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CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
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 Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924012462838 
 
GENERA.L HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MUERAY KOYAL INSTITUTION 
 
 [ FOE THE INSANE, ] 
 
 PERTH: 
 
 From its establishment in 7827 
 To the end of the first Half-century of its existence in 1877. 
 
 Nh 
 
 / 
 
 B-y 
 
 W/LAUDER LINDSAY, M.D., F.R.S.E., 
 
 PHYSICIAN TO THE INSTITUTION. 
 
 PERTH: 187 8. 
 
cornelCX 
 universityj 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
THE IHDRRAY ROYAL INSTITUTION LITERARY GAZETTE. 
 
 " W^iat an the aims,, which are at the same time duties 9 They are the perfecting of ourselves, the happiness 
 
 erf others" — Kan't. 
 
 N9- 37- 
 
 JANUARY, 1877. 
 
 THE MURRAY ROYAL INSTITUTION 
 
 A HISTORY OP ITS ORI&IN AND PROGRESS ; 
 
 BEING THE RETROSPECT OF 
 
 HALF A CENTURY. 
 
 "Yet still, e'ett here- Content can spread a diarm:" 
 
 1. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 We have many reasons for supposing that some sketch — 
 however imperfect — of the origin and progress of an Insti- 
 tution, which is in certain respects unique in its way in 
 Scotland, and which attains during the present year the 
 respectable maturity of 50- years of age, will possess an in- 
 terest — different in its kind and degree in different cases, 
 no doabt — for various classes of our readers. 
 
 In the first place, there are many fomrer Residents — 
 wlethcF as Patients- or Officers — who have a warm heart to 
 what they fondly speak of-^-^by its short designation — as 
 "The Murray :" — sometimes with nrore special endearment, 
 and with less accuracy of phraseology — as "The old Murray." 
 It can only be a genuine affection or attachment to the place 
 and its associatrons that leads those who once dwelt within 
 its stout and quiet walls, but who have since gone forth to 
 fight the battle of life in our large noisy cities, to revisit us — 
 especially at festive seasons such as Christmas : that induces 
 them to talk about it among themselves and to their relatives 
 and friends as if it had been to them a sort of alma mater : 
 
 that urges them to write of it sometimes with as much 
 feeling as the Baroness Nairne wrote and sang of another 
 " Auld Hoose" not very far from us up Strathearn : that 
 gives rise to the " Sunny Memories," and to the Gratitude 
 Gifts from former Patients, described in " Excelsior''' (No. 5, 
 1858, p. 3), or to the various expressions of attachment 
 mentioned in the Annual Reports from time to time \e. g. in 
 28th, 1855, p. 9 : and 29th, 1856, p. 9]. However we may ex- 
 plain it — whatever its nature may be^the Murray has, and 
 has ever had, an attraction all its own for many not only of 
 those who have spent years — perhaps the better part of their 
 lives — within it : but occasionally of those who have merely 
 visited it casually. And such has been the strength of this 
 first and favourable impression — of this sort of "love at first 
 sight" — that it has even immediately and materially deter- 
 mined a career in life.. 
 
 Some of our former officials have no doubt realised the 
 truth of the Poet's saying; that 
 
 " Absence makes the heart grow fonder :" 
 
 they have found and felt that the world's goods — that place 
 and power — fame or fortune — cannot atone for what we can 
 only define — if it must be expressed in a single word — as 
 " Homeliness :" they have come to see that palatial resi- 
 dences — the delights offered by large cities — large emolu- 
 ment and positions of importance in the world's eye do not 
 make up for the quiet — the unpretentiousness — the rnrality 
 of a provincial Retreat like "The Murray." And those of us 
 who have resisted all the apparent or superficial fascinations 
 of Metropolitan positions, with their greater publicity, as well 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 as their higher pay, feel more and more cause to be satisfied 
 with what the Law of Compensation bestows upon us^— cer- 
 tain of the countervailing advantages of a retired, private, 
 country life. 
 
 There are then many former Inmates and Officers of the In- 
 stitution, who cannot have access to the official Documents 
 connected with its foundation and early history, to whom some 
 account of the circumstances attending its birth and youth- 
 ful years can scarcely fail to prove acceptable. And the 
 same holds true of many of the present inmates or officers : 
 for, though not a few of them have spent the better part of a 
 long life— in a few cases over 40 years — in the Institution, 
 or its- grounds, the majority cannot be acquainted with the 
 raison d'Ure of " The Murray," — cannot know why it is so 
 called, and what has been its eventful History. 
 
 An interest of an inferior kind, of course — but yet a 
 genuine interest — in the affairs of the Institution has been 
 over and over again expressed in a variety of ways by the 
 relatives, friends, or guardians of those who have resided, or 
 have proposed to reside, in it, whether as Patients or.Officers. 
 Nothing is more common than to be asked how it comes to 
 be called the " Murray'^ Royal Institution, and what are its 
 distinctive features ? 
 
 Frequent inquiries are made, moreover, by strangers — 
 mostly but not always Physicians and Alienists — interested in 
 the History of Hospitals for the Insane in this country, and 
 in that Reform in the treatment of the Insane with which are 
 usually associated such names as those of Conolly, Pinel, or 
 Tuke. Our catechists are sometimes Americans — some- 
 times Russians, Swedes, or Germans : all men of high 
 general intelligence, and great special knowledge and ex- 
 perience, who regard such a History as ours as something 
 more than a mere local one. For, the History of the 
 Murray is but a reflection of the History of the development 
 and progress in Scotland of the modem mode of treating 
 the Insane. In the course of 50 years the Murray has seen 
 many strange vicissitudes in its structure as in its organisa- 
 tion. The contrast, in it or its History, between the Present 
 and the Past — the old and the new — the mediaeval and the 
 modern — is as marked as it well could be : and it cannot fail 
 to be instructive and suggestive to note the gradation of the 
 changes by which so striking a contrast has been effected. 
 Not more striking, however, is this contrast than is that which 
 has occurred in public and professional opinion in Scotland 
 within the same period as regards the Nature and Treatment 
 
 of Insanity. Naturally, the change in opinion has led to 
 change in practice : but it is only in such an establishment 
 as the Murray, constructed and organised when very different 
 views prevailed from those now current, that we have the 
 materials for tracing the nature and course of the change in 
 question. 
 
 In certain senses the Murray must be regarded as old — 
 in others as young or new. It is old mainly when viewed 
 by the light of the many changes that have just been referred 
 to. But in no other sense can it be said to be antiquated. 
 Men are not accounted old, but simply active and in full 
 vigour, at the age of 50; and still less are Institutions, that 
 have flourished for only half a century, to be considered 
 ancient. No doubt certain Institutions, like certain men, 
 may be said — as Bailey says in Festus — to 
 " Live in deeds, not years ;" 
 and in this sense, as already admitted, it must be confessed the 
 Murray has already lived a full and long life. It has witness- 
 ed many deeds of Revolution or Reform of so radical a kind 
 that they may fitly be designated deeds of Transformation : 
 demolitions and reconstructions of its fabric — reorganisations 
 of its staff — additions to its amenities have followed each 
 other so successively and bewilderingly that it may well be 
 said to be old in its experience of vicissitude. And we have 
 seen that the term '' old " is a familiar expression of endear- 
 ment — more pardonable than the slang denomination now- 
 adays so commonly applied by irreverent youth to those 
 who are eitlier very little or not at all its seniors, either in 
 years, experience, or wisdom. 
 
 On the other hand, our 50-years-old walls are apparently 
 untouched by Time ; and they are in fact so solid that they 
 are. not likely to tell of Time's ravages for a century to 
 come at least. The same may be said of our solid, sub- 
 stantial, handsome oak flooring, doors, tables and chairs 
 
 none of which, so far as the oak is concerned, are a whit 
 the worse, but all the better, for their wear and age. 
 
 Not only, however, must the Murray, fronj certain points 
 of view, not be regarded as old : but it must be considered 
 young— raoxt youthful indeed than ever. For, the object 
 and effect of the changes already mentioned have been to 
 keep the Institution not abreast simply, but in advance per- 
 haps, of the views and requirements of the age. The revol- 
 utions in structure and organisation that have been adverted 
 to are not yet completed. Changes can be made only in 
 summer instalments. And it has ever been borne in 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 view by the ruling authorities, that all opinion is progressive 
 and therefore liable to change : that all change of opinion 
 on such a subject as Insanity or the Insane must give rise 
 to corresponding change in practice : and that continuous 
 change in the future as in the past is synonymous with 
 Progress. In other words, we are prepared to renew our 
 youth from year to year, so as, if possible, to be always fresh 
 and vigorous : and the structural alterations still in progress — 
 the embellishment of the whole interior by the Painter's art 
 — and the copious additions to all the domestic elegancies of 
 furniture and fittings that have been carried out or made for 
 some years, and are not yet completed — ^form a very fitting 
 commencement of a new career of Half a century. 
 
 As will appear partly in the sequel (or elsewhere), there are 
 certain respects, perhaps, in which the Murray has led — and 
 may continue to lead — the way as an Institution for the 
 Insane. That is to say, it would appear to have been first 
 in the field in various operations which have since been 
 adopted by other establishments of similar character, but 
 greater size, apparently because their authorities have 
 regarded such operations as useful or desirable. And there 
 is one respect in which the Murray — in Scotland at least — 
 is unique : it is the only Institution for the Insane that 
 combines Publicity with Privacy — that admits no Paupers — 
 that, firom its limited size, is compelled to select its cases, and 
 treat them very much enfamille. 
 
 In the course of Half a century, almost all the authorities 
 who supervised the foundation of the Institution and the 
 regulation of its earlier affairs have gone to their long home. 
 And, though there are certain present Directors — such as our 
 good friend Sheriff Barclay — who can look back for more than 
 fortyyears upon the ever-varying aspect of its affairs, few of our 
 considerable and annually changing body of Directors are, 
 or can be, fully acquainted with the early History of an In- 
 stitution, to the management of whose current affairs they 
 give so much of their time and attention. 
 
 We submit then that we have " made out a case " in fa- 
 vour of some sort of sketch of the Origin and History of the 
 Murray during the first Half-century of its existence — by 
 showing how many classes of persons are likely to be in- 
 terested in or by such a History, and for what reasons. 
 
 In the cohxrans oi " Excelsior ," however, it is impossible 
 to do more than simply outline the subject : and indeed, in 
 a great many instances we must content ourselves by merely 
 giving references to published sources of information. 
 
 The History of the Murray Royal Institution is naturally 
 divisible into two great sections, viz. : — 
 
 1. Its General History — interesting to the General pub- 
 lic ; and 
 
 2. Its Medical History — interesting only to the Medical 
 public. 
 
 With the former section only have we here to do. Its 
 Medical History will 'find a more fitting medium for its 
 record elsewhere, and at a future time. 
 
 II. CHRONICLE. 
 
 Years, 
 1813 
 
 1821 
 1822 
 1826 
 
 1827 
 
 14 — Endowment — Deeds of Foundation. 
 
 Appointment of Trustees. 
 —Preparation of Plans. 
 — Conferences anent Plans. 
 I — Completion of Building. 
 
 Death of one of the Trustees — Robert Peddie. 
 — Charter of Incorporation printed. 
 
 First edition of Regulations and Bye-Laws published. 
 First General Meeting of Directors. 
 Opening of the Institution (ist July)- 
 1828 — First Annual Meeting of Directors. 
 
 First printed Annual Report of Directors and Physi- 
 cian. 
 1832 — Reduction of Minimum Board-Rate. 
 1836 — Construction of i. Additional (back) Wings. 
 2. Water Reservoir. 
 Appointment of i. Sheriff Barclay as an ex-officio 
 Director. 
 2. A Resident Medical Assistant. 
 1837 — Destruction by Fire of Roof and Upper Storey of 
 Main Building. 
 Resignation of first Resident (lay) Superintendent — 
 J. C. Simmonds. 
 1838 — Purchase of Farm [of 36 acres — at a cost of about 
 .£7000.] 
 Appointment of a Chaplain. 
 1839 — Death of first Chairman and surviving original Trus- 
 tee — David Beatson of Kirkpottie. 
 1842 — Official Tour of Inspection in England and France 
 
 — by the Physician. 
 1847 — Death of first Secretary — Alexander Mackenzie. 
 
EXCELSIOR, 
 
 1849 — Purchase of PitcuUen Bank Estate [at a cost of 
 £5500]. 
 
 1850 — Second edition of Regulations prbted. 
 
 Resident Medical Officer became also Superinten- 
 dent. 
 
 1853 — Appointment of Miss Giddings. 
 
 Separation of the offices of Matron and Housekeeper. 
 1854 — Appointment of Dr Lindsay. 
 
 Abolition of use of Mechanical Restraint. 
 
 Systematic Expansion of — 
 
 1. Industrial occupations. 
 
 2. Recreations. 
 
 3. Circulation of Newspapers and Serials. 
 
 4. Games and Sports — out-door and in. 
 
 5. Evening Parties. 
 Introduction of — 
 
 1. Theatricals — with regular Stage, and Play Bills. 
 
 2. Balls — ^including Costume or Fancy Balls, with 
 
 regular Music and Dance Programmes. 
 
 3. Concerts — Vocal and Instrumental — with print- 
 
 ed Programmes. 
 
 4. Classes — with printed Reports of Examining 
 
 Inspectors. 
 
 5. Lectures and Demonstrations — with printed 
 
 Prospectuses. 
 
 6. Readings and Recitations. 
 
 7. Conversazioni — including Scientific or other 
 
 Exhibitions. 
 
 8. Floral, Pictorial, and other forms of Decora- 
 
 tion. 
 
 9. Omnibus, Railway, Steamboat, and other Ex- 
 
 cursions — including Pic-Nics. 
 Establishment of a Libraiy. 
 185s — Introduction of — 
 
 X. Christmas Trees — on the large scale. 
 3. Magic Lantern and other Exhibitions, 
 Establishment of a 
 
 1. Museum. 
 
 2. Bazaar. 
 
 3. Private (Woirk) Fund. 
 1856 — First printed Report by Chaplain. 
 1857 — Establishment of "Excelsior." 
 
 Structural improvements connected with Water Sup- 
 ply — hot and cold. 
 
 1858— Reservation of the Institution for Non-paupers. 
 Third edition of Regulations. 
 Occupation of Pitcullen Bank as an official residence 
 
 by Dr Lindsay. 
 Full Medical Staff [of 3 officers, viz. :] 
 
 1. Consulting or Visiting Physician — in Perth. 
 
 2. Resident Physician — at Pitcullen Bank : and 
 
 3. Resident Medical Assistant — in the Institution. 
 1859 — Investigation of Water Supply. 
 
 Death of the first Physician — Dr Malcom. 
 1S63 — Transfer of Paupers to Murthly. 
 Structural alterations ! including 
 
 I. Abolition of (a) Ventilating Tower. 
 
 {b) Several Airing Courts. 
 -8. Enclosure of Farm- Yard. 
 Introduction of Modern {a) Table Furnishings : and 
 
 [b) Household Ornaments. 
 Publication of a Library Catalogue. 
 Deaths of Directors i 1. General Belshes. 
 
 3. John Marshall. 
 Erection of 
 
 I. A Conservatory [at a cost of ;^20o]. 
 ?. Storehouses and Workshops. 
 1864 — Sale of Pitcullen Bank Estate. 
 
 Re-arrangement of accommodation for Patients. 
 Minor Accidents from Fire [in Laundry]. 
 Extensive structural alterations : especially on or 
 in — 
 
 I. Central Tower, 
 g. Kitchen ; and 
 3. Laundry. 
 
 Addition of Steam Boiler and Steam Engines : ^with 
 
 the introduction of Steam heating and cooking. 
 Publication of Preface to, and Classified Index of. 
 Medical Reports for the Decenuium— r-from 1854 
 to 1864. 
 1865— Erection of 
 
 I. New official residence for the Physician at 
 
 Gilgal : and 
 3. New Lodge for Head Male Attendant— 
 within the grounds of the Murray. 
 J 8 68— Publication of 
 
 1. A Guide to the Museum. 
 
 2. Last printed Annual Report of Directors or 
 
 Physician. 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 III. OBITUARY NOTICES. 
 
 1. The Founder: JAMES MURRAY. 
 
 Very little appears now to be known of James Murray, 
 who bequeathed part of his fortune for the erection, 
 organisation, and maintenance of the Institution that bears 
 his name ■: at least v^y little is said regarding him in any of 
 the published documents to which we have access. We are 
 told simply that he was " a native of the Parish of Perth," 
 and " sometime resided at Bridge of Earn." Though the 
 deviser, he was not however the maker, of the fortune, by 
 means of which the Institution was erected. The acquisi- 
 tion by him of the fortune in question involves a romantic 
 story, which is best given in the words of the first published 
 Report of the Institution (pp. 4-5). 
 
 "WILLIAM HOPE 
 
 '" the son of Mr Murray's mother — went to India in early life, and was 
 ' ' for many years a Merchant in Madras, where he realised a very large 
 " fortune. His health had suffered so severely from the climate that, 
 " in the year 1808, it was recommended to him, by his Physicians, to 
 " return to Euiope : an advice with which he complied the more 
 "readily as he had then realised an ample fortune, and felt the expe- 
 " diency of conveying his children to England for their education. He 
 " accordingly determined to leave Madras early in the year 1809 : and 
 " on the 26th January of that year, he executed his Will — in which he 
 " provided handsomely for his wife and four daughters. Nor was he 
 "unmindful of his mother a^id her two sons, to whom he bequeathed 
 " considerable Legacies. The Deed, however, contained no provision 
 " for so dreadful 3, calamity as afterwards happened. But, by a peculiar 
 " interposition of Providence, after Mr Hope was about to embark with 
 ' ' his family, he hurriedly, as appears from his Will, provided that in 
 " the event of himself and his family perishing at sea his fortune should 
 " go to his mother and her two sons, Messrs John and yames Murray." 
 " Mr Hope had taken his passage to England in the 'Jane, Duchess 
 " of Gordon ' East Indiaman : and with his wife and daughters he em- 
 " barked at Madras on the 30th January, 1809. The fleet, consisting 
 "of 16 Indiamen, sailed from Madras on that day for England. 
 " Nbthing material oppurred till one o'clock of the mornisg of the 14th 
 " of March following; : when a most violent hurricane came on, and 
 " lasted the whole of that day. The storm continued : and on the 
 " night of the 15th, the wind blew with redoubled fury. On the 
 " morning of the i6th, only seven ships of the fleet appeared — most of 
 "them with the loss of masts, yards, and otherwise much damaged. 
 " But the ' Jane, Duchess of Gordon ' and three others were not to be 
 "seen, and have never been. heard of since. There can be no doubt 
 
 " that they all foundered in the storm : and that the crews and passen- 
 . "gers, including Mr Hops and his family, perished. Out of this 
 " melancholy event a succession opened up to Mr James Murray, which 
 " enabled him to endow this Institution on its present splendid scale.'' 
 
 Though we possess Portraits of his Trustees, it so hap- 
 pens that the Institution contains neither Portrait nor Bust of 
 James Murray; and we are informed by Dr Mackinlay of 
 Cordon and Tarsappie — the living and worthy representative 
 of Mr Murray's family — that no materials for Portrait or Bust 
 are extant. In one sense the only form in which the 
 name of James Murray is monumentally preserved in this 
 Institution is in that of a White Marble Tablet, which bears 
 the following inscription : — 
 
 _J_ 
 
 THIS ASYLUM 
 
 was endowed by JAMBS MUBRAIT, a native 
 
 of the Parish of Perth, 
 
 in the Year 1814 ; 
 
 erected under the management and superintendence of 
 
 David Bbatson of Kirkpottie, and Robekt Piddie, 
 
 City Clerk of Perth, his Executors : 
 
 and opened liy Koyal Charter, 
 
 under the auspices of Mr Beatson, 
 
 the surviving Executor, 
 
 on the 28th May, 1827. 
 
 This Tablet 
 has Ijeen placed by the Directors to record the Gratitude 
 due to the Fowider for his benevolent and humane 
 Bequest ; and to his Executors for the anxious attention, 
 faithfulness, and strict integrity with ivhich they have 
 fulfilled the Trust committed to them. 
 
 William Btjkn, Architect. 
 
 The Institution itself, however, which bears his honoured 
 name, and the whole History of its operations — ^bygone and 
 to come — form the fittest and a sufficient 
 
 Monument to the Memory of 
 James Murray. 
 
 The first Directors themselves obviously took this view 
 of the matter: for in their second Report (for 1829 — p. 4) 
 they confess that they " cannot but turn once more, with 
 " feelings of gratitude and respect, to the Memory of 
 " James Murray, who, in this Institution, has left behind 
 "him a Monument which must transmit his name to 
 " Posterity as one of the most generous and enlightened 
 " Benefactors of his Native Province." 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 2. The Trustees: 
 
 (1) DAVID BEATSON of Kirkpottie : 
 
 and 
 
 (2) ROBERT PEDDIE, City Clerk of 
 
 Perth. 
 
 By legal documents of date 1813 and 18 14 the Testator 
 —James Murray foresaid — conveyed his whole estate to 
 David Beatson, who is designed as " of Kirkpottie, Mer- 
 " chant in and sometime one of the Bailies of the City of 
 " Perth," and Robert Peddie, variously designed as ' City ' 
 or 'Town Clerk of Perth' — as his Trustees and Executors, 
 " particularly for the purpose of applying a certain part of 
 " the Trust Estate in the purchase of ground for, and the 
 " erection of, an Asylum for the reception of Lunatic persons 
 " in the said city of Perth or its neighbourhood." 
 
 ROBERT PEDDIE, City Clerk of Perth 
 
 died in July 1826, " before the Constitution of the Asylum 
 " was adjusted : " whereupon the sole management of the 
 Murray Trust, in relation to the Foundation of the future 
 Murray Royal Institution, devolved upon Mr Beatson, as 
 sole surviving Trustee. Mr Peddie did not therefore live 
 to see the realisation of the Testator's and of his own 
 wishes in the opening of the Institution, which did not take 
 place till July 1827. But, though it does not appear in any 
 of the printed documents connected with the origin and 
 history of the Murray, it is understood that Mr Peddie, as 
 legal adviser of Mr Murray, not only suggested the direc- 
 tion which his munificence should take — the establishment 
 of a Retreat for the Insane of the Non-pauper dasses—hvX 
 immediately guided his client in all the necessary legal 
 steps. We know this, however, that the Trustees did not 
 accept the plans prepared by their Architect till themselves 
 had visited similar Institutions elsewhere, and had taken 
 the " opinions of a number of Noblemen, and gentlemen, 
 " and various official characters in the iieighbourhood " as 
 to the suitability of, said plans. All this they did early in 
 1822. They submitted the plans, for instance, to the 
 Physicians and Superintendents of the various Asylums they 
 visited : for in these days Physicians and Superintendents 
 were different persons — the latter being non-medical. All 
 these and other preliminary or pioneer labours were con- 
 joint : and it is even likely that Mr Peddie took or had 
 the major share of the trouble. There is more than proba- 
 
 bility, therefore, in the supposition that the Institution, and 
 all who have in any form or degree derived benefit from it, 
 are under obligation to the foreseeing sagacity and philan- 
 thropy of Robert Peddie. 
 
 The respect entertained for liim by those who must have 
 known him well — Mr Beatson and the other original Direc- 
 tors of thelnstitution — led them not only to inscribe his Name 
 on the Memorial Tablet already mentioned : but to place a 
 half-size oil Portrait of him in the principal room of the 
 Institution — the Board Room, where it is still to be seen : 
 as well as to substitute, in the place he would undoubtedly 
 have occupied in the Board of Directors,, his son, 
 
 WILLIAM PEDDIE of Blackruthven 
 and Piteullen Bank, 
 
 who is designed in the charter " Writer in Perth." Mr 
 Peddie — the younger — was one of the original Life Direc- 
 tors of the Institution — along with John Murray of Cordon, 
 brother of the Founder : and subsequently and for many 
 years — from 1840 to 1864 — he was Chairman of the Board 
 of Directors. 
 
 DAVID BEATSON of Kirkpottie 
 
 was the first Chairman of the Board of Directors : and he 
 continued so till his death in December 1838. On the 
 demise of his co-trustee, Mr Peddie, 
 
 "he framed and executed the Deed of Fundamental Regulations, 
 " which formed the groundwork of the Royal Charter, under which the 
 " Asylum is now incorporated. Under that Charter the first Meeting 
 " of Directors was assembled on the 28th of May 1827, when Mr Beat- 
 " son surrendered into their hands the Trvist which he had previously 
 "sa worthily discharged. He then laid before these Directors the 
 " whole Accounts, and a State of the Funds belonging to the Institnt- 
 " tion, and gave them a minute History of the Origin and Progress of 
 
 " the Trust, from the time of its Foundation The 
 
 " Directors were so highly satisfied with the manner in which every- 
 " thing had been conducted, that it was moved, and unanimously 
 " carried, that, as a mark of Respect and Approbation, a Tablet of 
 " MarHe shoidd be placed on a conspicuous part of the Building with 
 
 "a suitable inscription as a Token of the warmest 
 
 " gratitude due to the Founder for his benevolent and humane Bequest, 
 " and to his Trustees for the anxious att^tion, faithfiilness, and strict 
 " integrity with which they had fulfilled the Trust committed to them." 
 
 Even,, however, after Mr Beatson had handed over the 
 Institution and its affairs to a Board of Directors "he 
 " seemed to regard the Institution as a child of his own 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 " and he watched over it with more than a parent's care." 
 Dr. Malcom tells us in his first Medical Report (1828, 
 pp. 25-6) that 
 
 " the Chairman, from the warmth of his feelings in regard to the 
 " suucess of an Institution which he has from the laying of the Foun- 
 " dation Stone to the present moment watched over with a care and 
 " solicitude that reflect the highest honour on him, may be supposed 
 "to be particularly alive to everything done in regard to the Insti- 
 " tution." 
 
 A Minute of Directors in January 1839 bore 
 
 " That it is proper for the meeting to record the deep feeling of regret 
 " for the severe and irreparable loss which the Institution has sustained 
 " in consequence of the death of Mr Beatson : 
 
 " That, from the commencement of the Institution until his death, 
 "he watched over its interests with the most anxious and unremitting 
 "attention : 
 
 "And that, in being deprived of his invaluable services, the 
 " Asylum has lost one of its truest friends and greatest benefactors : 
 "and the Directors the co-operation of an able adviser and a man of 
 "sterling worth and uprightness of character" [i2th Annual Report, 
 1839 ; pp. 7-9]. 
 
 It was no doubt in honour of his memory that his brother, 
 Thomas Beatson of Mawhill, who had been one of the Life 
 Directors from the opening of the Institution, was appointed 
 to succeed him as Chairman. Thomas Beatson's rule, how- 
 ever, was short, inasmuch as he died in April 1839. 
 Further and more lasting honour was done to David Beat- 
 son's memory by placing in the Board Room — nearly facing 
 the Portrait of his coadjutor, Mr Peddie — a full length 
 Portrait of him in oil — by the late Thomas Duncan, R.S.A., 
 also a Perthshire man and a famous Historical as well as 
 Portrait Painter of his day. This artist, who died in Edin- 
 burgh in 1845^— and of whom a Biographical notice is given 
 in Chamber's Encyclopagdia — is best known perhaps by 
 such Historical Paintings as " Prince Charles' Entry into 
 Edinburgh after the Battle of Prestonpans." But by many 
 competent critics, his Portraits are preferred to his Histor- 
 torical pieces ; and his noble figure of David Beatson has 
 been regarded by the contemporaries of both artist and 
 original as one of the happiest efforts of the Painter's skill. 
 
 3. The First Physician— Dr. MALCOM. 
 
 Dr. Malcom seems to have been appointed before the 
 Institution was opened : how long before does not appear. 
 
 But he was the intimate friend of both the Trustees' : and 
 there is every reason to believe that he aided them materi- 
 ally — most likely guided them — in and through all their 
 preliminary investigations and arrangements. His name ap- 
 pears in the very first published Report' — in 1828 — of which 
 indeed his own professional Report forms an important 
 section. In that section of the Report which was drawn up 
 no doubt by the Secretary — to represent the views of the 
 Directors — reference is made (p. 21) to their having pro- 
 vided for the Institution and its Inmates " the skill of an 
 " eminent Physician ; " and the Directors " express their 
 " warmest thanks to their able Physician for the great zeal 
 " and attention displayed by him both before and since the 
 " Institutioii was opened." In succeeding Reports, and for 
 a long series of years, the Directors continued to pay similar 
 compliments to the Medical Head of the establishment, for 
 Dr. Malcom occupied the important post of Physician down 
 to his death in 1859. 
 
 In the 33rd Report of the Institution (;86d, p. 6), the 
 Directors remark : 
 
 " In the course of the past year the Institution sustained a great loss 
 " through the death of Dr Malcom, who has been identified with it 
 " since its opening, It is due to the memory of the late Physician to 
 "mention that at a general quarterly meeting of Directors, held in 
 " December last, the following motion was unanimously agreed to : 
 
 " The Directors desire to record their profound sense of the great 
 " loss which the Institution has sustained through the decease of Dr Mal- 
 " com, who from the eommenoemcnt of it, dvtring the long period of 
 "32 years, has filled the office of Physician to the Asylum in a man- 
 " ner, which, besides reflecting the highest honour on him, was calcu- 
 "lated to give the utmost satisfaction to the Directors, and great and 
 " general advantage to those whom the dispensation' of Providence had 
 "placed under his care." 
 
 The 4th Report in 1831 (p. 13-14) informs us that 
 
 " the Committee of Management, sifter mature deliberation, suggested 
 "to the Physician the propriety of his visiting the most celebrated 
 ' ' Hospitals for the insane in England and upon the Continent. This pro- 
 " position having met his approbation, arrangements were made in the 
 " autumn of last year (1830) to obtain proper medical attendance to the 
 "Asylum during his absence. . . . He proceeded to visit the In- 
 ' ' stitutions in England, and then passed over to the Continent, where 
 •' he inspected the Salpetriire and Bicetre in Paris, and the Asylums 
 "at Antwerp (and Rouen), In the course of his Tour, he examined 
 " minutely all the arrangements made for the accommodation of Insane 
 " Patients, and made the most sedulous enquiries with regard to the 
 " system of Treatment employed in alleviating and removing their dis- 
 
8 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 "order. Most valuable information was freely communicated on 
 " these points : and the objects for which the journey was undertaken 
 " were thus completely realised. Upon his return, a. full Report on 
 " the subject was submitted to the Directors ; which is highly satisfac- 
 " tory, not only fron> t&e faithful picture it exhibits of the Asylums 
 " visited by the Physician, but also from the valuable suggestions it 
 " contains for the Improvement of the Institution with which he is im- 
 " mediately connected. It is gratifying to add that the Physician has 
 " expressed a clear and decided opinion that, in its construction and 
 " general arrangements, this Asylum is not inferior to any he visited in 
 "the course of his Tour: and as far as his observation goes, it 
 " possesses advantages whidi are rarely to be found in similar Institu- 
 " tions." 
 
 We have made this excerpt — in the ipsistsima verba 
 of the Directors of the day, or their Secretary— for several 
 reasons. It shows in the first place the liberal, enlightened 
 spirit in which these earlier guardians of the Institution ad- 
 ministered its afifairs. Neither money nor pains were spared 
 when any opportunity suggested itself of improving the 
 structure or organisation of the establishment — of increas- 
 ing the comforts of its inmates, Or of adding to their chances 
 of Recovery. Such an account of the proceedings of the 
 officials shows in the second place how ready Dr Malcom 
 must have been — at whatever personal inconvenience — and 
 he ha>d a large and, laborious private practice both in county 
 and town — to carry into effect the wishes of the Directors in 
 whatever appeared calculated to benefit an Institution, in 
 whose prosperity both they and he took so vivid an interest. 
 And in the third place, Dr Malcom is not the only official 
 of the Institution, who having had even more abundant op- 
 portunities of contrasting it with other-^British and Foreign 
 — Hospitals or Retreats for the Insane — has come to the 
 conclusioa that on the whole the Murray can stand its 
 groiariid with the most or the best of them. 
 
 To the honour of the Directors, be it here noted, that Dr 
 Malcom's Tour of Inspection was not the only one suggested 
 by tftem to their officers.. For, in their 24th Report [for 
 185 1, p. 6jwe find it recorded ol Dr Fierides, who had been 
 appointed to the then new post of " Superintendent and 
 " Resident Medical Officer " — ^that — 
 
 " before entering on its -important Duties, the Directors considered it 
 " due not only to the Institution, but to Dr Pierides himself, that he 
 " should have an opportunity of visiting other Asylums in this country, 
 " and on the Continent, (in order) to ascertain the latest improvements 
 "which Experience and Science have introduced in the Treatment of 
 " the Insane. He accordingly made a Tour, and visited many of the 
 
 " Asylums of highest repute not only in Scotland and England, but in 
 " France : and on his return he gave an interesting account of his 
 "journey, and of some of those things which had particularly attracted 
 "his attention — in a Report to the Directors.'' 
 
 It is Or has hkherta probably been a mere oversight, 
 that while the Board room is graced with a Marble Tablet 
 bearing the honoured Name of the Founder, as well as with 
 Portraits of Mr Beatson and Mr Peddle, it does not yet pos- 
 sess either Portrait or Bust of Dr Malcom — the active coad- 
 jutor of the last mentioned gentlemen in all their benevolent 
 efforts on behalf of the Institution. But curiously enough — 
 as if keeping room for this " missing link" in our Portrait 
 Cabinet of Worthies— 'there has existed for 50 years, and 
 there still exists, in the Board room aforesaid, a vacant spaice 
 for a companion Portrait to that of Mr Peddie. And this 
 vacant space is. the only thing that mars the appearance — 
 detracts from the symmetry — of what is otherwise a hand- 
 some Room, whether used as Board Roam, Drawing Room, 
 or Ball Roo.m — to all which, and to many other useful pur- 
 poses it is so frequently applied. Mr Beatson's Portrait 
 occupies the whole interspace between the large fireplaces 
 on one side of the room : while the Tablet is placed over a 
 central door on the opposite side — facing Mr Beatson's 
 figure, and Mr Peddie's Portrait-occupies a space on one side 
 of the said Tablet and door. Bat the corresponding space 
 on the other side of the door is a blank : and we have 
 already seen that there is no possibility now of procuring 
 any sort of likeness oi James Murray. This being the case, 
 there can be no difference of opinaon, we should imagine, as 
 to whose tte portrait should he which should forthwith 
 occupy the vacant space \x>&t referred to in the too limited Por- 
 trait Gallery of the Institution. Next to James Muixay, 
 David Beatsan, and Robert Peddie, there is nobody who 
 has. done more in its early days for this Institution than 
 
 WILLIAM MALCOM, 
 
 And fortunately it can be matter of no difficulty to secure 
 a duplicate of some of lihe excellent Portraits that exist of 
 his once familiar features : for we remember to have seen a 
 
 most faithful likeness of him, as well as a fine work of art 
 
 a Portrait publicly exhibited in Perth many years ago 
 
 which was the product of the taste and skill of J. M. 
 Barclay, R.S A., another Perth artist, who has betaken him- 
 self to the Modern Athens. 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 4. The First Secretary— ALEXANDER 
 MACKENZIE, City Clerk of Perth. 
 
