541 543 98 186 555 141 201 439 599 175 9 WaU. 788. 21 How. 88.. 23 How. 487. 1 Black 273.. . 1 WaU. 531.. 7 Otto 224.. 2 Otto 724.. 6 How. 146. 10 WaU. 117. 8 WaU. 420.. 11 Wall. 516. 14 WaU. 620. 14 WaU. 452. 3 Pish. Pat. Gas. 439, -I 450 2 Bond, 189,203... ( 7 Blatchf. I 230, 231.. j 7 Blatchf. I 230, 23} . . 640 CASES CRITICISED. G^ KEPOBT. VOL. FACE. AFFIRMED. KEYBBSEID, OTEERTTLED. CBITICISED. Ga 1 4 14 35 40 43 44 50 54 55 1 2 7 335 230 269 391 538 351 530 401 312 69 104 170 192 233 295 348 371 429 445 451 467 485 488 532 545 563 594 614 618 620 630 29 78 233 1 j 1 McAJl. 1 271, 285... f 17 WalL 1 168, 179. . . f 1 Woods 1 496, 498... 13 WaU. 646... ( 1 Woods 1439,444... 16 WaU. 314... 15"WaU. 610... 3 Otto 116 f 2 Otto 665... 1 2 Otto 675... 8 Otto 359 GaU ■ 9 Wheat. 680,717,718 2 Mason 9 Cranch 55. . . . 476, 483. . . 5 Id. 425, 439,440... (11N.T.157, |l63 8 Cranch 417. . . 8 Cranch 181. . . ■ — , , , , 8 Cranch 155. . . 9 Cranch 104... 9 Cranch 153. . . ' 2 Mason 119,120... 1 Blatchf. .3,17 flBaldw. J 303,327... 8 Cranch 354 . . 1 Curt. 100, .103 . . . . 8 Cranch 385... (8 Cranch 434. ' 9 Cranch 120. lCiirt.l00,103_ 1 Wheat. 20.... 8 Cranch 169... 1 Wheat. 415... . . . . 8 Cranch 451... 8 Cranch 110. . . 8 Cranch 181... . . . . 8 Cranch 363... . . . . 3 Cranch 348. . . B Cranch 388. . . 3 Cranch 388. ^ . . . 9 Cranch 153. . . 1 Wheat. 238. . . . . . . 2 Wheat. 169. . . 2 Wheat. 66.... CASES CEITICISED. 641 BEPOET. VOL, AIFIEMED. EEVEKSED. OVEREULED. OBITICISED. Gkill, GiU.&J. (Md. Gilm, Gilp Gratt, (J> a. Gray (Mass.) 18 7 14 249 261 268 364 398 515 270 86 15 10 83 140 207 219 524 592 624 830 43 97 553 284 288 566 2 "Wheat. 278. 1 Wheat. 382. 1 Wheat. 208. 5 Alb. L. J. 288 3 Wall Jr. 395 10 Wall. 464. 14WaU. 553. 24 How. 2o 450. j 12 Wheat. ( 611, 638 .. . ■7WaU. 454, 461 2 Ware 343, 352,355. fllBankr. |Eeg.322, 326 f 2 Abb. U. S. 1 172, 178... j 2 Abb. U.S. 1 172, 178... j 2 Abb. U.S. 1 172, 178... j 2 Curt. 301, I 303 ( 1 Brown 4 Adm. 334, (389,340... 1 Cliff. 511, 518 1 WaU. 223, 1 233,239... 1 DiU. 515, 520 14 Wall. 579,606... r 12 Bankr. Eeg413,419 4 Biss. 253, 259 ( 22 How. I 341, 351. j 13 Wall. 1 104, 127. 2 Sprague 150,156... 23 N. J. L. 49,57 1 Woodb. & M. 401, 438. 2 Id. 92, 112 J 5 How. 233, 1261 j 1 Taney I 310, 334. . . j 3 Sumn. I 288, 299. 642 CASES CRITICISED. H AinBMED. BEVEESED. OVEKRTILED. CHITICISED. HaJl (N.T.) Hard. (Ky.) Har.&G. (Md.) Har. & J. (Md.) 3 4 5 Har. & McH. (Md.) Hawks (N. C.) Hempst.. 2 1 480 261 1 291 305 535 443 69 312 392 148 242 343 324 118 281 313 389 394 460 502 563 624 665 7 Pet. 222.. 1 Hempst. 148 13 How. 261. 13 How. 250. 12 How. 24. . 11 How. 875. {5^ 18 How. 43... Hempst.669n ; 9 How. 83 [ 92, 107. . . . ■ 3 Crancli C. ; 0. 331, 332. f 13 Pet. 294, 1 299 ; 13 How. 472 1 1 Hempst. 636 f 2 McLean I 219, 221... ] 10 Wheat. 1 454,461,464 4 Cranch C. C. 431, 436, 437 5 Cranch C. C. 439, 442. ', 4 Cranch C. ; C. 124, 128. 1 Hempst. 261 1 Hempst. 296 ( 1 Hempst. t463n ■ 13 Pet. 294, 299 ■ 3 Cranch C. C. 381, 333. j 1 MacArth. 1541,551... 8 Pet. 150, 161 r 12 Wheat. ( 515,522... I 4 McLean [ 577, 579. . . 8 Pet. 150, 162 5WaU. 710,718 ( 1 Hempst. j 536, 537. . , CASES CEITICISED. 643 BEPOET. VOL. PAGE. APFIKMED. EEVEESBD. OVEEEUIiED. CEITICISED. Hempst. Hen. & M. (Va.) Hill (N.T.) HiU (S.C.) Hoffin, L 1. Cas. 678 692 715 307?i 289 355 623 131 301 583 251 439 9 18 20 28 41 86 100 104 112 150 154 155 157 162 174 188 197 207 211 216 219 248 249 273 279 345 373 18 How. 106. 19 How. 303. 18 How. 137. 4 How. 21 . 18 How. 553. 18 How. 1... 17 How. 542. 18 How. 557. 22 How. 286. 24 How. 125. 1 Wall. 721.. 5 WaU. 444. . 24 How. 125. 22 How. 290. 22 How. 392. 23 How. 515. 20 How. 59.. 23 How. 273. 23 How. 255. 21 How. 412. 22 How. 225. 23 How. 476. 24 How. 131. 22 How. 274. 23 How. 312. 22 How. 416. 22 How. 406. 23 How. 262. 20 How. 413. 23 How. 321. 2 WaU. 649. 3 Pet. 320, 341 1 11 Bankr. lEeg.322,326 3 Wall. 1, 14. 3 WaU. 107, 111 17 Id. 357, ^361 ] 4 McLean 1577,579... 13 WaU. 17,22 ( 2 McLean ■j 219, 221... 13 Pet. 312, 1 328 644 CASES CRITICISED. EEPORT. VOL. PAGE. AirniMED. EEVEESED. OVJi^RtJT.Kn. CRITICISED. 1 1 1 2 3 15 20 40 42 88 172 226 296 331 342 354 366 386 417 475 59 28 202 234 277n 282 311 202 497 608 711 133 197 292 426 14WaU. 189... ( 1 Holmes 27n, 1 lotto 37.... 17 "Wall. 453... 16 Wall. 544. . . 23 WalL 261... 21 Wall. 112. .. lotto 114 2 Otto 724 4 Otto 568 5 Otto 527 3 Otto 486 . . . 7 Otto 189 21 Wall. 430 . . 4 Otto 589 6 Otto 645 Hopk. (N.T.) J 4 McLean 151,54 ( 1 Brown ■I Adm. 170 4Biss. 62, 72. (181 f 3 Story 402, 1405,409... 15Mo.387,343 fll Banln-. lEeg.194,195 2 How. 395.... 1 Den. (N. ■ Y.) 128, 132 lBen.348,352 r 16H0W.314, 349,352... 4 McLean .544,545... j 3 McLean [545,546... j 5 How. 382, [395 '2 Abb. U.S. 323,337... 1 16H0W.369, 401,403... j 2 Ohio St. 1339,344... ' 1 Sawyer 260,262,263 \ 8 Banlfr. Reg. 167, .170 f 1 Sawyer [260,262... CASES CRITICISED. 645 KEPORT. VOL. PAGE. AFFIRMED. EEVEBSED. OVBERXJLED. How 650 674 80 380 646 709 712 134 141 176 441 504 301 344 437 507 550 89 185 627 729 495 565 566 11 How. 587. 30Mo.272,282 CRITICISED. 9 How. 314, 334 20 How. 372,377... f 12 How. 443,464. 21 WaU. 558, 584. f 21 Wall I 558, 584. jlWoodb.& I M. 184, 194. ( 2 Cliff. 528, I 534 1 Blatchf. 258,276... 2 Cliff. 435, 437 2 Curt. 506, 520 1 Blatchf. 258. j 1 Blatchf. I 258, 276... j22Axk.l25, 1 128 f 22 Ark. 125, tl28 8 WaU. 85, 99. 4WaU.555,563 8Wall.l23,127 35Miss.25,56 (12H0W.472 ] 24 Id. 553, (628 j 1 Hughes I 552, 558... ' 1 Sprague 135, 138n. . 1 Black 108, 113 f 24 How. 1427,431.,. I 24 How. ■j 427, 431 .. . f 24 How. 1 427, 431... jl Abb. U.S. I 317, 327... 7Wall.580,582 fll Bankr. lEeg. 330,333 j 6 McLean I 573, 574... 6 McLean 1, 8 646 CASES CEITICISED. BBPOBT. VOL. PAGE. AIFIKMED. RhlViiUSED. OTEBSUT.ET). CRITICISED. How. 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 109 196 619 56 348 79 443 458 539 1 233 369 622 477 525 542 87 110 137 143 235 22 343 859 f 3 Blatohf. 1488,491... 13 How. 268 . . . 2Curfc.231,236 20hff.311,323 ( 18 WaU. 1 457, 464... f 22 Ark. 125, 128 1 Curt. 244, 248 30 Miss. .343,360... 1 Brown Adm. 553, ■ 555 13 How. 469... 21 WaU. 558,586... f 3 Blatchf. 488,491... 1 17 WaU. .453,460... f 15 How. 114,30 ( 16 How. 1314,850... ( 5 Ohio St. 1361,429... f 16 How. 1416,442... 10 WaU. ■ 204,217... 6 Cal. 263, 269 6 Cal. 263, 269 f 22 How. 1 443, 459 .. . 100 Mass. ■ 561,568... j 22 Ark. 556, 1559 31111200,207 30 Tex. 576, 588 f lOWaU.204, 1209,216... j 13 WaU. 1480,488... 9 WaU. 129, 137 ■ 10 Id. 204, .209 1 Low. 350, 355 2 Id. 7,9.. 3 Ware 211, 214 CASES CRITICISED. 647 REPORT. VOL. PAGE. AWFIBMED. REVERSED. OVERRULED. CRITICISED. How- How. (]sr.Y.)Pr. 20 21 59 65 343 393 555 583 244 248 22 24 441 539 315 41 169 14 187 19 168 24 72 42 198 22 How. 443. 1 Black 587. 24 How. 526. 2 Abb. U.S. 94 104. . . . 49 m. 220, 226 11 Wall. 728. 4 Otto 348, 350 lBeii.234,237 1 Abb. U.S. 1,7 2 Ben. 547, 549 3 Id. 263, 267 1 Cliff. 633, 637 7 WaU. 624, 641 ' 1 Brown - Adm. 193, 197 2 Ben. 547, 549 3 Id. 263, 267 1 Cliff. 633, 637........ 7 Wall. 624, 641 21 Id. 558, 587,588... J22N.T.259, 1 278.- f 13 Ma. 451, 464 19 Iowa 199,218... nOhio St. 183,191... (2 Black 394, 1 406 3 Bush (Ky.) 266, 293 r 2 Abb. U. S. J 323,343.... ] 8 Wall. 123, 1.137 j 5 Blatchf. 1 183, 185... j 13 Wall. I 608,615,616 648 CASES CRITICISED. REPORT. VOL. PAGE, AITIEMED. BEVEBSED. OVEBBULED. CKITIGISED. Hughes. Humph. (Teim.) 69 177 598 9 30 239 313 312 ( 1 Chase Dee. 4 4:35 (3 Otto, 155... 4 Otto 391. . . . 2 Hughes 12n.. 2 Hughes 43n.. 2 Hughes 322n, 21 Wall. 500. 2 Hughes 244. 11 How. 398. . m.. lad.. 11 16 18 23 24 25 28 33 43 48 58 60 69 82 1 2 4 5 7 49^ ( 2 Sawyer {176,194... 197 8 How. 569.... 521 r 8 Bankr. J Eeg. 78, 89. 19,3 1.2 Sawyer L 416, 427:.. f 6 McLean 1200,202... j 1 Woolw. 1278,290... 235 472 21 How. 294. . . 579 2Biss.l83,187 4Biss.482,484 f 4 Biss, 473 1 476n 156 168 ' 35 (■15 Bankr. lEeg.459,462 f 2 Black 418, 1428 15 Bankr. lEeg.459,462 424 • 168 433 6 Wall. 160.... 497 7Biss.l93,199 172 10 WaU. 410..-. 254 50tto465,473 390 4 WaU. 459 80 4 Otto 113 174 6 Otto 63 179 4Biss.l05,106 293 14 How. 268... 607 12 How. 98.... 339 5Biss.315,317 636 22 How. 56.... CASES CRITICISED. 649 EEPORT. YOL. PAGE, ATFIEMED. KEVEESED. OTEEBTJLED. CRITICISED. Ind... Iowa.. Ired. (N.C.; L 20 22 24 52 17 20 22 23 26 28 30 31 35 41 42 498 139 131 488 349 497 91 331 191 188 9 601 386 395 683 463 463 4 Otto 792. 5 Wall. 480n. 9 WaU. 89... 19 WaU. 584. 18 WaU. 129. 21 WaU. 310. 4 Otto 796... 4Biss.l95,204 4Biss.99,102. 4 WaU. 555. 12 WaU. 687. 1 Dm. 555, 563,566... C 9 Baakr. I Eeg. 50, 56, f 11 Baiikr. tEeg.553, 562 3Dffl.469,472 4DiU.508,509 j 5 WaU. 710, "[718 Johns. Q 1 24 2 213 484 3 210 — 342 4 124 5 58 — 375 6 110 — 168 — 194 — 267 1 Ware 41, 46. ( 1 Mason 1482,506... 6 McLean 422, 432. . . 3 Mason 1.347,373... f 4 Wash, a I 0. 148, 156, f 3 McLean 1551,557... 3 Woodb. & M. 456, 478. 2 GaU. 60, 75. f 3 Sumn. I 523, 526... ( 2 McLean I 543,549,566 2 McLean 87,92 2Cliff.l91,198 ( 15 How. 1 494, 519... 650 CASES CEITICISED. KEPOET. TOL. PAGE. AITIEMED. BEVEBSED. OVEEBULED. CEITIOISED. Johns. (N.Y.) 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 12 13 337 832 890 468 23 9 120 201 337 312 507 98 185 293 510 143 177 220 276 365 82 112 141 [ f 2 Paine 209, 217,220... r 3 Mason J 446,455... ■ 9 Wheat. [720,737... "I 14 Pet. 540, [564,567... j 2 McLean 1543,549... jl Paine 486, 1492 j 2 Woodb. & 1 M 456, 478. ■ 3 Wash. 0. 0. 298, 309. 13 Pet. 331, 342 1 01c. Adm. .89,99 f 2 McLean llO.ll 1 Blatchf. & H. 226, 281. 4 Mason 515,534... 3 Wheat. 101. . . j 4 Oranch 0. to. 271, 289. f 7 How. 706, t722 f 4 Oranch C. 1 0. 39, 58. . . ( 1 Story 109, |l35 j 3 Mason 1347,373... fl Blatchf. & 1h. 342, 845. j 16 Banln-. 1 Eeg. 52, 54. " > ■ . . ^ 15 Banlo:. lEeg.459,462 ! Story 16, 53. r 5 Pet. 402, 1446 j 2 McLean t 219, 221... ■ j 15 How. 1494,519... 5 Wheat. 246. . . CASES CRITICISED. 651 BEPOKT. AITIEMED. EEVEBSKD. OVEKRULED. CEITIOISED. Johns. (N. Y-) 13 15 17 18 19 20 Johns. (N.T.) Cas.. Johns. (N.T.) Ch.. 174 179 444 121 358 4 54 488 187 352 459 144 102 188 436 29 180 13 111 9 Wheat. 1. f 2 McLean 1 451,452,457 ] 3 Mason 1347,378... (2 Abb. U.S. 1 94, 101.... j 1 Sawyer 1309,332... j 2 Paine (300,310... f 1 McLean 1429,437.. f 10 Pet. 266, 1 257, 267... ( 12 Blatchf. 1 209, 214... f 1 01c. Adm. 1 401, 405 . . ( 3 Sumn. I 523,526,528 5 Pet. 1, 67 f 1 McLean 111, 13 f 17 How. I 609, 610... j 3 Sumn. 20, 1 26 j 12 Blatchf. I 209, 214... 2 McLean 10 {I 1 Biss. 292, 296 15 How. 494,519... 1 McLean 295,300... 2 Id. 267, 277,300... 21 Wall. 441,449... 3Woodb.& M. 456, 491. ■ 1 Mason 482,506... ( 3 McLean 1 472, 474... fl Abb. U.S. 1 169, 181... 652 CASES CEITICISED. BEPOKT. VOL. PAGE. AITIEMED. REVERSED. OVERRULED. CRITICISED. Johns. (N.T.) Ch.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 7 517 35 62 140 339 394 371 21 106 150 287 460 522 388 258 194 174 163 ' 1 Deady, 481,490... 1 McLean . 11, 13, 14. . j 11 Wheat, 1 78, 90, 93. . (IMcAIL {271,285... 1 McAll. 419,426... ] 1 Baldw. {394415... ( 3 McLean 1587,606... ( 2 Mason 1 252,296,299 ] 1 McAH. 1271,293,294 f 2 Brock {493,505... ' 6 Pet. 635, 643 5 How. 295, 307 1 Baldw. 394,415... '' 1 Curt. 1€8, 171 4 Mason 16, 35 ( 2 Wall Jr. (592,597... 16 WalL 610,626... lWoodb.& M. 115, 187 j 2 Snnin. {486,522...- ' 6 McLean 422,433... 6 Mason .347,373... (2 Ware 252, {259 Jones (N. C.)L.. 5 Ben. 801, ■ 308 ( 1 Chase Deo 540, 544. . . CASES CRITICISED. 653 BEPORT. VOL. PAGE. AI'I'IBIIED. EETEmSED. OTEBRULED. CRITICISED. Kan. Keyes (N.T.) 2 248 9 38 — 344 15 15 2 119 — 294 10 WaU. 321. lotto 206. 7 Otto 491. k: 16 WaU. 603. 7 WaU. 139. 3 DiU. 334, 341 La La. Ann.. Leigh (Va.) Litt. (Ky.) Low. 13 16 2 3 5 7 8 10 11 16 19 21 23 25 '?I48 (3 Story 465, |480 ( 5 Ben. 301, 1308 j 3 Story 465, 1480 349 598 '>A 4 How. 169 414 j 1 Woods 1 104,, 107... 114 6 How. 486 59 11 How 104 . 75 15 How 433 660 17 How. 28 71 19 How. 202 .. . 515 19 How. 252 . . . 730 4 WaU 172 525 j 1 Woods 1 175, 176... 85 6 WaU. 443 .'^08 j 4 How. 262, ■ 275 17 WaU. 1 168, 179... 435 205 34t) 17 WaU. 437... 11 Wall 493...' 377 387 1 Q Wall 4-21 19 "Wflll 97^1 f 1 McAIl 1419,426... 96 598 C 2 Sumn. 19, 152 498 326 27 96 j 6 McLean 1422,434... ( 19 How. 1393,583... 2 Low. 40, 48. 7 WaU. 82 654 CASES CRITICISED. EEPOET. VOL. PAGE. AJl'J-'iKMF.n. EEYERSED. OVEEEtrr.FiT). CRITICISED. Low 1 2 134 165 184 190 280 366 375 444 478 575 29 7Blatolif. 290.. 14 Wall 189... 17 How. 152... 14 Bankr. ■Reg. 218... 13 Wall. 389... 2 Low. 21 7 Wall. 152.... j 2 Low. 477, |481 13 WaU. 672... 2 DOl. 533, 537 f 7 Bankr. Eeg. 1490 9 Bankr. . Reg. 57, 60. 3 Biss. 219, . 237 1 Otto 114 7 Bankr .Eeg.193,210 IML MacArth. McAlL 1 21 Wall. 441... 7 » 2 Otto 107 34 lotto 122 38 22WalL 329... 41 5 Otto 380 73 2 Otto 202.... 86 lotto 13 135 4 Otto 773 139 4 Otto 371 155 1 Otto 357. 223 5 0tto474 296 lotto 225 22 WaU. 406... 322 1 Otto 540.. 358 4 Otto 741 522 3 Otto 321 541 5 Otto 303 642 21 WaU. 185... 14 6 Otto 332 256 8 Otto 514 299 2 MacArth. '516,519... 420 3 Otto 379 9 19 How. 82.... CASES CRITICISED. 655 REPORT. VOL. PAGE. APPIKMED. OVEEEULED. OEITICISED. McAll.. . . McCord (S. C.) McLean. 48 113 119 212 370 401 599 1 11 16 18 82 41 44 85 90 95 110 120 185 146 167 178 185 200 206 221 226 234 249 266 295 321 384 395 454 583 126 195 267 21 How. 228. 21 How. 223. 28 How. 435. 24 How. 268. 2 Black. 519. 7 Pet. 171. 1 Pet. 828. 5 Pet. 470. 6 Pet. 666. , 4 Pet. 152. 7 Pet. 554. 6 Pet. 61. . 6 Pet. 250. . 7 Pet. 464. 6 Pet. 95. 6 Pet. 291. ( 7 Blatchf. ■(426,440... :2Woodb.& I M'. 581, 588 9 Pet. 62 9 Pet. 301 9 Pet. 405 9 Pet. 86 10 Pet. 257. . , 14 Pet. 201. . 11 Pet. 185.... 6 Pet. 389 10 Pet. 412. . . . 10 Pet. 449. . . . 9 Pet. 829 13 Pet. 6. . . 11 Pet. 41. . 3 How. 33. 14 Pet. 322. 14 Pet. 201. 14 Pet. 172. 14 Pet. 526. 15 Pet. 93. . 1 McLean 119 7 Pet. 252.... 8 How. 833. f 1 Dm. 271, 1 280 f2Biss. 126, 1 128 ( 1 Dougl. -^ (Mich.) 851, (867 656 CASES CEITICISED. REPOBT. VOL. PAGE. ATiTBMED. BEVERSED. OVEBEUT.ET). CRITICISED.' McLean. 2 3 4 5 6 376 464 501 611 27 92 106 185 317 397 427 483 551 587 211 339 456 462 481 589 153 172 211 223 342 369 444 461 622 24 93 130 142 539 562 IHow. 189.... j 4 McLean 1 388,394,395 1 How. 104 5 How. 215.... 3 How. 333.... j 1 Deady 1 299, 308... f 2 Biss. 126, ll28 13 Hovsr. 151 .. . f8 Bankr. lEeg.106,114 j 31 N. J. L. ■|90,96 j 7 Blatchf. 1 195, 201... ' 13 Bankr. Eeg. 235, J 237 8 How. 384 1 Woods 42, 45 13 How. 150... 11 How. 414... 12 How. 371... 11 How. 248... 11 How. 248... 14 How. 76.... 13 How. 101... 13 How. 218... j 2 Bond 104, |l09 j 10 Ohio St. 33,42 17 How. 443... 14 How. 589... 4Biss.514,516 16 How. 288... 15 How. 233... 18 How. 404... j 7 WaU. 386, 392 ( 6 Gray { (Mass. 596, (605 (21 How. 548. 1 21 How. 572. flNewb-Adm. tl57n ,. 1 Deady " 299,308... 18 How. 173.. 21 How. 356... 18 How. 331... 20 How. 402 13 How. 18..., CASES CRITICISED. 657 VOL. PAGE. APFIBMED. KBTEESED. OVERETILKD. CRITICISED. MaxBh. A. K. (Ky.) Marsh. J. J. (Ky.) Mart. N. s. (La.; Mason. 2 -7 2 4 6 1 252 260 449 349 422 260 629 14 38 45 191 323 381 447 515 112 119 129 143 151 244 319 378 116 178 232 255 294 347 11 Pet. 257. . . . 12 Wheat. 129. 1 Wheat. 208. 4 Wheat. 255. 6 Wheat. 458. 11 Wheat. 103. 11 Wheat. 1. . . 1 Pet. 1. 5 Wheat. 132. 8 Wheat. 174. 12 Wheat. 498. ( 3 McLean 1 411, 413... ] 2 McLean I 219, 221... ] 4 Biss. 283. 1 285 ( 1 WaU. Jr. 1 164, 171 . . ( 12 Wheat. 1 460, 478.. j 12 Wheat. 1 460, 478.. ( 9 How. ] 407, 413.. j 1 Woods 1104,107... (1 Story 463, 1471 1 GHp. 193, 198 24 N. T. 64, 69 13 N. Y. 232, 236 .. . 4 Cranch 0. C. 21, 25, 33 1 Story 273, 288,290... 2 Blatchf. 1,8 2 Blatchf. 1, 8 j 1 GUp. 592, I 606 11 Wheat. 103 j 33 Md. 412, I 427, 429... j 2 Curt. 427, 1 430 j 49 N. H. |547j550... 2p 658 CASES CRITICISED. BEPOET. VOL. PAGE. Alfli'rR.MTi'.T). KEVJSKSED. OVEBBULED. CEITICISBD. Mason. . . 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 398 520 1 74 158 172 206 515 62 143 161 176 229 356 505 308 56 176 563 156 611 144 280 299 538 143 386 131 2 Pet. 58 j 10 WaE 1519,537... j 2 Blatchf. 11,9....... ' 12 Wheat. 408. . 12 Wheat. 480. . r8 Pick. (Mass.)86,89 1 Woods [284, 285. . . . f 1 Curt. 157, 1162 4 Pet. 147 5 Pet. 173 ill Bankr. (.Eeg.352,360 j 4 Ben. 459, (466 3 Pet. 12, 69... 5 Pet. 529 5 Pet. 173 ' j 5 Blatchf. 1294^302... 6 Pet. 151 Mass. . . . 2 McLean 581,586... j 1 Sumn. 1359,371... j 3 Pet. 242, (266 j 2 GaU, 164, ■ 182 j 7 Pet. 103, 1107 f 5 How. 233, 1261 f 4 Mason 1 206,215,229 ( 4 Cranch C. ] C. 39, 43, ( 59, 64 j 4 Wash. C. ( C. 271, 274. 1 Sprague 336 2 Brock. 64, " 71 L Sprague 336 4 Mason "336,344... 1 Sumn. J 173,185... . . • • 3 Mason ,378,384... CASES CRITICISED. 659 BEPOBT. VOL. IMass. . . . 7 8 9 10 11 i 12 13 14 15 APFIEMED. REVEESED. OVEERULED. CRITICISED. 145 286 308 506 155 185 337 431 454 462 47 337 67 407 545 103 220 367 76 146 299 472 210 387 173 359 490 8 Cranch 431. 7 Cranch 589. 1 Mason 71, 85 C 4 Wash. C. I C. 271, 274. j 4 Mason 1349,374. 3 Pet. 99, 122 j 4 Wash. 1 0. 271, : ; 4 Wash. C. ,274. f 3 Sumn. 1270,277... (4 Cranch C. I C. 21, 26, 32 ( 2 Cranch C. 1 C. 488, 497. j 4 Cranch i I C. 21, 26, i ' 4 Cranch C. ,32 ( 2 McLean 1473,482... 12 Wheat. 213,363... 1 Mason 71, 86 ( 1 GUp. 592, |606 1 Sprague 23,30.... 1 GUp. 592, 606 : 4 Cranch C C. 39, 66 . . ( 1 Gilp. 592, jeos j 3 Mason I 347, 363... j 11 Pet. 420, 1 638 2Woodb.& M. 417, 418, 419 ( 2 Woodb. & J M. 449, 465, (466 (1 Story 478, {489 f 17 Wall. 82, |95 ( 2 McLean 1219,223... ( 4 Mason •[443,465. 660 CASES CRITICISED. REPORT. VOL. PAGE. 16 147 — 308 — 317 — 336 17 110 — 515 99 101 100 531 101 251 104 446 106 180 110 70 20 157 31 279 36 519 5 147 — 245 19 9 20 111 22 22 27 132 32 343 53 471 57 55 — 143 4 221 1 293 5 134 AITIRMED. REVERSED. OVEEHTTLBD. CRIOaCISED. Mass. Md. Me.. Mete. Meto. (Mass.) lOWaU. 566. 5 Wall. 475.. 15 WaU. 500. 21"WaU. 41.. 18 Wall. 553. 10 How. 376 . 21 WaU. 456. 14 How. 568. 12 WaU. 418. 2 WaU. 10. j 2 Cliff. 191, 1 198 2 Curt. 8, 11. (2 Story 199, 1 201 ■ 4 Cranch 0. C. 39, 66. . . 4 Bias. 253, 259 12 Bankr. Eeg. 413, 419 2 Woodb. & M. 531, 538. 1 Curt. 104, 107,108... 2 Story 81, 93 {4 Mason 515,534... j 2 Sumn. 19, I 50 12 WaU. 1,17. j 2 Woodb. & I M. 449, 466. (3 Woodb. & ] M. 236, 252, (255 (2 Woodb. & \ M. 211, 216. j 2 Woodb. & \ M. 417, 42a j 18 WaU. {163,198... 12 WaU. 1, 17. ;iAbb.U.S 28,57. ... ] 2 Curt 126, 1134,135... CASES CRITICISED. 661 REPORT. VOL. APriEMED. EEVEKSED. OVEKETJLED. CKITICISED. Mete. (Masa) Mich. Minn Mo.. 11 13 5 11 19 20 5 7 12 13 1 7 10 12 14 15 16 17 82 305 590 343 377 174 17 321 368 186 259 452 297 340 352 358 223 310 70 341 502 7 16 612 14 37 220 576 514 553 310 24 How. 1... 3 WaU. 332.. 13WaU. 373. 22 How. 23. 1 WaU. 109 . . 3 Wall. 334. . 19 Wall. 646. 9 WaU. 35... 4 Pet. 410.... 2 How. 344. 12 How. 59.. 15 How. 525. 16 How. 48. . 16 How. 86. 18 How. 19. 16 How. 48. 20 How. 558. 22 How. 118. 1 Black 358.. 4 How. 421 . f7Bankr.Eeg 1359, 365. . . . 12 Bankr. Eeg.413,419 4 Biss. 253, 259 1 Low. 470, 472 C2Woodb. & |M. 63,68.. j2Woodb.& |M. 63,68.. 3 Biss. 28, 32,33 1 Sprague 206,208... 3Woodb.& M. 390, 392, 395 j 2 Low. 458, I 462 ( 6 McLean, 1 16,19 j 19 WaU. 1666,677. ( 1 Newb. J, Adm. 284, ( 290,294,295 19 How. 393,604. 662 CASES CRITICISED. REPOET. VOL. PAGE. AFFffiMED. BETEBSED. 0TEBBUT,F,T). CBITICISED. Mo 17 19 22 23 24 27 28 29 30 32 36 37 39 40 41 42 43 45 47 48 49 51 54 55 10 14 5 7 1 • 310 592 291 100 126 445 500 527 202 68 263 287 , 536 356 383 406 184 308 361 67 584 115 220 425 532 164 482 142 113 207 288 266 304 204 363 601 66 118 286 457 16 How. 451 . . 1 18 How. 126 . . . j 3 DUl. 150, |159 21 How 426 22 How. 334 24 How. 362 1 Black 132 1 Black 179 • 1 Black 195 2 WaU. 605 4 WaU 277 ■ 9 WaU. 95 ( 13 WaU. 92,101.... 10 Wall. 91 9 Wall. 282 8 WaU. 595 8 WaU. 650 . 8 WaU. 430 8 WaU. 430 9 WaU. 468 19 WaU. 138... 17 WaE 253 19 WaU. 526... j 2 Dm. 26, |36 15 WaU. 549... 22 WaU. 254. . . 20 WaU. 46.... 20 WaU. 36.... 21 WaU. 249... 5 Otto 360... lotto 275. Mon. B. j 4 Biss. 283, |285. 1 Brown ■ Adm. 13, 25 j 3 DUL 334,. |340 ( 2 McLean |223 (14 Pet. 147, |l51 Mon. T. B.(Kj.) %^ Mont. T. 18 WaU. 657... 11 WaU. 610... . , , , 18 WaU. 648... . . . 20 WaU. 670... CASES CRITICISED. 663 RiaPORT. VOL. PAGE. AJl'i'lKMED. REVERSED. OVERRULED. CRITICISED. Mont. T. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 509 545 561 584 237 235 275 448 467 341 1 191 1 316 28 20 WaJl. 571 .. . 20"WaU. 486... 20 Wall. 507... 22 Wan. 208... j 2 Mont. T. 1494 Morr. (Iowa.) 4 How. 17 6 How. 284. . . . 6 How. 260 11 How. 437 Munf. fll Bankr. lReg.322,326 fll Bankr. lEeg.322, 326 j 1 Pet. 351, 1 370, 374... (Va.) 1 Wheat 304 j 1 Snmn. 1 173, 183... fll Bankr. tEeg.322,326 ]V Neb. Newb. Adm. N. C, N. H. 68 1 10 11 56 95 95 139 157n 225 461 533 557 111 126 413 138 55 66 13 Wall. 91. 13 WaU. 72. 22 How. 330. 21 How. 548. 22 How. 330. 22 WaU. 150. ( 1 Newb. Adm, \l57n (21 How. 548. 18 How. 584. 4 Wbeat. 518. f 11 Bankr. lEeg.167,168 5Ben. 84, 86. jlWoodb. & I M. 381, 384 f 3 Woodb. & I M. 456, 478 jl Abb. U.S. I 317, 327.. J. f 2 Woodb. & I M. 211, 216 664 CASES CRITICISED. EEPOKT. VOL. PAGE. ik'l'IKMTSn. KEVERSED. ! OVBERTJLBD, CRITICISED. N H 13 14 15 16 17 13 28 36 1 4 7 11 12 16 19 20 21 23 24 26 27 33 34 35 37 536 33 509 20 579 38 116 81 503 180 449 537 581 401 485 442 203 330 501 378 i92 439 456 196 222 92 163 309 87 161 649 210 423 9 5 How. 504 7 How. 626 j 3 Story 428, |441 ,.. 7 How. 612 fll Bankr. lReg.167,168 fll Bankr. lEeg.167,168 fll Bankr. lEeg.167,168 N. J. Eq. 1 WaU. 116.... 1 WaU. 116.... N. J. L. . f 17 WaU. 1 357, 367... 21 WaU. 532... N. ¥.... 