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 HD 
 
 171 
 
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 1912 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tinis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924009296306 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 
 
 HEARING 
 
 BEFOEE THE 
 
 COMMITTEE ON THE PUBLIC LANDS 
 
 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
 
 ON 
 
 H. R. 22995 
 
 A BILL TO ESTABLISH A NATIONAL PAKE SERVICE, 
 AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES 
 
 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 1912 
 
 f 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT FEINTING OPFIOE 
 
 1912 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK SERVICE. 
 
 Committee on the Public Lands, 
 
 House of Representatives, 
 
 ^W'dnesdaij, April 24, 1912. 
 The committee met at 10.30 a. m., witli the chah-man, Hon. Joseph 
 T. Robinson, presiding, and the following members present: Messrs. 
 Taylor, Raker, Fergusson, Rubey, Mondell, Prav, Morgan, and 
 Pickett. 
 
 Mr. Raker. Now, Mr-. Ouurman, there is a bill, H. R. l>2995, before 
 the committee. I desire to have the Secretary of the Interior, Mr. 
 Fisher, heard upon it. The bill is as follows: 
 
 [H. K. 22995, Sixty-second Congress, second session.] 
 -V BILL To establish a National Park Service, and for other purposes. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
 in Congress assembled, That there is hereby established in the Department of the Inte- 
 rior a bureau to be called the National Park ,Ser\-ife, which shall lie under the charge 
 of a director who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and 
 consent of the Senate, and who shall receive a salary of si.x thousand dollars per annum; 
 and there shall also be in said service such experts, assistants, and other emphjyee.-^ 
 as may from time to time be authorized by ('ongress. 
 
 Sec. 2. That the director shall, under the direction of the Si-cretary of the Interior, 
 have the supervision, management, and control of the se\eral national parks, the 
 national monuments, the Hot Springs Reservation in the State of Arkansas, lauds 
 reserved or acquired b)' the United States because of their historical associations, 
 and such other national parks, national monuments, or re-^ervations of like character 
 as may hereafter be created or authorized by Congress. 
 
 Sec. 3. That there is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not 
 otherwise appropriated, for the general expenses of the National Park Service, includ- 
 ing the pay of the director and the necessary experts, assistants, and other employees 
 at Washington, District of i^lumbia, and in the field, and other expenses requisite for 
 and incidental to the general work of the National Park Service, whether at Washing- 
 ton, District of Columbia, or in the field, to be expended under the direction of the 
 Secretary of the Interior, the sum of seventy-five thousand dollars, to be immediately 
 available. 
 
 Sec 4. That the Secretary of the Interior shall make and publish such rules and 
 regulations as he may deem nece.'^s.try and proper, not inconsistent with the Constitu- 
 tion and laws of the United States, for the manaueinent, use, care, and preservation, 
 of such parks, monuments, and reservations, and for the protection of property and 
 improvements, game, and natural .scenery, curiosities, and resources therein, and any 
 violation of the provisions of this act or of .such rules and regulations shall be punished 
 as is provided for in section fifty of the act entitled "An act tu codify, revise, and amend 
 the penal laws of the United St.ites," approved March fourth, nineteen hundred and 
 nine, as amended by section six of the act of June twenty-fifth, nineteen hundred and 
 and ten (Thirty -sixth United States Statutes at Large, page eight hundred and fifty- 
 seven). He may also, upon lernis and conditions to be fixed by him, sell or dispose 
 of dead or insect-infested timber and of such matured timber as in his judgment may 
 be disposed of without detriment to the scenic or other ])iirpo.ses for which such parks, 
 monuments, or reservations are established, grant leases and permits for the use of the 
 land, the development of the resotaces, or jirivileges for the accommodation of visi- 
 tors in the various parks, monuments, and reservations herein provided for, for periods 
 not exceeding twenty years. The funds derived from such sales, leases, permits, and 
 
 3 
 
4 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PAKK SERVICE. 
 
 privileges diall be covered into the Treasury, to be expended by the director, under 
 the supervision of the Se'retary of the Interior, in the administration, maintenance, 
 and improvement of the parks," rcsorvalious, and monuments herein provided for 
 
 Sec. 5. That the director and other officers and employees of the service m Wash- 
 ington when traveling on duly in the field, and the experts, a^.«].«t;int8, and other 
 employees when away from Iheir po.^ts of duly in the field on official business shall 
 be allowed a per diem in lieu of subsistence, to be fixed by the Secretary of the In- 
 terior, exclusive of traiis])ortati(in or slecpinf;-car fares. 
 
 Sec 6. That the parks, monuments, and reservations herein provided for shall not 
 at any time be used in any wav contrary to the purpose thereof as agencies lor pro- 
 moting public recreation and public health through the Use and enjoyment by the 
 people of such parks, monuments, and reser\ations, under the natural scenery and 
 objects of interest therein, or in any way detrimental to the value thereof for such 
 purpose. 
 
 Sec. 7. That the publications of the National Park Service shall be published in 
 such editions as may be recommended by the Secretary of the Interior, but not to 
 exceed ten thousand copies for the first edition. 
 
 The report of the Department of the Interior on bill H. R. 22995 
 is as follows: 
 
 Depaetme.nt or the I^'teeior, 
 
 Knshingloii. Ajirll 11, 1912. 
 Hon Joseph T. Kcjbix.son, 
 
 ( 'hnini'uin Cotnniitlce on Ihr, J'vhlic Lands, 
 
 House of Hi'jircsiritnlivcs. 
 Sir: The department is in receipt of your letter of April ft, 1912, transmitting for 
 report H. R. 22995, entitled "A bill to establish a National Park Service, and for 
 other purposes." 
 
 In response. I have to say that said bill is identical mth S. 3463, except that it 
 embodies the changes suggested in said Senate bill by this department on February 
 6, 1912, in a report to Senator Smoot, chairman of the Committee on Public Lands 
 in the United States Senate 
 
 The bill meets with the approval of the department, and I earnestly recommend 
 its enactment into law. 
 
 Very respectfully, Cahmi A. Thompson, 
 
 Assislant Secretary. 
 
 The report of the Secretary of Agriculture upon the bill H. E. 
 
 22ii().T is as follows: 
 
 Kepartjiext of Agriculture, 
 
 <.)ffice of the Secretary, 
 
 Washington, April 15, 1912. 
 Hon. .Jo.seph T Robinson, 
 
 Chnirmiin Cornmitlfe on the Public Lands, 
 
 House of Representalircs. 
 Dear Mr. Robinson: I am in receipt of your letter of April 9, inclosing a copy of 
 the bill (H. R. 22995) introduced by Mr. Raker, to establish a national park service. 
 and for other purposes. 
 
 On February 15, 1912, I had the honor to submit to you the ^dews of this department 
 on the bill (H. R. 16090) introduced by Mr. Davidson, which also had for its object 
 the establishment of a bureau of national parks in the Department of the Interior. 
 The bill now before me, down to section 6, is, with one or two exceptions not affectinc' 
 its purport, similar to H. R. 16090. Section (i seems to make it clear that no uses of 
 the land or its resources will be permitted if such use will be inconsistent with the 
 objects for which the park is established. 
 
 In my letter of February 15 I have exjiressed my \'iews on the definite policy 
 concerning the establishment of national parks and the creation of the national park 
 bureau. The bill before me contains nothing which would change my views ex- 
 pressed at that time. I therefore inclose a copy of that letter for consideration in this 
 case. 
 
 Very sincerely, yours, James Wilson, Si-eretnni. 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PAEK SEEVICE. 5 
 
 February 15, 1!)12. 
 Hon. Joseph T. Robinson, 
 
 Chairman Committee on the Public Lands, 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Deak ^1r. Robinson: Iu response to your request of February 9, 1912, for a re]>ort 
 oil H. R. 16090, a bill to establish a bureau of national parka, and for other purposes, 
 I have the honor to inform you that in general the establishment of a bureau of national 
 parks meets with my approval. 
 
 Heretofore there ha.'i been no definite policy in regard to what areas or what classes 
 of land should be included within national parka or to the principles which should be 
 applied in their management. It is my belief that there are many areas containiag 
 natural wonders or features of great scenic interest which should be included within 
 national parks. Some of these areas are now within the boundaries of the national 
 forests, and in transferring them to national parks the policy which will thereafter 
 govern them should be well understood, in order that proper determination may be 
 made of the boundaries of the areas to be transferred. 
 
 It is my feeling that national forests should be managed with a view to their fullest 
 possible development and use, in order that the industries dependent upon them 
 may secure necessary supplies, and that the national parka should be managed with 
 a view to preserving their scenic interest and furnishing a recreation ground for the 
 people, only allowing such use of their resources as may be necessary to improve and 
 protect them. If the parks are in a timber country, there should be included some 
 timber, and these timberlands should be handled with reference to their scenic beauty. 
 Very large bodies of heavy timber which are not needed for national park purposes 
 should not he included, however, as there would ultimately be a pressure on the park 
 bureau to cut it on a commercial basis. In this regard I believe the intent of the 
 biU is clear, but in reference to other uses of the parks I fear that it gives the impres- 
 sion of authorizing a fuller use than should l,e allowed. Therefore I would suggest 
 that the portion of section 4, beginning with the words "grant leases, " in line 10, and 
 ending with the words "twenty years, " in line 14, be stricken out and that there be 
 inserted in place thereof the following: "grant leases and permits fur such use of the 
 land and such development of its resources as may be necessary for the improvement 
 and protection of such parks, monuments, and reservations, or for privileges for the 
 accommodation of visitors to the ^'arious parks, monuments, and reservations herein 
 provided for, for periods not exceeding twenty years." 
 
 This will make it clear that the preser^'ation of the scenic interest and the accom- 
 plishment of the purposes of the park is to govern the use and development of its 
 resources. 
 
 I would also suggest that, as the work of caring for the natiimal parks is of a highly 
 technical character, requiring the services of experts and well-trained technical men, 
 the entire organization of the bureau of national parks should be subject to civil- 
 service rules. 
 
 Very sincerely, yours. Jambs \\i-Laovi, Secretary. 
 
 The Chairman. I understand the Secretary of the Interior desires 
 to be heard on this bill (H. R. 22995) to establish a National Park 
 Service, and for other purposes. 
 
 We will be glad to hear from you ]\Ir. Secretary concerning it. 
 
 STATEMENT OF HON. WALTER LOWEIE FISHER, SECRETARY 
 OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. Mr. Chairman, this bill is a bill which creates a 
 National Park Service, so called, in the nature of an organization in 
 the Department of the Interior to handle the national park business. 
 It seems that our whole national park system has been more or less 
 as an accident. We have established a national park in one place 
 because of the fact that some particular piece of territory contains 
 natural wonders or scenery that was particularly interesting to the 
 public and we have attempted to make recreation grounds of it for 
 the people. Then we have found somewhere else a similar piece of 
 land that has been created into a national park and gradually we 
 have accumulated quite a number of these parks. Local pressure 
 
6 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PAEK SERVICE. 
 
 or the interests of the o-eneral pul)hc, either expressed througli indi- 
 viduals or through associations, has led to the selection ot these dit- 
 ferent parks where 1 hey are now estaldislied. Perhaps one of the most 
 remarkable and one of the most useful of them all is one with which 
 you are especially famihar, at Hot Springs, Ai-k., where the medicinal 
 waters have heei'i the itihicipal attraction. 
 
 Now, there has been no coordination whatever between those ])arks. 
 Congress each vear makes appropriation for eacii particular park as it 
 comes along. "The local pressure, the pressure of the particular indi- 
 viduals or organizations, that are interested in it determines m each 
 case what amount of nionev shah be appropriated. The appropria- 
 tions can not be used for other parks. It is a sp(>cilic appropriation 
 for the jjarticular ])ark in each case, usually with considerable detail, 
 and the result is that there is no coordination whatever between them. 
 
 The ex|)erience that we gain in one park is of no practical use to us 
 at all in another park, exce[)t as we can make it useful through the 
 main circumstance that the administration with regard to matters 
 connected with our parks is in charge of a man in the dejortment 
 here in Washington, in the Secretary's office. We have no engineer 
 to studv the engineering questions connected with the parks, which are 
 of the greatest importance — not only those that relate to the construc- 
 tion of roads and bridges, but also the cjuestions that relate to sanita- 
 tion and sewerage, tlic construction of the hotels in the parks, the 
 location of cam])s, and the development of such incidental power 
 from the natural waterl'alls as can apjiroprialely be developed ^\-ithout 
 interfering with the scenic vahu's and yet can he used for lighting the 
 hotels and lighting the roads, and that sort of thing. There is a con- 
 stant ])rcssurc in that connecti(m. 
 