 Every one who has had anything to do with the con- 
 struction and organisation of a Public Institution can have 
 no difficulty in understanding how the chief toil — the burden 
 and heat of the day— fall usually upon the Secretary. On 
 the first Secretary of the Murray l^oyal Institution must have 
 devolved all the trouble of preliminary correspondence, ar- 
 rangement of meetings, drawing up of legal documents, and 
 framing of Regulations. Not only so, but for the long period 
 of 19 years he no doubt wrote the admirable annual printed 
 Reports of the Institution. And these Reports were very 
 far from being of the orthodox or usual kind — a, bald cata- 
 logue of statistical facts, interspersed perhaps with a number 
 of platitudes, couched not in the best of English- Alexan- 
 der Mackenzie, on the contrary, was something more than 
 a mere Secretary : he thought and read for himself : he 
 obviously took a keen interest not only in the Institution, but 
 in the Natural History of Insanity and the Insane. He 
 would appear to have studied all the best works of the day 
 on the subject, and he made the best use of "the knowledge 
 so acquired in the Reports alluded to. Thus we find him 
 quoting such works as Abercromby on " The Intellectual 
 " Powers :" Brigham on the " Influence of Mental Cultiva- 
 " tion and Mental Excitement upon Health :" Ray on the 
 " Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity :" Craigie's " Practice 
 •' of Physic ;'* Andrew Combe in the " Phrenological Jour- 
 " nal :" St. John on " Egypt and Mohammed Ali :" the 
 anonymous author of " Illustrations of the Law of Kind- 
 " ness :" writers in the " British and Foreign Medical 
 " Review :" besides many works — including even Govern- 
 ment Blue Books — on Insanity or its treatment. Indeed 
 Mr Mackenzie's annual Reports may be said to have in- 
 cluded the Medical Reports of the Physician : for during the 
 first 20 years of the existence of the Institution, we find sepa- 
 rate pubhshed Reports by Dr Malcom only on two or three 
 occasions [viz. : in abstract in the first and second]. While 
 in the third there is a short Report by the late Dr Robert- 
 son of Alexandria, Inspector of Army Hospitals, who was 
 one of those original Directors, that signalised themselves 
 by their kindly services to the Institution [as appears from 
 the Tribute paid to him in third Report, p. 15]. Many of 
 the annual printed Reports intervening between the third 
 and twentieth — for instance the sixth to the seventeenth — 
 
 both inclusive— bore to be the Reports of " the Directors and 
 Physician," but contained no separate Medical section. 
 The eighteenth to the twenty-first, also inclusive, were sim- 
 ply the "Annual Report of the Directors," also containing 
 no Medical section or appendix; which howeverappears in the 
 twenty-second, giving the Medical and other statistics of the 
 Institution for the first twenty-two years of its .existence. In 
 all probability it was to Dr Malcom that Mr Mackenzie 
 owed his references to Esquirol, Pinel, Heinroth, Tuke, 
 or other celebrities connected with Insanity or the Insane. 
 But though this be the case, it was by the Secretary that the 
 medical information was deftly, incorporated in the general 
 current of a readable, interesting Report — ia which its 
 author frequently gives free scope to his fancy. That Mr 
 Mackenzie was a man of literary taste and culture is not to 
 wondered at when it is mentioned that . one of his Brothers 
 was the late Lord Mackenzie, a Judge of the Court of Ses- 
 sion, well known for his " Studies in Roman Law," [which 
 reached its 4th edition last year — 1876], and for his other 
 contributions to contemporary legal or general literature. 
 In the twentieth Report of the Institution (p. 8), the Direc- 
 tors thus notice the " melancholy and sudden " death of Mr 
 Mackenzie in 1847 : 
 
 " On the motion of Mr Belshes of Invermay, seconded by Mr 
 " Smythe of Methven, the Directors .... deem it their duty to 
 " enter on record an expression of their deep feeling of the very great 
 " respect they ever entertained for his long, talented, and unwearied ex- 
 " ertions for the Institution, in which he filled the onerous office of 
 " Secretary. They feel assured that not a little of the excellent manage- 
 "ment and success of the Institution is justly attributable to the 
 " superior business habits, and patient attention he uniformly brought 
 " to the discharge of the various duties of his office. The Directors 
 " feel assured that they have personally lost a faithful friend and able 
 " counsellor, and that the Institution has been deprived of a most effi- 
 "pient officer. He was pprhaps the last of the Board of original 
 "managers of the Establishment, and who, until their deaths, ceased 
 " not to take a lively interest in its success." 
 
 Whether or not the appointment was made wholly or in 
 part in compliment to Alexander Mackenzie, the vacant 
 office of Secretary to the Institution was, on his death, con- 
 ferred on his Brother, 
 
 DAVID MACKENZIE, Solicitor, Perth. 
 
 Whatever, however, may have been the motive or ground of 
 appointment, this appointment itself was a most fortunate 
 one for the Institution, which never had an officer more effi- 
 
lO 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 cient — more amiable — more interested in it than David 
 Mackenzie : and we can say so emphatically, for, of his inde- 
 fatigable and valued contributions to the prosperity of the 
 establishment we had for many a year personal evidence. 
 He was saved all the turmoil of organising a new Institution, 
 but not the perhaps much less pleasant duty of reorgajnising 
 one sufficiently old in many respects to require Reform. He 
 was connected with much more critical periods in the 
 History of the Murray than its Birth or Inauguration : and 
 only those who were associated with him in the harassing 
 labours of such crises can have any conception of the nature 
 or amount of the work he was called upon to perform. But 
 a genuine^perhaps in a sense a hereditary — interest in the 
 place, and a no less genuine sympathy with its officers in the 
 midst of their trying duties led him to be always ready to 
 take his share cheerfully in the labour that had to be gone 
 through. Not only this, but for a long series of years he 
 succeeded his brother as Historian of the Institution's affairs 
 and operations in its annual Reports. These Reports of his, 
 however. Were never so full as those of his brother and pre- 
 decessor in office, by reason of the fact that, from the date of 
 his appointment (1847) onwards, the medical appendix con- 
 stituted the bulk of the published Reports of the Institution, 
 until it was allowed to constitute virtually the Report of 
 Directors as well as Physician— just as at first the Report of 
 the Secretary was essentially the Medical and Dire<;torial 
 Report conjoined. We find accordingly that, in the last 
 published Report of the Institution — for the triennial period 
 from 1865 to 1868 — the Secretarial Report is a mere prefa- 
 tory or introductory Note. The discontinuance of the 
 publication of Annual Reports since 1868 has had this, among 
 other, disadvantages or drawbacks, that there is no printed 
 record of the demise of David Mackenzie, which took place 
 after a lingering painful illness in 1872, But under other 
 circumstances — had the Reports been published annually as 
 before up to the present date^-we should have been able to 
 refer to some published Tribute of a suitable kind to the 
 official services of David — as well as of Alexander— MaC' 
 kenzie — 
 
 " Par nobilefratrum.^' 
 
 David Mackenzie was succeeded in the Secretaryship by his 
 son, George Alexander Mackenzie, also a Solicitor in Perth : 
 so that the Secretarial business of the Institution may be 
 said to be, and to have been, in the hands of the same well- 
 
 known and tespected Family from even before the period 
 of its opening in 1827. 
 
 5. THE EARLIER DIRECTORS. 
 
 1. GENERAL BELSHES of Invermay. 
 
 2. JOHN MARSHALL of LuncaTty and 
 
 Rosemount. 
 
 3. DAVID CRAIGIE, Banker, Perth. 
 
 4. Dr. ERASER THOMSON, Sui^eon, 
 
 Perth. 
 
 We have 'deemed it only fitting to give the names of a 
 few of those of the Ordinary Directors — now gone to their 
 honourablerest— who conspicuously distinguished themselves 
 by the part they took in the gradual development of the 
 Institution-— in the changes that from time to time became 
 necessary in its organisation. 
 
 The good old Family of Belshes of Invermay was con- 
 nected with us from the very first— the name of the then 
 Laird — A. H. Murray Belshes — appearing in the first list of 
 Annual" Directors in 1828. In the lath Report— for r839: — 
 his name appears among the Life Directors : and it 
 remained on the saidlist up to the 3rst Report — rin 1858 — 
 when he was succeeded as a Life Director by his Brother 
 General John. Murray Belshes. The gallant General — who 
 probably from his more robust health, took for many years 
 a much more active share in the management of the 
 Institution than would appear ever to have been taken by 
 the Laird of Invermay himself, became one of the Ordinary 
 Directors in 1849 (2 2d Report). He had, therefore, 
 ample opportunity of mastering the affairs of an establishment 
 that bore one of his own family names — " Murray " — prior 
 to his elevation to the Life Directorship in 1858. His 
 name appeared on our list of Life Directors in 1859 (32d 
 Report) : and in the Report of the Secretary for 1863 
 (36th Report, p, 6) his demise is alluded to as that of one 
 of the " most devoted Directors " of the Institution. Such 
 a description of him, however, gives but a faint idea of the 
 influence he wielded in the Directorate, and especially in 
 the Committee of Management, Jbr many years. Of that 
 Committee, which then met weekly, he was avowedly the 
 central force and figure— the primum mobile : though not 
 actually, -he was virtually, the Chairman : nothing of any 
 consequence was done without the sanction of " the 
 
EXCELS I OR. 
 
 II 
 
 General." But he exercised the power of command he had 
 acquired among his colleagues — ^the virtual superiority they 
 unanimously accorded him — ^beneficently — discreetly. He 
 had strong views of his own upon most subjects, and he 
 did not, perhaps, relish giving way even when convinced 
 that opposite views could be better defended. But many 
 of his views were both foreseeing and practical, sound and 
 sagacious : and it is perhaps unfortunate now that some of 
 them had not been adopted as part of the fixed policy of 
 the Institution. 
 
 It so happens that Mr Marshall and Mr Craigis' were 
 intimately associated with General Belshes in the many 
 and important changes that took place in the reorganisation 
 of the Institution between 1854 and, i860. Mr Marshall 
 became an Ordinary Director in 1843 : a Life Director in 
 1859 : and died in i86z, his decease being referred to by 
 the SecreUry in the 36th Report— for 1863 — as, like 
 General Belshes — with whose name in the official obituary 
 notice his is indeed associated — one of the " most 
 " devoted Directors " of the Institution. Mr Craigie became 
 a Director in 1846 : died suddenly in June 1866 : and a 
 short obituary notice was given in " Excelsior " (Nos. 26-7, 
 1867, p. 8). His memory is more specially connected with 
 the addition of a Conservatory, (including both Greenhouse 
 and Hothouse) to the other amenities of our Pleasure 
 grounds, and with the construction of the handsome new 
 Crystal Palace arrangement of "the interior of the Central 
 Tower: — the latter, an improvement with which it is only pro- 
 per to associate the name also of Dr Fraser Thomson. Dr 
 Thomson became an Ordinary Director in 1847 • Chairman 
 of the Board in 1865 : and a Life Director in 1868. He 
 died in 1871, and, like Mr Craigie, suddenly. 
 
 The early History of the Institution can scarcely pretend 
 to any sort of completeness without introducing the name 
 of its 
 
 6. Architect: WILLIAM BURN of 
 
 Edinburgb.. 
 
 In. their very first Report (p. 18) the Directors testify 
 to "the skill, zeal and attention of the architect:" and 
 express themselves satisfied that the Building, in all its 
 appointments, had been found " in every respect admirably 
 " adapted to the objects of the Institution, and calculated 
 "in an eminent degree to realise the expectations" that 
 
 Mr Bum's reputation had led them to entertain. In the 
 same Report (p. 21) they again, speak of him as " the most 
 eminent architect " and commend his technical ingenuity; 
 Before drawing up and submitting his plans in 1821, he 
 had, we are specially told, "visited the principal 'Asylums both 
 " in England and Scotland, and devoted the greatest atten- 
 " tion to the subject " — of Asylum or Hospital construction. 
 He was selected as Architect on account of his " well known 
 " Talents and professional Eminence " (p. 7). In their 
 2d Report (p. 4)j the Directors tell us that the structural 
 arrangements " excite universal admiration, and render the 
 " Asylum a Model for the formation of similar establish- 
 " ments." And in point of fact the Murray did subsequently 
 become the model upon which at least one other Institution 
 of a similar kind was constructed — one that has acquired a 
 world-wide celebrity in connection with the name and fame 
 of its first Physician — Dr. Browne — afterwards one of H.M. 
 Commissioners in Lunacy for Scotland. We allude to the 
 Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries — which, like the 
 Murray, was the fruit of the munificence of a liberal Native 
 of the town or county in whose midst it was erected — alike 
 a suitable and durable Monument to his enlightenment, 
 and a boon of no ordinary kind to the educated Public : 
 for, like the Murray also, the Crichton — as it is familiarly 
 called by its present and former residents — was intended for, 
 and is mainly applied to the use or benefit of, the Non-pauper 
 classes of the Community, while it is National rather than 
 provincial in its character. The Crichton Royal Institution 
 was so-called in honour of its founder "the late James 
 "Crichton of Friars Carse in the shire of Dumfries, Esquire:" 
 its Royal charter was obtained in 1840 : Trustees were 
 appointed, and occupied a more permanent place in the 
 government of the Institution than did those of the Murray : 
 a portion of the building was devoted from the first to the 
 Poor of certain of the Southern Counties of Scotland : the 
 first code of Regulations as dated 1839 : and the Institution 
 appears to have been opened in 1840. Unfortunately, 
 however, we have no copy of the ist Annual printed Report, 
 which was probably — like all its successors — drawn up 
 exclusively by the Physician ': and which ist Report — ^like 
 its companion Report of the Murray — no doubt contained 
 a History of the origin and opening of the Establishment. 
 But, though the Crichton Royal Institution was, we under- 
 stand, built by the same architect as, and on the model of, 
 the Murray, it is on a much larger scale — being at least 3 
 
12 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 times its size, with nearly 3 times the Number of inmates 
 and 4 times the amount of Pleasure ground surrounding it 
 T— this ground, however, being partly occupied by another 
 Asylum, subsequently built — the "Southern Counties 
 Asylum " — ^for Paupers exclusively, to the number of over 
 300. The Crichton Institution is built of the Red Sand- 
 stone so plentiful in its neighbourhood — a colour and 
 material that give the building a much warmer, more 
 picturesque character than is possible with the cold, bluish- 
 black, hard Whin-stone of the Hill of KinnouU. Moreover, 
 the Architect improved upon his first essay at the Murray 
 by imparting a more decorative character to the exterior. 
 Thus he embelUshed the coping of frontage, wings and 
 tower with ornamental vases : and the eiFect of such 
 embellishment can only be appreciated by contrasting the 
 outline of such buildings with and without the addition of 
 little, comparatively inexpensive, ornaments of such a kind. 
 This is one of the aesthetic improvements on the Murray 
 that remain to be effected — the lowering Of the unsightly 
 glass-triangle of the Tower, and the arrangement of Vases 
 at the angles of the coping of the said Tower, whole 
 frontage, and portico. uSlsthetic improvements of such a 
 character, however, though important enough in themselves, 
 have hitherto been regarded as secondary to those of a 
 conspicuously useful kind — those bearing directly or 
 immediately upon the comfort of the Inmates, or the 
 efficient working of the establishment. 
 
 IV. GOVERNMENT & STAFF OF THE 
 INSTITUTION. 
 
 1. The Board of Directors. 
 
 By the Charter of 1827, a Board of 25 persons was con- 
 stituted, consisting of the following 3 classes : — 
 
 1. Ex-qfficio Directors — g in number. 
 
 2. Life Directors — 4 in number : and 
 
 3. Annual ot Ordinary Directors — 12 in number. 
 
 The first class includes various Public officials of the 
 County and City — such as 
 
 The Lord Lieutenant : 
 The Sheriffs Principal and Substitute : and 
 The President of the Society of Procurators — of the 
 County : 
 
 The Lord Provost and other Magistrates : 
 
 The Convener of Trades : and 
 
 The Established Church Ministers^in succession — 
 of the City of Perth. 
 For the most part these Ex-qfficio Directors change annually 
 or every few years. But there are exceptions — ^notably in 
 the case of 
 
 HUGH BARCLAY, L.L.D., Sheriff- 
 Substitute of the County, 
 
 who has held his office of Director, in virtue of his other 
 office on the Bench, for no less than 43 years : his Name 
 first appearing on the Ust of Ex-qfficio Directors in 1834 
 (7th Report). It is only justice to the learned Sheriff to 
 put it upon record here that during that long period he has 
 not only borne his share in those numerous consultations 
 and questions that rendered judicial experience and advice 
 desirable and valuable : but he has been ever ready, casting 
 aside his robes and dignity of office, to lend willing and 
 genial aid in all the means adopted for rendering pleasant 
 or profitable the inner life of the Institution. Thus he has 
 spared time from his multitude of other pursuits not only 
 to attend the Lectures, Demonstrations, or Conversazioni 
 that used to be given or held in our Hall ; but he took a 
 prominent part in them himself— for instance as a Lecturer 
 — as more than one of our printed Programmes testify. 
 
 Vsy& second class of Directors.— the Life Directors— were at 
 first the gentlemen more immediately related by blood to, or 
 associated with, the Founder or his Trustees in the original 
 constitution of the Murray. Thus the first Life Directors 
 were 
 
 David Beatson of Kirkpottie. 
 
 Thomas Beatson of Mawhill. 
 
 John Murray of Cordon : and 
 
 WilUam Peddie of PitcuUenbank, 
 As death vacancies oceured from time to time the gentle- 
 men promoted were usually selected from among the Annual 
 Directors on account of their social rank in county or town 
 —or their length of service as Annual Directors. Among 
 the whole body of Directors subsequent to the death in 
 1840 of John Murray of Cordon, and of his son, James 
 Murray of Cordon, who succeeded him as a Life Director 
 in 1 841, there has been no near relative of the Founder no 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 13 
 
 representative of the Murrays of Cordon — with the excep- 
 tion of 
 
 DAVID MACKINLAT of Cordon and 
 Tarsappie, 
 
 who was an Annual Director *between 1873 and 1876, but 
 who has not yet become a Life Director. 
 
 The third class of Directors — those appointed annually, 
 and who hold office for 3 years — includes all the leading 
 
 I. Noblemen and other landed proprietors of the 
 County — or some of their representatives. 
 - ■ 2. Physicians and Surgeons : 
 
 3. Solicitors and Bankers : and 
 
 4. Merchants — of the City. 
 
 Among the County Noblemen have been 
 The Dukes of Athole. 
 
 The Earls of Mansfield, KinnouU, and Breadalbane. 
 The Lords RoUo, Ruthven, Lynedoch, Strathallan, 
 
 and Gray. ' 
 The Baronets of Moncreiffe, Pitfour, Fingask, Och- 
 tertyre, and Delvine. 
 The present Sir Thomas Moncreiffe of that Ilk became a 
 Director In 1846 : while the name of his father, Sir David 
 Moncreiffe, occurs among the Annual Directors in 1 8 2 9. The 
 late Sir Alex. Muir Mackenzie of Delvine was a Director in 
 1830 : Sir John Muir Mackenzie in 1848 : the present Baronet 
 in 1872. Such illustrations suffice to show that successive 
 generations of our County Noblemen have not only lent 
 the influence of their Names, but given^ — in such a case as 
 that of the present Baronet of Moncreiffe— over and over 
 again their most zealous personal service in the supervision 
 of the affairs of the Institution. 
 
 Among the County gentlemen "have been representatives 
 of the following old or more modern families : — 
 The Smythes of Methven. 
 Grants of Kilgraston. 
 Macdonalds of St. Martins. 
 Stirlings of Abercairney and Kippendavie. 
 Oliphants of Gask and Condie. 
 Grahams of Redgorton and Murrayshall. 
 Craigies of Glendoick and Dunbarney. 
 Hunters of Auchterarder and Glencarse. 
 Setons of Potterhill and Greenbank. 
 
 Nairnes of Dunsinnane. 
 
 Macduffs of Bonhard. 
 
 Pattons of Glenalmond. 
 
 Stuarts of Annat. 
 
 Patersons of Castle Huntly. 
 
 Blairs of Balthayock. 
 
 Bells of Glenfarg. 
 
 Sharpes of Kincarrathie. 
 
 Cunninghams of Newton. 
 
 Murrays of Ayton. 
 
 Pitcairns of Pitcairn. 
 
 Stoddarts of Ballendrick. 
 
 Wrights of Lawton. 
 
 Thomsons of Balgowan. 
 
 Drummonds of Megginch. 
 
 Duncans of Damside. 
 Many of these Names and families have died out ; while 
 their properties have passed into other hands. Or the Names 
 of present possessors of old Perthshire properties are not those 
 of old County families. A perusal of the printed lists of Direc- 
 tors since 1827 is interesting were it only as showing the 
 singular vicissitudes that have taken — and are still taking — 
 place — in old Perthshire families. And the feeling that 
 change is, and has been, indeed the order of the day among 
 the old families of Perthshire, as elsewhere, is intensified by 
 the perusal of the 3 vols, of Mr Fittis' " Illustrations of the 
 " History and Antiquities of Perthshire," or of other works 
 touching upon Perthshire Genealogy or History.' Whole fami- 
 lies have been swept away. The Lindsays of Evelick have 
 left only their old fortaUce among the "Braes of the Carse" 
 of Gowrie. The Lindsays of Kilspindie, Ardinbathy, Logies, 
 and Tulliallan — all in Perthshire — have left apparently no 
 trace of any kind in the county. On the other hand, the 
 Evicts of Balhousie would scarcely recognise their old Castle 
 in its modernised state. 
 
 Among what may be called our Professional Directors — 
 Professional in the double sense of their belonging to the 
 learned Professions — of Physic, Law, and Divinity, and of 
 their giving valuable service to the Institution in the form 
 of their skilled opinion at the Board meetings — we may fitly 
 — ^in connection with an Institution whose prominent fea- 
 ture is that of being an Hospital — give precedence to the 
 Medical Profession. The Physicians and Surgeons who 
 have occupied positions of the highest usefulness on the 
 
14 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 Board of Directors have included not only gentlemen in 
 active practice — the leading Physicians and Surgeons of the 
 county and city, with those of the County and City Infirmary : 
 but gentlemen who had or have retired from practice — ^from 
 the Military or Naval services of their country — or from 
 private practice in India or elsewhere. 
 
 Among those now dead may be mentioned 
 Dr Stewart of Bonskeid. 
 Dr Robertson of Alexandria. 
 DrKeltyofTayhill. 
 
 Drs Hosack, Stewart, Cleland, Halket, Miller, Mac- 
 farlane, Boyter, and Fraser Thomson — all 
 of Perth. 
 While among the living we have had 
 
 Dr White of Perth : who became a Director so long 
 
 ago as 1843. 
 Dr Bremner, formerly of Bombay, and now of Edin- 
 burgh, who was appointed in 1856, and proved, 
 so long as he was a member of the Managing 
 Committee, one of the most active coadjutors 
 of such men as General Belshes, Mr Mar- 
 shall, and Mr Craigie. 
 And we still have Dr Bower, Surgeon, R.N. 
 
 The Solicitors and Bankers include not only gentle- 
 men locally known as Writers, or holding the position of 
 Agents superintending local Branches of Banks whose Head- 
 quarters are in Edinburgh or Glasgow : but those occupying 
 the status of Writers to the Signet in Edinburgh. These 
 gentlemen — connected more or less immediately with the 
 legal profession — ^for many local Bankers are also Solicitors 
 — have always occupied a prominent place among the 
 Directors of the Murray, and especially in the Committee 
 of Management. At the present moment — exclusive of 
 Ex-officio Directors connected with the Law, and of County 
 gentlemen who are members of the Faculty of Advocates, 
 Edinburgh — there are no less than 5 Solicitors — including 
 one Edinburgh W.S. — on our Directorial Board, and 3 of 
 them on the Committee of Management : while our Secre- 
 taries and Treasurers are also Solicitors — one of them an 
 Edmburgh W.S., and our Auditors are Accountants. As 
 Business men, such gentlemen are, and have always been, 
 of the greatest service to the Institution — giving to the 
 conduct of its affairs a large measure of their valuable time 
 and attention. Some of these gentlemen, moreover, have 
 occupied their positions — ^with intervals of release — ^for 
 
 long periods. "Thus Mr Comjing became a Director in 
 1847. And it is from the ranks of the Bankers and Solicitors 
 that, the present Chairman of the Board of Directors was 
 selected, viz : 
 
 DAVID LEITCH JOLLY, Banker, Perth, 
 
 who first joined the said Board as an Annual Director so 
 early as 1840, becoming a Life Director in 1875. 
 
 Of Clergymen there has been a succession — since 1827 — 
 of the Established Church Ministers of Perth and its 
 suburbs. So frequent, however, have been the changes 
 among them that very few have long occupied a place on 
 the Board of Directors: : — ^few have been re-appointed : — 
 and only one has been a member of the Managing Commit- 
 tee. That exception was in the case of the Rev Dr Ander- 
 son of KinnouU, who became an Annual Director in 1845, 
 and a member of the Managing Committee in 1853. There 
 can be little doubt that, had the Charter been drawn up in 
 1877, instead of 1827, it would not have limited the Cleri- 
 cal element in. the Directorate to Ministers of the Established 
 Church, but would have offered an equal position to Clergy- 
 men of other denominations. The Inmates belong to all 
 the leading denominations — Roman Catholic and Episco- 
 palian, as well as Presbyterian ; and to Free Church, 
 United Presbyterian, Congregational or Independent, 
 Original Seceder,. and other Churches among Presbyterians. 
 Our present Chaplain is an Independent or Congregational 
 Clergyman in Perth — the Rev. W. D. Knowles, B.A. : while 
 his predecessors have been usually Ministers of the Estab- 
 lished Church of Scotland. Individual Patients are visited by 
 Clergymen of their own denominations — selected by them- 
 selves or their relatives ,: and Episcopalian, United Presby- 
 terian, and other Ministers have repeatedly taken part in 
 the various educational or other operations of the Institution 
 — for instance, as Lecturers. Thus we- have been under 
 special obligations to 
 
 The Rev. Wm. Blatch of St. John's (Episcopal 
 Chapel), Perth. 
 
 The late Rev. Dr Crombie of Scone (Established 
 Church) : one of the Moderators of the 
 General Assembly of the Church of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 The Rev. Dr Anderson of KinnouU, another worthy 
 representative of the so-called " Estab- 
 lished" Church. 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 15 
 
 The Rev. Dr Wallace of Glasgow, one of the most 
 eminent Clergymen of the United Presby- 
 terian denomination : and 
 The Rev. Henry Stirling of Dunning (also a United 
 Presbyterian). 
 The Boards of Directors have also included a large num- 
 ber of Military officers of all ranks — from that of Captain 
 up to General. Among these Military gentlemen have been 
 the late or still Jiving 
 
 General Lindsay of Early Bank. 
 General Cunningham of Newton. 
 Colonel Paterson of Castle Huntly. 
 Colonel Drummond Hay of Seggieden. 
 Colonel Balmain of Dalvreck. 
 Major Moray Stirling of Abercaimey. 
 Major Jelf Sharpe of Kincarrathie. 
 Captain Hunter of Auchterarder. 
 The Naval service has, curiously enough, not been repre- 
 sented nearly to equal extent. Still we have Dr Bower, 
 Surgeon, R.N., the indefatigable Secretary of the Eechney 
 Industrial School, on the present Board and Managing 
 Committee. 
 
 . Lastly, not the least useful and notable of the Directors 
 have, been those belonging to the Miscellaneous class — 
 gentlemen who were neither County nor City .officials. 
 County Noblemen nor Land-owners, Professional men repre- 
 senting Medicine, Law nor Divinity, or Military officers : 
 but who were, nevertheless, Perth celebrities of their day 
 and generation. This class included, for instance, the late 
 
 I. Dr Anderson, L.L.D., Rector of the Perth Academy, 
 
 the ablest scientific man of his time in this part of Scotland — 
 afterwards a Professor in the University of St. Andrews ; 
 whose Memory is fittingly perpetuated in the Monumental 
 Water Works, erected under his auspices on the South Inch 
 in 1832. 
 
 Though he has never been a Director, it is but 
 proper here to acknowledge the obligations under wliich 
 the Institution has frequently been placed to his successor 
 in office in die Rectorship of the Perth Academy— another 
 distinguished Mathematician and Natural Philosopher — 
 
 Dr Miller, L.L.D., and F.R.S.E. 
 
 Not only has he himself more than once lectured in our 
 Hall, or exhibited scientific apparatus, at our Conversazioni ; 
 but we have repeatedly had the advantage of the services in 
 
 our Pulpit of his son — the Rev. Thomas Duncan Miller, 
 M.A. 
 
 The late 
 
 2. Robert Buist, Session Clerk of Perth, 
 
 better known to the world at large in connection with his 
 Salmon lore, and the Stormontfield experiments — as the 
 "Peter of the Pools " of the " Field" newspaper — ^and as the 
 Historian (in 1866) of the said Salmon-breeding operations 
 on the Tay. He became an Annual Diiector in 1858. 
 
 The 24th Report (1851, p. 7) thus refers to the high 
 character of the Directors, and to the advantages of govern- 
 ment by a Public Board composed of such Directors : 
 
 " The Law has shown particular jealousy toward those who profess to 
 
 " care for the Insane, and to keep Houses for their cure 
 
 " Publicity and Inspection are the grand safeguards against such evils " 
 as the cupidity of the Proprietors of Private Asylums, or the selfish- 
 ness of interested friends. " And second to these are the respectability 
 " and disinterestedness of the Board of Management. A reference to 
 " the List of Directors of this Institution will show that it is fortunate 
 "in having, in the management, persons of such high rank, station 
 " and respectability : and their disinterestedness is guaranteed by a 
 " provision of the Royal Charter that no one who holds any offica of 
 "emolument connected with the Institution shall be eligible to be 
 ■" chosen as a Director." 
 
 2. Committee of Mauagemeut. 
 
 The affairs of the Institution are regulated more 
 especially and immediately by a Committee consisting of 
 8 members, appointed by and from among the general body 
 of Directors. At present the said Committee is thus made 
 
 up: 
 
 The Chairman (a Banker in Perth) : 
 
 Another Perth Banker, who is also an Edinburgh 
 W,S. : 
 
 Three local Solicitors : 
 
 A retired Naval Surgeon : 
 
 A county gentleman (landed proprietor) — living in 
 the suburbs of Perth : 
 
 Another county gentleman — ^not a landowner but 
 living in the country : 
 while, having seats at all meetings of Committee, as at all 
 meetings of the General Board, are the Physician, and the 
 Secretary (a local solicitor), As a rule, the Managing 
 Committee has from the first been constituted of similarly 
 diverse materials — business men, or those who have been 
 business men, of one kind or other predominating. 
 
i6 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 Naturally this Committee is appointed from among gentle- 
 men, living in the town or suburbs, who can readily attend 
 all the ordinary, as well as extraordinary, meetings. At first 
 and for a long series of years — up to 1864 — these meetings 
 of Committee occurred Weekly, and the Committee itself 
 was known as the Weekly Committee — a list of its members 
 being printed in the Annual Reports down to 1865. 
 Thereafter it was designated simply the " Managing Com- 
 mittee" {e.g. in last Report for 1865-1868), and its 
 meetings were held Monthly, and are still so held. 
 
 3. Meetings of Directors. 
 
 The Meetings of Directors are of two kinds, those which 
 are fixed — periodical — ordinary : and those that are special 
 —called for particular reasons. The former consist of 
 
 1. Quarterly meetings of the General Board on the 
 
 second Mondays of March, June, September, 
 and December : including the 
 
 2. Annual meeting in June. 
 
 3. Monthly meetings of the Managing Committee — ■ 
 
 on the first Thursday of every month. 
 All these meetings, as a rule, are held in the Institution — the 
 larger or General ones in the large Hall or Board Room 
 already more than once mentioned — as adorned with the 
 Monumental Tablet and Portraits in honour of the Founder 
 and his Trustees : the smaller or Committee meetings in a 
 smaller, more convenient apartinent on the ground storey. 
 The results of all transactions or consultations of any im- 
 portance by the Managing Committee are duly reported 
 quarterly to the General Board. Special or pro re nata 
 meetings are called whenever any business of consequence 
 cannot well be allowed to stand over for an ordinary monthly 
 or quarterly meeting : in which case, if more convenient to 
 the majority of the Directors so summoned, the meeting is 
 convened in the Chambers of the Secretary in town. 
 
 4. Royal Charter. 
 
 Mr Beatson — ^as surviving Trustee of Mr Murray — ^having 
 in 1826 taken the opinion of Counsel as to the best mode of 
 governing the Asylum or its affairs — " as all of them were 
 " decidedly of opinion that much trouble and expense would 
 " ultimately be saved and additional permanency secured by 
 " erecting the Directors of the Institution into a Body Cor' 
 
 "jiorate and politic, it was thought prudent immediately to 
 « apply for a Charter from the Crown to that effect." This 
 Charter was accordingly obtained of date March 5, 1827 
 (ist Report, p. 8.) 
 
 5. Published Regulations. 
 
 The attention of Mr Beatsan-— when he found himself, in 
 1826, sole surviving Trustee of the Founder— ^" was first 
 " directed to the formation of a proper .Constitution for the 
 " Asylum : and as this was a subject of the greatest 
 " importance he lost no time in taking the assistance of 
 " Counsel of the first eminence. After much labour and 
 "attention a Deed establisliing Fundainental Rules and 
 " Regulations was executed under the direction of these 
 "advisers" (ist Report, p. 8.) 
 
 A full code oi general Regulations and Bye-laws^for the^ 
 guidance of all classes of officers — ^non resident as well as 
 resident — and for the administration of the usual affairs of 
 the Institution has. been drawn up by the Secretaries and 
 Physicians on at least three occasions, viz : ini827, i85o,and 
 1858. The original Regulations of 1827 were " framed after 
 "great consideration and an attentive perusal of the 
 "Regulations of various other similar Institutions." • But 
 special Regulations have also been issued — from time to 
 time — in the printed form for the guidance of Attendants and 
 Servants, Engineer, Gardener, or other individual officers or 
 classes thereof: and Rules, Notices, or Cautions, of all 
 kinds are published — for private circulation-^now and again 
 as required. 
 
 6. Staff— Resident and Non-resident. 
 
 At first the Staff of Superintending Officers of the Institu- 
 tion consisted of 
 
 Superintendent (lay or non- ■) 
 
 medical), V Resident. 
 