12 How. 284. . . j 2 Low. 458, |459 19 How. 366 . . . f 17 WaU. 1357,378... j 1 Biss. 128, |l36 21 How. 366... j22WaJL 1 180, 192... j 2 Sawyer 1108,110... f 2 Abb. U.S. 120,25 J2 WaU. 200.. 1 2 Black 620.. 2 Otto 494. . . 2 Otto 494... ■ ■ . , . ( 17 WaU. ■ 357,364... ] 17 WaU. 1357,365... 8 WaU. 491 ... . 2 Black 620 1 Low. 27.... 3 WaU. 51 3 WaU. 573.... 7 Wall. 229.. j 4 Otto 469, 1474 4 WaU. 244.... 7 WaU. 16 CASES CEITICISED. 665 REPORT. VOL. PAGE. AI'FTRMED. EEYEESED. OYEBETILED. CEITICISED. N. T. . . . Nott & McC. i (S.C.)^ 37 21 42 18 45 86 49 263 — 521 1 374 7WaU. 26. ISWaU. 610. j 17 Wall. 1357,367... j 22 WaU. 1 180, 192. j 3 DiU. 319, ■[328 3Pet. 43, 53. O Ohio.. . 10 Ohio St. 11 18 20 1 504 1 15 How. ■ 494,519... 1 Deady t 481,491,492 1 4 McLean 1329,331... 73 272 490 207 144 fiPpt 680 (10 Pet. 257,! ■267 i j2Woodb.& 114.531,538 132 169 3 How 720 ( 5 Wall. 710, 1718 j 3 McLean 1 687, 609... 257 91 235 415 513 524 535 1 Black 474 1 fi Pe+ 281 f 3 McLean ■[140,143... f 3 McLean |56,80 ( 3 McLean 156,80 j 16 How. 1 369, 413... 1 WaE. 424 298 187 415 ( 1 Newb. 4 Adm. 187, (194 5 Bias. 315, 1317 18 How. 380 . . . 691 ( 1 Newb. J Adm. 296, (298 26 666 CASES CRITICISED. BEPOET. VOL. PAGE. AirrRMED. BEYEBSED. OVEBBUT.ET). CBITICISED. Ohio St. . 2 9 11 14 20 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 342 606 298 ,396 175 43 110 132 246 258 388 428 498 505 118 105 . 294 569 780 476 114 118 433 16 How. 369 . . . t 1 Black 436. . . . 1 Wall. 424. . . . j 16 WaU. 1 271, 275... 19 WaU. 214. . . OldArlm. 1 Blatchf. 173.. f 1 Blatchf. 236, |238 1 Blatchf. 196.. 1 Blatchf. 211 (lBIatch£365. 4 6 N. T. Leg. (Obs. 401 1 Blatchf. 211 . . 1 Blatchf. 370.. 1 Blatchf. 358.. jl Blatchf. 363. 1 2 Blatchf. 113. 6 Wall 402.... Oi-eg j 4 Sawyer 1 274, 277. . . 7 Biss. 99, 100 r 5 Otto 360, 365 Otto.'. . . . "1 16 Alb. L. . J. 433 5 Otto 355... 2Woodb.& ■ M. 531, 538. Overt. (Tenn.) 7 Cranch 471. . . 9 Cranch 87 ^ 5 Wheat. 293. . . Paige (N.Y.) 400 j 4 Biss. 214, 215 1216,217... (3 Story 364, 639 1390 J3Woodb.& IM. 120, 123. 1 Deady "481,490... 262 390 (1 Story 478, 1495 521 j 3 McLean 1585,607... 373 26 Wend. 40... CASES CRITICISED. 667 EEPORT. VOL. PAGE. ATFIRMED. REVEESED. OVEKRULED. CRITICISED. Paige.. , Paine. Pa. St. Pet. 37 62 63 64 173 55 73 111 209 247 261 290 305 410 499 580 620 661 54 229 353 286 353 498 428 74 3 Wheat. 546. . 10 Wheat. 246. 7 Cranch 100. . 10 Wheat. 246. 1 Wheat. 300. 12 Wheat. 180. j 4 McLean I 607,624,628 12 Wheat. 486. 1 Pet. 476 12 Wheat. 511. 7 Pet. 404 (1 Ware 149, jiei 3 Wheat. 546. jlHi I 356, 1 Hughes 364... ( 1 Newb. J. Adm. 296, '(304 2Woodb.& M. 229, 231 j 2 McLean 1 581, 586... 15WaU. 232. 13 WaU. 190. 66 84 1 1 — 328 , 351 — 386 — 628 2 25 150 4 Pet. 311. (2 Abb. U.S. 1 172, 178... ( 1 Wall. 83, 195 ( 7 Bankr. -^ Reg. 412, (415 15 Wall. 232. ( 4 Otto 469, 1 474 7 Bankr. Reg.561, 564 2 Din. 169, 173 f 9 How. 390, 1 404 ( 9 Conn. 96, 1 100 (5 Wend. (N. I T.) 170, 179 12 Me. 11, 14. f7 How. 262, 1269, 270. . . . f 16 Wend. I 385, 401... 13 Pet. 181, 1 192 668 CASES CEITICISED. REPORT. VOL. PAGE. Ai'i'iKMED. BEVEBSED. | OVERRULED. CEITICISED. 1 i Pet 2 3 4 5 6 170 239 241 245 253 449 527 627 12 99 411 205 160 264 304 518 604 675 51 f 27 N. J. L. 1440,453... j 13 Mo. 480, 1484 ( 6 Pet. 291, |301 f 6 Pet. 291, 293,301... J 1 McLean 18,19 1 WalL 175, [213 r 30 N. J. L. 473,496... 7 How. 283, [397 6 Pet. 691, 710 - 7 Id 51 SQ 14 Id. 353, 390,396,410 f 14 Pet. 599, 1611 '' 13 Md. 202, 219 10 Wis. 230, 237 - 1 DiU. 141, 149 7 How. (Miss.) 508, 527....... J39N.H.304, 1387 ( 13 How. 1 478,483,485 J43N.Y.254 1261 ( 15 Pick. 4 (Mass.)417, (422 J6N.T.347, 1352 f 9 Pet. 483, 1522 j 3 Eich. Eq. 1(S.C.)33,53 j 27 Ala. 130, \uo j9 Pet. 483, 1533 • f 2 Woodb. & { M. 121, 136. (2 Ware 392, 1 402 ( llPet.86,94 1 4 Otto 423. CASES CRITICISED. 669 REPOET. VOL. PAGE. AITIEMED. EEVEESED. OVERRULED. CRITICISED. Pet 6 7 8 9 10 11 68 143 291 431 1 18 113 324 413 1 88 375 591 378 329 461 108 257 298 313 400 41 55 100 Mass. ■ 343,346... j 3 Ware 58, 161 11 Pet. 351, 398,399... ■ 1 Wall. 175, 219 ( 2 Wis. 153, tl96 1 Woodb. & ■ M. 184,194 I Woodb. & ■ M. 184, 194 ( 1 Sneed - (Tenn.) 1 158, 167... II Pet. 175, " 184 f 3 Sumn. 1 593, 599... j 24 How. 1 450, 460... j 39 N. H. 1304,387... J'13 How. 478, 1483, 485. . . . 1 Story 11, 20 N . ( 12 Smeed.& -^M. (Miss.) r 2 Black 430, 436 ■ 1 Woodb. & M. 115, 122, [l27 (286,289... (6 Gill \ (Md.) 299, (311,318... ( 19 How. 1 150, 160... 1 A "Pof 901 ■ * ' • j 4 McLean 1 10, 11 1 T>Q+ J.ftft .... ( 2 Cliff. 311, 4 323 (3 Ware 143. flGratt.(Va.) 1165, 193. . . . (2 Woodb. & 1 M. 531, 538 . . . . 670 CASES CEITICISED. KEPOET. VOL. PAGE. AFFIRMED. EEVERSED. OTTEKRULED. CRITICISED. Pet 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 1 175- 201 221 657 209 294 60 99 448 479 449 1 97 203 342 455 528 539 1 i 87 r 1 Abb. U. S 336,339... 1 Brown Adm. 76, 93 12 How. 443,456,457 ■ 20 Id. 296, 314,338... 1 Newb. Adm. 197, 204 1 Wan. Jr. (.33,38 j 4 Wan 555, 1563 f 16 How. 1580,595... j 26 Ga. 568, 1574 ( 2 DougL ■](Mic]i.)433. (489.. j 1 Gratt. l(Va.)18,90. f 16 How. 1580,595... 2 Woodb. & / , f 2 How. 497, 1555,556.. 1 M. 229, 232. ■ 11 N. Y. 9, 19 I 14 How. .351,364... j 9 Mich. 381, 1425 3 N. Y. 62, 71. 7 How. 283, 498 f6Hill(N.Y.) 93,95 ^ lMinn.311, 319 1 Biss. 425, 431 f 3 McLean 1299,301... j 4 How. 251, 1259 4 McLean 486,488... .4N.Y.64,69. j 9 Ohio St. 177,261,275. c Pet. Adm 1: Cranch 2 1 Sprague 260,266... • 1 CASES CEITICISED. 671 KEPOBT. AITIKSIKD. EEVBBSED. OTEEBITLED. CEITICISED. PetAdm Pet. C. C 104 128 157 165 203 210 213n 215 219 223 233 361 390 415 428 30 41 180 182 195 301 322 352 364 1 Wash. C.C. 414 2 "Wash. 0. C. 80 5 Cranch 173. 2 Wheat. 248. 2 Wheat. 396. ( 1 Gilp. 592, I 604 j 1 GHp. 592, I 603 j 1 GUp. 592, 1 604 jlPeiAdm. I 229, 230... j 1 Sprague 1 485, 490... 1 Blatchi & H. 151.... ■lBlatchf.& H. 335, 337 12 Wheat. 611,626... 2 Curt. 427, [429 ( 12 Wheat. 1 611,626,638 j 1 GHp. 592, I 604 ( 1 WaU. Jr. I 269, 271 .. . f 1 Gilp. 592, I 604, 612... 3 Wheat. 454. 6 Wheat. 481. ( 1 Sprague 1 182, 183... fl Ware 149, 1 161 (lAbb.Adm. 1 402, 409 .. . (lAbb.Adm. 4 123,182,134 (id. 402,409 2 Mason 319,329,330 3 Sumn. 286,298,300 2 Sumn. 355,361... 12 Pet. 145, 149 13 Id. 209, 219 f 12 WaU. 1 457, 671.. j 1 Deady 1299,308.. 672 CASES CEITICISED. EEPOET. TOL. PAGE. APTIEMED. REVERSED. OVJilitETJLED. CEITICISED. Pet C. C 1 1 2 v3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 16 18 20 22 24 1 394 418 484 496 418 20 88 599 232 365 120 259 344 462 194 260 59 408 154 184 574 193 285 191 374 137 i 261 ( 1 Baldw. 1 303,328,329 ( 14 Serg. & -^R (Pa.) 372, (375 f 4 Cranch C. 1 0. 528, 529. 5 Wheat. 424... Pick. (Mass.) f 11 Pet. 420, 1638 2 WaU. 35, 42. 9 Cranoh 339. . . f 4 Mason 1515,534... ( 12 Wheat. 1 64, 107. . . . f 2 Story 16, U3 3 Pet. 292 ( 2 SniDTi. ■366,377... 11 Pet. 420. .. . 11 Pet. 420.... f lWoodb.& f 3 Suthti. 1523,526,528 ( 3 Blatchf. '310,313... 1 M. 115, 123. ■ 1 Bias. 292, 296 1 Woods. ,489,491... 6 McLean 116,20 ( 1 Story 77, 189 2 Story 199, j 2 McLean 1589,592... 1 Dili 219, 227 1201 (3Woodb.& ■{ M. 185, 188, (l90 { 1 Woolw. 1278,290... 5 How. 504 PiTin (Wis.) 2 How. 819.... 1 3 How. 168.... CASES CRITICISED. 673 KEPOBT. VOL. PAGE. AFFIBMED. KEVEESEB. OVEBRULED. CEITIOISED. Port. (Ala.) 1 9 180 403 488 594 (lWoodb.& 1 M. 401, 501 IHow. 95 2 How. 581 . . . . 18 How. 87...; K, Baud. (Va.) Eawle (Pa.) E.I. Bice (S. C.) Each. (S.C.) Eich. Eq. (S.C.) Bob. (La) Bob.(Va) 1 219 5 211 3 101 5 179 7 217 9 419 1 60 12 518 7- 84 10 346 6 192 — 230 12 332 1 713 2 280 16 WaU. 522. 6 How. 14. . 8 How. 73 . . 8 How. 163. 7 How. 172. fll Bantr. lBeg.318,326 f 10 WaU. 1383,393... fl5 Bankr. lBeg.459,462 IDiU. 85,99 1 11 Baiikr. lBeg.322,326 ] 1 McLean 1283,287... j 6 How. 344, 1426 3 WaU. 1, 14. 3Wall. 1, 14. jlAbb.XJ.S. 1 169, 181... Sand£ (N.T.) Sawyer, 593 15 219 270 309 423 553 609 695 15 152 6 WaU. 402.. 13 WaU. 363. 4 Otto 477... 15 WaU. 524... 18 WaU. 255... (13 WaU. 418, 1 18 WaU. 307, 17 WaU. 651. 17 WaU. 648. 15 How. 198. 18 WaU. 350. 17 WaU. 109. 2q 674 CASES CEITICISED. EEPOBT. VOL. PAGE. AFFIRMED. EEVEBSED. 1 OVEREULED. CEITICISED. ! Sawyer. . 2 3 4 2 1 2 3 5 10 12 16 3 4 1 248 325 333 389 655 274 448 469 477 553 42 158 262 597 603 629 653 672 538 549 142 228 63 169 373 412 329 237 448 169 191 661 17 39 123 130 135 •192 8 Otto 1 23 WaU. 85.... 22 WaU. 38. . . . 2 Sawyer 538. . . 4 Otto 523 5 Otto 714 8 Otto 126 8 Otto 425 8 Otto 433 4 Otto 4 8 Otto 61 4 Sawyer 158n. . 4 Sawyer 270. . . 6Wan. 363.... 11 WaU. 442... 9 WaU. 13 4 Sawyer 671n. 15 WaU. 9 S. C t 17 WaU 425 Serg. & R (Pa.) j 5 How. 233, 1261 j 1 Baldw. 1 246,268,276 ( 1 01c: Adm. ] 157, 163, (167,169... 6 Wheat. 131. . . 5 Wheat. 1 ( 4Wash.C.C. 1 356, 368... f 10 WaU. 1483,494... ( 11 How. 1 480, 491... 10 How. 402... j 1 Crabbe 1 525, 527... 2 Pet. 380 2 Pet. 380 Smed. & M.(Miss.) 6 How. 332 6 How. 301 Sprague. 2 Story 455.. j2Woodb. & ( 2 Woodb. & 1 M 30^ j 2 Woodb. & ■ M. 303.... 7 How. 729 .. . 1 Curt. 104. . . . CASES CEITICISED. 675 SEPOET. VOL. PAGE, APFIEMED. KETBKSED. OVBBRTJLED. CRITICISED. Sprague. — Story. .. 1 2 217 232 236 257 273 285 289 300 328 339 358 404 477 485 527 558 567 19 26 83 — 35 123") 143 [ 150} 177 251 91 — 172 204 474 478 568 — 590 100 131 — 176 2 Curt 87. 17 How. 204. 2 Curt. 322. 2 Curt. 363. 2 Curt. 236. 2 Curt. 377. 2 Curt. 301. 1 Cliff. 331. . [1 Sprague 361n II Cliff. 55. . . 1 Cliff. 322. . 24 How. 386 2 Curt. 480. j 1 Sprague |342w 1 Cliff. 43. 1 Cliff. 633. 1 Cliff. 358. 2 Cliff. 295. 2 Am. L. Eeg, N. s. 139 2 Cliff. 18. . . . 2 Black 635. 2 Cliff. 169. . 3 Wall. 425. 2 Sprague 25n. ; 2 Cliff. 4. . . 3 WaU. 37. 7 How. 819. 4 How. 353. 4 How. 353. 16 Pet. 336. . f 7 Biss. 465, 1471 f 2 Low. 232, 1 234 ( 4 Mete. ] (Ky.) 385, (393 f 14 How. I 351, 367. :3Woodb.& M. 1, 7.... •2Woodb. & M. 246, 276 f 6 BlatcM. j 95, 104.... f 4 McLean I 306, 314... ( 21 N. J. L. I 214,223,237 676 CASES CEITICISED. EEPOET. VOL. PAGE. AFFIRMED. REVERSED. OVERRULED. CRITICISED. Story.... 2 3 1 2 199 213 322 334 502 525 609 630 648 84 87 181 364 428 446 544 611 742 73 195 218 373 19 2 Sawyer 150,52 5 Hill. 634,645 i 1 Crabbe 1525,527... fl3 Banir. lReg.241,25a J8N.Y.190. 113N.Y.29a j 7 Blatchf. 1195,201... ] 7 BlatoM. 1195,201... 38 Mo. 408.. \ 13 Mete f 7 Bankr. lEeg.353,355 (Mass)17,31 2 Sawyer 264,267... 6 Ben. 497, 503 f 2 Sawyer 160,52,53.. 1 Curt. 15, 22 ( 14 Gray ■{ (Mass.) 119, (121,122... 13 How 150 7 How. 612 flS How. 150 1.7 How. 612 . J 2 Woodb. & IM. 347,358 8 How. 134.... (2 Woodb. & 1 M. 132, 139 Sumn. . . 2 story 455.... ( 1 01c. Adm. 1316,322... 8 Pet. 567. . . fl Blatchf. & 1 H. 545, 556. ■ 1 Cliff. 5, 17 Id. 172.... 1 McLean 429,431,434 2 Id 114, - 116 29Mo.32,56 7 Wis. 695, 697 18 WaU. 163,204... * [ CASES CRITICISED. 677 KEPORT. YOL. PAGE. Ai'i'lKMED. EEVBBSED. OTEREUTrT'iT). CRITICISED. Simm 2 3 206 262 310 387 426 589 228 270 358 405 13 Pet. 387 12 Pet. 164. . (9 How. 83, |92,93 11 Pet. 68 9 How. 83, 92. 20 How. 583 . r 1 WaU. Jr. 173,183... 5 Ohio St. 33,35 1 Sprague 138 13 Pet 415 1 01c. Adm. 55,60 14 Pet 301 ( 14 WaU. 1 579, 606... T Taney. . . Tex 1 12, 25 27 34 47 11 132 186 204 278 500 602 427 497 52 304 49 548 13 Pet. 181 q How 619 1 R How 263 16 How 314 . . 4 How 712 ( 4 Dili 439, |445 23 How. 287. .. ( 1 McAlL 1497,499,502 1 1 Hrnxr 1 fiH f 1 Woods 1386,391... j 2 Sawyer 1 176, 195. : 6 Otto 312... 6 Otto 312... XJ Utah T.. I 1 I 273 16 Otto 87. 678 CASES CEITICISED. V BEPOBT. VOL. PAGE. AITIBMED. BBVEESED. OVERRUUED. CRITICISED. Vt 13 16 17 20 21 23 277 446 641 503 653 666 619 739 f5 Bankr. lEeg.399,405 6 How. 507 r5BaTilfr. tKeg.399,405- 7 How. 272 j 1 Hughes 1 356, 364. . . 12 How. 225... j 1 Hughes 1 356, 364. . . /5 Bankr. Eeg.34,36.. AV Wall. 73 ( 18 Wall. 1648,652... 175 j6WaU.166,. 1200,202... 512 fl2 Wall. 687, 1692, 693. . . . 110 49111.220,226 2 Ben. Ill, 112. 5Biss.89,90. f 11 Minn.. 1500,502... 50tto485,5ia fl5WalL337,. 1353,354.... j 1 Deady 1481,493... 1 Woolw. 170,175... C 1 Woolw. 257 424- 573 713 182 413 541 720 532 1170,175... 21 La. Ann. 67,77 71 100 Mass. ,561,568... 4 DiU. 66, 67. ( 19 WaJl. 1107,115... jl Abb. U.S. 1451,453... lOWalL ■ 497,604... 175 196 272 CASES CRITICISED. 679 REPORT. TOL. I PAGE. AITIRMED. REVERSED. OVERRULED. CRITICISED. WaU Wall. Jr 10 11 13 14 16 17 18 21 700 498 575 603 45 72 88 477 513 68 482 113 610 531 282 603 473 553 360 378 558 173 196 12 Wall. 457, 539,553, 569, 571,615,648. 13 Wall 604, 606 15 Id. 195. 9 How. 83.. 9 How. 530. ( 22 WaU. 1 444, 446. 16 WaU. 402,410... 20 Id. 72, 82 ( 2 Abb. U. Si I 232, 234... JIO Bankr. lReg.224,228 f 13 WaU. I 623, 631... ( 6 ot. of a. I 340, 347... C 15 WaU. I 337, 353... 20 WaU. \ 583, 587 .. . ( 10 BlatcM. . 1 459, 467... 16 WaU. 402,410... 20 WaU. 72, 83 ( 14 WaU. 1 661, 665... ( 10 BlatcM. 1327,328... f 18 WaU. {648,653... f 7 Otto 546, I 549 j 20 WaU. I 583, 587... 7Biss.387,389 4DiU.503,506 (7 Biss. 387, 389 15 Bankr. Eeg.426,428 7 Biss. 387, 389 15 Bankr. Eeg.426,428 4 DiU. 439,442 680 CASES CRITICISED. BEPORT. VOL. PAGE. Wall. Jr Ware Wash, C. c. 275 101 131 209 283 215 361 128 171 185 257 277 343 454 585 541 556 29 146 176 274 58 4 44 65 70 125 129 245 354 413 424 446 525 54 69 150 AITIRMED. EEVEESED. 14 How. 80. 15 How. 281... j 3 Brews. (Pa.) •[558...... .... 4 Wall. 224.... 3 Wall. 603 ... . 5 Mason 120... 5 Mason 445 . . . ISumn. 516. 1 Story 251 . 2 Curt. 404. . 2 Curt. 21.. 2 Curt. 416.. 1 Story 244. 8 Story 68 . . 2 Curt. 404.. 4 DaU. 370. 4 Cranch 48. . 4 Cranch 2, 4. 3 Cranch 458. 5 Cranch 22. . 4 Cranch 333. 5 Cranch 22. . 4 Cranch 202. 17 How. 74. 2 Cranch 358. 2 Cranch 33. OYEREULED. 1 Curt. 15, 22, lAbbAdm281 ( 5 Wheat. 1 277, 286... ( 13 Pet. 887, 1 402 CEITICISED. 81N.J.L. 90,96.... ;2Woodb.& M. 92,100. j 2 Sunm. 1 419, 422... flSi 1 182, 1 Sprague ^" 183... j 11 Pet. 420, I 595 j 2 McLean I 581, .586... (2 Sunm. \ 251, 252-. . . f 20 Mo. 577, 1 582 j 2 Binn. 842, I 360 CASES CRITICISED. 681 KEPORT. VOL. PAGE. ATFIEMED. BEVERSED. OTERETJLED. OEITICISED. Wash. CO. 150 157 300 310 366 508 10 31 48 110 127 134 196 243 256 290 408 443 456 531 26 110 186 194 262 297 359 402 430 464 528 503 538 570 6 Cranch 71. . 6 Cranch 71. . 6 Cranch 171. 7 Cranch 423. 2 Wheat. 32. 1 Wheat. 219. 1 Wheat. 96. . f 2 Sumn. 1 206, 215... f 4 Wash. C. 1 C. 412, 413. ] 1 GUp. 155, 1 180 j 48 Barb. t (N.Y.)30,40 7 Cranch 434. 7 Wheat. 453. 7 Wheat. 356. 3 Wheat. 454. 9 Wheat. 680. 10 Wheat. 204. 11 Wheat. 258. 2 Pet. 1 12 Wheat. 559. 11 Wheat. 417. 2 Pet. 1. lBlatchf.3,17 f 5 Pet. 604, I 616 j 18 Wall. 1 272, 306... 5 Pet.604,606. ( 4 Watts & \ S.(Pa.) 548, ( 549 ( 8 Watts & 4 S. (Pa.) 387, (390 1 WaU. Jr. 85,88 8 Wheat. 605. 5 Wheat. 424. 1 Pet. 193.. : 1 WaU. Jr. 85,88 ■ 31 Ala. 519, 525 ; 2 Sumn. 19, 57 37 Ala. 553, 555 682 CASES CEJTICISED. BEPOBT. VOL. PAGE. AJb'FiBMED. BKVKKSED. OVEERULED. CBniCISED. Wash. 4 1 2 4 7 9 2 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 10 12 13 595 631 651 715 330 204 308 513 88 11 126 295 327 296 869 577 652 39 148 327 335 377 50 85 523 593 570 . j I6H0W.8I4 1349,350... 0. C j 3 WaU. Jr. 1292,296... 1 Pet. 386 f 15 How. 467,493... Watts (Pa.) 8 Pet. 88 1 Hempst. [643,658... 9 How. 83, 98. f2Woodb.& I M. 531, 538 16 Pet. 435 j 9 How. 83, |98,99 j 2 MacArth. 1 291, 296... Whart. (Pa.) Wend. (N.Y. j 14 Wall. 1613,618... f2Woodb.(fe t M. 531, 588 2 Story 16, 48 ( 12 Blatchf. 1209,214... j 12 Blatchf. 1209,214... j 14 WaU. 1 613, 618... f 12 Blatchf. 209,214... j2SnTTm 19, 157 j 2 McLean 1473,483... j 2 DiU. 421, 1424,425... 7 Pet. 276 j 2 Story 16, 148,49 16 Pet. 25, 58. 3 Pet. 312 ■ 2 McLean 589,592... 1 Woods .530,532... L6 Pet. 1, 17. i 1 Woods 1530,532... L6 Pet. 1, 17. j 2 McLean , 1 589, 592... ^ 1 Woods 530,532... 1 CASES CRITICISED. 68S REPOET. VOL. PAGE. AITIBMED, KEVEBSED. OVERRULED. OBITICISED. Wend "Wheat. 13 605 14 165 17 244 19 234 — 251 20 210 21 153 — 372 23 87 24 35 25 440 26 591 1 219 — 304 — 408 — 417 — 476 2 161 — 178 — 385 — 896 • • 3 212 • • — 246 2 Wheat. 278. 3 Wheat. 236. j 2 McLean 1589,592... 16 Pet. 1, 17. j 2 McLean 1451,453... j 2 McLean I 543, 547... ( 1 Newb. ] Adm. 464, (469 6 Pet. 291, 295 f 6 Pet. 763, 1 769 ' lAbb.Adm. 348,359... 3WaU. 107, 111 3DiU.334,341 j lAbb.Adm. I 348, 359... (2 Story 502, 1518 r 16 WaU. J 610,629... 1 2Woodb.& [M. 449, 466. j 4 McLean 1577, 579... j 13 WaU. 17, I 22 j lAbb.Adm. 1348, 359... (44N.T.204, 1221 r2Hm(N.Y.> j 159, 166 .. . "i 1 Brown [Adm. 96, 98. 2 Cliff. 169, 183 6 Gtreenl. (Me.) 175, 189 ( 2 Whart. \ (Pa.)344, (351 1 Ware 165, 169 3 Ware 75, 77 684 CASES CRITICISED. HEPOKT. VOL. FAGE. AITTRMEn. BEVERSED. OVEBHtTLED. CRITICTRF.n. ■ 11 Wheat 361,366... Wheat . . 3 541 - 1 Terg. (Tenn.) [465,468... — 546 J 1 Crabbe 122,48 — 610 J 2 Black " 635,698... r 19 Ala. 814, 828 4 1 2 How. 127, "> 194 17 How. [ 369, 384. . . — 74 ■ f 7 Wall. 454, • 461 — 122 jl Woodb. & ■ M. 115, 121 — 209 j 11 Mich. ■ 405,417... f 12 Wheat. 117, 124. . . 5 Pet. 248, 311 \ 257 10 Id. 368.. 18 How. 511,515... f 9 Wall 353, 361 316 Id. 579, 590 5 Ohio St. 361, 434. . . 1 Ohio St. 603,613... r 1 Ben. 128, 141 5 Id. 60, 67. 6 McLean 587,590... r 4 Din. 439, 1 Paine 620, 442,446... 626 — 438 21 How. " 248,251... 1 Sawyer 353,373... 2 Story 455, 463 2 Surmi. 156,178... 20 Wall 201,217,219 21 Id. 558, 571,592. .. 12 Wheat. 611,614,639 5 76 ( 1 Woodb. & t M. 401, 438 • CASES CRITICISED. 686 REPORT. VOL. PAGE. APFERMED. BEYEBSED. OTEEEDLED. CRITICISED. Wheat.. 10 11 12 207 109 135 264 326 391 690 1 362 409 680 738 133 333 428 237 467 1 177 213 419 1 Pet. 547. 1 Taney 1, 3 , 8 Leigh (Va.) 368, 379 ] 21 Mich. I 374, 384. . . lWoodb.& 184, 194. (1^ |m.: C 1 Harr. t(Del.)10,16 1 Taney 1, 4. (lWoodb.& I M. 381, 384. j 5 How. 504, jeoo 12 Wheat. 1,7. j 19 How. 22, "[29,38 ( 8 Leigh -I (Va.) 623, (625,628... j 1 Ohio St. 1603,613... 1 12 Blatchf. .143,55 ( 12 Blatchf. 43,55 20HOW.296, 299,322... 1 Brown Adm. 76, 92 4WaU. 555, 565 5 How. 504, 574, 587, 594 8WaU. 123, 130 f 1 Black 80, 1 93 (1 Abb. U.S. 1 28, 32 ( 21 How. 82, 1 85 f 1 Baldw. 1 278,281,284 6 Pet. 635, 643 5 How. 295, 307 35N. H... 457,466... 686 CASES CKITIUISED. EEPOET. VOL. PAGE. Ai'i'lKMED. EBVERSED. OTEBRTJT.ET). CRITICISED. "Wteat 12 4 11 16 18 20 23 25 30 39 2 3 1 2 480 505 599 611 451 498 247 75 104 547 390 193 496 570 48 162 337 347 449 472 217 55 104 125 214 221 246 354 262 271 279 308 331 420 628 48 54 (2SnmTi 19, |63 j 2 McLean 1 501, 505... j 6 Pet. 768, 1769 j 1 Blatchf. & t H. 175, 181 j 3 Biss. 116, |ll8 j 2 Woodb. & |m. 92,97.. Wis. 21 How. 506 .. . f 13 WaU. 1 166, 180... 4 DiU. 508, 509 3WaE. 93 i 3 Biss. 244, |253 13 WaU. 397... • 19 WaU. 189... 20 WaU. 445... fl6BaTiln-. lEeg.464,466 f 1 Sprague 1260,272... Woodb. ( 1 Sprague 1 437,438,439 &M. 1 Sprague 123. . j 1 Curt. 497, 501 13 How. 150. 2 Md. 457, 481 8 How. 235 1 Curt 15 22 Woods. . 13 WaU. 358... 15 WaU. 624. . . lotto 134 19 WaU. 544. . . 20 WaU. 114... 19 WaU. 655... 20 WaU. 92.... 3 Otto 258 lotto 254 7 Otto 379 23 WaU. 458... 2 Otto 542 3 Otto 352 16 WaU. 203... 17 WaU. 570... 1 2 Otto 531 2 Otto 531. . . 5 Otto 571 CASES CRITICISED. 687 BEPOET. VOL. PAGE. ATFIEMED. EEYEESKD. OYEEB0LBD. CEITICISED. Woods . "Woolw . Wyom-T. 2 77 92 — 166 230 — 254 — 272 — 372 467 — 483 — 599 — 643 1 150 — 225 — 278 — 299 — 377 — 390 c. 137 213 6 Otto 467 7 Otto 584 19 WaU. 198... 21 WaU. 123 . . 8 Otto 381 21 WaU. 616 .. . 6 Otto 341 4 Otto 664 4 Otto 767 5 Otto 587 8 Otto 187 6 Otto 1 10 "WaU. 454... f 9 WaU. 370.. " 9 Wall. 665.. 9 WaU. 461 9 WaU. 575 . . 9 WaU. 415.... 6 WaU. 166 f 18 WaU. 1 553, 587... 2 Otto 307 6 Otto 619 GENERAL INDEX. [Names of subjects wliioh are treated as titles in the body of the work are distinguished by the use of a full-faced type, and the entries under them are indexed from other titles. Subjects of a more general nature, not belonging to any one title in particular, such as Abandonment, Abbrevia- tions, &c., are indicated by the use of Italic letters. The figures used in the references call for the page and caption where the cases referred to are given, thus, 85, 91, means page eighty-five, caption ninety-one.] A Abcmdonment. of capture, 85, 91. seizure, 521, 9. copyright, 144, 5. invention, by acquiescence m public use, 400, 160. and how shown, 408, 281. of invention, a question of fact, 412, 344, 486, 27. must be affirmatively proved, 413, 361, 362. liability of husband for necessaries after, 288, 23. in marine insurance, 306, 62, el seg. what necessary to constitute case of dere- lict, 506, 28. Abandoned and captured property act, see Cap- tmred and abandoned property act. Abatement, Geoiends or Abatement; axd how Pleaded 1 BeVTVAL. CoNTrNXJANCE 3 plea in, to indictment, 294, 19. of legacy, 338, 18. nuisance, 378, 4. plea in, generally, 436, 26-28. for variance between writ and de- claration, 436, 26. for want of jurisdiction, 436, 27. of another action, 436, 28. Abhretnations. parol evidence to explain, 246, 80. table of, V, ante. AbolitUm. of imprisonment for debt, 34, 1 ; 260, 67, 68 ; 291, 1. flogging of seamen, 513, 67. Abolition, (continued.) of rule that freight is mother of wages, 515, 91. slavery, 539, 18. rule excluding parties and interested persons as witnesses, 600, 28. witness' privilege to refuse to answer, 604, 96. Absence. as ground of abatement, 2, 12. from ship, deductions from .wages for, 519, 163. of counsel, as ground for postponement, 568, 17. to suspend running of statute of limitations, 344, 46, et seq. Absent and absconding debtors. attachment against, 43, 1, et seq. Acceptance. by assignee for creditors, 41, 26. of bills of exchange, 78, 9, et seg. necesssity of demand to hold acceptor, 80, 48. of proposals, 136, 7. by consignee, 131, 4 ; 530, 79, 80. of trust, by assignee for creditors, 41, 26. patent for land, 481, 85. trust, by trustee, 576, 17. deed, by grantee, 181, 18. guaranty, notice Of, 282, 13. abandonment, by underwriter, 306, 71. chattels purchased, 501, 11. Accession and accretion. of personal property, 433, 5. real property, 490, 6 ; 499, 6. Accessories and accomplices, generally, 169, 22. in homicide, 286, 7. piracy, 434, 5. 