 As to the means of locomotion, changes from horse vehicles to auto- 
 mobiles, theic is a constant pressure on the tlepartment to permit the 
 automobiles to enter the park. That has l)eeii done in a few eases; 
 but in the main the roads that are constructed are entirely unsuitable 
 for automobiles, es])ecially if they are to be combined in any way 
 with horse travel. The roads are narrow, curves are all over the 
 parks, and com|)aralivcly little jirogress has been made in the con- 
 struction of roads that were originahy made for a large, heavj-, lum- 
 bering coach, drawn by two to six horses. That presents a rjuestion 
 of coiisideral)le imixirtance. 
 
 We have, as 1 say, no engineer of the department who can study 
 any of those ((uestions. 
 
 And then there is the laii(lsca])e side of the parks. I do not mean 
 in the sense of lnndsca])ing as a[)plied to the city parks, but as should 
 be applied to these large parks on a scale commensurate vnth their 
 importance. That can not be giA'cn any attention at all. 
 
 The qu(\stion of the cutting of tiiid)er which has matured and in 
 some parts has matured all at once in hroa<1 areas — that is to sav, tlie 
 timber in some ol the ])arks is very large in certain sections and will 
 matiii-e and l)egin to decay at about the same time. Ihdess the tim- 
 ber is properly harvested, wh.at is going to happen ? We are gouig to 
 have a large collection of dead trees, from whicli there will be no 
 return on the timber and, besi(h's, will be an eyesore on the scenic 
 side While we get such assistance as we can from the Forestrv 
 Seivice incidentally ]>y communications between the departments and 
 also by asking for the detail of a man to help us out — we have done 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OP A NATIONAL PARK SBBVIOB. 7 
 
 that in the Glacier National Park during the last year; we had a 
 man detailed or given a leave of absence and sent up there to look 
 into those things; but whether or not he will be available when the 
 question comes up in soiiu' other park, like the Yellowstone, depends 
 on whether the Forestry Service can spare him — we have nobody in 
 our department to look after those parks. 
 
 The question of administration is one of constantly increasing and 
 very great importance. For instance, we are about to have a very 
 important exposition in San Francisco, which will bring a tremen- 
 dous amount of travel to all of these parks. You have a park at Hot 
 Springs, and we have the Yellowstone and Glacier Parks, and the 
 people who come out West will incidentally stop at one or more of 
 those parks, and we should try to make our people spend their money 
 in this country instead of abroad, and certainly so far as spending it 
 abroad for the scenic ei'fect : because we do not have to ask any odds 
 of any other country on earth in that respect. There are a number 
 of people who are not thoroughly familiar (I am speaking of the people 
 as a whole) with the parks. They have only a loose impression as to 
 how to get to them, and what it costs to see them, and it takes some 
 such thing as the San Francisco exposition to really bring them 
 home to the people. Now, the traveling pubhc going west is going to 
 visit these parks, and we have not proper hotel accommodations for 
 them. Take the Yosemite: It is perfectly apparent that unless you 
 get the hotel accommodations there, the people who go to the Yosemite 
 Park will come away witli a feeling of disa])pointment and resentment 
 against the National Government, because they have not been prop- 
 erly taken care of. There ought at least to be reasonable accommo- 
 dations provided for all of them who come there. The lease for the 
 hotel will expire soon. ^\'e have been continuing it from }'eai- to 
 year, and I find the people who are interested in the park, including 
 the railroads that lead to it, recognize the fact that something must 
 be done. 
 
 The railroad people have said to me that they do not want in any 
 way to get involved in the hotel business at the Yosemite Park, but 
 they must take care of their travel. The}' have built the line up 
 there, and they must take care of it, and they would like to know 
 what they can do, and what they can say to others whom they might 
 get interested in the question; or the basis upon which the}" would be 
 permitted to construct a hotel. Well, I have inquired in the depart- 
 ment, and I find there has been no study of the fundamental question 
 which should underlie hotel permits. The people who have had 
 charge of these matters have incidentally considered, and have 
 their views which are as well founded as is possible under the circum- 
 stances, but there is not a man in the Secretary's office who has given 
 particular attention to those matters. The truth of the matter is 
 that all of the details of the national parks are handled through the 
 chief clerk's offiee because we have not any place else to handle them. 
 There is no other way in which that can be done — we have no other 
 machinery, no other organization, and no money. The cliief clerk, 
 Mr. Ucker, is here. He was selected for his efficiency in handling the 
 clerical organization and administrative business of the department 
 here in Washington; and under our present system, he must be the 
 chief official who passes, either directly or through assistants, on 
 those park questions. Since I have been in office I have referred all 
 
8 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK SEEVICE. 
 
 these questions to the Assistant .Secretary, simply because I had to 
 refer them to somebody, and I liave asked the Assistant Secretary to 
 look into these questions and try to familiarize himself with them so 
 that he would have some knowle(l,u,e of the questions and be able to 
 work out somethino- in the way of a consistent policy. 
 
 Last year we had the first conference at Yellowstone that has ever 
 been held on the park question. We picked the very last of the 
 season, and at that time we had come to Yellowstone the superin- 
 tendents and others connected with ah of these parks, and the men 
 under them who were interested; we took the men in our own depart- 
 ment who had had anything to do with those in the past, and had 
 them there, and the railroads interested in the parks in any way, 
 and got them there, and got the real men handling those questions 
 in the railroads. For instance, the Great Northern had ilr. Louis 
 Hill there, and then we had representatives from the Northern Pacific 
 people, and the Oregon Short Line, and the men who are really 
 interested in these questions. Then we had representatives of the 
 outside organizations. The Chief Forester was there, and ^Ir. Mac- 
 farland, the president of the American Civic Association, and these 
 different organizations that are interested from a public point of 
 view, and then we had all the concessions represented either directly 
 or indirectly — practically all of them were represented directly, and 
 all the principals were there, at least, who had hotel concessions, 
 transportation concessions, photograph concessions, camping outfits, 
 guides, and things of that sort. 
 
 We put in the greater portion of the week in a practical discussion 
 of those problems relating to the parks, and it was the unanimous 
 opinion of all there represented, the railroad representatives and 
 all the others, that if we are going to handle our national park sys- 
 tem on anything like a consistent basis, we must have something" in 
 the nature of a central organization that is going to take care of them; 
 and everyone was unanimous in favoring the creatidu of a National 
 Park Bureau, or a National Park Service, or something of that nature. 
 
 Of course, the principal thing to be accomplished is that we will 
 get some consistent and efficient administration. For instance, 
 if we work out in the Yellowstone some problems of road or bridge 
 construction, or some problems connected with the hotel, or stage or 
 automobile management, that we will have somebody in the depart- 
 ment who will Icnow what our experience has been there, and nave 
 the same kind of data with reference to the Yosemito, the Glacier, or 
 Mount Rainier, instead of Ijeing as we are now, absolutely unable to 
 use any information except by mere accident, as it happens to come 
 to the knowledge of the people here in Washington. An illustration 
 of what the situation is are the provisions of the laws relating to the 
 lease of hotels and other privileges. For instance, the acts of June 
 4, 1906, and March 2, 1907, provide for a 20-ycar lease. That is 
 applicable, I believe, to the Yellowstone. The act of June 30, 1S62, 
 and the act of October 1, 1890, applicable to the Yosemite, provide 
 for 10 years. The Sequoia and General Grant, under the act of 
 September 25, 1890, 10 years. The Mount Eainier, act of Marcli 2, 
 1899, contains no lunit of time. The same is true for Crater Lake 
 and Wind Cave. At Sullys Hill no provision is matle for granting 
 
 Erivileges at all. The Glacier Park act of 1910 provides for a 20-vear 
 mit. 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK SERVICE. 9 
 
 Now, in talking the matter over with the Appropriation Committee, 
 or the subcommittee of the Appropriation Committee, of the House 
 the other day, there seemed to be no difference of opinion on the 
 policy. They raise some question — for instance, as to whether we 
 ought to charge the people who use the parks sufficient fees to get 
 a revenue for running the parks in that way. Personally, my view 
 has been that it was not a wise policy for the Federal Government 
 to attempt to run the national parks on the charges made to the 
 people who travel to them and use them in that manner. But that 
 is one of the questions that we can not give any attention to now ex- 
 cept in this very loose and inefficient manner I have described. We 
 ought to have somebody to act as superintendent or director of 
 national parks who would be a big enough man and a man of sufficient 
 training to be able to form an opinion on this question and let him 
 study it. If we had such a central organization, we could get appro- 
 priations for it, so that we would reaUy add very little to the appro- 
 priations now made. It is doubtful whether we would add anything 
 after we get thoroughly established unless Congress wishes to go 
 into some more comprehensive development of the parks than it is 
 now doing, but even then I befieve the additional expense of admin- 
 istration would not be as much as it would under the present hap- 
 hazard system if we decided to go ahead with the real development. 
 We have got these great parks and playgrounds, and if we are going 
 to develop them to meet the increasing demand and needs it is time 
 to take it up in a systematic and economic way. 
 
 Mr. Raker. Is it not your opinion that so far as the cost contem- 
 plated in an act of this land, it would not cost practically as much as 
 it costs now ? 
 
 Secretary Fisher. I think in the sense that you would get more 
 for your money, that your money would go farther, I think you would 
 make a substantial saving. There is one particular feature I wish to 
 demonstrate that may interest you. We have, for instance, at 
 Yosemite and Yellowstone, Army officers in charge, that are detailed 
 there as acting superintendents. They are not appointed as regular 
 superintendents, but appointed as acting superintendents. Xow at 
 Yellowstone aU the road construction and bridge construction goes 
 on under the board of Army engineers. There is a representative of 
 that corps there, and under the practice and the method heretofore 
 adopted by Congress, the entire control of that question rests with the 
 Army engineers. There was, until this fall, when I interfered with it 
 personally, no coordination at aU, even on the ground, between those 
 two sets of people. Of course, the superintendent of the park. Col. 
 Pray, reports to me, as Secretary of the Interior, and the officer in 
 charge of construction reports through his regular organization, and 
 the result has been that those two men did not even get together and 
 determine what roads ought to be built, and the Army Engineer Corps 
 put a man there who, from a construction point of view, is a super- 
 intendent, to find out and establish in there what the engineering 
 officer thought ought to be built. That just illustrates the whole 
 situation. 
 
 Mr. RuBEY. How much is being spent annually for the building of 
 roads in the national parks ? 
 
 Secretary Fisher. We do not expend it; it would only be inciden- 
 tally that we would know that. 
 
10 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK SERVICE. 
 
 Ylv. Kvbf.y. Cun voii give us just an idea, without being definite ? 
 
 }»[r. TcKEK. I think the appropriation for the last two years for 
 the Yellowstone has been 170,000. 
 
 Mr. Kaker. Yellowstone, 1910, $7.5,000; 1011, .|70,000— for road 
 eoustruction of the Armv. To the Depai-tnicnt of the Interior, IftlO, 
 .S.Vt,000: Kill, S50,000. ' That is under the Secretary ol the Interior. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. Well, it seems to me so unbusinesslike that 
 really I hesitate to take up the time of the commit Ice, andljiist want 
 to point out some of the salient features. 
 
 The Chairmax. Have you coucluded \'oui- lienerul statement? 
 
 Secretary Fisher. Yes: excej)t one thing. The question of road 
 maintenance is one of those questions in which the pubhc is mainly 
 concerned, particularly as it relates to tlie dust mnsance. Xow, that 
 is not an easy problem to work out, and we ought to have the benefit 
 of the ( xperience in each park, and we ought to have some man who 
 has the accumulated experience of all the )iarks, so as to decide how 
 to handle tliis thing most intelligently But if you do not know, for 
 instant-e, what would be the effect of the use of oil on those roads, or 
 how sprinkling ought to be don(\ or wliat the roadbed or surface 
 ought to be, you ought to determine that in some proper, scientific 
 way. As it is now, the Si'cretary <if the Interior, the chief clerk, and 
 some of the assistants in the office take up this qtu'stion, incidentally 
 in the performance of their regular duties. They laiow nothing about 
 it j)ersunally. They may get a report from the superintendent of 
 one park that he has done such aiul such a thing — made such and such 
 exjx'rimcnts — and they would accejit his judgment relating to so-and- 
 so. Thei'c would be i!(p man in touch with that in any way where we 
 coidd get a good e\p(-rt opinion on it at all. Au_d that illustrates 
 the thing. 
 
