S157 
 
 •: 3 7 
 
 CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 THE 
 WORDSWORTH COLLECTION 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924104038579 
 
A LETTER 
 
 LORD ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY 
 
 THE ACTUAL RELATIONS 
 
 CHURCH AND STATE. 
 
 BY THE 
 
 HON^^'^ RICHARD CAVENDISH. 
 
 SUGGESTED BY MU BAPTIST NOEL'S ESSAY, 
 
 LONDON : 
 JOHN OLLIVIER, 59, PALL MALL. 
 
 1849. 
 
C3S 
 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 J. OLLIVIEE, 59, PAIiL MALL. 
 
 o RMG % 
 
A LETTER. 
 
 My Lord Archbishop, 
 Your Grace has been raised to the primacy at a 
 time pregnant with danger, and I would fain hope 
 with blessing, to the English Church. Whether 
 the good to which she aspires, or the evils which 
 threaten to overwhelm her, shall predominate, de- 
 pends much, as far as human agency is concerned, 
 on the course which shall be pursued by those to 
 whom she looks for guidance and support. 
 
 With this conviction, but with no vain conceit of 
 offering advice to one whose high station and cha- 
 racter, and long experience, would render any such 
 attempt both needless and impertinent, I venture 
 now to address your Grace. Circumstances have 
 for some years past brought me, though a layman, 
 into contact with many of the most zealous and 
 devoted of our clergy. I have also enjoyed many 
 opportunities of becoming acquainted with the opi- 
 nions of those amongst the laity, who possess in- 
 ns 
 
6 
 
 formation on ecclesiastical affairs, and take in- 
 terest in them. My purpose is not, however, so 
 much to bear witness to the existence of facts and 
 sentiments notorious to all who are conversant with 
 the actual state of our Church, or to propose new 
 schemes, and offer original suggestions, to do which 
 I unfeignedly feel my utter incompetence, as to en- 
 treat your Grace's attention, while I venture humbly 
 to submit that which to many wise and good men 
 has appeared the only true remedy for the many 
 evils which are felt to afflict us. 
 
 It is not my intention, my Lord, to attempt in 
 these few pages any reply to Mr. Noel's Essay. 
 He charges the English Church with unsound- 
 ness and falsehood in her principles, and with cor- 
 ruption and mal-administration in her practice. The 
 former of these accusations has been levelled at her 
 devoted head with no lack of perseverance or ill-will 
 ever since the Reformation, by a long array of foe- 
 men, beginning with the fathers of puritanism, and 
 ending with the modern prophets of dissent. The 
 Church possesses a rich armoury of defence against 
 such assaults in the works of Ridley, Hooker, 
 Pearson, Jackson, Jeremy Taylor, Hammond, 
 Bull, Stillingfleet, Barrow, Butler,* and a long 
 host of other worthies. In students of these 
 great wiiters, Mr. Noel's denunciations will excite 
 no other feelings save those of regret that a man of 
 so much piety and zeal should exchange the strong 
 
 * In his Charge to the Clergy of the Diocese of Durham. 
 116 
 
and impregnable fortress of the Church Catholic, for 
 the sandy foundations of a merely human system, 
 which never has and never will oppose any long or 
 firm resistance to the storms of socinianism and 
 rationalistic infidelity. But since others, whose 
 avocations will scarcely permit a reference to 
 such authors, much less an attentive study of 
 them, may be disturbed by the confident asser- 
 tions of one whom they have beeu hitherto ac- 
 customed to look upon as a faithful minister of 
 the Church, it is to be desired that some person 
 in possession of the requisite leisure and in- 
 formation, should put forth a succinct refutation 
 of the sophisms on which Mr. Noel has been 
 content to build his visionary superstructure. As- 
 suredly the cogency of his reasoning is not such as 
 to scare any one so qualified from the undertaking. 
 In the full persuasion that it will speedily be ac- 
 complished, I shall advert only to that part of 
 Mr. Noel's Essay in which he deals with practical 
 matters, and in which he makes some remarks, and 
 states some facts well worthy of the earnest and de- 
 liberate attention of all faithful members of the 
 Church, and more especially of her rulers. 
 
 Mr. Noel has a short and easy method of ac- 
 counting for all the false doctrines in the Church 
 which he has discovered, and all the abuses which 
 unquestionably disgrace her in practice. Accord- 
 ing to him, Constantine and his army originated 
 them ; kings and their parliaments have continued 
 117 
 
8 
 
 tliem. The Church has only to be replaced 
 in the same position which she held before the 
 time of Coiistantine, and she will instantly re- 
 gain all her pristine vig-our and purity. True it is 
 that during the fifteen intervening centuries the 
 whole political face of the world has been upheaved 
 by mighty and convulsive forces, that society has un- 
 dergone innumerable transformations both sudden 
 and gradual ; these are considerations not for a mo- 
 ment to be taken into account. The Church must 
 be purified. Mr. Noel, who seems to look at the 
 matter from too high a point of view to pay an}' 
 regard to the testimony of history, tells us that there 
 is but one way of accomplishing this object. We 
 must all have faith in the success of this his M'ay, 
 under pain of exclusion from the pale of true Chris- 
 tianity. The doctrines to which Mr. Noel naturally 
 takes exception, are those which are involved 
 in the very central idea of the Church as the king- 
 dom of Christ. If she be divinely founded on the 
 atonement effected by her Incarnate Lord, then 
 must she also be divinely perpetuated by means of 
 His Word and Sacraments, and of His Ministers de- 
 riving their commission from no less an authority 
 than that of her divine Head, who is spiritually but 
 as truly and really present now in His Church by 
 all these His ordained instruments, as He was when 
 visible in His bodily Presence upon earth. Had Mr. 
 Noel bestowed a very small portion of the attention 
 with which he has studied his favourite dissenting 
 
writers and authorities, on authors of a less exclusive 
 character, he might have been brought to acknow- 
 ledge, that be these great doctrines true or false, 
 they were at least held by the Church from the 
 apostolic age down to the time of Constantine, cer- 
 tainly not less generally and not less resolutely 
 than since that period. 
 
 Mr. Noel, after having demonstrated to his own 
 satisfaction that the Church is an heretical sect, and 
 that the union between her and the State is vicious 
 in principle, and condemned alike by reason and 
 by Scripture, proceeds to consider the practical ef- 
 fects of the union on persons and on things, such as 
 the numbers, maintenance, and distribution of mi- 
 nisters, the discipline of the Church, the evangeli- 
 zation of the country, &c. &c. 
 
 My Lord, it is with pain, and sorrow, and hu- 
 miliation, that thousands of true-hearted church- 
 men will feel constrained to confess that there is 
 much and bitter truth in the remarks which Mr. 
 Noel has made on many of these points. They 
 may indeed be reminded of the imperfection which 
 will necessarily attach itself to every branch of the 
 Cburch, be it established or not, so long as the 
 Catholic Church herself shall be militant here on 
 earth, inhabited too, as that earth is, by men and 
 not by angels. But, my Lord, the question is not 
 whether the practice of the Church can by any 
 means be made to attain a standard of absolute 
 faultlessness, but whether great and notorious evils 
 
 119 
 
10 
 
 and crying scandals can by any means be dimi- 
 nished. Of course, I shall not now attempt to prove 
 the lawfulness of the union between Church and 
 State, nor to point out the fearful calamities which 
 would ensue from a separation between them. Too 
 surely the day which shall dawn on this portentous 
 divorce shall witness the sunset of England's glory, 
 England's greatness, and England's stability. It 
 is with the firmest conviction that nothing can ever 
 justify the State in ceasing to promote, as much as 
 lies in its province, the continuance and increase of 
 religion in the land, and that nothing can ever jus- 
 tify the Church in severing the connexion between 
 herself and the State, so long as she can maintain 
 it without disobeying the clear and unmistakeable 
 laws of God, that I approach the consideration of 
 some abuses to which Mr. Noel has directed our 
 attention. 
 
