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 A (th'e Dnko of Cumberland) having the lead, with this magnificent hand, 
 and leading correctly, did not win a single trick. See p. 188, 
 
HOW TO PLAY 
 
 ^W H I S T. 
 
 WITH THE LAWS AND ETIQUETTE OF WHIST, 
 
 WHIST-WHITTLINGS, 
 
 AND 
 
 FORTY FULLY-ANNOTATED GAMES. 
 By "FIVE OF CLUBS" 
 
 (RICHARD A. PROCTOR). 
 
 * 
 
 'Ube pla?, tbe pla'8'S tbe tbing."— Shakespeare. 
 
 LONDON : 
 LOXGMAXS, GKEEN, AND CO. 
 
 AND NEW YORK: 15 EAST 16"" STREET. 
 
 1891. 
 
 (-OUN.I 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 nnHB following chapters on the Theory and Practice 
 -*- of Whist originally appeared in Knowledge, 
 and there had the advantage of the criticisms and 
 suggestions of some of the finest exponents of the 
 game. These criticisms have in many cases led to 
 important modifications and improvements. The 
 treatise has no claim to novelty as regards Whist 
 principles; in factj outside the modem Signalling 
 system and the absolute rejection of the Singleton 
 leadj there is very little difference between the Whist 
 of to-day and the Whist of Hoyle and Matthews. 
 
 The method of presenting the Leads here adopted 
 is much more easily followed than that usually 
 employed. Learners are deterred by the multi- 
 tudinous rules for leading from such and such hands, 
 bat grasp at once the rules for leading such and such 
 cards. The gain in simplicity is great. For instance, 
 there are hundreds of hands from which the Ace is 
 " the correct card •" to play, while there are only two 
 conditions under which Ace should be led origi- 
 nally ; moreover, when these two conditions have 
 been noted, the meaning of an Ace lead is recognised 
 
 a 
 
vl sow TO FLAY WHIST. 
 
 at once. So it is with the two original King leads, 
 the one original Queen lead, and so forth. In less 
 than half an hour, by the method supplied here, the 
 right card to lead and the right meaning of each 
 lead, can be fully learned. I have extended the same 
 method, as far as possible, to play second hand and 
 third hand. 
 
 As regards the general conduct of the game the 
 chief point of novelty in this work is that I have been 
 careful to correct the common error that, because 
 scientific Whist involves the long suit system at 
 starting, therefore the whole play of each hand should 
 proceed on that system. Many of the rules which 
 beginners learn are suitable only for the long suit 
 method; yet there is scarcely one hand in ten in 
 which one side or the other has not to give up (some- 
 times quite early) all idea of bringing in a long suit. 
 If I were asked what I regarded as the most valuable 
 working (Quality in a partner, I should answer — 
 Readiness in determining whether an aggressive 
 game, aiming at the bringing in of a long suit, 
 should be entered on, or a defensive policy pursued. 
 
 With regard to the system of Signalling, I sym- 
 pathise with the objections which have been urged 
 against it by many fine players ; but the system must 
 be learned by all who wish to play Whist successfully. 
 It must be learned for defence if not for attack. A 
 player is not much worse off than his fellows if he 
 determines, and lets the table Tenow he has deter- 
 mined^ never to play the call for Trumps, the Echo, or 
 
FBEFACE. vii 
 
 the Penultimate. He may even safely determine 
 never to respond to the signal^ — indeed with too many 
 partners this is a most necessary precaution. Yet 
 he can never escape the duty of noticing the signal. 
 If he fails to do so, he will ere long find himself 
 forcing the enemy's weak trump hand and omitting 
 to force the strong (mistaking a response to the 
 signal for an original trump lead) or committing some 
 other Whist enormity. But I incline to judge from 
 the objections of Pembridge, Mogul, and other strong 
 players, to the signalling system, that they have not 
 noticed its full meaning. For' they speak of the 
 Echo and Penultimate as if these conventions were 
 seldom available. Especially is the Penultimate of 
 frequent use. Scarcely a hand is played without 
 it. If my partner always leads the lowest but one 
 from a five-card suit (not headed by cards requiring 
 a high card lead), then, if he leads a two, or a card 
 which is shown by the play of the others or by my 
 own hand to be the lowest of his suit, I know that 
 be has not more than three cards left in the suit ; and 
 if the lead is not a forced one, I can infer pretty 
 safely that he has just three left. This may prove 
 most important knowledge, not only by showing the 
 limits of the suit, but by guiding me as to forcing 
 the enemy in that suit. I put myself and my 
 partner at a disadvantage, then, if I fail to observe 
 the Penultimate modern method of play. 
 
 The full importance of the modern system can 
 only be understood when we recognise that :— 
 
viii HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 1- If ) 
 
 2 TJ 1 f ■^^^ ^^^ justifying strength in trumps, 
 
 and at. least one long and strong suit, or you can 
 assist your partner in what he shows to be his long 
 and strong suit, 
 
 r signal ) . , 
 
 ' " . I tor trumps. 
 
 (. do not signal J 
 
 3. If ^ 
 
 yjou have, or had originally, at least 
 
 four trumps, 
 
 f ^^'i*' ) • -1 , • ■. 
 
 < , >- in response either to the signal or to 
 
 your partner's trump lead, 
 
 5. If ■) 
 
 „* ^ , (-you have at least five cards in a suit, 
 
 6. Unless J '' 
 
 play the i , t except where the leading 
 
 cards are such that a high card has to be played. 
 
 But I cannot too carefully warn the learner 
 to be most chary of displaying the Trump signal; 
 and especially to reject, as altogether unsuitable for 
 Jiim, Pole's rule, that you should always signal from 
 five trumps. 
 
 My own experience has been that the various con- 
 ventions, so far from taxing the memory, serve greatly 
 to help it. .This had been already noticed in the 
 case of the customary rules for leading, discarding, 
 returning leads^ and the like. Every act of attention 
 
FREFACE.. ix. 
 
 to a rule helps to record the play in the mind. I 
 cannot, indeed, understand why there should be any 
 more effort in noticing signals than in trying to 
 ascertain in other ways (as by examining your hand 
 at starting) your prospects of success or failure. 
 
 The learner will soon find that at times he must go 
 counter to the customary rules if he would win or 
 save a game. Hand XXVII., p. 158, is a remarkable 
 case in point. Here Mr. Lewis neither led trumps 
 from five, nor Ace from Ace four others in his long 
 plain suit ; because to have followed either rule would 
 have been running counter to the only rule of play 
 which is absolutely general — Plat to Win. 
 
 The forty illustrative games are nearly all from 
 actual play. They are chiefly intended to illustrate 
 Whist principles, the way of forming inferences at 
 .Whist, and so forth. Several are fine examples of 
 Whist strategy, A few have been selected as 
 examples of bad play. They differ from any such 
 series hitherto published in being fully annotated^* 
 and in having the full hand of each player displayed 
 (with score, trump card, &c.), as if set round the 
 Whist Table itself. The games (contributed to 
 Knowledge originally) by Mr. Lewis are particularly 
 valuable. 
 
 * Of the five games given by Prof. Pole, two are unsound, the 
 play approved being bad ; two are merely examples of play from 
 overwhelming strength, and the fifth (and last) is merely a Whist 
 curiosity. 
 
X HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 The Whist Whittlings include Whist stories, 
 maxims, notes, curiosities, and problems. 
 
 To make the work complete, the Laws and 
 Etiquette of Whist are added, and a glossary of 
 Whist Terms in more or less common use. 
 
 FIVE OP CLUBS. 
 
 (Kichaid A. Proctor.) 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Iktrodttctios 1 
 
 Chapter I. The Lead 8 
 
 „ II. Plat Second Band 32 
 
 „ III. Plat Third Hand 48 
 
 „ IV. Plat Fourth Hand 58 
 
 „ v. Eeturning Partner's Lead 63 
 
 „ VI. General Conduct of the Game 67 
 
 „ VII. How TO Plat Trumps .' 76 
 
 „ VIII. Discarding 90 
 
 „ IX. SlONALLINO 93 
 
 „ X. The Last Tricks 100 
 
 Fortt Illustrative Games , 106 
 
 Whist Whittlings 186 
 
 Whist Laws, &c 222 
 
 Etiquette oe Whist 237 
 
 DUMMT , 239 
 
 Glossart op Whist Terms 240 
 
 Solutions to Problems 245 
 
HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 TyCTHIST, properly played, is the finest of all card 
 ' ' games ; perhaps — not even excepting chess — 
 the finest of all sedentary games. But Whist, as it is 
 often played, without any knowledge or appreciation 
 of the real nature of the game, seems to have nothing 
 making it better worth playiug than Pope Joan or 
 Beggar my Neighbour, and to be decidedly inferior to 
 Buchre. There is an intermediate kind of Whist, the 
 game played by persons who have a keen perception 
 of the strategy of the game, but no knowledge of its 
 language, which may be full of interest or full of 
 annoyance, as the cards may happen to lie. To watch 
 a proficient in this kind of Whist, playing a good 
 hand, and ably supported by a steady-going partner 
 who understands his ways, one would say Whist was 
 the most delightful of all games ; but to see him 
 playing an average hand,, 'and to note his wrath 
 when his partner, considering his own hand, fails to 
 play precisely as he wishes, one would say Whist 
 was a rather severe form of punishment. 
 
 E 
 
2 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 The present little treatise on Whist, and the pro- 
 blemSj games, &c., which accompany it, are intended 
 to indicate the nature of the only game of Whist 
 which is worth playing — Whist as a game between 
 two forces, two pairs of partners, each pair having 
 between them twenty-six cards. The game thus 
 played (that is, with constant reference by each 
 j)layer to the fact that he has a partner) may be 
 regarded as a really scientific game. It is often 
 called the book game, theoretical play, and by other 
 names, implying that a fine player need care very 
 little about it. But it is in truth the only common- 
 sense, practically sound form of the game, and no one 
 can be regarded as a really good, still less as a fine 
 player who does not play it. It has, moreover, the 
 additional advantage of being readily learned by those 
 who have not the capacity for really great play ; and 
 when it has been learned, such players, though never 
 brilliant, become good and safe partners. Moreover, 
 by learning the rules of scientific Whist, which seem 
 at first an extra trouble to the memory, the learner 
 finds that his power of remembering the fall of the 
 cards is greatly increased. It is, indeed, the purpose- 
 less nature of ordinary unscientific Whist-play which 
 makes it so difiicult for the bad player to remember 
 what cards have been played, and by whom. So 
 soon as he has adopted" just principles of play, each 
 hand is played according to a plan, the development 
 of which is full of interest, so that the stages are 
 easily remembered. Bach card is played with a 
 
INfBOBTJCTION. 3 
 
 purpose, and, whether the purpose succeed or fail, 
 the result is noted and remembered, whereas, when 
 there is no purpose, the memory has no such aid. 
 
 In the scientific game of Whist you give your 
 partner (always at the beginning,, and almost always 
 throughout the play of the hand) all the information 
 in your power within the rules of the game. Cases 
 may arise towards the end of a hand where it 
 becomes clear that your partner can do nothing, and 
 nothing can be lost by misleading him ; then, and 
 then only, false cards (deceiving him, but deceiving 
 the adversaries also) may be usefully played. To 
 this the objection is repeatedly made — especially by 
 brilliant one-hand players, — "a player has but one 
 partner while he has two adversaries, and by playing 
 so as to give information to one friend he gives in- 
 formation to two enemies, or the harm exceeds the 
 good twofold.^^ The true answer to this objection 
 does not seem to me to have been recognised by 
 Pole, Cavendish, Clay, and other masters of the 
 game, who have yet, of course, known perfectly well 
 from practice that it is advantageous to give your 
 partner all the information in your power. Cavendish 
 says the objection would have considerable force if 
 you were compelled to expose the whole of your hand, 
 but you possess the power of selecting what facts 
 shall be announced and what concealed. Pole says 
 the objection " involves a confusion in reasoning ; for, 
 if the opponents are equally good players, they will 
 adopt the same system, and the positions must be 
 
 B 2 
 
4 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 equal j and if they are not good players, they will be 
 incapable of profiting by the indications you give^ 
 and the whole advantage will rest with you ; " adding 
 that " even good players seldom pay so much heed to 
 their opponents' as to their partners' indications." 
 Pole and Drayson agree in saying that by not giving 
 your partner information, you run the risk of having 
 to fight three opponents single-handed. Clay does 
 not specifically consider the objection. 
 
 The true answer seems to me to be different from 
 any of these. The reply of " Cavendish " implies that 
 you may without disadvantage play false cards in the 
 adversaries' suits : which is not often (though occa- 
 sionally) the case. Pole's reply takes the system for 
 granted, by assuming that good opponents will 
 follow it; and certainly he does not reason soundly 
 in suggesting that even good opponents pay less 
 attention to their opponents' than to their partners' 
 indications. It is also an exaggeration to speak of a 
 partner as becoming a third opponent if not duly 
 informed as to your cards : he may spoil a part of 
 your plans, but cannot play as an opponent through- 
 out, as that seems to imply. (The mischief is bad 
 enough, without exaggeration.) The real reason why 
 information to your pajftner is so important as to 
 outweigh the knowledge given to the adversary, is 
 that it is only by giving him information that your 
 cards can be combined with his in the strategy of the 
 hand. You tell him points about your hand which he 
 can utilise, let the opponents do what they will. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 5 
 
 although, of course, you may also give him informa- 
 tion which he cannot utilise, whether because the 
 adversaries have also learned it or not. Cases of the 
 latter kind count neither one way nor the other ; if 
 you had not suggested such and such a plan he would 
 not have tried it, and when you have told him he has 
 not succeeded ; so that you are none the worse : all 
 the cases of the former kind are so much clear gain. 
 