 Our people go to the parks, and come away, as niaiiy of them do, 
 utterlj" disgusted with the ])liysical conditions that prevail in some 
 of theni, and it is A\drking a detihuent to the parking systcJii and to 
 the country as a wluile, and to some degree is responsible for the fail- 
 ure of th(> jx'ople in this country to a,j)])reciate what we have to show 
 them. I think, therefore, tliat you jx'ojile out West, who want to 
 get the peoiije thei-e, ought to take inter( st in this <|uestioii and see if 
 we can not work it out either on the hues of this 1)ill or of some other 
 bill. This bill seems to me coii-eet in substance, and we ought to 
 work out soiiU' form of (u-gani/.at ion \yy which to carry on this work. 
 
 VlT. Pickett. Have you now, in the .Agricultural Department, an 
 office of roads '. 
 
 .Secretary Fisher. We have, }-es. We have a bureau that takes 
 up the <pu'stiou of road construction. 
 
 ]Mr. Pickett. What is the scope of their work? 
 
 Secret a,ry Fisher. As I understand it, their principal work is 
 de\'oted to the constrnetion of experimental roads, relating particu- 
 larly to the agricultural communities. Wliat they are trying to work 
 out is a sort of mail construction that will lienefit the farmers, with 
 winch ((uestion the Department of Agriculture is more particularly 
 concerned. 
 
 The CnAiinrAX. It is experimental, too. 
 
 ^Ir. Pickett. Have they giA'cn any attention to what are called 
 trails, or roads, in national parks t 
 
 Secretary Fisher. So far as I kno\v, not particularly. 
 
ESTABUSHMENT OF A NATIONAL PAEK SERVICE. 11 
 
 Mr. Pickett. Wouldn't you just be getting to the point of the 
 duplication of some one's work. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. No; you see there would not be any necessary 
 duplication at all, Congressman; because, if we had some man who 
 was acting on these questions, and had some competence, and a 
 superintemlent who had had some experience, he could get the result 
 of the Department of Agriculture's experience, and he could say how 
 far that would be applicable to the parks. But, as it is now, what 
 \"ou have now is a lot of men interested, and necessarily interested 
 in the carrying on of an immense mass of detail in the Department 
 of the Interior, of a clerical and ordinary administrative ciiaracter, 
 and those men are the only men that can take up those problems. 
 
 ^Ir. Taylor. Mr. Secretary, under the present system, who deter- 
 mines the use that shall be made of the roads, and who excludes 
 automobiles ? 
 
 Secretary Fisher. The Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 ]Mr. Taylor. I know there has been considerable complaint among 
 the automobile people of not being permitted to use the roads in the 
 parks; and some feel that the stage lines hold them up from one end 
 to the other. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. A lot of people would like to go into the parks, 
 as automobiles, but when we put the problem up to them of whether 
 ^\ath the existing roads it would be practicable, whether there would 
 not be all sorts of accidents and trouble, there is a little difference of 
 opinion. There was a board of Army engineers — I think imder an 
 appropriation, or under the direction in a resolution, or some act of 
 Congress — that was asked to make a report on the cost of changing 
 the roads. 
 
 Mr. UcKER. That was a Senate resolution, introduced by Senator 
 Heyburn, in relation to the Yellowstone, asking Congress to build 
 suitable roads, or place the roads that are there now in sucJi shape 
 that they could be used jointty. 
 
 ]\Ir. Taylor. Have these stage lines, or have those that are operat- 
 ing there at the present time, any lease or contract which gives them 
 a monopoly of the highways. 
 
 Secretary Fishee. No; they have no monopoly of the highM^ays. 
 That is one of the fundamental principles that was discussed at this 
 park conference, as to which of two policies it was wise to adopt in 
 the parks — a competitive poHcy or the policy of regulated monopoly. 
 Now, I think it was practicallv the unanimous opinion, including the 
 opinion of the concessioners themselves, many of v/hom were active 
 and in everyday competition with each other, that the correct theory 
 was regulated raonopoly. That is the only way to take caro of properly 
 the pubUc in those parks. You ought to separate it into proper classes, 
 and then you ought to insist upon the conc-ssion^rs furnishing 
 the service to the pubhc at the very lowest rates consistent with a 
 reasonable return, and a great many of the lines have a regulated 
 monopoly in the parks that have any system; but then^ is no con- 
 sistent system, and it is only possible to apph' a cdnsistent system 
 under one department of the Go^'ernment. 
 
 Then, as to existing conditions in the parks: What happens, for 
 instance, in the Yellowstone Park is that they have granted a con- 
 cession to a certain stage company to take care of the traffic from 
 one entrance. Now, they have to run the stages to the hotel and to 
 
12 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK SEEVIOE. 
 
 the camp. Then we have another concession from the west end, so 
 the people coming in there come in by a different route. Now, a 
 private individual can go through the park any way he chooses and 
 take anv path he wants ; but he simply can not go in there and run 
 a stage line without a permit from the department, and we do not 
 grant a permit to anyl>ody and everybodj'. ■ 
 
 Then there is a system of permanent camps and movable camps, 
 and the people who have that concession furnish transportation and 
 also the camp outfit. They are differ nt. The reason for granting 
 that concession is because it is essentially different from the other 
 concessions. It furnishes a different class of service, and a,ppeals to 
 a different class of patrons, but any individual can come in vnth a 
 vehicle, and there is a very considerable amount of travel around the 
 park of people who come in without any vehicle. 
 
 The Chairman. Have you an accurate statement of the total num- 
 ber of national parks now in existence, and their areas? 
 
 Mr. UcKEE. I have not any statement. 
 
 The Chairman. Will you put it in as a part of your remarks ? 
 
 Mr. UoKER. We have first, in point of creation, the park at Hot 
 Springs, Ark.; the Yellowstone, of Wyoming; the Yoseimte, the Gen- 
 eral Grant, and Sequoia, in California; the Mount Rainier, in Wash- 
 ington; the Crater Lake, in Oregon; the Mesa Verde, in Colorado; 
 the Piatt National, at Sulphur, Okla. ; the Wind Cave, at Hot Springs, 
 S. Dak. ; Sullys Hill, N. Dak. ; and the last created is the Glacier, in 
 Montana. That, I believe, makes 12. There is also sometimes referred 
 to what is known as the Casagrande Ruin, in Arizona. And, then, we 
 have under the jurisdiction of the Interior Department, I believe, 26 
 national monuments of varying area. This national monument act 
 permits the reservation of national monuments on Executive procla- 
 mation. There is one existing under the War Department, and, I 
 believe, 26 in our department, but I am not advised as to the number 
 in the Agricultural Department. 
 
 The Chairmax. Is it contemplated that this service sliall have 
 jurisdiction of them also ^ 
 
 ]\Ir. I'cKEi;. The sci.ipc of tlie bill is to gatJier together those monu- 
 ments and to place (hem all under one jurisdiction. 
 
 The CiiAiiiJtAN. Do you know about wliat the total cost to the Gov- 
 ernment of the .\ational Park Service lunv is, or have you data from 
 whicli you could stale that? 
 
 Mr. UcKEK. The cost of administration in Washington City approx- 
 imated — that is, in Washington City a prorate of the time of the 
 Secretary and the officials, at their annual compensations, amounts 
 to 114,781.-'."). W(> hare simply taken the salaries and the estimated 
 cost of ])ublications, ])rinting, binding, and stationery that is devoted 
 to the national-park business. That totals S14:,7S1.2.5. I do not 
 believe we would ha\e, gathered togi^tJier, any higher cost except the 
 cost which would result necessarily in the administration on the 
 ground. 
 
 The Chairman. Could that be approximated '. 
 
 ]\Ir. UcKEii. That you may approximate very readily by consoli- 
 dating your ajipropriations from year to year, because it is very 
 seldom there is any of the appropriations left; and as to those 
 parks wliich i)roduce. a revenue, which revenue we are ])erinitted to 
 use, that we have never encroached upon, genei-ally, unless the appro- 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK SERVICE. 13 
 
 priation becomes exhausted. So that you may arriv(i at this by 
 taking these figures I give you, »14,7SL2.5, and adding to that the 
 appropriations for the parks which were carried in the sundry civil bih 
 for the current fiscal year, and the only thing missing would then be 
 the amount of revenues used this year. 
 
 Now, the revenues for the year ended June 30, 1911, amounted to 
 $104,680.01. For the current year, from July 1, 1911, up to the 17th 
 day of April (when these figures were tabidated), it amounted to 
 $80,512.55. Those revenues are produced from concessions of all 
 kinds. For instance, at Hot Springs, they lease the bathhouses to 
 the Arhngton Hotel, and sell timber, and all the miscellaneous 
 sources from which money may come from the parks go into the 
 Treasur3\ Some parks are permitted to use them and othere are not. 
 Those in which they arc not permitted to use them the funds go into 
 the miscellaneous receipts of the Treasury, and those in which they 
 are permitted are segregated and set aside for use by the Secretary. 
 
 The Chairman. Have you made any estimate of what the addi- 
 tional cost of this service will be ^ 
 
 Mr. UcKER. Well, we have made an estimate here. The Secretary 
 has discussed this before the Senate committee, and he may want to 
 segregate some of those first. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. Well, the estimate, of course, was only a tenta- 
 tive estimate. For instance, we estimated a director at $6,000, 
 which I think should be paid. Certninly it ought not to be less than 
 $5,000. Then I have a chief clerk to act as director in the absence of 
 the director, $3,000; engineer, $3,000; assistant attorney at $2,500, 
 and then necessary clerical assistants. We figure that will be about 
 $26,420 for the services in such a bureau. 
 
 Mr. MoNDELL. Did you include traveling expenses in that '. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. No. Then we have made an estimate of a per 
 diem in lieu of subsistence and traveling expenses of $4,000, which, 
 if used in fuU, would make a total of $30,420. Then we have figured, 
 in addition, the sum of about $10,000 to fit up an office with the sort 
 of things we ought to have — literature, reports, and maps, and things 
 of that sort, which we ought to have to carry on this national park 
 work. That, of course, is only an approximation. So we have esti- 
 mated that for the first year it would take about $40,000 to put this 
 system on its feet. 
 
 Now, of course, you can do whatever you choose. Any step in that 
 direction is an advance, even if we do not have anything but just 
 the money to employ a director and engineer, it would be a tremend- 
 ous help to us. 
 
 The Chairman. Would there probably be an increase in the reve- 
 nue from the parks if this system was inaugurated '': 
 
 Secretary Fisher. In my opinion it would, very decidedly, Mr. 
 Chairman. For instance, take this automobile question. It seems 
 to me perfectly clear that a handling of the automobiles in the parks 
 on a proper basis ought to give a revenue. And then, to help the 
 scenic beauty of the parks, they ought to be kept properly; but there 
 is no one in the service now who has studied that question from the 
 park point of view. The Forest Service, for instance, in its regula- 
 tions, treats of the matter only from a timber point of view and not 
 from a scenic point of view at all ; and there ought to be some one 
 who is looking after that and can decide how far we can cut this 
 
14 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PAEK SEBVICB. 
 
 timber and in wluxt way so as to i,a^t the advantage of it and at the 
 same time not to destroy the scenic effect. Such men as I have 
 talked to are quite of the opiniim tJiat that problem can be worked 
 out so as to produce a net revenue from it. 
 
 The Chairman. Have you givi'n attention to the details of the pro- 
 visions of this bill, Mr. Secretary ? 
 
 Secretary Fisher. Yes; I have; and I think the bill, as it is drawn, 
 is substantially correct. We hnw made a report on the bill to the 
 Senate, and I think also to this committee. 
 
 Mr. Raker. Their report is on file. 
 
 Mr. MoNDELL. !s the Senate bill identical with the House bill '. 
 
 Seci'cfary Fisher. I think it is. I think it was only introduced. 
 
 Mr. ]\1()NDELL. Has it passed the Senate/ 
 
 Secrelary Fisher. Xo; it is before tlie Senate committee, but we 
 have had a heariiitj,- on it. The only question about it on which 
 there seemed to he any difference of opinion, so far as I could tell 
 from the hearinp,', was whether or not the bill should make the prin- 
 cipal positions statut(]ry, or whether there should be a lump-sum 
 ap|)ropiiiition. The ])revailing opinion seemed to be — the prevail- 
 ing opinion of those in attendance at that iiieeting, at least, was that 
 it ouglit to take the principal officei-s — the director, chief clerk, engi- 
 neer, and assistant attorney — and specify tlieni, and then say "such 
 other clerical and other assistance as Congress may authorize from 
 time to time," and h't that be in a general iippro|)riation and let 
 these principal olHccrs be statutory in character. 
 
 Mr. Volstead. Why would it not l)c Ijctter to let the Agricultural 
 Department, wliere we have men who are engaged in timliering, and 
 building roads, and things of that kind, take charge of this matter, 
 rather than the Interior Department ? 
 