 But, my Lord, while I entertain this conviction, 
 I know also that there has arisen a deep and grow- 
 ing feeling amongst the most thoughtful and earnest 
 of our clergy, as well as amongst the most religious 
 of our laity, that the evils resulting from the actual 
 relation between the English State and the English 
 Church, are such as to make it their duty to en- 
 deavour at all hazards to effect, by all lawful means, 
 an alteration in the existing conditions of that re- 
 lation. Recent events have not tended to lessen the 
 force of this feeling. Can we wonder, after the ex- 
 perience of the last year and a half, that a conviction 
 
 120 
 
11 
 
 should have arisen in the minds of men more 
 ardent and zealous perhaps than prudent, but still 
 men ardent and zealous in the cause of Christ and 
 His Church, that a system which can produce such 
 fruits is too vicious to be treated by any other re- 
 medy save that of annihilation ? 
 
 Now, my Lord, in the belief that the best, if not 
 the only, way of averting the disastrous consequences 
 which would arise from a total disruption of all ties 
 between Church and State, is to place them on a 
 sounder footing than that which they now occupy, 
 I venture to intreat your Grace's attention to a few 
 among the many items in Mr. Noel's long catalogue 
 of practical abuses. 
 
 Mr. Noel first adverts to tlie influence of the 
 union as regards a Bishop. He says, " To fulfil his 
 " office rightly, a bishop must be more free than his 
 " brethren from ambition and covetousness, more 
 "spiritually-minded, more devoted to his ministry, 
 " more anxious to bring sinners to Christ, more 
 "brotherly and liberal to his fellow-Christians, 
 " more zealous for the honour of his master, more 
 " entirely consecrated to God. As a pastor who is 
 " less pious than the members of the church over 
 " which he presides, does them mischief, because 
 " his ministrations tend to bring them down to his 
 "level; so a prelate less pious than the pastors 
 " whom he governs, inflicts on them a similar mis- 
 " chief. His duty to them is what theirs is to the 
 " Churches. He has to convert unconverted minis- 
 
 121 
 
12 
 
 " ters, to guide the erring, to reclaim the backslid- 
 " ing, to animate the despondent, to strengthen 
 " the weak, to encourage and aid the most devoted. 
 " To accomplish these objects, he must surpass 
 " them in wisdom and Christian experience, in 
 "faith and fervency, in meekness and self-control, 
 " in holiness and spirituality of mind. Like Paul, he 
 " should be able to say, ' Be ye followers of me, even 
 " as I also am of Christ.' — ' Be followers together, 
 " of me, and mark them which walk so, as ye have 
 " us for an example.' To an office like this a man 
 " ought to be chosen with exclusive reference to his 
 " spiritual qualifications by pious men, with the 
 " utmost caution, and with the most solemn prayer. 
 " When the Church at Jerusalem chose Matthias 
 " as one of those most suitable to succeed the 
 " apostle Judas in his place as an apostle, they then 
 " sought the guidance of God. And when Paul 
 " was set apart for his mission to the Gentiles by 
 " the Presbyters of Antioch, they fulfilled that duty 
 " with fasting and prayer. With no less solemnity, 
 " earnestness, and dependence upon God, should 
 " pious ixien choose those prelates who exercise so 
 " vast an influence in the Anglican churches for 
 " good or evil. But ministers of state are little likely 
 " to choose them in this manner. Since prelates 
 " have votes in Parliament, vrhere parties are often 
 " nearly equal ; the most religious statesmen are 
 " strongly tempted to make zeal for their political 
 " party a leading qualification for a bishopric ; and, 
 
13 
 
 *•' secondly, since prime-ministers are usually the 
 " ablest men of their party, chosen, without refer- 
 " ence to religious character, for their knowledge of 
 " public affairs, and their administrative skill, they 
 '• have often been destitute of piety. Hence men 
 " have often been raised to the bench from party 
 "considerations: the choice of the nominee being 
 " determined by the wish to please a powerful adhe- 
 " rent, or to strengthen the party by the accession 
 " of a debater of known capacity, not to mention 
 " more questionable motives. The way to rise is 
 " obvious. Let any cleric of fair abilities, who 
 " aspires to rank and powei', be respectable, but 
 " not over religious, make himself a good scholar, 
 '* write some work of literary merit, be a moderate 
 " but firm supporter of the party in power, express 
 " no opinions on any subject which could be incon- 
 " venient to the government, be a foe to innovation, 
 " without being unfriendly to improvements of 
 "' detail, cultivate the friendship both of powerful 
 " families and influential prelates, be a staunch but 
 "good-tempered supporter of the church against 
 " dissent ; above all, be a safe man, who neither in 
 " the administration of a diocese, nor in any parlia- 
 " mentary business, would create embarrassment to 
 " the government, and he may be almost sure of 
 " reaching the highest honours of his profession. 
 " I will not say, — 
 
 ' That he 
 ' Must serve who fain would sway ; and soothe and sue 
 123 
 
14 
 
 ' And watch all time, and pry into all place, 
 ' And be a living lie — who would become 
 ' A mighty thing among the mean ;' 
 
 " but a course too near to this has often led to great- 
 "ness. Government can count upon the services 
 " of pliant men who never form inconvenient opi- 
 "nions; but they would be exposed to trouble 
 " should they nominate any man who, with severe 
 " integrity and ardent love of truth, will frankly 
 "express his convictions, and manifest the least 
 " approach to the temper of a reformer." 
 
 My Lord, the force of this striking passage de- 
 pends not on any personal opinions of the author. 
 He states facts ; they are notoriously and indisputa- 
 bly true. Let us not, whatever may be the mischief 
 with which worldly men, wise in their own genera- 
 tion, may threaten us if we raise the veil from these 
 arcana of the system with which their interests 
 are entwined, let us not attempt to blink the 
 truth. There would be no true wisdom in the en- 
 deavour, even were it, by some possibility, to be 
 successful. Perhaps if we look the evil boldly and 
 honestly in the face, we may, by God's blessing, 
 discover a better way of overcoming it. 
 
 My Lord, I cheerfully admit that we are bound, in 
 spite of appearances, to pass no judgment on the 
 motives which dictated such appointments as those 
 to which Mr. Noel alludes, except that which is con- 
 sistent with the great law of Christian charity. How- 
 ever hard it is to think so, it is certainly just possible 
 
 124 
 
15 
 
 that they may have been conscientious. But what can 
 we say of a system in which such scandals can be 
 conscientiously committed, and committed too 
 without raising an universal cry of indignation, so 
 natural are they considered to be under that sys- 
 tem ? The prime minister is appointed, as Mr. 
 Noel frequently reminds us, by the majority of a 
 House of Commons, including Romanists, Socinians, 
 and other Dissenters, and which moreover soon 
 may, and probably will, include Jews, if not Ma- 
 hometans. He has been all his life engaged in party 
 struggles for the attainment or retention of office, 
 sometimes in less creditable occupations. If by 
 chance he be a conscientious and religious man, 
 how in the nature of things can he, with the best 
 intentions, be qualified to select bishops ? Few mi- 
 nisters have earned or deserved a better reputation 
 as dispensers of ecclesiastical patronage than Lord 
 Liverpool. Yet his chief merit in this capacity 
 was negative. It will scarcely be asserted by the 
 warmest admirers of this statesman, that during 
 his administration, the best and fittest men, or 
 anything like the best and fittest men, were chosen 
 for vacant bishoprics. I dwell on this point of selec- 
 tion, because it is that which lies at the root of the 
 evil. The Church, it may be said, possesses certain 
 inherent safeguards against improper appointments. 
 I admit that the Church has not yet been legally pro- 
 nounced to have been robbed of her clear and inali- 
 enablerighttoexercise her immemorial privilege, and 
 
 125 
 
16 
 
 perform her imperative duty at the confirmations of 
 her bishops. But supposing that she were freed from 
 all the impediments so tyrannically sought to be 
 placed in her way as regards this essential point, 
 would even this secure good appointments ? Assur- 
 edly not. Many a person may be appointed to an 
 office, of whom all men may be morally convinced 
 that he is unfit to discharge its duties, and yet against 
 such a man it may not be possible to bring any tangi- 
 ble charge. A right reverend prelate, of whom I wish 
 to speak with the deep respect due not only to his 
 great abilities and learning, but to his high-minded 
 conscientiousness and integrity of character, observ- 
 ed in the House of Lords, that the Church possesses 
 ample security as regards the appointment to 
 bishoprics, because the minister is confined in his 
 choice to clergymen, already approved of by their 
 bishops as fit to hold the office of pastor. Was the 
 bishop exercising that talent of irony, which he pos- 
 sesses in so eminent a degree ? Granting that all 
 clergymen were fitted, as regards their moral and re- 
 ligious character, for the office of bishop, (Mr. Noel 
 has uttered nothing more severe of the Church than 
 is implied in this hypothesis) still, to say that every 
 one of these many thousand gentlemen was qualified 
 for so high and difficult an office, would * j about 
 as true as to say that every fashionable young 
 officer in the guards, was qualified to command 
 an army. It cannot therefore be too strongly 
 urged, or too continually borne in mind, that as 
 