2r 689 690 ACCESSORIES AND ACCOMPLICES— ACTION. Accessories aimd accomplices, (continued.) < none recognized in treason, 562, Y. competency of, as witnesses, 602, 62. ■ credibility of, 602, 66. corroboration of, 603, 79. Accident. jurisdiction of equity in cases of, 227, 21, insurance against, 309, 119. what is inevitable, in collision cases, 117, 4, et seg. Accommodation paper. bills of exchange, 79, 18 ; 80, 47. promissory notes, 471, 48. jurisdiction of circuit court, of suits on, 107, 39. Accord and satisfaction. what is, 177, 18, et seq. part payment as, 178, 20. Accounting 4 jurisdiction of admiralty in suits for, 9, 31. by personal representatives, 264, 49, et seq. guardian, 283, 9. public oflScers, 380, 35. limitations of suits for, 343, 31. between partners, 387, 32, 33. mortgagor and mortgagee, 362, 63. on dissolution of limited partnership, 388, 55. by agent, 451, 22, 23. mortgagee of chattels, 104, 11. factor, 269, 16. postmasters, 445, 23. receiver, 491, 10. trustee, 577, 33-35. for profits, in copyright cases, 148, 60. patent cases, 411, 325. Accounts 4 public, 580, 25, et seq. procedure in actions for, 4, 10. as evidence, 254, 184, 185. copies of public, as evidence, 253, 1*76, 17*7. of personal representatives, 264, 51-53. interest on, 311, 3. limitations of suits on merchant's, or mu- tual, 344, 60. alterations of, 19, 1. application of payments upon running, 177, 15. Accounts stated. nature and operation of, 4, 4 ; 5, 6. assumpsit upon, 42, 3. Acei'etion. rights of littoral proprietors in respect to, 490,6; 499,5. Accumulation. testamentary provisions respecting, when void, 202, 5 ; 597, 33. of charter-parties, 103, 2. deeds, generally, 181, 22, et seq. sufficiency of, to admit sealed instrument in evidence, 250, 137, 138. by married women, 290, 46. to remove bar of statute of limitations, 34.^, 58, et seq. revive liability of inHorser, 473, 87, 88. of mortgage, 359, 11. power of notary to takCj 376, 1. effect of, upon simple accounts, 5, 6. right to rescind sale, 503, 58. sufficiency of, to raise equitable estoppel, 240, 25. in public use of invention, 400, 160. of principal, when ratification, 452, 27. Acquittal: plea of former, 114, 5-7. directing verdict of, 574, 136. when proper, 574, 132. Action 5 grounds of abatement of, 1, 1, et seq. revival of, 3, 29, et seq. of account render, 4, 10. to obtain an accounting, 4, 1, et seq. by aUens, 18, 6-8. on award of arbitrators, 32, 20. for assault, 36, 1, et seq. by assignee for creditors, 41, 29. when assumpsit will lie, 42, 1, et seq. for wrongful attachment, 46, 51. against attorney, 48, 20. by attorney, for compensation, 48, 28. for infringement of copyright, 147, 56, et seg. by or against assignee in bankruptcy, 54, 18 ; 55, 36 ; 63, 143, et seq. against banks, 75, 9, 22. national banks, 367, 23, etseq. on bills of exchange, 79, 20. bonds, 88, 19, et seq. charter-parties, 103, 27-29. for maintenance, 101, 5. collision, 122, 78, et seq. duties, 218, 174, et seq. to recover back duties, 218, 187, et seq. for breach of contract, generally, 141, 101, et seq. to enforce individual liability of stockhold- er, 150, 39, 40. by corporation, in circuit court, 109, 61, et seq. or against corporations, 1.53, 89, et seq. county, 158, 12. consuls, 134, 3, 6, 7. ACTION— ADMIRALTY. 691 Action, (continued.) when covenant will lie, 165, 1. upon covenants, 167, 17, et seq. when debt will lie, 175, 2, et seq. for dower, 209, 16. freedom, 539, 13. of ejectment, 220, 1. for false imprisonment, 270, 1, et seq. by and against personal representatives, 264, 62, et seq. for fraud, 275, 12, et seq. on guaranties, 282, 21-25. for damages by highway obstruction, 285, 7-9. causing death, 287, 24. by and against husband and wife, 290, 55- 59. and against infants, 295, 12, 13. on injunction bonds, 299, 53-55. insurance policy, 309, 120, et seq. preminm notes, 310, 136. judgments, 329, 130-137. -against justice of the peace, 333, 3. for rent, 336, 37-40. legacies, 338, 20. what is commencement of, under statute of limitations, 342, 14. ;for malicious prosecution, 348, 1, el seq. money received, 357, 1, et seq. damages for nuisance, 378, 6. by partners, 386, 12. between partners, 387, 29-33. Tjy surviving partner, 388, 46. to enforce penalties, 431, 2-7. Jor pilotage, 12, 62. towage, 12, 63. wharfage, 12, 64. supplies to vessel, 12, 65. seamen's wages, 517, 130, et seq. •on promissory notes, 473, 96, et seq. by and against receivers, 491, 8, 9. ■on forfeited recognizances, 492, 9, 10. replevin bonds, 497, 21-24. between seller and buyer of chattels, 503, 43-53. ■on sheriffs' bonds, 525, 17. for slander, 537, 1, et seq. specific performance, 542, 21, et seq. revenue tax illegally assessed, 318, 116, et seq. between tenants in common, 558, 7. for infringement of patent, 407, 261, el seq. infringementof trade-mark, 561, 6, et seq. trespass, 566, 7, et seq. place of trial of, 568, 8-10 ; 572, 100-102. of trover, 575, 1, el seq. between part owners of vessels, 526, 7. Action, (continued.) by or against United States, 581, 39, et seq. to enforce trusts, 578, 45-49. between vendor and purchaser of land, 586, 39, et seq. for waste, 595, 2, 3. Act of bankruptcy. under act of 1800, 53, 12. 1841, 54, 25-27. 1867, 58, 83, et seq. Act of God. when an excuse for loss by carrier, 97, 18. Ademption. of legacy, 338, 18. Adjournment. of execution sale, 259, 46. AdmeaSiUA'emienl. of dower, 209,14, 15. Administrators. appointment of, 261, 4-6. effect of letters issued in another state, 262, 7. powers of foreign, 262, 17. with will annexed, 262, 9. resignation or removal of, 262, 11. Admiralty. JUBISDICTION OF COUBTS OF AdMIEALTY... 7 Pbocedubb 13 grounds of abatement in, 2, 22. suits for accounting in, 4, 4. collision in, 122, 78, et seq. what causes of action may be joined in, 6, 8,9. amendments in, 21, 25, et seq. appeals in, 29, 105, et seq. arrests in, 35, 13. actions by assignees in, 39, 30. bail in, 51, 25-28. appellate jurisdiction of circuit courts in, 111, 94. discretionary powers of, in awarding costs, 154, 4. stipulations for costs in, 156, 45. taxation of costs in, 156, 49, et seq. a.ssessment of damages by commissioner in, 175, 37. taking depositions in, 198, 7. jurisdiction of district court in, 206, 3, et seq. provisions in decree relative to parties, 321, 9. proper pJirties in suits in, 384, 16, et seq. rules of pleading in, generally, 440, 94, et seq. verification of plea or answer in, 441, 105. evidence under pleadings in ; variance, 442, 120-122. effect of answer in, as evidence, 442, 131. 692 ADMIRALTY— AGREEMENTS. Admiralty, (continued.) amended pleadings in, 443, 138. supplemental libel in, 443, 140. jurisdiction and procedure in courts of prize, 460, 1, et se^. powers of courts of, respecting process, 467, 9. jurisdiction of suits for salvage, 507, 55. seamens' wages, 517, 130. in seizure cases, gener- ally, 520, 1. allowance of set-off in, 524, 29. sales of wrecked vessels by order of, 532, 125. jurisdiction of, in cases of general average, 534, 153. enforcing liens upon vessels in, 535, 164, 170. right to jury trial in, 567, 4. Admissions. of attorneys to practice, 47, 1, 2 ; 553, 5. to raise equitable estoppel, 239, 21. effect of, as evidence, 248, lOY, et seq. effect of, in creditors' suits, 278, 23. proof of marriage by, 288, 9. in answer in equity, 439, 80. patent cases, 410, 30'7 ; 413, 357'. effect of demurrer as, 437, 43 ; 440, 88. to evidence as, 570, 55. effect of, to narrow issue, 441, 109, 110. of agent, when bind principal, 452, 32. persons sought to be charged as partners, 385, 6. partner, to bind firm, 387, 26. by demurrer, 437, 48 ; 440, 38. of new states into the Union, 543, 4. Adoption, of firm name, 386, 16. into Indian tribe, effect of, 292, 5. of agent's acts, by principal, 451, 25, et seq. trade-mark, 561, 2, 3. state laws respecting arrests in civil cases, 34,2. common law of England, 128, 1, et seq. state remedies, 162, 31, 32. practice, 164, 51 ; 447, 2. insolvency laws, 300, 2. English chancery practice, 447, 1. state laws respecting process, 466, 3. English statutes, 546, 3 ; 576, 4. state laws as to competency of witnesses 599, 13. Adultery. charges of, when actionable, 538, 3. Advances. jurisdiction of admiralty in respect to. 11 46 Advamces, (continued.) by consignee, claims for, 131, 18. factor, effect of, 269, 6, 13. liens upon vessels for, 536, 186, 18*7. Adverse Possession. General Principles Iff Decisions under State Statutes of Limitations 17 effect of, on boundaries, 92, 19. to avoid deed, 184, 63-65. as a defence in ejectment, 221, 16. when bar, under statute of limitations, 343, 29. effect of, as notice to purchasers, 586, 33. of land under water, 595, 3. sufficiency of, a question of law for the court, 485, 3. Advertisement. of sales of public lands, 479, 63. for proposals for government contract, 142, 117. of execution sale, 258, 42. foreclosure by, 360, 44. Affidavits 17 to obtain arrest, 34, 5, 7. attachment, 44, 20. in proceedings for contempt, 135,- 11. for commission to take deposition, 199,' 30. to oppose motion for inspection of books and papers, 204, 12. when admissible in evidence, 250, 142. of loss of writing, to let in secondary evi- dence, 243, 42. for injunction, 299, 41. on motion to open defaults, 328, 121. in support of motions, 362, 4. on motion for new trial, 375, 38. of jurors, to impeach or sustain verdict, 375, 39. power of notary to take, 376, 1. of capital paid in, on formation of limited partnership, 388, 52. of service of process, 467, 17. of applicant for patent, 393, 57. witness, when proper, 603, 81, Affreightment. See Charter Parties. jurisdiction of admiralty in respect to con- tracts of, 10, 32. Agency. See Principal and Agent. Agreements. See Contracts. for future submission to arbitration, 31, 5. to accept drafts, 78, 14. respecting private boundaries, 92, 20. between author and publisher, 147, 46. not to bid at judicial sale, 330, 7. AGEEEMENTS— AMENDMENT. 693 Agreements, (continued.) to assign renewal or extension of patent, 401, IVS-IVV. respecting demand on maker of note, 472, 61. what are within the statute of frauds, 137, 26-31. will raise equitable estoppel, 240, 23. for insurance, 303, 7 ; 308, 99. between partners, 386, 13-15. on dissolution, 388, 45. compacts between states, 1 28, 1, et seq. shipping ai'ticles, 510, 4, et seq. Agrwutture. department of, 197, 4. Alabama. attachment laws of, 46, 52. boundaries of, 91, 6. private land claims in, 460, 99. public land system of, 481, 97- political organization of the state, 544, 21. Alaska. regulation of liquor selling in, 347, 5. decisions and statutes applicable to, 559, 8. Alexandria. orphans' court of, 165, 61. decisions of local character, affecting, 364, 33. Alien enemies. ^ , rights of, generally, 589, 23, et seq. suits by, 18, 7 ; 589, 25. disabilities respecting property, 589, 24. cannot be claimant in prize court, 589, 26. plea of, 590, 27. , enlistment of, 590, 28. Aliens. Who AEB Aliens 18 DieABn/iTrEs OP ALrENS 18 attachments against property of, 43, 4-6. children of, when citizens, 113, 10. naturalization of, 368, 1, et seq. ■descent through, 201, 7. rights and liabilities of, in time of war, 589, 23, et seq. admiralty jurisdiction discretionary where parties are, 9, 21. enlistment of, in army and navy, 34, 25; 370, 12. jurisdiction of circuit court, in suits by or against, 106, 25, et seq. rights of, under copyright laws, 146, 37, 38. jurisdiction of district court in suits by or against, 206, 7. natoralization of, 368, 1, et seq. Aliens, (continued.) patent to, on false oath of citizenship, void, 394, 59. right of, to surrender and claim reissue of patent, 397, 106. averments of alienage, 435, 13. right of, to purchase public lands, 479, 60. rights of, as parties in salvage cases, 508, 57. as seamen on American vessels, 510, 3. sales of vessels to, prohibited, 526, 23. right of, to sue for infringement of trade- mark, 561, 8. cannot commit treason, 562, 2. challenge of juror for alienage, 569, 32. right of, to sue under abandoned and cap- tured property act, 593, 91-93. Alimony. enforcing payment, 290, 62. Allegiance. obligation of, and from whom due, 112, 1, et seq. Allowance. of appeal, 25, 34, 35 ; 349, 8. to army officers, for servants' wages, 33, 13. of interest, in court of claims, 160, 23. expenses of collector of customs, 212, 28. writ of error, 232, 40. to state courts, 236, 109. interest, when discretionary, 311, 2. subsistence to seamen, 511, 36. damages for land taken for highway, 285, 6. for improvements of mortgaged premises, 360, 25. Allumon. rights of littoral proprietors in respect to, 490, 6 ; 499, 5. Alteration of instruments 19 of bills of exchange, 79, 31. guaranties, 282, 18. contract, when a discharge of surety, 454, 16. promissory notes, 469, 25. shipping articles, 511, 31. wills, 597, 32. Ambassadors. See Ministers. Ambiguities. in corporate charters, 148, 8. customs laws, 211, 9. shipping articles, 511, 30. statutes, effect of, 549, 51. parol evidence to explain, 246, 81. Amendment. The Eioht to Amend; and Power to AiiiiOW Amendments 20 694 AMENDMENT— APPEAL. Amendment, (continued.) Amendments in Actions at Law 20 In Suits IN Equity 21 In Admikaity 21 Obtaining and Making Amendments; AND THEIR EfEECT 22 on appeal, 26, 59 ; 27, 60 ; 29, 103 ; 29, 112. of petition in bankruptcy, 58, 74 ; 60, 101. proofs in bankruptcy, 65, 157. U. S. constitution, 114, 9, et seq.; 222, 1; 223, 2. declaration in ejectment, 221, 13. information for forfeiture, 273, 11. indictment, 294, 18. specification of patent, 395, 72. answer in patent suit, 410, 308. pleadings in admiralty, 443, 138. corporate charter, 149, 16. on writ of error, 233, 62. of irregular or defective executions, 257, 10. judgment, 328, 118, 119. pleadings, motions for, 443, 136-138. bringing in new parties by, 384, 13. power of referee to allow, 492, 4. in supreme court, 553, 23. allowance of, in admiralty, 14, 87. costs on, 154, 19. review of orders granting or refusing, 231, 25. of declaration, pleading anew after, 437, 43. report of referee, 492, 7. in scire facias, 509, 7. of pleadings, when ground for continuance, 568, 18. verdict, 572, 93. when granted, and its efiect, generally, 382, 8 ; 592, 77, et seq. Amount. of bail in civil actions, 50, 3. criminal cases, 51, 30. jurisdiction as dependent on, 24, 18, etseq.; 29, 105; 106, 24; 162, 25; 230, 9, et seq. ; 552, 9. provisions respecting, in judgment, 322, 24. of recovery, costs as dependent on, 154, 14, 15. in dispute, immaterial in patent cases, 405 238 ; 552, 10. right to remove cause as de- pendent on, 494, 7. awarded in salvage cases, 506, 40, et seq. effect of special contract, 508, 70. of freight, rules for ascertaining, 530, 88. Anchor. collision with vessel at, 117, 11 ; 120, 43,. et seq. duty of vessel at, to show lights, 121, 55. Ancient instruments. admissibility of, in evidence, 250, 140. Animals. cruelty to, 170, 31. Annuities. law of, generally, 338, 9. Another action. as ground of abatement, 1, 6, 7 ; 2, 8. how pleaded, 3, 28 ; 436, 28. Angwer. in admiralty, 440, 98. amendment of, 21, 24. of debtor, in involuntary bankruptcy, 60^ 104. in action on bill of exchange, 83, 90. bond, 88, 24. creditor's suit, 168, 8. suit for collision, 123, 90. to bill for discovery, 204, 7. judgment on defective, sham, or frivolous,, in foreclosure, 361, 52. suits in equity, generally, 439, 77-83. patent cases, 409, 305, et seq. prize cases, 463, 51, et seq. evidence under, 442, 119. when evidence, 442, 124-128. Ante-nati. American, 18, 2. British, 18, 1 ; 113, 8. Ante-nuptial settlements. form and validity of, 288, 13. Appeal. JUBISDIOTION ON ApPEAL 23^ PsocEDiniB ON Appeal 24. Appeals in Paeticulab CoimTS 28 distinction between error and, 229, 1, 2. appellate jurisdiction of supreme court,. 552, 7, et seq. appellate jurisdiction of supreme court of Dist. of Col., 553, 3. from rejection of claim in bankruptcy, 65, 163. certiorari in aid of, 101, 4. costs on, 155, 33-37. what defects are cured by appearance on, 7,. 26. what may be carried up by bill of excep- tions, 255, 1-4. form and contents of bill, 255, 10, et seq. what judgments are final, 323, 4a-45. from justices' courts, 333, 9. to circuit courts. 111, 93, et seq. APPEAL— ARRAIGNMENT. 695 Appeal, (continued.) from court of claims, 160, 28. to merchant appraisers, 917, 160. from assessment of tax, by distiller, 315, 54 ; 318, 113. mandamus to compel allowance of, 349, 8. from order granting new trial, 375, 45. judgment on referee's report, 492, 8. in patent cases, 396, 90-93. salvage cases, 508, 68. to president, from heads of departments, 449, 20. from decisions of land commissioners, 458, 52, et seq. Appearance. in actions, generally, 6, 17, et seq. effect of, to waive defects, 6, 22 ; 7, 23, et seq. ; 45, 43. compelling, 6, 20. withdrawing, 6, 21. in admiralty, 384, 20. to oppose discharge in bankruptcy, 68, 205. AxfplieaivM of •payments. by debtor, 177, 9. creditor, 177, lO. court, 177, 14-17. personal representatives, 263, 33. Afypoiiitmeiit. of agents of corporation, 152, 74. army officera, 33, 5. assignee in bankruptcy, 53, 14 ; 54, 33 ; 61, 112. registers in bankruptcy, 57, 68. trustees in composition proceedings, 67, 181. district attorneys, 205, 1. collector of customs-duties, 211, 13. appraisers, 212, 38. marshals, 351, 1. ministers to foreign courts, 355, 1. public officers, generally, 378, 4, et seq. by president, 449, 9. receiver of insolvent corporation, 152, 81 ; 491, 1-3. guardian ad litem, 283, 2-4. general guaidian, 283, 2. personal representatives, 261, 1, et seq. assignee in insolvency, 301, 7. agents of insurance company, 310, 132. shipping comniissioners, 510, 8. master of vessel, 532, 112. municipal officers, 364, 31. power of, 447, 5. of agent, 450, 1-3. receivers, 491, 1-7. referees, 492, 1-3. Appointment, (continued.) of assessors of taxes, 556, 26. trustees, 576, 16 ; 577, 39. Apportionment. of loss, in collision cases, 124, 115, et seq. salvage expenses between ship, cargo and freight, 508, 65. freight, 530, 89. rent, 336, 32. Appraisal. of imported goods, 211, 19 ; 216, 152, et seq. appointment and powers of appraisers, 212, 38-41 ; 216, 152, et seq. effect of, as evidence in seizure cases, 220, 215. necessity of, (fa execution, 258, 44. of prize property taken for use of govern- ment, 465, 82. Apprentices 30 extradition of fugitive, 268, 27. Appropriations. bills for, generally, 548, 44. for army, bills for, 33, 4. Approval. of bond on appeal, 25, 39. election of assignee, 61, 113. Appurtemmces. what will pass as, in deeds, 183, 46. Arbitration and Award. The Submission; and Peoceedings Theeeundeb 31 TheAwaed; and how Enfoeced 31 Impeachment OF THE AwAED 32 power of attorneys to make submission, 47, 14. specific performance of award, 542, 5. Arisotia. statutes applicable to, 559, 9. Arkansas. adverse possession in, 17, 19. attachment laws of, 46, 53. justices of the peace in, 333, 10. limitation laws of, 345, 64. private land claims in, 460, 100. public land system of, 481, 98. political organization of the state, 544, 22. Army ^^ transportation contracts, 148, 121. drafting militia-men into, 354, 6. enlistment of minors in, 295, 14. powers of president as commander-in-chief of, 449, 21. Arraignment. of persons accused of crime, 573, 104. 696 ARRAY— ASSIGNMENT. challenge to, in. civil actions, 569, 30. criminal cases, 573, 115. Arrest. In Civil. Actions 34 In CKruiNAi, Cases 35 Second Abeest 35 Privilege PEOM Arrest 35 when bail may be required in civil actions, 50,2. in criminal cases, 51, 20. of judgment, in civil cases, 328, 115, 116. criminal cases, 328, 117. power of justice of the peace to direct, 333, 5. • warrants of, in criminal cases, 467, 21. powers of sheriffs in r&spect to, 524, 4. liability of sheriff for failure to make, or for escape, 524, 12. privilege of witness from, 599, 3. bankrupt from, 68, 200. foreign minister from, 355, 6. of debtor, when act of bankruptcy, 59, 97. in extradition cases, 268, 26. under execution against the body, satisfac- tion of judgment by, 328, 112. by orderof president, 449, 13. of alien enemy, 590, 29. Arrest of jvdgment. in civil cases, 328, 115, 116. criminal cases, 328, 117. Arson. See Burning. Assault. The Crvn. Action 36 The CEtMiNAL Prosecution 37 upon foreign ministers, 356, 10. seamen, civil liability of master for, 514, 74. criminal responsibility of master for, 514, 75. upon slaves, 539, 9. Assent. of creditors, to assignment for their benefit, 40, 11. creditors, to discharge in bankruptcy, 68, 203. congress, to compacts between states, 128, 1. personal representative, to legacy, 337, 6. necessity of, to validity of contract, 136, 4. deed, 183, 61. sufaoiency of, to raise equitable estoppel, 240, 25. Assessment. on holder of corporate stock, 150, 33. of damages, 174, 29, et seq. compensation for land taken for public use, 225, 8. enjoining collection or disbursement of, 297, 20 ; 557, 45. upon premium notes, 310, 135, 136. of damages, on entering judgment, 322, 18. recovering back money paid on, 357, 12 ; 557, 44. of city taxes, 363, 14. internal revenue taxes, 313, 22, 23. damages for land taken for railroads, 488, 14. state taxes, 555, 25, et seq. Assets. possession of, by assignor for creditors, 41, 24. what are, in bankruptcy, 58, 76 ; 66, 172. distribution of, on dissolution of corpora- tion, 153, 85. of bank, application to debts on dissolu- tion, 77, 46. of decedent's estate, 262, 12-14. marshalling, 263, 32 ; 388, 48. local and general, 262, 14. misappropriation of, by partner, 387, 36. application of, to debts of firm, 388, 48-5L rights and liabilities of, generally, 39, 26, et seq. right to sue in his own name, 39, 28, 29 ; 107, 28, 29. for benefit of creditors, 41, 26, et seq. in bankruptcy, 53, 14 ; 60, 111, et seq. his fees, 72, 253. right of, to sue on bill of exchange, 82, 84. jurisdiction of circuit court, of suits by or against, 107, 27, et seq. suits by, in court of claims, 159, 12. in district court, 206, 8. of patent, right to surrender and claim re- issue, 397, 105. other rights of assignee of patent, 401, 178, et seq. his right to sue for infringement, 407, 265. averments of citizenship in actions by or against, 435, 17. of trade-mark, right to sue for infringe- ment, 561, 7. Assignment. What may be Assigned ; by whom ; AND to whom 37 What Constitutes an Assignment 38 gonsteuction and validity 88 ASSIGNMENT— ATTORNEY-GENERAL. 