 Matron, ) 
 
 Physician, ) 
 
 Treasurer (a Banker in Perth) > Non-Resident 
 Secretarj' (City Clerk of Perth) ) 
 At present the Resident Staff includes the 
 Matron : 
 Housekeeper : 
 Head Male Attendant : 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 17 
 
 Gardener : and , , 
 
 Two Assistant Gardeners : 
 
 Engineer : 
 
 Messenger and Postman : 
 
 6 Ordinary Male Attendants : 
 
 6 Ordinary Female Attendants : 
 
 2 Cooks : 
 
 3 Laundresses : ancj 
 Housemaid : 
 
 — in all 26 officers of different grades. The Physician 
 resides at GilgaJ — on the Farm land belonging to, and 
 surrounding, the Institution and its pleasure grounds on three 
 sides : the Gardener occupies the Lodge at the Main gate- 
 way to the said grounds : while the Engineer and one of the 
 Assistant Gardeners live' in town. All the other officers 
 reside within the Institution itself. 
 The Non-Resident staff consists of the 
 
 Chaplain :-^a Congregational Clergyman of Perth : 
 Joint Secretaries and Treasurers : — Solicitors in 
 
 Perth — one of them also an Edinburgh W,S, 
 Auditors : — Accountants in Perth, 
 In the interval between 1827 and 1877 there have been 
 many changes in the constitution of this Staff — especially the 
 Resident section of it. The first change was the addition 
 of a resident " Surgeon " — as he is called — in 1836 — Dr. 
 Paul Pierides — a Greek. Then followed in 1839 a Chaplain 
 — the Rev. John Bell — and a Housekeeper. The Chaplain 
 was appointed on the ground that similar officers had been 
 attached to the larger Asylums of Edinburgh, Glasgow, 
 Aberdeen, and Dundee (nth Report, p. 5). In 1851 Dr. 
 Pierides became " Superintendent " as well as " Resident 
 Medical officer : " the non-medical Superintendent was 
 made House Steward : and the office' of Housekeeper was 
 abolished. The non-medical Superintendent first appointed 
 — Mr Simmonds — resigned office in 1837 — " having 
 "succeeded to a considerable Private Fortune", (iith 
 Report, p. 13) ; — a good fortune that does not seem, how- 
 ever, to have blessed any of his successors. In 1854 a 
 female Housel^eeper was substituted for a male House- 
 steward. In 1856 the offices of Secretary and Treasurer 
 were conjoined in a firm of Solicitors in Perth : while in 
 1857 a firm of Accountants in Perth were appointed 
 Auditors. In 1858 the "Superintendent and Resident Medi- 
 cal officer,'' who in 1857 was more shortly and appropriately 
 designated " Resident Medical Superintendent," and who 
 
 had hitherto occupied apartments in the Institution, having 
 gone to reside in the Mansion of PitcuUen Bank, adjacent 
 to, and the property of, the Murray, a " Resident Medical 
 Assistant " was appointed to reside in the Institution itself. 
 Dr. Lorimer's name occurs only in two of the Annual Re- 
 ports of the Institution — the 31st and 32d — for 1858 and 
 1859. In the 32d (p. 6) he is referred to by the Secretary 
 as " Assistant Superintendent." He subsequently died (in 
 1 871) in Java, whither he had gone to push his fortune in 
 private practice. Various notices of him — including an 
 Obituary Memento — are to be found in " Excelsior " 
 (Nos. 34, p. 4 : 9, p. 2 : 19-20, p. 6). Dr. Lorimer was 
 succeeded by Dr. M'Intosh, now at the head of the 
 District Asylum at Murthly near Dunkeld — an establish- 
 ment that may be considered a sort of offshoot from the 
 Murray, bearing to it the relation that the Southern Counties 
 Asylum does to the Crichton Royal Institution at Dumfries. 
 Dr. M'Intosh's name appears in three of the annual Reports 
 of the Murray — 33d to 35th both inclusive (i860 to 1862), 
 and it is mentioned also in " Excelsior " [Nos. 19-20, p. 6 : 
 *i-2, p. i]. Dr. M'Intosh again was succeeded in office by 
 Dr. M'Lintock, now in practice in Church-Stretton, Shrop- 
 shire, where he is Physician also to two Private Retreats for 
 Mental Invalids — gentlemen and ladies respectively. His 
 name too appears in three of the printed Reports of the 
 Murray [from the 36tli to the 38th both inclusive — 1863 to 
 1865] : and it is also mentioned in " Excelsior" [Nos. 19-20, 
 p. 6 : 26-7, p .1]. Since he left the Institution in December 
 1866, there has been no Resident Medical Assistant. Nor 
 has there been any Visiting Physician since Dr. Malcom's 
 death in 1859. 
 
 V. Object or Character of tlie Institution. 
 
 ■We are told by the Charter that the Murray was 
 originally intended " as an Asylum for Lunatics allenarly 
 " .... an Asylum for Lunatic persons .... 
 " an Institution calculated to be beneficial and useful to the 
 "Public." The 2d Eeport (1829, p. 5) describes it as a 
 " comfortable Retreat : " and this perhaps has always been 
 its distinctive feature, as compared with larger Establish- 
 ments for the Treatment of the Insane — establishments 
 that acquire an objectionable, Barrack-like character in pro- 
 portion to their size and population. The ist Report (1828, 
 p. 16) tells us that "while the Establishment possesses all 
 " the advantages of a Public Institution, richly endowed, it, 
 
i8 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 "at the same time, is conducted on principles of the 
 " ^eatest privacy and comfort." This is another of the 
 distinctive features it has maintained throughout, and con- 
 tinues to maintain — the conjoint advantages of Publicity and 
 Privacy. Publicity has been secured by 
 
 1. The Government of .affairs being vested in a 
 
 Board of Directors composed of the most 
 noted Public men of the county and city of 
 Perth : and 
 
 2. The publication of Annual or other Reports up to 
 
 1868. 
 Privacy, on the other hand, has been obtained and main- 
 tained by % 
 
 1. Limiting the size of the establishment : and 
 
 2. Giving all its arrangements a domestic or Home- 
 
 like character. 
 In some of the early Reports it is spoken of also as an 
 "Hospital" Thus in the nth Eieport (1838, p. 7) it is 
 designated — " a Public Hospital :" as well as (p. 6) "a 
 " Public- Institution for Charitable purposes." The Charter 
 (p. 13) obviously points at the exclusion from the benefits of 
 the Institution of all "persons "having legal claims for 
 ''Parochial relief as Paupers." ■ In other words the Murray 
 was intended from the first to be reserved for the Non- 
 pauper classes — though not necessarily for affluent members 
 alone. The only preference or privilege expressed or con- 
 ferred by the Charter is in favour of Natives of the four 
 Parishes of Perth — of the parishes of Dunbamey and Rhynd, 
 and of the County of Perth generally. But this is only 
 provided the said persons be not Paupers, and that there 
 is competition for accommodation with others; who come 
 from or reside at, a distance. That the Institution was 
 intended for the Ronpauper classes exclusively was admitted 
 apparently by successive Boards of Directors, who even took 
 the opinion of Counsel on the subject of their admitting 
 Paupers, or persons from the favoured Parishes or County, 
 at exceptional Board Rates. This Non-admissibility of 
 Paupers is specially adverted to in the 19th Report (1846, 
 p. S) in the following terms : 
 
 " It was always understood to be the view of the Founder of this 
 "Asylum that there would be no propriety in affiading relief to 
 "absolute Paupers: because, to provide for their reception, at a 
 " smaller rs.te than would compensate the Institution, would virtually 
 "amount to a Bequest — not to the poor people themselves, but to thfe 
 "Heritors of the Parishes, who by law are liable for their support. 
 "He liad no wish, and no intention, of durectitig any part of his 
 
 '' Benevolence in that way: but expressly reserved the same for an 
 " entirely different class of Society— namely, for persons, who, though 
 " in poor circumstances, have not as the Royal Charter expresses it a 
 " legal cldim for Parochial relief as Paupers upon any Parish . . . 
 "This principle, thus shown to be fundamental, and which on the 
 " smallest reflection must appear of the most essential and vital impor- 
 " tance in the practical working of the Institution, has never once been 
 " lost sight of since its origin by those in the Directiftn." 
 
 The distinction of " parties who have claims for Parochial 
 "relief as Paupers" was made so lately as ,1855 (28th 
 Report, p. 6) by " two eminent Counsel . . . who were 
 " clearly of opinion that, under the terms of the Royal Char- 
 " ter, the Directors would not be warranted" in giving certain 
 advantages tO certain Pauper Patients from the town or 
 county of Perth. And still more lately — in 1864 — in the 
 37th Report (p. 6) the Reservation of the Murray for the 
 Non-pauper classes — after the opening of the Murthly Asylum 
 — is based on the admitted desire of the founder that 
 Paupers as such should not benefit by his munificence. ' 
 
 Notwithstanding these very explicit interpretations of tlie 
 Founder's wishes in regard to the class of persons for whose 
 benefit the Institution that bears his Name was intended, 
 there appears to have been from the very first a practice 
 opposed to wliat was described in 1846 as a Principle — in-so- 
 far as Paupers were admitted at all, and occupied the greater 
 part of the accommodation at disposal — ^with results un- 
 fortunate in many ways^up to the opening of the Pauper 
 Asylum at Murthly in 1863. In 1827, the Murray was 
 " the only Asylum for the reception of Lunatics within the 
 " extensive County of Perth :" and it remained so for 36 
 years. It is probably due to this fact that it so happened 
 that the Institution, during that long period, was virtually 
 the Perth District Asylum, receiving for a time all the Pauper 
 Insane oif the County, and thereafter tip to 1S63 the greater 
 part of them. The 9th Report (1836, p. 24) complains that 
 there have been "too many of the Pauper class of Patients." 
 " . . They ar,e sorry to think that experience has shown " 
 this : and moreover that " there has beeii an immense 
 " influx of Pauper Patients from counties other than that of 
 " Perth." On the passing of the Lunacy (Scotland) Act of 
 1857, the County gentlemen— many if not most of whom, 
 as we have already seen, were or had been Directors 
 of tliis Institution, at first contemplated building a Dis- 
 trict Asylum on the farm land of the Murray, and placing 
 both District; Asylum and the Murray under one Phv- 
 ^ician-inchief, with an Assistant' Physician resident in 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 19 
 
 each of the two Institutions— the Murray for the Non-pauper 
 and the District Asylum for the Pauper classes — ^just as is 
 the case in the Crichton Royal Institution, and Southern 
 Counties Asylum, Dumfries. And it was only after careful 
 surveys of our farm land, and interviews between the 
 Directors of the Murray on the one hand and the members 
 of the District Board of Lunacy on the other, that it was 
 deemed, on the whole, preferable to construct a new Dis- 
 trict Asylum for the Insane Paupers of Perthshire at a dis- 
 tance from and nowise in connection with the Murray — 
 viz : at Murthly near Dunkeld — ten or twelve miles distant 
 — on the line of the Highland (Inverness) Railway. How 
 far such a decision was determined by a consideration for 
 the expressed wishes of the Founder of the Murray— as 
 Regards the Non-adinissibility of Paupers-^we cannot pre- 
 tend to say. But, so far as concerns a;t least the Murray, the 
 decision was a fortunate one. For, its history subsequent 
 tq the removal of its Pauper population in 1863 shows that 
 in every respect — in a pecuniary, sanitary and social sense 
 alike — it would have been well had it never admitted 
 Paupers at all. Since that date and that exodus — and only 
 since — ^has opportunity been afforded of making the Institu- 
 tion what it was intended to be from the first, viz : 
 An Hospital on the one hand : and 
 A Home or Retreat on the other — for 
 
 Mental and Nervous Invalids of the Noti- 
 pauper classes of Society. 
 
 VI. Foundation and Development 
 of the Institution. 
 
 The Funds left by James Murray for the establishment of 
 an Hospital for the Insane — ^which funds constituted only a 
 " a considerable portion "-^not the whole — of the Fortune 
 left to him by his step-father — ^William Hope — were placed 
 out at interest from 1813 till 1821, when the two Trustees 
 appointed under Mr Murray's will "found that they had 
 " accumulated such a sum as warranted them in proceeding 
 " with the Building." Accordingly, "in furtherance of the 
 "laudable object of the Testator,"- these Trustees first 
 caused plans of the proposed Asylum to be drawn up by 
 their Architect — Mr Bum : they submitted them to " various 
 " Noblemen and official gentlemen in the City and County 
 " of Perth :" and " from the opinions given, and their own 
 "observations, the Trustees had every reason to give these 
 " Plans their decided approval." Then they purchased ten 
 
 Scots acres of land "at Bankhead in the immediate vicinity 
 of the said city of Perth .... whereupon they 
 "erected an Asylum for Lunatic persons, according to the 
 "most approved construction, and under the superinten- 
 " dence of an eminent Architect." It is also stated that the 
 field, on which the Building was erected, consisted of about 
 twelve acres, and that it was purchased from Dr. Wood, the 
 proprietor. On the purchase of the ground and the erection 
 of the Buildings the sum of ;^2 0,000 was expended : leaving 
 — " for the support of the Institution " — a balance of about 
 ;£'i 2,000. The total sum at the disposal of the Trustees 
 thus appears to have been ;^3 2,000, which is therefore to be 
 held to be the amount of money with which the Institution 
 was endowed. 
 
 The Building was originally constructed for eighty 
 Patients. In 1836, additional wings, intended specially for 
 the reception of Idiots and Epileptics, were erected at the 
 back of the main Building (4th Report, 1831, p. 14) — Mr 
 Burn being here again the Architect. So that the total ac- 
 commodation was then estimated at 140 beds. In 1863, 
 when the transfer of our whole Pauper population rendered 
 it possible to adapt the arrangements of the building to the 
 requirements of Patients and Officers in accordance with 
 modern views or canons in Sanitary Science, it was found 
 that the Institution must be regarded as comfortably or pro- 
 perly adapted for the residence of only about 100 persons 
 — 76 Patients and 24 officers [as was pointed out in 
 the 37th Report, 1864, p. 16]. 
 
 The construction of another Wing seems to have been 
 contemplated in 1847 [20th Report, p. 4] : but the idea or 
 intention was never carried out. The origin of the idea was 
 the result of the fact that "the accommodation for the 
 " Poorer class of Patients is now fully occupied," and the 
 cause of its non-fruition appears to have been want of 
 further funds, and the then " high price of labour." This 
 result — ^the non- extension of the Building — from whatever 
 cause it arose — ^was fortunate. For Hospital purposes — for 
 the classes for whom it was intended — the Building is 
 already — and was indeed at first — sufficiently large: and 
 any Extension that may have been found necessary or con- 
 sidered desirable should have been in the direction of 
 supplementary cottages or. villas at a distance from: the Institu- 
 tion — at distances so remote as Dunkeld and Broughty ferry 
 — ^where domestic or home treatment mig^it have been 
 carried out It is well, we think, that the authorities of the 
 
20 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 Murray have not of late years been smitten with the Mania 
 that has affected all similar Institutions — ^for Extension : 
 and it has consistently resisted this general tendency not- 
 withstanding its having had to refuse, admission to Patients 
 oflFering';^3oo a year of Board rates. So long as it remains 
 as it is — suitable for the admission of only 76 Patients — 
 steadily improving the character of its accommodation — 
 and thereby ofifering attractions to a higher and higher class 
 of Patients — there is hope that the Murray will sooner or 
 later come to be regarded-^as it should be — as a mere 
 
 Centre of Operations 
 
 — a central Hospital — connected with a series of subsidiary, 
 establishments of a cottage or villa class — according to the 
 rank of their occupants— and situated 
 
 (i) Partly at the seaside — at marine Watering-places 
 — on the Fife or Forfarshire coast': 
 
 (2) Pardy in Inland mineral Watering-places — such 
 
 as Pitkeathly Wells or Bridge of Allan : and 
 
 (3) Partly in picturesque Highland localities — such 
 
 as Birnam,. Dunkeld, Pitiochry, ^berfeldy, or 
 Lochearnhead. \ 
 
 This idea — of a central Hospital associated with a series 
 of ordinary cottages or ivillas in ordinary villages — has long 
 been carried out at Gheel in' Belgium : there is no good 
 reason why it should not be carried out in Scotland : and 
 the Murray is fortunately circumstanced for carrying it out 
 — so far as concerns the Non-pauper classes. The subject 
 of the Home treatment of the Insane — meaning thereby 
 treatment in proper Homes prepared for them and under 
 suitable guardians^ — is one of the highest importance in con- 
 nection with the future Treatment of the Insane. It is 
 unsuitable or improper that our Lunatic Asylums should go 
 on ad(Jing block to block or wing to wing — ^until they attain 
 unworkable dimensions — acquire a size and accumulate a 
 population in which all Individuality of the Inmates is lost. 
 ^Boarding out — not barracking — is the idea of the day— ^the 
 principle upon which future practice will probably be based 
 as regards, perhaps, one-half or three-fourths of the whole 
 number of mental invalids. But these topics are unspitable 
 for discussion in the pages of Excelsior. Readers who take 
 an interest in them are referred to the following published 
 sources of information : 
 
 1. 34th Report of the Institution (1861, p. 66). 
 
 2. " Gheel in the North :" a couple of articles in the 
 
 "Northern Ensign" (Wick) for September 29 
 and November 17, 1870. 
 
 3. " Gheel in the North : " British and Foreign Medico- 
 
 Chirurgical Review, January 187 1. 
 
 4. " The Family System as applied to the Treatment of 
 
 the Chronic Insane :" Journal of Mental Science, 
 
 January 1871. 
 In May 1837, the roof and upper storey of the main 
 building of the Murray were destroyed 'by fire — with no loss 
 of life, however, and with only temporary inconvenience. 
 The origin of the fire was apparently traceable to certain 
 careless Plumbers, who having occasion to examine some of 
 the numerous (9) Water cisterns in the attics by means of a 
 lighted candle, had left or placed it incautiously in such a 
 position that it set fire to the exposed and dry wood-work of 
 said cisterns or attics. The roof and upper storey were re- 
 built, and made fire-proof like the two under storeys — again 
 under the supervision of Mr Burn [loth Report]. Many 
 years subsequently, two outbreaks of Fire- occurred in the ' 
 Laundry, the result of the use of Hot air flues. All risk of 
 further accidents of the same kind was prevented by the 
 substitution of steam for hot air — which latter frequently ■ 
 must have included actual flame. We are told in the i?.' 
 Report (p. 17) that " the House is heated on a plan furnished 
 by Mr Sylvester of London :" which no doubt was regarded 
 as the best in its day. But, apart altogether from danger and 
 loss by fire — a danger , and loss that in our own case ' were 
 not merely imaginary-— the Hot air system has hever been 
 satisfactory here : and it is therefore being' superseded by 
 the use of Steam as a heating agent in all parts of the 
 Building. This, however, necessitated the construction of 
 a Boiler House, the fitting up of a Steam boiler, and the fl 
 appointment of an Engineer — all in 1863. 
 
 In 1838, a Farm of thirty-six acres, adjoining and partly 
 surrounding the grounds of the Institution, was purchased 
 from the Earl of Kinnoull. . The object of the purchase 
 was to give suitable healthy employment to the Pauper 
 Patients (nth Report, p. 4). For a time it was worked by 
 the said Patients under the supervision of some of the 
 Officers, and an Agricultural Sub-Committee of the Directors' 
 But its working, as a part of the arrangements of the Institu- 
 tion, was very soon given up, and the farm itself handed over 
 to a succession of Tenants. 
 
 The Mansion House and estate of Pitcullen Bank were 
 purchased from the proprietor — ^who was then also Chairman 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 21 
 
 of the Board of Directors — in 1849, in order that it might be 
 converted into a succursal establishment for .Patients of 
 the affluent class. The idea was an admirable one : but 
 that very contiguity to the Institution and its grounds, 
 which appeared to render the acquisition of PitcuUen' Bank 
 desirable, was probably the reason why its acquisition did 
 not realise the hopes of the purchasers. In their 22d Report 
 (pp. 4-5), the Directors of the day tell us that they have 
 
 "acquired the Mansion House of Pitcullen, which adjoins the grounds 
 "of the Asylum, and which they have caused to be arranged and 
 " fitted up for the reception of Patients of a higher class, in such a 
 ' ' manner as to combine all the advantages of a Private establishment 
 •" with the supervision and superintendence of the Directors and Staff of 
 " a Public Institution .... Although in tjie immediate vicinity 
 " of Perth, it is completely secluded, having every facility of access with- 
 " out Publicity. The Diredtors consider that they have made an 
 "acguisition tovthe Asylum by this purchase, as they are enabled to 
 " accommodate a superior class of Patients in their new House, whilst, 
 " by removing them from the Asylum, they can provide for a much 
 "greater number of persons less able to afford a high Board, and cause 
 "a more complete separation than they have hitherto been able to 
 "manage." 
 
 The grounds attached to Pitculkn Bank extended to 7^ 
 acres — and included Parks, with Kitchen and Flower gardens 
 — as well as Stabling, Coach House, Hen House, Porter's 
 Lodge, Coachman's House, Gardener's House, and other 
 conveniences. The Mansion House and grounds in 
 question" do not appear ever to have been devoted to the 
 purpose originally intended: that is to say, there is no recorded 
 evidence of the House having been at any time occupied by 
 Patients. It was let for a time to an ordinary tenant ; and 
 in 1858 it became the official residence, of the Physician and 
 his family, the Porter's or Gate Lodge affording suitable 
 accommodation to the Head Male attendant of the Murray 
 and his family. For these latter purposes the contiguity of 
 the House and its groiinds to the grounds of the Murray — 
 there being a common boundary wall between them, with a 
 door or gateway affijrdihg ready access to either — ^rendered 
 it highly suitable — the more so that the Pitcullen grounds 
 afforded diversified occupation to the Patients of the 
 Murray, as well as produce to the Murray itself— valued at 
 ;^5o per annum. Pitcullen Bank, however, was maintained 
 or retained as an official residence for the Physician only for 
 six years, having been sold in 1864. 
 
 It is one of the peculiarities and advantages of such 
 an Institution as the Murray that all prpfits on the 
 
 management — all Surplus Funds — are devoted simply 1 
 to those incessant improvements, which are required 
 to keep such an Institution abreast of current opinion 
 by the adoption of every novelty that promises to bene- 
 fit the Patients, or add to the general efficiency of the 
 Establishment. This peculiarity is referred to for instance 
 in the 27th Report(i854, p. 8), in which it is stated that 
 
 "the Realising of Profit— beyond what is necessaiy for defraying the 
 "expenses of carrying on the Institution and upholding the Buildings . 
 " — is no object of the Directors. And in this respect they occupy a 
 " proud and independeiit position compared with many Asylums. 
 " . . . . When improvements have been observed (elsewhere), no 
 "time has beeh lost, or money spared, to have them introduced into 
 "this Asylum, so that it may be kept fully equal to kindred Institu- 
 " tions throughout the country." 
 
 A continuously progressive Policy is also advocated and 
 expounded in the 37th Report (1864, p. 7) : and it is in 
 virtue of being guided by such a Policy that structural or 
 other Injiprbvements are constantly being effected. That 
 these Improvements are not mere changes may be inferred 
 from the Reports made regarding them from time to time 
 by the Commissioners in Lunacy, who are familiar with the 
 arrangements of other Asylums, and who express themselves 
 dispassionately. We cantiot, however, afford space to quote 
 any of their repeated and emphatic commendations — how- 
 ever agreeable it may be to do so. Those concerned will 
 find the criticisions of the Commissioners recorded in the 
 Annual Blue Books of the Scottish Lunacy Commission, 
 beginning with the Report of the Royal Commission of 
 1857- 
 
 The foregoing History must be considered as virtually 
 extending only to the year 1854. It would weary and 
 perplex the reader to enter at present on what may be called 
 the more modern section of the History of the Institution : 
 to describe its condition in the Present, and the probabilities 
 or possibilities of its Future. There are therefore whole 
 subjects that cannot now' be touched upon, but that must be 
 reserved for the next, or some future-, number of Excelsior : 
 such as 
 
 1. The Amenities of the Institution and its grounds : 
 
 2. The Ocqupations of the, Inmates of the Institu- 
 
 tion : and 
 
 3. The Machinery in operation for their Curative 
 
 Treatment and Domestic Comfort. 
 
22 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 A FANCY BALL AT COLNEY HATCH. 
 
 Under this title, a New- Year's entertainment in the great 
 Middlesex Asylum at Colney Hatch, near London, was de- 
 scribed by " our special correspondent " in the Daily Ti/i?- 
 ^^■a/A (of January 12, 1876). The innovation was due to 
 the Chairman of the Committee of Visitors — Sir W. H. 
 Wyatt: — if correct, the only notable feature iii the exhi- 
 bition — seeing that such novelties very seldom spring 
 from the ingenuity or interest of Committees or their mem- 
 bers. The scene evidently struck "our correspondent ".as 
 something quite out of the way. He calls the Ball " a bene- 
 " ficent scheme : " and no doubt it was — in so far as it pro- 
 ceeded from a Cliairman of Committee. It was a form of 
 Ball, which we are told "appealed more strongly to the 
 " Imagination, and more powerfully excited the interest of 
 " the Patients "^^than the ordinary forms of full-dress Danc- 
 ing Assemblies. The cost of the Dresses was little over 
 ^£50 — a small sum, considering the population of Colney 
 Hatch — 2089 Patients — and a corresponding Staff of offi- 
 cers, who require amusement quite as much as their charges. 
 Moreover, there were no less than 200 guests : while the 
 Gallery of the Ballroom was Occupied by hundreds of mere 
 onlookers— that is of non-dancing Patients, , officers or 
 guests, who nevertheless enjoyed the tout ensemble, the 
 music, and the decorations. 
 
 This same Fancy Ball created such a sensation among 
 the sensation-sated London men of the press that it became 
 the subject of a versified /«« d' esprit in Fun (of January 19, 
 1876) — entitled "The Fancy Ball: by our Lunatic 
 " Laureaite." 
 
 We have more than once had occasion to shew in these 
 pages * that Fancy Balls, which appear to be •such novelties 
 in the sunnier South — ^in those Asylums that, according to 
 Dr Bucknill, claim to be models for the world — have long 
 ceased to be so in certain parts of the colder North — where 
 Dancing in its varied forms is entered into with all the 
 Ingenium perfervidum Scotorum. At a time when they were 
 unknown in this country — or rather had become disused — 
 for at one time they were as common as the Carnival at 
 Rome or Naples — they were (in 1853-4) introduced into 
 the Crichton Institution, Dumfries, and thereafter (in 1854) 
 into the Murray Royal Institution, Perth; In both of these 
 , establishments Fancy Balls of considerable pretensions have 
 
 ♦For instance in No. 35, p. 6 : 29, p. i : 8, p. 3 : and 4, p. 3. 
 
 been held up to the present date— never on so large' a scale 
 —as to numbers— as the Balls of the great English Asylums ; 
 but on a scale of much greater magnificence as to costumes 
 and decorations. For, while the whole cost of dresses at 
 Colney Hatch was £^,0, we have had; at our own quiet 
 Fairy-like scenes in the Murray, single costumes that cost 
 that sum in gold lace alone. t Both at the Crichton and 
 Murray, real theatrical "properties" — ^real Court costumes— =• 
 real Military, Naval, and other uniforms were freely used — 
 having been bouglit or borrowed for the occasion, where not 
 worn by their owners. Descriptions of the results have 
 appeared — as regards Dumfries^both in the "New Moon "IT 
 and in the local newspapers :f — including accounts of the 
 latest form of Fancy Ball at the Crichton, which has been 
 confined to "Calico" dresses, and has therefore been dubbed 
 a " Calico Ball." As regards the Murray, " Excelsior" has 
 been a fitting and sufficient medium for chronicling its 
 Costume Balls — masked or unmasked — pantomimic or 
 other. In at least one Scotch Asylum the Fancy Ball 
 has become an Annual Institution : but it .is still re- 
 garded so much a Novelty by our neighbour town of Dun- 
 dee, that a long account of what it calls — ^with probably a 
 Printer's license, which is even greater than a Poet's — a : 
 "Bal masqud" at Murthly Lunatic Asylum — was given in the 
 Dundee Courier and Argus (of December lip, 1876), and 
 was reprinted in the form of elegant circulars on coloured 
 
 paper. 
 
 ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY— 
 by Purchase. 
 
 \Continued from No. 36,/. 6]. 
 
 -The following volumes of the " International Scientific 
 Series ": — 
 (i) " The Study of Sociology :" by Herbert Spencer. 
 
 (2) " Responsibility in Mental Disease :" by Professor 
 
 Maudsley. 
 
 (3) " The Doctrine of Descent and Darwinism :" by 
 
 Professor Oscar Schmidt of Strasburg. 
 
 Wide account of " Our last Fancy Balls " in No.' 29, p. 2. 
 
 ITFor instance, the genial notice of the fii-st, given in No. 114 (for 
 May, 1854) : which " Bal costunie," as it i.s called, appears to have 
 been opened hya grand peroration and ceremonial — including the de- 
 livery of original addresses in verse :— the whole Pageant fflimickinffon 
 a small scale scenes that have been enacted before the Elizabethan 
 Coui-1 at Kenilworth, or the modem Enghsh Public lat Drury Lane or 
 Covent Garden. Of one of the later Fancy Balls a description is given 
 both in verse and prose in the "New Moon" for February, 1874 (No 
 351). 
 
 JFor instance, in the " Dumfries Courier" of January 13, igy^ 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 23 
 
 (4) " History of the Conflict between Religion and 
 
 " Science :" by Professor Draper of New York. 
 
 (5) " Fungi : their nature, influence and uses :" by Dr 
 
 Cooke. 
 
 (6) ','The Life and Growth of Language :" by Prof. 
 
 Whitney of New Haven, U.S. 
 n. "Scenes and Occupations of Country Life : with Recol-: 
 " lections of Natural History :" by Edward Jesse : 
 a volume of the " Golden Library " of Chatto & 
 Windus, London, 1875. 
 
 III. " Wild Animals in Freedom and Captivity :" copiously 
 
 illustrated : a volume of Beeton's " Boy's Own 
 "Library," London, iS'js- 
 
 IV. " Plandy Book of Medical Information, and Advice : 
 
 by a Physician " (ihe late Dr. Warburton- Begbie,) 
 Edinburgh, 1873. 
 
 V. "Dictionary of Hygiene and Public Health:" by Dr 
 
 Blyth : London, 1876. ' 
 
 VI. ", Lectures on the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians :" 
 
 by the Rev. Professor Johnstone, U. P.,, College, 
 Edinburgh : 1875. 
 
 VII. " Lectures on the Epistle of James :" by same author : 
 
 Edinburgh, 1871. 
 yill. " The Language and Literature of the Scottish High- 
 " lands :" by Professor Blackie : Edinburgh, 1876. 
 
 IX. " Historical, and Traditionary Gleanings concerning 
 
 Perthshire :" by R. S. Fittis : Perth, 187^. 
 
 X. " God's Treasure House in Scotland :" being an account 
 
 of the Lowthers — including their Natural History : 
 with map and illustrations : by the Rev. J. Moir 
 Porteous of Wanlockhead:. London and Edinburgh, 
 1876. 
 XL " Inti-oduction to Animal Morphology and Systematic. 
 Zoology:" by Professor Macalister of Dublin : 1876. 
 
 XII. Fac simile of the ist edition of the Works of 
 
 William Shakespeare (1623) : with Introduction by 
 J. O. Halliwell : Phillips, London, 1876. 
 
 XIII. " I Promessi Sposi : Storia Milanese del Secolo 
 
 "XVIII scoperta e ripatta da Alessandrb Manzini: ' 
 Leipsic, 1863 : being Volume I of Brockhaus's 
 " Biblioteca D'Autori Italiani." 
 
 XIV. " The Betrothed :" being an English translation of 
 
 the foregoing : illustrated, London, 1876. 
 
 XV. Grassi's Italian Dictionary : sth edition, London, 1869. 
 
 XVI. First Italian Course, on Ahn's system .• , by A. H. 
 
 Monteith : one of Allman's " Popular Elementary 
 Series of works for learning Foreign Languages :" 
 London, 1873. 
 
 DONATIONS. 
 
 I. " Excelsior" Fund. 
 
 A Friend, Guildford, Surrey, 
 
 £^ 
 
 Dr Arthur Mitchell, Edinburgh, ... ;£o 7 6 
 
 Sheriff Barclay, 050 
 
 Dr Browne, Dumfries, 050 
 
 Mr Daniel Campbell, Governor of the 
 Dysart Combination Poorhouse, Thorn- 
 ton, Fifeshire, 050 
 
 II. Library. 
 
 Miss Robertson, Bridge of Allan : " Agnes of Sor- 
 
 " rento," by Mrs Stowe. 
 Mr F. S. B. : Boyd's Horace. 
 
 III. Museum. 
 
 Mrs David Crawford, Perth : (i) Pair of Turkish 
 Slippers worked for the Sultana at Coiistantinople, 
 1855 : (2) Russian Newspaper — the " Invalide 
 " Russe " — found in the officer's quarters in the 
 famous Redan at the taking of Sebastopol in 
 October 1855 : sent home by a wounded British 
 Officer. 
 
 A Lady, Perth : Reticule made of New Zealand 
 Flax by a Maori Princess — [a chief's daughter 
 probably] — in 1869. 
 
 Messrs Graham Brothers, Wood Merchants, Stock- 
 holm: Samples of (i) Wood Pulp (Norwegian 
 Pine) in process of conversion into Paper : (2) 
 Paper jnade from said Wood Pulp. 
 
 Dr Lindsay, Gilgal : 
 (i) Framed Sheets (s)— of 
 
 (a) Fibres used in the manufacture of Paper, 
 
 cordd!ge and textile fabrics. 
 (d) Paper made of various materials. 
 (c) Sandwich Island Cloths. - 
 
 (2) Collections of 
 
 (a) Fibred used in the Textile Arts. 
 
 (i) Papers made of various materials. 
 
 {c) New Zealand Minerals, Rocks and Fossils. 
 
 {d) Minerals from all parts of the world — 
 
 mostly from the Continent of Europe. 
 {e) The Minerals of Leadhills, Lanarkshire. 
 (/) The Carboniferous Limestone Fossils 
 
 (Shells and Corals) of Yorkshire. 
 (g) English Chalk, Lias and Oolite fossils 
 
 (Echinoderms and Belemnites). 
 {A) Old Red Sandstone of Caithness fossil 
 
 fish., 
 (/) In bottles — Cottons grown in India. 
 
 (3) Native Sulphur from (i) the summit (crater) 
 
 of Vesuvius : and (2) the Solfatara near 
 Naples. 
 
 (4) Semi-fossilised Soap found in Pompeii. 
 
 (5) Iceland Moss — in bottle. 
 
 (-6) Series (3) of Silk coccoons from Leceo, Lake 
 of Como, Italy. 
 
24 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 (7) Meerschaum as imported by the Pipe Manu- 
 
 facturers of Hamburg from Xurkey in 1850. 
 
 (8) Boiler deposits (2 polished, sections of) from 
 
 the" Royal Victoria " Steainer : Hawthorne's 
 Engine Works, Leith, 1849. 
 Miss LiNDSAYj Gilgal: Nest of a Paper-making Wasp. 
 Mrs .Bruce, Liverpool : (i) Native Sulphur : and (2) 
 
 Celestine^-large handsome specimens — boli from 
 
 Girgenti, Sicily. 
 Mr James Edward, Perth : Old Silver Coins (6) — 
 
 including those of George III, 1787,, Charles HI 
 
 of Spain, 1767, and others of 1565 and 1643. 
 Mr GowENLOCK, M.R.I. : Canadian Cent of Victoria, 
 
 1859. 
 