 Take a familiar instance. I lead Ace, and follow 
 with Queen of my best suit. My partner knows that 
 I have the Knave left, and (if it is an original lead) he 
 has reason to think I also have a small card left. 
 Suppose he has the King in his own hand and a small 
 one left after the first round. Now, according to the 
 state of the score and of his own hand, it may be 
 better to let the trick fall to my Queen, or to take it 
 with his King, leaving me still the command of the 
 suit with my Knave. By my play, showing that I 
 have the Knave, I have left it open to him to do 
 whichsoever of these two things may be best for both 
 of us; and this choice he has, let the opponents act as 
 they please. But suppose that, instead of following 
 the recognised line of play for such cards, I lead the 
 second round with my small card. My partner plays 
 his King, and, let us suppose, wins the trick. He 
 cannot now play as he would (as it might be absolutely 
 essential to success that he should) if he knew that I 
 had the command of the suit. On the contrary, so 
 far as he can understand me at all, he thinks I have 
 three small cards of the suit left, and that probably, 
 
6 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 (it is nearly two to one) the Queen lies with one of the 
 adversaries. His consequent play in this case spoils 
 our common game, whereas in the other case his play 
 advances our common game. In either case it is Ms 
 play^ not the opponents', which affects our combined 
 game for good or for ill. 
 
 In fine, instead of the maxim, '' It is more useful to 
 inform your partner than to deceive your adversary," 
 I would substitute this, — "Your single partner can do 
 more good than both your adversaries can do harm, by 
 utilising information you may give by your play." 
 (Good here includes the avoidance of harm : we might 
 supplement the rule by saying that your partner is 
 likely to do much more mischief through ignorance 
 of your hand, than could be counterpoised by any 
 good which the adversaries might chance to do you.) 
 
 It is the recognition by good players of this rule, 
 as resulting from the general principle that partners 
 should play in harmony and with a common purpose, 
 which has led to the adopted system of Whist strategy. 
 There are commonly more ways than one in which, if 
 the partner's cards were seen, the qualities of the 
 combined hands might be used ; but there is only one 
 system by which, in the actual method of play, your 
 partner can work in harmony with you. That system 
 being adopted, the principles guiding us in the open- 
 ing of a hand, and determining the play of first, 
 second, third, and fourth player, are readily deduced. 
 
 Our books of Whist seem, indeed (and it has always 
 seemed to me a fault in them), to require that the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 learner should know multitudinous rules for leading, 
 and for playing second, third, and fourth; but in 
 reality all these rules depend on two general prin- 
 ciples : — First, to play suits so as to make as many 
 tricks in them as possible, — taking duly into account 
 the chance of their being ruflfed; secondly, to play 
 your best suit so as to get it established as eai-ly as 
 possible, — where there is a chance of bringing it in 
 after trumps are out, or of using it to force out the 
 enemy's trumps. I do not say that the player ought 
 at once to know, from his knowledge of these prin- 
 ciples, his proper course as leader, second, third, or 
 fourth player. He has not time to go through all the 
 considerations involved in applying these principles to 
 particular cases. He must be content, therefore, to 
 retain a number of rules for such cases in his memory. 
 But his memory will be greatly helped, and the 
 number of rules will be greatly diminished, when he 
 recognises the general principles ou which modern 
 Whist-play proceeds. 
 
 I shall now consider the various leads suggested by 
 these principles, the play of second, third, and fourth 
 hand, &c., endeavouring so to treat the matter that 
 the memory may be as much as possible helped to 
 retain the resulting rules, by recognising the string 
 on which these seemingly scattered beads of Whist 
 wisdom are in reality strung. 
 
HOW TO FLAT WHIST. 
 
 CHAPTBE I. 
 THB LEAD. 
 
 GENERAL EEMAKKS ON LEADINQ. 
 
 So soon as we have accepted the general principle 
 that in Whist each player is to consider his partner's 
 hand as well as his own^ and that to make the 
 most of the combined hands each partner must play 
 a game which the other understands, we are at 
 once able to decide on the proper way of conducting 
 Whist strategy. Were it otherwise, the first consi- 
 deration of each player would naturally be the nature 
 of his own hand. He would play so as either to 
 make all his strong cards at once, or to adopt the 
 course which seemed to him best for making them 
 in the long run. . If he had a short suit, he would 
 try to get rid early of the cards of that suit, in order 
 presently to trump the remaining good cards of the 
 suit. And he would play his trumps solely with the 
 object of making as many of them as he could. When 
 every player follows such a course as this, the for- 
 tunes of the different hands run very much as they 
 do with good play, but the game is not Whist. It 
 becomes simply a chance game, each player's suc- 
 cess depending on the number of good cards which 
 happened to fall to his share, or on the fortuitous 
 
THE LEAD. g 
 
 occurrence of short suits with opportunities for trump- 
 ing them. The advantage of the scientific game is 
 that it requires skilful strategy, and calls into action 
 many useful faculties. 
 
 To tell my partner anything about the constitution 
 of my hand, I must in the first place follow a system- 
 atic and generally understood method of selecting a 
 suit to lead from, and, in the second place, I must 
 open in i;he correct way a suit so selected. 
 
 Now, considering first the selection of a suit, we 
 note that there is only one quality which, being com- 
 mon to all hands, can be adopted for systematic 
 guidance. A player tells his partner nothing useful 
 by playing out his good cards, even if he made the 
 best use he could of them for himself by showing 
 them at once. Leading from a short suit again is not 
 only bad in itself — especially the atrocious lead from 
 a single card which weak players aSect, — but it is 
 not a method of leading systematically available, for 
 not every hand possesses a suit of fewer than three 
 cards. But every hand must possess a suit of four 
 cards, at least — that is, a long suit. If, then, for no 
 other reason, still for this, that, by so opening the 
 hand, partner learns that one holds four, at least, of 
 that suit (save in a few exceptional cases), the long 
 suit would be a good one to lead, if that were always 
 understood to be the meaning of the lead. 
 
 But, apart from this, there is a manifest advantage — 
 other things being equal — in leading from the long 
 suit. This suit always has an element of strength, even 
 
ro EOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 thoagli every card be small. Suppose^ for instance, 
 I have 2, '6, 4, 5 of a suit, an opponent has Ace, 
 King, Queen, and the remaining six cards equally 
 divided between the other players. Then (though I 
 by no means advise a lead from 2, 3, 4, 5), if the 
 holder of Ace, King, Queen draw three rounds, I re- 
 main with 5 ; and, when trumps are drawn, that small 
 card, if I get a lead, is as good as a trump ; or, if I 
 obtain a lead before all the trumps are drawn, that 
 small card would either make a trick or draw a trump 
 from the enemy, as well as an Ace or a King. By 
 leading from a long suit, and getting that suit so far 
 exhausted that I have commanding strength in it, I 
 secure an element of strength for my hand which 
 comes next in efficiency to strength in trumps. 
 
 For the double reason, then, first that in that way 
 you can tell your partner the chief constituent of 
 your hand ; secondly, that by so playing you are 
 likely to strengthen your hand, your first lead 
 should be from your longest suit. 
 
 Of course, this rule, like all rules relating to a game 
 so varied and complex as Whist, is not without ex- 
 ceptions. 
 