 126 
 
17 
 
 long as the appointment: to bishoprics shall rest 
 with the prime minister for the time being, so 
 long can the Church entertain no valid or reason- 
 able hopes of exacting a compliance with her just 
 and reasonable demands that none shall be set over 
 her as bishops, who are not chosen simply for their 
 fitness to discharge the apostolic office. There are 
 now in the ranks of the English priesthood not a 
 few men, the laborious charity and self-denying 
 holiness of whose lives would have done honour to 
 the brightest times of the Church's history. If any 
 such were to be advanced to the Episcopate, it is 
 scarcel}' possible to over-estimate the blessings which 
 would ensue from their appointment. But the very 
 heroism of their character, so unintelligible to 
 worldly minds, creates an impassable barrier, as 
 they well know, to their promotion under the pre- 
 sent system. 
 
 Mr. Noel proceeds to make some observations on 
 the ensnaring influences of their new positions on 
 men thus advanced to the prelacy. Would to God, 
 my Lord, that we could believe him to be guilty 
 even of exaggeration on this point ! I spare myself 
 the pain of dwelling on this most humiliating 
 matter ; but I cannot too strongly express my con- 
 currence with Mr. Noel, when he speaks as follows : 
 " Through such an ordeal, scarcely the best men in 
 "the kingdom could pass unscathed. But, to 
 " make the matter worse, worldly statesmen are, in 
 " general, likely to create worldly prelates, and to 
 
 127 C 
 
18 
 
 "expose men whose tempers are ambitious, and 
 " who have given no proofs of spirituality, to temp- 
 " tations strong enough to corrupt the wisest and 
 " the most devout."* 
 
 These things being so, no wonder, my Lord, that 
 the very idea of a bishop's office should be obscured, 
 nay, lost, among the people at large. Sir James 
 Graham has shown us what the consequences have 
 been on the mind of one of our shrewdest and 
 most practical statesmen, one too by no means 
 hostile to the Church. Even Sir Robert Peel 
 thought a proposed increase in the numberof bishops 
 a fit subject for ridicule. In fact, to multiply 
 bishops would serve but to multiply the evil, 
 unless some plan shall previously have been adopt- 
 ed for securing, as far as possible, the appoint- 
 ment of fit men to an office, the important influ- 
 ence of which on the religious character of the 
 whole Church, cannot be exaggerated. 
 
 I gladly abstain, my Lord, from more than 
 glancing at Mr. Noel's observations on the influ- 
 ence of " the union" on pastors. It cannot be denied 
 that he has laid bare many an existing sore, and 
 held up to shame many a gross abuse of patronage. 
 He proposes the same easy remedy — the voluntary 
 system. The futility of expecting any improvement 
 from its adoption has been so often and so convin- 
 
 * For some striking remarks on this subject, see a book 
 written with great earnestness and abiUty, entitled " Speculum 
 Episcopi." 
 
19 
 
 cingly exposed both in theory and practice, ihat the 
 bare mention of such a proposal is sufficient to con- 
 demn it. Unquestionably there is a most pressing 
 need of reform as regards both the admission of can- 
 didates to holy orders, and the fulfilment of their 
 duties when ordained. Whether, if a sustained and 
 sj'stematic course of theological instruction and pro- 
 fessional training were to be enforced before ordina- 
 tion, and a more vigilant and more personal super- 
 intendence exercised on the part of the bishops after 
 it, far more efficient remedies would not be supplied, 
 than by any mere pecuniary arrangements, — these 
 are indeed fit subjects for grave deliberation. In 
 order to put them in force, the Church must be pro^ 
 vided both with more apostolical bishops and a 
 greater number of them.* 
 
 One portion of Mr. Noel's remarks on this head 
 is too important to be passed over, however painful 
 it may be to touch upon it. He tells us, and tells 
 us truly, " Scarcely any quality is more necessary 
 " to a pastor than sincerity. Men will bear much 
 " from those whom they know to be perfectly honest 
 
 * That we have some noble examples of zeal and devotion 
 among the present rulers of the Church, is what all will gladly 
 admit. In this diocese, we can appreciate the great merits of a 
 bishop who has sacrificed his health and strength, and is will- 
 ing, if need be, to sacrifice his life, in the faithful discharge of 
 duties onerous enough to overtask the energies not of one but 
 of many men. It is well known, that for the appointment of 
 another able, eloquent, and energetic prelate, we are indebted 
 to the personal discrimination of the Sovereign. 
 
 129 C 2 
 
20 
 
 " in tlieir opinions. On the other hand, any mea- 
 " sure of insincerity in a pastor is botli fatal to his 
 "influence, and destructive to his reputation. 
 " 'I am sure,' says Bishop Wilberforce, 'a more 
 " ' deadly blow could not be inflicted on our Church 
 " ' than that a people, of whose character, thank 
 " ' God, sterling honesty is the distinctive feature, 
 " ' should have reason to suspect that their clergy 
 ■' ' believed one thing whilst they taught another." 
 " To inflict this blow, it is not needful that the 
 " clergy should manifest insincerity in many things. 
 " ' He that is faithful in that which is least, is 
 " \faithful also in much : and he that is unjust in the 
 " ' least, is unjust also in much.'' Habitual insin- 
 " cerity in any one thing shows a man to be destitute 
 " of sterling sincerity. A man of truth cannot lie 
 "sometimes, any more than he can lie often." 
 
 Now, my Lord, Mr. Noel tells us that of sixteen 
 thousand ministers of the Church, three thousand 
 are " evangelical men." It is greatly to be feared 
 that from the manner in which Mr. Noel habitually 
 employs this much abused term, that by "evan- 
 gelical men," he means men who agree in their 
 doctrinal views with Mr. Baptist Noel. If this be 
 so, and I know not how we are to escape from the 
 conclusion that such is the sense attached by Mr. 
 Noel to this word, then it is self-evident that Mr. 
 Noel is greatly mistaken in his calculations. The 
 clergy who belong to the party commonly called 
 " evangelical," have solemnly bound themselves to 
 
 130 
 
21 
 
 teach only in accordance with the .Prayer-book. 
 It cannot be believed that they, as a body, inten- 
 tionally disregard an obligation which they have 
 voluntarily taken on themselves. But it is notori- 
 ous, if at least we may judge from their practice, 
 that there are some ministers who have declared their 
 assent to doctrines which they do not seem to believe, 
 and who in the exercise of their necessary duties 
 habitually use those Church-services, which are 
 built upon, and imply in every line those very doc- 
 trines which they scruple to receive. In those ser- 
 vices they offer upsolemn prayers and thanksgivings, 
 upon which Mr. Noel reminds us that Bishop Wil- 
 berforce has observed, " all this is the most blasphe- 
 mous frivolity, if it be not the deepest truth." Mr. 
 Noel, of course, believes it to be blasphemous frivo- 
 lity; what do these priests of the English Church 
 believe it to be — " Deepest truth," or " most blas- 
 phemous frivolity ?" 
 