697 Assignment, (continued.) Eights and Liabilituss of the As- signee 39 priority between attachment and, 45, 33. to assignee in bankruptcy, 53, 14 ; 61, 114. of bill of exchange, 80, 40. bonds, 88, 14. breaches, 167, 21. in action on bond, 88, 23. copyright, 147, 41, et seq. contracts with government, 143, 12V. dower, 209, 14. errore, on writ of error, 233, 54. in insolvency, 301, 8. parol evidence to vaiy, 246, 84. of property, to obtain discliarge from im- prisonment, 291, 5. offirepolicy, 308, 103. property insured, 308, 104. lease, 335, 25. license, 339, 2. military land warrant, 478, 41. rights of pre-emptor, 480, 72. lien for seamen's wages, 516, 110. repairs and supplies, 535, 1*75. covenant against, 335, 20. of mortgage, 360, 36-38. interest, by partner, effect of to dissolve partnership, 388, 40. patent, 400, 163, etseq.; 401, 166, et seq. promissory note, 470, 38. non-negotiable note, 473, 90. Assignments for Benefit of Creditors. Vaiiditt and'Intebpretation 40 Eights, Powebs, and Liabilities op the Assignee 41 power of corporations to make, 151, 51. partner to bind firm by, 387, 27. when act of bankruptcy, 54, 26 ; 58, 86 ; 59, 87. void, as in fraud of bankrupt act, 73, 270. writ of, 361, 56 ; 605, 1. AssoeiaMons. See Societies and Associations. for banking purposes, 74, 1, et seq. joint stock companies, 541, 5. voluntary, generally, 541, 1. Assumpsit. When Assumpsit Lies 42 Pbocedube , 42 for money received, 357, 1, et seq. services rendered, 522, 1, el seq. election between, and other forms of action, 6,13. Assumpsit, (continued.) plea of non asstmipsit, 436, 31. AssuraTiae. covenants for further, 166, 15. Atheist. competency of, as witness, 600, 14. Attactiment. In General; and Herein of what Courts may Issue Attachment 42 What Property may be Reached 44 Procedure 44 Decisions upon the Attachment Laws OF THE Different States 46 in courts of admiralty, 13, 78. circuit court of Dist. of Col., 112, 3. for contempt, 135, 13. compelling attendance of witness by,- 599, 7. payment of costs by, 157, 62. witness fees by, 599, 11. lien of, when protected in bankruptcy, 54, 31; 62,129. of witness, in deposition de bene esse, 198, 15, 16. to compel production of books and papers, 314, 33. of vessel, priority of lien for wages over, 516, 117. Attainder. prohibition against bills of, 133, 18. Attempts. to enter blockaded port, 86, 9. commit burglary, 170, 25. crime, generally, 169, 17. Attestation. of wills, 596, 8. Attorney and Client. The Vocation 47 The Relation with the Client 47 Compensation op Attorneys 48 Privileged Communications 48 offence of buying claims to sue, 101, 3. limitations of actions between, 343, 38. verification of pleadings by attorney, 441, 104. competency of attorney as witness, 602, 56. stipulations between counsel, in admiralty, 14, 90. right of attorney to make compromise, 129, 3. fees of, 156, 52. admissioiT of attorneys by supreme court of Dist. of Col., 553, 5. Attorney-general. his powers and duties, 197, 6. 698 ATTORNMENT— BANKRUPTS. Attornment. by tenant, 334, 2. Auction *9 sales at, taxation of, by state law, 127, 21. execution sales at, 258, 41, et seq. tax sales at, 556, 34, e< seq. other judicial sales at, 329, 1, et seq. , Avdit. of claims against county, 158, 11. Audita querela. proceedings by, 605, 2. to vacate execution sale, 259, 53. Austria. treaties with, 564, 16. Autrefois acquit. plea of, 114, 5-7 ; 326, 83. Average. general, in marine insurance, 307, 79, et seq. contribution in, 534, 152, et seq. jurisdiction of admiralty in adjustment of, 10, 33. liability of wages to contribute in general, 516, 103. Aivard. • of arbitrators, 31, 10, et seq. interest on, 312, 21. specific performance of, 542, 5. of salvage, amount of, 506, 40, et seq. effect of special contract, 508, 70. under treaties, 566, 50. B Baggage. liability of carrier for, 99, 44, 45. innkeeper for, 52, 9. railroad company for, 488, 18. ship owner for, 534, 144. Bail. In Civil Actions 50 In Admiralty 51 In Criminal Cases 51 special, when required, 34, 8. delivery of property on, 14, 93 ; 220, 216 ; 318,108; 463,44; 521,13. in circuit court of DLst. of Col., 112, 9. power of commissioners to take, 127, 3. when discharge in insolvency will exoner- ate, 301, 11, 12. liability of marshal for taking insufficient, 351, 14. when accepted in cases of treason, 562, 10. Bailment. General Principles .'. 51 The Different Species or Bailments, 52 special deposits in bank, 75, 24. confusion by bailee, 433, 5. Bailment, (continued.) how distinguished from sale, 500, 1. Baltimore. decisions particularly relating to, 364, 34. Bank checks. rights of holders, generally, 76, 26. certified, 76, 27. raised and forged, 76, 28. Bank notes. validity of payments in, 76, 32 ; 430, 17. liability of bank on, 76, 30. restrictions on issue of, 76, 31. Bankruptcy. General Principles 55 Under the Act op 1800 53 Under the Act op 1841 54 Under the Act op 1867, the Kevised Statutes, and Subsequent Enact- ments. 1. Courts of bankruptcy ; their jurisdiction, organizations, and powers 56 2. Voluntary bankruptcy 57 3. Involuntary bankruptcy 58 4. Proceedings to realize the estate for creditors 60 5. Protection and discharge of bankrupts 68 6. Pivceedings peculiar to partnerships and corporations 70 7. Fees and costs 72 8. Prohibited and fraudulent transfers 72 effect of pendency of proceedings as ground of abatement, 2, 9. no direct appeal to supreme court in, 29, 92. discharge from arrest in, 35, 11. assignments in contemplation of, 40, 6. priority between attachment and, 45, 34. effect of proceedings on liability of bail, 51, 21. right of assignee to sue in circuit courts, 107, 33. jurisdiction of circuit court of suits arising under bankrupt laws, 110, 83. appellate jurisdiction of circuit court in, 111, 95. suits by assignees in district court, 206, 8. priority between execution and title of assignee in, 258, 40. liability of assignee, for rent, 336, 36. suits by assignee, when barred, 342, 21. effect of proceedings on right to foreclose mortgage, 361, 47. effect of, lo dissolve partnership, 387, 39. priority of United States in proceedings in, 580, 20. Bankrupts. what may be set apart for, 55, 35. rights of wife of, 62, 125. BANKRUPTS— BILLS OF LADING. 699 Bankrupts, (continued.) examination of, 65, 164, et seq.; 67, 192. of wife of, 66, IVO. privilege of, from arrest, 68, 200. criminal proceedings against fraudulent, 74, 276. admissibility of declarations of, 248, 111. Banks. OkGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 74 Eights and Liabilities op Stockhold- EES 75 PowEES AND Dealings op Banks 75 Oppiceks; their Powers, Duties, and Liabilities 76 Dissolution, Receiver, Ac 77 set-off in actions by or against, 523, 17. taxation of bank stock, 555, 12, 13. internal revenue tax on, 314, 38, 39, 43. national, 366, 1, et seq. Bargain and sale. deeds of, 183, 54. Barratry. liability of seamen in damages for, 513, 61. criminal responsibility of seamen for, 519. 165. of master, liability of owners for, 534, 147. effect of, on insurance, 305, 42. Bdstardy 77 rights of illegitimate children, 201, 12. jurisdiction of circuit court of Dist. of Col., 112, 4. Bavaria. treaty with, 564, 17. Bawdy house. See Disorderly Houses. Belgium. extradition treaties with, 268, 17. Belligerents. rights of, generally, 589, lO, et seq.; 590, 36. Benevolent societies. rights and liabilities of, 541, 2. Bequests. See Legacies. Betting. the offence of gaming, and how prosecuted, 171, 42. invalidity of wagers, suits to recover back, 588, 1, 2. Bigamy. the offence, and how prosecuted, 169, 23. Billiard rooms. internal revenue tax on, 315, 61. Bills. amendment of, in equity, 21, 19, et seq. of attainder, 132, 18. credit, 132, 19. exceptions, 233, 52 ; 255, 1, et seq. lading, 83, 1, et seq. Bills, (continued.) form of, in creditor's suit, 167, 7. for discovery, 204, 1, et seq. averment of citizenship in, 109, 60. to enforce subscriptions for stock, 150, 36. dismissal of, 229, 44, 45. of review, 85, 1, et seq. for injunction, 298, 40. injunction in patent cases, 409, 303. of particulars, 84, 1. interpleader, 227, 26. in foreclosure, 361, 49. form and sufficiency of, generally, 438,. 59-66. what evidence will support, 441, 118. Bills of Exchange. Nature and Requisites, generally 78 Parties 79' Validity 79 Tbanspbrs; and Rights op Purchas- ers 79 Rights and Liabilities op Indorsers... 80 Law op Place 82. Actions on Bills op Exchange 82 alterations in, 19, 6. effect of taking in payment, 177, 8 ; 430,. 19-22. parol evidence to vary, 247, 99, 100. when charge on wife's separate estate, 289,. 35. enjoining transfers of, 297, 18. interest on, 311, 5. right of indorsee or holder to sue in circuit- court, 107, 34, et seq. power of partner to bind firm by, 386, 23> who may receive payment of, 429, 3. set-off in actions on, 523, 9. when void for usury, 582, 4. right of consignor to draw upon consignee,. 131, 15. when debt will lie on, 175, 5. power of master of vessel to draw, 532,, 119. effect of war on, 689, 8 ; 590, 43. Bills of lading 83 parol evidence to vary, 246, 85 ; 247, 86.. admiralty jurisdiction in suits upon, 10,. 34. effect of, as evidence of delivery to carrier, 96, 10. as an estoppel, 240, 24. admissibility of, in evidence, 254, 192. delivery of goods by indorsement of, 501^ 22. power of master to bind owners by, 532> 116. 700 BILLS OF PARTICULAES— BOTTOMRY. Bills of particulars 84 SUls of peace. ■when will lie, 115, 4. jurisdiction of equity, 227, 22. Bills of review 85 jurisdiction of equity in, 227, 23. Bills of revivor. nature and effect of, 3, 35. BiUs of sale, parol evidfence to vary, 247, 87. of vessels, 526, 16, ei seg. Blank indorsement. of bill of exchange, 78, 5 ; 83, 94. promissory note, 468, 5 ; 470, 30 ; 475, 127. Blockade 85 capture for breach of, 94, 3. breach of, when ground for condemnation, 463, 35, 40. right of, generally, 589, 13. Boards. of directors, 76, 40; 152, 71; 488, 11. Body of a county. jurisdiction of admiralty within, 8, 10. Bona fide purchasers. of bill of exchange, 80, 41-47. promissory note, 470, 39, et seg. chattels, 501, 14, 15. land, 585, 26, et seq. Bonded warehouse. rules respecting, generally, 594, 4. custody of distilled spirits in,^ 313, 24. imported goods in, 217, 161, et seg. removal of spirits from, 313, 25, ei seq. Bond for title. interpretation and rights of the parties, 584, 1, et seq. Bonds. FOEM, CoNSTEUCTIOlf, AND VALTDITY 87 Actions on Bonds 88 alterations in, 19, 2, 3. on appeal, 25, 38, et seg. ; 27, 75 ; 29, 97 ; 29, 108. for jail limits, 35, 9. on attachment, 44, 22. of auctioneers, 49, 5. enforcement of bail, 60, 12, et seg.; 51, 23, 24. enforcement of bail, in admiralty, 51, 26, et seg. of public officers, generally, 379, 7 ; 380, 37, et seg. in bastardy proceedings, 77, 2. of assignee in bankruptcy, 61, 113. cashier of bank, 77, 43. Bonds, (continued.) of teller, 77, 44. bottomry bonds, 90, lO, et seq. on writ of error, 232, 44. parol evidence to vary, 247, 88. for jail-limits, 260, 73; 291, 2. enforcement of administration, 266, 82-84. suits on negotiable, payable to bearer, 107, 38. jurisdiction of circuit court in actions on official, 110, 72. of consul, 134, 5. collector of customs-duties, 211, 14, 15. for duties, 217, 163, et seg. value, in seizure cases, 220, 216. embargo bonds, 223, 6. recovery of interest on, 311, 6. •• judgment in actions on, 322, 29. remedy of mortgagee on, 360, 40. municipal, in aid of railroads, 864, 11, 22. generally, 364, 21. plea of non est factum, at common law, 436, 33. of railroads, 487, 8. in replevin, 496, 8 ; 497, 21-24. liability of corporation on negotiable, 151, 60. liability of county on negotiable, 158, 8, 9. of sheriffs, 525, 17. taxation of government, 555, 14. state bonds, 544, 8, 9. when void for usury, 582, 5. action of debt on, 176, 7. operation of, as estoppels, 239, 13, 14. of collector of internal revenue, 314, 35. distiller, 315, 56, 57. justice of the peace, 333, 2. marshjil, 351, 1 ; 352, 19. receivers of public moneys, 379, 8. postmasters, 445, 26. owners of privateers, 454, 2. railroad companies, 487, 8. master, for safe return of seamen, 512, 52 ; 514, 80. owner, on registry of vessel, 527, 35. Books. what subjects of copyright, 145, 11, et seg. of science and history, as evidence, 254, 188. of distillers and rectifiers, 318, 28, et seg. brewei-s, 815, 59. penalties for failure to keep proper, 317, 95. entries in by partner,' when bind firm, 387, 26. Bottomry 89 jurisdiction of admiralty to enforce the bond, 10, 35. BOTTOMRY— CALENDAR. 701 Bottomry, (continued.) right of consignee to lend on, 131, 17. capture overrides lien of bond, 462, 24. priority of lien for wages over, 516, 116. power of master to bind vessel by, 532, 118. lien for repairs prior to, 535, 176. Boundaries. Nationai and State Botjndaeies 91 Private BoxrerDABiES 91 of counties, 158, 2. description of, in deeds, 182, 40, et seq. review of decisions of state courts respect- ing, 236, 106. hearsay, to prove, 244, 57. of government grants, 280, lO ; 480, 76, 77. states, jurisdiction as affected by, 332, 7. questions of, when political, 332, 17. of public lands, sufficiency of surveys, 478, 24. reservations, 478, 30. land conveyed by patent, 481, 87- when question of fact for the jury, 485, 12. watercourses as, 595, 5. Bounties. See Pensions and Bounties. military bounty lands, 432, 8 ; 478, 38, et seq. of soldiers, generally, 34, 28 ; 432, 5-7. to fishing vessels, 271, lO. Breach. of covenants, 166, 9. warranty in insurance policy, 303, 24, etseq.; 308,105. covenants in leases, 335, 18-21. warranty in sales of chattels, 502, 35- 39. contract for services, 522, 5. government contract, 143, 129. appeal bond, 25, 40. blockade, 85, 5, et seq. ; 94, 3. instructions, by consignee, 131, 8, et seq. embargo laws, 223, 2, 3. instructions, by factor, 269, 3, 4. neutrality, 372, 8. official bonds, 381, 38. injunction, in patent cases, 411, 330, 331. recognizance, 491, 5. shipping articles, 511, 33. laws prohibiting slave trade, 540, 4. Brewers. internal revenue tax on, 315, 58. i books of, 315, 59. Bribery. the criminal offence, and how prosecuted, 170, 24. Bridges 92 jurisdiction of admiralty over, 9, 24. Brokers. rights and liabilities of, generally, 452,, 40-43. stock-brokers, 452, 41. fees and commissions of, 452, 42. internal revenue tax on, 314, 40-42. Brooklyn. decisions interpreting charter, or of local , character only, 364, 35. Building assoeialions. rights and liabilities of, 541, 3. Burden of proof. of acts of bankruptcy, 60, 108. in actions on covenants, 167, 23. actions generally, 245, 64, et seq. on bottomry bonds, 90, 21. against carriers, 98, 35 ; 529, 61. on charter-parties, 103, 28. for collision, 118, 23 ; 123, 93, et seq. seizure cases, 220, 214 ; 273, 13 ; 318, 106. contested election cases, 223, 5. actions on insurance policies, 309, 126. of fraud, 275, 8. where fraud is set up, 275, 8 ; 276, 26. in creditor's suit, 278, 22. murder cases, 286, 14. cases involving negligence, 371, 5. as to contributory negligence, 371, 11. against bona fide holder of note, 475, 130. in replevin, 497, 14. patent cases, 412, 354, et seq. prize cases, 95, 25 ; 464, 60, 61. court of claims, 159, 17. trespass, 567, 24. prosecutions under internal revenue laws, 318, 115. of jurisdictional facts, 332, 14. in suits for seamen's wages, 518, 140. of usury, 583, 15. Burglary. the offence, and how prosecuted, 170, 25. Burning. of vessel on high seas, 170, 26 ; 519, 166. By-laws. of corporations, generally, 151, 45. municipal corporations, 363, 12, 13. c Calendar. of causes ready for hearing on error, 233, 59. priority of states on, when parties, 544, 16. 702 CALENDAE— CARRIERS. Odendar, (continued.) of supreme court, preferred causes on, 553, 20. preference of government suits on, 581, 44. Califomia. political organization of the state, 544, 23. appeals in land cases, 30, 115, et acq. attachment laws of, 46, 54. homestead laws of, 285, 2. limitation laws of, 345, 55. mechanics' liens in, 353, 2. ^ private land claims in, 455, 1, et seq. public land system of, 481, 99. decisions under laws of, giving liens upon vessels, 437, 199. probate of wills in, 597, 20. €idh. on corporate stock, 159, 33. Canal Companies 93 jurisdiction of admiralty upon canals, 8, 12. VancdlMion. of instrument constituting cloud on title, 116, 5. deeds, 181, 21. patents for land, 481, 90, 91. ■Capias, issuing ca. sa. generally, 260, 67, et seq. alias ca. sa., 260, Yl. ■Capitation taxes. constitutionality of statutes imposing, 554, 4. enforcement of, in insurrectionary districts, 556, 32. Caption. of deposition de bene esse, 198, 19. indictment, 293, 3. Capture. ■GEOTTNrS FOB CaPTDBE ; AND HEREIN OP Peobable Cause 93 "What Constitutes a Captuee; and WHAT PeESONS OE VESSELS MAT MAKE Captures 94 Captoes; their Eights, Powees, Du- ties AND Liabilities 94 right of, generally, 589, 15 ; 590, SV. jurisdiction of admiralty, in eases of, 12, 68. for breach of blockade, 8, 13. captured goods, rates of duty on, 213, 73. on high seas, by order of president, 450, 26. by privateers, legality of, 454, 4, et seq. laws of prize, 460, 1, et seq. by land forces, not cognizable by prize courts, 461, 8, 9. recaptures, 462, 20. rights, daties and liabilities of captors, 462, 22, et seq. Capture, (continued.) distribution of prize-money, 465, 83, et seq. salvage of recaptured property, 506, 31, 32. right of seamen to leave ship after, 512, 48. duties of seamen in cases of, 513, 57. right to wages in cases of, 515, 92. effect of, on right to freight, 530, 83. subsequent to treaty of peace, invalid, 590, 33. duties of master in cases of, 533, 136. Captured and adandoned property act. jurisdiction and right to proceed under the act, 592, 81, et seq. right of aliens to sue under, 18, 8. Cargo. loss of, by collision, damages for, 124, 105. arrival of, when constitutes importation, 213, 59, et seq. concealment of belligerent character of, from insurer, 304, 38. what is a total loss of, 305, 59. duty of ship in respect to stowage of, 96, 12 ; 528, 53, 55. power of master to sell, 533, 126. liabilities of master respecting, 533, 139, et seq. Carondelet. decision of local character respecting, 365, 36. Carriers. Caeeiees op Meechandise 96 Caeeiees op Passengees 98 Eppect op Notices and Speciax Con- TEACTS 99 bills of lading, 83, 1, et seq. measure of damages in actions against, 173, 11. express companies, 266, 1, et seq. railroad companies, 487, 1, et seq. connecting lines, 266, 5 ; 489, 28-31. delivery to, effect of to perfect sale, 131, 5 ; 501, 20. carriers by sea, 528, 52, et seq. of passengers by sea, 529, 64, et seq. jurisdiction of admiralty in suits by passen- gers, 10, 41. burden of proof in actions against, 245, 69. liability to insurer who has paid loss caused by, 307, 94. of the mail, thefts by, 446, 36. right of set-off in actions by or against, 523, 8. CARRIERS— CHANCERY. 703 Carriers, (continued.) employment of vessels as, 528, 52, et seq. tow-boats as, 531, 104. steamboats as, 550, 7, et seq. Carrying the mail. establishment gf post roads, 444, 5. contracts for carrying, 445, 6, et seq. compensation for, 445, 8, 9. nrohibition against carriage by private persons, express companies, &c., 266, 1; 445,17. turning, into bill of exceptions, 256, 16. when proper form of action, 6, 14. for infringement of patent, 407, 262. Cases affirmed, reversed, &c 607 Cases certified 99 Cashier. of bank, 76, 42 ; 77, 43. Cattle. state laws forbidding introduction of Texas or Mexican, 126, 17. Causes of action. generally, 5, 2, 3. joinder of, generally, 6, 6-9. in admiralty, 14, 81. splitting or severing, 6, 10. election between, 6, 13-15. what are assignable, 37, 2, 3. what survive to representative, 3, 31, 32. statement of, in pleading, 435, 18, et seq. ; 438, 63 ; 440, 95. of principal, on contract made by agent, 451, 24. agent, on contract made for principal, 451, 14. receiver, 491, 8. amendments changing, 20, 9 ; 22, 27. rule to show, 448, 9. Caveat. for incomplete invention, 396, 94, el seq. Caveat emptor. application of the maxim to judicial sales, 330, 10. to sales of chattels, generally, 502, 37. vessels, 526, 21. Census. powers of marshals, in respect to taking, 351, 8. Certificate. amendment of, 21, 18. of deposit, 76, 25. division of opinion, 99, 1, et seq. naturalization, 368, 7. incorporation, 149, 9. acknowledgment of deeds, 181, 26 ; 290, 46. Certificate, (continued.) effect of official, as evidence, 252, 167, et seq. of protest, by notary, 81, 59 ; 376, 2. capital paid in, on formation of limited partnership, 388, 52. notary, effect as evidence, 252, 169 ; 376, 4. division of opinion in bankruptcy cases, 57, 67. officer taking deposition de bene esse, 198, 20, et seq. foreign officers, as evidence, 252, 168. consuls, as evidence, 252, 170. registry of vessel, forfeiture for fraudulent use of, 527, 38. Certiorari 101 when proper remedy, 23, 7. to complete record on appeal or error, 25, 45 ; 233, 57. in forcible entry, 272, 5. appellate jurisdiction of supreme court by writ of, 552, 12. of District of Columbia, effect of, 207, 4,5. of Florida, 458, 59, 60. from France, 477, 8. Spain, 477, 9. treaties of, 563, 7. federal jurisdiction over ceded places, 581, 34, et seq. Cestui gtie trust. obtaining account from trustee, 4, 7. alienability of interest of, 577, 41. rights of, generally, 577, 40, et seq. conclusiveness of receipts of, 577, 35. effect of laches by, 578, 49. to fight duel, 170, 36. jurors, in civil actions, 569, 30-35. criminal cases, 330, 1; 573, 115-118. Champerty 101 buying demands with intent to sue 47, 7. Chancery. revival of actions in, 3, 35. courts of, 225, 2, et seq. depositions in, 198, 6. discovery in, 204, 1, et seq. stay of proceedings in, 296, 8, et seq. interpleader in, 227, 26. reference to master in, 492, 1, et seq. decree in, as conclusive as judgment at law, 325, 67. adoption of English practice in, 447, 1. 