 I showed just now that a hand of four very small 
 cards has a certain element of strength, which is want- 
 ing in a suit of the three highest cards ; yet the latter 
 has, of course, the greater strength. If you have two 
 suits thus constituted, one long, but very weak, the 
 other a three-card suit of good strength so far as the 
 individual cards are concerned, you would be show- 
 
TRE LEAD. 1 1 
 
 ing your partner best the chief constituent of your 
 hand by leading from the shorter but strong suit, 
 than by leading from the other. But a three-card 
 suit must be very strong, or a four-card suit very 
 ■weak, for the former to be preferred in this way. 
 There are several reasons for this, besides tbe general 
 reason that long-suit leads, followed systematically, 
 instruct the partner best. A suit which is short with 
 you is likely to be long with one or another of your 
 opponents ; and, if so, you are playing their game 
 by leading it. Again, commanding cards of a short 
 suit are more useful as cards of re-entry, that is to 
 give you a lead later in the game, than they can pos- 
 sibly be if used early in the play of the hand. If 
 your long suit is very weak, your partner will very 
 soon find that to be the case, and, by showing you 
 where his strength lies, can serve your game, as a 
 rule, better than you can serve his by opening a 
 three-card suit, unless it be of absolutely command- 
 ing strength. 
 
 When, having the original or first lead, we are 
 obliged to lead from a short suit, or when we have 
 four trumps not very strong, and three of each of the 
 other suits, we should, in general, select that suit 
 which is least likely to injure our partner or to benefit 
 the adversary. Of course, if your best short suit is 
 very strong, as Ace King Queen, Ace Queen Knave, 
 Ace King Knave, or the like, you lead as from 
 strength. Again, if you have to lead from Ace, or 
 King, or Queen, and two small ones, you lead the 
 
12 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. ^ 
 
 smulleafcj so as not to throw away the command of 
 the suit. You. suggest, indeed, to your partner that 
 you have led from numerical strength ; but that is 
 the misfortune of your position. It is better to do 
 that than to give up the command in what may be a 
 strong suit of one of the adversaries. When you 
 have Knave and two small ones, you should lead 
 Knave ; because the card cannot help you against 
 strength held by the adversary, and if your partner 
 is strong it may help him. 
 
 But your best way of helping your partner, when 
 you are obliged to lead from a short suit originally, 
 is to play from a suit in which you have a strong 
 sequence, — such as Queen, Knave, ten ; or Queen, 
 Knave, and another; or Knave, ten, and another. 
 By leading the highest from such a sequence, you 
 help your partner if he is strong in the suit, without 
 materially weakening yourself if the enemy should 
 be strong in it. Next to such hands come hands in 
 which you have two honours and a small one. The 
 proper leads from three-card suits, as well as from 
 long suits, will be considered in detail later. 
 
 In considering thus far the lead from a suit of three 
 cards, we have dealt with the original lead. If you 
 have not the original lead, then, even though only 
 a single round has been played, you can generally 
 form some idea of the suit you should select from 
 among three weak non-trump suits. Thus, if your, 
 partner has led, and you have taken the trick, you 
 should of course retura his lead. Leading any other 
 
TSB LEAD. 13 
 
 suit would imply that you had considerable strength 
 in that suit, and certainly length in it. 
 
 It can scarcely ever be advisable, no matter how 
 your hand is constituted, to lead from Ace, King, or 
 Queen, and one other. To lead from Ace King, or 
 King Queen, or Queen Knave, alone, may, in certain 
 cases (never as an original lead), be better than lead- 
 ing from a weak three-card suit. But in most cases 
 of that kind it is better to lead from your four-card 
 trump suit, even though it be weak. 
 
 If you are fourth in hand, it is seldom right to 
 lead from the suit opened by your left-hand adversary : 
 unless, indeed, you took the trick very cheaply, or the 
 fall of the cards in the first round showed that he is 
 not very strong in that suit, in which case, by lead- 
 ing through him, you put him at a disadvantage. 
 Many players seem- to think that the excellent general 
 rule, lead through strength (that is, lead a suit in 
 which yonr left-hand adversary has high cards) is a 
 rule to be universally followed, when you have no good 
 suit of your own and do not know which is your 
 partner's best suit. But if your left-hand adversary 
 leads from a suit both strong and long, and you, 
 making first trick, lead through him in that suit, 
 you are simply playing his game. Of the other 
 two suits (outside trumps), you select that which you 
 can lead with least chance of aiding the adversaries. 
 If it is a short suit, you should generally play the 
 best of the suit : it is an even chance that your 
 partner ie strong in it. 
 
14 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 If you are second player, and take the first trick; 
 you can hardly go wrong. Leading the suit your 
 right-hand adversary had led would be doubly dis- 
 advantageous : you would be probably leading up to 
 strength, and certainly helping to establish his suit. 
 Of the other two suits, outside trumps, you select the 
 best, and, if short in it, play the card most likely to 
 help your partner. If you have thus led from a short 
 suit, in which your left-hand adversary is strong, you 
 at any rate lead through his strength. If your high 
 card makes, and you then play a low one, your 
 partner knows you have led from a short suit (or 
 that you have made a forced lead), and infers that 
 either you have four trumps, and no other four-card 
 suit, or that your only four-card suit is very weak. 
 His own hand will help to show which of the two 
 explanations is the more probable. 
 
 With a five-card suit, however small the individual 
 cards, it is seldom wrotg to lead from the long suit, 
 if you have good cards of re-entry. Cavendish, in 
 his " Card Essays,'' says that the long suit should 
 be led from, even with such a hand as this ; — Ace, 
 King, Queen of Spades ; eight of Clubs ; Ace, King, 
 Queen, and three of Diamonds (trumps) ; nine, eight, 
 six, four, three of Hearts, 
 
 The customary way of treating leads at Whist is 
 found perplexing by beginners. A number of suits 
 are considered, and the proper lead from each is in- 
 dicated, with perhaps the play second round ; until 
 the learner wonders how much he is expected to 
 
THE LEAD. 
 
 IS 
 
 remember of what appears to him a perfectly hetero- 
 geneous collection of rules. Thus, take Captain 
 Campbell Walker's very useful book, " The Correct 
 Card." In this there are 36 cases of suits headed by 
 an Ace, with the play for each; 18 cases of suits 
 headed by King ; 7 of suits headed by Queen ; 9 of 
 suits headed by Knave ; 4 of suits headed by ten ; 
 and two of suits headed by a small card. In all, 76 
 cases are considered. The natural idea of the learner 
 is that he ought to commit to memory all these 76 
 cases, with the exceptions noted in nineteen notes, 
 before he can lead properly ; while, after that, he 
 will have to learn an equally voluminous series of 
 rales for play second hand, third hand, and fourth 
 hand. He naturally despairs of accomplishing this 
 without giving much more time to the matter than 
 the game, good though it is, seems worth. 
 
 But even when the learner has committed all these 
 rules to memory, he still finds that there is some- 
 thing, — embodied, indeed, in them, but not obviously 
 expressed by them, — which it is absolutely essential 
 that he should grasp. He requires to know not only 
 what he should lead from a given suit, but what each 
 lead means. 
 
 Now, it does not seem to have been noticed by 
 writers on Whist that by beginning at the other 
 end they get rules much more easily remembered, 
 because at once made practically available, and also 
 much fewer in number. In point of fact, the rules 
 ■which seem without system have a system at the back 
 
l6 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 of them, and this system is at once displayed when 
 we reverse the usual method of presenting the rules 
 for leading, and begin by asking what particular 
 leads may mean. Afterwards, if we have plenty of 
 time to Waste, we may collect together a few hundreds 
 of such rules and exceptions as appear in Captain 
 Walker's book. 
 