 IV. MiSCELIiANKOUS. 
 
 John Mackie, Esq., Wick, "Northern Ensign" regu- 
 larly during 1876. 
 
 Mr Hyslop, Church-Strettop, S^op : " Invocation 
 to God :'' being a Translation from the Russian of 
 DerzhaVing, by Bowring : printed as a Placard for 
 suspension on Bedroom walls (2 copies). , 
 
 Messrs W. Macfarlank & Co., Printers, Perth : i 
 dozen Office Calendars for 1877. 
 
 MAD CHARACTERS IN HISTORY. 
 
 \Continued from No. 36, p. (i\. 
 
 Our friend, Dr Richardson of London — the promoter'of 
 that Hygeia which is now taking practical shape on the 
 Sussex coast near Worthing— rand of which a Prospectus 
 reached us lately t — read a paper before the Historical 
 Society in January 1876 — on " The Historical Insane : 
 '■■' John the Fourth of Muscovy." IT 
 
 History is more familiar, probably, with the doings of 
 Ivan the Terrible, w;ho ruled Russia between 1533 and 
 1584. We are told that after — perhaps in consequence of 
 — his wife's death — " a remarkable change came over his 
 " character . . . . He became suspicious of every 
 "one: believed himself surrounded with traitors: banished 
 " his two. counsellors : . . . and persecuted the Bojars, 
 " many of whom perished on the scaffold. . . . His 
 " Insane Rage fell upon whole towns : thousands of people 
 " were destroyed in Tver, Novgorod, and Moscow : and 
 " finally he murdered his eldest son." Another Ivan was an 
 Imbecile.* So that the Imperial House of Russia has fur- 
 nished several notable instances of Insane Rule and Rulers. 
 
 ~ t Under the title of " The. .Sanitary Estates Association (limited)." 
 IT The same Lecture was more recently (January 2i, 1877) delivered 
 
 under the auspices of the Sunday Lecture Society in London — as 
 
 announced in " Nature " (January 18, 1877). 
 
 * " Chambers's Encyclppsedia : " article on Russia. 
 
 A new version of an old story — not to the credit of 
 "Bonnie Prince Charlie"— "The Yoimg Chevalier ''—the 
 idol of so rnany generations of enthusiastic Jacobite damsels 
 of high degree and low — old and young — the subject of so 
 many beautiful ballads and so much enchanting melody or 
 music that has become National, and will probably last as 
 long as the Scottish Nation itself does— has been given, to 
 the world in a historical work recently published. Prince 
 Charles Edward — the last of the Stuarts — unfortunate in so 
 many ways, was, perhaps, in no way more to be pitied than in 
 this, that he became, according to Ewald, a mere vulgar 
 Drivelling Dipsomaniac.t 
 
 Insane Rulers, however, are, unfortunately, not confined 
 to bye-gone times. They exist among the chief makers of 
 the History of our own Times. Thus we have 
 
 (i) AbulAziz — Sultan of Turkey — deposedin June 1876 
 — who committed suicide immediately after his disgrace. 
 Since his downfall the newspapers of the day have teemed 
 with instances of his numerous Eccentricities, and of the 
 evil fruits of his unhappy reign in unhappy Turkey. 
 
 (2) The present Czar of Russia is alsp described as the 
 subject of Monomanid of Fear or Suspicion — as possessed 
 by a morbid and intense dread of Assasination or Poisoning. 
 On account of this extreme Terrorism, deposition or 
 abdication has in this case also been looked for, 
 
 (3) " The Music-Mad King of Bavaria '' and his doings 
 at Munich were described. in the "North British Advertiser" 
 of June 10, 1876, and have Over and over again been com- 
 mented upon by the newspapers of the day — in England as 
 well as Germany. 
 
 (4) The Empress Charlotte of Mexico — widow of the ill- 
 fated Maximilian — and a Belgian Princess — is another Sover- 
 eign of whose mental peculiarities the newspapers keep us 
 duly inforined. And in short, now-a-days, such is the 
 avidity of the Public for news of the most private and per- 
 sdnal kind — such the desire of Editors to pander to a 
 morbid popular curiosity— and such the power of the Press 
 to acquire every kind of information it inay wish to possess 
 — that anything like Privacy, or concealment of -the most 
 secret or sacred doings or sayings — of the details of charac- 
 ter, disposition, or habits^^of Emperors and Kings is an 
 impossibility. These dignitaries must submit, by virtue of 
 their very dignity, to be "interviewed" by impudent, in- 
 quisitive newspaper correspondents : and as a result, their 
 dress, surroundings, looks, manner, conversation are all set 
 forth— with embellishments it cannot be doubted — in the 
 columns of this or that enterprising but unscrupulous 
 " Daily." 
 
 t " The Life and Times of Prince Charles Stuart, Count of Albany 
 " commonly called the young Pretender : " by A. C. Ewald, F.S.A. • 
 2 vols. : London, 1875 : quoted in the "Journal of Mental Science " 
 January 1876, p. 600. 
 
t 
 
 ® 
 
 «) 
 
 THE MURRAY ROYAL INSTITUTION LITERARY GAZETTE. 
 
 " What are the aims, which are at the same time duties ? They are the perfecting of ourselves, the happiness 
 
 of others." — Kant. 
 
 NO. 38. 
 
 JANUARY, 1878. 
 
 THE MURRAY ROYAL INSTITUTION: 
 
 ITS RECENT HISTORY ^ND PRESENT 
 CONDITION. 
 
 In the last number of ^^ Excelsior" (for 1877), we brought 
 down the History of the Murray Royal Institution to the 
 
 year 1854, when, after a succession of changes in the staff, 
 and in tlie mode of management, that Regime was inaugu. 
 rated, which has since regulated and still.regulates its affairs. 
 
 It remains for us to describe — for the most part shortly — 
 the leading features of — 
 
 I. The Pleasure Grounds— including the 
 
 Farm. 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 Conservatory. 
 
 Park — with Cricket and Football Ground. 
 
 Croquet and Bowling Green. 
 
 Terrace. 
 
 Kitchen and Flower Garden. 
 
 Woods, Walks, and Shrubberies. 
 
 2. The Institution itself— as a Building — including 
 
 especially the 
 Museum. 
 Library. 
 Billiard Eoom. 
 Ball Room. 
 Chapel. 
 
 3. The Operations of the Institution, so far as 
 
 concerns the Occupations — industrial or recreative 
 — of its Inmates : including particularly 
 Classes. 
 
 Lectures and Demonstrations. 
 Coversazioni. 
 Concerts. 
 Theatricals. 
 Charades. 
 Tableaux vivants. 
 Readings and Recitations. 
 Balls — Ordinary and Fancy. 
 Fetes Champetres or Garden Parties. 
 Out-door Games, such as 
 Cricket. 
 Croquet. 
 Archery. 
 Football. 
 
 Bowls and Quoits. 
 In-door Amusements — such as 
 
 Evening Parties — Musical or other. 
 Pic-nics and Carriage Drives. 
 Railway and Steamboat Excursions : among which 
 are 
 Botanical, 
 Geological, 
 
 Curling and Skating : and 
 Fishing — Expeditions. 
 Summer Quarters 
 Keeping 'Pet Animals. 
 Private Fund and its Expenditure. 
 Bazaar Contributions. 
 
 The GROUNDS 
 
 of the Institution— those immediately surrounding it- 
 amount to 8 acres. They form portion of the northern 
 slope of Kinnoull Hill— elevated from 200 to 250 feet above 
 the high tide level at Perth Bridge. They command an ex- 
 'tensive view of the lower valley of the Tay, and of the 
 Grampian range, not only, looking northwards, on either side 
 of classic Birnamand Dunkeld,but sweeping from Benvoirlich 
 in the west to where the Grampians become broken up in 
 Kincardineshire in the east. Consisting of the debris of 
 the trap rocks of Kinnoull Hill, our Garden soil is fertile, 
 and bears good yields of all ordinary kinds of kitchen vege- 
 tables and garden flowers. 
 
 The Wa/ks are extensive and varied — passing through or 
 past woods and shrubberies, park and terrace, and the fruit, 
 flower, and kitchen garden. The grounds are surrounded 
 by what the Directors in their 2d Annual Report (p. 7) de- 
 scribe as '' a Promenade of nearly a mile in circumference " 
 or length. 
 
 The GARDEN 
 
 especially has long been so attractive to, that it is one of 
 the very few show places of, the citizens of Perth : one of 
 those that may be visited without danger of wounding the 
 sensibilities or intruding on the privacy of any " Noble Lord." 
 The Gardener — Mr Gowenlock — is now the oldest officer 
 of the Institution, having entered its service in 1834. He 
 has long been so successful a rearer of garden and green- 
 house flowers — so constantly a Prize-gainer at all Flower- 
 shows far and near, that his reputation is both high and 
 widespread : so much so that we live in the hope of 
 some day seeing his Portrait and Memoir in the Gardeners' 
 Chronicle as that of one of the eminent Gardeners of the 
 United Kingdom. So many Prizes has he gained at Shows 
 that his competing latterly became a farce : it was taken 
 for granted that all he had to do was to compete in 
 order to sweep all before him. But the ambition of a Gar- 
 dener — as of other men — sooner or later becomes sated 
 with getting all his .own way. So that for some years, Mr 
 Gowenlock has wisely contented himself with acting as 
 Judge or Referee at Shows, or as President or Vice- 
 President of various Horticultural Societies. He was 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 for instance, Vice-President of the last National Rose 
 Show, held at Perth in. July, 1876. There is scarcely, how- 
 ever, .a Royal Visit, a Fancy Bazaar, a County Ball, 
 a Christmas gathering, or a Wedding among the local 
 " upper ten thousand," at which his services are not soHcited 
 as the provider and maker-up of Bouquets, or of Floral de- 
 corations. Over and over again have his achievements been 
 chronicled in " Excelsior." Thus Nos. 2 (p. 4), 7 (p. 3), and 
 14-15, (p. 5^ give lists of Flower Show Prizes : while Nos. 
 20-1 (p. 6) and 21-2 (p. 4) coiitain notice of the Eoyal Bou- 
 quets and floral decorations supplied by him in connection with 
 the Perth Albert Statue Inauguration in August, 1864. 
 
 The CONSERVATORY, 
 
 which was erected in 1863, at a cost of about ;!^ 200, con- 
 sists of Greenhouse, Hothouse, and Forcing Houses. Its 
 main object is to enable the Gardener to supply all parts of 
 the Institution with a succession of showy hardy flowering 
 plants, of handsome evergreens, and of cut flowers — during 
 the year. But it serves at least two' other important pur- 
 poses : (i) It gives Mr Gowenlock the means of growing a 
 number of rare and beautiful Hothouse exotics : while (2) It 
 affords a lounge for ladies or gentlemen — Visitors as well as 
 Patients — who appreciate floricultural success. It is not 
 too. much to say that, under the judicious and experienced 
 administration of Mr Gowenlock, the Conservatory is second 
 to none in the county — either as regards its success in the 
 rearing of showy plants — in the beautiful show which their 
 due arrangement produces — or in the acclimatisation of 
 novelties sent home as seed from dlff'erent parts of the world. 
 As illustrations of our Gardener's successes in the scientific 
 and practical operations of acclimatisation, we have only to 
 point to the fine bunch of Mistletoe he can show on an 
 apple tree, and the handsome New Zealand Edwardsia, 
 which long ago became only too luxuriant for the size of 
 the Conservatory, and which has for some years flowered 
 freely. The Mistletoe in question was the subject of notice 
 some years ago in the Gardeners' Chronicle, and both it 
 and the Edwardsia in the Scottish Naturalist (Vol. I., 
 p. 73, and Vol. II., p. 33). Not only is the Conservatory 
 constantly being visited by gentlemen in Perth and Perth- 
 shire, who are desirous of comparing their own Greenhouses 
 
 or Hothouses, with ours : not only is it also inspected with 
 .delight by strangers from a distance : not only is it an 
 Emporium of Exchanges of cuttings or seedlings : but it has 
 been the Model on which similar Buildings have been 
 constructed elsewhere. And further, not jonly, so far as we 
 are aware, was it the first of its kind attached to any Public 
 Hospital for the Insane, but it remains to this dajr the best 
 of the many that have been erected of late years. Here 
 as in so many other matters connected with Lunatic 
 Asylums and their surroundings, it is in Scotland, not in 
 England, that we find the idea developed of environing 
 Insane Invalids with living things so eloquent — :S0 beautiful 
 — so harmless as flowers. Nor are Conservatories in con- 
 nection with Scottish Asylums- confined to those for the 
 affluent. We ha,ve only to point to our enterprising neigh- 
 bours at Murthly, or to the Barony Asylum at Woodilee, 
 near Glasgow, as instances of purely Pauper Asylums, whose 
 authorities show a commendable enlightenment in this and 
 other ways. 
 
 The MUSEUM, 
 
 which was begun in 1854, consists, like most other Museums, 
 of several departments : including Archaeology, Numisma- 
 tology, and Technology, as well as Natural History — that is 
 Botany, Zoology, Geology, and Mineralogy. Moreover it 
 is both a Local and General Museum — Local in so far as it 
 illustrates the Natural History and Antiquities of the Dis- 
 trict in which it is placed : General in so far as it contains 
 also objects or materials of all kinds from' difierent parts of 
 the world. Its contents — special and general — are fully des- 
 cribed in a " Guide to the Museum of the Murray Royal In- 
 stitution, Perth," which was printed and published in Edin- 
 burgh in 1 868. + At intervals of a few years its contents have 
 received a general overhauling : in order, on the one liand, 
 to the elimination of rubbish and duplicates, — for, as in all 
 other Museums, there is a constant accumulation of both : 
 and on the other, to the due arrangement of the useful 
 additions that are as constantly being made, and the proper 
 display of the whole. Such re-arrangement has been effected 
 
 t Its contents are further described in "Excelsior " Nos. 26-7, (p. 3), 
 "The Inauguration of the New Museum :'' and 13, (p. 3), "Our 
 Museum as a Local one' :" while of the Museum Guide a notice is given 
 in No. 29, (p. 7). 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 from time to time by gentlemen of the most varied qualifica- 
 tions — some of them accomplished NaturaUsts — others with 
 no knowledge of Natural History, but with a taste for order- 
 liness or classification. It so happens that where one 
 " curator " arranges, another frequently disarranges : where 
 one makes a most elaborate classification, that is not only 
 not required, biit is absolutely mischievous, another slumps 
 together articles that are to the eye alike, or to the imagin- 
 ation similar in kind. The incongruousness of the arrange- 
 ment or disarrangement of the latter class of Museum 
 superintendents is not, however, more troublesome than is 
 the elaborate classification of the professed Naturalists : the 
 arrangements of the one are simply amusing, while those of 
 the other are repulsive by reason of the hosts of labels 
 bristling with unknown technical terms. The object of 
 such a Museum being Amusement of an instructive kind — 
 but primarily Amusement — it is obviously a mistake to alarm 
 neophytes, or the ignorant, by a parade of the most scientific 
 and minute classifications, which to the majority of scientific 
 men themselves are utterly repellent. Not only the common- 
 sense man, but the experienced Museum Superintendent will 
 tell us how desirable it is, while displaying Museum contents 
 in the most artistic way and to the best 'advantage, to name 
 and classify them in the simplest possible manner. It so hap- 
 pens then that during the comparatively long life of our Muse- 
 um, we have not met with any one individual possessed of the 
 requisite qualifications for duly arranging a Museum : and 
 judging from what we have seen of Museums of all classes 
 elsewhere, we should say that such qualifications are at least 
 extremely rare. Nor is it possible for us to point to a single 
 Public Museum in the three kingdoms, whose contents are 
 arranged as those of a Museum ought to be. In other words 
 good Museums for educational purposes are — like so many 
 other Desideranda — things of the Future. 
 
 The LIBRARY, 
 
 like the Museum, was begun in 1854. It now contains 
 about 1200 volumes — representing, in the proportions usual 
 in all General Public Libraries, — Fiction, History, Biography, 
 Travel, Works of Reference, and so forth. Its contents are 
 detailed and classified in a Catalogue printed and pubhshed 
 
 I. 
 2. 
 
 in Perth in i863.t Additions are constantly being made 
 both by Purchase and Donation : and such additions since 
 1863 have been duly announced in '^ Excelsior"— \k^Q last 
 of such announcements being in No. 37 (1876, p. 22). 
 
 For many years, moreover, we have had connection — by 
 subscription — with the following Public Libraries in Perth : 
 The Perth Library— in the Marshall Monument. 
 The Perth Library Club :— which is an offshoot from 
 the Perth Library, representing that part of its 
 operations which is confined to the circulation of 
 current Books and Magazines. It receives its sup- 
 ply of the most recent Publications from the well- 
 known circulating Library of Edmonston — former- 
 ly Edmonston & Douglas — Edinburgh — a Libra- 
 ry which is to Edinburgh what Mudie's is to Loiidon 
 — circulating the same kinds of Books and Serials. 
 
 3. The Mechanics' Library. 
 
 The Inmates of the Institution have, therefore, ample 
 choice of Reading material — both new and old. 
 
 There are also constantly being circulated in all parts of the 
 establishment Newspapers and Serials — the former mostly 
 Dailies, representing the press of the capital cities of Scot- 
 land and England : the latter Weeklies and Monthlies-^ 
 froth " Chambers's Journal," up to the " Nineteenth Cen- 
 tury." Lists of these Newspapers have been given from 
 time to time in " Excelsior " — the last having appeared in 
 No. 35 (for 1875, p. 7). 
 
 The CHAPEL 
 
 is one of the handsomest and most comfortable Private 
 Chapels anywhere to be found. It has recently been re- 
 furnished, and decorated in the highest style of art by the 
 Messrs Dow of Perth, of whose workmanship here and in 
 other parts of the Building we have more to say by and bye. 
 The apartment is comfortably heated by steam : the seats 
 and kneeling boards are cushioned : the flooring varnished 
 and carpeted : there is a handsome American Organ : and 
 " the dim religious light" is duly produced by the rich colour- 
 ing of the wmdows. The Chaplain — the Rev. W. D. 
 
 t A notice of this Catalogue, given in "Excelsior" (Nos. 21-2, p. 3) 
 contains statistics of tlie use made of the diiierent classes of Books by 
 the different classes of Readers. 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 Knowles, of Perth — who by the way is at present President 
 of the Congregational Union — officiates here three times a 
 week — on Sundays, Tuesdays, and Fridays : while Miss 
 Giddings presides at the Organ. 
 
 The BALL-ROOM 
 
 is one of the finest rooms — of moderate size — that we have 
 anywhere seen adapted or devoted to such a purpose. The 
 flooring is of polished oak — ^waxed from time to time-as occa- 
 sion mayreqfiire: and the tables, chairs, doors, window-frames 
 and shutters, and other fittings are also of solid oak — ^look- 
 ing none the worse of their wear and tear of half a century. 
 While, however, the room is used as a Ball-room for all 
 ordinary and extraordinary Balls or Dances — and for which 
 it is admirably suited — it also subserves the very different and 
 varied purposes of a Meeting or Board Room for the larger 
 conventions of the Directors ; and of Conversazioni, Concerts, 
 Lectures, Drawing-Rooms, Charades, Tableaux vivants, and 
 all other kinds of Exhibitions. Situated centrally — a whole 
 series of apartments on either side of it — including the 
 Museumand Chapel — can be thrown open in connection 
 with it onj the occasion, for instance, of Conversazioni or 
 Dress Balls. 
 
 PICTORIAL DECORATION. 
 
 Much fuss was made in the beginning of 1877 about the 
 " Introduction of Art into Hospitals " — meaning thereby 
 the covering of the walls of the great Hospitals of London 
 with Pictures of divers sorts, and the supplying their 
 mantelpieces with Statuary or Bronzes. The commotion 
 was begun by a Dr Hamilton, who wrote to the Times 
 as well as to the British Medical Journal {oiYthmiiy 10, 
 1877, p. iSg) — and probably to other newspapers — general 
 or professional— offering a Donation of 100 guineas towards 
 an " Art Fund of the Hospitals of London " — the original 
 provision being that 1000 other subscribers should each con- 
 tribute a similar sum. This offer was followed by that of Mr 
 Graves, the London Prmtseller,who placed 1000 guineas worth 
 of prints at the command of the same Hospitals — in addition 
 to 2000 guineas worth formerly " donated " in the same di- 
 
 rection. What it is now only proposed to " introduce " 
 into Hospitals for the sane has been in existence in the 
 Murray Royal Institution for nearly a quarter of a century, 
 and without a particle of help, even from those from whom 
 assistance was to have been looked for. The Pictorial De- 
 coration of all the galleries and apartments of the Institution 
 was begun in 1854, and various have been the Experiments 
 that have been made, and divers the successes and failures 
 achieved in the course of these Experiments. Confining 
 ourselves, in the meantime, to Pictures, our Experiments 
 have included the following modes of displaying them : — 
 
 1. Framing Chromo- Lithographs — of large size — such as 
 
 "Raphael's Cartoons" — in Oxford frames — variously 
 coloured — ^plain varnished pine, however, looking 
 as well as and being much cheaper than any other. 
 
 2. Framing first-class Engravings, such as those from the 
 
 works of Sir Joseph Noel Paton — "The Return 
 from the Crimea " and " The Highlanders at Delhi " 
 — in gold, oak or rosewood of different breadths and 
 patterns. 
 All such pictures are suspended in the ordinary way 
 from hooks attached to the wall, or slung from pic- 
 ture rods. 
 
 3. But a plan that has been largely employed here is 
 
 much more suitable to General Hospitals — to 
 Schools — and to a great variety of Pubhc Institu- 
 tions, in which it is desirable to substitute Things of 
 Beauty for the meaningless and monotonous patterns 
 or colours now in use. We refer to the placing on the 
 walls or roofs of the best Chromo-Lithographs and 
 Engravings— such as those so copiously issued as 
 "supplements" hy \ht Illustrated London News : fram- 
 ing them in imitation framework, also of paper : fast- 
 ingthem by means of glue : and varnishing the whole. 
 It is easy to make such Pictures part of the Panellings 
 of walls — varnishing them so as to present an 
 impervious surface that may be washed. Where 
 the selection has been judicious, and the attach- 
 ment to the walls artistic and successful, the effect 
 is exceedingly good. We have, and have had, 
 whole galleries or corridors embellished in this way 
 — ^besides rooms of all sorts and sizes. The fruits 
 of these experiments have been inspected and ad- 
 mired from time to time by gentlemen connected 
 with various classes of public institutions. But, 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 while in certain cases the plan has been imitated 
 elsewhere, in the majority the non-appreciation of 
 Art has been such that, tliough gifts of Pictures 
 have been offered in great abundance — in. sufficien- 
 cy sometimes to ehibellish the whole interior of an 
 Hospital or School, the assistance has been declined, 
 and bare yellow-ochred or white-washed walls have 
 been preferred. Out of the super-abundance of 
 such materials as have accumulated in our hands 
 during the last few years, and of which we cannot 
 ourselves make due use — by reason of the more ex- 
 pensive kind of Decoration — the higher style of 
 Art — that has recently been introduced throughout 
 this Institution, we placed whole series of suitable 
 Chromos and Engravings at the command of such 
 local or provincial buildings as 
 
 1. General Infirmaries or Hospitals — the child- 
 
 ren's or women's wards of which specially 
 demand decoration of such a kind. 
 
 2. Schools for Idiotic or Imbecile Children. 
 
 3. Industrial Schools for both sexes — especially 
 
 the sick wards or dormitories. 
 
 4. Sick Children's Hospitals. 
 
 But not in a single instance would the authorities 
 undertake the trouble and be at the expense of 
 fitting them on the walls after the fashion so long 
 and so successfully carried out here. 
 During the last five years the greater part of the interior 
 of the Institution has been re-painted and decorated — in the 
 most modem, as well as substantial, style — by the Messrs 
 Dow of Perth. These gentlemen have recently had the advan- 
 tage of a study of the best specimens of English high art in 
 London, and of French decorative art in Paris : and they 
 have brought home with them samples of the finest produc- 
 tions of both the French and English Schools. Their own 
 long experience as Painters and Decorators enables them to 
 adopt in and adapt to local Institutions or dwellings such pit- 
 torial adornments as are most suitable and most telling. 
 They have brought all their cultivated skill and experience 
 
 to bear on the Decoration of our galleries and rooms 
 
 mainly in the following directions : — 
 
 I. Hand-painting on glass — in transparencies ; which does 
 even more justice to artistic productions — for in- 
 stance floral designs — than water or oil effects on 
 paper or canvas, wall or ceiling — in other words 
 
 on any opaque surface. Admirable specimens of 
 this species of handiwork — of " Fine Art " — are to 
 be found in the windows and door of the Museum, 
 and in the windows of the Chapel. 
 
 2. Glass ornamentation — by means of the process variously 
 
 known as Vitremanie or Decalcomanie ; which pro- 
 duces a rich effect — equal to that of stained glass 
 — on internal windows, not weather-exposed. 
 Samples occur in the Chapel windows,, and in the 
 panels of various doors. 
 
 3. The use of coloured or stained Glass — in various com- 
 
 binations — especially of blue, red and orange : — as 
 exemplified in some of our door-paneLs, 
 
 4. Hand-painting in oil on walls on the large scale — either 
 
 of figures or landscapes drawn from Nature, Of 
 this an excellent specimen, which we owe to the 
 taste and skill of Mr Dow, junior, is the representa- 
 tation of the old Bridge of Earn at the end of one 
 of our galleries. 
 
 5. Decoration of oil-painted walls and ceilings — by means 
 
 of ornamental original designs in stencil— including 
 panellings and centre-pieces of all sorts and sizes. 
 Illustrations abound throughout the Institution — 
 are to be met with in every gallery and in cer- 
 tain rooms. 
 
 6. The affixing to the walls— in imitation paper frames—the 
 
 whole being varnished 'over— of large size and high- 
 class French coloured Paper-hangings. One of 
 these— representing an Italian pastoral scene— full 
 of dancing figures— occupies the whole end space of 
 another gallery, and is most effective. 
 
 The .Esthetic Element in the arrangements of the 
 Institution and its grounds is not, however, confined to 
 Pictures and Flowers. It includes also 
 
 1. Statuary— in all parts of the Institution. 
 
 2. Vases of Flowers— both in the Building itself, and on 
 
 the Terrace. ' 
 
 3. Wardian cases. 
 
 4. Clothing with the beautiful evergreen mantle of Ivy 
 
 the walls of the Institution itself, and all its' outlying 
 towers and walls— such as those bounding, and 
 partly forming, the picturesque Terrace, which is to 
 us what that of Berne is to Swiss Tourists :-_iooking 
 forth as it does directly, and at no great distance 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 on the outspread Alps of Perthshire; — lower and 
 higher — the latter snow-clad during a great part 
 of the year. 
 
 5. Moving forms of Beauty — in the pageantry of Dramatic 
 
 ' representation, Fancy Balls, and Tableaux vivants. 
 
 6. Illustrated Books and Serials — ^which abound in the 
 
 Library : such as the Graphic, Illustrated London 
 News, Punch, Fun and the Animal World. 
 
 All these forms of " The Beautiful in Nature and Art " — 
 the title by the way of a work presented to our Library some 
 years ago by its author— an accomplished Litterateur — ap- 
 peal at first and mainly to the Eye. But the Sense of the 
 Beautiful is not confined, to Vision. We cultivate it to a 
 large extent as it is developed through the Ear — ^by means 
 for instance of Music, in some of the many ways in which 
 that elevating and refining influence can minister to man's 
 happiness, and soothe liis sorrows. 
 
 Some of our forms of displaying the Beautiful, though of 
 an ephemeral character, are not the less worth a passing no- 
 tice on that account. Take for instance 
 
 The CHRISTMAS TREE, 
 
 which, a growth of our pjacid Teutonic neighbours of the 
 Fatherland, has now become thoroughly acclimatised in this 
 country. But what is everywhere common now was by no 
 means common — was in fact almost unknown — ^when intro- 
 duced into our Christmas festivities so many years ago. Nor 
 did the fruits of these early efforts of ours at all resemble 
 the gift-bedecked Fir-tops of the present day. In our case 
 not the tree only — which was sometimesahandsomeyoung Fir 
 — root and all — rs or 20 feet high — selected from some of the 
 adjacent woods — but its adornments and surroundings were 
 " things of Beauty and joys for ever " — at least for many of 
 those. who saw them : for to them their memory is, and 
 promises to remain, fresh and fond— reminding them of 
 other delightful associations— of that "auld langsyne" 
 so dear to us as we get up in years, and experience 
 life's bufFetings and disappointments — as we feel ourselves, 
 like "John Anderson, my Jo," going down hill towards 
 oblivion of all these doings of our exuberant y6uth. Most 
 certainly, in some respects, there are " nae times like the 
 " auld times." Those Christmas trees of " Long, long ago " 
 
 flash brightly in our vision still — as they occupied for in- 
 stance the centre of our octagonal Crystal-PaJace-like 
 Hall — with rich floral festoons, wreaths and designs 
 surrounding it, and banners flourishing in great pro- 
 fusion overhead — ^while a brilliant light came not only from 
 a number of gas jets springing apparently out of leafy 
 greenery, but from a multitude of glow-worm oil lamps and 
 Chinese lanterns — of all the colours of the rainbow. Our 
 Christmas tree was in short only the Floral centre-piece of a 
 Floral Hall. The tree itself had not ajl its native Beauty de- 
 stroyed by being covered with unlovely and prosaic pincush- 
 ions, dolls, and toys of all kinds. Nor were dirty, dripping, 
 flickering wax tapers stuck upon- its branches here and there 
 at the risk of setting fire, both to the tree, and its tasteless 
 gewgaws. On the contrary, the symmetry of the tree was care- 
 fully preserved. But it was made sometimes to resemble a 
 Christmas tree by being frosted over artificially : while it be- 
 came a sort of Fairy tree by having the flimsiest, but light- 
 est, of gold and silver gossamer and sheen interwoven with 
 the foliage. The light, moreover, fell on the tree — did not 
 proceed from it : and the result was a brilliant sparkling of 
 the once sombre foliage of the shapely fir. 
 
 All such exhibitions, however, cost infinite pains and not a 
 little money : and they involve exceptional Taste. Theyhave 
 not, therefore, been frequently attempted by ourselves : and 
 it has not surprised us that they have not been successfully 
 imitated elsewhere. 
 
 CLASSES. 
 
 Time was — and not so very long ago — when to attempt to 
 Educate the Insane, or the Idiotic, was regarded the very 
 height of folly: and we well remember how we were 
 sneered at in print and out of it — in London as well as in 
 Perth — when we introduced classes into the Murray Royal 
 Institution in 1854. Now-a-days such classes are by no 
 means uncommon in Pauper Asylums, and admirable insti- 
 tutions they are. It is now being recognised that, apart al- 
 together from being a pleasant means of breaking up the 
 monotony of Asylum life by bringing the sexes together in 
 the presence of objects calculated to arrest and distract 
 their attention — a permanent impression can be made on 
 many, so that the ignorant may be instructed— in know- 
 
8 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 ledge of a practical kind — in handicrafts for instance that 
 may, in the event of the recovery of the pupil from his 
 mental disability, add to his usefulness or productiveness 
 as a citizen, or perhaps render him for the first time useful 
 and productive. Nowhere perhaps have Classes been so 
 systematically and extensively introduced of late years — 
 nowhere have they been so manifestly beneficial — as in the 
 Richmond Asylum, Dublin, under Dr Lalor. 
 
 Our own Classes embraced the following Subjects of 
 Tuition : 
 
 Writing and Arithmetic. 
 
 English — in all its departments. 
 
 The Modern Languages. 
 
 Music — vocal and instrumental. 
 
 Dancing. 
 While our Teachers included 
 
 Patients. 
 
 Officers-: and 
 
 Professional Teachers — ^from Perth. 
 Moreover we had regular Examinations or Inspections, 
 the Chaplain of the Institution for the time being usually 
 acting as our " Inspector of Schools : " with Competitions 
 and Prize-giving. Statistics and Reports, as well as a variety 
 of information concerning the Classes in question, were 
 given from time to time in " Excelsior " [e.g., in Nos. i, p. 4: 
 4, p. 1 : 6, p. 4: 10-12, pp. 3-7 : 13, p. 1 : 14-15, p. i : 18, p. 4]: 
 as well as in the Annual Reports [e.g., 29th, pp. 15, 17, and 
 21 : 30th, pp. 31-2 and47-8 : 31st, pp. 30-2 and 62-3 : 32nd, 
 p. 25 : and 33rd, pp. 12, 13, and 104]: while a Review or 
 Rdsumd of the whole subject was published in an article on 
 " The Systematic Education of the Insane " in the Edinburgh 
 Medical Journaliox M.a.y 1876. Some of what were virtually 
 School Exercises were occasionally published in "Excelsior" 
 {e.g., No. 2, p. I, translations into German from the Rev. Dr 
 Anderson's "Pleasures of Home," and into English from 
 Lac^pfedes "Discours de Cloture" : No. 3, p. 2, from Ger- 
 man into English from one of the works of Putlitz.] 
 
 The Educational operations of the Institution were, how- 
 ever, by no means confined to Classes. They embraced also 
 
 LECTURES 
 
 on a great variety of subjects — of the same high character 
 — and frequently by the same Lecturers — as those delivered 
 from the rostra of our Universities or Athenaeums. These 
 Lectures were both literary and scientific : the Lecturers in- 
 
 cluded some of the most famous men of their day and genera- 
 tion : the privilege of admission to hear the one and to see 
 the other was eagerly sought for by the dite of the citizens 
 of Perth : while the local newspapers gave a much larger 
 amount of their space to an account of the Lectures and 
 their accompaniments than they are in the habit now-a-days 
 of giving to the discourses delivered in the City Hall. So 
 popular in fact did these Lectures become — so successful 
 were they — that some ot the citizens of Perth, who attended 
 them, were stirred up to attempt the initiation or revivifica- 
 tion of courses of Public Lectures in town, under the auspices 
 of an ambitious new "Albert Institute" or otherwise. 
 But they did so in vain : and little wonder, considering that 
 one of the first " stars " they secured for the platform of the 
 City Hall was an adventurous Tailor, who announced him- 
 self as a Viscount, having a knowledge of a hundred — or for 
 aught we know to the contrary several hundred — slanguages : 
 who discoursed with great fluency and acceptance on things 
 poetical and prosaic — a melange no doubt from " the best 
 authors : " and who afterwards found his proper level as a 
 Swindler in one of Her Majesty's Houses of Detention^ 
 where perhaps He is to this day. Our own Lecturers did 
 not consist only of distinguished Professors or Poets, Natu- 
 ralists or other celebrities from a distance. They included 
 also not only some of the citizens of Perth, but several of our 
 own Patients and Officers. Programmes of the Lectures, 
 which were usually delivered — as elsewhere — in winter-^ 
 containing the names of the Lecturers — the titles of their 
 subjects — and the dates of their delivery were published 
 from time to time in "Excelsior" [e.g., Nos. 1, pp. 3-4 : 6, 
 pp. 2-3 : 9, p. 2 : 13, p. I : 14-15, p. 2, : and 23-5, p. 5 ] : as 
 well as occasionally in the Annual Reports .[^.^., 29th, pp. 17 
 and 18 : 30th, pp. 32-3 and 48 : 31st, p. 32 : 32nd, p. 24: 
 and 33rd, p. 17.] 
 