704 CHAEACTER— CIRCUIT COURTS, Oharacter. evidence of, in criminal cases, generally 574, 122. of deceased, evidence of in murder cases, 287, 16. evidence of, to impeach witness, 603, 72, •73. to corroborate witness, 603, "78. of vessel, admiralty jurisdiction as depend- ent on, 9, 22. when a defence in criminal cases, 169, 16. effect of domicUe upon national, 208, 0. Charge. upon devisee, when implies a fee, 202, 14. land devised, for legacies, mainte- nance, &c., 203, 23 ; 338, 12-14. for payment of debts, &c., 203, 24. of crime, when actionable per se, 538, 2. Ohariiiee. devises to, 202, 3. legacies for, 388, lO. exemption from taxation, 555, 24. charitable uses, 576, 4. Charter. of bank, how construed, 75, 8. bridge, inviolability of, 92, 4. corporations, generally, 148, 6, el seq. ferry company, 270, 4. municipal corporation, 363, 3. railroad, 487, 3. abatement of suit for expiration of, 2, 19. provisions in, giving power to sue, 109, &7. relative to dissolution, 152, 76. validity of corporate note made in violation of, 469, 21. Charter Parties. Form, Execution, and Validity 102 InTEKPBETATION AND EFFECT 102 Eights and Liabilities op the Parties, 103 Actions on Charter Pabties 103 jurisdiction of admiralty in suits upon, 10, 36. parol evidence to explain, 247, 89. when charterer may share in salvage money, 504, 9. who is deemed owner for the voyage, 526, 10. Chattels. hiring chattels, or services upon them, 52 6,7. presumptions respecting title to, 242, 26. levy of executions on, 257, 16-23; 258 31-34. sales of, on execution, 258, 41, et seq. judgment in actions for, 322, 30 ; 497, 20. what are property, 433, 1. Chattels, (continued.) seller's action for price of, 503, 43, et seq. tender of, 558, 7. Chattel Mortgages 103 when acts of bankruptcy, 58, 85. lien of, when protected in bankruptcy, 63, 136. when void under bankrupt law, 74, 273. Cheats. offence of cheating, and how prosecuted, 170, 28. Checks. on bankers, 76, 26. certification of, 76, 27 ; 367, lO. forged and raised, 76, 28. receiving in payment, 177, 8 ; 430, 19-22. Chica,go. rules for avoiding collision in Chicago river, 122, 77. decisions of a local character, respecting, 365, 37. Child. born abroad, citizenship o^ 113, 9. of naturalized parent, citizenship of, 113, 10. effect of omission to provide for, in will, 598, 61. illegitimate, right of to take by descent, 201, 12. evidence on question of legitimacy, 383, 9. Chirm. treaties with, 564, 18. rights and disabilities of subjects of, 18, 10. prohibition of coolie trade, 540, 15. Cincinnati. decisions of a local character respecting, 365, 38. Circuit Courts. Organization and Powers, generally, 105 jubisdiction 105 Mode of Procedure ill appeals to, from district court, 28, 82, ei seq.; 28, 94. from, to supreme court, 28, 95, et seq.; 552, 13. powers of, in issuing attachments, 43, 4. jurisdiction of, in bankruptcy, 56, 55 ; 57, 62, 63. to enjoin erection of bridges over navigable streams, 92, 3. powers and duties of commissioners of, 127, 1, et seq. appellate jurisdiction of, on error, 229, 4. power to issue habeas corpus, 284, 5. jurisd.iction of suits for infringement of let- ters patent, 405, 235. CIRCUIT COURTS— COLLATERAL SECURITY. 705 Circuit courts, (continued.) removal of cause to, from state courts, 494, 1, et seq. from district court, 496, 36. from another circuit court, 496, 3Y. Circuit Court of District of Columbia, 112 appeals from, to U. S. supreme court, 30, 125. jurisdiction of, in attachment cases, 43, 9. bastardy cases 77, 1. (Xreulation. of banks, 76, 30, et seq. Oireamstanlial evidence. sufficiency of, generally, 240, 4. OUation. on appeal, 25, 37 ; 29, OT'. writ of error, 232, 41. dismissal of writ of error for irregularities in, 235, 84. on writ of error to state court, 236, 109. Cities. See MiwicrpAL Coepoeations. Citizens. AlLEGIANCE 112 Eights OP Citizens 113 want of citizenship as ground of abatement, 1, 4, 5. jurisdiction of admiralty not dependent on citizenship, 9, 20. one party must be, in suit by alien, 106, 25, when citizenship of party is immaterial, 108, 41 ; 109, 53, el seq. jurisdiction of circuit courts as dependent on citizenship, 108, 42, et seq. how far corporations are deemed, 109, 63 ; 148, 4. civil rights of, 114, 1, et seq. citizenship of residents of District of Colum- bia, 207, 4. naturalization of aliens, 368, 1, et seq. passports not evidence of citizenship, 389, 2: citizenship immaterial in patent cases, 405, 238. necessity and sufficiency of averment of citi- zenship, 435, 13, et seq. ; 438, 61, 62 ; 474, 109. citizenship of parties, when sufficient to war- rant removal of cause, 494, 2, 3. Civil Rights. Undee the Constitution 114 Undee the Kecent Amendments and Civil Eights Acts 114 self-defence, 512, 37; 513, 68. trial by jury, 567, 2, et seq.; 572, 99. right to vote, 221, 1. discharge of jury no bar to second trial, 376, 50. Civil war. in general, 590, 34, et seq. effect of, on payment of life premiums, 309, 116. suspension of limitation laws during, 345, 57. power of president to call out militia, 354, 5. amnesty and its effect, 382, 8. what is lawful prize in, 462, 21. validity of promissory notes made within rebel lines, 469, 22. enforcement of direct taxes during, 556, 32. what was treason in late, 553, 15. validity of will made within Confederate lines, 597, 30. Claiins. against government, generally, 579, 8, el seq. to surplus proceeds, in admiralty, 14, 89. of title, to found adverse possession, 16, 7. against foreign governments, assignment of, 38,7. what barred by discharge in bankruptcy, 55, 49. provable in bankruptcy, 64, 148, et seq. against government, compromises of, 129, 4. what within jurisdiction of court of claims, 159, 9, lO. against government, interest on, 311, 7. description of, in specification for patent> 394, 63, et seq. in prize cases, extension of time to inter- pose, 464, 67. for horses lost in late civil war, 590, 40. Clerks. of departments, 197, 3. Clerks [of cmirls.) fees of, when taxable, 156, 54. adjustment of costs by, 156, 46 el seq. power to enter judgment, 323, 35. Client. See Attoeney and Client. power of attorney to bind, 47, 15. dealings between attorney and, 48, 18. Cloud on title 115 jurisdiction of equity, 227, 22. Coasting trade 116 validity of state laws respecting, 127 26. Codicils. interpretation of, 598, 58. effect of, to revoke previous provisions, 596, 10. Collateral security. taking a bill as, 80, 45. 2s 706 COLLATEEAL SECUEITY— COMMISSIONERS. Chllateral security, (continued.) effect of, and rights of holder, 178, 22, 23. taking a note as, 471, 43. Collateral impeachment. of execution sale, 259, 54. other judicial sales, 330, 16. patent for land, 481, 88. GoUection. by assignee for creditors, 41, 29. bank, 76, 37. of costs, 157, 61, et seq. duties on imports, 215, 129, et seq. internal revenue t.ixes, 312, 1, et seq. guaranty of, 281, 11. of city taxes, 363, 14. state taxes, 556, 30-33. GoUectoi: of customs duties, 211, 13, et seq. liability of, for refusing clearance, 218, 185. powers of, as agent, 450, 6. to detain vessel during embargo, 223, 5. of general taxes, 556, 33. internal revenue, compensation of, 314, 34. internal revenue, duties and liabilities, ^ 314, 35, 36. Collision. General Pbinctples 117 Eegttlations fob Avoiding Collisions. 1. Between steamers 118 2. Setween saiiing vessels 118 3. Setween, steamer and sailing vessel 119 4. Between vessels moored; or vessel in motion and vessel at anchor 120 5. With tiig boats and tows 120 6. lAghts, lookouts and signals 121 7. liiUes peculiar to river navigation 121 Actions tor Collision. 1. The right of action, jurisdiction, &c 122 2. Parties 122 3. Pleading 123 4. Eaidence and burden of proof 123 5. Damages recoveraile 123 6. Apportioning the loss 124 7. Limitation of liability 125 8. Costs 125 jurisdiction of admiralty in cases of, 8, 16 ; 206, 19. costs in actions for, 155, 24. burden of proof in suits for, 245, 70. when covered by insurance policy, 45. riiles of navigation, 369, 6, et seq. questions of fact for jury, in cases of, 486, 20. right to salvage in cases of, 505, 27. when master liable for losses by, 533, 141. Collision, (continued.) liability of owners for, 534, 151. Colombia. treaties with, 564, 19. Colorado. mechanics' liens in, 353, 3. decisions and statutes applicable to terri- tory of, 559, lO. Color of title. necessity of, to constitute adverse posses- sion, 16, 7. what is, 16, 8. Combinations. what patentable, 392, 34, et seq. infringements of patents for, 406, 253, et seq. Commerce. The Powe^ of Congress to Kegulate Commerce 125 Validity of State Laws and Begitla- TioNS Kespecting Commerce 126 within a state, when cognizable in admi- ralty, 8, 15. validity of state laws respecting, 546, 13. effect of war on, 589, 7 ; 590, 42. revival of, by treaty of peace, 590, 31. Commercial domicile. how acquired, and its effect, 208, 3 ; 462, 18. Commercial law. state laws not followed on questions of, 163, 36. Commercial paper. See Bells of Exchange; Negotiable Instruments; Pkomissoby Notes. suspending payment of, when act of bank- ruptcy, 59, 92, et seq. effect of civil war on, 590, 43. Commi^on. of vessel, to authorize captures, 94, 13, 14. taking depositions by, 199, 27, et seq. of personal representatives, 264, 60. broker, 452, 42. public officers, generally, 378, 5. district attorneys, in revenue and prize cases, 205, 8. collectors of customs, 212, 29. when added to dutiable value, 216, 148. of armed vessel, as evidence, 252, 166. privateer, 454, 1. marshal, 352, 23. Commissioners 127 in bankruptcy, 53, 13. computation of damages by, in collision cases, 124, 113. powers of, in apportionment of corporate stock, 149, 13. COMMISSIONERS— COMPUTATION. 707 95 ; 89, 26. averments of jurisdictional facts, 106, 21, 22. citizenship, 109, 60; 435, 13, et seg. form of, in assumpsit, 42, 13. on bill of exchange, 82, 88. bonds, 88, 22, 23. in action on contract, generally, 142, 104. for refusing plaintiff's vote, 223, 8. covenant, 166, 3. on covenants, 167, 20, 21. in action of debt, 176, 10. ejectment, 221, 9, 13. oral, when raises estoppel in pais, 239, 22. when part of res gestae, 244, 61, et seg. against interest, effect of, as evidence, 248, 108, et seg. in actions by and against personal repre- sentatives, 265, 67, 77. of parties, admissibility of, to prove mar- riage, 288, 9. to prove domicile, 208, 6. enforce forfeiture, 273, 9. in action for libel, 339, 6. of agent, when binds principal, 452, 32. in replevin, 496, 9. patent cases at law, 407, 271, et seg. slander, 538, 5. trover, 575, 10. of trust, 576, 6. war, 588, 5. intention to become citizen, 368, 6. persons sought to be charged as part- ners, 385, 6. Decree. what is final and what interlocutory, 23, 8, 9; 230, 19, e< sey. in admiralty, form of, 15, 102. prize eases, 465, 75, et seq. what will support bill of review, 85, 2. in foreclosure, 24, 14 ; 361, 54. effect of, as evidence, 251, 146-148. how far conclusive, 324, 54, et seg. in creditor's suit, 168, 15. partition, 385, 4. time to enter, 321, 12. Dedication 17& establishment of highways by, 285, 1. Deductions. from seamen's wages, 518, 149-151. Deeds. Common Law EEquiBEMENTS 180 ACKirOWLEDGMENT. EeCOEDING 181 How Construed 182 Vaiidity 183 what adverse possession will defeat, 16, 5, 6. alterations in, 19, 4. effect of champerty on, 101, 2. when cloud on title, 116, 5. priority between attachment and, 45, 35. covenants in, 166, 12-16. reformation of, in equity, 228, 29. estoppel by, 239, 11, 12, 16. parol evidence to vary, 247, 92-96. admissibility of, in evidence, 251, 150, 151, 157. admissibility of copies of, 253, 175. to prove boundary, 91, 18. of sheriff, on execution, 259, 59-61. marriage settlement, 288, 11-16. married woman, under enabling acts, 289, 36. infant, 295, 7-9. relief against mistakes in, 356, 7, 8. records of, as evidence, 251, 157. when construed as mortgages, 358, 7, et seg. power of partner to bind firm by, 387, 25. of lands sold for taxes, 556, 40. creating trusts, 576, 7. following state laws respecting rights under, 162, 35. manumission of slaves by, 539, 11. which party should prepare, 585, 13. rights of grantee by quit-claim, 585, 29. Defamation. See Libel; Slander. Default. review of, by appeal or error, 23, 11; 231, 27. when judgment may be taken by, 321, 15. effect of judgment by, 325, 73. 718 DEFAULT— DELAY. Default, (continued.) opening, 328, 114, ei seq. practice on taking and opening, 447, 5. suffering, when act of bankruptcy, 59, 90. Defeasance. effect of, to convert deed into mortgage, 359, 8. Defences. in civil actions for assault, 36, 2, 3. criminal prosecutions for assault, 37, 12. assumpsit, 42, 14. attachment, 45, 39. setting up discharge in bankruptcy, 70, 220-229. in action on bill of exchange, 82, 89. bonds, 88, 24. to bill of review, 85, 6. in suit on bottomry bond, 90, 22. collision cises, 122, 81, 82. suits by corporations, 153, 90. in proceedings for contempt, 135, 16. actions on contract, generally, 142, 106. to enforce individual liability of stockholders, 150, 40. creditors' suits, 168, 8. prosecutions for counterfeiting, 157, 5. actions of covenant, 166, 4. prosecutions for breach of embargo laws, 223, 4. prosecutions for forfeitures, 293, 5, "7; 317, 105. prosecutions for violations of internal revenue laws, 318, 114. suits for penalties, 431, 6. to widow's claim for dower, 209, 8, et seq. in ejectment, 221, 15, 18. suits by or against personal representa- tives, 265, 69, 78. in suits on administration bonds, 266, 84. actions for false imprisonijient, 270, 3. setting up fraud, 276, 25, 26. in actions on guaranties, 282, 17-20. murder cases, 287, 16, 22, 23. actions for causing death, 287, 24, of infancy, 295, 13. in actions on distillers' bonds, 315, 57. official bonds, 381, 43. postmasters' bonds, 446, 31. of insanity, 300, 5. in actions on insurance policies, 309, 123. what are available in suits on judgments, 329, 133. in actions for rent, 336, 37. suits for malicious prosecution, 349, 9. patent cases, 407, 274, et seq. foreclosure, 361, 50, 51. partition, 385, 3. Defences, (continued.) joinder of, in pleading, 437, 42. what available to surety, 454, 15-22. in suits on non-negotiable notes, 473, 89. negotiable notes, 474, 98-100 ; 582, 4. frivolous and sham, 443, 145, 146. in actions for price of goods sold, 503, 45. seamen's wages, 518, 137. in scire facias, 509, 6. actions for freight, 531, 90. slander, 538, 9, lO. trespass, 566, 17, el seq. prosecutions for mutiny, 366, 7 treason, 562, 11. usury, 582, 1, et seq. on sale in foreclosure, judgment for, 361, 57. Definitions 184 action, 5, 1. actual cost, 216, 138. market value, 216, 139. ad valorem, 216, 137. assignee, as used in patent law, 400, 164. banking business, 74, 2. beyond seas, 344, 48. crew, 510, 2. freight, 529, 72. general average, 307, 79 ; 534, 152. grantee, as used in patent law, 400, 164. high seas, 8, 8. license, as used in patent law, 400, 164. manner, 500, 1. particular average, 307, 79 ; 534, 152. piracy, 432, 2. salvage, salvage service, 504, 1. , salvor, 504, 4. state, 543, 1. tide water, 8, 8. treason, 562, 1. useful, as used in patent law, 391, 27. war, 588,*1. words used in internal revenue laws, 313, 10-20. Defrauding the revenue. in repect to duties on imports, 218, 200, et seq. respect to internal revenue taxes, 317, 91, el seq. De Iwmine replegiando. writ of, 605, 3. liability of carrier for, 97, 17. ship for, 529, 56. consignee for, 529, 62. DELAY— DEPOSITIONS. 719 Delay, (continued.) to sue principal, wlieu discharges guaran- tor, or surety, 282, 15 ; 454, 20. effect of, to discharge indorser, 82, 72 ; 472, 83. damages for suing out writ of en-or for, 234, 80. in suing, excuses for, 343, 36. sureties on official bonds not discharged by, 881, 40. in issuing patent, effect of, 395, 78, 79. prosecuting appeals in patent cases, 396 93. ' filing disclaimer, effect of, 398, 130, 131. performance, when defeats right to spe- cific performance, 542, 19, 20. Delivery. of award of arbitrators, 32, 13. assignment by, 89, 26. of assignment for creditors, 40, 10. property on bail, 51, 28 ; 463, 44. pardon, what sufficient to prevent revo- cation, 382, 4. of bill of lading, effect to pass title, 84, 18 ; 501, 22. bonds, 87, 5. to carrier, 96, 9, 10. master, when transfers title to consignee, 181, 5. by carrier, 97, 24, et seq.; 528, 55, et seq. of chattels, mortgaged, 104, 3, 7, 8. deeds, 181, 15-19. in escrow, 181, 20. legacy, 263, 38; 338, 15-17. letters, by postmasters, 445, 24. manifest, to collector, on arrival, 215, 131. of cargo, right to freight as dependent on, 530, 81. gift, 279, 1-6. mortgage, 359, 8. what satisfies statute of frauds, 501, lO, 11. necessity and sufficiency of, in sales of chattels, 501, 16, et seq. constructive, and symbolical, 501, 21-23. conditional, 502, 28. Demand. of payment of draft, 80, 48, et seq. before suit, generally, 142, 102. in cases of guaranty, 282, 22. of payment of note, to hold indorser, 471, 49, et seq. notes payable on, 471, 56. averments respecting, 474, 114. proof of, 475, 132. before suit on contract, 142, 102. necessity of, in trover, 575, 7, 9. Demand, (continued.) necessity of, for extradition, 267, 6. Demurrage. right to, for delay, generally, 529, 62. stipulations for, in bill of lading, 84, 9. charter party, 102, 11. when recoverable in collision cases, 124, 106. Demurrer. review of decisions on, 24, 13 ; 231, 22. to indictment, 294, 19. form and requisites of, at common law, generally, 487, 44-50. in equity, 439, 84, et seq. admiralty, 440, 99. pleading over, after, 443, 142. to evidence, 570, 54-56. amendment of, 21, 13. Deniak. form and sufficiency of, in answer in equity, 439, 78. of joinder of creditors, in involuntary bank- ruptcy, 60, 103. that patentee is first inventor, 408, 280. in answer, in patent cases, generally, 409, 306. Denmark. treaty with, 564, 21. Denver. decisions of a local character respecting, 365, 39. Departments 196 matters within discretion of officers of, not cognizable by courts, 333, 22. mandamus to heads of, 849, 11. powers of secretary of interior respecting patents, 393, 50. powers of postmaster-general, 444, 1, et seq. act of executive, deemed act of president, 449, 18. president's control over, 449, 19, 20. Deposit. as a species of bailment, 52, 3. in bank, 75, 23. national bank, 867, 9. general and special, 75, 24. of copies of copyrighted matter, with li- brarian of congress, 146, 29. of deed, for record, 182, 32. Depositions. In General 197 Depositions De Bene Esse 198 Depositions Taken by Commission 199 Use of Depositions as Evidence 200 taxation of fees of commissioner to take, 156, 56. continuance, to permit taking of, 568, 20. 720 DEPUTIES— DISCHAEGE. Deputies. Devise. liability of sheriff for acts of, 525, 14. Validity 202 marshal for acts of, 352, 16. Interpretation AND Effect 202 clerks of courts, 115, 5. Eights and Liabilities of the De- of collector of customs, 211, 22, 24. visee 20S internal revenue, 314, 36. in trust, 576, 9. marshals, 352, 27, 28. lapse of, 598, 60. Derelict. to aliens, 19, 14. salvage of, 506, 28, et seq. corporations, 151, 47. amount awarded for salvage of, 507, 49- municipal corporations, 363, 5. 52. of after-acquired property, 597, 29. Descent 201 charges upon land devised, 598, 44. to alien, or through alien ancester, 19, 12, Direction. 13. of deposition de bene esse, 199, 26. Description. writ of error to state court, 236, 108. of parties to bill of exchange, 79, 25. party to sheriff, effect of, 525, 15. in deed, of premises conveyed, 182, 40, et seq. Directors. grantee, 180, 6. of banks, 76, 40. of subject matter of devise, 202, 10. railroad companies, 488, 11. parties, in writ of error, 232, 38. liability of corporation for acts of, 151, 57, premises, in government grant, 280, 9 ; 62. 480, 76. rights and liabilities of, 152, 71. accused, in indictment, 293, 6. Disabilities. voyage, in shipping articles, 510, 13, 14. as ground of abatement, 2, 12. property, in policy of insurance, 303, 11 ; of aliens, 18, 4, et seq. 308, 100. coverture, 288, 25, et seq.; 345, 55. subject matter bequeathed, 337, 2. removal by enabling acts, 289, 31, 33, et seq. mortgaged premises, or debt, 359, 12. of Indians, 292, 2. infants, 295, 2 ; 345, 55. note sued on, 474, HO. insane persons, 300, 1. premises, in contract to sell, 584, 8. what suspend running of statute of limita- in public work, to render patent void, 392, tions, 344, 45, et seq. 31; 408,278,279. Disaffirmance. specification for patent, 394, 62, etseq. of infant's contract, 295, 8. caveat for incomplete invention, 396, 97. Disbarring. Desei-lion. of attorneys, proceedings for, 47, 8, 9. in the army, 34, 29. Disbursing officers. of seamen, by master, in foreign port, 514, liabilities of, 33, 8. 