 Secr(>tary Fisher. Well, sir, that is a question about which each 
 person is entitled to his own opinion; and it depends on what you 
 regard as the proper function of the two departments, respectively. 
 
 The Chairman. The Interior Department now has jurisdiction of 
 most of the parks ( 
 
 Secretary Fisher. It now luis jurisdiction of all the parks, and my 
 understaiKhng of the functions of the Interior Department is tliat it is 
 intended to be an administrative department; \\'hcreas the Depart- 
 ment of Agricultur<' is intended to be primarily an experimental 
 department. The Department of Agriculture is intended to be 
 scientific and experimental, and it is upon that theory it was estab- 
 lished. It now has some administrative functions, arising chielly on 
 account of the fact that the Forest Service is in the Department of 
 Agriculture. 
 
 Mr. Raker. That was originally in the Department of the Interior, 
 and (hen transferred a, few years ago t<j the Department of Agrictdture. 
 
 Mr. UcKER. It was under a divided jurisdiction, and it was con- 
 sidered better to have it under some one department. It was purely 
 an administrative bureau under the General Land Oflice, and the act 
 of February 3, 1905, transferred it from an admhiistrative department 
 over to a scientific department. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. ,Vhen the parks were discussed at this confer- 
 ence — and at that conference, so far as any opinion was expicssed, 
 that opinion was unanimous, including all the railroatl people and 
 such expressions as the Chief Forester made — it was that when yoa 
 
ESTABLISHMENT 01" A NATIONAL PARK SEBVICE. 15 
 
 analyzed the thing the Forest Service ought to 1)(> in the Department 
 of the Interior; but since thiit time the Chief Forester has given a 
 great deal of consideration to the matter and is of the opinion now 
 that the Forest Service ought to remain in the Department of Agri- 
 culture, the chief reason for that being its relation to the experimen- 
 tal departments in the Department of Agriculture. 
 
 Mr. Raker. Mr. Secretary, may I make this suggestion? I under- 
 stand that the Forest Department are willing, and not only willing, 
 but believe that this service ought to be in the Department of the 
 Interior. That is my understanding from talking with both of them. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. You mean the Park Service 'i 
 
 Mr. Raker. Yes. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. That is tJie report on the bill, and there is no 
 difference of opinion, as I understand, now. 
 
 !Mr. Volstead. As between the two departments, my impression 
 was that the Forest Service ought to have remained in tlie Interior 
 Department; but it seems to me the Forestry and Parking Service 
 ought to remain together. I feel tliat there is a good deal of work m 
 common. They are now engaged in building roads m the foi-ests, 
 and I think it would be of value in building roads in the parks. Then 
 there is the question of preserving the timber, and, for instance, the 
 ravages of insects in tlie Forestry Service is of value in the Park Serv- 
 ice, and it seem.; to me they ought to be together. 
 
 Now, they have in the Agricultural Department at present a 
 bureau for the purpose of building roads, and there would be no 
 question but that a great deal of work they do there would be of value 
 in the Park Service, and it occurs to me that yon are going to dupli-. 
 cate work by creating this bureau in the Interior Department and at 
 the same time to allow the Forest Service to remain in the Agricul- 
 tural Department. The two ought to be togethei'. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. In everv one of these matters. Congressman, I 
 find there is a certain amount of inevitable duplication. That is not 
 only true of the Government service, but practically of the large 
 business concerns of which I have knowledge, and you can not avoid 
 a certain amount of it. For instance, the very fact that you have an 
 Engineering Corps in the Armj^ gives you in that service a certain 
 number of constructing engineers that have a pecuhar experience 
 that ought to be utihzed for the benefit of the parks; tliat is wliat 
 they are doing in the national parks. You might just as well ai'gue 
 from that that 3"0u ought to put the national parks under the War 
 Department or take the Board of Army Engineers and transfer it to 
 the Interior Department. 
 
 ilr. Volstead. I understand the Board of Army Engineers may be 
 used practical^ in any service. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. If you will pardon me, I have my own very clear 
 ideas about the kind of coordination between these tlopartments. I 
 may be \\Tong, but it seems to me to be very clear that your Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture ought to be confined to scientific agricultural 
 work and ought not to have any administrati^•e functions whatever. 
 I think the Forest Service in the United States ought to be confin(^d 
 to those areas where you not only want to rc^tain timber, but which 
 are going to be permanently retained to grow timber. In other words, 
 the land where the present timber is, if it is going to be cut ofl', ought 
 not to be used for any other purpose than growing new trees, and that 
 
16 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK SERVICE. 
 
 ought to be confined in the Department of Agriculture and ought to 
 ■staA- there. And I think it is fundamentally wrong to have anj^ por- 
 tion of the national forests in the forest reserves proper where you 
 are going to take that land and turn it over for homesteading or 
 other disposition for private interests either before or after the trees 
 are cut oil'. 
 
 Xow, I think you ouglit to confine in the Agricultural Department 
 the strictly scientific agiicultural work of the Government, and then 
 we could call on them for ah the work of either this or the other 
 departments, just exactly as I stated with the l;oard of Army engi- 
 neers. We would ask tlieni to detail a man who would look after 
 (piestions of insects in tlie national parks We can assign men from 
 one bureau to another, and in tliat way, without the slightest trouble. 
 The difficulties that arise from administration — the great problems 
 of the national parks to-(hiy arc to take care of tiie ])eo])le who come 
 then — the trans]>oitation, and hotel accommodations, and all that 
 sort of thing. Now, tlierc is an administratiA-c problem of very great 
 importance, and I do not l>elieve tlie Agricultural Department is or 
 should be expected to handle questions of that sort. 
 
 Mr, Raker. Those are functions of preserving the parks and 
 keeping tlieni in slia]>e 
 
 Secretary Fisher Yes. If you want to assign a man to the 
 national parks to look after trees, tliat is all right. I do not want to 
 interfere with that at all, and if you create this bureau, I do not want 
 to hire men who will stu<ly these problems witli regard to insects, or 
 tree cultivation, or cjuestions of tnat kind What I want is a man 
 put at the centiT of things, liaving tliose problems in his charge, who 
 will take the experts of the Agricultural Department who are apt to 
 work in one park, and another park, and take such information as he 
 gets, he being the center through which this work coordinates. I 
 would not du])licate that ; I would not have an employee to go and 
 duplicate work of the Department of Agriculture. 
 
 When you foUow tjie thing a httle look where it leads: Because 
 there is a certain amount of timber to be taken care of, and that 
 timber happens to be in a national park, you can not turn that work 
 over to the Department of Agriculture unless you turn the whole land 
 office over to the Department of Agriculture. We have an Indian 
 Office in the Department of the Interior. The Indian Office has 
 charge of the problems relating to the forest timber, and the timber 
 lands of the Indians and all that sort of thing should be taken care 
 of there. That is the reason why I have thought that the Forest 
 Service ought to be in the Department of the Interior, putting in the 
 Department of tlie Interior the administrative functions it now has, 
 and leaving to the Department of Agriculture the scientific work. 
 
 I can not see, for the life of me, why experts can not work out the 
 timber problems and all that sort of thing in the Department of 
 Agriculture, leaving the administrative work in the Department of 
 the Interior, and calling the experts into the Department of the 
 Interior from time to time as questions arise. 
 
 There is a dift'erence of opinion. The Forest Service, I think, 
 would like to retain the administration of the forests, because of the 
 practical experience it gives them because they have on them experi- 
 mental stations, and they work out a lot of important problems 
 there. However, we difl'er, fundamentally, on this proposition, for 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PAEK SERVICE. 17 
 
 I think the Forest Service, especially under the present system, the 
 administrative features of it, ought to be in the Department of the 
 Interior, and those questions which relate to the scientific side of it 
 to remain where thcj are now, in the Department of Agriculture. 
 
 Mr. Pickett. Just to what extent does the Bureau of Forestry 
 now haA-e to do with the national parks ? 
 
 Secretary Fishee. It has nothing to do with the national parks, 
 except tha't we call them in; and we do that. 
 
 Mr. Raker. To get their scientific information of investigations ? 
 
 Secretary Fisher. Yes. For instance, a question came up with 
 regard to the Glacier National Park. There was considerable timber 
 that had been blown over, and the question was whether to cut it, 
 and on what terms, and whether we ought to include in the cut areas 
 timber not down, but so related to it that it ought to be harvested 
 now; and what ought to be the form of the contract, if one was made. 
 Well, we got one of their men, an expert lumberman, who had practi- 
 cal experience of a considerable extent, detailed from the Forest 
 Service, and sent him up there, and he went into the territory and went 
 all through it, and came back and made a detailed report, on which we 
 are acting. 
 
 Xow, that is the sort of thing I think ought to go on all the while, 
 except the purely administrative side of it, I think, ought to be in the 
 Department of the Interior, 
 
 Mr. Raker. Now, Mr. Secretary, relative to the administration of 
 the national parks, as to the accommodation of the public, and as 
 to the building of roads and handling them, that sort of thing ought 
 to be disposed of and that quickh'. Do you believe that any one man, 
 mth proper assistants, would be able to handle the parks even 
 cheaper than they are handled now, and then eventually, and "svithin 
 a short time, we will be getting enough revenue from them, from ail 
 sources, to make them to a great extent self-sustaining, in addition 
 to maintaining them and preserving the beauties and the valuable 
 timber that is now on them ? 
 
 Secretary Fisher. I think substantially you are correct. Of 
 coirrse, when I say they will be handled for less money, that depends 
 on whther you rnean to do just the same kind of work. i\[y own 
 judgment of it is that the Federal Government could make sub- 
 stantially increased appropriations for these parks. It is perfectly 
 absurd for us to be having these questions about the Hetch Hetchy 
 Valley, for instance, and Lake Eleanor, when there is not a decent 
 road to get to the Hetch Hetchy; and I think it is about one of the 
 worst trails that I ever went over, and I have done some mountain 
 work too, to get to Hetch Hetchy and Lake Eleanor. 
 
 We ought (if we are going to keep these things) to develop these 
 parks and ^\'e ought to build roads to get to them. 
 
 Mr. Raker. As a matter of fact, in regard to the hotel accommoda- 
 tions: Just take the Yosemite, where thousands of people go, and 
 where there will be many, many thousands more go in the next three 
 years. The hotel accommodates from 50 to 60 people. That is all 
 the hotel accommodations tliey have in the Yosemite National Park, 
 and some arrangement ought to be made by which they could build 
 up a good public service, with an opportunity for the public to be 
 cared for. 
 
 47031—12 2 
 
18 ESTABLISHMENT OF A XATKiXAL PAKK SERVICE. 
 
 Socrelary Fisher. I do not think it is susceptible of t\v(j opinions; 
 but take that fundamental question: Wlvat ought we to do with the 
 hotel concessions in the Yosemite f Ought we to make the con- 
 cessi()n for 20 years; ought we to accept the concessioner, and require 
 lum to make payments to the CioveTimient, letting him make what 
 profits lie can, and fixing his rates in a general way, or ought we to 
 have a right, periodically, to examine his business and adjust liis 
 rate so that the traveling public will get the benefit of reductions ? 
 Ought we to use the hotel concession, in other words, as a source of 
 revenue for the General Government in tlie use of the beautiful parks, 
 or ought we to handle the liotcl concessions to get the best service 
 at tlie lowest rales and have the reA-(>nue question j>urely incidental? 
 Now, those are very large cjuestions, and somebody ouglit to be con- 
 sidering them. 
 
 The Chaikmax. 'Sir. Secretary, I would like to have Mr. Ucker to 
 furnish in conneclidu with this hearing, as nearly as ])ossible, an item- 
 ized statement of the ])resent exjicnses of the natimial j^arks and antic- 
 ipated exjienses, herause that information will be called for and needed 
 before the conclusion of the hearing. 
 
 Mr. UcKEi; Do vou mean for last year or a long period back ^ 
 The C'h.viiim.vx. Wrll, for last liscal year. 
 ]\Ir. I'CKER. The last tiscal year. 
 
 The ('iiAiitJi.vx. And if it is convenient you might furnish it for two 
 or three fiscal years, for use as a coin])arison. 
 
 Mr. I'cKER. I think we have that; \\'e prepared three full A-ears 
 back foi' the Ap])ro|)riations Committee the other day. 
 