 WHEN TO LE4D AN AOE. 
 
 We begin, then, by considering, not the multi- 
 tudinous leads from suits headed by an Ace, but 
 from what suits, containing an Ace, the Ace should 
 be led. It will be seen that there are only a few 
 cases in which Ace is led, and these easily remem- 
 bered ; and also that, once we know when an Ace 
 should be led, we know what the Ace lead means. 
 
 When, then, should an Ace be led ? 
 
 From long suits, and from suits of not less than 
 three, Ace is only led : — 
 
 (1) from Ace and four or more others (not - inclading 
 Ki»g). 
 
 (2) from Ace, Queen, Knave, with or without 
 others. 
 
 From suits of two cards (which it can hardly ever 
 be right to open — and never as an original lead) 
 containing an Ace, Ace is always led. 
 
 From long suits, then, or suits of three, which only 
 are in question in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, 
 there are only two cases to be considered. 
 
 The play second round, supposing the Ace not 
 
THE LEAD. - 17 
 
 trumped, will show from what sort of suit the Aco 
 was led. For, 
 
 (1) If Ace is led from Ace, four small ones, or 
 more, a small card is led second round. 
 
 (2) If Ace is led from Ace, Queen, Knave, and 
 others, either the Queen or the Knave is played 
 second round, — the Queen, if the suit did not origin- 
 ally contain more than four cards, the Knave if it did. 
 
 Thus, when your partner leads an Ace, you know 
 at once that he has not the King. If you have the 
 Queen or the Knave, you know he has not led from 
 Ace, Queen, Knave, and therefore that he has four 
 more cards in the suit. 
 
 If the lead is not an original lead, and the play 
 has given reason to believe that your partner has 
 been driven to a forced lead, the Ace may have been 
 led from Ace and another. , This seldom happens, 
 but when it does the previous circumstances of the 
 play, and what follows the forced lead (together with 
 the study of your own hand), will almost always 
 show you that the lead has not been from strength. 
 
 We may note, in passing, that on the Continent, 
 Ace is led from Ace and three others (not including 
 King), though the laws of probability point to the 
 play as not the best. It is well to remember, how- 
 ever, when playing with Continental players^ that this 
 is the rule with them. 
 
 An exceptional case, when Ace is led from Ace, 
 King, and others, is considered, under the next 
 heading. 
 
 c 
 
, i8 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 WHEN TO LEAD KING (PLAIN SUITs). 
 
 From a long suit, or from a suit of three at least. 
 King is only led under two conditions, viz : — 
 
 (1) From Ace, King, and others. 
 
 (2) Prom King, Queen, and others. 
 
 In the case of a forced lead from King and one other, 
 the King is always led. 
 
 In case (1), follow the King with the Ace, unless you 
 hold Ace, King, Queen, in which case play Queen 
 second round. In case (2), if your King wins, lead a 
 small one, unless you hold Knave also, when follow 
 with Queen, or Knave, according as you held four, 
 or more, originally. 
 
 Young players, when corrected for leading Ace 
 from Ace, King, and others, ask, what difference it can 
 make, seeing that bo,th cards are of equal strength. 
 To this they add sometimes that, as it is a recognised 
 rule to lead the highest of a sequence (following suit 
 with the lowest), there seems a disadvantage in 
 making what appears like an unnecessary exception. 
 
 So far as making the strong cards of your suit is 
 concerned, it is a matter of indifference whether you 
 lead Ace or King. But if you follow the rule of 
 leading King from King, Ace and others', you enable 
 your partner to understand you better. You make 
 your Ace leads more intelligible. If you led Ace 
 uniformly from Ace King, an Ace lead might mean 
 any of tliree things : (i.) Ace four or more, (ii.) Ace, 
 Queen, Knave, with or without others, and (iii.) Ace, 
 
TMB LEAD. 
 
 ig> 
 
 King, and others. Your partner would often he in 
 doubt which of the three you led from ; whereas he 
 can scarcely ever be in doubt which of the two 
 ordinary cases is in question, even though you should 
 be unable to follow up your lead. 
 
 As for the lead of King from Ace, King, and others 
 being an exception to the useful general rule, " lead 
 the highest from a sequence," the point is of no 
 importance; for the exception is not one that can 
 ever cause any confusion. In fact, it is becoming a 
 recognised Whist principle, that one of the great uses 
 of general rules is that they afford an opportunity for 
 giving your partner information by departing from 
 them in certain recognised cases. Of this we saw an 
 example in the lead second round from Ace, Queen, 
 Knave, with or without others (p. 17, 11. 4-7). After 
 winning with the Ace, the Queen would be the proper 
 lead, if we followed the general rule of leading the 
 highest of a sequence. When the original suit is 
 only of moderate length (three or four), the Queen is 
 ledj but when the suit is of more' than average 
 length (five or more), we depart from the rule, and 
 lead Knave second round. Thus, whether we follow 
 the general rule, or depart from it, we give our 
 partner information, yet without in any way affecting 
 the strength of our suit. 
 
 There is one case, and one only, in which from 
 Ace, King, and others. Ace should be led : — 
 
 If, before getting the lead, you have trumped in 
 one suit, and should then lead King of another suit, 
 
 2 
 
20 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 your partner, if he had no cards in the suit (a con- 
 tingency always to be considered) might see an 
 opportunity of establishing a cross ruff or see-saw, 
 by which, perhaps, four or five tricks might be made. 
 He would, therefore, trump your King, considering 
 that Ace might lie with fourth player, and lead the 
 suit which you had trumped. To avoid this, you lead 
 in such a case your Ace first, then your "King. 
 
 When a King has been led first round, your partner 
 knows from the way the cards fall whether the lead 
 was from Ace, King, and others, or from King, 
 Queen, and others. If you have led from King, 
 Queen, one of the opponents will genially cover 
 your King with Ace.' If neither plays the Ace, your 
 partner may be almost certain you hold it. But as a 
 matter of fact, no one at the table remains in doubt 
 about the meaning of a King lead, unless the King is 
 trumped, or the play shows that there will be a ruff next 
 round. For if the King makes. Ace usually follows at 
 once if the lead was from Ace, Kingj and a small card 
 if the lead was from King, Queen (in which case 
 — the first round having passed — the Ace is usually 
 with partner) : for it is generally bad play to pass an 
 opponent's King if you hold the Ace. ' 
 
 Thus, just as when the Ace is led (in any case 
 except that of a forced lead), the second round at 
 once shows which ' of the two ' suits has been 
 opened from which Ace should be led; so is it 
 when a King is led: we can always tell from the 
 second round at latest what suit has been led 
 
THE LEAD. .21 
 
 from — Ace, King, and others, or King, Queen and 
 others. 
 
 There is one exception — very seldom advisable in 
 plain suits — viz., when the King is led from Ace, 
 King, Knave, with or without others. Then leader 
 sometimes changes suit, that he may be led up to and 
 finesse with the Knave. 
 
 WHEN TO LEAD QUEEN (PLAIN SUITs). 
 
 The Queen is led from a long suit, or from a suit 
 of three at least, only in the following cases : — 
 
 (1) Queen, Knave, ten, with or without small 
 
 ones. 
 