77. Disbursements. by seamen, forfeiture of wages for, 519, what allowed as costs, 157, 58. 152, et seq. of personal representatives, when allowed. criminal responsibility of seamen for, 520, 264, 61. 168. agent, right to, 451, 11. Designs, marshal, reimbursement of, 352, 26. what patentable, 393, 46-48. public officers, reimbursement o^ 380, infringement of patent for, 406, 257. 25. Detinue. Discharge. ' when proper form of action, 6, 15. Devastavit. of apprentice, 31, 7. from arrest, 35, 11, 12. what amounts to, 262, 23. on common bail, 50, 9. Deviation. of bail, 50, 15, et seq. ; 51, 31. effect of, on policy of marine insurance, 305, in bankruptcy, 54, 19 ; 55, 48, et seq.; 68, 50-57. 201, et seq. charter-party, 103, 24. of indorsers, 81, 71, et seq.; 473, 82-85. what will authorize seamen to leave ship 511, 20. liability on stock subscription, 150, 35. from imprisonment on execution, 260, 75. effect of, to bar right to freight, 530, 82. of debts, generally, 176, 4, et seq. DISCHARGE— DISTRICT COURTS. 721 Discharge, (continued.) of execution, by release of debtor, 261, 80. guarantor, 282, 17-20. on habeas coiyiis, 284, 16. in insolvency, 301, 9a, et seq. in Dist. of Col., 208, 11. of lien, 340, 5. surety, 454, 15-22. , on postmaster's bond, 446, 28. of jury, in criminal case, no bar to second trial, 376, 50. seamen, in foreign port, 512, 50 ; 514, 70, 76, 78. jury, 570, 64. trustee, 577, 37. Disclaimer. in patent cases, 398, 129, et seq. Discontinua nee . of appeal, 28, 79. attachment suit, 46, 48. replevin suit, 497, 17. conclusiveness of judgment of, 325, 74. matters of practice oh, 447, 6. IHscourUs. by banks, generally, 76, 35. national banks, 367, 13, 14. banker's lien on, 76, 36. for prompt payment of duties, 216, 149. by banks, when usurious, 582, 8. Discovery. By Bill rtJ Equity 204 Ordee pok Proditction or Books and Papers 204 compelling production on trial, 243, 44, etgeq.; 570,48. acquisition of territory by right of, 319, 8 ; 476, 1. of ansesthetic uses of ether, not patentable, 390, 13. invention distinguished from, 391, 25. Dismissal. of appeal, 27, 73, et seq. ; 28, 91 ; 30, 121. army officers, 33, 16, 18. attachment suit, 46, 48. bill, costs on, 155, 36. for non-joinder of non-resident parties, 109, 58. of appeal, costs on, 155, 21. bill in equity, 229, 44, 45. conclusiveness of judgment of, 325, 74. matters of practice on, 447, 7. of libel in admiralty, 15, 96. writ of error, 235, 82, et seq.; 237, 120. master of vessel, 533, 134. Disorderly houses. offence of keeping, and how prosecuted, 170, 33. 2 Disorderly persons. arrest and commitment of, 170, 34. Disseizin. what amounts to, 17, 17- rights of disseizoi-, 17, 18. Dispossession. of tenant, 336, 42. Dissolution. of attachment, 46, 49. banking corporations, 77, 44, '46. national banks, 368, 26, et seq. corporations, generally, 152, 't6, et seq. injunctions, 299, 48-51. in patent cases, 411, 326- 328. partnership, 387, 37, et seq. limited partnership, 388, 55. railroad companies, 488, 12. contract of shipment by seamen, 510, 17, 18. Distillers. examination of books of, 313, 28, et seq. internal revenue tax on, 315, 50, et seq. violations of revenue laws by, penalties for, 317, 92, et seq. Distress. for rent, evidence in replevin for goods taken, 497, 15. Distribution. of proceeds in admiralty, 15, 101. proceeds of execution sale, 259, 55. in bankruptcy, 55, 44; 66, 172, et seq.; 71, 238. of assets, on dissolution of corporation, 153, 85. proceeds of forfeitures, 273, 15 ; 492, 7. assets of insolvent national bank, 368, 32. proceeds of capture by privateer, 455, 8. prize money, 465, 83, et seq. salvage money, 508, 62, et seq. proceeds of seizure cases, generally, 521, 14. proceeds of forfeitures for carrying on slave trade, 540, 13. trust funds, 578, 51. by personal representatives, 263, 39. of damages recovered in action for causing death, 287, 24. redemption money, 362, 64. District Attorney 205 District Courts. Okgaotzation and Powers, generally. 206 jueisdicticn 206 Mode op Procedure 207 jurisdiction of, as courts of admiralty, 7, 2. T 722 DISTRICT COUKTS— DUELLING. District CourU, (continued.) Dockage. See Whabves. appeals from, as dependent on the amount Doehet. in controversy, 24, 24 ; 28, 83. of judgments, generally, 323, 37-39. appeals from, to circuit court, 28, 82, etseq.; fees, on appeal or error, 155, 37. Ill, 93, et seg. on error, priority on, 233, 59. appeals from, to supreme court, 28, 92, et of supreme court, 553, 20. seq.; 552,14. Documentary evidence. appeals from, in land cases, 30, 116, et seq. in collision cases, 123, 96, 97. jurisdiction of, in bankruptcy, 56, 54. court of claims, 159, 19. remission of forfeitures by, 273, 18. prize cases, 464, 55, 57, 62. jurisdiction of, in suits for infringement of ejectment, 222, 22. patents, 405, 236. actions, generally, 250, 133, et seq. ; 570, of prize cases, 461, 2, et seq. 47, 48. removal of causes from, to circuit court, 495, promissory note, when admissible as, 475, 36. 123. District of Columbia 207 continuance to allow time to produce, 568, appeals from orphans' court of 30, 126. 22. powers of United States attorney for, 48, Domicile 208 17. effect of establishment of foreign, 18, 3. days of grace in, 81, 52 ; 471, 53. what constitutes citizenship under judiciary citizens of, not within § 11 of judiciary act, act, 108, 46. 108, 44. effect of change (jf, on right to sue or be circuit court of, 112, 1, el seq. sued, 108, 47, 48. orphans' court of, 165, 62. rights of citizens domiciled abroad, 113, police court of, 165, 63. 14. divorces in, 290, 60, et seq. rights of neutral domiciled in country of insolvent laws of, 302, 17. belligerent, 372, 2, 3. liquor laws of, 347, 4. effect of, on hostile or neutral character of powers and duties of marshal of, 351, 10. ship or goods, 461, 17, et seq. mechanics' liens in, 353, 1. of alien enemy in belligerent country, 589, supreme court of, 553, 1, et seq. 24. validity of tax sales in, 556, 39. Dormant partners. Disturbing meetings. rights and liabilities of, 386, lO. the offence, and how prosecuted, 170, 34. Diversion. Dower 209 of watercourse, remedy by injunction, 297, Drafts. See Bills of Exchange. 22 ; 499, 4 ; 595, 7. Dramatimiions. jurisdiction of suits for, 110, 81. protection of property in, 145, 9, 15. - remedy of miners for, 355, 9. what is an infringement of, 147, 53. Dividends. Di-awhack. in bankruptcy proceedings, 66, 177. on re-exportation of imported goods, 218, on bank stock, 75, 16. 179, 181. corporate stock, generally, 149, 25. Drawings. internal revenue tax on, 315, 49. in patent cases, 395, 72, 74 ; 404, 216. income tax on, 316, 82. Due diligence. Division of opinion. in charging indoi-sers, 81, 66, 67; 472, on appeal, effect of, 27, 64. 73-76; 485,9; 486,21. in bankruptcy, 57, 67. of common carrier, 96, 8. review by supreme court on certificate of. presumptions as to, 242, 28. 99, 1, et seq. in cases of newly discovered evidence, 374, on motions, effect of, 362, 6. 27. motions for new trials, effect of, 375, 42. by agent, 451, 18. in supreme court, on appeal or error, 553, 27. Divorce. in presentment of note, proof of, 475, 132. when question of law, 485, 8, 9. jurisdiction and procedure in suits for. fact, 486, 19-21. Duelling. 290, 60, et seq. the offence, and how prosecuted, 170, 36. DUE PROCESS OF LAW— ENEMY. 723 -Z)»e process of law. constitutional provision construed, 114, 8. Duplicity. in pleading, 435, 9 ; 439, 73. Duress 210 in obtaining bill of exchange, 79, 30. effect of, on contracts, 139, 55. recovering back money paid under, 218, 190 ; 357, 8. in obtaining promissory note, 469, 24. Duties. Genebax Pbinciples 210 OrFicBKS or THE Customs 211 What is Subject to Duty, and what Constitutes Importation 212 Eates op Duty 213 Collection of Duties upon Imposts 215 Actions FOR Duties 218 Drawback 218 _A.CTiONS BY Importer 218 J'orfeitures and Penalties for Viola- tion of Customs Laws 219 jurisdiction of admiralty in suits for recov- ery of, 11, 50 ; 207, 23. liability of consignee to pay, 131, 7. debt on bond for, 176, 8. offence of smuggling and how prosecuted, 540,1. interpretation of duty laws, 548, 43. validity of state taxation of imported goods, 555, 17. Joying declarations. effect of, as evidence, 250, 132. in murder cases, 286, 12 E Easements 220 what pass by deed, 183, 47. Ecclesiastical societies. decisions respecting, 541, 4, 7. Eight hour law. decisions interpreting, 522, 9. ^Ejectment 220 form and provisions of judgment in, 322, 32. when barred by lapse of time, 343, 27. by mortgagee, 360, 41. staying proceedings in, 297, 13. new trials in, 375, 34, 35. by vendor, against delinquent purchaser, 586, 43. writ of possession in, 605, 8. .Election. between different formsor causes of action, 6, 13-15. assumpsit and other actions, 42, 12. covenant and other actions, 175, 4. Election, (continued.) between remedies in admiralty, 14, 83. remedies for infringement of pat- ent, 407, 263. dower and provisions of will, 209, 13. plea and answer in equity suitsi 438, 67. of remedies, by seller of chattels, 503, 43. Elections 222 statutory regulations of presidential, 448, 2. right to vote, 114, 11, et seq, in territories, 559, 6. of assignee in bankruptcy, 60, 111, et seq. corporate officers, 152, 65-68. municipal officers, 364, 31. Eleemosynary societies. exemption of, from taxation, 555, 24. devises and legacies to, 202, 3 ; 338, 10 ; 576, 4. Elegit. proceedings under writ of, 260, 62 ; 605, 4. EmaTicipation. of slaves, 539, 18. Embargo and Non-Intercourse Laws. Embargo Laws 223 Non-Intercourse Laws 224 Embezzlement. the offence, generally, 170, 37. from the mail, 446, 35. by salvor, forfeiture of salvage for, 506, 39. seamen, liability in damages for, 513, 61. forfeiture of wages for, 518,146. Embracery. * the offence, and how prosecuted, 170, 24. Eminent Domain 224 power of government to take lands within a state, 579, 4. taking lands for canals, 93, 2. highways, 285, 6. power of railroad to take, 488, 14. taking corporate franchise, 149, 21. Enemy. captures for trading with, 94, 5 ; 592, 66, et seq. of property of, on land, 95, 31 ; 461, 15. domicile in country of, 209, 10. carriage of property of, on neutral ship, 372, 6. property of, when lawful prize, 461, 14, etseq. salvage on recapture from, 506, 31. what is " adhering to," or giving " aid and comfort" to, 562,4. confiscation of property of, 591, 49, et seq. trading under license of, 592, 72, et sep. 724 ENEMY'S LICENSE— EQUITY. Enemifi license. Bailing under, when ground for condemna- tion, 463, 38. capture for sailing under, 94, 5. Enlistment. in army, generally, 33, 23, et seq. navy, 370, 11-13. of aliens, 18, 5 ; 34, 25 ; 319, 17 ; 370, 12. infants, 33, 24; 295, 14; 370, 13. insane persons, 300, 6. troops for foreign service, when breach ofneutrality, 372, 13. alien enemies, 590, 28. conscription, 34, 26. Enrollment. of vessels in coasting trade, 116, 3, fishing vessels, 271, 8. what vessels entitled to, sufiiciency, &c., 528, 45, ei seq. ^ Entails. estates tail, 202, 15 ; 238, 3. rule in Shelley's case, 202, 16. Enti-y. writ of, 605, 5. of judgments, 321, lO, et seq. mortgagee, after condition broken, 360, 42. orders, 362, 7. satisfaction, 328, 113. judgment by confession, 329, 139. landlord's right of, 335, 8. of satisfaction of mortgage, 362, 68. appeal, 25, 36. importation complete without, 213, 60. of imported goods, 215, 129, et seq. by felse invoice, penalty for, 219, 205. foreclosure of mortgage by writ of, 360, 43. of military land warrants, 478, 40. Equitaile. assignment, 38, 11 ; 16, 17. estoppel, 239, 17, et seq. conversion, 598, 62-64. interests, liability of, to execution, 257, 25. liens, 340, 9. mortgages, 358, 4. title, purchaser of, holds subject to equities, 585, 28. Equity. Natuhe and Exercise of Equity Jijeis- DICTION 225 Jurisdiction in Particuiar Cases 227 Procedure in Courts op Equity 228 grounds of abatement in, 2, 20. revival of suits in, 3, 35. jurisdiction of suits for accounting, 4, 1. opening and correcting accounts in, 5, 9. Equity, (continued.) amendments in, 21, 19, etseq. of third person against assignee, 39, 33,. et seq. assignee for creditors, 41, 28. in bankruptcy, 61, 116. of original parties against holder of bill,. 80, 46. jurisdiction of, to remove cloud on title, 116,. 5. relief against compromise in, 129, 2. taxation of costs in, 156, 48. formal parties residing out of jurisdiction. dispensed with, 109, 57. relief in, from executions, 261, 81 ; 297, 15. opening accounts of personal representa- tives, 264, 57. power to grant relief in cases of fraud, 276,. 19-24. of wife, to her property in husband's hands,. 289, 26, 27. separate estate of wife in, 289, 38, et seq. necessity of exhausting remedy at law, 296,. 6, 11; 297,12. when judgment at law bars suit in, 325, 66> how far follows statute of limitations, 342, 11. jurisdiction of, in cases of mistake, 256, 1. - parties to suits in, 383, 5, et seq. . suits between partners in, 387, 29-33. for infringement of patents in, 408,. 292, et seq. rules of pleading in, 438, 57, et seq. what causes of action may be joined in, 6, 7- enforcing performance of contracts in, 140,. 79. verification of pleadings in, 441, 106. amendment of pleadings in, 443, 137. issuing process in, 466, 1, et seq. service of process in, 467, 10, et seq. when purchaser of note liolds subject to, 471, 46-48. reference to masters in, 482, 1 el seq. proceedings to establish set-ofi"in, 524, 28. relief ip, against usury, 583, 21-23. suits in, to enforce vendor's lien, 586, 44. jurisdiction of circuit courts in, 106, 12 . practice in, not affected by state laws, 164,, 53. jurisdiction of, to grant discovery, 204, 1. assessing damages in patent cases in, 414, 385, et seq. aiding defective execution of powers in,. 447,7. relief in, against release, 493, 7. jurisdiction of, in suits involving trusts, 578,, 43. EQUITY OF EEDEMPION— EVIDENCE. 725 Equity of redemption. See Mortgages. when subject to dower, 209, 4. ^Erasures. See Alteration or Instbttments. in shipping articles, 511, 31. lError. Error to the Federal Cotirts. 1. Jurisdiction 229 2. What determ.inations are reiriewable 230 3. Procedure in en-or 231 ;Error to State Courts or Last Eesort. 1. Jurisdiction 235 2. What determinations are reviewable 235 3. Procedure 236 when ground for revei-sal, 26, 51, et seq. ; 29, lOO. costs on, 155, 33-37. when ground for new trial, 373, 1, et seq. in pleadings, remedies for, 443, 143, et seq. what defects are cured by appearance on writ of, 7, 26. appeal distinguished from, 23, 2. when proper remedy, 23, 6 ; 28, 84. refusal to grant new trial not reviewable on, 375, 46. in specification, when avoids patent, 395, 70, 71. letters patent, how corrected, 404, 222 ; 405, 229. nrit of, to supreme court in patent cases, 405, 237. ^Escape. from imprisonment on civil process, 291, 3. liability of sheriff for, 524,. 12. marshal for, 351, 14. Escheat. title of alien good until office found, 18, 11. title by, 19, 15. Escrow. delivery of bond in, 87, 5. deed in, 181, 20. Estates 237 contingent, when assignable, 38, 6. in fee, 202, 13, 14. in tdl, 202, 15, 16. dower, 209, 1, et seq. for life, 202, 17. years, 334, 1, et seq. tenancy in common, 557, 1, et seq. when costs charged to, 154, 10. leasehold, how reached by execution, 257, 25. what passes by grant, 280, 8. Estoppel. -Gestebal Principles 238 Estoppel by Eecoeb 238 Estoppel, (continued.) Estoppel by Deed 239 Estoppel in Pais 239 by account stated, 4, 4, et seq. of tenant, to deny landlord's title, 335, 5, 6. principal, by agent's dealings, 452, 31-39. of stockholder, to deny corporate existence, 150, 28. effect of specification for patent to raise, 395, 73. Eviction. effect of, to excuse payment of rent, 336, 34. of purchaser, action for, 585, 17 ; 586, 48. compensation for improve- ments, 585, 19. Evidence. The Necessity and Suppioiency of Evi- dence. 1. General principles 240 2. Judicial notice 241 3. Presumptions 241 4. Best and secondai'y evidence 243 5. Searsay evidence 244 6. Besgestm 244 7. Burden of p-oof. 245 Parol Etidbnce to affect Written In- struments. 1. Scope and extent of the rule, generally... 246 2. Sow applied to particular instruments... 246 Admissions, Declarations and Confessions. 1. In civil actions 248 2. In criminal cases 249 DOCtJMENTAEY EVIDENCE. 1. In general 250 2. Judgments, records and judicial proceed- 'inns 250 3. Conveyances, and other sealed instruments 251 4. Negotiable instruments 252 5. Statutes and public documents 252 6. Official certificates, and certified copies... 252 7. Other documentary evidence 253 accounts as, 5, 7. affidavits as, 17, 5. review of, on appeal, 25, 44 ; 26, 58 ; 29, 99. in civil actions for assault, 36, 5. criminal prosecutions for assault, 37, 13. of fraud, in assignment for creditors, 41, 23-25. in assumpsit, 43, 16-18. attachment, 45, 40. of attorney's authority, 47, 10. rules of, peculiar to admiralty, 15, 95. , new evidence on appeal, in admiralty, 30, 113. 726 EVIDENCE. Evidence, (continued.) on proof of debts in bankruptcy, 64, 153. trial for bigamy, 169, 23. in actions on bills of exchange, 83, 91, et seq. bonds, 89, 25, 26. bottomry bonds, 90, 21. of intent tp violate blockade, 86, 15, 16. in aggravation of damages, 175, 33. mitigation of damages, 175, 34, 35. of boundary, 91, 17, et seq. on trial for burglary, 170, 25. in actions against carriers, 98, 34, 36. on charter parties, 103, 28. collision cases, 123, 93, et seq. prize cases, 464, 55, et seq. of naturalization, or citizenship, 368, 7. criminal conspiracy, 170, 30. in actions on contract, generally, 142, 108, 109. of incorporation, 149, 11. in prosecutions for counterfeiting, 157, 5. court of claims, 159, 16. courts martial, 165, 5. action of covenant, 166, 6. on covenants, 117, 24 ; 167, 28. to prove usage, 172, 3. in action of debt, 176, 14. of dedication, 179, 4, et seq. use of depositions as, 200, 44, et seq. of domicile, 208, 5-7. in ejectment, 221, 20, et seq. to show an estoppel, 238, 5. freedom or slavery, 539, 14. return of execution as, 259, 58. in actions by or against personal represen- tatives, 265, 70, 79. action for false imprisonment, 270, 4. prosecution for false pretences, 270, 4. forgery, 274, 5, 6. of fraud, 275, 8-10; 276, 17, 23, 26. in creditor's suit, 168, 9 ; 278, 22, 23. forcible entry, 272, 3. actions on guaranties, 282, 24. on return of habeas corpus, 284, 15. in prosecutions for murder, 286, 11, et seq. civil action for causing death, 287, 24. of marriage, 288, 7-9. to disprove marriage, 288, 10. in actions by or against husband and wife, 290, 59. of insanity, 300, 3. in actions on insurance policies, 309, 125 126. of former adjudication, 324, 53. in actions for rent, 336, 39. on official bonds, 381, 44. on trial for larceny, 337, 8, 9. Eeidenee, (continued.) on trial for breach of internal revenue laws^ 318, 115. carrying on slave trade, 540, 7_ smuggling, 540, 4. in actions for libel, 339, 8-12. to take case out of statute of limitations,. 342, 13. in suit for malicious prosecution, 349, 8, 9.. in actions for money received, 368, 17. to prove deed to be mortgage, 359, 9. in prosecutioiis for mutiny,, 366, 6. piracy, 434, 8. suits for salvage, 508, 58. in scire facias, 509, 5. to prove negligence, 371, 4, 5. as to contributory negligence, 371, 11 ; 489, 24. error in admission of, when ground for new , trial, 373, 2-4. exclusion of, 373, 5. comments on, 373, 7. bill of review for npwly discovered, 85, 11. effect of re-issued patent as, 398, 121. of infringement, in patent cases, 412, 346,. et seq. verdict against, when ground for new triaV 374, 14-19. new trial for newly discovered, 374, 27, et- seq. of partnership, 385, 5, 6. payment, 430, 13, 14. in actions to enforce penalties, 431, 5. prosecutions for perjury, 432, 5. under pleadings, 441, 111, et seq. in admiralty, 442, 120- 122. effect of pleadings as, 442, 123-131. must conform to pleadings, 441, 113. in actions on promissory notes, 475, 123- 136. competency of, whether a question for court or jury, 485, 2. following state statutes respecting, 163, 46. of negligence, in cases of injury to passen- gers, 99, 42 ; 488, 21. in prosecutions for rape, 171, 47. to prove title to land, 490, 4. parol, to explain receipt, 490, 2. powers of referees respecting, 492, 4. in replevin, 497, 14, 15. suits on replevin bonds, 497, 23. by seamen, 493, 3. against sureties, 453, 10. under abandoned and captured property- act,, 593, 94, et seq. in prosecutions for robbery, 499, 3. EVID ENCE— EXECUTION. 