 Intermediate in character, in various ways, between the 
 Classes and Lectures were the 
 
 SCIENTIFIC DEMONSTRATIONS 
 
 given now and then— like both Classes and Lectures— in 
 "courses" during the winter. They were chiefly Micro- 
 scopical, Botanical, and Zoological — the illustrations being 
 taken from our Museum, or from the private collections of 
 the Demonstrators. One great advantage of Demonstrations 
 over Lectures is that they bring the pupils, hearers, or spec- 
 tators much more intimately in contact with the subjects or 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 objects of discourse. A number of specimens are arranged 
 on a table, round which are grouped the spectator-audience, 
 to whom the Demonstrator points out the structure or other 
 peculiarities of each article, discoursing, as he proceeds, 
 on general questions to which special ones may give rise. 
 A much higher degree of interest is consequently awakened 
 — far more instruction coriveyed — than at or by an ordinary 
 Lecture. An account of some of these Demonstrations, 
 which were begun in 1854, has been given in ^'■Excelsior" 
 [Nos. 21-2, p. I.J — 
 
 In a somewhat different form, they constituted a promi- 
 nent feature in certain of the 
 
 CONVERSAZIONI 
 
 that have been held from time to time. On such occasions 
 the principal display is made in the Ball-room, the Museum 
 also being thrown open, and almost all the larger rooms on 
 the same storey — ^particular rooms being devoted sometimes 
 to special purposes — such as the Exhibition of Photographs, 
 of illustrated Books and Serials, or of Microscopes and 
 other Scientific apparatus. Some of these " Museum 'Con- 
 versazioni " — for they have usually been held in connection 
 with the Museum — and as a variety to Lectures, Demonstra- 
 tions, Concerts, Balls and other amusements — have been 
 described at considerable length in " Excetsior" [e.g., by M. 
 W. J. in Nos. 16-17 ^•iid 18, p. i, as well as in No. 30, p. i.J 
 
 The DRAMA: 
 and the Forms of Dramatic Representation. 
 
 When in 1854, we made arrangements for the erection of 
 a moveable Stage and for Theatrical performances — the inno- 
 vation was regarded as so serious — so objectionable to Public 
 Morals — that the Physician was in various ways warned 
 against carrying out his plans. He however had made up 
 his mind not only as regards the utility of Dramatic repre- 
 sentation, in the many forms in which it may be applied — 
 as a means of harmless — and even refined and intellectual 
 amusement — as an important means therefore of Moral treat- 
 ment in such an Institution : but also that the Physician is 
 both the best, and the only proper, judge of the mode of 
 dealing with, those under his charge, and that therefore all 
 
 tyrannical or fanatical dictation was to be resisted. He had 
 his loins girt. then, ready at once to resign office and shake 
 the dust from off his feet in the event of any interference 
 with his programme of treatment, which included Theatricals 
 along with Lectures, Classes, Concerts, Balls, Pic-Nics and 
 so forth. No direct interference, however, was attempted : 
 but neither aid nor sympathy of any kind was offered. 
 The Physician had to do everything at his own cost — at his 
 own risk — and on his own responsibility. The result was that 
 the Stage and the Drama became one of the institutions of 
 the place : and we have before us several of the first- Hand- 
 bills of "The Murray Theatre" — some of them printed in 
 large type and in different colours — as the manner of such 
 Handbills is.* Unfortunately we have never had what 
 several other Asylums are now fortunate enough to 
 possess — a special or separate Theatre — permanently fitted 
 up as such and used only for Dramatic, Musical and other 
 entertainments. But we have a complete moveable Stage, 
 with all the requisite apparatus and machinery : including 
 ornamental front, drop, stage lights, scenery, and side doors. 
 And many an amusing or tragic scene — not a few beautiful 
 Tableaux vivants — numerous Readings or Recitations "in 
 character" — have been enacted, represented, or delineated 
 on our miniature " Boards," before a sympathetic, admiring, 
 applauding audience. 
 
 Objections to the legitimate use of a legitimate and eleva- 
 ting recreation have in our case, as in so many others, come 
 from the "unco guid"— a troublesome, illiberal, mischief- 
 making, week-minded race in every community. Perth sold 
 its Public Theatre to a manufacturing firm : and in other 
 ways it has discouraged or repressed amusements of a kind 
 that people ■will have, else they betake themselves to others 
 of a degraded kind. Nor" do the citizens, as a body, see 
 any connection between this abolition of Public amusements 
 and the flourishing of Shebeens, Intemperance and Illegiti- 
 macy. 
 
 But, while the Drama has got into such undeserved dis- 
 favour in Perth, the genial and liberal Professor Blackie, who 
 has discoursed + in his own inimitable way in our own Halls 
 
 * A sample of a Theatre programme is given in "Excelsior," Nos. 
 14-5, p. & 
 
 tOne of the Lectures he delivered here — and which is noticed in 
 "Excelsior" (No. i, p. 4) was subsequently expanded into a printed 
 and published Discourse on Beauty : — one of the earlier productions of 
 the prolific pen of the modem representative of the " Scottish Chiefs." 
 
lO 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 and to our own select audiences — and all whose appearances 
 by the way — private or public — have much of the Dramatic 
 element in them and owe their effectiveness and popularity 
 to this element — just as do the Pulpit exhibitions of many 
 of our fashionable Preachers — whatever they may aver to 
 the contrary : — the Professor, we say, not long ago defended 
 — and successfully, in the columns of the Scotsman — the 
 Drama as a means of moral and intellectual training, as well 
 as of amusement. And strange to say his views were 
 commended by not a few Clergymen, even in puritan Scot- 
 land. Nor can there be a doubt of the propriety of the 
 Professor's defence of the Drama against the puerile, fanati- 
 cal, illiberal, injudicious strictures of the Church. 
 
 It is a mistake, however, to suppose that Dramatic represen- 
 tations are confined to the rendering, in proper costume and 
 on the boards of a regular Theatre, of Farces or Tragedies. 
 The possession of a regular Stage, with scenic effect, and 
 the clothing of the Dramatis persona in appropriate habili- 
 ments, are important accessories — and are themselves im- 
 portant means of amusement — appealing as they do to the 
 eye. But the erection of our moveable Stage and all its 
 appurtenances costs so much in time and trouble that we 
 have as frequently dispensed with its use when we have had 
 occasion to make exhibitions of Tableaux, Charades or other 
 forms of Pantomime. We have made Drawing-room en- 
 tertainments of them + — having no accessories of any kind 
 — so far, at least, as a Stage was concerned. Nor, in many 
 of such cases, is it necessary to commit to memory and to 
 get up " parts " — and so run the risk of forgetfuhiess and 
 failure. The acting is impromptu, and may involve no 
 speaking at all — the language employed being that equally 
 eloquent one of look, attitude, gesture or action. 
 
 Belonging to the category of Stage or Theatrical Repre- 
 sentation is unquestionably the children's Play of 
 
 PUNCH and JUDY. 
 
 For many years we failed to obtain a good " set" of Polichi- 
 nello "properties" including an appropriate Stage. But 
 " Perseverantia omnia vincif" — and after much searching 
 and seeking we became at length possessed of all that is re- 
 
 t See what has been said of " Diawing-Room Dramas " in "Excflsior" 
 No. 29, p. 4- 
 
 quired to make a good exhibition, so far as concerns the 
 lay figures and the stage on which they are made to per- 
 form, t But " Punch and Judy " is a worthless show unless 
 the person or persons managing it — for there ought to be at 
 least three or four — throw heart and soul into the spirit of the 
 amusement : and this they cannot do unless they have a pro- 
 per appreciation of the value of such an amusement and of the 
 best means of developing it. We have found it the rarest 
 possible thing to get anybody — not "a professional" — to work 
 Punch, Judy, and the Dog Toby with becoming humour. 
 Almost all who attempt it labour under the insuperable^ 
 disadvantage of sheepishness. Believing the exhibition to 
 be a thoroughly childish one, they are ashamed to have any- 
 thing to do with it, and the best of their efforts fall miserably 
 flat on spectators and auditors who are nevertheless ready 
 to be amused. The truth, however, is that to be the 
 medium of innocent amusement — to create a hearty, healthy 
 mirth and good humour — is the work of the Philosopher, and 
 not of the Fool : and no man need be ashamqd of success- 
 fully — in such a way — ministering to the enjoyment of his 
 fellows. Indeed, after a lengthened and varied experience, 
 we have no hesitation in placing " Punch and Judy " in the 
 forefront of Asylum amusements : as superior in remedial 
 efficacy to the more pretentious Lectures and so forth. 
 And we have long since preferred to cultivate this , comic 
 element in the recreational occupations of the place rather 
 than the heavy Science, which is cultivated, with much par- 
 ade, elsewhere. So far as concerns real usefulness, we pit 
 "Punch and Judy "—including by the way the illustrated 
 serials of the same names and all of a similar class — against 
 the "Pathological Laboratories" so much belauded of 
 Lunacy Commissioners. The latter do good—if at all, only 
 to the medical ofiicers— by keeping them — according to the 
 testimony of one of the Heads of such a "Laboratory"— 
 from more objectionable practices or places : while " Punch" 
 gives joy to all ages and both sexes. ' For there are "no 
 fools like old fools '' and no children like grown-up ones : 
 so that it is quite a mistake to suppose that infants, or very 
 young children, are the only persons, who eagerly seek, and 
 as cerUinly find, a very real amusement in such displays. 
 
 In connection with these Exhibitions, though of a some- 
 what different kind, it is here convenient to refer m passant 
 to those given by means of the 
 
 t Vide "Excelsior" No. 30, p. 4. 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 II 
 
 MAGIC LANTERN. 
 
 Not only have we had occasional Exhibitions of Dissolving 
 Views by professional exhibitors, using the Lime-Ball (or 
 Drummond) Light and all the appropriate apparatus. But, 
 thanks to the generosity of a friend of the Institution in 
 .Glasgow, we possess a Magic Lantern of our own, specially 
 made for us by Bryson — the well-known Optician of Edin- 
 burgh. And we have, moreover, a set of beautiful slides — 
 consisting of > Photographic transparencies on glass. But 
 here again 
 
 "All that we can say on't 
 Is we've his Fiddle, but not his hands to play oh't." 
 
 It is one thing to have a first-rate instrument : and quite 
 another to have it properly manipulated. Bleared images, 
 constant hitches, suddenly diminished and increased light, 
 melting of the japan of the Lantern by over-heating — all 
 bear testimony to the ignorance, awkwardness and inex- 
 perience of the usual exhibitors of magic lantern effects. 
 As in the case of " Punch," we require trained, competent 
 Exhibitors, as well as the ordinary materials of the Exhibi- 
 tion : and such Exhibitors are rari aves. 
 
 Dramatic representation of the most successful kind — 
 without any learning and playing of parts — without any reci- 
 tation or talk — ^unless that of ordinary social intercourse — 
 is to be found in 
 
 FANCY BALLS, 
 
 in which the Costumes employed represent different ages 
 and countries — different ranks and manners of mankind — 
 different historical or other celebrities. The various " char- 
 acters " are so many moving pictures, awakening all sorts 
 of associations — amusing or serious. Such Balls were intro- 
 duced here at a time when they were virtually unknown in 
 Scotland — as regards recent times : for in the olden time 
 such "mummeries," as they were called, were common 
 court Pastimes.t So new was the idea that we had to go to 
 Edinburgh to purchase a quantity of costumes from its 
 "Theatre Royal," that they might serve as models from 
 
 tThey are well described for instance in Sir falter Scott's Novel 
 " The Fair Maid of Perth. " 
 
 which to construct a due supply of " properties " for our- 
 selves. And it has since happened that regular Theatrical 
 costumes — those worn in their parts by some of our best 
 known actors — have been borrowed from the Theatrical 
 costumiers of Haymarket and Covent Gardens for use at 
 particular Balls. Moreover, we have drawn from the same 
 Metropolitan sources our supplies of Masks and Dominos 
 — the former intended for Pantomime use — ^being of large 
 size and most grotesque, while the Dominos are used on 
 either ordinary or extraordinary occasions — for we do not 
 always combine a Pantomime with a Fancy Ball. So fre- 
 quently have we now had such Balls — so many additions 
 have we made to our Wardrobe of Costumes — that we now 
 possess a very considerable mass of " Properties " in the 
 form of Theatrical Dresses, which are equally suitable for 
 Ball-room, Drawing-room, or Stage use. Moreover, we have 
 a small gallery of Photographs of some of the leading Char- 
 acters that have appeared at our Masques' or Revels : such 
 as Britannia and America; Faust and Mephistopheles; Queen 
 Elizabeth and Henry VIII. : and we have often wished 
 that adeft Photographer could have taken an "instantaneous" 
 view of the fairy-like, gorgeous spectacle presented by our 
 Ball-room on some of these occasions. Descriptions of a 
 few of our Fancy Balls have bedn given in " Excelsior " 
 (Nos. 4rP- 3 : 6, p. 3 : 8, p. 3 : 29, p. i : 31, p. 8 : 35, p. 
 6 : 37, p. 22). 
 
 EXCURSIONS 
 
 to a distance — whether on foot — by carriage, omnibus, rail- 
 way, or steaimboat, or by a varied combination of some of 
 these means, form constant features of our Summer amuse- 
 ments : depending, however, as to their number and direc- 
 tion, very much necessarily on the weather. They embrace 
 expeditions of a few hours to several months duration. 
 Half-day or day trips are very common — whether the object 
 be a simple "constitutional" — or a visit to the Salmon 
 Breeding Ponds at Stormontfield — to the beauties of the 
 " Humble-bumble " at Invermay — or to the Art Exhibitions 
 in Edinburgh or Dundee. Such are now the facilities of 
 travel that these day trips enable our Residents, in small 
 groups, to visit places so far away as Loch. Lomond and 
 Loch Katrine: Inverness, Elgin, Forres, Aberdeen, or 
 Stonehaven : Melrose, Inchkeith and the Bass : "The Land 
 
12 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 of Burns : " Glasgow and the Clyde : in short, to traverse a 
 great part of Scotland, and to visit the finest of its scenery — 
 the most attractive of its cities. Excursions of longer dura- 
 tion — of a few days to perhaps a whole winter or summer 
 — occur — either in the case of Summer Quarters, which have 
 usually been at the seaside : or of visits to friends or rela- 
 tives in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen or other cities in 
 winter, or to Dollar or elsewhere in the country during sum- 
 mer. Among the most interesting kinds of Excursions have 
 been some partly of an educational character : such as 
 
 BOTANICAL EXPEDITIONS, 
 
 two at least of which were with Professor Balfour of Edin- 
 burgh and his class of Students — the largest and in all re- 
 spects the most important Botanical class in the world. 
 The collecting trips in question are described in ^^ Excelsior" 
 (Nos. 7, p. T : and 9, p. i). Other more ordinary forms of 
 Excursions — such as Pic-Nics and visits by rail to distant 
 towns or scenes have been over and over again mentioned 
 in "Excelsior" \eg., in Nos. 2, p. 3, " The Birks of Inver- 
 may : " 3, p. i, " Dunkeld and the Duke of Athole : " 5, 
 p. 2, " A Day with the Pike and Perch of Lindores : " 7, 
 p. 3, "The Trossachs and Loch Katrine:" 10-12, p. 4, 
 "A Day in the Granite City: " Ibid, p. 11, " Birnani : " 13, 
 p. 2, "Dunfermline:" 14-15, p. 7, " St. Andrews : " 19-20, 
 p. I, " Killiecrankie : " 21-2, p. 6, "Curds and Cream:" 
 23-s, p. 10, "Letters from the Seaside."] 
 
 GARDEN PARTIES 
 
 have been given in suitable weather, during summer — on 
 the large scale — visitgrs, occasionally to the number of 50 or 
 100 at a time, joining our own Holiday-makers. Thus we 
 have had repeated Pleasure parties of our friends at Murthly, 
 or of the Fechney School joining our open-air F^tes. On 
 some of these occasions — ^for instance when the Fechney 
 Boys have spent the afternoon with us, we have had all the 
 advantage of their excellent semi-military .5a«^— trained by 
 
 an experienced Military Band-master. And we may here 
 mention that at certain in-door amusements — such as Balls 
 or Conversazioni — the Bands of the Militia or Volunteers 
 have been present^thanks to the kindly- offices of Sir 
 Thomas Moncreiffe or Lord Charles Kerr. The proceed- 
 ings at our Fetes champ^tres usually began about 2 p.m. 
 with a series of Games in the Park and on the Bowling 
 Green : such games as Cricket, Croquet, Football, Running, 
 Leaping, Throwing the Stone or Hammer, or Quoits. 
 These sports went on till about 5 o'clock, when refresh- 
 ments were served alfresco on the Terrace. When tea was 
 finished and the Terrace again made clear, the evening was 
 spent in Dancing — still " in the open." In the event of sud- 
 den, unexpected and unfavourable weather-change the pro- 
 ceedings had to be altered somewhat — so that they might be 
 carried out in-doors. But, under such circumstances, they 
 never could be thoroughly appreciated : — for, on such oc- 
 casions all arrangements were necessarily made beforehand 
 for" sunshiny afternoons and balmy evenings : "and with these 
 our Strawberry Feeds and Tea Worries, Romps and Dances 
 on the Terrace, were eminently enjoyable. Details of, or 
 references to, some of these summer gatherings are given 
 in "Excelsior" \e.g., Nos. 3, p. 3, and 13, p. 3, "The 
 Queen's Birthday, and how we held it : " 5, p. 4, " Compe- 
 tion for the Quoiting Medals : " 6, p. 2, " Our Football 
 Club."] 
 
 CONCERTS. 
 
 In a great variety of ways. Music — vocal and instrumental 
 — especially the latter — is in daily service in the amusement 
 of our Residents. In every department of that portion of 
 the house occupied by the Ladies, Pianos are to be found, 
 and these Pianos are in almost constant use. In the Chapel 
 there is a large massive American Organ, while we have 
 also a small portable Alexandre Harmonium. Among the 
 gentlemen, we have, or have had, performers on the Violin, 
 Flute, Accordion and Bagpipe : while some of the ladies 
 also are, or have been, excellent operators on the Concer- 
 tina. Our "Musical Talent" has frequently— during the 
 " Amusement season " of winter — been concentrated on the 
 production of Concerts of different kinds — ^the Music being 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 13 
 
 sometimes interspersed with Readings, t Recitations, or Dia- 
 logues. But we have not been entirely dependent on our 
 own local talent for Musical entertainment : for, in addition 
 to the Bands already mentioned, which, however, are pro- 
 perly available only for summer service and out-door use, 
 we have had numerous Concerts — pure or mixed — -by 
 
 1. Various Musical Associations in Perth, whose Con- 
 
 ductors and members have most kindly volunteered 
 their services for our amusement : or by 
 
 2. ProfessionalMusicians, Rhetoricians or Dramatists, who 
 
 visit us now and then and give us entertainments — 
 usually of a mixed kind. The last of this class was 
 by Mr Forrest Knowles and Miss Emma Howard — 
 both of Dundee — the performances of the one being 
 Dramatic and of the other Musical. 
 In addition to Concerts, we have, or have had. Musi- 
 cal Classes and Rehearsals, the Music in some cases being 
 Sacred — in others Secular — in others again both : while it 
 has usually consisted of a due mixture of the Instrumental 
 and Vocal — the former leading or guiding the latter. Pro- 
 - grammes of all foims of Concert were published from time 
 to time in " Eiccelsior " — as well as issued sometimes in the 
 form of Hand-bills or Circulars — tastefully printed in coloured 
 type on coloured paper, as Ball, Conversazioni and Theatre 
 Programmes also were occasionally. Programmes may be 
 seen in " Excelsior " [Nos. i, p. 3 : 3, p. 4 : 6, p. 3 : 7, 
 pp. 2 and 3: 10-12, p. 7: 13, p, 3: I4-S.P-6: 16-17, p. 8: 
 19-20, p. 4': 26-7, p. 5 : 28, p. 6 : 29, p. 8 : 32, p. 2.] 
 
 BAZAAR CONTRIBUTIONS. 
 
 It is a compliment po less to the taste, manipulative skill 
 and industry — not only of our ladies — ^but also of some of 
 our gentlemen — and of the latter none more so than of our 
 worthy friend W. G. C— that seldom is there a Fancy, 
 Bazaar in Perth whose promoters do not apply to us for as- 
 sistance, and we think we may add — they have never applied 
 in vain. But we have had appeals also from distant towns 
 and villages : and to them too, if they had any sort of claim 
 
 f Various series oi Readings have also been given separately — some- 
 times by frieiids in Perth— at other times by the Officers of the Institu- 
 tion, or by professionaUIJramatic Elocutionists^ Programmes are 
 given in "Excelsior" (Nos. 6, p. 4: 9. P- 3): and in the 32nd Annual 
 Report (p. 24). 
 
 on our attention, we have responded. We have before us a 
 Note written after one of these Bazaars, thanking us in be- 
 coming terms for our contributions. And we mention this 
 with a purpose, and this purpose : that too commonly — such 
 is the selfishness of the people of this day and generation 
 that, while they are vastly civil to us when they are suppli- 
 cants for favours, they are utterly oblivious of us after the 
 favours have been conferred and received. Applying which 
 remark to Fancy Bazaars — when we send a contribution, 
 we do not expect ever to hear of it again : our kind friends 
 do not trouble themselves to tell us whether our goods sold 
 and what they went for — intelligence that would certainly in- 
 -terest those of us who put ourselves about to send appro- 
 priate donations. Verily, verily, virtue has much need to be 
 its own reward in Perth, and we daresay in not a few other 
 places. 
 
 The same good souls among us, whose bowels of 
 compassion are moved by applications to assist the philan- 
 thropic objects for which so many " Bazaars " are now-a-days 
 got up, are equally ready to respond to appeals fot aid in 
 cases where the intervention of Bazaars is neither necessary 
 nor desirable. Our Dorcases and Lydias are quite as ready 
 and are ever ready — to collect old clothes— make up warm 
 flannel — and tear up lint for charpie when lurid war devas- 
 tates this or that country, or famine breaks out, and is fol- 
 lowed by even more devastating Fever or other Epidemics. 
 Illustrations of the varied appeals that have been made, and 
 of the mode in which, and extent to which, we have re- 
 sponded—are to be met with in "Excelsior" [e.g. Nos. 16- 
 17, p. 4: 21-2, p. 3: 28, p. 3 : 31, p. 8: 32, p. 3: 36, p. 7]. 
 
 AMUSEMENT FUND. 
 
 In order to carry out the operations that have been here- 
 inbefore described, a special Fund was established in 1855. 
 In the Annual Eeport of the Institution for that year (28th, 
 p. 13, as well as in the 29th, p. 11) it is referred to as the 
 " Work Fund," and at that time it arose from the profit of 
 certain kinds of work performed by certain classes of 
 Patients. But it has since become more familiar— as its 
 sources increased in number and variety-^as the " Private 
 Fund." However it may be designated, its. object has been 
 and is to add to the comfort and amusement of the Inmates. 
 From the first it has been at the absolute disposal of the 
 
H 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 Physician : and it was established in order that he might 
 have the means — without incessant appeal to the Directors 
 — to a certain limited extent of adding to the amenities of 
 the Institution and the happiness of its residents. Since 
 it was established, the total income from what we prefer to 
 call the " Amusement Fund " — as best descriptive of its 
 object — has amounted to about ;^i3oo. The Fund in 
 question has been made up of a number of separate petty 
 Funds — some of which may be specified, while others do 
 not require special mention. Thus it included the 
 
 1. "Excelsior Fund" — which has consisted of money 
 
 donations from kind friends — mostly at a distance 
 from Pertli — for the publication and circulation of 
 " Excelsior," as well as generally for the purposes 
 for which that serial was established. 
 
 2. Annual or other grants made by the Directors — ^for 
 
 instance, one of ;^i2 per annum for Newspapers 
 and serials. 
 
 3. "Work Fund" — being mainly charges for repairs of 
 
 Clothing executed by the female Patients and At- 
 tendants. 
 
 4. Funds arising from the disposal of Kitchen refuse or 
 
 surplus — such as Bones and Dripping : as well as 
 
 from castaway Rags or old Clothes. 
 The disposal or distribution of the " Amusement Fund," 
 so collected, is illustrated by the following items of an Ex- 
 penditure that has extended over the period between 1855 
 and 1877 — 23 years : — 
 
 1. Eooks and Bookbinding : including 
 
 Newspapers and Serials, ... £aS° ° ° 
 
 2. /"r/wAV^ and Engraving : 105 o o 
 
 " Excelsior." 
 Museum Guide. 
 Library Catalogue : and 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 3. Subscriptions to Libraries in Town, 45 o o 
 
 4. Ornamental Yxamshvags : 170 o o 
 
 Pictures. 
 Statuary : and 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 5. 7lf«w and Musical Instruments : 
 
 American Organ. 
 Piano. 
 
 Harmonium : and 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 "5 
 
 6. Apparatus for out-door and in-door 
 
 Games : ... .;^ioo o o 
 
 Billiard Table and Billiard-room 
 
 Fittings. 
 Bagatelle Board. 
 Cricket, Croquet, Football, Quoits, 
 
 and Archery. 
 Playing Cards. 
 Chess : and 
 Miscellaneous 
 7. Amusements in the Institution and its 
 
 Grounds: ... ... ... 150 o o 
 
 Theatre : Stage and Wardrobe. 
 Punch and Judy — with Stage. 
 Magic Lantern. 
 
 Photographic Apparatus and Materials. 
 Pet Animals — with Cages and Aquaria. 
 Fernery. 
 
 Flagstaff and Flags. 
 Lectures. 
 Classes. 
 Balls. 
 
 Concerts and other Entertainments. 
 Fireworks. 
 Scientific Apparatus. 
 Bazaar. 
 
 Gifts — on Christmas Trees and 
 otherwise. 
 8. Amusements in Town and Country : 70 o o 
 
 Pic-nics and Excursions. 
 Fishing Apparatus. 
 Skating Apparatus. 
 Lectures, Concerts, Theatricals, 
 
 Panoramas : and 
 Miscellaneous 
 ^ Museum: Fittings, Contents, and 
 
 Supervision ^ 80 o o 
 
 10. Sundries— not requiring specification, 1500 
 
 Total outlay in 23 years. 
 Average annvia.] outlay, ... 
 
 ;^i3oo o o or 
 56 10 o 
 
 There are inany other Features of the Institution, or its 
 operations, to which we cannot even refer : while there are 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 15 
 
 some of which we can only make passing mention. Thus 
 we cannot devote any space to notice of 
 
 1. The attendance of groups of inmates at Lectures, 
 
 Concerts, Theatrical or other performances, Flower 
 Shows or other Public Exhibitions in town : many 
 of which Exhibitions, however, have been men- 
 tioned from time to time in the " Chronicle " of 
 Excelsior. 
 
 2. The Evening Parties given by individual residents or 
 
 groups of them to certain others ; or the courtesies 
 exchanged between officers and patients, or the 
 different grades and both sexes of the latter. 
 These pleasant civilities have occasionally figured 
 in the "Chronicle" above mentioned: and an 
 illustration is to be found in the text oi" Excelsior," 
 (No. r8, p. 3,) as among "the Compliments of the 
 Season." 
 
 3. In-door Festivities that do not belong to any of the 
 
 kinds of Recreation already specified : such as the 
 Frolics of Hallowe'en, Hogmanay * or Valentine's- 
 day : the "Christmas dinners and other Christmas 
 gaieties : and the ordinary or extraordinary Balls — the 
 former occurring sometimes weekly — the latter an- 
 nually or at irregular intervals, and on special 
 occasions. 
 
 JAMES MURRAY: 
 
 Addenda to his Biography. 
 
 We are indebted to David Mackinlay, Esq., of Cordon — 
 one of the Directors of the Institution, and the sole repre- 
 sentative, in its management, of the Founder, or the Founder's 
 family — for the following additional particulars concerning 
 the parentage and history of JameS Murray and his 
 immediate connections. In a letter of January 3, 1877, Dr 
 Mackinlay wrote thus : 
 
 " James Murray's father was a pendicler on the northern 
 "slope of Moredun (now better known as Moncreifre)t 
 " Hill. He was probably an only son. I know no one, 
 " bearing the name of Murray, who claims kindred with 
 
 *Vide "Excelsior," Nos. 16-7, p. 4. 
 
 t "The latter name"— says Dr Mackinlay— " is of modem origin : 
 "and I question if it is much known by those who live under the 
 "shadow of Moredun." 
 
 " him. James' mother was Helen Marshal, whose father 
 " occupied the farm of Parkhill, a mile east of Newburgh. 
 " She had several sisters (one of them — a most excellent 
 " woman — was mymaternal grandmother) : and two brothers. 
 " Both brothers were intended for the Churcli. One com- 
 " pleted his studies ; was licensed by the Associate Presby- 
 " tery : and was sent out to Philadelphia. He became one 
 " of the Founders of the Presbyterian Church of America. 
 " The other brother gave up Divinity and studied Medicine. 
 " He settled in London and practised Medicine there. He 
 ." lectured on Anatomy and Surgery at Thavies Inn, Hol- 
 " born : and according to the belief of an uncle of mine — 
 " a medical man — Dr Marshal's Lectures were the germ of 
 
 " the Windmill Street School of Medicine 
 
 " My uncle used to say also that Dr Marshal was one of the 
 " Physicians of Bethlem Hospital. But there is nothing (in 
 "a posthumous work by Dr Marshal himself) to confi.rm 
 " this (opinion). 
 
 " It was always believed among James Murray's relatives 
 " that it was through the influence of Messrs Beatson and 
 " Peddle that so much of his money was devoted to the 
 " foundation of a Lunatic Asylum. His uncle's career in 
 " London may, however, have had something to do with-it 
 " too. 
 
 " James Murray never possessed landed property. Tar- 
 " sappie Cottage belonged to his brother — John Murray of 
 " Cordon. It was built by him on a leasehold tenure. The 
 " lease has expired : and the cottage is now the property of 
 " Lord Gray (of Kinfauns). 
 
 " James Murray of Cordon was the son of John Murray 
 " (aforesaid). He was a youth of great promise— cut off all 
 " too soon. My wife was his only sister. 
 
 " The Murrays of Ayton are not, so far as I know, relat- 
 '' ed to James Murray (primus). Nor are any of the Mur- 
 « rays, who have been Directors (of the Murray Royal Insti- 
 "tution), with the exception of his Brother and Nephew. 
 " My son — who happens to bear the name of "James Mur- 
 « ray " t— is the nearest relative of the Founder, though not 
 ' ' in the direct line. The Founder himself had no offspring." 
 
 By favour of Dr Mackinlay, we have had the opportunity 
 of leisurely perusing two Books— published subsequently to 
 the death of their authors, containing Biographies, and Ex- 
 
 •f The same " James Murray Mackinlay," we doubt not, who is 
 announced by Mr Maclehose, PubUsher to the University of Glasgow, 
 as the author of a forthcoming volume of "Poems." 
 
i6 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 tracts from the Works, of the distinguished Brothers Marshal 
 — the uncles of James Murray (primus). These Books are 
 respectively entitled : 
 
 1. "The Morbid Anatomy of the Brain in Mania and 
 
 " Hydrophobia " by the late Andrew Marshal, 
 M.D., ' many years teacher of Anatomy in Lon- 
 "don": edited by S. Sawrey, M.R.C.S., 'formerly 
 "Assistant Lecturer to Dr Marshal': published by 
 Longman, London, in 1815. To the Essay on 
 Morbid Anatomy is prefixed a Sketch of Dr Mar- 
 shal's life by Dr Sawrey. 
 
 2. " Memoirs of the late Rev. William Marshal, Pastor of 
 
 " the Associate Congregation in Philadelphia, U.S., 
 , "by John M'Culloch": Philadelphia, 1806. 
 While these Uncles of James Murray's appear to have 
 been — from the works above mentioned — in many respects 
 
 Par nobile fratrum, 
 
 we have no special concern with the Divine or his doings in 
 the United States. But in the Physician and Anatomist we 
 cannot but feel the keenest interest : because we go further 
 than Dr Mackinlay in the opinion that Dr Marshal's career 
 in London may have, to some extent at least, determined 
 the direction in which James Murray's legacy was ex- 
 pended. It may be a mere coincidence — and if it be so it 
 is at least a very striking one— that Dr Marshal — 
 
 1. Not only carefully studied Insanity — in relation at 
 
 least to the Morbid Anatomy of the Brain in the 
 Insane : but wrote on the subject. 
 
 2. He was — though not officially, or as a resident— con- 
 
 nected intimately with the well-known Metropolitan 
 Hospital of Bethlem — the oldest Lunatic Asylum 
 in Britain : all his Necroscopic Investigations hav- 
 ing been conducted in it. 
 
 3. He was a man of note in his day and generation in 
 
 London as a Physician and Anatomist : especially 
 in relation to the famous Anatomical School of 
 William and John Hunter— the celebrated Scottish 
 Anatomists — founders of the Hunterian Museums of 
 London and Glasgow. 
 
 4. And, further, he was a man of note in Scotland before 
 
 his removal to London — in consequence of his 
 acquirements in general scholarship. 
 Such is the interest attaching to the whole history of this 
 remarkable man both as uncle to James Murray 
 
 and as one of the very few students in his day of the 
 Morbid Anatomy of the Insane — that we need offer no 
 apology for appending a few of the salient features of his 
 chequered career. We learn then from Dr Sawre/s Memoir 
 that Andrew Marshal was born at Parkhill, Fifeshire, 
 in 1 742, his father being a farmer on the banks of the Tay 
 near Newburgh. He was educated at Newburgh, then at 
 Abernethy : next in Edinburgh : and lastly in London. He 
 must have been a man of varied accomplishments : and he 
 probably not only studied for the Art degree in Edinburgh 
 — perhaps while yet he had a Theological career in contem- 
 plation — but his acquirements in these Art subjects must 
 have been of no common order. For we find Professor 
 Hunter of St. Andrews suggesting that he should become 
 a candidate for a vacant Chair — in St. Andrews — of Logic 
 and Rhetoric. Such a Chair, however, seems to have had 
 no attractions for him. He studied Medicine and the 
 collateral sciences in Edinburgh under the famous James 
 Gregory, Black, Cullen, Munro (primus) Blair, Robison 
 and Hope: taking the degree of M.D. there in 1782. 
 Then for a time he became Surgeon of the 83d Regiment : 
 which post he gave up to study Anatomy in London under 
 William and John Hunter, whose Academy was then in Great 
 Windmill Street. In 1785 he founded a rival Anatomical 
 and Surgical School for himself in Thavies Inn, where he 
 built a Dissecting Room. He lectured there till the year 
 1800, when he was compelled by ill health to retire. Such ' 
 was the repute of his School that the great Abernethy made 
 unsuccessful overtures to join him in partnership. In 18 13 
 he died in London. 
 