 My Lord, it is to be hoped for the honour of hu- 
 man nature, as well as for the sake of the Church, 
 that the clergymen habitually guilty of such in- 
 sincerity as this, cannot be many in number. 
 There is, on the contrary, every reason to believe 
 that the great mass of our clergy, and especially 
 the younger and best educated among them, are 
 both earnest in their piety, and sincere adherents to 
 our Church ; that they are not in their hearts 
 either hankering after Roman corruptions, or im- 
 bued with Genevan heresies. Men who can only 
 
 131 
 
22 
 
 sign the articles in a non-natural sense have justly 
 been made to feel that the Church has no desire 
 to retain them within her fold. Shall others who 
 use the most solemn addresses to Almighty God in 
 a non-natural sense, believing them, as they must, 
 when taken in their natural sense, to be " most 
 blasphemous frivolities,'' — shall they any longer not 
 only be tolerated, but cherished as the very salt of 
 the clergy 1 My Lord, if all truth and upright- 
 ness are not to die out amongst us, here is a 
 matter to which the rulers of the Church must look. 
 Here is a moral plague which must indeed be 
 stayed. If it be not, what can result but an up- 
 growth of the rankest and most deadly infidelity ? 
 The rulers of the Church ! Are they all untainted 
 themselves ? Ni)t long ago a bishop of our Church 
 had occasion to refer in a visitation charge to some 
 of these " blasphemous frivolities." He informed 
 his clergy that to question the maintenance by our 
 Church of one of the chief doctrines so termed by 
 Mr. Noel, is absurd and impossible. But, says 
 his Lordship to those of his clergy who may re- 
 ject it, this doctrine is in the Prayer-book, 
 but an undue importance is attached to it. 
 There, indeed, are the words, but they are only 
 words. Say them and hear them, but say them 
 and hear them as if they were empty sounds, 
 destitute of all meaning. In a correspondence with 
 one of his clergy, relating to some other " blasphe- 
 mous frivolities" in the Prayer-book, the same 
 
23 
 
 bishop informed him that they were allowed to 
 remain in it by our reformers out of pure compas- 
 sion to human ignorance and infirmity. Now, my 
 Lord, if any unprejudiced man will only pay one mo- 
 ment's attention to the solemn and awful invocations 
 which accompany these " idle words," he cannot 
 fail to acknowledge that if such were the intentions 
 of our Reformers, then they were hypocrites the most 
 accomplished, abettors of perjury the most shame- 
 less, and breakers of the third commandment the 
 most reckless, whom the world has yet seen, or, 
 it may be hoped, is ever likely to see. My Lord, 
 when one of the chief pastors of our Church ven- 
 tures on such assertions, and gives such advice 
 to his clergy, what wonder if some of the startled 
 sheep should wander away, some in one direc- 
 tion, some in another, from a fold vi'hich is thus 
 pronounced, ex cathedra, to be polluted with 
 falsehood the most revolting, and profanity the 
 most impious ? 
 
 I cannot do more than refer your Grace to Mr. 
 Noel's observations on the numbers, maintenance, 
 and distribution of the clergy, on the discipline of 
 the Church, and on the evangelization of the 
 country. It is impossible to deny that the evils 
 adverted to by Mr. Noel do exist, and that a vigo- 
 rous effort must be made to overcome them if 
 Christianity is to prevail in the land. Much good 
 has undoubtedly been lately done, but how infi- 
 nitesimal a proportion does it bear to the enormous 
 
 133 8 
 
24 
 
 accumulation of evil ! The most devoted clergymen, 
 sanguine as they may be by temperament, and as 
 men in the full and active pursuit of an engrossing 
 object usually are, will be the first to acknowledge 
 the hopelessness of grappling with it, so long as the 
 Church shall remain fettered and crippled as she 
 now is in England. Spiritual destitution has in- 
 creased to a fearful extent. Discipline, as regards 
 the laity, is extinct, and as regards the clergy, 
 nearly so. The methods suggested by the zeal of 
 her individual members for palliating in some 
 little degree these tremendous evils, serve, too 
 often, only to add to her confusions. 
 
 If then, my Lord, the remedy which Mr. Noel 
 has proposed be owe which, as most men believe, 
 would only create new mischiefs as great, if not 
 greater than those of which we now deplore the 
 existence, must we be content with simply deploring 
 them, and looking on helplessly with folded hands, 
 while not only the horizon is black with storms, 
 but the tide of evil is hourly rising higher and 
 higher, and threatens ere long to overwhelm the 
 feeble barriers which we have raised to stem it, 
 with a horrible and convulsive destruction ? God for- 
 bid ! my Lord, — such I am sure will not at least 
 be the course which your Grace will wish to pursue. 
 
 Almost every divine who either from station, 
 character, or ability, is entitled to be quoted as an 
 authority upon such points as those to which I 
 have now called your Grace's attention, has attri- 
 
25 
 
 buted this most lamentable state of things to the 
 same cause, — the suspension of the Church's legis- 
 lative powers. When we see distinguished men of 
 the most diverse schools of thought and opinion, 
 such, for instance, as the Archbishop of Dublin 
 and the Bishop of Oxford, Archdeacon Wilberforce 
 and Archdeacon Hare, concurring on this one point, 
 surely no slight presumption is raised by such an 
 agreement in favour of their common conclusion. 
 Even Mr. Noel justifies his secession from the 
 Church by pointing to the same anomaly, and the 
 hopelessness of removing it. Coleridge pronounced 
 the loss of the convocation, " the greatest and, in 
 an enlarged state policy, the most impolitic affront 
 ever offered by a government to its own established 
 Church." Let it be ever remembered too, that we 
 owe the suppression of convocation to the most 
 profligate of ministers and the most profligate of 
 courts. Convocation threatened proceedings against 
 the openly Socinian Bishop Hoadley. Queen 
 Caroline and Sir Robert Walpole manifested their 
 love of liberty and their sense of justice, by not 
 only stifling all inquiry into the doctrines broached 
 by their protege, but also by sentencing the au- 
 dacious assembly which demanded it to virtual ex- 
 tinction. Well, indeed, might Coleridge deli- 
 berately say, that " the virtual abrogation of this 
 branch of our constitution, is one of the three or 
 four whig patriotisms that have succeeded in de- 
 anglicising the mind of England." 
 
 135 
 
26 
 
 For a full and able discussion of the evils re- 
 sulting from the abeyance of the Church's legis- 
 lative powers, and a refutation of the hackneyed 
 arguments brought against their revival, I may be 
 allowed to refer your Grace to the note on the need 
 of a Church synod in Archdeacon Hare's charge en- 
 titled " Tiie Means of Unity." 
 
 Since last century, however, vast national 
 changes have taken place. Parliament was then 
 composed of none but members of the Church. It 
 might pretend, not unfairly, to represent the laity, 
 while convocation represented the spirituality of the 
 Church. The case is now widely altered. Parlia- 
 ment has now lost the power of taking part, as a 
 united body, in ecclesiastical and religious affairs. 
 It is surely self-evident that parliament should 
 abstain from passing laws on religious questions, 
 which laws must obtain the free concurrence of 
 Romanists, Churchmen, and Socinians. The 
 Church is Christ's institution, she is the witness to 
 a certain definite and unchangeable body of truth, 
 which has been handed down to us from the time 
 of the Apostles. Parliament is the expression of 
 the infinitely various and ever-changing wills and 
 opinions of the men who happen to be in possession 
 of the right of voting for its members. The mis- 
 chiefs resulting from this dilemma have been 
 pointed out with his accustomed force, by Arch- 
 deacon Wilberforce, in his charge for 1848. 
 "Parliament," he says, "the state legislature, 
 
 136 
 
27 
 
 and convocation, as the legislature of the Church, 
 were once perfectly accordant, because no man 
 was a member of the one, who did not recognise 
 the authority of the other. Such temporal ques- 
 tions as concerned the Church were naturally 
 left to the determination of her lay representatives 
 in Parliament, while they left the consideration 
 of spiritual questions to those whom, as church- 
 men, they accounted the spiritual authority. But 
 how can this co-operation be attained, now that 
 the Church cannot look upon the members of the 
 civil legislature as her lay representatives, and 
 therefore cannot expect them to regard her as 
 an authority in things divine ? That it is un- 
 seemly to submit questions affecting the Church's 
 interna] management to those who are not church- 
 men, is what their own practice teaches, and 
 their own conscience may suggest. For what 
 member of any other religious body would commit 
 the management of its internal affairs to members 
 of the Church? Would the Wesleyans entrust 
 the arrangements of their conference to a body 
 of churchmen ? Would the Romanists allow 
 any but themselves to settle their faith? Since 
 men of various parties have been admitted to an 
 equal share in our government, it no doubt be- 
 comes us to acquiesce, as good subjects, in what 
 tlie wisdom of our rulers has decided. But there 
 is surely one condition, on which we have a 
 right to insist ; it is so plainly equitable, that it 
 