727 vidence, (continued.) in actions for price of goods sold, 503, 46. services rendered, 522, T. seamen's wages, 518, 138. infringement of trade-marks, 561, 12. slander, 538, T, 11. specific performance, 543, 25, in pi oof of tender, 558, 12. prosecutions for treason, 503, 12. trespass, 567, 22-24. putting in, on trial, 569, 41, et seq. comments upon, by judge, 571, 68, 72. in trover, 575, 11, 12. respect to usury, 583, 15. of good faith and want of notice, 586, 30. in actions between vendor and purchaser of land, 586,41. of revocation of will, 596, 9. on probate of wills, 596, 14, 15. of incapacity of testator, 596, 2, 3. undue influence, 597, 31. to impeach witness, 602, 69, et seq. corroborate witness, 603, 76-79. Examination. of witnesses, generally, 603, 80, et seq. before United States commissioner, 127, 4. in court of claims, 159, 18. ^ patent cases, 395, 76, et seq. prize cases, 464, 65. preliminary to commitment, in criminal cases, 35, 22. in bankruptcy proceedings, 55, 41; 65, 164, etseq.; 67,192. taking deposition by commission, 200, 40-42. of imported goods, by appraisers, 216, 154, 155. books of distillers and rectifiers, 313, 28, et seq. Excavations. liability of city for injuries occasioned by, 364, 27-29. Exceptions. in bill of lading, 84, 14, government grants, 280, 12. insurance policies, 305, 46. deeds, 183, 58. to rule requiring memorandum under stat- ute of frauds to express a considera- tion, 281, 6. rule forbidding collateral impeachment of judgments, 326, 86-89. rule forbidding tenant to deny landlord's title, 335, 6. rule awarding not less than J or more than i in salvage cases, 507, 47. Exceiptions, (continued.) to rule that freight is the mother of wages, 515, 91. rule that treaty is the supreme law of the land, 563, 9. running of statute of limitations, 344, 45, et seq. answer in equity, 439, 82. report of master in chancery, 492, 6. referee, 492, 6. time and manner of taking, generally, 255, 5, et seq. to rule excluding parties as witnesses, 600, 21-24. rule excluding opinions of witnesses, 604, 98-100. rule excluding parol evidence to vary a writing, 246, 77, et seq. president's pardoning power, 382, 2. Exceptions, (Bill of.) What May be Carried up by Bill of Exceptions 255 How ExcBPTioNS Should be Takek. Form and Settlement or Bill 255 Hearing and Determination 256 to award of arbitration, 32, 22. report of auditors, 49, 2. how taken in prize causes, 464, 53. Exchange. charge for, when usurious, 582, 6. power of banks to deal in, 75, 19. of lands, contract for, 585, 25. Excise. See Liquor Selling. constitutionality and interpretation of stat- utes, 347, 1. Excusable hoinicide. what is, 287, 22. Execution. Executions against Property. 1. General principles """ 2. Issuing the writ 256 3. What propertymay be reached 257 4. The levy; and custody of the property.. 25& 5. Thelien. Priority 258 6. Sale. Return. Disposal of proceeds, surplus, &c 258 7. The deed; and rights of purchaser 259 i. Extent of executions upon land 260 9. Exemption ^60 Executions against the Person 260 Payment. Satisfaction. Discharge... 260 Relief against Executions ; and Reme- dy FOB THEIR Wrongful Use 261 amendment of, 21, 17. of assignment, 38, 14. charter party, 102, 4. 728 EXECUTION— EXPERTS. Exeeuiion, (continued.) of bUl of lading, 83, 3. bonds, 87, 2. priority between attachment and, 45, 37. lien of, when protected in bankruptcy, 62, 132 ; 73, 269. of, when directed against property of United States, 580, 19. of contracts, generally, 136, 9-12. by agent, 136, 11; 450, 8; 451, 12. of government contracts, 142, 115. patent for lands, 481, 83. necessary proceedings under, to support creditor's suit, 167, 3. of deeds, 180, 10, et seq. estoppels arising out of sales on, 239, 10. proof of, to let in documentary evidence, 250, 133, et seq. of marriage settlements, 288, 11-16. enforcement of judgment by, 329, 129. on justice's judgment, 333, 8. of mortgage, 359, 10, 11. powers, 446, 2, et seq. promissory notes, 468, 4, 5 ; 475, 129. set-off between, 523, 24. powers of sheriffs in respect to sales un- der, 524, 3. marshals respecting, 351, 4. marshals' fees on, 352, 21. of wills, 482, 7 ; 596, 5-8. second taking of the body, 35, 24. protection of lien .of, against priority of United States, 179, 37. enjoining proceedings on, 297, 15. against vessel, effect of sale on lien for wages, 516, 115. stay of proceedings on, by supreme court, 553, 25. of trust, by two or more trustees, 577, 25. &ecutive. See Departments ; Pbesident. Executors and Administrators. Appointment and Eemoval 261 Assets 262 Rights, Powers, Duties, aud Liabilities. 1. Care and management of the estate 262 2. Payment of debts, legacies, &c. Distri- bvMon , 263 3. ScUe of lands for payment of debts 263 4. Accounting 264 5. Compensation 264 Suits. 1 Actions by executors or administrators... 264 2. Actions against executm's or administra- * Su)pluw,ge. in pleadings, at common law, 435, 10. indictments, 294, 13. Surprise. as ground for new trial, 375, 31-33. Surrender. of principal, by bail, 50, 14. instrument constituting cloud on title, 116, 5. deeds, 181, 21. under extradition treaties, 267, 2, et seq. of grant, when presumed, 280, 15. patents for inventions, 396, 102, el seq. land, 481, 90. of public lands, 477, 21, et seq. parol evidence to vary, 247, 97. to prove boundary, 91, 18. in proceedings to establish land claims, 458, 50, 68; 459, 88, 89; 460, 97. admissibility of, in evidence, 254, 190. in marine insurance, 306, 77. of unseaworthy vessel, at demand of sea- man, 512, 46. Survivorship. of causes of action, 3, 31, 32. « among tenants in common, 557, 2. presumptions relative to, 242, 31. of partner, powers and duties, 388, 46. 782 SUSPENSION— TESTAMENTARY CAPACITY. Suspension. of attorney from practice, 47, 8. writ of habeas cm-pus, 285, 18 ; 449, 25. limitation laws, in time of war, 345, 56, 57. Sutter's title. invalidity of, 456, 22. Swamp lands. donations to states for reclaiming, 479, 46. Sweden and Norway. ^ treaties with, 565, 37. Switzerland. extradition with, 268, 20. treaty with, 565, 38. T Talking. of adverse possessions, 16, 14. seamen's wages, in suit on bottomry bond, 90, 23. Taxation. of costs, 156, 46, et seq. in patent cases, 415, 391, et seq. Taxes. The Power TO Impose Taxes 554 'VVho mat be Taxed by the States, and FOR WHAT PkOPERTY. EXEMPTIONS, 554 Assessment and Colleotion 555 Sale of Land for Non-Payment. Tax Titles 556 Bemedibsfor Illegal Taxation 557 enjoining collection or disbursement of, 297, 20. mandamus to compel levy and collection, 350, 14. recovering back, 357, 12. municipal assessment and collection of, 363, 14. county, 158, 4. effect of payment of, to raise presumption of ownership, 16, 12. collection of, by marshal, on refusal of state officers to act, 351, Y. on national banks, by state, 367, 22. by stale, of government lands, 581, 3Y. Telegraph Companies 557 rates of duty on submarine cable for 215 121. Tenants. by the curtesy, 238, 2. for years, 238, 4; 334, 1, et seq. Tenants in Common 557 adverse possession between, 16, 3. husband and wife as, 289, 41, 42. partition between, 385, 1, et seq. owners of vessel as, 525, 5. Tender 553 of performance, 140, 74. plea of; at common law, 436, 38. payment into court, 162, 30 ; 448, 13. when bank notes are good, 76, 33. pf charges claimed by defendant in trover, 575, 8. Tennessee. adverse possession in, 17, 28. attachment laws of, 46, 67. boundaries of, 91, 16. compacts with Kentucky, 128, 6. North Carolina, 128, 10. Virginia, 128, 14. insolvent laws of, 302, 25. limitation laws of, 346, 88. public land system of, 483, 139. decisions relating to, as one of the state", 545, 47. Tenure of office. of public officers, generally, 379, 9. district attorneys, 205, 1. Termination. of attorney's authority, 48, 16. blockade, 86, 20. voyage, as respects shipping articles, 510, 15, 16. engagement of master, 533, 133. carrier's liability, 96, 14. relation of landlord and tenant, 334, 3. prosecution, to give action for malicious, 348, 3. public office, 379, 12, 13. inventor's rights, 400, 159. treaties, 564, 14. Terms. of courts, 161, 12. circuit courts. 111, 101. Territories. General Principles 559 Decisions and Statutes Applicable to Particular Territories 559 admiralty jurisdiction of courts of, 7, 3. appeals in courts of, 30, 123, et seq. from courts of, to United States supreme court, 30, 124 ; 552, 18. citizens of, not within § 11 of judiciary act, 108, 44. courts of, generally, 164, 59. jurisdiction of common law offences in, 168, 5. writs of error to courts of, 229, 5. powers of marshals in, 351, 11. admission of, into the Union, 543, 4. Testamentary capacity. in general, 596, 2. evidence to disprove, 596, 3. TESTE— TIME. 783 Teste. of execution against property, 256, 3. writ of error, 232, 39. I'est oath. annexing to claim in prize causes, 463, 52. Texas. adverse possession in, 17, 29. homestead laws of, 286, 9. limitation laws of, 346, 89. public land system of, 483, 140. decisions relative to, as one of the states, 545, 48. Theft See Larceny. Threats. the criminal offence, 171, 50. duress by, 210, 3. evidence of, in murder cases, 287, 16. Tickets. rights of passengers under, 99, 41. lottery tickets, 347, 1. Tide water. definition, 8, 8. jurisdiction of admiralty on, 8, 13. Tiiiiber. offence of cutting, on public lands, 170, 32. Time 560 to apply for revival of action, 3, 33. discharge in bankruptcy, 68, 201. of occupation, to give title by adverse pos- session, 16, 9, 10. to take an appeal, 25, 32 ; 28, 86. allow amendments, 20, 2 ; 21, 23. file security on appeal, 25, 38. take appeal in land cases, 30, 118. enter decree in equity, 321, 12. for putting in bail, 50, 11. of taking effect of bankrupt laws, 53, 4. to file petition in bankruptcy, 55, 38. bill of review, 85, 4. object to jurisdiction, 106, 23 ; 332, 12. demand payment of bill, 80, 50. give notice of dishonor, 81, 60. effect of extension, to discharge indorser, 82, 73 ; 473, 84. of delivery by carrier, 97, 28 ; 529, 56. at which capture takes effect, 94, 17. to sue for collision, 122, 79. make application of payments, 177 12. at which dedication takes effect, 179, 3. of notice of taking deposition, 199, 34. to object to admissibility of deposition, 200, 50. when customs laws take effect, 210, 4. to make protest against excessive duties, 218, 192. Time, (continued.) to apply for writ of error, 231, 35. draw up bill of exceptions, 255, 9. at which forfeiture takes place, 272, 2. to interpose plea, in equity, 439, 69. extension of, as consideration of contract, 136, 17. when of the essence of the contract, 138, 46; 542, 17. for performance of contract, generally, 140, 73. to demand security for costs, 155, 39. apply for inspection of books and papers, 204, 10. of death, proof of, 244, 56. to take exceptions, 255, 5-9. issue execution against property, 257, 8. person, 260, 70. of finding indictment, 293, 2. averments respecting, in indictment, 294, 8. to move for injunction, 298, 38. to dissolve injunction, 299, 48. apply for removal of cause, 494, 15. challenge jurors, 569, 34. when risk begins and ends in insurance, 305, 47-49 ; 308, 108, of abandonment, 306, 67. to enter judgment, 321, 11, 12. move to open default, 328, 120. vacate judgment, 328, 126. of payment of legacies, 338, 15. what lapse of, creates bar to action, 342, 19, et seq. when statute of limitations begins to run, 343, 37, et seq. to plead the statute, 342, 16. surrender invalid patent, 397, 108. file disclaimer in patent cases, 398, 130. at which patentee's rights attach, 400, 157. seamen's wages become due, 515, 97, et seq. to redeem from foreclosure sale, 361, 60. move for new trial, 375, 37. plead, extensions, &c., 442, 138. of service of process, 467, 13. to demand payment of promissory note, 471, 51-57. give notice of dishonor, 472, 64. mail notice, 472, 71. reasonable, when question of fact, 486, 22. of delivery of goods sold, 501, 17. when title passes, 502, 29-32. statutes take effect, 546, 4. cause is ready for trial, 568, 11, 12. treaty takes effect, 563, 5. will takes effect, 598, 42. 784 TIME— TOTAL LOSS. Time, (continued.) when equitable conversion takes effect, 598, 62-64. Sunday is counted in computations ol, 551, 5. Title. ' by discovery, 476, 1. who mav acquire, by adverse possession^ 16, 1,2. of aliens, good until office found, 18, 11. factors, as towards principal, 269, 5, 6. what passes by assignment, 39, 26, et seq. for benefit of creditors, 41, 28. of assignee in bankruptcy, 61, 115, et seq. trustees in composition proceedings, 67, 184. possession as evidence of, 83, 92 ; 475, 126. what consignment will pass, 131, 2, et seq. transfer of, by bill of lading, 84, 18. by escheat, 19, 15; to copyright, 146, 37, et seq. mining lands, 354, 1. school lands, 479, 57. proceedings to remove cloud on, 115, 1, et seq. what will pass by deed, 183, 48-55. devise, 202, 18, et seq. judicial sale, 330, 11. sufficiency of, to support ejectment, 220, 4, et seq. in third person, as defence in ejectment, 221, 16. following state laws upon questions of, 162, 34; 163,45. conclusiveness of judgments on questions of, 326, 81. trespass to try, 566, 11. merger of legal and equitable, 238, 7. effect of covenants to pass, by estoppel, 239, 16. presumptions in respect to, 242, 25. admissibility of admissions and declarations respecting, 249, 123. of execution, 256, 3. what passes on execution sale, 259, 49. of personal representatives, 262, 18. to land set apart as a highway, 285, 4. compelling purchaser at judicial sale to take, 330, 12. of landlord, tenant cannot deny, 335, 5, 6. to office, determining on mandamus, 350, 15. mortgaged premises, 359, 23. of assignee of mortgage, 360, 38. Title, (continued.) to office, proceedings to try, 379, 10 ; 487, 1-5. personal property, 433, 2. of cause, in pleadings, 435, 7. promissory note, passing by indorsement,. 470, 28, el seq. averments as to, in action on note, 474, 112 ; 475, 119. evidence as to, 475, 125, 126. to real property, generally, 489, 1 et seq., what necessary to maintain replevin, 496, 4. to land under water, 498, 2. of purchaser of chattels, 501, 13. when passes, in sales of chattels, 502, 29- 32. to vessels, 12, 66 ; 525, 1, et seq. slaves, 538, 2, et seq. what plaintiff must accept, in specific per- formance, 543, 28 ; 586, 46. of statute, 546, 2. purchaser at tax sale, 556, 41. rule that co-tenant cannot purchase out- standing, 557, 3. right of purchaser to dispute vendor's, 585, 16. what necessary, to support trespass, 566, 13, 14. trover, 575, 4. remedy of purchaser for defects in, 585, 17 ; 586, 48. to water-courses, 595, 1. Tobacco and snuff. internal revenue tax on, 316, 74. Tolls. on canals, 93, 5. Tormage tax. restrictions on power of states to pass, 210, 2 ; 555, 18. Torts. what actions are founded in tort, 6, 12. locality the test of admiralty jurisdictioa in cases of, 8, 7. enforcement of maritime, 13, 70, 71," 206, 18. assignability of causes of action for, 37, 3. no attachment in actions for, 44, 11. burden of proof in actions for, 245, 66, 67, 70. liability of infant for, 295, 11. when statute of limitations begins to run in cases of, 344, 44. of servant, liability of master for, 353, 3. new trial for excessive damages in actions for, 374, 23, 24. Total loss. what is, in marine insurance, 305, 58-60. TOTAX, LOSS— TRIAL. 78« Total loss, (continued.) adjustment of, 306, Te-YS. abandonment for, 306, 62, et seq. Tow-boats. lights and liabilities of, generally, 531, 103, et seq. jurisdiction of suits for towage, 12, 63. when liable as carriers, 96, 4. collisions with, 118, 21 ; 120, 47, et seq. when towing is salvage service, 505, 26. Toiims. liabilities respecting bridges, 92, 7. for defects in highways, 285, 7. bounties, 432, 7. reservations for sites of, 478, 32. Trade. contracts in restraint of, 139, 68. warranty against unlawful, 304, 31. Trade-Marks 561 assignment of, 38, 8. Traduig with the enemy. in general, 592, 66-71. captures for, 94, 5. under enemy's license, 592, 72-76. Transfers. in fraud of bankrupt act, 54, 21 ; 59, 01 ; 69, 213 ; 72, 259, et seq. of bank stock, 75, 12. bills of exchange, 79, 32, et seq. corporate stock, 149, 24. easements, 220, 2. property subject to lien, 340, 4. vessel, new registry on, 527, 39. title to personal property, 433, 4. promissory notes, 470, 26, et seq. non-negotiable notes, 473, 90. property insured, effect on policy, 308, 104. Transportatum bonds. for goods subject to duty, 217, 166. spirits in bonded warehouse, 313, 27. Treason ^^^ Treasurer. of corporation, 152, 73. county, 158, 6. Treagury department. powers of, in respect to settlement of ac- counts, 4, 1, 2. decisions relating to, 197, lO. copies of records of, as evidence, 253, 176. remission of forfeitures by secretary of, 273 V7. power of 'secretary of, respecting school lands, 479, 55. regulations of, respecting trading in insur- rectionary districts, 592, 71. 2 Treasury department, (continued.) showing receipt by, of proceeds of captured cotton, 593, 96. Treaties. With Foreign Nations. 1. Interpretation, generally 563 2. Construction of particular treaties 564 "With Indians 565 Powers and Duties of Commissioners OF Claims, and Proceedings Before Them 565 considered as contracts, 136, 2. respecting right of aliens to hold land, 19, 17, 18. awards under foreign, 32, 21. of extradition, 127, 2 ; 267, 1, et seq. decisions of state courts respecting, when reviewable in supreme court, 236, 101. judicial notice of, 241, 8. rights and privileges of Indians under, 292, 4. questions arising under, when political, 332, 18. of Guadalupe Plidalgo, 455, 3, 4. cession of Florida, 458, 60. peace, 590, 30-33. Treble damages. in patent cases, 414, 379, 381. Trespass 566 to the person, what is, 36, 1, et seq. for mesne profits, 222, 32. measure of damages in, 174, 27. enjoining repetition of, 298, 35. jurisdiction of circuit court in, 111, 88. circuit court of Dist. of Col. in, 112, 6. judgment against one, no bar to suit against co-trespasser, 324, 58. on the case, for infringement of patent, 407, 262. on the public lands, 481, 92, et seq. Trial. Mode op Trial. Whether by Jury or BY Court 567 Place of Trial; and how Changed.... 568 Bringing on the Trial. Postpone- ments 568 Impanelling the Jury. Challenges, 569 Conducting the Trial 569 Instructions TO the Jury 571 The Verdict or Finding 572 Trial IN Criminal Cases 572 mode of, in district courts, 207, 28. allowing amendments during, 20, 11. what objections must be made at, 26, 53 ; 233, 65 ; 373, 9. X 786 TRIAL— UNITED STATES. Trial, (continued.) by jury, right to, 114, 1, et seq. admissibility of depositions on, 200, 44- 54. of feigned issues, 228, 40-42. equity causes, generally, 228, 32-35. ^ rule requiring best evidence, 243, 34-39. excluding hearaay, 244, 50-60. what is part of the res gestae, 244, 61-63. burden of proof, 245, 64, et seq. taking exceptions on, 255, 6-8. in justices' courts, 333, *7. error on, when ground for new trial^ 373, 1, et seq. admissibility of evidence under pleadings, 441, 111, et seq. production of papers upon notice, 243, 44, el seq. what questions are for the court, 485, 1-10. jury, 485, 11, et seq. mixed questions, 486, 28-30. by referees, 492, 4. rules of examination of witnesses, 603, 80, et seq. Trover 575 measure of damages in, 174, 28. what may be converted, 433, 1. Trustees. in composition proceedings, 67, 181, et seq. of corporations, generally, 152, 71. suits by or against, 578, 44, et seq. abatement of suits by or against, 2, 13. accounting by, 4, 7. when chargeable with interest, 311, 11. injunctions against, 298, 36. privileges of, under statutes of limitations, 345, 54. appointment, powers, and duties, generally, 576, 16, et seq. competency of, as witnesses, 602, 51. Trusts. Creation and Dubation. Intebpeeta- TioN, Validity, &c 575 The TstrsTEE 576 KiGHTS AND EEMEDtES OF CeSTTO QTTE TstrsT 577 void trusts in assignments for creditors, 41 14. in deed, parol evidence to show, 247, 96. executions against lands held in, 258, 27. legacies for public and charitable uses, 338, 10. limitations of suits to enforce, 344, 53. powers in trust, 447, 6. Trusts, (continued.) when trust property passes to assignee in bankruptcy, 61, 119. grants to pious uses, 279, 4. mortgage distinguished from deed o^ 358, 6. Tug and torn. collisions with, 120, 47, d seq. rights and liabilities of tow-boats, 531, 103, et seq. Turkey. treaties with. 565, 31. Twenty per cent, resolutions. what persons are entitled to extra pay under, 380, 22, 23. Twice in jeopardy. right not to be put, 114, 5, et seq. discharge of jury, no bar to second trial, 376, 50. u Ultra vires. what contracts are, 151, 52. Umpires. selection of, 31, 9. Under-letting covenant against, 335, 20. sub-leases, 335, 26. Undue influence. \yhen avoids contract, 139, 55. contracts to use, with officers, 139, 69. what amounts to, generally, 275, 7. contesting will for, 597, 31. United States. Eights and Powebs of the Govebn- ment, geneeally 579 Claims AsAiNST the Govebnment 579 Pbiobity OF THE United States 580 Public Accounts 580 Peopeety in Lands Pubchased ob Ceded 581 Actions By and Against the United States 581 boundaries of, 91, 1. . contracts with, 142, 114, et seq. extradition of criminals, 267, 1, et seq. rights of, as party to biU of exchange, 79, 26a. charter party, 102, 17. army of, 32, 1, et seq. navy of, 369, 1. duties on imports, 210, 1, et seq. internal revenue laws of, 312, 1, el seq. taxation of bonds of, 555, 14. effect of discharge in bankruptcy on debts due tOj 70, 223. UNITED STATES— VACANCY. 