 Air. Raker, ilr. Secretary, in addition to the Yosemite Park and 
 the Alount Rainier, will it not be a fact that in the rest of the parks dur- 
 ing the next three years there will be a large increase in the travel to 
 the ])arks, and that they ought to lie put in shape so that the public 
 will have the benefit of seeing them ^ 
 
 vSecretary Fisher. There is no (piestion about it; there is no cjues- 
 tion, for instance, that they ought to be taken care of. They should 
 not have an o])poitnnity for iuA-idious comparisons. I think we will 
 all agree tliere are som(> parks in tln're which are not national in 
 character, wluch have been granted under pressure, without consid- 
 eration or any bureau reporting on them. They are really local 
 ])arks, anil there never will l)e any general travel in them. I do not 
 believe we ought to maintain those parks at national expense: or, if 
 we do, we ought to do it intelligently, with our eyes open. 
 
 Now, there are otJier parks that ought to be established. For 
 instance, Mr. Taylor, you know tliere was not any pressure, very 
 strong |)rcssure, in Colorado to establisli the park at Denver. 
 
 Mr. Taylou. a great many of them want it, and others do not. 
 Secretary Fisher. There is a mooted cjuestion; two sides to it, and 
 there is tremendous influenct^ on l)oth sides. I •\\'as asked by some 
 of the people interested in it to have a report made as to wJiat the 
 department thought about the availability of that territory for a 
 national park — whetlier really the tt'rritorv ought to l.)e set aside lor 
 a national park and developed, and asking a day to be set aside in the 
 Department of the Interior for that ])urpose. We have not a man 
 in the department who could do it. All we could do was to select a 
 man out of the men in the Geological Sm-\-e>", a man who has personal 
 ciualillcations and has a great personal interest, and get him to make 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK SERVICE. 19 
 
 it a part of his duties this sunimcr to put in from two (o four weeks 
 going tlirough that territory in connection witli the geological work, 
 so that he eoultl make a report. Now, tliat is tlie only way we could 
 get a report on a question hke that. That is all wrong. 
 
 Mr. Taylor. He can only make an investigation as to the lines of 
 territory that should be taken in ? 
 
 Secretary Fisher. Sure. 
 
 Mr. Taylor. That is a mooted question. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. The question is whether it is suitable for a 
 national park, has qualities for that purpose, and what territory 
 ought to be included. That ought to be the work of the superin- 
 tendent and director of the National Park Bureau, if one is created. 
 He ought to be the man to make the report as to whether we really 
 ought to make it an additional national park, or what we ought to do. 
 
 And there is not any more important question that ought to be 
 settled in the next few years than the Hot Springs cpestion down in 
 Arkansas. We have some of the most difficult c^uestions down there, 
 as your chairman knows, and they ought to be studied by men who 
 are capable of giving expert opinions. 
 
 The Chairman. Have you concluded your statement '. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. I have. 
 
 Mr. MoxDELL. ]Mr. Secretary, I think there is \w difference of 
 opinion as to the propriety of securing a better organization for the 
 care of the national parks. There is a question mvoh-cd, liowcvcr, in 
 this legislation, of the logical adjustment of a governmental bureau. 
 You pi'ojiosc, or this bill proposes rather, a bureau of public parks, 
 wdth an ofhcer at the head of it, at a salary of 16,000, which is a thou- 
 sand more than the Commissioner of the General Land OfTicc receives. 
 You have in your department the Bureau of Pensions, having to do 
 with a matter of very great importance and having very large appro- 
 priations. You have tlic Bureau of Palcnis, with u c(iiuniissi()n(M-; 
 you have three bureaus at the head of which arc directors — the 
 Reclamation Service, the Geological Sui'vcy, and the Bureau of 
 ]\Iines, aU of them large cjuestions. 
 
 Now, qiu-ry: Should we create a bureau — a governmental organi- 
 zation of the dignity of a bureau — to take charge of a service, which, 
 while important, is, as compared with those otlicr services, compara- 
 tively simple and limited in its jurisdiction and in its field of operations % 
 Could not the same result be obtained, and obtained in a way to leave 
 the administration in your department, more logically adjusted, and 
 secure the same results, by simply providing in your department a 
 division, at the head of wliich is a di^'ision chief in charge of these 
 matters '( 
 
 SccretarA- Fisher. I do not think it coul<l be accomplished as 
 effectively, Mr. Mondell. It could be done that way; yes. T have 
 myself attached very little importance to names, in any of these 
 matters. The thing to do is to get results. 
 
 Mr. MoxDELL. There is this importance in names: A commis.sioner, 
 a bureau, means a large independent organization. It means, neces- 
 sarily, a considerable expenditure in (he verv nalure of things. It 
 means a man entirelv divorced from all other matters in the depart- 
 ment; and if he is the right land of man, he is ambitious to build his 
 bureau up. A division may be just as eneifj,ctic and oftentimes I 
 
20 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PABK SERVICE. 
 
 think much more cf^.u^rnical in the (Hschart;(' of duties connected 
 with the pubhc Hcrvice. 
 
 Secreturv Fisiiku. I do not recognize thiit distincti</i). it may 
 exist. You liave been longer here in tlie public service tliau T have, 
 and \\>u luive formed vour conchisioiis. I do not tliink it wouhi 
 make a particle of diffeVence whether you call it the Xational Park 
 Service or Xational Park Bureau, oj- whether ynu call it a Division 
 of Xational Parks in the Department of the Interior, and establish 
 somebody as chief of the di^dsion. .Vs a matter of fact, it niust be 
 independent to some considerable extent. The man who is put at 
 the head of this service can not be used, incidentally, for other things 
 in the deiiartment. He will not have the ([Uidiiiciitions and ought 
 not to have. lie ought to be a man S|)ecudly qualifieij for those 
 ciuestions; and, if he is appointed, it make^ ^'ery little difference 
 whether you call him a chief of a division or the director of the servic(^ 
 
 Mr. AJoxDELL. For instance, you have in the General Land Office 
 a division that has to dn with all (if the mining ojierations through- 
 out the country. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. Yes. 
 
 Mr. MoNDELL. That is a very imjjortant service. No one would 
 suggest making a commissionei', and yet he performs an exceedingly 
 important service, being a chief of the division, and y(ju can utilize 
 for the service of the division the general organization of j^our legal 
 corps and administratiA'e cor])s of the department. "Whereas, when 
 you create a bureau, you gather in the bureau an independent corps, 
 administrative and legal, as suggested in this bill. For instance, you 
 have an Assistant Attorney Cleneral. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. Oh, no; oh, no. That is not proposed at all. 
 
 Mr. ]\IoNDELL. Well, you ha^■e an attorney, whose entire time is 
 })roiiose(l to be taken up with the administration of a few national 
 l)arks. ff this is ctdled a division, the legal questions arising in the 
 national parks would be taken care of by your general legal officers. 
 
 Secretary Fi.siier. That is just tlie reason wiiy f think it ought to 
 be, done this way. The legal qiiestious that arise in connection with 
 these matters in the parks, are wholh' difl'erent from the Cjuestions 
 arising ain' place else m the der>artim>nt. They relate to the permits, 
 hotel contracts, and things of tliat sort. ?iIost of them are going to be 
 peculiar, and we (inght (o have a man spe<dal]3'' assigned and detailed 
 to that work. He is going to get^ a considerable experience, which 
 will be of considerable value to him. I think it will be better to have 
 one man to handle those"questions, as a law ollieer in that division or 
 bureau, rather than assign tlu.ise (|uestions generally to the Attorney 
 General's Ofhce. I think you are wrong about that. 
 
 _Mr. ;\loNi)ELn. Well, the Pension Oilu'e is a very important olHce 
 and yet the Pension Ollice utilizes your general legal officers. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. Oh, no. 
 
 ^fr. MoxDEi.L. In connection \\ith that business. 
 
 Secretar}' Fisher. Oh, yes. It does, to a certain extent. There 
 would be no difference here. For instance, in the proposed National 
 Park Service, the important questions would go over to the Attorney 
 General's Oflice, just as they do now. Just as in the Patent Office, 
 there are lawyers who pass on these ciuestions, and then the questions 
 of appeal, which are of the greatest importance, only come to the 
 Department of the Interior to be approved, and they are carried to 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PAEK SERVICE. 21 
 
 the Aysistant Attorney General's Office on appeal, and then from the 
 Assistant Attorney General's office to the Board of Appeals — a board 
 of lawyers who pass on those very unportant questions, who have 
 specialized for this very purpose. You undertook to get rid of them — 
 not you, but Congress did — and we had to ask that they be restored 
 to a certain extent, because we could not possibly get along without 
 them. Now, to have men in the Attorney General's Oflicc, generally, 
 attend to general appeals, is a total mistake. 
 
 It is not proposed to create a bureau in such a sense as you have 
 described it. In the first place, what you say about salaries of the 
 heads of these different services, like the Geological Survey, and the 
 Bureau of Parks, and so on — they all get more money than is pro- 
 posed here. There is only one exception, I think, at the present 
 time. I think the present Commissioner of the General Land Office 
 (I think his compensation was fixed a great many years ago), and I 
 think one of the most important things for Congress to do is to In- 
 crease that compensation of the Commissioner of the General Land 
 Office. He ought to get more money. 
 
 Mr. MoxDELL. There is no (luestion about that; but when you 
 approach a man and ask him if that is a reasonable salary, you do 
 not get much encouragement, but when you propose to create a new 
 bureau, having charge of the parks, a relatively unimportant matter, 
 then you propose to give a large salary to some one, or several people, 
 in connection with that work. 
 
 Now, one other question: Mr. Secretary, is it not your idea after 
 the bureau is established, or if one is not established and you conduct 
 the parks under some sj^stem of a division in your office, that the work 
 of road construction in the parks should be transferred to your office 
 from the War Department ? 
 
 Secretary Fisher. My idea about that would be this : You have 
 questions of road construction, and the policy and location for the 
 roads ought to be divorced from the actual work of construction, which 
 should go on under the board of jVrm)' engineers, just as at ])rcsent 
 time. 
 
 ^Ir. MoNDELL. If you transfer the question of jurisdiction over the 
 roads, would it not be better, would it not be the onlj- logical thing 
 to do, to actually transfer the building organization ? 
 
 Secretary Fisher. Not necessarily. We find that the construction 
 could go on, but what we want to do is to see that tlic questions are 
 considered from the point of view of some coordinate, settled, and 
 determined policy, which is not true now, at all. 
 
 Mr. MoNDELL. For instance, we now make an appropriation for 
 roads in the sundry civil bill, under the War Department. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. Yes. 
 
 ^Ir. MoNDELL. Would it be your idea that this appropriation should 
 be transferred to the bureau or division of the Interior Department ? 
 
 Secretary Fisher. My idea is it should; but I think Congress ouglit 
 to provide in the appropriations for the work to be performed under 
 the War Department, or, in this case, that the Secretary of the Inte- 
 rior ought to arrange with the Seeretaiy of War to utilize the board 
 of Army engineers for the purpose of superintending oi- carrying on 
 this construction. 
 
22 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATfONAL PARK SERVICE. 
 
 Mr. ^roN-UELL. But tile responsibility loi- tlie cliuracter of the road 
 and general plan 
 
 Secretar\- Fisher. That ouoht to be in the Inteiior Department, 
 beeanse it is a pi'elirninajv and administrative question. Vou want 
 to look at th(K-;e roads iVoin tlie point of view of the use of this terri- 
 toi-\- for park purposes. After we loeate the I'oud and decide on the 
 location of it, then the construction problems would come under the 
 War Department, and ^^-e would utilize the Army engineers to super- 
 vise the construction. 
 
 Mr. MoNDELL. There is one other feature: Perhaps I take a differ- 
 ent view in regard to the policy of the Government in jcgai-d to the 
 national parks. In the administration of the national parks there are 
 important questions, and I might think a bureau was necessary; but 
 I happen to be one of those who take the view that we have about as 
 many national parks as wc ought to have as such, and that therefore 
 you have here given the dignity of a bureau oiganizati(jn, oi' propose 
 to, to a comparatively unimportant service. If we want to follow out 
 that method, according to the relative imjjortance of the stu'vice and 
 the relative import anc(> of the questions to be considered — if we want 
 to carry this through the Government service — we would have half a 
 dozen new bureaus in the departments. 
 
 Secretaiy Fisher. I do not think so. 
 
 Mr. ]\h3Xi>KLL. We will have ai)plications for bureaus in other de- 
 partments. 
 
 Secretary Fisher. I do not i-ecall any other bureau that we have 
 created in the de])artinent. The illustration you gave of the Land 
 Office seems to hv wholly inajjpiicable. The divisions in the Land 
 Office all relate to the Land Office, and Ihey are properly conducted 
 under the Commissioner of the General Lantl Office. Ihey have to 
 do with the public (h)main, and there are a great many rpiestions arise 
 about the park seiviee referred to nobody except me, as Secretary of 
 tlie Interior. There is no organization to handle them. 
 