 (2) Queen, Knave, and one small one. 
 
 In the case of a forced lead from Queen and one 
 other, the Queen is always led. 
 
 After Queen from suit (1), Knave is led, if there is 
 only one card, or none, below the ten ; ten if there are 
 more. 
 
 WHEN TO LEAD KNAVE (PLAIN SUITS). 
 
 The Knave is led from a long suit, or from a suit 
 of three at least, only in the following cases : — 
 
 (1) King, Queen, Knave, and not less than 
 
 two Others (not including ten). 
 
 (2) Knave, ten, nine, with or without others, 
 
 (3) Knave, and two others, 
 
 ' In the case of a forced lead from Knave and one 
 jother. Knave is always led. 
 
22 SOW TO FLAY WEIST. 
 
 After Knave from suit (1), King is led whether 
 Ace has fallen or not ; from suit (2), ten is led if there 
 is only one card, or none below the nine; nine, pr 
 lowest of head sequence, if there are more. 
 
 WHEN TO LEAD TEN (PLAIN SUITS). 
 
 The ten is led from a long suit, or a suit of three,^ 
 only in the following cases : — 
 
 (1) King, Queen, Knave, ten, with or without 
 
 others (not including nine). 
 
 (2) King, Knave, ten, with or without others. 
 
 (3) Ten, nine, eight, seven, 
 
 (4) Ten, two others. 
 
 After leading ten from (1), follow with King, if 
 you have no small cards, otherwise with Knave; 
 if ten, led from (2) should win, lead a small one, if 
 you have one, otherwise wait to be led through; 
 after ten from (3), lead nine; after ten from (4), 
 lead highest left. 
 
 WHEN TO LEAD NINE (PLAIN SUITS). 
 
 Lead nine from four-card or three-card suit, only 
 in the following cases : — 
 
 (1) King, Knave, ten, nine, with or withoulb 
 
 small ones (not including eight). 
 
 (2) Nine, eight, seven, six. 
 
 (3) Nine, and two others. 
 
 WHEN TO LEAD A SMALL CARD (PLAlN SUITS). 
 
 A small card is led from Ace, two or three small 
 ones (except by Continental players, who lead Ace, aS 
 
THE LEAD. 23 
 
 already mentioned, from Ace tHree small ones); from 
 King and others, not including Queen ; from Queen, 
 Knave, and small ones (two or more) ; from Queen or 
 Knave and small ones ; from ten and small ones 
 (three at least); from a suit of four small ones, when 
 the lowest is played ; and from a suit of fewer than 
 fom* small ones (a forced lead), when, tlie highest is 
 played. 
 
 WHEN TO LEAD LOWEST BUT ONE. 
 
 Prom a suit of five cards or more, not headed by 
 the Ace, the lowest but one is played. This lead is 
 called the Penultimate. 
 
 [Some add to this the Ante-penultimate lead, or 
 lowest but two from six or more.] 
 
 ADDENDUM TO PLAIN SUIT LEADS. 
 
 The leads above considered are supposed to be 
 either original leads from long or strong suits, or 
 forced leads with no knowledge of your partner's 
 strength in the suit led. In every case of a forced 
 lead from a short suit, where you have reason to 
 believe that your partner has strength in the suit, the 
 highest is played, so that from Ace two others you 
 lead Ace in this case, following with the next highest. 
 Similarly, from King two others you play King, then 
 next highest; from Queen two others. Queen, then 
 next highest ; from Knave two others. Knave, then 
 next highest. This last is the constant lead from 
 Knave two others (so from ton two others, you play 
 
24 BOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 ten, then next highest): when your partner has not- 
 indicated strength, there is some use in leading 
 lowest from Ace two others, King two others, or 
 Queen two others ; but manifestly keeping back the 
 Knave or ten (with two others) can be of no use to 
 you, while playing it may help your partner. 
 
 THE LEAD IN TRUMPS. 
 
 The lead. in trumps differs in one important respect 
 from the lead in plain suits, — there is no fear that a 
 good card will be lost, if kept back, by being trumped. 
 We can, therefore, play with safety a waiting game ; 
 indeed, it is often advantageous to do so, because so 
 much often depends on winning the last round in 
 trumps.* Another difference between trump cards and 
 others arises from the circumstance that you need not 
 so carefully indicate your strength by playing an ob- 
 viously winning card ; for there is no possibility of 
 your partner hurting you by trumping a card which 
 he may mistake for a losing one. The chief varia- 
 tions of the trump lead from a lead in plain suits 
 depend on these considerations — principally on the 
 former. 
 
 Thus, in tramps, from Ace, King, and not more 
 than five others, a small card should be played ; this 
 
 * We do not mean simply having the last winning trump, for 
 this may be left in and the opponents' strong suits yet played out 
 to the bitter end ; but winning the last round of trumps, so as to 
 be able to bring in a strong suit either of your own or your 
 partner^. 
 
THU LEAD 
 
 25 
 
 insures the numerical command in trumps if you 
 have five others, and is the best way towards ob- 
 taining it if you have less than five. Besides, by , 
 this course you give your partner a good chance of 
 winning the first trick. Of course, if you have six 
 small ones besides Ace and King, you have the 
 numerical command, even if all the rema.ining trumps 
 are in one hand; you therefore play King, then 
 Ace. 
 
 Again, from Ace, King, Queen, alone, in plain suits, 
 you lead King, then Queen. In trumps, having no 
 fear that Queen will be lost, you lead Queen first, 
 then King. So with Ace, King, Queen, Knave, you 
 lead King first in plain suits ; in trumps you lead the 
 lowest of the sequence, the Knave. 
 
 Again, in plain suits from Ace and four or more 
 others, not including King, yon lead Ace, because 
 of the risk that in the second round it might be 
 trumped. Having no such fear in the trump suit, 
 you lead the smallest but one, unless you have at least 
 six small ones, in which case, being sure of the 
 numerical command, you lead Ace. ' 
 
 In trumps from King, Queen, and two or more 
 small ones, a small card is led, instead of the King, as 
 in plain suits ; but with more ' than five small ones, 
 begin with King. 
 
 Some trump leads differ from plain suit leads and 
 ordinary trump leads, on account of the trump card 
 being of a particular value. Thus, from Ace, Knave, 
 ten and nine, the nine would be led in plain suits ; 
 
26 sow TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 so, also, nine would be led in trumps, unless Queen is 
 turned up on the left, when Ace should be played. 
 Again, from King, Knave, two or m9re small ones, 
 the lowest is led in plain suits, and ordinarily in 
 trumps; but if ten is turned up to the right, the 
 Knave is led. In trumps, from Knave, ten, eight, 
 with one or more small ones, lead the lowest, as in 
 plain suits, unless nine is turned up on your right, 
 when lead Knave. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF LEADS. 
 