 One of the most signal occurrences of his professional life 
 in London was his public quarrel with John Hunter, or 
 rather John Hunter's quarrel with him, for the greater of 
 the two Anatomists appears to have begun the misunder- 
 standing. This quarrel, says Dr Sawrey (p. xxiii) revealed 
 " the failings of two great and highly deserving men, both 
 "of whom the Profession have many reasons to respect." 
 The origin of the said quarrel was a paper on Hydro- 
 phobia read before a metropolitan Medical Society by Dr 
 Marshal : in which he " observed that he had found the 
 " Brain diseased in two cases he had examined : and stated 
 " generally his opinion that the Brain was also materially 
 " affected in Mania. This opinion was rudely attacked by 
 " Mr Hunter, and the dispute ended in a personal quarrel." 
 Unfortunately too the quarrel was keenly taken up and 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 17 
 
 maintained for some time by partizans of both sides. 
 
 Dr Marshal's investigations on Mania, we are told by his 
 biographer and critic (p. 148), were made mostly in Bethlem 
 Hospital, to which he was not ^officially attached : " the 
 " Medical officers of that excellent Institution having most 
 " liberally afforded him the opportunities he wished for in 
 " these Examinations : a'liberality which I trust" — says Dr 
 Sawrey — "will be always exhibited- to those who wish to 
 *' explore a subject so momentous. It is only by repeated 
 " Dissections that our knowledge of it can be enlarged : 
 " and where can the proper opportunities be had to pursue 
 " these difficult and delicate investigations, but in the 
 " Public Hospitals appropriated to this disease ?" 
 
 " About this time " (1786 to 1794) " the general opinion 
 " of the most experienced in Medicine in England was that 
 " this complaint (Mania) left no evidence in the Brain . . 
 
 "... but thatit was altogether Mental 
 
 " This opinion was sanctioned by the Anatomical authorities 
 "then most respected" (p. 147). 
 
 It is proper to explain that both Dr Marshal and his, 
 biographer use the term Mania as a synonym for Insanity 
 in general : and the cases cited in the Memoir include 
 types of all the ordinary forms of Insanity as now known 
 in Hospitals for the Insane. 
 
 INSANITY IN PRIMITIVE PEOPLES. 
 
 [Continued from No. 36, p. 6. ] 
 
 Mrs Richard Burton, in her " Inner Life in Syria " (1875), 
 makes many interesting references to various kinds of In- 
 sanity among the mixed races that inhabit Damascus and 
 Jerusalem — the Lebanon and other parts of Syria or Pales- 
 tine. The Madman in Syria and Palestine is known as the 
 Majnun. The Insane in these countries are much respected, 
 " as their souls are supposed to be already with God" (vol. 
 I., p. 64). We have had occasion to draw attention to this 
 fortunate circumstance — the deference paid to the Idiotic or 
 Insane^ — when speaking of the "Sanctity of Imbeciles in the 
 " East."* " An old crone " of a Fortune-Teller was "par- 
 tially mad" (p. 85). Mrs Burton describes a Love-philtre as 
 making a certain husband mad. " This is a true story " — 
 she assures us : " he was very ill for sometime with a kind 
 
 *" Excelsior," Nos. 34, p. 8: 36, p. 4 : and in the article on 
 "Insanity in Fiction and in Fact" in No. 28, p. 3. 
 
 " of derangement of the head. .... When he re- 
 " covered, he turned upon (his wife) saying-^' Thou gavest 
 "'me a Drink to make me mad. Thou art a Witch.'" 
 (p. 163). Probably what was here employed was Bhang 
 ( Cannabis Indica). A Shazli — one of a peculiar sect of Chris- 
 tian converts — a young soldier who was an enthusiastic 
 Neophyte — fell into a state of Ecstacy — in which he saw in 
 visions our Saviour ^nd the Virgin. Some people thought 
 him possessed of a Devil. He was, under this impression, 
 chained : but it was reported that his chains were four times 
 miraculously broken. Supernatural graces and strength 
 were supposed to have been bestowed upon him. At Con- 
 stantinople, however, he was tried by Court-Martial — a 
 medical man being consulted as to his sanity. He was 
 found sane and discharged. He now took the name /' Isa, 
 " which is Jesus," and returned to Damascus. Of his 
 fellow citizens there — " some term him the Majnun — the 
 " madman — though there is nothing in him to indicate the 
 " slightest Insanity.* Most of the people hold him in the 
 " highest respect — calling him Shaykli .... and thus 
 " raising him to the rank of Santon or Saintly man " (p. 190). 
 This' appears to have been a case of Religious Delusional 
 Mania — or Ecstacy — that of a man who coveted Martyrdom 
 and would have delighted in it — as so many Religio-maniacs 
 do in all countries. A case of " Curious Convulsions " is 
 also given — a Syrian disease, called El Wah'tab — congenital, 
 and resembling an intermixture of Epilepsy and Hysteria — 
 according to Mrs Burton, who says : " In old times it would 
 "have been considered Possession and they would have 
 "called in an Excorciser" (p. 233). 
 
 Speaking of a Lunatic Asylum, which was formerly a 
 little chapel cut in the rock by the Crusaders at Jerusalem, 
 the same lively authoress writes : " The treatment in this 
 "liaison de Sanii is not complicated. They chain the 
 " Lunatic with a blessed chain called St. George. They are 
 "fed on bread and water, quite regardless of respect of 
 " persons, some of whom may not have sufficient blood to 
 " supply the Brain. The Manager comes round to visit 
 " them, and asks questions, and for every foolish answer 
 " they receive a blow with a Utde stick. This most brutal 
 "and horrible cure is said to answer wonderfuUy.t I do 
 
 *The writer Mrs Burton — ^be it remembered, is a fervid Roman 
 
 Catholic. 
 
 + With this may be compared other modes of treatment cited in " Ex- 
 celsior," Nos. 36 p. 4 : and 19-20, p. S- 
 
i8 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 "not believe it" — adds Mrs Burton (vol. II., p. 103). 
 Nor, for that matter, do we. But all this — cure or no cure 
 — is occurring at the present day, before the eyes of count- 
 less Pilgrims of the Tourist class from England and America 
 — in the Holy city — in the centre of Christendom — where 
 the Gospel of Brotherly Love and Charity was first promul- 
 gated so many centuries ago ! 
 
 Mrs Burton's husband — the redoubtable Traveller in so 
 many countries — in his " Gorilla Land " gives a figure of what 
 'he calls " The Village Idiot " (vol. I., p. 167), and describes 
 the youngsters as teasing him, just as street arabs do our 
 Daft Davies or SUly Sandies at home. He says " there is 
 " one in almost every settlement" (p. 166) : IT a strong state- 
 ment, considering the number and positiveness of the asser- 
 tions made to the contrary by other African travellers. 
 Baker, for instance— in his "Ismailia" (vol. II., p. 530) — 
 says that the Negroes of Central Africa " live as Animals, 
 " simply by using the Brain as a director of their wants : " 
 and he ascribes to this primitive or simple mode of life the 
 rarity * of Insanity and Idiocy among them. Monteiro, in 
 his "Angola" (1875, vol- !■> V- 62), refers to a' "half-witted 
 " water-carrier in my service " : and he further tells us (p. 279) 
 that " Insanity exists, though rarely, among Blacks. . 
 " I have only seen several natural-born Idiots. But I have 
 " been informed by the natives that they have violent mad- 
 " men amongst them, whom they are obliged to tie up and 
 " sometimes even kill. And I have been assured that some 
 "Lunatics roam about wild and naked in the forests, 
 " living on roots + : sometimes entering the towns, when 
 "hard pressed by hunger, to pick up dirt and garbage,* 
 " or pull up the Mandioca root in the plantations." 
 
 Again, Colenso — in speaking of the " Maori Races of New 
 " Zealand " [in the Transactions of the New Zealand Insti- 
 tute, vol. I., 1868, p. 343] — says that children born Idiots 
 " were all but unheard-of. .... Fits of an Epileptic 
 " nature afflicted some — ^both men and women 
 
 1" As to the frequency of Insanity in the African negro, Burton is 
 suppported in his opinion by his companion in travel — Speke \vide 
 "Excelsior," Nos. 19-20, p. 5], 
 
 • Concerning this alleged rarity — and its causes — of Idiocy or In- 
 sanity in savage races see also "Excelsior," Nos. 35, p. 7 : and 36, p. 6. 
 
 t Compare with this account the description given by travellers of 
 Wildmen and Wolf-children —in India and elsewhere. 
 
 * Compare, with this display of Morbid Appetite, the Dirt-eating of 
 the Orinoco Indians and the Foul-feeding of many other savage races, 
 as well fis the depraved Tastes of Hysteria in the females of the most 
 highly civilised peoples. 
 
 " Insanity, mostly aberrant, of a mild, melancholy type, 
 "was occasionally to be found." Suicide, however, does 
 not appear to have been uncommon^sometimes in connec- 
 tion with "fits" of Insanity (p. 3S7), or with extreme sensitive- 
 ness to sorrow, ridicule or blame (p. 381). Thus bereave- 
 ment " not seldom " led to self-murder : while in other cases 
 the individual " pined " to death— as so many animals do 
 — from grief. 
 
 INSANITY BOTH IN FACT & FICTION. 
 
 During the year 1876 a work* was published both in 
 New York and London, which seems to have created a " sen- 
 sation," with its practical results, in America, though it has cer- 
 tainly not produced z. similar impressiorj in England! The 
 book consists of the narrative of " an Amateur Lunatic ." — a 
 New York newspaper correspondent, who' appears to have 
 submitted himself — for the sensational purposes of Journalism 
 —to incarceration for a fortnight in a Private Lunatic Asylum 
 in or about New York. The publicity given, in the newspaper 
 to which he was attached, to his Asylum experiences attracted 
 the notice of the Government of the State of New York, 
 and led to the appointment of a State Commission of 
 Inquiry, followed by the permanent establishment of a State 
 Commission in Lunacy — including at least one State Com- 
 missioner in Lunacy — having a status and powers similar 
 to those of H. M. Commissioners in Lunacy for England, 
 Scotland and Ireland. 
 
 However arrived at, the State of New York is to be con- 
 gratulated on the result — the formation of a Board of 
 Lunacy. The necessity for and the advantages of such a 
 Board for the United States^as well as for the Canadas 
 and other British possessions in North America — was pointed 
 out some years ago in this country by a friendly critic of 
 American Asylums, t But hitherto our transatlantic cousins 
 
 * " A Mad World and its inhabitants " by Julius Chambers : London, 
 1876. It was variously advertised also as 
 
 (i) "A Mad World : " by an Amateur Lunatic : " and 
 (2) "A Mad World and its inhabitants : being the startling 
 " experience of an Amateur Lunatic in one of the Great 
 " American Asyluins." 
 t Vide (i) " Suggestions for the proper Supervision of the Insane 
 " and of Lunatic Asylums in the British colonies : " British and 
 Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review, October, 1869. 
 
 (2) "Colonial Lunacy Boards— with special reference to 
 " New Zealand : " Edinburgh Medical Journal, March and April 
 1872. ' 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 19 
 
 have shown the utmost horror of any State interference or 
 supervision of such a kind as is involved in the operations 
 of a Lunacy Board : and a feeling of antagonism has arisen 
 on the part of the Superintendents of American Asylums 
 that has led them to oppose every effort to impose upon 
 them any State Supervisors or Supervision of a systematic 
 and skilled kind. If there is any truth in the allegations of 
 the American Journalist, Julitis Chambers, or in the more 
 recent ones of our own Dr Bucknill,t not only was a 
 Lunacy Board required in the State of New York, but one 
 should be established forthwith in. every State in the Union 
 -^unless it be deemed better to have a central and general 
 one for the whole of the American Union. There are great 
 advantages in having such a General Board — with its head- 
 quarters at Washington. But no doubt such a conception 
 will not commend ifself to the jealousy with which every 
 State in the Union regards its neighbour and rival. Even 
 as we wrjte we have before us a criticism in the Scotsman* . 
 of Buckniirs " Notes :" — a criticism we venture to attribute 
 to an experienced and sagacious member of our own (Scotch) 
 Board of Lunacy. The critic shows how flimsy and selfish 
 are the arguments brought forward by Asylum Super- 
 intendents in America against Government Supervision of 
 Asylums. , 
 
 There is, h6wever, we think, an unfair tendency in the 
 works both of Chambers and Bucknill to depreciate 
 American Asylums :— to paint their operations in the 
 blackest colours — to contrast, them unfavourably with those 
 of England — regarding the latter as models for the world to 
 imitate ! We have visited American Asylums for ourselves, 
 as well as those of England, and our impression is, as pointed 
 out elsewhere,? that in many respects, the Asylums and 
 Asylum Superintendents of the American Union compare 
 favourably with those of England : in other words, that, if 
 there be matters in regard to which our American confreres 
 would do well to borrow from England, they are in a posi- 
 tion to repay the loan by teaching England and its Asylums 
 lessons that they very much need. 
 
 To the hsts printed in former Numbers of " Excelsior "% 
 
 + " Notes on Asylums for the Insane in America "—by J. C. 
 Bu&loiill, M.D., F.R.S., lately one of the Lord Chancellor's Visitors 
 of Lunatics. 
 
 * Of January 30, 1877. . * 
 
 t " American Hosjpitals for the Insane contrasted with those of 
 "Britain." Edinburgh Medical Journal : December, 1870. 
 
 % Vide Nos. 36, p. 8 : 35, p. 4 : 3Z. P- 3 = 3'. P- 7 = and 28, p. I. 
 
 2. 
 
 of Novels or Stories that give a promiuent place to Insane 
 " Characters " — to the phenomena of Insanity-r-we have to 
 add the following : 
 
 I. " The Cheveley Novels " — now being issued : " A 
 Modern Minister " : chap, xx — " The Man they 
 thought mad " — describes the vagaries of the inno- 
 ' cent Monomaniac — Dickson CheiEnger. 
 " Eccentric People " — whose Eccentricity bordered on 
 or amounted to Madness : in Chamber's Journal iox 
 September, 1877. 
 
 Here the actual case of poor " Beau Brummel," 
 in his squalid lodgings at Calais in his latter days, 
 resembles the fictitious one of " Sir Dickson Cheffin- 
 ger " in the " Modern Minister " : except insofar as 
 Brummel had a servant who, humoured all his 
 master's crazy fancies. 
 "An Editor's Tales" by Anthony Trollope, 1870. 
 Story I — "The Turkish Bath 'Wrelates to an 
 insanely literary Irishman, with a morbidly fertile 
 cacoethes scribendi: a cas,e paralleled by at least 
 ' one former Patient of our own — long the inmate of 
 a sister Institution — who used to cover acres of 
 paper, writing with equal facility on almost every 
 subject under the sun. ,, 
 "Lady Anna" by Anthony Trollope: 2 vols. 1874. 
 " Daft Davie " by Mjs Whitehead ; in Sunday at 
 
 Homeiox 1875. 
 "Daniel Deronda" by George Elliot : 4 vols. 1876. 
 " Godolphih " by Lord Lytton (Bulwer) : edition of 
 
 1874. 
 " Power's Partner" by Mary Byrne : 3 vols. 1876. 
 "The Golden Butterfly" by the author of " Ready- 
 money Mortiboy " : 3 vols. 1876. 
 10. " A Wingless Angel " by J. E. Muddock : 1875. 
 
 'Rose Turquand" by EUice Hopkins : 2 vols. 1876. 
 
 II. 
 
 INSANITY AND ITS TREATMENT IN 
 PERTHSHIRE IN THE 
 OLDEN TIME. 
 
 Our townsman, Mr Fittis, in his "Perthshire Antiquarian 
 " Miscellany " (Perth, 1875), gives us more than one curious 
 glimpse of the mode in which our ancestors in their day 
 and generation regarded Insanity and the Insane.' Thus 
 
20 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 an English Quaker visitor — Gurney — describes (at p. 377) 
 what he saw of the management of Lunatics in the Perth 
 Tolbooth in 1818. Here'is exactly what he says : and it is 
 of special interest to us as showing the sort of provision 
 made for the comfort of our local Insane prior to the estab- 
 lishment of the Murray Royal Institution in 1827, nine years 
 afterwards. In all probability Mr Gurney's Eeport, which 
 was published in his " Notes on a Visit made to some of 
 "the Prisons in Scotland," led directly or indirectly to Mr 
 Murray's fortune being devoted to the institution of an Hos- 
 pital for the Insane. 
 
 " The old Jail of Perth .... is built over a gate- 
 " way in the middle of the town. Although this dark and 
 "wretched building had been for some time disused as 
 " a Prison, it was not, at the period of our visit " (Mr Gurney 
 was accompanied by his sister — the celebrated Mrs Fry) 
 "without its unhappy inhabitants. We fouild in it two 
 "Lunatics in a most melancholy condition : both of them in 
 " solitary confinement, their apartments dirty and gloomy : 
 " and a small dark closet, connected with each of the rooms, 
 " filled up with a bed of straw. In these closets, which are 
 " far more like the dens of wild animals than the habitations 
 " of mankind, the poor men were lying wij:h very little cloth- 
 " ing upon them. They appeared in a state of Fatuity, the 
 " almost inevitable consequence of the Treatment to which 
 " they were exposed. No one resided in the house, to super- 
 " intend these afflicted persons, some man, hving in the 
 " town, having been appointed to feed them at certain hours 
 " of the day. They were in fact treated exactly as if they 
 " had been Beasts. A few days after our visit, one of these 
 " poor creatures was found dead in his bed. I suppose it 
 " to be in consequence of this event that the other, though 
 " not recovered from his malady, again walks the streets of 
 " Perth without control. It is much to be regretted that 
 " no medium could be found between so cruel an incarcer- 
 " ation and total want of care." ' 
 
 It is thus obvious that such an Hospital and Home as the 
 Murray Royal Institution was not^ established before it was 
 urgently required — in Perth. 
 
 Again, in the chapter on " The Witchcraft and Demon- 
 "ology of Pictavia'' (p. 586), a curious case is given — that 
 might be quoted at length could we spare the space, which 
 unfortunately we cannot — of Demoniacal Possession — of 
 Delusional Insanity — that occurred at Abernethy near Perth : 
 — the subject of " Possession " being " a very worthy Mini- 
 
 " ster of the Secession Church " — the Rev. Andrew Small of 
 Edenshead and Abernethy, who appeared as an author 
 in Edinburgh in 1823 and again in 1843; 
 
 SELF-IMPOSED INSANITY. 
 
 The special correspondent of the Daily Telegraphy wixtaxg 
 from Constantinople in i877,t describes the Howling Der^ 
 vishes of that city as Enthusiasts, who, 'at a certain stage of 
 their Exhibition, "have gone stark, staring mad." "Some," 
 he says, "grunted like swine: some barked like dogs:, 
 " some lowed like kine : some bellowed like bulls ; some 
 " squalled like cats : while others merely yelled and shriek- 
 " ed, like the Human Bedlamites they seemed to have been 
 " temporarily turned into." There was in short " a screech- 
 " ing, wailing, snarling, gurgling, gasping din .... a 
 " diabolical clatter." 
 
 Probably the " special correspondent " was not aware of 
 the Psychological significance of the word-picture he was 
 drawing. Nevertheless it so happens that not only does 
 the so-called " Dancing " of the Eastern Dervish furnish us 
 •with an excellent example of what is virtually a kind of 
 Acute Ephemeral Mania — zxi. artificial Insanity — voluntarily 
 produced in man by himself : but also of Animal traits in 
 Human Insanity. It is of interest to note that such traits 
 are not unfrequently developed in forms of Insanity that are 
 the result of Man's Morbid Imagination. Thus they occur 
 commonly in Spurious Hydrophobia in man : — in that form 
 of it which is often produced not by the bite of a rabietic 
 dog, but simply by man's own morbid fears. 
 
 The Daily Telegraph writer goes on to compare the mor-' 
 bid mental excitement of the Turkish Dervish with that which 
 characterises what are known as Religious "Revivals" among 
 American Negroes. He ""very properly regards the Excite- 
 ment in the two cases as similar in kind. " Epilepsy suc- 
 " ceediug to Imposture, Hysterics supervening on Humbug 
 "are very much the same all the world over" — he re- 
 marks. And we can only say that it is too true : such phe- 
 nomena — Insanity of the fanatical kind in connection with 
 " Religious Awakenings " — are much too common among 
 ourselves. 
 
 Instances of Artificial Insanity — ^produced deliberately by 
 
 t His letter appeared in the Daily Telegraph, for February i, 1877. 
 
EXCELSIOR. 
 
 21 
 
 man in himself — for the purposes of war or otherwise— are 
 eveiy now and then occurring in the records of travel. 
 The late Dr Thomson of the 5 8th Regiment, in his " Story 
 " of New Zealand (vol I., 1859), gives an admirable frontis- 
 piece plate of the Maori " War Dance," which he also de- 
 scribes (at p. 126 of same volume). He speaks of the natives 
 being " excited to desperation " by the Dance and Song 
 — ^by mutual insult and abuse. " Both parties " become 
 " maddened with anger, hatred and malice," and rush 
 " madly " into the fight. 
 
 Cameron, in his " Across Africa" (1877,, vol I., p. 27), 
 mentions an Arab, who was "foaming at the mouth, bran- 
 " dishing his sword, and swearing that he would kill a dog 
 " of a Nazarene, and then die happy. He was followed by 
 " a crowd of yelling and infuriated fiends." He specially 
 describes'him as " The Madman : for by this time he had 
 " worked himself ihio a. state of fury, which could not be 
 " distinguished from madness." 
 
 The same intrepid traveller refers (p. 184) to "an old 
 " man suffering from Delirium tremens — the only instance 
 " of this disorder which I saw in Africa, though drunken- 
 " ness was by no means uncommon." (At p. 85) an Arab 
 that " seemed half-witted " is mentioned. And Cameron's 
 successor in African trans-continental exploration — Stanley — 
 states that, among the many mishaps that befel his Negroes 
 on arrival at the mouth of the Congo one of them became 
 "mad with joy." \_Vide the preliminary account of his 
 journey given in the Daily Telegraph in October 1877].+ 
 
 +',Compare what was said under the heads "Insanity in Primitive 
 "Peoples" and "The Cold-water cure in Africa and England "in 
 "Excelsior" for 1876 (No. 36). 
 
 DONATIONS. 
 
 £^ 
 
 I. " Excelsior " Fund. 
 
 A Friend, London, 
 
 II. Library. 
 
 Dr Ireland, Larbert, formerly of H.M. Indian 
 Army : author of the work : " Rudolph Methyl : 
 a story of Anglo-Indian Life " : 2 vols : J.on- 
 don, 1863. 
 
 John Leng, Esq. of Kinbrae, Dundee, Editor of the 
 Dundee Advertiser : author of the work : " America 
 " in 1876 : Pencillings during a tour in the Cen- 
 " tennial year : with a chapter on the aspects of 
 " American Life : " Dundee, 1877. 
 
 Dr Lindsay, Gilgal : Journal of Royal Geographical 
 Society for 1861 : and Report of Smithsonian In- 
 stitution, U.S.A., for 1863. 
 
 III. Museum. 
 
 Sir Thomas Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Bart : 4 silver 
 coins of " Robertus Rex Scotorum " (Robert the 
 Bruce). 
 
 Mrs Crawford, Perth : Richly carved wooden Cin- 
 galese Basket. 
 
 Mrs Lindsay, Edinburgh : Pipe made of an Alder 
 (tree) knot. 
 
 Dr Lindsay, Gilgal : Bombay, Ceylon, Cape de 
 Verde, and Angola Orchella Weeds. 
 
 IV. Miscellaneous. 
 
 John Mackie, Esq., Wick, its Editor : " The North- 
 " em Ensign " regularly during 1877. 
 
 Messrs W. Taylor & Co., Printers, Perth : i dozen ^ 
 Office Calendars for 1878. 
 
 IK?^ 
 
 'W 
 
22 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 FAREWELL. 
 
 " EXCELSIOR " has now come of age : it has reached its 21st year — that of its majority — having been born in 1857. It 
 has fulfilled the Mission with which it charged itself 21 years ago, and having done so, it now proposes to make its adieux. 
 The Mission in question included the following objects ; 
 
 1. To give a full History of the establishment and subsequent progress of the Murray Royal Institution : or of such 
 
 details thereof as might be likely to interest its Inmates, their relatives, its Directors and officers, and the general 
 Public. 
 
 Such a History has been reserved for the concluding (two) Numbers of " Excelsior." 
 
 2. To furnish an account of the varied occupations and amusements of the Inmates, so as to aiford " to all whom it 
 
 may concern " some proper idea of the character of their cloister life. 
 
 Such an account has been regularly supplied in the " Chronicle " drawn up by our indefatigable friend 
 W. G. C; of whom more anon : as well as by the descriptions of our Classes and Lectures, Balls and Concerts, 
 out-door Games and F^tes, Pic-Nics and other Excursions. 
 
 3. To supply samples of the peculiar (morbid) views of individual residents of a literary turn of mind — of their 
 
 Delusions, as described by themselves — in ipsissimis verbis. 
 
 Such specimens are to be found in " Excelsior:" No. 36 " A Political Rhapsody." 
 
 — 35 " Lunatic Literature." 
 
 — 21-2 " Female Attractions." 
 
 — 10-12 "Nature delineated." 
 
 4. To submit characteristic illustrations of some of the peculiarities of Habit — some of the Eccentricities of behaviour 
 
 — of members of our community. 
 
 Such illustrations are the articles entitled " The Hoard of a Miser " in " Excelsior " No. 32 : and " A Study 
 in Fantastic Anatomy " in Nos. '23-5. 
 
 5. On the other hand, to offer to Inmates with the, requisite ability and inclination a medium for the publication of 
 
 their criticisms on men and things — local or general : including Lectures, Prologues, or Addresses delivered 
 by them before our " Hmited " Public, or contributed to the columns of contemporary newspapers. 
 
 As examples we may point to the various contributions signed " M. W. J. " in " Excelsior " Nos. 23-5 
 "Motley Reflections on the Magazines:" Nos. ig-20, "Killiecrankie:" and Nos. 16-17 and 18, "Museum 
 Conversazioni." 
 
 6. To place our columns at the command of " correspondents '' — invalids in other Hospitals — sometimes far distant 
 
 — for the publication of their valued communicatioiis. 
 
 The best series of papers of this class is that selection of extracts from a letter-correspondence with an 
 accompjished Litterateur— albeit an Hospital invalid — ^which appeared in No. 33 of " Excelsior " as " The Con- 
 solations of an Invalid." 
 
 7. To contain notices of, or critiques upon, current events illustrative of the Natural History of Insanity or of the 
 
 condition of the Insane in other countries. 
 
 Notices of this kind are exemplified by the series of short articles on 
 " Insanity in Fiction." 
 " Insanity in Primitive Peoples." 
 " Mad Characters in History." 
 " Lunatic Literature " — at Home and Abroad. 
 
EXCELSIOR. 23 
 
 " Our Contemporaries " (British and Foreign Asylums) and their doings. 
 8. To give short accounts of the literary (pubhshed) contributions of mental Invalids in other places. 
 
 Articles of such a character are to be found in Nos. 10-12 of "Excelsior" as Reviews of "The Philosophy of 
 Insanity," published at Glasgow in i860 ; and " Songs of Labour and Domestic Life," published in Edinburgh 
 in the same year. 
 Now " Excelsior" has lived sufficiently long, we think, to have enabled us to carry out the objects originally proposed, 
 to as full an extent as is desirable. There is no longer Novelty in the enterprise,' whether to its readers, or to those who have 
 charged themselves with its preparation and pubhcation for nearly a quarter of a century. , Were its publication to be con- 
 tinued, its pages would merely be ringing the changes — ^with a little variety it may be, but not with such variety as to, justify a 
 prolonged existence — on the articles that have already appeared in it. The series of " Excelsior " already published — and 
 which is rendered complete in itself hy the issue of Title Page, Table of Contents and General Index, is sufficient to exhibit 
 or illustrate the views and operations of the present Regime — of the present Government — of the Murray Royal Institution. 
 ' In the natural course of things a new Regime must some day displace and succeed the present : and that new 
 Governor and Government is likely to have its own new views, and its own new ways of setting them forth or of giving 
 them practical expression. It will be for the new Regime to issue a new series of " Excelsior " under some new Name 
 [for ^^ Excelsior" is. a title that has been claimed in common with our serial by Magazines, Tracts, Songs and Verses — of 
 very different kinds] : or, like Nelson, to have some other form of a Gazette of its own, if it deem such a serial desirable. 
 
 ■ So far as we are aware — in composing our mantle around us and betaking ourselves off the stage of what is now an 
 exuberant periodical literature — we leave behind us only two representatives of the 4th estate as cultivated in the shadow 
 of the Asylum Cloisterv— in the New Moon of Dumfries and Morningside Mirror of Edinburgh.t But these are evergreens : 
 their life is vigorous, and promises to remain so. Long may they flourish ! We point with some pride to the fact that 
 these serials, which are 34 and 33 years old respectively, and are therefore, counted by man's years, only in their prime — 
 are both Scotch. It is singular that our sister country, which makes such a parade of the' doings of its Asylums in the 
 Times, Daily Telegraph, or other influential newspapers — metropolitan or provincial— cannot, or at least does not, produce 
 a single Asylum serial ! , That such an anomaly should long remain a reproach against England, which perpetually boasts 
 that its Asylums are the first in the world, we can scarcely believe. For the richer, larger, wealthier, more powerful Asy- 
 lums of England have for the last half century been following the lead of " puir Auld Scotland " in all that constitute the 
 essential features of what is now known popularly as the " Modern " or " Humane " system of Treatment of the Insane : — 
 what would more appropriately be termed simply , their rational and just treatment : — a treatment that necessarily involves 
 the judicious application, of the great Law of Kindness and the Golden Rule. It is not to Bedlam, which hag flourished 
 for more than 6 centuries : nor to Hanwell and Conolly — that we must look for. the real inauguration in Britain of the 
 present system of treating the Insane. It was a Scotchman,' now enjoying the otium cum dignitate of a septuagenarian on 
 the quiet banks of the Nith, who in 1837 published a modest little volume, showing " What Asylums were, are and ought 
 to be," and who put in practice his own precepts in the Crichton Royal Institution of Dumfries. In another part of the 
 present Number of "Excelsior," moreover, we have mentioned the name of a greater than Conolly — another Scot, who 
 nearly a century ago, with all the bravery and sagacity of his countrymen, was 'pointing out in the face of ridicule and 
 abuse what is now universally admitted — that Insanity — or some forms of it at least — depend on organic disease of the 
 Brain, and that such cerebral lesions are often patent on careful microscopic examination. He did in fact what more than 
 one of our great Asylums in England and America are now taking great credit to themselves for doing : he devoted himself 
 to the study of the Morbid Anatomy of the Brain in Insanity. But Dr Marshal was a man of Fact — not of Fancy. His was 
 not the facile pen that mingled Fact and Fiction so as to make them sensational and readable — so as to environ them with a 
 blazonry that prevented the separation of the one from the other. He was not, a ready writer, though he must have been a 
 ready speaker. At all events, he was not given to the pubhcation of his thoughts and doings : this was left for his friend 
 and assistant Dr Sawrey to do for him after his'death. And hence he is little known compared with Conolly, who had the 
 
 r A iuU account of the " Lunatic Literature " both of Britain and America was given in " Excelsior " No. 33 (1873), and No. 34 (1874). 
 
24 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 advantage moreover of flourishing in quite recent times. But Marshal's facts and inferences — the work that he did-^will 
 be the heritage of all time, becoming historically more and more valuable and valued. 
 
 The New Moon and Morningside Mirror are the survivors — no doubt for the reason that they deserved to be so in 
 that " struggle forexistence " that characterises Asylum periodicals, as well as so many other sublunary things — of not a 
 few Magazines of a comparable class that have appeared from time to time in various Asylums of Scotland, England and 
 America : — we are not aware of any having ever been issued on the continent of Europe or elsewhere. These defunct 
 Periodicals — defunct some of them after a long and useful^ — others after a. short and meteoric — career — include the 
 following : 
 
 I. — In Scotland. 
 
 1. The Chronicles of the Cloister (Glasgow), of which only a few Numbers appeared, and which lived less than 
 
 a year. 
 
 2. The Gartnavel Gazette (also of Glasgow), which had a similarly short career. 
 II. — \x\. England. 
 
 3. The York Star, which died a natural death on the transfer of its Editor — Dr Needham — to Gloucester : 
 
 not, however, till it had attained the very respectable age of 16 years. 
 
 4. Ztftfj^ Z^awj (Church-Strettori, Shropshire), of which only 2 Numbers ever appeared so far as we know: 
 
 the shortest-lived therefore of all British Asylum Serials. 
 III. — In America. 
 
 5. The Retreat Gazette (Hartford, Conn.), of which only 2 Numbers appeared in 1837. 
 
 6. The Asylum fournal (Brattleboro, Vt.), which was issued for 4 years — between 1842 and 1846. 
 
 7. The Opal (Utica, N. Y.) appeared for 10 years — from 185 1. , 
 
 8. The Meteor (Tuskaloosa, Ala.) was issued for 4 years — from 1872 to 1876. 
 g. The Friend (Harrisburg, Pa.) which lived only for 2 years. 
 
 The last published Report of "the Alabama Insane Hospital at Tuskaloosa" (i6th, of date, 1876, p. 36), thus 
 alludes to the fall of the Meteor : 
 
 "We published in the Hospital until quite recently a little paper called The Meteor, which was edited 
 "and printed exclusively by the Patients. This little sheet we were in the habit of sending to our Exchanges, 
 " and a few of the friends and patrons of the Hospital. It was discontinued a few months ago from the lack 
 " of interest on the part of the Patients, who conducted it. Such an enterprise, from the very nature of the case, must 
 " hold a very precarious existence. But it is interesting to know that The Meteor was continuously and regularly issued 
 " for a period of 4 years." 
 
 We are indebted to Dr Andrews of the New York State Asylum at Utica, for the following information concerning 
 two American Asylum Serials. In a letter dated May, 1876, he thus writes : ■ 
 
 " The information I gave you in 1870, though correct so far as my knowledge extended, was imperfect. Tas.. Asylum 
 "Journal ^3.% issued from the Asylum at Brattleboro, Vt, in November, 1842, and continued for 4 years — till June, 1846. 
 "The Opal^zs, begun as a Monthly, and so continued during 9 years. The loth volume was issued in quarterly (instal- 
 " ments), and after 3 Nos. (of said volume) the serial was discontinued in November, i860.'' 
 
 The same gentleman is the author of an article on " Asylum Periodicals" in the American Journal of Insanity {qx 
 July, 1876. From that article we quote the following deliverance concerning the defunct Asylum serials of America : 
 
 " The cause of the Failure of so many Asylum productions is found in the changeable character of the population of 
 " (such) Institutions, and the loss of novelty to both Patients and the public. It is true, as with the outside world, that 
 " but few persons possess the requisite qualifications, which render them capable of conducting a publication, or writing 
 " for it. Even when found, in a comparatively short time, they either recover or pass into a condition of feeble-minded- 
 " ness which incapacitates them for further literary efiforts. In these causes we find the short existence of such (serial) 
 "issues : and of their failure to represent the phases of Insanity, which alone would render them valuable (p. 49)." 
 