 137 
 
28 
 
 "can hardly be refused us. That Romanists or 
 " Socinians should have their share in civil legis- 
 "lation, is part of that broad system of liberty 
 " which renders law the expression of the national 
 " consent. But this principle gives them no right 
 " to legislate for the Church. Its meaning is, 
 *' that no man should be bound by laws, unless in 
 " person, or by substitute, he gives them his con- 
 " sent. Why, then, should men desire to legis- 
 " late for a body to which they decline to belong ? 
 " They can have no claim to make laws which they 
 " are not to obey. The result would be as plain a 
 " mockery of God, as it would be an injustice to 
 " their fellow-creatures. For how can men legis- 
 " late for a system of religious faith in which they 
 " are not believers ? Would it become a Christian 
 " legislator to devise laws for securing the adoration 
 " of Mahomet, or the worship of the idols of India ? 
 " Would it not be a solemn mockery of the God 
 " whom he serves ? And why so ? Because 
 " a legislator is a man as much as his fellows, 
 "and in a few days he will be summoned to 
 " render his account before the righteous Judge, 
 " before whom he must answer for all his doings. 
 " And how, then, can he reverence that in public, 
 " which in private he disbelieves, or affirm any- 
 " thing to be true in the senate, which he declares 
 " to be a lie in his chamber? Therefore, the only 
 " honest course, so soon as the legislature consists 
 " of men of various faiths, is the perfect abnegation 
 
 138 
 
29 
 
 " of those functions which involve the existence of 
 " a single belief and an united confession. The 
 " contrary course vi^ould be inconsistent with the 
 " rights of conscience, and the liberty of indivi- 
 " duals ; with a regard for the sanctity of truth, 
 " and a consciousness of the majesty of God. We 
 " may well hope that the wisdom, moderation, and 
 " conscientiousness by which, under God's blessing, 
 " our land has attained its present state of happiness, 
 " will not be wanting in the present emergency to 
 " our secular rulers. The ancient custom of par- 
 " liament was, not to legislate for the Church, ex- 
 " cept in concurrence with that spiritual legislature, 
 " convocation, to which, while parliament consisted 
 " of churchmen, it naturally deferred in things di- 
 " vine. It cannot be expected to defer equally to 
 " a body, with which it is no longer so closely con- 
 " nected. But just as far as this circumstance 
 " exempts it from the necessity of hearkening to 
 " the counsels of convocation, it disqualifies it from 
 " legislating for the advancement of truth. For 
 " which truth is it to further? Is it that which 
 " Socinians think truth, or churchmen ? The only 
 " thing, therefore, which the Church can rightly 
 " ask from Parliament is to be let alone. State en- 
 " dowments would only be fetters which would 
 " impede her. Even the most useful improvements 
 " in organization, would not compensate for that 
 " sacrifice of principle which they would involve. 
 " Let Parliament confine itself to those temporal 
 
 139 
 
30 
 
 " interests, of which its abandonment of its con- 
 " nexion with the Church has made it so full an ex- 
 " pression. Indeed so numerous and overwhelming 
 " are they, that their mere pressure would exclude 
 " the possibility of that calm and unobstructed 
 " attention which is needed by the exigencies of 
 "the Church." 
 
 It is obvious that if the Church is to be restored 
 to the exercise of her inherent right, a right con- 
 ferred on her by Christ himself, of legislating for 
 herself, that she must adapt the constitution of her 
 legislature to the altered circumstances of the times. 
 Parliament neither can nor ought to interfere in 
 ecclesiastical affairs. Convocation, as it is now 
 composed, excludes the laity. Representatives of 
 the laity must, therefore, as Archdeacon Wilberforce 
 justly observes, be admitted in order to give it the 
 character of a true Church Synod. Archdeacon 
 Hare has also treated on this point with his wonted 
 learning and fullness of illustration, and has ex- 
 pressed his conviction that one indispensable condi- 
 tion would be that, whatever mode of election were 
 adopted, the elective power should be vested in the 
 body of ordinary communicants, and a fortiori, that 
 the persons elected should be chosen out of that body. 
 
 That such a synod would be able to devise reme- 
 dies for the evils, great and numei'ous as they are, 
 which are admitted to afflict the Church, it would 
 argue want of faith in Chrisi's promises to doubt. 
 Innumerable methods have been proposed vvithin 
 
 140 
 
31 
 
 the last few years, for meeting particular abuses. 
 Dr. Biber, for instance, in his valuable treatise on 
 the supremacy, has brought forward an elaborate 
 plan for combining the security of the Church with 
 the maintenance of the principle of crown patronage. 
 We have been reminded too that church patronage 
 was not looked on as a mere perquisite belonging to 
 the office of prime minister, till the time of Sir Robert 
 Walpole ; that, after the death of Queen Mary, a 
 commission was appointed by William III.,* con- 
 sisting of certain dignitaries of the Church, who 
 were to name to his Majesty fit persons to be ap- 
 pointed to vacant bishoprics, and other prefer- 
 ments. Accordingly Dr. Biber proposes that 
 the Queen should institute an Ecclesiastical 
 Privy Council, composed of persons both lay and 
 clerical, such as the whole Church might confide 
 in, who should be her Majesty's advisers in all 
 matters relating to the Church and the bestowal of 
 crown patronage. It would of course be indispen- 
 sable to the success of this plan, that such a 
 council should consist of members wholly indepen- 
 dent of the political ministry of the day. It can 
 scarcely be doubtful to any thoughtful observer of 
 the present current of men's opinions, that if crown 
 patronage is to be preserved at all, it can only be by 
 the adoption of some such scheme as Dr. Biber pro- 
 poses. But the object of all who have the interests 
 of religion at heart should be not the adoption of 
 
 * See Appendix. 
 141 
 
32 
 
 this orthat particular remedy for this or that particu- 
 lar abuse, but the restoration to the Church of that 
 function of legislation, which in the words of Hooker, 
 " needs must belong to the Church of God," 
 
 I am not blind to the probability that there might 
 arise many difficulties in the way of such a restora- 
 tion. Statesmen would no doubt view it with 
 jealousy ; and it would require no small exercise 
 of judgment to adjust the relations between the 
 church synod and the secular powder. But such 
 difficulties cannot surely be insurmountable. It 
 would be well, meanwhile, if our public men 
 would ponder on the words of one, at whose feet 
 some of our statesmen might well be content to 
 sit as learners. " For modern society," says M. 
 Guizot, at the conclusion of his " Democracy," "to 
 " fear religion, or to dispute her influence with acri- 
 ■' mony, would therefore be a puerile alarm, and a 
 " fatal error. You are surrounded by an immense 
 " and excited multitude ; you complain that you 
 " want means to act upon it, to enlighten, direct, 
 " control, and tranquillize it ; that you have little 
 " intercourse with these men, save through the tax- 
 " gatherer and the policeman ; that they are given 
 " over, without defence, to the inflammatory decla- 
 " mations of charlatans and demagogues, and to 
 " the blind violence of their own passions. Dis- 
 " persed among them, you have men whose express 
 " mission and constant occupation it is to guide their 
 " faith, to console their distresses, to show them 
 
 142 
 
33 
 
 " their duties, to awaken and elevate their hopes, 
 " to exercise over them that moral influence which 
 " you vainly seek elsewhere. And would you not 
 " second these men in their work, when they can 
 " second you so powerfully in yours, precisely in 
 " those obscure enclosures where you so rarely 
 " penetrate, and where the enemies of social order 
 " enter continually, and sap all its foundations? — 
 " There is, it is true, a condition attached to the 
 " favour and the political efficacy of the religious 
 " spirit ; it demands sincere respect and liberty. I 
 " will even confess that the fears and desires of the 
 " religious party often render them unjust, captious, 
 "suspicious, rancorous, and exacting; that they 
 " sometimes fall into the vortex of those false, 
 " anarchical, and chimerical ideas which it is their 
 " peculiar vocation to combat. I will make as 
 " large concessions as can be required, as to the 
 " injustice you must expect to submit to, and the 
 " precautions you will have to take ; yet I shall say 
 " at the conclusion, as I said at the beginning, Do 
 " not hold up acrimonious disputes with religion, 
 " do not fear her influences ; allow them space and 
 " liberty to expand and to act in the largest and 
 ^^ most powerful manner. On the whole, they will 
 " certainly be more in favour of tranquiUity than 
 " of strife, and will assist more than they will em- 
 " barrass you." 
 