 It may now be convenient to sum up the various 
 leads, in such a form that they can be readily studied 
 at a glance and easily remembered. We would 
 invite those who have tried to retain in their recol-, 
 lection the multitudinous leads given in the books 
 heretofore published, to note how simple the Whist, 
 leads are when viewed as we have presented them. 
 We venture to say — indeed we hnow, having tested 
 the matter — that a more perfect knowledge of the 
 leads at Whist can be gained in a week by considering 
 when to lead Ace, King, Queen, and so forth, than, 
 in two months at least by the usual method of con- 
 sidering, what card to lead from each of the numerous 
 combinations which the cards may present. More- 
 over it is found in practice that a learner who has 
 followed our method at once picks up the habit of 
 interpreting the leads of others, whereas one who 
 lias followed the other Biethod is often a long time in 
 passing from a knowledge of what he should lead tQ 
 
THE LEAD. 2/ 
 
 the ready recognition (instant recognition, it should 
 be, after a little practice) of the meaning of any 
 given lead. 
 
 LEADS IN PLAIN SUITS. 
 
 Lead Ace, from Ace, with four or more others, not 
 including King; from Ace, Queen, Knave, with or 
 without others ; from Ace, two others (not including 
 King), if you have reason to believe that your 
 partner has strength in the suit ; and from Ace one 
 other, whatever this other may be. The last two 
 cases are, of course, forced leads. 
 
 After leading Ace, from Ace four or more, follow* 
 with lowest (unless you adopt Drayson's plan of fol- 
 lowing with lowest but one if there are more than 
 four others). After leading Ace from Ace, Queen, 
 Knave, follow with Qneen if you have not more than 
 one small one of the suit, otherwise follow with 
 Knave. When you lead Ace from Ace two others 
 (forced lead) follow with highest. Lead Ace from 
 Ace,' King, and others, when you have tramped 
 another suit, lest your partner should tramp your 
 King to establish a cross ruff. 
 
 Lead King, from Ace, King, and others; from 
 King, Queen, and others (unless these others, being 
 more than two, include the Knave) ; from King two 
 
 * When vre thug speak of second round, we do not wish the 
 reader to forget that the first round may show it to be unadvisable 
 to continue the suit ; it may seem better to leave your own suit 
 and le^d your partner's, or to lead trumps, &c. 
 
28 JIOW TO FLAY TKEIST, 
 
 others (forced lead), if you have, reason to believe that 
 your partner has strength in the suit ; and from 
 King one other (forced lead) whatever . tha;t other 
 may be. 
 
 After leading King from Ace, King, and others, 
 follow with Ace, unless you hold Queen, in which 
 case follow with Queen, or unless you hold Knave, 
 in which case you may sometimes (if the state of 
 the score seems to render it advisable) change suit, 
 that you may be led up to and Unesse the Knave. 
 After leading King from King, Queen, and others, if 
 King makes, follow with small one, unless, you hold 
 Knave also, when follow with Queen (not with small 
 one, because Ace may have been held up). When you 
 lead King from King two others (forced lead) follow 
 with highest if King makes. 
 
 Lead Queen from Queen, Knave, ten, with or 
 without others ; from Queen, Knave, and one small 
 one (forced lead) ; from Queen two others, not includ- 
 ing Knave (forced, lead), only if you have reason to 
 believe that your partner has strength in the suit ; 
 and from Queen and another (forced lead) whatever 
 that other may be. 
 
 After leading Queen from Queen, Knave, ten, 
 follow with Knave, unless you have five or more, 
 when follow with lowest of the Queen, Knave, ten 
 sequence. After forced lead from Queen two others, 
 if Queen makes, follow with highest. 
 
 Lead Knave from King, Queen, Knave, and not 
 less than two others (not including ten) ; from 
 
THIS LEAR ' 29 
 
 Knave, ten, nine, witli' or without others; from 
 Knave and two others (forced lead), and from 
 Knave one other (forced lead). 
 
 After leading Knave from King, Queen, Knave, 
 &c., follow with King if you have two small ones, 
 with Queen if you have more. After leading Knave 
 from Knave^ ten, nine, lead ten if there is only one 
 card below the nine, the nine if there are more. 
 After leading Knave from Knave two others, what- 
 ever they may be, follow with highest. 
 
 Lead ten from King, Qiieen, Knave, ten, with or 
 without others ; from King, Knave, ten, with or 
 without others; from ten, nine, eight, seven; from 
 ten two others, or ten one other (forced leads). 
 After leading ten from King, Queen, Knave, ten, 
 follow with King if you have no small card, other- 
 wise with Knave. After ten from King, Knave, ten, 
 play a small one if ten makes. After forced lead of 
 ten play your highest. 
 
 Lead nine from King, Knave, ten, nine ; and in 
 case of forced lead, from nine two others. 
 
 Lead a small card from all suits not considered in 
 the above synopsis. Lead the lowest from four 
 cards, the lowest but one from five or more (the 
 lowest but two from six or more, if you care to 
 adopt Drayson's rule) ; the highest from three or 
 two small cards. 
 
 Note that it can scarcely ever happen that playing 
 the lowest but one or two for the purpose of indica- 
 ting length, can be mistaken by your partner for 
 
30 HOW TO FLAY WHIST. 
 
 a forced lead from two or three small cards, or 
 vice versa. 
 
 We have already considered concisely, yet fully, 
 the distinction between trump leads and leads from 
 plain suits. 
 
 Observe that, short as the above synopsis seems, 
 considering the multiplicity of Whist leads as usually 
 presented, it would be very much shorter if it dealt 
 only with original leads. For these one may say 
 that all the beginner need learn is summed up in the 
 following : — 
 
 Lead Ace from Ace and four others, following 
 with small one ; and from Ace, Queen, Knave, with 
 or without others, following with Queen, if you have 
 not more than one small one, otherwise with Knave. 
 Lead King from Ace, King and others, following 
 with Ace ; and from King, Queen, and others, 
 following with small one. Lead Queen from Queen, 
 Knave, ten, following with Knave, unless you have 
 five or more, when play lowest of head sequence. 
 Lead Knave from King, Queen, Knave, and two 
 or more, from Knave, ten, nine, with or without 
 small ones. Lead ten from King, Queen, Knave, 
 ten, and from King, Knave, ten, with or without 
 others. Lead nine from King, Knave, ten, nine. 
 In other cases lead a low one, the lowest if you have 
 only four cards, the lowest but one if you have 
 more. 
 
 Let the learner combine with this the general 
 rule, that if he is obliged to lead from a weak suit. 
 
THBLMAD. 31 
 
 he always plays the best card of it, unless he has 
 either Ace, King, or Queen, with two small ones. 
 He now knows nearly all that he need know about 
 leading from plain suits. All that he need at first 
 notice about leading from trumps, is, that he can 
 more safely play a waiting game in that suit, as his 
 good cards in it cannot be lost by trumping ; also 
 that he must consider the trump card. The play in 
 trumps is also apt to be modified by considerations 
 depending on the state of the score, the position of 
 the cards in other hands, and so forth. 
 