EXCELSIOR. 25 
 
 If such be the Causes of Failure in America-ra country abounding in men fond of literature — of print — of publication 
 — where newspapers of all sorts exist by the thousand — it is not likely that such failures should be 'fewer in our own 
 country, or that their causes should -be very dissimilar. In short, the reasons why so many Asylum serials have appeared 
 but for limited — sometimes absurdly limited — periods are these : 
 
 1. Either that the up-get of the serial is entrusted to some clever Patient, with'the requisite time, ability and inclina- 
 
 nation : and the issue ceases as soon as he leaves the Asylum, or gets tired of an irksome task — albeit self- 
 , imposed — or becomes disqualified for it. 
 
 2. Or the publication is undertaken by the Asylum Physician : and its issue ceases when he leaves, or finds the work 
 
 too much for him amidst the superabundance of slavish drudgery that is heaped upoji him. 
 
 3. Or the Editor, whoever he be, finds that as soon as the Novelty of the publication disappears, he is unsupported, 
 
 or not duly supported, by those from whom he was entitled to look for sympathy and aid. 
 But " Excelsior " is not to be ranked in the same category with the nine defunct serials above, mentioned. It has attained 
 a ripe age : it has fulfilled its mission : its demise is not premature, nor is it summary or abrupt : it simply ceaSes to be 
 because there is no proper raison d'itre for its protracted existence. 
 
 " Suni certa denique Fines 
 Quas ttltra dtraque nequid consistere Rectum.^' 
 
 It only remains for us to draw our Editorial toga about us, and make our best bow, while offering our warmest thanks 
 to all that have been friendly or generous to "Excelsior" — all who have favoured us with sympathy or appreciation. 
 More especially is our lasting gratitude due to — 
 
 1. Our staunchest of all good friends— W. G. C. : who throughout our career has supplied our " Box " with " copy " of 
 
 the most varied kind, in itself suflJcient in quantity to have kept " Excelsior " alive. But this gendeman's claims 
 on our regard are such that a special article of a couple of columns in No. 33 of " Excelsior" (for 1873) was 
 devoted to a narrative and eulogium of his many and valued services to the Murray Royal Institution. 
 
 2. Certain generous, though anonymous " friends " in Liverpool and Lqndon : — as well as certain other friends, whose 
 
 oames have been duly chronicled from time to time in the " Donation" list of " Excelsior "—who have made 
 handsome money contributions to the " Excelsior Fund "—for the publication and distribution of our serial. 
 
 3. Those who have assisted to fill the shelves of our Library with books, and the cases of our Museum with objects of 
 
 Natural History — some of them of high interest. 
 
 4. The well-known Editor of the Northern Ensign of Wick, or others, who have conferred upon us the great boon of 
 
 adding to our current newspaper literature.' 
 
 5. The eminent Sanitarian, Philosopher, Philanthropist, Physiologist and Author— B. W. Richardson, M.D., F.R.S., 
 
 who, when Editor of the Social Science Review, devoted no less than 15 of its pages (in tlie Number for March, 
 1866, in an article on the "Literature of the Insane") to an exhaustive and appreciative notice oi " Excelsior " 
 and its contents. , v 
 
 Ne quid Nimis. 
 
" Our Endeavours 
 Have ever come too short of our Desires," 
 
 ' Be to our Faults a little blind : 
 Be to our Virtues very kind ! " 
 
 " If we have been extinguished, yet there rise 
 
 A thousand Beacons from the sparks we bore." 
 
Cornell University Library 
 RC 451.S4L74 
 
 General history of the Murray Royal Inst 
 3 1924 012 462 838 .,h....i 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 MURKAY'S ROYAL INSTITUTION, 
 
 COMPILED Br M. ¥. J. 
 
 No. L-JAHUAET, 1863. 
 
 s 
 
 PERTH: 
 
 PKINTED BY ROBERT WlilTTET, 
 
 23. High SvREn, 
 
-' Eem)— not to oontraact and confute ; nor to believe and take for granted ; nor to 
 find talk and diBcouree ; but to weigh and consider." 
 
 " Reading makes a full man, conversation a ready man, and 
 
 writing an exact man." 
 
 << There is nothing makes a man speak much, more than to know 
 
 little." 
 
 " The pleasure and delight of knowledge auvpasseth all other in nature." 
 
 LoF.D Bacon. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 I. Works of Fiction, &c. 6 
 
 II. Poetry and the Drama , 8 
 
 III. Travel and Adyentme, Topography, Guide Books, &b., 10 
 
 IT. Educational 12 
 
 v. History and Biography, 15 
 
 YI. Keligioua, 17 
 
 VII, Natural History and the Sciences, 20 
 
 VIII, Serials, Encrclopcedias, &c,, 22 
 
 IX, Miscellaneous, 21 
 
LIST OP PKINCIPAL DONORS TO LIBRARY. 
 
 IVlKBCTOHS OP MdRBAY'S EoTAL INSTITUTION, 
 
 The Late Genekal Belshes, of Invermay, . 
 The Late John Marshall, Esq., of Eosemount, 
 The Late Rev. William Muitoooh, of KinnouU, 
 Mrs. jAFFRAy, 
 
 — J. H. Burton, 
 Missea Gray, 
 Mr. Bayldon, . . ' 
 
 Jambs Lindsay, Esq. , 
 D. P. Lindsay, Esq., 
 
 Br. Lauder Lindsay, 
 
 Dr. Lorimer, 
 
 George LoKiMEK, Esq.., 
 
 James Lorimer, Esq., 
 
 Miss Grant, 
 
 James MoRisoN, Esq., 
 
 Egbert MoRisoN, Esq., 
 
 Miss M 'Naughton, 
 
 Dr. Stirling, 
 
 Dr. Matthews Duncan, 
 
 Lewis Smith, Esq., 
 
 Perth. 
 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 Perth. 
 
 Manchester, 
 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 Perth. 
 
 Edinburgh. 
 Aberdeen. 
 
CATALOGUE. 
 
 WORKS OF FICTION, &c. 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Bate of 
 Publication. 
 
 Waverley; Guy MamneringjKenilwortli; 
 
 
 
 Ivanhoe, 
 
 Sir Walter Scott, 
 
 1842 
 
 Heart of Midlothian, [2 copies,] . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1818 42 
 
 Last Days of Pompeii, 
 
 Sir E. L. Bulwer, 
 
 1854 
 
 Paul Clifford, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Eugene Aram, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Martin Chuzzle-wit, ... 
 
 Charles Dickens, 
 
 
 Roderick Random, ... 
 
 Tobias Smollett, M.D., 
 
 1838 
 
 Tom Jones, 
 
 1 1 enry Fielding, 
 
 1852 
 
 Vicar of Wakefield, ... 
 
 Oliver Goldsmith, M.D., 
 
 1843 
 
 Red Hover, 
 
 J. Fennimore Cooper, 
 
 1844 
 
 Spy, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 PUot, ... 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Last of the Mohicans, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Lionel Lincoln, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Pioneer, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Mark's Reef, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Robinson Crusoe [2 copies,] 
 
 Daniel Defoe, 
 
 1830 
 
 Memoirs of a Cavalier, 
 
 do. 
 
 1840 
 
 Smuggler, 
 
 G. P. R. James, 
 
 1850 
 
 Brigand, 
 
 do 
 
 1851 
 
 Agiucourt, 
 
 do. 
 
 1862 
 
 One in a thousand, ... 
 
 do. 
 
 1850 
 
 Mary of Burgundy, ... 
 
 do. 
 
 1850 
 
 Forest Days, 
 
 do. 
 
 1852 
 
 Charles Tyrrell, 
 
 do. 
 
 1852 
 
 Gipsy, ... ... ■ 
 
 do. 
 
 1850 
 
 The Forgery, 
 
 do. 
 
 1852 
 
 Henry of Guiso, 
 
 do. 
 
 1854 
 
 AttUa, ... 
 
 do. 
 
 
 False Heir, 
 
 do. 
 
 1853 
 
 Auriol, ... 
 
 W. Harrison Ainsworth, 
 
 1850 
 
 Windsor Castle, 2 vols.. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 St. James's, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Hockwood, 2 vols., ... 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Crichton, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Old St. Paul's, 2 vols., 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Lancashire Witches, 2 vols., 
 
 do. 
 
 1851 
 
 Miser's Daughter, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Guy Fa-wkes, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
WORKS OF FICTION. 
 
 lltle ofWork.. 
 
 Author, 
 
 Dat* of 
 Pub. 
 
 Phantom Regiment, 
 
 James Grant, 
 
 
 Adventures of an Aide-de-Oamp, 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Frank Hilton, 
 
 do. 
 
 1855 
 
 Scottish Cavalier, 3 vols.. 
 
 db: 
 
 1851 
 
 Romance of War, 
 
 do. 
 
 1851 
 
 Bothwell, 
 
 do. 
 
 1857 
 
 Harry Ogilvie, 
 
 do. 
 
 1856 
 
 The Young Duke, ... 
 
 Benjamin D'Israeli, 
 
 1853 
 
 Veiietia, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Alroy, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Henrietta Temple, ... 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 The Rise of Iskander 
 
 . do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Tancred, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Coningsby, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 SybU, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Peter Simple, 
 
 Captain Marryatt, 
 
 1856 
 
 The Dog Fiend, 5 vols., 
 
 do. 
 
 1837 
 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin, ... 
 
 Mrs. H. B. Stowe, 
 
 1852 
 
 Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Dred, (2 copies,)' .-.. " 
 
 do. 
 
 ■ 1856 
 
 Tithe Proctor, 
 
 William Carleton, 
 
 1849 
 
 Hand and Word, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Black Prophet, 
 
 do. 
 
 1847 
 
 Emigi-attts of Ahadarra, 
 
 do. 
 
 1848 
 
 Clarionet, 
 
 do. 
 
 1850 
 
 Dead Boxer, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Barney Branagan, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Cardinal Mazarin 
 
 Alexandre Dumas, 
 
 
 Count of Monte Christo; 
 
 do. 
 
 1847-48 
 
 Memoirs of a Physician, 
 
 do. 
 
 1847 
 
 Ingenue, . . 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Galley Slave, 
 
 do. 
 
 1847 
 
 Scalp Hunters, 
 
 Captain Mayne Reid, 
 
 1852 
 
 Rifle Rangers, 
 
 do. 
 
 1853 
 
 Christopher Tadpole, 
 
 Albert Smith, 
 
 ■ 1853 
 
 Adventures of Mr. Ledbury, 
 
 do. 
 
 1856 
 
 Mabel Grant, 
 
 Randall Ballantyne, 
 
 1854 
 
 Gaberlunzie's Wallet, 
 
 James Ballantyne, 
 
 1843 
 
 Miller of Deanhaugh, 
 
 do. 
 
 1844 
 
 Discipline, 
 
 Mrs. Brunton, 
 
 1852 
 
 Self Control, 
 
 do. 
 
 1839 
 
 Michael Armstrong, ... 
 
 Frances TroUope, 
 
 1840 
 
 Scarlet Letter, 
 
 N. Hawthorne, 
 
 1854 
 
 House of the Seven Gables, 
 
 . do. 
 
 1851 
 
 Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia, 
 
 Madame Cottin, 
 
 1838 
 
 La Prise de Jericho,, 
 
 
 do. 
 
 Conspirator, [2 copies,] 
 
 A. E. Dupuy, 
 
 1850 
 
 Belisaire, 
 
 Marmontel, 
 
 1824 
 
 Schinderhannes, 
 
 Leitch Ritchie, 
 
 1848 
 
WORKS OP FICTION. 
 
 7 
 
 Title of "Work. 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Date of 
 Pub. 
 
 Legends of Number-Nip, 
 
 Leitch Ritchie, 
 
 
 Remembrances of a Monthly Nurse, 
 
 Mrs. H. Downing, 
 
 ' 1852 
 
 Cagot's Hut, 
 
 T. C. Gratta,n, 
 
 , 1852 
 
 Conscript's Bride, 
 
 do. 
 
 1852 
 
 Khan's Tale, 
 
 James B. Fraser, 
 
 1850 
 
 Tales of the first French Revolution, 
 
 A uthor of ' Emilia Wyndham, ' 
 [Mrs. Marsh.] 
 
 1849. 
 
 Susan Hopley, [2 copies,] 
 
 Mrs. Crowe, 
 
 1852 
 
 Miscellanies, containing Jest and Earnest, 
 
 Wallbridge Lunn, [" Arthur 
 
 
 and other Tales, 
 
 Wallbridge,"] 
 
 1851 
 
 Green Hand, 
 
 Geo. Cupples, 
 
 1856 
 
 Lamplighter, [2 copies,] 
 
 
 1854 
 
 Hills of the Shatemuc, 
 
 Miss Warner, 
 
 1856 
 
 Christmas Day, and how it was spent. 
 
 Christian Le Ros, 
 
 1854 
 
 Valentine Vox, [2 copies,] 
 
 Henry Cockton, 
 
 1849-53 
 
 Tom Cringle's Log, ... 
 
 From Blackwood's Magazine, 
 
 1822 
 
 White Friars, [3 copies,] 
 
 Author of « WhitehaU," 
 
 1851 
 
 Whiteslave, 
 
 
 
 Maurice Tiernay, 
 
 
 
 Two Friends, 
 
 M. Oldfield, 
 
 1851 
 
 Adonia, 4 vols., 
 
 
 1801 
 
 Legends of a Nunnery, i vols., . . . 
 
 E. Montague, 
 
 1807 
 
 Life of Msinsie Wauch, 
 
 D. M. Moir, ["Delta,"] 
 
 1853 
 
 Fool of Quality, 5 vols.. 
 
 Brooke, 
 
 1858 
 
 Queechy, 
 
 Elizabeth Wetherell, 
 
 1854 
 
 Almoran and Hametj 
 
 Dr. Hawkesworth, 
 
 1843 
 
 Solyman and Almena, 
 
 Dr. Langhorne, 
 
 1843 
 
 Nourjahad, 
 
 Mrs. Sheridan, 
 
 1843 
 
 Story-teller, 
 
 Edited by R. BeU, 
 
 
 Reuben Apsley, 3 vols.. 
 
 Author of " Brambletye 
 House," [Smith.] 
 
 1827 
 
 Jem Bunt, 
 
 "Old iSailor," 
 
 1841 
 
 Singleton Fontenoy, [3 copies,] . . . 
 
 James Hannay, 
 
 1854 
 
 Verdant Green, 
 
 Cuthbert Bede, 
 
 1855 
 
 Tales of the Munster Festivals,[2 copies," 
 
 Gerald Griffin, 
 
 1848 
 
 Northanger Abbey, ... 
 
 Miss Jane Austen, 
 
 1850 
 
 Persuasion. 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 Sir Philip Hetherington, 
 
 Author of "Olivia," 
 
 1861 
 
 Railway Anecdote Book, 
 
 
 
 Sweethearts and Wives, 
 
 T. S. Arthur, 
 
 1845 
 
 Lovers and Husbands, 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 Slave King, 
 
 Victor Ilugo 
 
 1852 
 
 Cross Roads, 
 
 
 
 Genevieve, 
 
 A. de Lamartine, 
 
 1851 
 
 The Wanderer and his home, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Rivals ... 
 
 
 
 Tracy's Ambition, 
 
 
 
 Tales from "Blackwood," 
 
 Professor Aytoun and others. 
 
 1845 
 
 The Lathams, ... ... 
 
 
 1868 
 
rOETKT AND THE DRAMA. 
 
 ailleof Woi-Ic. 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Date of 
 Pub. 
 
 Two years before the Mast, 
 
 Tales in the Cabin, ... 
 
 John Doe, 
 
 Anecdote Book, or Circle of Wit, 
 
 Sailors' Yarns, 
 
 CLnq Mars, 
 
 Lawyer's Story, 
 
 Pickwick Abroad, 
 
 Peeblesshire Cottar, ... 
 
 } 
 
 R H. Dana, 
 
 Dr. Wm. H. Hillyard, 
 
 The " O'Hara Family," 
 
 GriflS.n's Popular Library, 
 Count de Vigny, 
 
 1841 
 1861 
 1853 
 
 1 183S 
 
 1850 
 1853 
 
 POETRY AND THE DRAMA. 
 
 Lay of thp last Minstrel, 
 
 Select Poetical Works ; comprising Lay 
 
 of the last Minstrel, Marmion, Lady 
 
 of the Lake, Ballads, &c.j 
 Ballads and other Poems, 
 Dramatic Works, 7 vols. 
 English Bards and Seotch Reviewers, 
 Poetical Works, Essays, Letters, &c. 
 Poetical Works, complete, 
 
 Poems ; an Offering to Lancashire 
 Homer's Iliad, 
 Poems on several occasions. 
 The Seasons, [2 copies,] 
 Fables, ... 
 Hudibras, 
 Poems, ... 
 
 The Ballad of Babe Chi-istabel and other 
 Poems, 
 
 The Pleasures of Home, 
 
 Poetical Works, 
 
 The Shipwreck, 
 
 Songs of Labour and Domestic Life, 
 
 Trifles in Verse, 
 
 The Sabbath, 
 
 Poems on several occasions. 
 
 Poems on various subjects. 
 
 Rural Poems, 
 
 Poems on various subjects. 
 
 Tranquillity, and other Poems, . . . 
 
 The World, 
 
 Sir Walter Scott, 
 
 do, do. 
 H. W. Longfellow, 
 Shakspeare, 
 Lord Byron, 
 Percy B. Shelley, 
 E-obert Burns, [with Life by 
 
 Currie,] 
 Edited by isa Craig, 
 Pope, 
 do. 
 James Thomson, 
 John Gay, 
 Samuel Butler, 
 Gerald Massey, 
 
 do. 
 Rev. John Anderson, of 
 
 Kinnoull, 
 W. Cowper, [with Life by 
 
 M'Diarmid] 
 Falconer, 
 Alex. Smart, 
 Marjoribanks, 
 William Bennoch, 
 Rev. J. Pomfret, 
 G. Muir, 
 James Grahame, 
 John Paterson, Dundee, 
 
 Adam Fitzadam, 
 
 1835 
 
 1839 
 1848 
 1792 
 1823 
 1854 
 
 1857 
 
 -1863 
 1807 
 1752 
 
 1790-182' 
 
 1779 
 1810 
 
 1854 
 
 1856 
 
 1808 
 1860 
 1784 
 
 1766 
 1843 
 1821 
 1810 
 do. 
 
POETRY AKD THE DRAMA. 
 
 Title ofWork. 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Bute of 
 Pub. 
 
 Scottish Poets, 2 vols, 
 
 King James I., Gawain 
 
 
 
 Douglas, W.Dunbar and others 
 
 1780-88 
 
 The Beauties of Scottish Poets, 2 vols. 
 
 
 1823 
 
 The Crusaders, or the Minstrels of Acre, 
 
 
 1808 
 
 Letters of Laura D'Auvergne, and other 
 
 
 
 Poems, 
 
 Charles Swain, 
 
 1853 
 
 The Lessons of Sadek, and other Poems, 
 
 James 0. Whitehead, 
 
 1820 
 
 Moral Pieces, 
 
 J. S. Blackford, 
 
 1860 
 
 Poetical Magazine, 2 vols, 
 
 
 1804 
 
 Elegant Extracts, — Poetry, 
 
 
 1806 
 
 Poetischer Nachlass, ... 
 
 Theod. Kornor, 
 
 1818 
 
 Ariane, and other plays, [(Euvres de 
 
 
 
 Comeille,] 
 
 T. Corneille, 
 
 1837 
 
 Les Plaideurs, and other plays, [CEuvres 
 
 
 
 de Kaoine,] ... 
 
 Jean Racine, 
 
 
 Cumberland's British Drama, 15 vols., 
 
 Cooke's Edition, 
 
 1817 
 
 Do. Pcsthumous Dramatic "Works, 
 
 
 
 2 vols., 
 
 Richard Cumberland, 
 
 1813 
 
 Choleric Man (a Comedy,) 
 
 do. 
 
 1793 
 
 Ye Guide to ye Exhibition of ye Eoyalle 
 
 
 
 Scottische Academic, 
 
 
 
 Nothing to Wear, [a Satire,] 
 
 
 1858 
 
 Cato, a Tragedy, 
 
 Josepli Addison, 
 
 1823 
 
 The Minor Theatre, 2 vols.. 
 
 
 1794 
 
 Collection of Farces, 
 
 
 
 Six Acting Charades, 
 
 W. L. T., 
 
 1850 
 
 Montrose, a Drama, 
 
 J. Pocock, 
 
 1823 
 
 fco 
 
 ' Two Bonnycastles, 
 
 J. M. Morton, 
 
 
 a 
 
 Box and Cox, 
 
 do. 
 
 
 'S d 
 
 Unwarrantable Intrusion, 
 
 do. 
 
 
 ^■2 . 
 
 Done on both Sides, 
 
 do. 
 
 
 
 Eton Boy, [2 copies.] 
 
 Edward Morton, 
 
 
 J 
 
 Irish Post, 
 
 J. R. Blanche, 
 
 
 1— 1 
 
 Still Waters run Deep, , . . 
 
 Tom Taylor, Ewq 
 
 
 Cumberland's ( Tribulation, 
 Minor Theatre. \ Day after the Fair, 
 
 John Poole, Esq., 
 
 
 C. A. Somerset, 
 
 
 Redgauntlet, 
 
 
 
 Jeannette and Jeannot, 
 
 W. H. Eburne, 
 
 1852 
 
 Weekly Review and Dramatic Critic, 
 
 
 
 Dramatic Review, Nos. 1 and 3, 
 
 
 
 Revenge, 
 
 Dr. Young, 
 
 
 Rivals, 
 
 
 
 Deuce is in Him, 
 
 G. Colman, Esq., 
 
 
 Grecian Daughter, a Tragedy, 
 
 Arthur Miu'phy, 
 
 1824 
 
 Apprentice, 
 
 Do., 
 
 
 Ways and Means, 
 
 
 
 Jane S 
 
 hore, 
 
 Nicholas Rowe, 
 
 
10 
 
 TBAVEL AND ADVENTURE, TOPOGRAPHY, GUIDE-BOOKS, ETC. 
 
 
 
 Date of 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Pub. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 
 
 11 Barbiere di Siviglia, 
 
 Rossini, 
 
 
 Old English Ditties, Part I., [4 copies,] 
 
 G. A. Macfarren, 
 
 
 Singing for the Million, 
 
 
 
 Musical Times, No. 21, [3 copies,] 
 
 
 
 Selection of Violin Music, 
 
 Cameron, 
 
 
 Comic Songs, 
 
 T. Hudson's Collection, 
 
 1820-30 
 
 Selections of Dance and Vocal Music — 
 
 . 
 
 ^»\^m4^^ V^v 
 
 [Scotch, EngUfih, Irish, and Foreign,] 
 
 
 
 Selection of Solos, 
 
 Professor Tedder, London, 
 
 
 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE, TOPOGRAPHY, GUIDE BOOKS, &c. 
 
 Narrative of Discovery and Adventure 
 
 in the Polar Seas, 
 Narrative of a Residence in Siam, 
 A Trip to Reunion, Mauritius, and Ceylon, 
 Adventures of J. R. Jewilt, 
 What we did in Australia, 
 Handbook to New Zealand, 
 Visit to the United States and Canada, 
 Two Lectures on Canada, 
 America and the Americans, 
 Travels through Italy, 
 Arvendel, or Sketches in Italy and 
 
 Switzerland, 
 Voyage d'un Pranfais en Italie, 8 vols.. 
 Wanderings in the Land of Israel, 
 Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands, 
 Curiosities of Modern Tcavel, 
 Excursions through Ireland, 3 vols.. 
 Summer Ramble in the North Highlands, 
 Female Life among the Mormons, 
 An Emigrant in search of a Colony, 
 Domestic Manners of the Americans, 
 Travels in the East, 
 
 GUIDE BOOKS. 
 
 Guide up the Rhine, . . 
 
 Nelson's Handbook to Scotland — ^for 
 
 Tourists, 
 Beauties of Upper Stratheam, 
 Topography of the Basin of the Tay, 
 Description of the Abbeys of Melrose, 
 
 and Old Melrose, 
 History of Koaresborotigh, Hairogate, 
 
 &0-, ••• 
 
 Prof. Leslie, Prof Jameson, 
 and Hugh Murray, Esq., 
 Frederick Arthur Neale, 
 Dr. Mouat, 
 J. R. Jewitt, 
 G. B. Earp, 
 
 do. 
 Richard Weston, 
 BoUo Campbell, of Montreal, 
 W. E. Baxter, M.P., 
 J. J. Ferber, 
 
 Anderson, 
 
 Mrs. H. B. Stowe, ' 
 
 Thomas Cromwell, 
 Author of 'Tales of aPilgrim,' 
 The "Wife of an Elder," 
 Charles Rower oft, 
 Griffin's Popular Library. 
 A. de Lamartine, 
 
 F. Coghlan, 
 
 Rev. J. M. Wilson, 
 
 Rev. Charles Roger, LL-D^ 
 
 James Knox, 
 
 J. Bower, 
 E. Hargrove, 
 
 1830 
 1852 
 1852 
 1824 
 1853 
 1852 
 1836 
 1857 
 1855 
 1776 
 
 1826 
 1769 
 
 1844 
 1820 
 1827 
 1855 
 1851 
 1836 
 
 1837 
 
 1860 
 1854 
 1831 
 
 1827 
 
 1798 
 
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE, TOPOGRAPHY, GUIDE-BOOKS, ETC. 
 
 11 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 Name 6f Author. 
 
 Date of 
 Pub. 
 
 Description of York and its Cathedral, 
 
 
 1809 
 
 Guide to the Sights of London, 
 
 Eglinton, 
 
 
 Stranger's Guide to Hampton Court, 
 
 
 
 Eoyal Windsor Guide, 
 
 
 1833 
 
 New Dover Guide, ... 
 
 W. Batcheller, 
 
 1829 
 
 Guide over St. Paul's Cathedral, . . . 
 
 D. Leef, 
 
 
 Description of the Colosseum & Cyclorara a 
 
 
 1849 
 
 Handbook,— Clyde, No. IV, [Greenock, 
 
 
 
 Millport, (fee.,] 
 
 Murray. 
 
 1854 
 
 Handbook — Clyde, No. V.,, [Eothesay, 
 
 
 
 Isle of Bute, &c.J 
 
 
 do. 
 
 Railway Guide — Edinburgh and Glas- 
 
 
 
 gow Eailway. 
 
 Eraser, 
 
 
 Small views of Public Buildings in Edin., 
 
 Published by J. CuUen, 
 
 1839 
 
 Description of the E,ega,lia, of Scotland, 
 
 Sir Walter Scott, 
 
 1855 
 
 Guide to the Bass Rock, 
 
 
 1852 
 
 Guide through Glasgow, &c. 
 
 Baird, 
 
 
 Plan of the Edin. and Northern Ry., 
 
 T. Grainger, Engineer, 
 
 1846 
 
 Continental Railway Guide, 
 
 Bradshaw. 
 
 1851 
 
 DirectoryofGentlemen'sSeats in Scotland, 
 
 James Fiadlay, 
 
 
 Description of Sevastopol, &c.^ 
 
 James Wyld, 
 
 1855 
 
 Guide through Manchester and.Salford, 
 
 Cornish, 
 
 1857 
 
 How to see the Exhibition, 4 visits. 
 
 W. Blanchard Jerrold, 
 
 1851 
 
 Key to the Great Exhibition, 1851, 
 
 E. Heine, 
 
 1851 
 
 Official Catalogue of the Great Exhibition, 
 
 
 
 1851, [2 copies,] 
 
 
 1851 
 
 Catalogue of Art Treasures Exhibition, 
 
 
 
 (Manchester), 1857 
 
 
 
 Supplemental Catalogue, of Do., 1857, 
 
 
 1857 
 
 Official Catalogue of the Art Exhibition, 
 
 
 1857 
 
 (Edinr.,) 1861, ... 
 
 W. B. Johnstone, R.S.A., 
 
 1861 
 
 Catalogue of 1st Exhib. of the Art 
 
 
 
 Manttfactures Association, [Edinr.,' 
 
 
 1856 
 
 Do. 2d do. do 
 
 
 1857 
 
 Report of Committee of Managemen t of do. 
 
 
 1856-57 
 
 Catalogues of Royal Scottish Academy's 
 
 
 
 Exhibitions, 
 
 
 1859-62 
 
 Vernon Gallery, a Handbook, 
 
 
 1845 
 
 Catalogue of do. 
 
 S. C. Hall, 
 
 
 British Museum, a Handbook, 
 
 Henry G. Clarke, 
 
 
 Synopsis of the Contents of the British 
 
 
 
 Museum, [Books, Antiquities, and 
 Natural History Departments,] 
 
 
 
 
 1850 
 
12 
 
 EDUCATIONAL ■WORKS. 
 
 EDUCATIONAI WORKS. 
 
 Title of "Vork. 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Date of 
 I'ub. 
 
 ENOLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 
 
 
 
 Grammar of tlie English Language, 
 
 William Cobbett, 
 
 1824 
 
 Practical "New Grammar, 
 
 A. Fisher, 
 
 1788 
 
 English Grammar, ... 
 
 
 
 Principles of English Grammar, .., 
 
 
 
 Manual of English Grammar, 
 
 Rev. J. M. M'CuUoch, 
 
 1834 
 
 Series of Lessons in Prose and Yerse, 
 
 do. 
 
 1838 
 
 Exercises on the Derivation of the 
 
 
 
 English Language, 
 
 William Graham, 
 
 1829 
 
 Sesgional School Collection, 
 
 
 1839 
 
 Collection of English Prose and Verse, 
 
 Arthur Masson, 
 
 1768 
 
 Selections in Prose and Verse, 
 
 
 
 Miscellaneous Reading Book, 
 
 
 
 Educational Course Text Book, [2 copies,] 
 
 Mrs. Furlong, 
 
 1839 
 
 English Learner, a selection of Prose 
 
 
 
 and Verse, 
 
 T. Ewing, 
 
 1835 
 
 Principles of Elocution, 
 
 T. Ewmg, 
 
 1826 
 
 Rhetorical Readings for Schools, 
 
 William M'Dowall, 
 
 1854 
 
 Priaciples of Elocution, 
 
 J. Wilson, 
 
 1807 
 
 Guide to Elocution, 
 
 
 1823 
 
 Pifth Book of Lessons for the Irish 
 
 
 
 National Schools, [2 copies,] 
 
 
 183546 
 
 Dialogue between a Lady and her Pupils 
 
 John Evans, 
 
 1808 
 
 Little Philosopher, 
 
 Jacob Abbott, 
 
 1842 
 
 Minor Morals, 
 
 Charlotte Smith, 
 
 1825 
 
 Book for Boys, 
 
 
 
 Eemale Improvement, 
 
 Mrs. John Sandford, 
 
 1836 
 
 Woman in her social and domestic 
 
 
 
 character, 
 
 do. 
 
 1831 
 
 Genuine Letters from a Gentleman to 
 
 
 
 his Pupil, 
 
 T. HUl, 
 
 1772 
 
 Dictionary of Facts and Knowledge, for 
 
 
 
 Schools, 
 
 Rev. B. Sarrow, 
 
 1829 
 
 Biographical Questions on the Old and 
 
 
 
 New Testaments, 
 
 
 1831 
 
 SCHOOL HISTORIES. 
 
 
 
 History of England, 
 
 Simpson, 
 
 
 do. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Cooper, 
 
 1826 
 
 History of Scotland, 
 
 H. White, Ph. D., 
 
 1854 
 
 History of Prance, 
 
 do. 
 
 1855 
 
 History of Rome, 
 
 do. 
 
 1830 
 
 History of Greece, ... 
 
 Oliver Goldsmith, M.D. 
 
 1826 
 
EDt'CATlONAL VTORKS. 
 
 in 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Date of 
 Pub. 
 
 'x'S 
 
 ' Moral Class Book, 
 
 
 1854 
 
 ^ 2 i 
 
 Arithmetic, 
 
 W. Marr, 
 
 1851 
 
 IP' 
 
 Key to Arithmetic, 
 
 do. 
 
 
 ^M6 
 
 First German Reading Book, 
 
 Carl E. Aue, Ph. D., 
 
 1855 
 
 jr? n3 ■-' 
 
 Geographical Primer, 
 
 
 1840 
 
 ARITHMETIC, ALGEBRA, & MATHEMATICS. 
 
 
 
 Arithmetic, Rational and Practical, 
 
 John Mair, 
 
 1799 
 
 Tutor's Assistant, a Compendium of 
 
 
 
 Arithmetic, 
 
 Francis Walkingame, 
 
 1821 
 
 Key to Walkingame's Tutor's Assistant, 
 
 T. Crosby, 
 
 1813 
 
 Scholar's Guide to Arithmetic, 
 
 John Bonnycastle, 
 
 1822 
 
 Key to Bounycastle's Arithmetic, 
 
 do. 
 
 1816 
 
 Algebra, 
 
 do., 
 
 
 Principles of Arithmetic, 
 
 Alexander Ingram, 
 
 1848 
 
 Key to Ingram's Arithmetic, 
 
 James Trotter, 
 
 1851 
 
 Schoolmaster's Assistant, a Compendium 
 
 . 
 
 1804 
 
 of Arithmetic, [3 copies,] 
 
 Thomas Dilworth, 
 
 177491 
 
 Key to Arithmetic, 
 
 R. Goodacre, 
 
 1804 
 
 Short System of Arithmetic and Book- 
 
 
 
 keeping, 
 
 R. Hamilton, LL.D., 
 
 1810 
 
 Compendium of Practical Arithmetic, 
 
 James Morrison, 
 
 1818 
 
 Elements of Arithmetic, — Cassels', 
 
 Robert Wallace, 
 
 1852 
 
 Intuitive Arithmetic, 
 
 Daniel O'Gorman, 
 
 1849 
 
 Practical Arithmetic for Junior Classes, 
 
 H. Smith, Dollar Institution, 
 
 1856 
 
 Treatise on Practical Arithmetic, 
 
 J. Pryde and J. Bell, 
 
 
 Complete Measurer, 
 
 Thomas Keith, 
 
 1824 
 
 Euclid's Elements of Geometry, . . . 
 
 Samuel Cunn, 
 
 1749 
 
 Manual of Commerce, 
 
 Waterston, 
 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 
 
 French Grammar, 
 
 M. de Levizac, 
 
 1855 
 
 Easy Grammar of the French Language, 
 
 John Christison, 
 
 1856 
 
 Scott's Rudiments of the French Language 
 
 I'.evised by J. Thompson, M.D. 
 
 1815 
 
 Exercises on the Rules, &c., of French 
 
 
 
 Speech, 
 
 Lewis Chambaud, 
 
 
 Fables Choisies, h I'usage des Enfans, 
 
 Do. 
 
 1856 
 
 Frercises on French Conversation, 
 
 M. de Romillon, 
 
 
 Le Nouveau Tresor, ... 
 
 M. E S 
 
 1845 
 
 New Pronouncing French Primer, 
 
 Gabriel Surenne, 
 
 1856 
 
 French Reading Instructor, 
 
 Do. 
 