 As a striking comment on this remarkable pas- 
 sage, it may be mentioned that M.Thiers, formerly 
 
 143 D 
 
34 
 
 tliestaunchest advocate for state-education, liaslately 
 proclaimed the absolute necessity, for the safety of 
 society, of allowing to the Church the fullest and 
 most entire liberty of educating the people in her 
 own principles. 
 
 If, my Lord, we be met by the objection, that 
 although it may be right and just in principle, to 
 restore to the Church her legislative powers, yet at 
 a time of religious division it would be inexpedient, 
 we reply by asking when have religious divisions 
 not existed ?• Moreover, as I have already said, 
 there is every reason to believe that the great ma- 
 jority of the clergy at least are sound and moderate 
 men. They are for the most part silent now, while 
 violent men of every kind are unceasingly pressing 
 themselves forward on public attention. It can 
 scarcely be doubted, as Archdeacon Hare has ob- 
 served, that in fact there could be no more efficient 
 remedy for party spirit in religion than the assem- 
 bling of a church synod. What dangers would not 
 the State incur from the arts and influences of fac- 
 tious demagogues if parliament were not regularly 
 assembled every year? 
 
 Can it be believed, my Lord, that if your Grace 
 were in conjunction with your right reverend bre- 
 thren, with the archdeacons, with the most learned 
 divines in the land, as well as with some of the 
 more distinguished of the laity who are known to 
 interest themselves in ecclesiastical affairs, to con- 
 cert the best means of effecting that restoration, 
 
 144 
 
35 
 
 that a recommendation coming from such quarters 
 would be disregarded by the Sovereign, in whose 
 reign we have the happiness to live, or received by 
 the country at large, with any other feelings save 
 those of respectful deference and approbation ? 
 
 Whatever we do, my Lord, let us not rest our 
 hopes of improvement on political leaders or part}^ 
 combinations. Rather, in dependence on the 
 blessing of God on a just cause, let us appeal to 
 that spirit of fair-dealing, which so honourably dis- 
 tinguishes the great body of Englishmen who are 
 uncorrupted by the possession of political power, 
 and unbiassed by party spirit. To succeed, we 
 must enlighten tlie ignorant, rouse the iadolent, 
 and interest the indifferent. Let your Grace but 
 lead us with no uncertain or faltering steps, and 
 this, by God's help, we shall do, if we will only 
 set about the work with earnest hearts and reso- 
 lute hands. It is no paltry prize for which we 
 shall contend, no mean or selfish object, no worldly 
 gain or worldly distinction. The victory we seek to 
 obtain is one over the powers of darkness, over the 
 arts and delusions of the prince of this world who 
 has indeed enlisted all the worshippers of Mammon 
 among our opponents. We seek no less than to chris- 
 tianize England, we might almost say, to christianize 
 the world. Our towns teem with baptized and unbap- 
 tized heathens. Let bishops and pastors, true serv- 
 ants of a lowly and despised Master, strong in a might 
 mightier than that of state authority, in the might 
 
 145 
 
36 
 
 of devoted hearts and an apostolical commission, go 
 forth in the Name of their crucified Lord, into the 
 high-ways and by-ways, and win back these erring 
 sheep to the common fold of a Church purified from 
 hireling shepherds. Let them proclaim to millions 
 of aching hearts and burdened souls the free mer- 
 cies of the Gospel, and the heavenly privileges of 
 which they, alas ! have never yet been taught the 
 inestimable value. And that they may be enabled 
 to do this, let the whole Church of God in the land, 
 in the exercise of her inalienable rights, meet toge- 
 ther by her representatives, and with fasting and 
 prayer, seeking the blessing of an all-wise, all-holy, 
 and all-powerful God on their deliberations, be- 
 seech of Him to inspire them with the wisdom to 
 devise the means, and the strength to endure the toil 
 of conquering the kingdom of Satan, and enlarging 
 the borders of the kingdom of Christ in this our 
 beloved England. 
 
 I have the honour to be, 
 
 With the most profound respect, 
 Your Grace's faithful servant, 
 
 RICHARD CAVENDISH. 
 
 Belgrave Square, 
 April b, 1849. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 King Y\i illiam the Third's Warrant concerning Ecclesiasti- 
 cal Preferments, a. d. 1699. Le Neve, Archbishops of 
 Canterbury, pp. 245 — 54. Original in the hands of Dr. 
 Edward Tenison, Archdeacon of Caermarthen. 
 
 " William III., by the grace of God, King, &c. To the 
 most Reverend Father in God, our right trusty and right 
 entirely-beloved counsellor, Thomas, Lord Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, Primate of all England and Metropolitan ; and 
 to the most Reverend Father in God, John, Lord Arch- 
 bishop of York, Primate of England and Metropolitan ; and 
 to the Right Rev. Fathers in God, Gilbert, Lord Bishop of 
 Sarum ; William, Lord Bishop of Worcester; Simon, Lord 
 Bishop of Ely ; and John, Lord Bishop of Norwich, greet- 
 ing. We, being sensible that nothing can conduce more to 
 the glory of God, our own honour, and the welfare of the 
 Church, than our promoting to preferment therein the most 
 worthy and deserving men according to their merits ; and 
 conceiving you, the said Thomas, Lord Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury ; John, Lord Archbishop of York; Gilbert, Lord 
 Bishop of Sarum ; William, Lord Bishop of Worcester ; 
 Simon, Lord Bishop of Ely ; and John, Lord Bishop of 
 Norwich, to be proper and competent judges in such cases; 
 
 147 
 
38 
 
 Know ye, therefore, that we, reposing special trust and 
 confidence in your approved wisdoms, fidelities, and circum- 
 spections, have nominated, constituted, ordained, and ap- 
 pointed, and by these presents do nominate, constitute, or- 
 dain, and appoint you, the said Thomas, Lord Archbishop 
 of Canterbury ; John, Lord Archbishop of York ; Gilbert, 
 Lord Bishop of Sarum ; William, Lord Bishop of Wor- 
 cester ; Simon, Lord Bishop of Ely ; and John, Lord 
 Bishop of Norwich, to be our commissioners for the pur- 
 poses hereinafter mentioned. And we do hereby give and 
 grant unto you, our said commissioners, or any three or 
 more of you, (whereof we will that you, the said Thomas, 
 Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, to be always one ; and, 
 where any preferment or place to be disposed of, lies within 
 the province of York, you, the said John, Lord Archbishop 
 of York, to be also one,) full power and authority to meet 
 at such convenient times and places as you, the said Tho- 
 mas, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, shall, by your sum- 
 mons of the rest of our said commissioners, from time to 
 time appoint, for the putting the powers hereby granted in 
 execution, in such manner as is hereby appointed. And 
 we do hereby declare our will and pleasure to be, that when 
 our royal person shall be resident within our kingdom of 
 England, you do, at such meetings, consider of one or more 
 person or persons proper to be recommended to us to suc- 
 ceed to any bishopric in England, or any other ecclesiastical 
 preferments in England above the tax or real value of twenty 
 pounds in our books which are in our gift or disposal from 
 time to time as they shall respectively become vacant dur- 
 ing our residence within our said kingdom of England. And 
 that you, or a sufficient number of you, impowered as afore- 
 said, do signify, under your hands, your recommendation of 
 such person or persons as you in your wisdoms shall think 
 most fit to be appointed by us to succeed to any such vacant 
 
39 
 
 preferments, to the end that the names of such person or 
 persons may be presented to us by one of our principal 
 secretaries of state, that our royal pleasure may be further 
 known therein. 
 