787 TJnited States, (continued.) legal tender acts of, 558, 13, 14. assignability of claims against, 37, 4. priority of, in assignments for creditors, 40,7. attachment cases, 45, 38. bankruptcy proceedings, 54, IT ; 67, ISO. generally, 178, 30, et seg. in respect to payment of du- ties, 217, 169. to decedents' es- tates, 263, 35. insolvency proceedings, 301, 9. citizenship in, distinguished from citizen- ship in a state, 113, 16. compacts between state and, 128, 4. compromise of claims against, 129, 4. constitution of, 132, 1, etseq. liability of, for costs, 154, 11. powers of heads of departments, 196, 1, et aeq. remedy of, against delinquent collectors of customs, 212, 32. property of, not subject to duty, 212, 43. laches not imputed to, 227, 18. execution against person of debtor of, 260, 68. homicides in places ceded to, 286, 4. cannot be enjoined, 296, T. liability of, to pay interest, 311, 7. obligations of law of nations on, 319, 2. interpretation of leases to or from, 336, 27, 28. validity of liens, as against, 340, 12. how far bound by statutes of limitation, 341, 6, 7. ministers of, to foreign countries, 355, 1, 2. to, from foreign countries, 355, 3, et seq. right oi, to sue for money received, 358, 16. decisions under neutrality laws of, 372, 9, et seq. who are deemed officers of, 378, 1, 2. when bound by their acts, 379, 16, 17. patent laws cannot operate without, 390, 7, 8. claims upon, for use of patented machines, 400, 161. against, who may receive payment of, 429, 5. no presumption of payment as against, 430, 11. postmaster-general H mere agent of, 444, 1. when bound by acts of public agents, 452, 39. United States, (continued.) rights of, as party in prize causes, 463, 46. appraisal of prize property taken for use of, 465, 82. land system of, 476, 1, et seq. contribution of property of, for salvage services, 505, 20. vessels of, subject to lien for seamen's wages, 516, 105. when contract for services may be implied against, 522, 3. set-oflf when allowed, in actions by or against, 523, 19-22. what are vessels of, within registry laws, 527, 32. contribution of property of, in general av- erage, 535, 163. United States courts. of admiralty, 7, 1, et seq. circuit courts, 105, 1, et seq. Unliquidated damages. attachment will not lie for, 44, 11. when limitation begins to run in suits for, 344, 43. Usage. See Cttstom and Usage. Use andoccupation. actionfor, 42, 11; 336,41. Uses. See Tbtjsts. Usurpation. of office, 487, 1-5. Usury. What Constitutes Usuky 582 The Defence or Usury 583 Effect or UsuBY 583 Eeliep IN Equity 583 Decisions Under Usury Laws of Va- rious States 583 effect of law of place, 141, 96. as a defence in foreclosure, 361, 51. in actions on promissory notes, 474, 100. when question of fact for jury, 486, 16. effect of, on proof of debt in bankruptcy, 64, 150. by national bank, penalty for, 367, 17. Utah territory. adoption of common law in, 128, 5. powers of justices of the peace in, 334, 19. limitation laws of, 346, 90. mechanics' liens in, 353, 12. decisions and statutes applicable to, 560, 17. Uttering. forged paper, 274, 3. V Vacancy. • in public office, how filled, 449, 10. army, how filled, 33, 5. 788 VAC ATING— VALUATION . Vacating. warrants of arrest, 35, 10. attachment, 46, 60. judgment of ejectment, 222, 26. in attachment, 45, 47. execution sale, 259, 53, et seq. injunction order, 299, 48-51. judgment, 328, 124, et seq. judicial sales, 330, 13-15. letters patent, 405, 232. re-issued patent, 398, 125, 126. judgments on forfeited recognizances, 492, 10. referee's report, 492, 8. Validity. of award of arbitrators, 32, 14-16. assignments, generally, 38, 18, et seq. for benefit of creditors, 40, 1, et seq. auction sale, 49, 1. sales by assignee in bankruptcy, 68, 139. compositions in bankruptcy, 68, 197. discharge in bankruptcy, 70, 228, 229. bills of exchange, 79, 27, et seq. lading, 83, 3. bonds, 87, 6-11. official bonds, 380, 37. statutory bonds, 87, 9-11. bottomry bonds, 90, 14-16. ransom bills, 95, 30. captures on land, 95, 31. charter parties, 102, 4. compacts between states, 128, 3, et seq. contracts made in seceded states, 129, 2. confederate money, 130, 3. statutes, 130, 4. payments under confederate sequestra- tion acts, 130, 5. constitutions of reconstructed southern states, 130, 8. chattel mortgages, 104, 6, et seq. contracts, generally, 138, 52, et seq. with government, 143, 125. stock transfers, 149, 24. subscriptions to stock, 150, 31. corporate elections, 152, 68. covenants, 166, 7. payments, 177, 7 ; 429, 1, et seq. composition deeds, 178, 24, 26. ordinary deeds, 183, 59, et seq. devises, 202, 1-6. to corporations, 151, 47. levy of execution, 258, 29, 30. sale on execution, 259, 47, 51, 52. sherifiF's deed, 259, 60. executor's sale, 262, 25, et seq.; 264, 47. Validity, (continued.) of conveyances attacked for fraud, 277, 12, 13. gift, 279, 2. guaranties, 281, 3. marriage settlement, 288, 11. renewals of copyright, 146, 36 dedications of land to public use, 179, 1. registration of deed, 182, 34. public grants, 230, 18, et seq. contract, 287, 2. patents for inventions, 404, 223, et seq. re-issued patents, 397, 115. extended patents, 399, 146. patents for lands, 481, 86, et seq. contracts between husband and wife, 290, 47-51. agreements for separate maintenance, 290, 52. infants' contracts, 295, 3-9. insurance policies, 303, lO. judgments, 323, 51. judicial sales, 330, 6, 7, 13-15. written lease, 335, 14. legacy, 338, 11. mortgages, 359, 13-16. assignment of mortgage, 360, 36. instruments conferring powers, 446, 1. contract of suretyship, 453, 2. shipment of seamen, 511, 24, et seq. promissory notes, 469, 19-25. receipts, 490, 1. recognizances, 491, 3. release under seal, 493, 5. replevin bonds, 497, 21. sales of personal property, 500, 2-6. state laws respecting commerce, 126, 13, et seq. parol transfers of vessels, 526, 17, 18. mortgages of vessels, 527, 27. registration of vessels, 527, 33, et seq. enrollment of ve.ssels, 528, 46. state laws imposing taxes, 554, 2, e« seq. assessments of taxes, 556, 27. state laws giving liens upon vessels, 537, 197, et seq. Sunday contracts, 551, 1. tax sales, 556, 38, 39. tender, 558, 4. contracts for sale of land, 584, 1-5. wagers, 588, 1. wills, 597, 28-33. Valuaticm. of imported goods, by collector, 211, 19; 216, 137, et seq. penalty for under, 219, 205-207. VALUE— VESSELS. 789 Vaiue. when parting with must be shown, 80, 43 ; 475, 131. of dower interest, how ascertained, 209, 15. taxable, 556, 28. admissibility of opinions on questions of, 604, 99. auction price a test of, 49, T. dutiable, how ascertained, 216, 140, et seq. of property saved by salvors, how estimated, 508, 61. Variance. between writ and declaration, 2, 18 ; 435, 23. pleadings and proofs, generally, 441, 115-117 ; 442, 119, 121. " declaration and proofs, 83, 95 ; 89, 26; 142,109; 176,14. indictment and proof, 274, 6 ; 294, 12. in collision cases, 123, 91. rules as to, in admiralty, 442, 121, 122. in actions on promissory notes, 474, 116, 11*7. Venditioni exponas. when issued and its effect, 259, 45. Vendor and Purchaser. Contracts for the Sale op Land 584 Eights OF Bona Fide Pukchasebs 585 The Vendob's Lien 586 Eemedies 586 requisites of the contract under the statute of frauds, 137, 30. measure of damages in actions between, 178, 17. law of fixtures, as between, 272, 2. righls of purchaser of mortgaged premises, 361, 55, 56. when specific performance will be decreed, 541, 3. what title the plaintiff must accept, 543, 28. protection of vendor's lien in bankruptcy, 63, 138. covenant to convey, 166, 11. liability for interest, as between, 312, 20. Venire de novo. when awarded on error, 234, 74. Venue. statement of, in affidavit, 17, 3. pleading, 435, 8. place of trial, and how changed, 568, 8-10. in criminal oases, 572, 100-102. review of orders changing or refusing to change, 231, 28. removal of causes from state to United States circuit court, 494, 1, et seq. Venue, (continued.) removal of causes from one federal court to another, 496, 35-38. Verdict. See Tbial. amendment of, 21, 14. admissibility of, in evidence, 250, 145. in actions on bonds, 89, 27. on trial of feigned issues, 229, 41. in actions against personal representatives, 266, 80. in patent cases, generally, 413, 366, et seq. power of court to increase 414, 378. in capital cases, 287, 13 ; 574, 130-137. when draws interest, 312, 21. entry of judgment on, 321, lO, et seq. right to judgment non obstante, 322, 21. irregular mode of arriving at, as ground for new trial, 374, 13. against evidence, -374, 14-19. juror's affidavit to impeach or sustain, 375, 39. what errors in pleading are cured by, 443, 150, 151.* in replevin, 497, 16. direction of, in civil cases, 571, 79-82. criminal cases, 574, 136, 137. form and sufficiency of, in criminal cases, 574, 130-133. Verification. of bill in equity, 438, 60. plea or answer in equity, 441, 106. pleadings, generally, 440, 102, et seq. petitions in bankruptcy, 55, 37 ; 59, 98. court of claims, 159, 14. Vermont. adverse possession in, 17, 30. attachment laws of, 46, 68. limitation laws of, 346, 91. usury laws of, 583, 32. title, and ownership of, generally, 525,l,e( seq. jurisdiction of admiralty as dependent on character of, 9, 22. jurisdiction of admiralty to enforce mort- gages of, 11, 49. jurisdiction of admiralty in suits respecting title to, 12, 66. custody of, pending suit, 15, 98. attachments of, 45, 29. liens for repairs on, when protected in bankruptcy, 62, 133. duty of, in approaching blockaded port, 86, 10, et seq. of war, commissions of, 94, 13, 14. duty of carrier in respect to, 96, 11; 102, 12. 790 VESSELS— WAGES. Vessds, (continued.) what, may engage- in coasting trade, 116, 2. collisions between, 117, 1, et seq. contracts with government for construction of, 143, 123. burning, on high seas, 170, 26. casting away with intent to defraud in- surers, 170, 27. insurance of, 302, 1, et seq. commissions of, as' evidence, 252, 166. rights of, in foreign ports, 319, 12, 13. powers and duties of officers of armed, 370, 4-6. passports to, 389, 4. operation of patent laws on, 390, 8. what are lawful prize, 461, 13, et seq. duty of captors to bring in captured, 462, 26. salvage of, 504, 1, et seq. right of seaman to be cured at expense of, 512, 38, et seq. refuse to go to sea in un- * seaworthy, 512, 46. lien of seamen for wages on, 516, 104, et seq. sales of, 526, 12, et seq. mortgages of, 527, 25, el seq. what are within registry laws, 527, 31, et seq. liens upon, generally, 535, 164, et seq. under state laws, 537, 197, et seq. forfeiture of, for carrying on slave trade, 540, 9, et seq. smuggling, 541, 7. state taxation of, 555, 18 liability for injuries to, by telegraph cable, 557, 7. Vested rights. statutes in derogation of, 132, 13 ; 546, U. Vexatious suits. remedy for wrongful attachment, 46, 51. malicious prosecution, 348, 1, et seq. Vindictive damages. See Punitive damages. Virginia. adverse possession in, 17, 31. attachment laws of, 46, 69. compact with Kentucky, 128, 7. Maryland, 128, 11. North Carolina, 128, 12. Pennsylvania, 128, 13. Tennessee, 128, 14. adoption of laws of, in Dist. of Col., 207, 3. homestead laws of, 286, lO. insolvent laws of, 302, 26. duration and lien of judgments in, 327 108. Virginia, (continued.) powers of justices of the peace in, 334, 20. limitation laws of, 346, 92. notice of dishonor of note, under laws of, 472, 75. necessity of previous suit against maker, 473, 97. right to sue remote indorser in, 474, 106. reservation in, of land northwest of Ohio river, 478, 37. public land system of, 483, 141, et seq. Visitation and search. belligerent right of, 589, 14. Voir dire. examination of jurors on, 569, 35 ; 573, 118. witnesses, on, 600, 30. bankruptcy, 57, 72, et seq.; 66, 175. dissolution, 152, 78. conveyance, when fraudulent, 276, 3, et seq. payment, 357, 13. non-suit, 570, 59. payment for duties, without protest, 218, 188. stranding of vessel, 307, 83 ; 534, 159. Voters. right to vote, 222, 1. by proxy, 152, 67. w Waga- policies. what are, validity, &c., 308, lO. Wagers contracts in nature of, 139, 64. offence of gaming, 171, 42. wager policies, 303, 10. 588 of seamen, generally, 515, 88, et seq. foreign seamen, 9, 25. master, 533, 128-132. actions to recover, 522, 1, et seq. jurisdiction of admiralty of suits for, 11, 52, etseq.,- 206,16. of mate, 12, 59 ; 514, 84. seamen, assignments of, 87, 5. tacking, in action on bottomry bonds, 90, 23. when recoverable in collision oases, 124, 107. costs in suits for, 155, 30. right of seamen to interest on, 311, 16. suits for, when barred, 344, 51. of crew of wrecked vessel, payment of out of salvage money, 508, 64. WAGES— WAERANTS. 791 Wages, (continued.) stipulations in shipping articles respecting, 511, 22, et seq. right to extra, 517, 124, et seq. deductions from, 518, 149-151. forfeiture of, 518, 143, et seq. set-ofTiu suits for, 523, 12. power of master to bind owners for, 532, 115. lien on vessel for, 536, 188, et seq. Waiver. of grounds of abatement, 2, 23 ; 3, 24. effect of appearance as, 6, 22 ; 7, 23, et seq. of right to appeal, 24, 28. demand and notice, 81, VO; 472, 80, SI. strict performance, 140, 78. lien of bottomry bond, 90, 17. objections to deposition, 200, 51. appraisement of imported goods, 217, 159. lien of execution, 258, 37. defence of infancy, 295, 13. preliminary proofs of loss, 307, 85. abandonment, 306, 75. lien, generally, 340, 5. for freight, 530, 86. defects in pleadings, 443, 149-151. tender, 558, 9. right to trial by jury, 114, 3 ; 568, 6. vendor's lien, 586, 38. errors, by failure to object, 26, 53 ; 45, 42 ; 233, 65 ; 236, 66, 67 ; 237, 119. discharge in bankruptcy, by failure to plead it, 56, 51. plea of former acquittal or conviction, 114, 7. breach of instructions to consignee, 131, 10. security for costs, 156, 44. exceptions, 256, 20. breach of instructions to factor, 269, 4. privilege, by foreign minister, 355, 5. lien for seamen's wages, 516, HI, et seq. construction of vessel, 535, 169. supplies, 536, 185. repairs, 535, 177. War. General Pbdtclples. 1 What amounts to war. Declaration of ^ar 588 2. Effect of war - ^88 3. Biqhts of bdligerentg 589 4. Alien enemies """ 6. Treaty of peace, and its effect 590 War, (continued.) Civil War and Insurrection 590 Confiscation 691 Contraband OF War 591 Illeqai, Trading 592 Enemies' Licenses 592 Amnesty 592 Decisions Under the Abandoned and Captured Property Act 592 power of president to declare, 449, 22. decisions relative to the department of, 197, 11. suits by aliens under abandoned and cap- tured property act, 18, 8. bills of exchange drawn during, 79, 28. blockade, 85, 1, et seq. capture, 93, 1, et seq. effect of, on duty of allegiance, 113, 2. validity of contracts made in seceded states, during, 129, 2 ; 139, 58. domicile in enemy's country, 209, 10. embargo laws, 223, 1, et seq. non-intercourse laws, 224, 10, et seq. destroying property under military neces- sity, 225, 9. judicial notice of existence of, 241, 14. effect of, on payment of life premiums, 309, 116. right to interest, 312, 23. questions relative to, when political, 333, 19. suspension of limitation laws during, 345, 56, 57. power of president to call out militia, 354, 5. rights of neutrals, 301, 1, et seq. privateers, 454, 1, et seq. what is lawful prize in, 461, 13, et seq. validity of notes made during, 469, 22. what is "levying" against United States, 562, 3. effect of, on treaties, 564, 14. Ward. See Guardian and Ward. Warehousemen » 594 warehousing imported goods, 217, 161, et seq. distillery warehouses, 315, 55. delivery of goods by indorsement of receipt of, 501, 23. Warrants. of arrest in criminal cases, 35, 15, et seq. ; 467, 21. injustices' courts, 333, 5. extradition cases, 267, 7. of commitment, 468, 22. search-warrants, 468, 23. in bankruptcy, 60, 105. 792 WARRANTS— WITNESSES. Warrants, (continued.) issue of, by circuit court of Dist. of Col., 112, 11. liability of county on, 158, 10. military land warrants, 478, 39, et seq. treasury distress warrants, 580, 2Y ; 581, 28. Wari'aiity. covenant of, 166, 16. deeds of general, 183, 53. measure of damages in actions for breach of, 174, 20. in insurance policy, 303, 24, et seq.; 308, 105; 309,114. what implied on indorsement, 470, 32. on sales of chattels, 502, 35-39. land, 584, 7. none in judicial sale, 330, 10. of seaworthiness of vessel carrying mer- chandise, 528, 52. Washington city. levy court of, 165, 60. lotteries authorized by charter of, 348, 6. decisions of a local character relating to, 365, 55. Washington territory. mechanics' liens in, 354, 13. decisions and statutes applicable to, 560, 18. Waste 595 injunction to stay, 298, 37. liability of tenant for, 335, 12. by bankrupt, injunction to stay, 55, 43. Watercourses 595 as boundaries, 92, 21 ; 182, 41. enjoining diversion of, 297, 22. right to dam, and liability of owner, 498, 3. I what are navigable, 369, 2. right to natural flow of, 498, 1. jurisdiction of suits for diversion or ob- struction of, 110, 81. water rights of miners, 355, 8, 10. relative rights of upper and lower proprie- tors, mill owners, &c., 499, 7. West Virginia. decisions relative to, as one of the states, 545, 49. Wharves 595 jurisdiction of admiralty over, 9, 24. claims for wharfage, 12, 64. duty of vessel in laying up at, 120, 43. regulations of, by cities, 363, 17. lien of wharfinger, 536, 196. Wholesale dealers. internal revenue tax on, 315, 65. Widow. , right of to dower, 209, 1-16. competency of, as witness, 602, 55. Wife. See Htjsband aud Wife. Wills. The Poweb to Make a Will ; and how Exercised 596 Proving a Will 596 Validity. Law of Place 597 Interpretation and Effect 597 effect of alterations in, 19, 7. provisions in lieu of dower, 209, 12, 13. parol evidence to explain, 248, 105. admissibility of, in evidence, 251, 156. sale under power in, 262, 26. devises to aliens, 19, 14. following state laws in respect to rights un- der, 162, 35. manumission of slaves by, 539, 10. creation of implied trusts by, 575, 2. Wisconsin. attachment laws of, 46, 70. homestead laws of, 286, 11. duration and lien of judgments in, 327, 109. powers of justices of the peace in, 334, 21. limitation laws of, 346, 93. mechanics' liens in, 354, 14. laws of, giving liens upon vessels, 537, 209. decisions relative to, as one of the states, 545, 50. Withdrawal. of plea, or demurrer, 21, 12, 13. proofs, in bankruptcy, 65, 158. property, from enemy's country, 94, 6 ; 462,19; 592,68. juror, 570, 63. witnesses, from court room, 603, 82. Witnesses. Attendance and Compensation 599 Competency 599 Credibility 602 EuLES OF Examination 603 Opinions op Experts and Others 604 privilege of, from arrest, 36, 31. when punishable for contempt, 135, 7. fees of, as costs, 156, 57. in bankruptcy proceedings, 72, 257. ~ subscribing, to deeds, 181, 13. taking depositions of, 197, 1, et seq. perpetuating testimony of, 197, 2. proof of handwriting by subscribing, 250, 135. subscribing, to mortgage, 359, 11. competency of, when question of law, 485, 2. credibility of, a question of fact, 486, 24. WITNESSES— WYOMING TERRITORY. 793 Witnesses, (continued.) non-attendance of, as ground for postpone- ment, 568, 15, 16. recalling, and re-examining, 569, 45. subscribing, to wills, 596, 8. privileged communications, 48, 29-31. examining, in bankruptcy, 55, 41 ; 66, 169, et seq. compelling attendance of, 112, 12. contempts by, 135, 7. to contracts, 136, 10. competency of, in court of claims, 159, 18 ; 594, 112. following state laws as to competency of, 164, 47. who may be examined by deposition de bene esse, 198, 9. experts in patent cases, 404, 219 ; 410, 314 ; 413, 365. fees of, in patent cases, 415, 395. examination of, in prize cases, 464, 65. furnishing list of, to one accused of treason, 562,9. or other offence, 573, 106. Women. urrest of, in civil actions, 35, 14. right o^ to practice law, 47, 2. sue under abandoned and cap- tured property act, 593, 88. Wrecks. what are subjects of salvage services, 505, 18. payment of wage.s of crew o^ in salvage cases, 508, 64. duties of seamen in cases of shipwreck, 513, 57. right to leave ship in such cases, 512, 48. wages in cases of, 515, 95. sales of, 526, 22 ; 532, 125. Writing. memorandum required by statute of frauds, 137, 32, 33 ; 180, 1. what is sufficient under statute of frauds, 281, 4-6 ; 500, 8 ; 584, 3. necessity of, in government contracts, 143, 118. assignments of copyright, 147, 41. depositions, 199, 24. assignment of patent, 401, 170. parol evidence to vary, 246, 75, et seq. what is subject of forgery, 274, 2. interpretation of, when question of law, 485, 6. offact, 486, 17. necessity of, to obtain specific performance, 542, lO. in appointment of agent, 450, 2. Writing, (continued.) what subject to stamp duty, 316, 86. necessity of, in contracts of shipment, 510, 7. Writ of error. See Ebbor. Writs 605 power of federal courts to issue, 162, 28. form and contents, generally, 466, 5, 6. audita querela, 259, 53. when certiorari will lie, 101, 1, et seq. of inquiry, 175, 38. execution, 256, 1, ef seq. assistance, 361, 56. entry, 360, 43. mandamus, 349, 1, et seq. habeas coi-pus, 283, 1, et seq, injunction, 296, 1, et seq. elegit, 260, 62. error, 229, 1, et seq. possession, 222, 28. right. 111, 89. restitution, 222, 29. de homine replegiando, 496, 6. scire facias, 509, 1-7. variance between declaration and, 2, 18 ; 435, 23 ; 436, 26. amendment of, 20, 4, 5. Wrongful levy. liability of sheriff for, 524, 9. marshal for 352, 15. Wrongs. no attachment in actions for, 44, 11. liability of corporations for, 151, 61-64. measure of damages in actions for, 174, 21- 28. burden of proof in actions for, 245, 66, 67, 70. of wife, liability of husband for, 288, 24. Uability of infant for, 295, 11. interest on damages for, 312, 22. when statute of limitations begins to run, 344, 44. by servant, liability of master for, 353, 2, 3. liability of municipal corporations for, 364, 24-30. new trial for excessive damages in actions for, 374, 23, 24. liability of public officers for, 380, 29-34. ship owners for, 534, 146, et seq. of agent, when principal liable for, 452, 36. of master, to seamen, 514, 74, et seq. Wurtemburg. treaty with, 565, 39. Wyoming territory. powers of justices of the peace in, 334, 22. limitation laws of, 346, 94. statutes, applicable to, 460, 19. Whole Number of Pages, 821 . BIfRBITT KING, ' Attomej and Counselor r I Corner Stat« and Tiogt Streets, : ITHACA. N.Y. ;» 1