 Mr. MoNUELL. Is it not simply the fault of the — I won't say the 
 Secretary, but the organization of the Secretary's office, that no 
 division has been jirovided for ^ One could have been provided for 
 at any time ? 
 
 Secretary Fisher. Well, ]\Ir. Mondell, of course there is not room 
 for dispute. This could be done through a division in tlie Secretary's 
 office. You could apply exactly tlie organization named in this bill, 
 but simply create it as a division of the Secretary's office; and. as I 
 say. I have no interest in names. I am interested in tlie substance 
 of things. If you tlid that all you would then do would be to deprive 
 that particular division of the (hgnity and importance which carries 
 some efficaciousness with it, that is proposed I>a,- this bill. 
 
 Mr. Mondell. But, of course you have addetl to the expense of 
 administration. 
 
 Seeretaiv Fisher. You would not add one dollar more expense in 
 the cost of administration of the National Park Service t)v creating 
 a bureau than would be expended by a division. 
 
 Mr. Kaker. Covdd y(ni give, approximately, an idea of the area 
 of these national parks; that is, a lump acreage '. 
 
 Seeretar}' Fisher. I have ne"S'er totaled it. 
 
 The Chairman, ^'ou can put that in the hearing. 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PAEK SERVICE. 23 
 
 Mr. UcKER. I believe I can give tliat now. The total area of the 
 12 national parks that I named here a while ago, and the national 
 monuments, is just a little bit less than the State of Massaclmsetts. 
 The State of Rhode Island could be put four times in the Yellowstone 
 Park. The total area of them is a little bit larger than Switzerland, 
 and just a little bit less than what is known as Ireland. 
 
 Mr. MoNDELL. A statement of areas mayor may not convey some 
 idea of the importance of the cjuestions involved. There are very 
 large areas, which I know of , where tliere are no questions of any im- 
 portance involved. 
 
 Mr. Raker. Mr. Mondell, you do not find any on earth that con- 
 tains the scenic beauty and grandeur and necessity for preservation 
 as m those national parks. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, may ^Ir. Ucker, in atldition to the statement 
 requested, give a statement as to tlie relative cost of handling these 
 parks, in connection with the statistical statement. 
 
 The Chairman. Yes. 
 
 Thereupon, at 11.55 o'clock a. m., the committee adjourned until 
 to-morrow, Thursday, April 25, 1912, at 10 o'clock a. m. 
 
 The report of the Secretary of the Interior called for by the chair- 
 man of the committee upon the hearing of the bUl is as follows: 
 
 Department of the Interior, 
 
 Washington, May 4, 1912. 
 Hon. Jos. T. EoBiNSON, 
 
 Chairman Public Lands CommitUi, Home of Hepresentatires. 
 My Dear Mr. Robinson: Referring to H. R. 16090, 22474, and 22995, to establish a 
 Bureau of National Parks or National Park Service, I herewith inclose, pursuant to 
 instructions from your committee, the following data: 
 
 1. Approximate estimate of cost of administratinn of the National Park >Servire in 
 Washington, D. C, for the fiscal years 1910, 1911, and 1912. 
 
 2. Statement of appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various 
 national parks, together with expenditures therefrom for the fiscal vears 1910, 1911, 
 and from July 1, 1911, to April 18, 1912. 
 
 3. Statement showing the amounts expended from the appropriations and revenues 
 of the national parks, under the Interior Department, for the construction of roads and 
 trails, and repair of roads, trails, bridges, and culverts, during the fiscal year ending 
 June 30, 1911. 
 
 4. Memorandum of appropriations for national parks expended under the super- 
 vision of the Secretary of War for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1910, June 30, 1911, 
 and June 30, 1912. 
 
 5. Statement showing the number of visitors to the national parks, 1906 to 1911. 
 
 6. Statement giving some comparative data as to area of national parks and of 
 certain States and foreign countries. 
 
 7. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1911, on pages 61 and 62 of 
 which will be found lists of the national parks and national monuments under the 
 Department of the Interior, arranged according to date of creation, and giving area 
 of each. On page 64 will be found a list of the national monuments under the control 
 of the Department of Agriculture and Department of War. 
 
 8. Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for 1911, on page 
 47 of which will be found table giving area of States and Territories. 
 
 At the hearing before your committee upon the bills referred to, at which the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior and myself were present in behalf of the department, I was infor- 
 mally asked to incorporate my ^'iews upon this point in this letter— whether I believed 
 that the national parks might become self-supporting. 
 
 I am decidedly of the opinion, after several years of close contact with the super- 
 vision of national-park work and after repeated personal visits to the national parks, 
 that if the national parks were put in the condition which would render them wholly 
 and adequately equipped to receive and care for a maximum of travel, charges were 
 carefully adjusted, a proper use or head tax imposed, and such parks as are not national 
 in character eliminated, and such areas of the public domain as should be included in 
 
24 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL, PARK SERVICE. 
 
 national reservations so included by legislative enactment, that the national parks 
 \v.)uld not only become self-supporting under wise and judicious administration, but 
 would ultimately reimburse the Gi)\'ernment for the moneys appropriated for road 
 building and other constructive work deemed necessary to fit the parks for the recep- 
 tion of a maximum of public travel. 
 
 It is to be understood, of course, that I am assuming that all the revenues derived 
 from the several national parks shall be covered into a common fund, and that this fund 
 shall be a\ailable in all the parks, so that the excess in one may be used for the possible 
 deficiency in another. 
 
 Mr. \V. B. Acker, jssistant attorney in the office of the Secretary, who has charge of 
 the miscellaneous section of the office of the chief clerk, in which is handled national 
 park matters, and who has had close supervision and connection with the national 
 park work since ISOO, concurs fully in this statement. 
 
 Verv truly, vours, Clement S. Ucker, 
 
 Chief Clerk. 
 
 Approximate (.sli.mo.te of cost of administration of the national parks in the office of the 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 The Secretary, $12,000, one-eighth time 
 
 The Assistant Secretary, S4,500, one-fourth time 
 
 The chief cleric, §i,50n, one-half time 
 
 The chief cleric, $4,000, one-half time 
 
 Assistant attorney, $2,500, three-foiu-ths time 
 
 Assistant attorney, S2,000, three-fourths time 
 
 Clerk, 51,000, full time 
 
 Clerk, 81,800, three-fourths time 
 
 Clerk, 81,400, three-fourths time 
 
 Clerk, .Sl,400, one-half time 
 
 Clerk, Sl,40O, one-fourth time 
 
 Clerk, $1,200, full time 
 
 Clerk, $1,200, one-halt time 
 
 Inspector, $2,600: 
 
 One-eighth time 
 
 Three-eighths time 
 
 Disbursing division: 
 
 Clerk, 81,800, one-eighth time 
 
 Clerk, 81,1.00, one-eighth time 
 
 Publications, printing and binding, clerk in charge, 82,250, one- 
 eighth tima 
 
 Supplies Division, clerk in charge, $2,250, one-twentieth time 
 
 Total 10, 943. 75 
 
 Fiscal years- 
 
 1910 
 
 $1,600.00 
 1, 125. 00 
 1,750.00 
 
 1, 875. 00 
 
 625. 00 
 
 1, 600. 00 
 
 225.00 
 200. 00 
 
 281. 25 
 112. 60 
 
 $1,600.00 
 1, 125. 00 
 
 2, 000. 00 
 1, 875. 00 
 1, 600. 00 
 1,600.00 
 1, 200. 00 
 
 700.00 
 17,-j. 00 
 
 60C. 00 
 312. 50 
 
 226. 00 
 200. 00 
 
 281. 25 
 
 112. 50 
 
 31, 500. 00 
 1, 125. 00 
 
 2,000.00 
 1, 875. 00 
 1,600.00 
 1, 600. 00 
 1, 200. 00 
 
 700. 00 
 
 350. 00 
 
 1, 200. 00 
 
 BOO. 00 
 
 225.00 
 200. 00 
 
 281.25 
 1, 112. 80 
 
 15.406,26 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PAEK SERVICE. 
 
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ESTABLISHMENT OP A JJATIONAL PARK SEEVICE. 
 
 27 
 
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 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PAKK SERVICE. 
 
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ESTABUSHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK SERVICE. 
 
 29 
 
 Statement shoiving the amounts expended from the appropriations and revenues of the 
 national parks under the Interior Department for the construction of roads and trails and 
 repair of roads, trails, bridges, and culverts during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911. 
 
 Name of national park. 
 
 Constmction 
 or roads. 
 
 Construction 
 of trails. 
 
 S906. 41 
 
 5,635.31 
 
 3 3,701.76 
 
 3 300. 00 
 
 Repair of 
 roads, trails, 
 bridges, and 
 
 culverts. 
 
 
 
 
 Yosemite 
 
 Glacier 
 
 1 $30, 997. 70 
 3 2,000.00 
 
 2 84,751.66 
 
 
 « 1,636.57 
 
 Mesa Verde 
 
 15,478.38 
 
 
 
 3,113.03 
 
 3,181.58 
 
 General Grant 
 
 80.38 
 
 3 60. 00 
 
 Piatt 
 
 
 » 406. 29 
 
 
 299. 76 
 
 
 
 3 500. 00 
 
 3795.02 
 
 
 
 
 Total - 
 
 48,556.46 
 
 14,156.51 
 
 11,120.77 
 
 1 Includes estimated amount of $12,000. 
 
 2 Includes estimated amount of $3,888.06 and $863.50. 
 
 3 Approximated amounts. 
 
 ^ Includes estimated amount of S242.7S. 
 ^ Includes estimated amount of $30.44. 
 
 Appropriations for Yellowstone and Mount Rainier National Parks, expended under 
 supervision of the Secretary of War, for the fiscal year ending June SO, 1910. 
 
 [Sundry civil act approved Mar. 4, 1909.) 
 
 Improvement of the Yellowstone National Park: For maintenance and 
 repairof improvements, S6.5,000, to be expended by and under the direction 
 of the Secretary of War, and to be immediately available ! . $C5, 000 
 
 Mount Rainier National Park: For completion of the wagon mad into said 
 park from the west, heretofore surveyed and commenced, under the direc- 
 tion of the Secretary of War, to be immediately available 25, 000 
 
 Appropriations for national parks, eipended under supervision of the Secretary of War, 
 for the fiscal year ended June SO, 1911. 
 
 (Sundry civil act approved June 25, 1910.] 
 
 Yellowstone National Park: For maintenance and repair of improvements, 
 including s20,000 for improvement of the roads leading intn the park from 
 the eastern and southern boundaries, S75,000, to be expende<l by and under 
 the direction of the Secretary of War, and to be immediately available: 
 Provided, That no portion of the appropriation shall be expended for the 
 removal of snow from the roads for the purpose of opening them in advance 
 of the time when they will be cleared by seasonal changes 175, 000 
 
 Crater Lake National Park: For surveying, locating, and preparing plans 
 
 and estimates for roads and trails in Crater Lake National Park, Oreg., and 
 
 ' to cover all expenses incident thereto, to be expended under the direction 
 
 of the Secretary of War 10, 000 
 
 Mount Piainier National Park: For additional work upon the wagon road into 
 said park from the west, heretofore surveyed and commenced, under the 
 direction of the Secretary of War, to be immediately available 25, 000 
 
 110, 000 
 
30 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK SEBVICE. 
 
 Appropriiilions for VellovslDiif National I'lirh, erpender] iiiirJer supen:isioii of the 
 Sciri'lafji of War, for I lir fiscal year enrlinq June -10, 191.'. 
 
 (Sundry civil act approved Mar, 4, 1911,] 
 
 Yellowstone National Park: For maintenance and repair of improvements, 
 including $2,500 for maintenance of roads leudinf,' out of the jjark from the 
 east and south boundaries and such amount a,>^ i))ay be necessary to extend 
 the road to properly connect with the new Canyon Hritel, -STO.UOO, to be 
 expended by and under the direction of the Secretarv of War, a)id to lie 
 immediately available: Provider/, That no portion f)f this appropriation 
 shall be expended for the removal of snow from any of the roads for the pur- 
 pose of opening them in advance of the time when they will be cleared by 
 seasonal changes ". $70,000 
 
 Visitors to 
 
 aatioiial 
 
 parts, 19(iii-l''-tll 
 
 
 
 
 Parks, 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 Yellows! uDo 
 
 YosenDli- 
 
 17,182 
 
 5,414 
 
 700 
 
 900 
 
 l,7,M.i 
 
 16,414 
 
 7,102 
 
 900 
 
 1,100 
 
 2, 0|■.,^ 
 
 19,545 
 ,S,,s.50 
 1,251 
 1,773 
 3,511 
 SO 
 5,275 
 3,171 
 
 20,000 
 250 
 
 32, 545 
 
 13,182 
 
 S.54 
 
 79K 
 5, 90S 
 
 1(.5 
 
 4,171 
 
 3,210 
 
 25,000 
 
 190 
 
 19,575 
 
 13,019 
 
 2,407 
 
 1,17S 
 
 S 000 
 
 250 
 
 5 , OOfl 
 
 3,3S7 
 
 25,000 
 
 190 
 
 120,000 
 
 23,064 
 12 530 
 
 Sequoia 
 
 3!ll4 
 
 Mount Rainier 
 
 10,306 
 206 
 
 Mesa Verde i ' , . . 
 