 " And further, we do hereby declare our pleasure to be, 
 that neither of our principal secretaries of state do, at any 
 time, either when we shall be resident in England or in 
 parts beyond the seas, move us in behalf of any person 
 whatsoever for any place or preferment which we have 
 hereby left to the recommendation or disposal of our said 
 commissioners, as aforesaid, without having first communi- 
 cated both the person and the thing by him desired, to you, 
 our said commissioners, or so many of you as are hereby 
 empowered to act ; and without having your opinion and 
 recommendation in such manner as hereinbefore is directed. 
 And if at any time we be moved in like manner by any 
 other person whatsoever, our pleasure is, and we do hereby 
 declare, that neither of our principal secretaries of state 
 shall present any warrant to us for any royal signature in 
 such a case, until you, our said commissioners, or so many 
 of you as are hereby empowered to act, have been ac- 
 quainted therewith, and have given your opinion and re- 
 commendation as aforesaid. And, further, our will and 
 pleasure is, that this our commission, and the powers 
 hereby granted, shall continue in force until we shall de- 
 clare our pleasure to the contrary, notwithstanding the same 
 commission be not continned by adjournment. And lastl)', 
 we have revoked and determined, and by these presents do 
 revoke and determine certain letters patents under our great 
 seal of England, bearing date the sixth day of April, in the 
 seventh year of our reign, whereby we constituted and ap- 
 pointed you, the said Thomas, Lord Archbishop of Canter, 
 bury ; John, Lord Archbishop of York ; William, Lord 
 
 Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield ; Gilbert, Lord Bishop 
 149 
 
40 
 
 of Sarum ; and Simon, Lord Bishop of Ely, together with 
 the then Right Reverend Father in God, Edward, Lord 
 Bishop of Worcester, lately deceased, to be our commis- 
 sioners for the purposes above mentioned, and every clause, 
 article, and thing therein contained. In witness whereof, 
 we have caused these our letters to be made patents. Wit- 
 ness ourself at Westminster, the ninth day of May, in the 
 twelfth year of our reign. 
 
 " Per Breve de Privato Sigillo — Chute." 
 
 LONDON ; 
 
 J. OLLIVIER, 59, PALL MALL. 
 
NEW WORKS 
 
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 AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. 
 
 Annals of the Artists of Spain. 
 
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 In 3 vols, demy 8vo. Price 3 Guineas, profusely illustrated with Portraits and other 
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 *' Of the merits of the * Annals of ttie Artists of Spain,' both in design and execution, we can 
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 (1) Times. (2 Morning Chronicle. (3) Examiner. (4) Atlas. 
 
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 1 Vol. small 8vo., price 5s. 
 
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 *' This is a small volume, but we do not disparage ' Eothen ' when we offer an opinion that 
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 Price 2s. 6d. limp cloth. 
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NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Pictures from the North, in Pen and Pencil ; 
 
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 By GEORGE FRANCKLIN ATKINSON, Esq., Bengal Engineers. 
 
 1 Vol. Demy 8vo. with Thirty-two characteristic illustrations, price 12s. 
 
 " This is the lively, chatty, good-natured production of a young Indian officer — 
 it has no pretension but that which it fairly fulfils. Mr. Atkinson's sketches, in 
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 " The pencil employed in these sketches is a very graphic one, and the pen trips 
 pleasantly along over the pages. Good-humour, a ready apprehension of all notice- 
 able points, and a fine flow of animal spirits, characterise Mr. Atkinson's book. He 
 possesses, too, very valuable qualifications for a tourist, namely, the practised eye of 
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 Book, whether viewed as a literary production, an historical record, or a northern 
 guide, is equally valuable. The revelations concerning Stockholm are also at- 
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 " We hardly know whether we have been more gratified by the pictures from the 
 pen, or from the pencil. It must not be supposed that this handsome volume is 
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 cially of a military nature." — Naval and Military Gazette. 
 
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 gentleman, who can use both pen and pencil with facility and success. His sketches 
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Antwerp, A Journal kept There. 
 
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 and gives a particular account of a visit to the Trappist Monastery, near Westmalle. 
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 remarkable." — Douglas Jerrold. 
 
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 by vigour and smartness. — Spectator. 
 
 Practical Observations on Epidemic Cholera 
 
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 In small 8vo. Price Is. 
 
 Songs of the ^oly Z^and. 
 
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NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 l^iuts to the Sick, the liame, and the Z^azy ; or, Passages 
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 cold water cure, except under sound medical advice. He relates his own cure from 
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 stages of the cure. So enamoured is he of hydropathy that he advises his readers 
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 Meditations, upon Twenty Select Psalms of the Prophet 
 Savid. 
 
 By Sir ANTHONY COPE, Knight, 
 (Vice-Chamberlain to Queen Katherine Parr.) 
 
 Reprinted from the Original Edition of 1547. With Notes and a Biographical 
 Preface. By William H. Cope, M.A., Minor Canon and Librarian of St. Peter's, 
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 Post 8vo., with Illuminated Title and Ornamental Border, price 7s. 6d. 
 
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 considerable research." — Atlas. 
 
JOHN OLLIVIER, PALL MALL. 
 
 The Village School Tete; 
 
 Or, Good and Evil Influences. 
 By A. E. CHALLICE. 
 Fcap 8vo. price 5s., bound clotli, or elegantly half-bound in Morocco, 7s. 
 " This is a simple tale beautifully told. . . . The power of good and evil influ- 
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 only sure basis of domestic happiness. Truths are inculcated which are sure to 
 leave behind them a more favourable state of mind for practically acknowledging 
 their full power." — John Bull. 
 
 " In the truth of its incidents, and simplicity of its style, it resembles the pro- 
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 " Considered as a religious tale, the story is well contrived, and there is with it a 
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 " "We have met with a gem in this Uttle book." — Liverpool Albion. 
 
 Feriee SacrsB : or, Short Wotes on the Great Festivals. 
 
 I vol. impl. 8vo., with Illuminated Titles and Frontispiece. Price £1. Is. 
 
 With Chants and Hymns appropriate to the several Services. CompUed and 
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 shire. (A few Copies only of this elegant work remain on hand.) 
 
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 the work before us may do something towards bringing about a better state of things, 
 that we commend it to the notice of our readers." — Oxford and Cambridge Re- 
 view. 
 
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 Kothen. Fifth Edition. 
 
 1 vol. Small 8vo. price 5s., with Illustrations. 
 Or elegantly whole bound in Morocco, price 9s. 
 
 " The best book of Eastern Travel that we know." — Examiner. 
 
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 describes, placing it in the happiest relief." — Atfienatum (first notice). 
 
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 " It is novel in all its details." — Britannia. 
 
 " His account is brief, but were volumes written it could not bring the actual 
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 some great touch of nature — some terrible display of truth." — News of the World. 
 
Chollerton. A Tale of our own Times. 
 
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 duced and are judiciously treated in this volume. The conversations are animated and 
 clever — the plot is good — the interest never flags. We venture to predict that itvrill 
 prove one of the most popular volumes of its species." — English Churchman. 
 
 " It is indeed an interesting tale; and we recommend it to our readers." — Oxford 
 Herald. 
 
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 ^ JSoofe for d?iv£=^itie laartiCiS, 
 
 The Council of Four. A Game at " Definitions." 
 
 Edited by ARTHUR WALLBRIDGE, Author of " Torrington Hall." 
 Fourth Edition. Price Is. fid. 
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 " This adds one more to the means of passing an hour or two pleasantly and pro- 
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 path to this new exercise." — Morning Post. 
 
 Personal Recollections of Berlin^ 
 
 By Major Whittingham, C.B., &c. &c. 
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 Rambles in the United States and Canada during the 
 year 18^5a 
 
 WITH A SHORT ACCOUNT OF OREGON. 
 
 By RUBIO. 
 New and cheaper Edition, 1 vol. post 8vo., price 4s. 
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JOHN OLLIVIER, PALL MALL. 
 
 ■A. Grlance of Belgium and the Rhine. 
 
 By Thomas Ramsay, Esq. 
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 " The traveller in Belgium and the cities upon the Rhine will do well to provide 
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 Faust. IL Tragedy. 
 
 By J. W. Von Goethe, with notes, translated by Captain Knox, author of 
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 amongst these are Mr. Hayward and Dr. Anster." — Athencsum. 
 
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 many indelicacies in the original, and given numerous notes in which he displays a 
 store of varied information." — Douglas Jerrold. 
 