 1864 
 
 French Pronouncing Dictionary, 
 
 Do. 
 
 1856 
 
 Scott's Recueil, 
 
 
 
 Nature displayed in her mode of teach- 
 
 
 
 ing language, [French,] 
 
 N. F. Dufief, 
 
 1818 
 
 Gaelic G 
 
 rammar, 
 
 Stewart, 
 
 
14 
 
 EDUCATIONAL WOKKS. 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 I^ame of Author. 
 
 Date of 
 Pub. 
 
 Pronouncing German.Dictionary,[2copies] 
 Progressive German Reader, 
 
 LATIN. 
 
 Introduction to Latin Syntax, 
 Do., 
 
 Ainsworth's Latin Dictionaay, 
 
 Latin Dictionary, 
 
 M. T. Oiceronis Orationum Selectarum 
 Liber, 
 
 Opera Miscellanea, 
 
 Orations of Cicero, in English, 3 vols., 
 
 jSIsopi Fabulse, 
 
 ^sopi Pabulse, Grseco-Latiaae, 
 
 De Bello Gallico, (Csesar's Commentaries,) 
 
 P. Terentii Comoedise Sex, 
 
 Fables of Phaedrus, translated into Eng- 
 lish, .... 
 
 lo Secundi Sylvae, 
 
 Pinnock's Catechism of Hebrew Grammar 
 Nations of the Earth, 
 
 GEOGEAEHY. 
 
 First Book of Modem Geography, [2 ops.] 
 
 Biudiments of Modem Geography, 
 
 Abstract of General Geography, 
 
 New and easy Introduction to Geography 
 
 Modem Geography, 
 
 Geographical Questions and Answers, 
 
 American Geography, 
 
 ATLASES AND MAPS. 
 
 Pictorial Atlas of the Varieties of the 
 Human Eace, 
 
 IntroductoryAtlas of Modern Geography, 
 
 Selected Atlas of the Scottish School- 
 Book Association, 
 
 New General Atlas, large folio, 
 
 " Illustrated Times' Map of Scotland, 
 do. do. Ireland, 
 
 do. do. N. America, 
 
 do. do. Europe, 
 
 do. do. N. Italy, 
 
 do. do. S. Italy, 
 
 Maps of Crimea, Sevastopol, and Baltic, 
 
 Postal District Map of London, ... 
 
 Plan of Ediaburgh, 
 
 Bradshaw's Map of London, 
 
 Bradshaw's Map of the Rhine. 
 
 Oehlschlager, 
 
 Rev. J. G. Tiarks, Ph.D. 
 
 John Mair, 
 
 John Clarke, 
 
 Abridged by T. Morell, D.D. 
 
 Cicero, 
 
 Cicero, 
 
 Translated by "W. Guihriej 
 
 Edited .by Moir, 
 
 Edited by John Mair, 
 
 0. P. Froebel, 
 W. Heiaemann, 
 
 Rev. Alex. Stewart, 
 Alexander Reid, 
 John White, 
 Richard Gadesby, 
 Stewart, 
 
 Jedidiah Morse, 
 
 Ernest Ravenstein 
 Alexander Reid, 
 
 John Thompson, [Edinburgh,] 
 
 T. Ettling, 
 
 W. (fc A. K. Johnston, 
 
 1857 
 1805 
 
 1737 
 1811 
 
 1733 
 
 1752 
 •1769 
 1816 
 1792 
 1827 
 
 1817 
 1822 
 
 1823 
 1858 
 
 1839 
 1846 
 
 1802 
 
 1806 
 1792 
 
 1841 
 
 1817 
 
 1675 
 1851 
 
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 15 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 Bradshaw's Bail-way Map of Europe, 
 
 Statistical Chart of the Great Exhibition, 
 
 2 Maps of Glasgow. 
 
 Maps of Highland Tours. 
 
 Lizars' Guide to the Caledonian Railway, 
 
 SCHOOL-ROOM AND GALLERY WALL MAPS. 
 
 Geological Map of England. 
 Geological Sketch of the Iron Ore Dis- 
 trict of Weardale, Durham. 
 Palestine. 
 
 England and "Wales. 
 Canada. 
 
 Italy — North Part. 
 2 Maps of United States, [1 German.] 
 Map of Germany, [do.^ 
 
 Map of South America, [do. 
 
 Map of North America, [do. 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Date of 
 Pub. 
 
 1851 
 
 HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Considerations sur les causes de la grand 
 
 eur des Romains, 
 History of Scotland, 4 vols,. 
 Elements of General History, 
 Method of Studying History, 
 Historical Miscellany, 
 History of Eussia, ... 
 Sketch of the War with Russia, 
 History of the British Churches, 2 vols.. 
 Sketches of Scottish Church History, 
 
 2 vols., [two copies of 2d vol.,] 
 History of the Reformation, 2 vols., 
 Essai sur L' Histoire G^ngrale, &c. , 7 vols. , 
 1-J istoire des Revolutions de la R^publique 
 
 Romaine, 
 History of the Revolutions in Sweden, 
 
 Works of Plavius Josephus, 
 
 History of Pyrrhus, 
 
 do. Alexander the Great, 
 do. William the Conqueror, 
 
 Memoir of the Duke of Wellington, 
 
 Montesquieu, 
 Aikman, 
 Tvtler, 
 Rawliason, 
 
 Y. V. D'Orlowski, 
 
 Rev. T. Brown, 
 Rev.T. M'Crie, 
 
 D'Aubign^, 
 Voltaire, 
 
 Vert6t, 
 
 Vert6t, [tran. by J. Mitchell, 
 
 M.D.,] 
 Translated by W. Whiston, 
 Jacob Abbott, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 Reprinted from the ' Times,' 
 
 1827 
 1851 
 1728 
 1787 
 1856 
 
 1823 
 
 1847 
 1757 
 
 1830 
 
 1711 
 1836 
 1853 
 1853 
 1853 
 1852 
 
16 
 
 HISTORY AND BIOGKAPHY. 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 Memoir of Nelsou, ... 
 
 do. Napoleon Bonaparte, 
 Lives of Eminent Persons, 
 
 Plutarch's Lives, 8 vols., 
 History of Agrippina, 2 vols , 
 
 do. the Popes, 
 
 do. Louis XIV. 
 
 do. Bolingbroke, 
 British Cabinet — Memoirs of Ministers, 
 Sketches of the life of the Rev. George . 
 
 Whitefield, ... ... { 
 
 Lives of Mrs. W. Yeitch, 
 
 and others. 
 Memoirs of Sir A-w. Agne-w, 
 Lives of Alexander Henderson, and 
 
 James Guthrie, [2 copies,] 
 Alexander Paterson, the "Missionary of 
 
 Kilmany," 
 Memoir of Mrs. Harriet Winslow, 
 Christian Biography, 4 vols.. 
 
 Mr. T. Hog, 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 o 
 
 .i-t 
 
 PQ - 
 
 It 
 II 
 
 O 
 
 Life of Rev. T. Halyburton, 
 
 do. Mrs. Huntington, 
 
 do. Mr. James Meikle, 
 
 do. Rev. Andre-w Fuller, 
 
 do. Rev. Thos Boston, Ettrick, 
 
 do. Rev. John Newton, 
 
 do. Lady Gleuorchy, 
 
 Latter Struggles in the Journey of Life, 
 Kossuth, (Pictorial Biography,) 2 copies. 
 Recollections of the Eventful life of a 
 
 Soldier, 
 Life of Bampfylde Moore Carew,,[2 copies,] 
 Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi, 
 Autobiography of P. T Barnum,[2 copies,] 
 Sketch of the Life of Dr. Monsey, 
 Scottish Biographical Dictionary, 
 History of Margaret Catchpole, . . . 
 Memoranda of "Wiljalba Frikell, . . . 
 Narrative of the Life of Henry Box 
 
 Brown, 
 History of Gustavus Vasa, 
 Imprisonment of Silvio PelUco, ... '' 
 Xiife of Leighton, 
 
 Joseph Allen, 
 
 Edited by W. (T. Ireland, 
 
 Pub. by Society for DitFusion 
 
 of Useful Knowledge, 
 Trans., by J. ifeW. Langhome. 
 Elizabeth Hamilton, 
 Kanke, 
 Bensley, 
 
 Issued by Free Church Com- 
 mittee, 
 
 Rev. T. M'Crie, D.D., 
 
 Do. 
 
 Hev. John Baillie, 
 Miron Winslow, 
 
 Pub., by the Religious Tract 
 Society, 
 
 Date of 
 I'ub. 
 
 1853 
 1823 
 
 1833 
 1807 
 1811 
 1847 
 1845 
 1752 
 1853 
 
 1846 
 1851 
 
 1854 
 
 1846 
 1840 
 
 Abridged from Life 
 
 by Rev. 
 
 
 Dr. Jones, 
 
 
 
 A "Country Bookeller, " 
 
 1833 
 
 
 
 1851 
 
 Joseph Donaldson, 
 
 
 1856 
 1782 
 
 Edited by " Boz," 
 
 
 1853 
 
 P. T. Barnum, 
 
 
 ] 852-55 
 1789 
 
 Jameson, 
 
 
 1822 
 
 Rev. Richard Cobbold, 
 
 1852 
 
 H. B. Brown, 
 Archenholz, 
 
 
 1852 
 1843 
 
 Silvio Pellico, 
 
 
 1839 
 
RELIGIOUS WOKKS. 
 
 17 
 
 KELIGIOUS WOEKS. 
 
 Title of "Work. 
 
 Name of A uthor. 
 
 VERSIONS, AND SELECT BOOKS OP 
 SCEIPTXJEE. 
 
 Holy Bible, (new — 12 copies,) ... 
 New Testament, (new — 11 do.,)... 
 
 Gospel according to St. Luke, (large 
 
 print, new — 1 2 copies,) 
 Psalms of David, from the Book of 
 
 Common Prayer, (new — 12 copies,) 
 Le Nouveau Testament, [2 copies,] 
 
 formularies of worship. 
 Book of Common Prayer, [Edinburgh,] 
 
 Prayers for Social and Family Worship, 
 
 Daily Devotion, — Meditations and 
 Prayers for Christian Homes, 
 
 Morning and Evening Sacrifice, 
 works of systematic theology. 
 
 The Fulfilling of Scripture, 2 vols.. 
 
 Natural Theology, 
 
 Summary of the Principal Evidences of 
 the Christia,n Revelation, 
 
 Brief Outline of the Evidences of the 
 Christian Religion, 
 
 The Bible not of Man, 
 
 Evidence ot Prophecy, abridged, 
 Scripture Proofs of the Pre-existence and 
 
 Deity of Christ, ... 
 History of the Work of Redemption, 
 Thoughts on Divine Goodness, 
 Select Writings of John Knox, 
 
 Scripture Doctrine of Sanctification, 
 Way of Life, ... • ■ • 
 
 Grace and Truth, [" M'Ewen on the 
 
 Types,"] 
 Inner Life, 
 
 religion as connected with science. 
 Scripture Garden Walk, 
 Religious Tmth illustrated from Science, 
 
 Date of 
 Pub. 
 
 Published by the Free Bible 
 Press Company, 
 
 Pub. by the Society for pro- 
 moting Christian knowledge, 
 
 ( Prepared by a Committee of 
 < the General Assembly of 
 ( the Church of Scotland, 
 
 Rev. W. K. Tweedie, D.D., 
 Rev. Mr. Wright, (Borthwick) 
 
 Rev. Robert Fleming, 
 Rev. William Paley, D.D., 
 
 Bishop Porteous, 
 
 Archibald Alexander, D.D., 
 Gardiner Spring, U.D., New 
 
 York, 
 Rev. A. Keith, D.D., 
 
 Rev. Jonathan Edwards, 
 
 F. O. Petitpierre, 
 
 Issued by the Free Church 
 
 Committee, 
 Rev. James Eraser, 
 Charles Hodge, 
 
 Rev. William M'Ewen, 
 Octavius Wiuslow, D.D., 
 
 Edward Hitchcock, D.D., 
 
 1847 
 
 1842 
 
 1768 
 1861 
 
 1861 
 1831 
 
 1845 
 1802 
 
 1841 
 
 1819 
 1808 
 1799 
 
 1845 
 1834 
 
 1831 
 
 1853 
 
 1832 
 
 1856 
 
18 
 
 RELIGIOUS WORKS. 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 Land of Promise, 
 
 CHIEFLY DEVOTIONAL WKITINGS. 
 
 Family of Bethany, ... 
 Complete Duty of Man, 
 Practical View of tke Prevailing 
 
 Religious Systems, 
 Pilgrim's Progress, 
 Plain Man's Guide to Heaven, ... 
 General Directions for a Comfortable 
 
 "Walking with God, 
 Saint Indeed, 
 
 Guide to Acquaintance with God, 
 Religion and Eternal Life, 
 Christian Remembrancer, 
 Directions for Daily Communion with God 
 Discourse concerning Meekness, 
 Deep Things of God, [2 copies,] ... 
 Divine Cordial, 
 Art of Divine Contentment, 
 Golden Treasury, 
 
 The Gospel worthy of all Acceptation, 
 Heart's Ease iu Heart Trouble, ... 
 Jesus showing mercy. 
 Conversion of the Earl. of Rochester. 
 Saint's Spiritual Delight, 
 
 FOE THE SICK. 
 
 Water from the Well-Spring, 
 Aifiicted Man's Companion, 
 A Christian Companion for the Chamber 
 of Sickness. 
 
 GENERAL RELIGIOUS WORKS. 
 
 Dawn of the Reformation, Cranmer 
 Voice" from Antiquity, &c., ... 
 
 Rome and the Early Christians, being 
 Letters of Lucius M. Piso, . . . 
 
 Force of Truth, 
 
 Useful Christian, 
 
 Faithful Servant, 
 
 Am I a Christian "i ... 
 
 Anecdotes, Miscellaneous, 
 
 Pearl of Days, 
 
 Pierre and his family, a story of the 
 
 Waldenses, 
 Prize Essay on Native Female Education, 
 Work, or Plenty to do and how to do it, 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 John Kitto, D.D., 
 
 L. Bonnet, 
 
 Rev. Henry Venn, 
 
 William Wilberforoe, 
 John Bunyan, 
 Baxter, 
 
 Robert Bolton, B.D. 
 Rev. John Flavel, 
 Rev. James Sherman, 
 J. G. Pike, 
 Ambrose Serle, 
 Matthew Henry, 
 
 do. 
 Sir Richard HUl, 
 Rev. Thomas Watson, 
 
 do. do. 
 C. H. V. Bogatzky, 
 Rev. Andrew Fuller, 
 Pub. by Religious Tract Soc. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 Rev. Thomas Watson, [1657,] 
 
 Rev. Edward H. Bickersteth, 
 Rev. John Wilson, of Dundee, 
 
 " Nelson's British Library," 
 Author of " Letters from 
 
 Palmyra," 
 Rev. Thomas Scott, 
 Published by the Religious 
 Tract Society, 
 do. do. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 Rev. K. M. Banerjea, 
 
 Margaret M. Brewster, 
 
 Date of 
 Pub. 
 
 1848 
 
 1838 
 1851 
 1829 
 
 1842 
 1826-30 
 
 1653 
 1820 
 
 1840 
 
 1852 
 
 18S1 
 
 1848 
 
 1841 
 1853 
 
RELIGIOUS WORKS. 
 
 19 
 
 Title of "Work. 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Date of 
 Pub. 
 
 Hand Book for tlie Churches, 
 
 
 
 Story of a Red Velvet Bible, 
 
 
 1862 
 
 Persuasives to Early Piety, 
 
 
 1830 
 
 Museum, ... ... , 
 
 Charlotte Elizabeth, 
 
 1832 
 
 The Child's Bethel Flag, ' 
 
 
 1841 
 
 On Confirmation, 
 
 Rev. T. Smythe, D.D., 
 
 1845 
 
 SERMONS, (kc. 
 
 
 
 The Way to Life, (Sermons,) 
 
 Thomas Guthrie D.D. 
 
 1862 
 
 Memories of Gennesaret, (Discourses,) 
 
 Rev. John R. Macduff, 
 
 1861 
 
 The Fountain of Life, (Sermons,) 
 
 Rev. John Flavel, 
 
 1671 
 
 Soldier of the Cross, (Sermons,) . . . 
 
 Rev. John Leyburn, D.D. 
 
 
 Selections from the Princeton Pulpit, 
 
 American Divines, 
 
 
 Funeral Discourses ... 
 
 John Sheppard, 
 
 1829 
 
 Ten Sermons on the Power and Grace of 
 
 
 
 Christ, 
 
 P. Doddridge, D.D. 
 
 1741 
 
 Free Church Pulpit, ... 
 
 
 1845 
 
 Discourses, 
 
 Rev. D. Young, D.D. of Perth 
 
 1868 
 
 Ten Sermons, 
 
 Dean Wade, of Paisley, 
 
 1839 
 
 Select Practical Writings, 
 
 Rev. David Dickson, D.D., 
 
 1845 
 
 Sermons on National Subjects, 
 
 Rev. Charles Kingsley, 
 
 1854 
 
 Trial and Triumph of Faith, (Sermons,) 
 
 Sa.muel Rutherford, 
 
 1845 
 
 Sermons, &c., 
 
 Rev. J. Brown, D.D. and 
 others, 
 
 
 Lectures, <fco., on the Eastern Churches, 
 
 Rev. J. Wilson, D.D. and 
 
 
 state of Religion in France <fec., 
 
 others. 
 
 
 Pamphlets, comprising Sermons, &c., 
 
 Rev. W. M'Clure, and others. 
 
 
 Wesleyan Missionary Notices, 
 
 
 
 The Spiritual Magazine, and Pious 
 
 
 
 Thoughts, 
 
 
 1763 
 
 Fellowship with God, (Sermons,) 
 
 Hugh Binning, 
 
 1627-53 
 
 Sixteen Sermons on the Lord's Prayer, 
 
 Rev. Robert Traill, 
 
 1705 
 
 PSALMS, HYMNS, AND SACRED MUSIC. 
 
 
 
 New Version of the Psalms of David, 
 
 N. Brady and N. Tate, 
 
 1740 
 
 Psalms of David in Metre, with Para- 
 
 Appointed by the Kirk of 
 
 
 phrases in Verse, 
 
 • Scotland, 
 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 1809 
 
 Psalmody of the Free Church o~f Scotland, 
 
 T. L. Hately, (by authority,) 
 
 1845 
 
 The same in Gaelic, ... 
 
 
 
 Selection of Tunes suited to every Psalm, 
 
 Appd. by the Free Church 
 
 
 Paraphrase, and Hymn, [3 copies,] 
 
 Educational Committee, 
 
 1854 
 
 Collection of Hymns, from the best 
 
 Selected by G. Ewing and G. 
 
 
 Authors, 
 
 Payne, 
 
 1853 
 
 Selection of Hymns for Public Worship, 
 
 Selected by Ralph Wardlaw, 
 
 1817 
 
 Youth's Hymn Book, 
 
 
 1836 
 
 Pocket Psalmody, ... ^ ... 
 
 Brown, 
 
 1819 
 
 The Village Institute, and two Lectures 
 
 
 
 on Divine and Human Knowledge. 
 
 Rev. F. Close^ 
 
 1854 
 
20 
 
 NATCKAL HISTOKY AND THE SCTENCES. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY AIJD THE SCIENCES. 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Dote of 
 Pub. 
 
 ° § • 
 a o 
 
 a -c c 
 g a.a 
 
 fn .si 
 O 
 
 Introduction to the Sciences, 
 Rudiments of Geology, 
 Chemistry, 
 
 Rudiments of Vegetable Physi- 
 ology, 
 Rudiments of Zoology, 
 Rudiments of Animal Physi- 
 ology, 
 History of Animated TSTature, 4 vols., 
 Mprfeaux Choisis de Buffon, 
 Directions for the Management of the 
 Marine Aquarium, 
 
 LOVELL KEEVE's POPULAR SERIES. 
 
 Popular 
 Popular 
 Popular 
 Popular 
 Popular 
 Popular 
 Popular 
 Popular 
 Popular 
 
 History of British Zoophytes, 
 HLstory of the .A quarium, 
 British Conchology, 
 History of British Crustacea, 
 British Entomology, 
 History of British Bird's Eggs, 
 History of Mammalia, 
 Mineralogy, ... 
 History of British Ferns, 
 
 Book of Butterflies, 3 vols.. 
 Philosophy of Insanity, 
 
 De Similibus Animalibus et Animalium 
 
 Calore, 
 Natural History of Man, (Ethnography,) 
 Review of the Characters of the Principal 
 
 Nations in Europe, 2 vols., ... 
 Outlines of Lectures onHuman Physiology 
 Constitution of Man, 
 Essays on Physiognomy, 
 The Science of Geology, 
 The Science of Botany, 
 Handbook of the British Elora, 
 Trees and their Nature, 
 Every man his own Gardener, 
 Villa Garden Directory, or Index of 
 
 Monthly Work, ... 
 The Kitchen Garden, 
 
 David Page, 
 
 George Wilson, M. D., 
 
 Dr. G. Hamilton, Falkia-k, 
 Oliver Goldsmith, M. ix, 
 M. De Buffon, 
 
 R. M. Stark, 
 
 Rev. D. Landsborough, 
 G. B. Sowerby E.L.s., 
 
 do. 
 Adam White, F.L.S., 
 Maria E. Catlow, 
 Richard Laishle7, 
 Adam White, F.L.S., 
 H. Sowerby, 
 Thomas Moore, F.L.S., 
 
 Captain Thomas Brown, 
 By a late Inmate of the Glas- 
 gow Royal Asylum, Gart 
 navel, 
 
 G. Martinius, M.D., 
 John Kennedy, 
 
 John Gordon, M.D., 
 
 George Combe, 
 
 J. G. Lavater, 
 
 xi« ["Chaos,"] 
 
 Hugo Reid, 
 
 George Bentham, F.L.^., 
 
 Alexander Harvey, M.D., 
 
 T. Mawe and .T. Abercrombie, 
 
 Walter Nicol, 
 Eugene S. Delamer, 
 
 1854 
 1854 
 1856 
 
 1856 
 1855 
 
 1853 
 1843 
 1839 
 
 1857 
 
 1852 
 1857 
 1854 
 1857 
 1852 
 1858 
 1850 
 1850 
 1859 
 
 1834 
 
 1860 
 
 1740 
 1851 
 
 1770 
 1817 
 1828 
 1806 
 1837 
 1837 
 1868 
 1860 
 1794 
 
 1814 
 1855 
 
NATURAL HISTORY AND THE SCIENCES. 
 
 21 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 Same of Author. 
 
 Annals of Philosophy, 
 
 Library of Useful Knowledge — Natural 
 
 Philosophy, &c., 3 vols., 
 Recreative Science, 3 vols., 
 Young Man's Book of Amusement — 
 
 Experiments in Science, &c. . . . 
 Young Chemist, or Scientific Kecreations, 
 Elements of Chemistry, 2 vols, interleaved, 
 Elements of the Theory and Practice of 
 
 Chemistry, 2 vols.. 
 Elements of Chemistry, 2 vols., ■■■■ 
 
 Chemical Observations and Experiments, 
 
 Chemistry applied to Arts and Man- 
 ufactures, 4 vols., 
 
 Edinburgh Dispensatory, [Elements of 
 Materia Medica and Pharmacy,) 
 
 Edinburgh Dissector, {Systemof Practiced 
 Anatomy,) 
 
 Discourses on SmaU-pox and Measles, 
 
 Essay upon Nursing and Management of 
 
 Children, 
 Dissertation on Castor Oil, 
 Formulae Medicamentorum Concinnatse, 
 On the Preservation of Health, ... 
 Health, and the Means of preserving it, 
 The Narcotics we indulge in. 
 Athletic and Gymnastic Exercises, 
 Treatise on the Kaleidoscope, 
 The Atlantic Telegraph, 
 New Equilateral Triangular Telegraph, 
 
 (2 copies,) 
 Explanation of Works of Thames Tunnel. 
 Petit Dictionnaire des Inventions, 
 Taylor's Stenogi'aphy, 
 Notes Explanatory of the View of 
 
 Nature in Ascending Kegions, 
 Hand-book for the Botanic Gardens at 
 
 Glasnevin, Dublin, 
 The Pigeon Keeper's Guide, 
 The Bird Keeper's Guide, 
 Year Book of Facts in Science and Art, 
 Botany of the Bible, 
 Popular Lectures on Food, 
 
 Date of 
 I'ub. 
 
 Thomas Thomson, M.D., 
 
 H. Howard Paul, 
 John Murray, M.D., 
 
 M. Macquer, 
 
 H. Boerhaave, M. D. , [abridged 
 
 by E. Strother, M. D.,] 
 0. W. Scheele, [trana by J. 
 
 R. Foster,] 
 
 J. M. Chaptal, 
 John Thompson, M.D., 
 
 Richard Mead and S bubeker 
 Rhazes, [translated by T. 
 Stack, M.D.,] 
 
 W. Cadogan, 
 Peter Canvane, M.D., 
 Dr. Hugh Smith, 
 J. IJ. Curtis, 
 
 John H. Howard, 
 
 Sir David Brewster, LL.D., 
 
 H. Dempster, H.E.I.C.S., 
 
 Robert Dawson, 
 
 Forming a Key to the Framed 
 
 Pictures in the Museum, 
 
 D. Moore, M.R.LA., 
 J. Rogers, 
 
 John Timbs, 
 
 E. Lankester, M.D., 
 
 1813 
 
 1829 
 1860-62 
 
 1840 
 
 1817 
 
 1775 
 
 1737 
 
 1780 
 
 1807 
 
 1813 
 
 1837 
 
 1755 
 
 1769 
 1775 
 1791 
 1837 
 1832 
 
 1860 
 1819 
 
 1857 
 
 1S50 
 1846 
 1812 
 1840 
 
 1853 
 
 1862 
 1862 
 
22 
 
 SEUIALS, ENCYCLOPjEDIXS, ETC. 
 
 SESIALS, ENCTCLOFJEDIAS, &c. 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 CHAMBEKS PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Encyclopaedia of Universal Knowledge, 
 or ConverBamons Lexicon, 3 vols., 
 
 Edinburgh Journal, (duplicate copies for 
 several years,) 
 
 Papers, Repository, or Miscellany of 
 Tracts, 5 vols.. 
 
 Pocket Miscellany, vols 1 to 24, 
 
 Information for the People, 2 vols., 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Sate of 
 Pub. 
 
 "Art Journal, 4: vols, 
 
 Cassell's Illustrated Family Paper, vols, 
 
 lto8, ... 
 Illustrated London News, 5 vols., 
 Illustrated London Times, 5 vols., 
 Cornbill Magazine, vols. 1 to 6, 
 All the Year Round, vols. 4, 5, 6, 
 All the World Round, 
 Family Friend, 6 vols., 
 Good Words, 
 
 Scottish Review, 9 vols., [duplicate, 1858,] 
 Christian Treasury, 2 vols.,- 
 Family Treasury of Sunday Reading, 
 Missionary Record, Home and Foreign, 
 
 — of the Free Church — 11 vols.. 
 Children's Missionary Record, [Free 
 
 Church,] 4 vols. 
 Calcutta Christian Observer, 2 vols., 
 Literary Gazette, 7 vols.. 
 Punch, 6 vols., 
 
 Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, 12 vols.. 
 Leisure Hour, 
 Critic, 
 Bulwark, 
 
 Intellectual Observer, 
 Athenaeum, 
 
 Hedderwick's Miscellany, 
 Christian Miscellany, 
 Field, vol. 1, 
 Penny Magazine, 4 vols, 
 Edinburgh Magazine, 10 vols.. 
 Pictorial Times, ... [1 to 4, 
 
 Edinburgh Theological Magjfzine, vols, 
 
 Edited by S. C. Hall, 
 
 Edited by Thackeray, 
 Edited by Ainsworth, 
 Edited by Rev. Dr. M'Leodj 
 
 Edited by Rev. A.. Cameron, 
 
 1860-63 
 183M2 
 
 1847-53 
 1857 
 
 1856-59 
 
 1853 63 
 1842-58 
 1855-61 
 186003 
 1861-62 
 1861-62 
 1849-61 
 1861-62 
 1853-62 
 1860-61 
 1861 
 
 1849-63 
 
 1855-57 
 
 1844-47 
 
 1858-62 
 
 1857-62 
 
 1834-44 
 
 1852-53 
 
 1858-59 
 
 1851-52 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1862-63 
 
 1843 
 
 1853 
 
 1832-41 
 1808-12 
 1826-29 
 
SERIALS, ENCYCLOPEDIAS, ETC. 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Lowe's Edinburgh Magazine, vols. 1-3, 
 
 Blackwood's Edinburgh do., 2 vols. 
 
 Bentley's Miscellany, 3 vols. 
 
 Metropolitan Magazine, vols. 23, 25, 
 
 Hogg's Instructor, 
 
 Cyclopaedia of the Industry of all Nations 
 
 Becreation, 
 
 Literary Souvenir, 3 vols.. 
 
 Ladies' Pocket Magazine, 
 
 Spectator, 6 vols., 
 
 Gate's Letters, 4 vols.. 
 
 North Britain, Nos. 1 to 46, 
 
 Post Office [Perth] Directory, ... 
 
 Oliver and Boyd's New Edinburgh 
 Almanac, 17 vols. 
 
 Parley's Library, 5 vols., 
 
 The New Parley Library, vol. 1, 
 
 Tracts for the People, 
 
 Van Dieman's Land Annual, and Hobart 
 Town Almanac, 
 
 Fireside Journal, vol. 1, 
 
 The World, 4 vols., 
 
 Ladies' Own Journal, 
 
 Miscellaneous Periodicals, 3 vols. 
 
 Beauties of Maga^nes, &c., vol. 1, 
 
 English woman' s Review, 
 
 Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, 
 
 Britiuh Quarterly Eeview, April 1855, 
 No. 42, 
 
 Thistle, or Anglo-Caledonian Journal, 
 
 British Workman, 
 
 Comic Times, 
 
 Town Talk, 
 
 Evangelical Magazine, 
 
 Original Secession Magazine, 
 
 Free Church Magazine, 
 
 Industrial Magazine, ... 
 
 British Mother's Magazine, 
 
 Excelsior : the Literary Gazette of the 'j 
 Inmates of Murray's Royal Insti- > 
 tution, Perth, from begiuningin 1 857 j 
 
 Excelsior, 
 
 Glasgow Trainer's Monthly Record, 
 
 Scottish Protestant Monthly Visitor, 
 
 Scottish Christian Herald, 
 
 Household Words, 
 
 Tract Magazine, vol. 1, 
 
 Seton Castle Journal, No. 24, 
 
 Pub. by Charles Knight, 
 Edited by Alaric A. Watts, 
 
 Vickers', 
 
 Date of 
 Pub. 
 
 1844-66 
 
 1827-34 
 
 1840-41 
 
 1838-39 
 
 1849 52 
 
 1851 
 
 1844 
 
 1827-29 
 
 1830 
 
 (1822 
 
 I 1711 
 
 1755 
 
 1762-63 
 
 1854-61 
 
 1829-62 
 
 1844 
 1848 
 
 1833-35 
 
 1774 
 1853-6:3 
 
 1788 
 1858-59 
 1862-3 
 
 1855 
 1836 
 
 Pub., by Nisbe* cfe Co., Lom., 
 
 Edited by Dickens, 
 
 185765 
 1854 
 
 1824 
 
24 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WOBKS. 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Date of 
 Pub. 
 
 Cassell's Almanac, 
 
 Revival, 12 Nos., 
 
 Cleave's Gazette, 
 
 Otago Jou rnal, 
 
 SelectioDs of Monthly and "Weekly Series 
 
 of Tracts, 
 Journal of Agriculture, 
 Blue Books for the People, 
 
 Army Education. 
 
 
 1862 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 
 
 Essay on Taste, 
 
 Letters of a Hindoo Rajah, 2 vols., 
 Maximes et BIflexions Morales, ... 
 Free thoughts on Despotic and Free 
 
 Governments, 
 Petit Volume, contenant quelques apper- 
 
 JUS des Hommes et de la Soci6t§, 
 Enquire within upon everything, . . . 
 Etiquette for Ladies ... 
 Scrapbook, a collection of Prose and 
 
 Verse, 2 vols. ... 
 " Miscellanies, "containing Bombardment 
 
 of Algiers, Sketches, Lectures, ifec, 
 Complete English Tradesman, 
 London Labour and the London Poor, 
 Natural History of the Edinburgh Gent. 
 The Beautful in Nature, Art, and Life, 
 
 2 vols., 
 Pat's Apology, 
 Descriptive Catalogue of Hunting 
 
 Trophies, [African,] 
 Swimmer's Manual, ... 
 Volk's Kalender, [Berlin,] 
 Le Livre de Glace, 
 Manuel du Parfumeur, 
 Verzeichniss der Antiken Denkmaler, 
 
 (Berlin,) 
 Norwegian Pamphlets, 
 Dutch do. 
 
 Schleswig-Holstein do. &c., 
 Details of the Historical Ball Costumi 
 
 at Buckingham Palace, 
 Catalogue of the Library of the Royal 
 
 Medical Society of Edinburgh, 
 
 Alexander Geriird, D.D., 
 Trans., by Elizbh. Hamilton, 
 Due de la Rochefoucauld, 
 
 Jean Baptiste Say, 
 
 John M'Diarmid, 
 
 Various, 
 Defoe, 
 
 Henry Mayhew 
 W. H. Barnett, 
 
 Andrew J. Symington, 
 
 R. Gordon dimming, 
 
 Madame Gafon-Dufour, 
 Konrad Levezow, 
 
 1780 
 1811 
 1839 
 
 1818 
 1868 
 1837 
 
 1824 
 
 1839 
 1851 
 1862 
 
 1857 
 1850 
 
 1852 
 
 1840 
 1845 
 1825 
 
 1834 
 
 1846 
 1845 
 
MISCELLAKEOUS 'VTOBKS. 
 
 25 
 
 Title of Work. 
 
 Name of Author. 
 
 Date of 
 Pub. 
 
 Catalogue of the Perth Library, 
 
 
 
 1849 
 
 Manu^ for Asylum Attendants, 
 
 
 
 [American,] 
 
 
 
 Dr. Curwen, 
 
 
 Origin of Free Masonry, 
 
 
 
 Zalrocki, 
 
 1847 
 
 On the best -way of spoiling 
 
 the 
 
 beauty 
 
 
 
 of Edinburgh, ... 
 
 
 
 Lord Cockburn, 
 
 1849 
 
 Notes on Nursing, . . . 
 
 
 
 Florence Nightingale, 
 
 1860 
 
 Cabinet Picture Gallery, 
 
 
 
 Engravings from Millais and 
 best modern Painters, 
 
 1863 
 
 Keepsake, 
 
 
 
 
 1831 
 
 Dowie Dens o' Yarrow, 
 
 
 
 Engravings after Pictures by 
 J. Noel Paton, 
 
 1860 
 
 Essays and Letters, 
 
 
 
 Shenstone, 
 
 
 a. WHITTET, PBINTER, PEETH.