 
 1 , yoo 
 
 2,,S,K7 
 
 2,000 
 
 2s, 000 
 400 
 
 2 4,500 
 3 887 
 
 \\ind Cave 
 
 Piatt = 
 
 30 000 
 
 SullvsHills. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.30, 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 No record kept, 1906 and 1907, 2 Xo rrcord kept, 1906, 
 
 = EstiiTiatocl, ) No record kept, 1906-1909, 
 
 Notp: I'latl Nal)0]ial Park— actualcount of visitors duringl911 was03,149, A^ many persons included 
 in the count vi,si)eii the park several times during the season, 30,000 is est ]i))alrd as the number of indi- 
 v)iiaals who \")sitetl till- park, 
 
 [Memorandum,] 
 
 Dep.^rtment op the Interior, 
 
 Wasliiiuiton, Mail i, lfil\ 
 The Ahsist'iiit SHcrc'liir>- of (hi' I)i1i'riiir Di'iiarlmi-nt, in a rcront addn.-s,-^ bi-l'iiro the 
 American Scpiiii' and lli.'jtorii' A,«sociation, in New York City, i;aVH some interesting 
 statistic,-* with respect to (hi- arra of (hr national parks, and thcsi' tisjuri'S ari' accurate 
 and havi- biM-ii \-i'rified Hi- stati-d that the Yi-llnustuni- National Park is two-thirds 
 the size of Ihi- 8tati' of ( 'nniuMtii-nt, and that oin- could lay little Rhode Island down 
 into Yi'llow stone's liordors ncarU' three limes; that the Yosi'iiiiti' would make a State 
 just the size of Rhodo Islana; that thi^ total area of all our national parks is ovor 4,000,- 
 ss than the entire State of MassaclDisetts, and that to carry the 
 Atlantio is bjil little lo.ss than that of \\'alos and is almost half 
 
 000 acres, but little 1 
 coni])arisoii aei-oss tin 
 that of Switzerland, 
 
 ' 'oiii /laralivi? slntrmcnt. 
 
 National paiks, | .\cre.s, 
 
 Yellowstone i i 2, t42,720,00 
 
 Yosemite 719, )i22 00 
 
 Total area of all parks ; - 4,606,1.53,85 
 
 State or eouutr,\", | .Veres, 
 
 Porto Rico J 2,198,400 
 
 Connecticut i 3,177,600 
 
 Delaware ] 1,516,800 
 
 P hollo Island 79s, 720 
 
 do I 798,720 
 
 New ,lersey 5,263,360 
 
 Massacluisetts | 5,290,240 
 
 Wales 4,712,300 
 
 .Switzerland.- 10,224,640 
 
 I _ Ilawa)) 4,127,360 
 
 Total area of all parks and national I 6,115,1/985 A'ennorii 6,120.960 
 
 monuments. ! I 
 
 1 Approximately two-thirds the area of Connecticut, one and one-fourth times the area of Delaw are, and 
 two and two-thirds times the area of Rhode Island, 
 
 2 Approximately one-half the area of Switzerland 
 
 .\eres. 
 
 Total area of all national parks 4, 606, 153. s5 
 
 Total area of national monuments under Interior Department . s3,921.00 
 
 Total area of national monuments under ApTicultural Department 1,425,100.00 
 
 Total area of national monuments under War Department ,5 00 
 
 Total area of national parks and national monuments 6, 115, 179, 8,5 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PAKK SERVICE. 31 
 
 Natioxai, Parks and Reservations. 
 
 The policy of setting; aside tracts of land in various sections of the United States as 
 pleasure grounds for the people was inaugurated by Con,i,'rcss by the act of March 1, 
 1872, in establishing the Yellowstone National Park, in Wyoming, and thereafter 
 from time to time other lands in various sections of the country were set aside for 
 such purpose and as a practical means of preserving the wonders of nature therein 
 from desecration. These reservations now aggregate 12 in number, embracing over 
 4,500,000 acres, to which should be added the (irand (^anyon of the Colorado River, 
 for the creation of which as a national park recommendations have heretofore been 
 submitted. 
 
 The areas of these parks, with date of establishment of each, are as follows: 
 
 Date of 
 establishment. 
 
 Yellowstone, in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho Mar. 1,1872 2,142,720.00 
 
 Yosemite, in California Oct. 1, ls9i) 719, B22. 00 
 
 Sequoia, in CaUlornia Sept . 25, 1890 161 , 597. 00 
 
 General Grant, in California Oct 1.1890 2.536.00 
 
 Mount Ranier, in Washington Mar. 2,1899 207,360.00 
 
 Crater Lake, in Oregon Mav 22,1902 159,360.00 
 
 Wind Cave, in South Dakota Jan. 9.1903 10,522.00 
 
 Sullys Hill, in North Dakota Apr. 27, 1904 | 780.00 
 
 Piatt, in Oklahoma fi"'j' 21' 1904 '} ^^^'^^ 
 
 Mesa Verde, in Colorado I June 29! 1906 I 42,376.00 
 
 Five-mile strip for protection of ruins ..do I 175,360.00 
 
 Hot Springs Reservation, in Arkansas June 16,18801 911.63 
 
 Glacier, in Montana Mav 11,1910 1 981,681.00 
 
 Total 4. 606, 153. M 
 
 Public interest in these national reservatiims, not only in thi-^ counlry, but abroad, 
 is constantly increasing, as is indicated by the number of vi.sitnr.s thereto. During 
 the past year the total number of visitors to all these parks aggregated ajiproximately 
 224,000, as against 198,506 in 1910. There is every reason to believe that travel 
 thereto will be greatly augmented in the future, especially during 1915, when the 
 Panama-Pacific International Exposition will be held in San Francisco, and the 
 various transcontinental roads will doubtless provide a transportation rate calcu- 
 lated to attract visitors to the various reservations as well as to the exposition. 
 
 For the purpose of bringing together the superintendents of the \'arious parks and 
 discussing the many difficult problems presented in the administration of the affairs 
 of each, I presided at a conference held under my direction in the Yellowstone 
 National Park in September, 1911, at which there were in attendance the assistant 
 secretary, the chief clerk, and other representatives of this department, representa- 
 tives of the Departments of Agriculture and War, the various transcontinental rail- 
 roads, and of concessionaires in the se\"eral reser\ations. Many phases of park 
 administration were discussed, including hotel accommodations, public transporta- 
 tion, construction of roads, trails, and bridges, fire protection, forestry, protection of 
 game, and the enforcement of the park regulations generalh'. This conference 
 should result in more effective administration than it has heretofore been practicable 
 to secure. The consensus of opinion, however, at the conference was that develop- 
 ment of the national reservations should proceed along more liberal lines than has 
 heretofore obtained and that the supervision of the activities of the various parks 
 should be centralized in a bureau especially charged with such work. 
 
 There are hereto appended tables giving the location, date of establishment, area, 
 private holdings, if any; the number of visitors, and the special characteristics of the 
 various national parks under the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior; the 
 appropriations made by Congress for the protection and impro\'ements thereof during 
 1911 and for five years prior thereto, as well as the re\-enues derived from leases, 
 privileges, and concessions in said reservations received during the said period. 
 
 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AND PRESERVATION OF AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 By an act approved June 8, 1906, entitled "An act for the preservation of Ameri- 
 can antiquities," the President of the United States is authorized, "in his discre- 
 tion, to declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric 
 structures, and other objects of hi.storic or scientific interest that are .situated upon 
 
32 
 
 ESTABLISHMEKT OF A NATIONAL PAEK SERVICE. 
 
 the lands owned di- controlled by the (i 
 monuments." Under such authority 
 monuments: 
 
 ivernment of the United States to be national 
 the President has created the following 
 
 Malii/nal monumetils iirlDiintxffntl by Interior Department. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Ui\ils Tower.. . 
 Muntezunia Cli^I 1i- 
 
 El Morro 
 
 Cliaco Canyon 
 
 Muir Woo'ls I 
 
 Pinuacli's 
 
 Tuiiiaoacori 
 
 .\lLikunl Liweap 
 
 .Sho^hoTH' Cavern ........ 
 
 Natural I'ridi^e,^ ' 
 
 ("Jrau Quivira 
 
 Sitka 
 
 Rainbow Briit^'r * 
 
 LewLS anil Clark ('a\'ern. 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Petrifled l-'ore-l 
 
 A\"\uniin^; ' Sept. 24, 
 
 Arizona ...I Dec. S, 
 
 New Mexico do. . 
 
 do .Mar. 11, 
 
 California ] Jan. 9, 
 
 ....do I Jan. 16, 
 
 .■Arizona Sept. 15, 
 
 ...do ; Mar, 20, 
 
 IMli 
 1906 
 
 Utah July 31 
 
 ^^ yoming I Sept. 21 
 
 Utall I Sept. 25, 
 
 New Mexico Nov. 1, 
 
 Alaska Mar. 2:!, 
 
 Ulali May 30. 
 
 Montana Mav 16, 
 
 Colorado ' Mav 24, 
 
 Arizona .lulv 31, 
 
 191)7 
 191 IS 
 19(IK 
 19IIS 
 19119 
 1909 
 1909 
 1909 
 1909 
 1910 
 1910 
 1911 
 
 1911 ; 
 
 1911 
 
 Tulal. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 1,152 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 
 20,629 
 
 295 
 
 2 2,080 
 
 10 
 
 ■'600 
 
 2 15, 840 
 
 210 
 
 2 2,740 
 
 2 160 
 
 257 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 
 13,. 883 
 
 2.5,62.5 
 
 83.921 
 
 ' Uonalcd lo the Cnited Stales. 
 - Esturuneii area. 
 1 AVitlnn an Indian reservation. 
 ' Based on 15 known ruins with a re.served area 
 traef speciiied in proclamation contain 918,310 acres 
 5 Originally set a^lde b\^ proclamation of .\pr Hi. li.*iis, and contained only 120 acres. 
 
 ( 40 
 
 ores surrounding each ruin. Exterior limits of 
 
 ]!y proiUuiuition of Jhiy 24, 1911, a new national monument under the department 
 has lieen created, de:-i<;na(ed as (he ColdRidn National Menurnent, Colorado. The 
 lands embraeed wilhin Ibis reservation are in part identical with those included within 
 the bouiidarie.s of the Jbmument National Park jiropesed in H. R. 22.549, introduced 
 in the .Sixty-lirsl (unnress, which failed of jiassajre. The monument, however, con- 
 tains nearly -'j.flOO acres ef land less than the area jnojtosed to l>e segregated by the 
 national-park bill. 
 
 In the ease of the Lewis and ( lark < 'a vein Monument, .Montana, set aside by procla- 
 mation of May 11, 190S, a new jirnelamatioi. was issued on May 16, 1911, more spe- 
 cilicallv definiuLj the boundaries Ihereol. 
 
 The Pinnai'les Nalional Monument, Cahfoi ma, was set aside by a proclamation dated 
 January Hi. IIKIS, at which time it vras under the sii])ervision of the Secretary of Agri- 
 culture, beiui,' within a national I'orest By iin.iclamalion dated December 12, 1910, 
 the lands on which this monument is located were eliminated fi'on the national forest, 
 and sinee (hat dale it has lieen under snjiervision of the Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 The Petrified forest National iionumeni, Arizona, was ori'einally set aside on 
 Der'einber ,S, 1906, with an area of (;0.77(i aere.s. The definite location of the prin- 
 cipal de|.o-ii- of silicified wood was not known, the intention being lo reduce the 
 area aller the lands could lie examined and (he location of the valuable deposits 
 determined, i luring the year Dr. (ieor^-e P. Merrill, head curator of geology. National 
 Museum, visited the reservation al the instance of this deiiartment, and submitted 
 a re)iorl thereon recommending the reduetnm of the metes and bounds of the reserva- 
 tion and sueoestiug the set^reeation of such jiortions (hereof as are desirable for the 
 use of collectors havin;,' permits under the act of June .s, 1908, to take specimens of 
 silicifieil wood from the reservation This report met with the ap]iroval of the depart- 
 ment, and accordingly, on July 31, 1911, a new proclamation was issued reducing the 
 area of the Pelriiied Forest National Monument (o 2-5.625 acres. 
 