 " This is as accurate as any translation in verse of Goethe's chef-d'oeuvre that has 
 appeared, and it may become the most popular as being more easy and flowing." 
 — Spectator, 
 
 A Tour to and from Venice. 
 
 BY LOUISA STUART COSTELLO, 
 Author of "A Summer amongst the Bocages and the Vines," " The Rose Garden of 
 Persia," &c. &c. 
 1 vol. 8vo., price 12s. with Illustrations. 
 
 " A pleasanter book for travellers bound to the North of Italy it would be difficult 
 to lind; it is well got up, and adorned with some good illustrations." — Oxford and 
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 " Succeeding travellers will compare their impressions with hers, and admire her 
 charming manner of imparting impressions of everything striking for its beauty, 
 grace, and grandeur. There are few who may not add to their knowledge by spend- 
 ing a vacant hour over its pages." — Globe. 
 
 " This beautiful volume by Miss Costello comes upon us with a peculiar freshness, 
 and fascinates us as though it were a description of some newly discovered fairy 
 land. The pages sparkle with a most delightful animation, and the narrative is 
 peculiar for its picturesque elegance."— TAe Sun. 
 
 " Few persons have a keener perception of the beauties of nature than this lady, 
 and very few indeed can paint them in words half so well." — Morning Chronicle. 
 
pois) to ^top, antf biihtn to ^top. 
 
 Punctuation Reduced to a System. 
 
 BY WILLIAM DAY. 
 Fifth edition, price Is. Gd. 
 
 " Acute in parts, and useful for more advanced students ; that is, for such as have 
 acquired the principles of EngUsh grammar. Some popular writers whom we could 
 name would do well to spend a week over this volume. In this age the most useful 
 things are often the last to he learned." — AthencBum. 
 
 "The success of this little book is well deserved. It fairly fulfils, within a small 
 space, the promise of its title ; and thus supplies what has long been wanted — a concise 
 and clear exposition of the part home by punctuation in the art of composition." — Olohe. 
 
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 work into their classes. They owe much to his efforts for smoothing this hitherto 
 abstruse part of grammaticalstudy." — Lynn Advertiser. 
 
 The Principles and Practice of Surveying. 
 
 By CHARLES BOURNS, M.I.C.E. 
 Third edition, demy 8vo. with plans and Diagrams, price 15s. 
 
 " This is a truly useful book ; in the second part of it we have good and sound 
 practical instruction on Engineering and other Surveying. * * * We have no 
 hesitation in saying that this work wiU be a complete guide in the hands of the 
 student." * * * — The Builder. 
 
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 the various subjects, it is evident they are founded on good theoretical data, and 
 sound practical knowledge. His practice on field-work and engineering surveying 
 generally, is of itself a volume of instruction to the young practitioner, and, without 
 so entering into abstruse formulae and mathematical calculations, as to make the work 
 puzzling, it contains all that is required to render it, not only a source of instruction, 
 but also a most excellent work of reference." * * * — Mining Journal. 
 
 Algiers the Warlike, and other Poems. 
 
 By JOHN HENRY PRINGLE. 
 1 vol. small 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 "In ' Algiers the Warlike' we find much that is worthy of commendation. It 
 contains many poetic beauties ; and the versification runs in free and unlaboured 
 numbers." — Morning Post. ^ 
 
 " Highly creditable to the taste and talent of its author." — Globe. 
 
 Imaginations and Imitations. 
 
 By Hope. 1 handsome vol. 8vo., price 14s. 
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 meet with poetry that will compensate for the past glories of the Muse, as exhibited 
 by Scott, Byron, Moore, Hemans, and a host of other gifted ones, whose names and 
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 not a few of them genuine poetry, fraught with sentiment, and expressed fehcit- 
 ously." — Felix Farley's Journal, 
 
JOHN OLLIVIER, PALL MALL- 
 
 The War in India. 
 
 DESPATCHES of the Eight Honourable Lieut.-General Viscount HARDINGE, 
 G.C.B., Governor-General of India : the Right Hon. General Lord GOUGH, G.C.B., 
 Commander-in-Chief; Major-General Sir HARRY SMITH, Bart., G.C.B , and other 
 Documents, hitherto unpublished. Comprising the Engagements of Moodkee, 
 Ferozeshah, Aliwal, and Sobraon. With a Map of the Country, and several 
 Plans of the positions of the Army. Second edition, demy 8vo., price 6s. 
 
 The old River : 
 
 ' Or, THE CHRONICLE OF THE RHINE. 
 By CAPTAIN KNOX, Author of " Harry Mowbray," &c. 
 In 1 vol. foolscap 8vo., price 5s. 
 " This is a very lively and pleasant volume. The Author has so much vivacity in 
 manner, and illustrates his ancient lore with so many modern instances, that we 
 enter quite into the spirit of his narrations." — Literary Gazette. 
 
 " The Old River may be read with pleasure on the Rhine, or any other place." — 
 Spectator. 
 
 Facts for Philosophers. 
 
 By ALBERT WILLIAMS, Esq. 
 1 vol. demy 8vo., Price 9s. 
 
 Mesmeric Experiences. 
 
 By Spencek T. Hall, 
 
 Author of " The Forester's Oifering," and " Rambles in the Country." 
 
 Post 8vo., price 2s. 6d. 
 
 " Though strictly philosophical in its principles, and natural in its details, this 
 
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 The Prayer-Book Epistles Paraphrased in Verse. 
 
 By G. V. COX. M.A. Oxford. 
 1 vol. small 8yo. price 2s. 6d. 
 " The author says, in his preface, ' As it is not granted to every one, however desir- 
 ous of doing so, to be able to understand and appreciate Keble's Christian Year, my 
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 Wealth and Want ; 
 
 OR, TAXATION AS INFLUENCING PRIVATE RICHES and PUBLIC 
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 BY DAVID URQUHART, ESQ., M.P. 
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 " The exercise of charity is useless, so long as government will create indigence." — 
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 For the opinions of the press, reference is made to the Sentinel, to an able article 
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 Europe at the opening of the Session of 1847, the Spanish 
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 By DAVID URQUHART, ESQ., M.P. 
 Demy 8vo. , price 3s. paper cover, and 4s. cloth. 
 
NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Change of Air ; Fallacies regarding it. 
 
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 For commendatory notices of this little book the reader is referred to the co- 
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 The Duchy of Sleswic, 
 
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 Light and Darkness ; or, a Reply to *' The Stars and 
 the Earth." 
 
 By the Author of " IMAGINATIONS AND IMITATIONS," 
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 Words and Principles. 
 
 By the Author of " Glen Tillock." 
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 Christendom and Heathendom ; or Sound and Sense. An Al- 
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 By 20*IA ATnOTMENH. 
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 Phrenology : in relation to the Novel, the Criticism, and the 
 
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 The Events of 1848. 
 
 ESPECIALLY IN THEIR RELATION TO GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
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JOHN OLLIVIER, PALL MALL. 
 
 On Sugar Cultivation in Louisiana, Cuba, &c. 
 
 AND THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS. 
 
 With an Examination of the Minutes of Evidence taken be- 
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 European Remodellings ; a Plan with a Variation. 
 
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 Who is to be the Emperor of Germany ? Demy 8vo. price is. 
 
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 Evils of the Policy pursued towards the Church, in Four 
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 Speech of Lord Stanley, February 9, 1849, 
 
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 A Vindication of the Church of Scotland. 
 
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 Archbishop of Canterbury's Letter, the Bishop of Cashel's Letter, and the 
 
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 By The REV. JAMES CHRISTIE, M.A., 
 
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NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
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 OF A "REPOET OF A DEPUTATION INTO ENGLAND IN 1846, FROM 
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 Parochial Papers. 
 
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 Westminster Abbey. 
 
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 What can be done for Church Music. P"ce Cd. 
 
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 A LETTER on the SCEIPTURE PRINCIPLE of CHURCH 
 
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 The Doctrine of the Communion of Saints, 
 
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JOHM OLLIVIER, PALL MALL. 
 
 A Sermon on the Neglect and Apathy of the Public in the 
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 Preached at All Souls Church, Laugham Place. 
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