 The su])er\-isioii of these various monuments has, in the absence of any specific 
 appi'ii])riatioii for their protection and iiniuoveraent, necessarily bei n intrusted to 
 the field olHceis of (he ilepar(meut having c liarL^e of the terridiry i'n w-hich the several 
 monumenls are located. This sU])ervision in many instances is necessarily limited, 
 and consideralde difficuhy Ikh been experienced in ]irotec(ino the monunieuts froni 
 vandalism, unauthorized ex]ilora(ion, and spolialion. It is recommended that ade- 
 qtiati' a])iifo]iia'alioii be made by ( 'ongress for (.he ]irolcc(ion and improvement of these 
 reservalion-. i »nly such monuments as, in the judgment of (he Secre(aiv of the 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK SERVICE. 
 
 33 
 
 Interior, are subject to depredations by vandals and unauthorized collectionB on the 
 part of the public should be provided with a custodian or superintendent. 
 
 The following national monuments are not administered by the Secretary of the 
 Interior. Those that should be continued should he placed under the proposed 
 Bureau of National Parks. 
 
 Xational monuments administered by Department of Agricidturr. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Stat*. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Area. 
 
 
 
 May 6.1907 
 do 
 
 Acres. 
 1 5.120 
 
 
 do 
 
 1 1,280 
 
 
 
 Nov. 16,1907 
 Dec. 19,1907 
 Jan. 11,1908 
 Feb. 7, 1908 
 Dec. 17.1908 
 Mar. 2,1909 
 July 12.1909 
 July 6,1911 
 
 160 
 
 Tonto 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 '640 
 
 
 do 
 
 1 806,400 
 
 Jewel Cave 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 1 1,280 
 
 Wheeler 
 
 Colorado . 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 1608,640 
 
 Oregon Caves . - ... 
 
 Oregon 
 
 480 
 
 Devil's Postpile 
 
 California . - 
 
 800 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,425.100 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Estimated area. 
 National monument administered by War Department. 
 
 Name. 
 
 State. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Area. 
 
 
 
 June 23,19101 
 
 Acres. 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 47031—12 3 
 
 1 Set aside by Executive order. 
 
34 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OP A NATIONAL. PARK SERVICE. 
 
 STATIHTICS RELATING TO THE DISPOSITION OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 
 
 Area of Stales and Territories. 
 
 [Based upon careful joint ralculalions made in the General Land Office, the Geological Survey, and the 
 
 Bureau of the Census.) 
 
 Stales or Territories. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Cohirad.) 
 
 Coiinerlicul 
 
 1 K'lawaro 
 
 I'L^Irirl 01 Culnmljl;) . 
 
 Florida 
 
 < ;eor;<in . . . . , 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Ka 
 
 v.ansas. 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maiuc... 
 
 Maryland ....... 
 
 Massarhusel Is... 
 
 Mirhifjan 
 
 Mitnicsdia 
 
 Missis.^ippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Man! ana 
 
 Kel'raska 
 
 Nexaila 
 
 New Ilampshiic 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New Me\n() 
 
 New York 
 
 North ( 'arolina. . 
 North Jiaknia... 
 
 <ihin 
 
 ( )kiahoma 
 
 Oregon 
 
 renns\i\ ania. . 
 Rhode Island... 
 Soul h < 'arolina 
 .Soiilh Jjakota.. 
 
 'l>nlle^see 
 
 Texas 
 
 Ttali- 
 
 \'erinunl 
 
 V'uKinia 
 
 Waslutinton.... 
 A\'c^l \'irginia. . 
 
 "Wisconsiti 
 
 \\'>'nmill^ 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Guam 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 Panama Canal strip — 
 
 Philippine Islands 
 
 Porto Kico 
 
 Tutuila Group, Samoa. 
 
 Land surface. 
 
 Sq. miles. 
 .51,279 
 113,810 
 52, .«5 
 
 155,li.52 
 
 103, 1 SS 
 
 4,H2I) 
 
 l,9li5 
 
 eo 
 ,-i4,Ki;i 
 r-,K.T2o 
 
 Total - 
 
 XL: 
 
 .-i4 
 
 .iii,ii4:i '. 
 :!.5,si.i 
 .">.i,.586 
 ,sl.774 
 411.181 1 
 4.i,4l)H 
 L'i-l,.Sll.') 
 9,041 
 8, 1)39 
 ,">7,4,Sl) 
 8ll,,s.5s 
 4(i. :iia 
 iw,7'.;7 
 
 14ti.;illl 
 76.SIIS 
 
 11)9. S21 
 H.D.fl 
 7. .014 
 
 1L'2..-,I« 
 47.li.54 
 4S,74I) 
 711. 18.3 
 40,740 
 119.414 
 9.5,i;i)7 
 44.,s:» 
 1,11117 
 :iii,49.5 
 
 7ll.,siis 
 
 4i.i;s7 
 
 2lU.;i9S 
 
 ,V_'.lS4 
 9. 124 
 40,2112 
 
 (;ii,,s;{ii 
 
 -Acre.':. 
 
 :i2,8l8,.-iio 
 72,8:«,4II0 
 :f3, hill, 01)1) 
 99,1117,2,80 
 III'., 341, 121) 
 
 ;),i)s4,.s()o 
 1.2.57, i;i)o 
 
 :!8,400 
 .■"!,'), 111,040 
 ,'i7,, 5,84, 000 
 
 .5:i,.'i4n,.5i'i0 
 ,'1.5,.SIi7,.520 
 
 2:i,oiw,8i)o 
 
 3,5, ,57.), 040 
 ,52, .335, .31 ill 
 ■2,5,71,5,,840 
 29,0lil,7lil) 
 19, 132, ,81 II) 
 Ii,3li2,24l) 
 ,5,144,9l'ill 
 30,7,87,201) 
 51,749,1-20 
 29,071,080 
 43,9,S,5,2S(I 
 93, 51 is. 040 
 41), 157, 1211 
 70,2,'i.5,44l) 
 5,779.S40 
 4.. SI )8, 900 
 7s, 401, 920 
 .30,498..5l'iO 
 31,193.600 
 44.917. 1'2I) 
 20,073,000 
 44.424.900 
 lil,18S,4,SI) 
 ■28,K92,4SII 
 0,S2,8SI) 
 19. 510. SOU 
 49,195,520 
 20,li79,lisl) 
 )34,7'2I) 
 
 II 
 
 
 7 I'll) 
 
 5,S39,3I'.0 
 '25, 7ii7, lisl) 
 42,775,040 
 15, 374, USD 
 35.3l'i3.840 
 02,400, 100 
 
 Water surface. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 wiles., 
 
 719 
 
 140 1 
 
 810 
 
 2,045 
 
 L",-lll 
 
 145 
 
 405 
 
 10 
 
 3,81)5 
 
 ,540 
 
 534 
 
 022 
 
 309 
 
 561 
 
 3X4 
 
 417 
 
 3,097 
 
 3, 145 
 
 2,380 
 
 227 
 
 500 
 
 :l,,S24 
 
 503 
 
 I.i9,i 
 
 790 
 
 712 
 
 809 
 
 311) 
 
 710 
 
 131 
 
 1.5,50 
 
 3,0,S0 
 
 l>54 
 
 300 
 
 04:', 
 
 1,092 
 
 294 
 
 181 
 
 494 
 
 747 
 
 335 
 
 3,49,s 
 
 2,,sl)ii 
 
 440 
 
 2,305 
 
 2, '291 
 
 14,s 
 
 SIO 
 
 320 
 
 2, 973,, SOI) ,1,91)3,289,600 i ,52,899 
 
 Acre.H. 
 
 400,160 
 
 93, 440 
 
 518,41)0 
 
 l,li92,xl)0 
 
 185,lil)0 
 
 92,890 
 
 '2.59,200 
 
 0,4110 
 
 2,435,200 
 
 3 45,000 
 
 ,141,700 
 
 398, DSO 
 
 197,7'iO 
 
 3,59,040 
 
 245, 71.0 
 
 200,880 
 
 1.9,82,080 
 
 2,012,8111) 
 
 1,527,040 
 
 145,'2SII 
 
 3211, 000 
 
 2,447,300 
 
 321,9'20 
 
 44,!,,5'20 
 
 ,509,440 
 
 455, OsO 
 
 ,550.1011 
 
 los.ioo 
 
 454.400 
 
 S3. S40 
 
 992,000 
 
 2,3,59,040 
 
 41S,500 
 
 192,000 
 
 4 11.. 520 
 
 li9S.S,SI) 
 
 ISS. 100 
 
 115.840 
 
 310.160 
 
 47s. USD 
 
 214,-11)0 
 
 2,2:18,720 
 
 1,795,,S40 
 
 281,600 
 
 1,513,601) 
 
 1,406.240 
 
 94.7'20 
 
 518.400 
 
 204, 800 
 
 Sq. miles. 
 
 51,998 
 
 113,966 
 
 63,335 
 
 1.58,297 
 
 103,948 
 
 4,965 
 
 2,370 
 
 70 [ 
 
 ,58,060 
 
 59,205 
 
 83,,S88 
 
 50,665 
 
 30,354 
 
 50,147 
 
 82,1,58 
 
 40,, 598 
 
 48, ,51)6 
 
 :i3,ii40 
 12,327 
 8. '206 
 57,9,S0 
 ,84,l'.,S2 
 40,, 865 
 09,4211 
 
 146,997 
 77,,5'2l) 
 
 110,690 
 9,341 
 ,s.224 
 
 122,034 
 49,204 
 52,426 I 
 70,,s:!7 
 41,1)40 
 70.057 
 96. 699 
 4.5. 1'26 
 1.248 
 30,9,S9 
 77,615 
 42,022 
 
 2l'a.S96 
 S4.990 
 9.564 
 42,027 , 
 69, 1'27 
 24.170 
 56,066 
 97,914 
 
 Acres. 
 33,278,720 
 72,931,840 
 34,1.34,400 
 161,310,080 
 66,626,720 
 3,177,600 
 1,516,800 
 44,800 
 37,546,240 
 37,929,000 
 53, 688, .320 
 30,265,600 
 23,266,560 
 .3.5,934,080 
 52,581,120 
 25,982,720 
 31,043,840 
 21,145,600 
 7,8.89,280 
 5,290,240 
 37,107,200 
 54,196,480 
 29,993,600 
 44,428,800 
 94.078,080 
 49.012,800 
 70,841,600 
 5,978,240 
 5,263,360 
 78,485,760 
 31,490,560 
 33,. 5.52, 640 
 45.:f:i5,OsO 
 '26,20.5.000 
 44.S'!0.480 
 61,SS7,360 
 2s,ss0.640 
 79S.7'20 
 10,s,12.960 
 49,1173.600 
 26,s94,0S0 
 170.173.440 
 54.:)93,600 
 6.120,960 
 27,281,280 
 44.241,280 
 15,468,800 
 35., 882, 240 
 62,664.960 
 
 33,865,300 
 
 3,0'26,7,S9 
 
 590, 884 
 
 210 
 
 6, 449 
 
 474 
 
 116,026 
 
 3,435 
 
 1,937,144,900 
 
 378,165,760 
 
 KM, 400 
 
 4,127,360 
 
 ,303,360 
 
 73,616,640 
 
 2,198,400 
 
 49,280 
 
 3,743,344 : 2,395,740,160 
 
 Owinc to their location adjoining the Groal Lakes, tbe Stales enumerated l.ielow contain approximately 
 an additional number of square miles as foUoivs: Illinois, 1,074 square miles of Lake MichiKan; Indiana, 
 230 square miles of Lake Michigan; Michigan, 10,653 square miles of Lake Superim, 12,922 M|uarc miles 
 of Lake Michigan, 9,925 square miles of Lake Tl uron, and 400 square miles of Lakes, St, I'lair ani:l Krie; Min- 
 nesota 2,514 square miles of Lake Superior; New York, 3,140 square miles of Lakes < iiilauo and Kric; uhio, 
 3 443 square miles of Lake Erie; ]='ennsylvania, 891 square miles of Lake Eric; ^^'isconsi)), 2,:!7s square 
 miles of Lake Superior and 7,600 square miles of Lake Michigan. 
 
 In addition to the water areas noted above, California claims jurisdiction over all Pacific waters lying 
 within 3 English miles of her coast; Oregon claims jurisdiction over a similar strip of the Paoiflc Ocean 
 1 marine league in -width between latitude 42° north and the mouth of the Columbia River; and Texas 
 claims jurisdiction over a strip of Gulf water 3 leagues in width, adjacent to her coast and between the 
 Rio Grande and the Sabine River.