32 HOW TO PLAY WSIST. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 I-LAY SECOND SAND. 
 
 GENERAL EHMAEKS, 
 
 Theee are few points wliicli distinguislh. more 
 thoroughly the good from the inferior Whist-player, 
 than the play second hand. I am not, of course, 
 referring to players so inexperienced as to know no 
 other rule than " second hand play low " : nor are 
 the rules for play second hand, at least in the opening 
 rounds of a game, less definite than those for leading. 
 But somehow it happens that many players who very 
 seldom lead unwisely, who know well when to play 
 highest and when to finesse third in hand, and when 
 it is essential to success to win partner's trick fourth 
 hand, are apt to trust, second hand, to chances which 
 are demonstrably against them. Given, for instance, 
 an original lead of a small card (plain suit), second 
 player with Queen and a small one (and no special 
 reason for risking something to get a lead), how often 
 do we see the Queen played, though it is known that, 
 in the greater number of cases, the card is thus 
 thrown away. Of course, the play often steals a 
 trick. Perhaps in two cases out of five it may do 
 so, but it is bad, because in a greater number of cases 
 it fails j and in every case it suggests for a while to 
 
PLAY SECOND HAND. 
 
 33 
 
 partner ttat you held either the Queen alone^ or King, 
 Queen, and a small one. So in other cases which 
 might be cited. 
 
 The rules for play second hand are in reality 
 sufficiently simple, though here, as in the case of the 
 lead, they seem multitudinous. 
 
 We note, first, that in general a low card is to be 
 played second hand ; for, in the first place, the suit is 
 presumably your adversaries', and it is well to keep 
 the commanding cards of their suit ; and,, in the 
 second place, your partner lies at an advantage over 
 third player, who ordinarily must play his highest, 
 lest the trick should fall an easy prey to your partner. 
 By playing high second hand you waste a good card, 
 whether third hand takes the trick or your partner; 
 you are rather worse off too, if, though you take the 
 trick, partner could have won it had you left it to 
 him ; for when the suit is returned, the lead will be 
 through your partner's strength to your hand, 
 weakened by the loss of its best card in the suit. 
 You only gain if it so chances that neither third hand 
 nor your partner has a better card ; and it is unwise 
 to play for only one among several chances. 
 
 Yet, still supposing the suit your adversaries', and 
 that you have originally not more than three cards, it 
 may happen that a high card should be played. 
 Thus, if you have Ace, King, one or more small ones ; 
 King, Queen, and one or more small ones; Queen, 
 Knave, and one small one ; Knave, ten, and one small 
 one ; or ten, nine, and one small one j play the lowest 
 
 D 
 
34 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 of the sequence. In the first ease^ you win the trick 
 and still have the commanding card of the suits ; im the 
 other cases, if you do not win the trick, you avoid the 
 risk of its being taken with a low card by third in 
 band, or your partner compelled to play a very high 
 card. 
 
 Again, if a high card is led, arnd you hold a higher 
 card and one or two small ones, it is generally best to 
 cover. If third in hand take the trick, two good 
 cards have fallen from the enemy to make one trick.. 
 
 We must now, however, enter upom the discus- 
 sion of the play second hand in detail. We shall 
 endeavour (though the task is not so easy as in th©; 
 case of the lead) to reduce the play to system, instead 
 of presenting some i'orty or fifty rules, as has usually 
 been done. 
 
 It is not easy to systematise the play second hand, 
 like the leads. To begin with, the lead is always 
 guided by one of two considerations ; it is either 
 from siirength, or, when from weakness, it is played 
 to help partner as much as may be. In most cases it 
 is from strength, and there can then be no question 
 as to the card to be played, and very little as to the 
 meaning of a card which has been played. But the 
 second player may have strength or weakness, or 
 neither strength nor weakness, in the suit led, and his 
 play thus depends on a greater possible variety of 
 positions. Then, again, it depends on the lead; so 
 that we cannot say, as we can in the case of the lead, 
 Bueh and such a card means such and such a suit, but 
 
FLAY SECOND HAND.. 35 
 
 must take into- account the card led in tie suit. It 
 thus becomes impossible to present anything like such 
 simple rules, either for playing second hand, or for 
 the interpretation of th« play second hand, as in the 
 case of the lead. 
 
 To proceed systematically, let us consider the leads 
 as presented in the preceding chapter and the cor- 
 responding play of second hand. Fortunately we 
 can dismiss a number of cases very quickly. 
 
 plat second hand when ace, king, oe. queen is led 
 (plain suits). 
 
 When Ace is led, of course, second hand has only 
 to play his lowest, unless he wishes to signal;, when he 
 plays his lowest but one. When King is led, second 
 player, if he holds Ace, puts it on {" covers," is the 
 technical expression)', otherwise plays his lowest, 
 unless to signal — a case we shall not hereafter specially 
 refer to. When Queen is led, we know that the 
 leader does not hold Ace or Qtie^, and, unless the 
 lead is from a weak suit (a forced lead), that he does 
 hold both Knave and ten. If second hand holds 
 both Ace and King, he wouH, of course, play the 
 King. If, of these two cards, he holds Ace and 
 others, whether long or short in the suit, he plays the 
 Ace. If he holds King- and others,' his play will 
 depend on his strength in the suit ; if shore in the 
 suit, it is better to cover ; if long, to pass the Queen, 
 playing, in fact, on the same principles which guide 
 in leading from weakness on the one hand and feom 
 
 D 2 
 
36 EOW TO PI AT WmST. 
 
 strength on the other, The play second hand, when 
 Queen is led, depends on the consideration that, if Ace 
 is held by third hand, it will not be played unless 
 King is played second hand, when, of course, it will 
 be played by third hand. Now, if third player 
 holds Ace, and second player having King is short ia 
 the suit, he can gain nothing by failing to cover. 
 Leader will know Ace lies with third player, and will 
 lead again (the lowest of his head sequence) when the 
 King, if again kept back, will be unguarded, so that 
 a third round will cause the King to fall to the 
 Ace. If, however, the suit is long, this danger does 
 not exist, and there is a greater probability that Ace 
 will fall or the suit be ruffed early. On the other 
 hand, if fourth player has Ace, it is still second player's 
 ipterest to keep back the King if he is long in the 
 suit. His partner will take the trick with the Ace, 
 and whether second round is led by original leader or 
 his partner, the king will capture another card of the 
 head sequence, with good chance that the last will be 
 played third round, If, however, second player was 
 short in the suit, of course he gains nothing by thus 
 clearing jt : it is best for him, therefore, to cover with 
 King second round, even if his partner holds the Ace. 
 When Queen is led and second player holds King, 
 ten, and one other, the question may arise whether 
 it is not bettej? to hold up the King, on the chance 
 that, partner taking trick with Ace, the return of the 
 suit (when the leader's partner gets the lead) may find 
 second player with the tenace. It is, however, better 
 
PLAY SECOND HAND. 37 
 
 on the whole to cover in this case. The lead is in all 
 probability from Queen, Knave, and one other; it is 
 certainly a forced lead ; and it is an even chance that 
 partner holds the Ace, and also an even chance that 
 he has numerical strength as against third hand. It 
 is about three to one that one of these conditions 
 holds, and in either case, playing King second hand 
 is good. If your partner holds the Ace, you and he 
 still have the command ; and if he has length, you 
 help to clear his suit, by playing the King. The state 
 of the score may occasionally justify departure from 
 this rule, however. 
 
 It is scarcely likely that when Queen is led, second 
 player should hold King and Knave, with or without 
 others, for this can only happen when Queen has been 
 led from Queen and a small one, a lead only justified 
 by the absolute impropriety (shown by previous play) 
 of leading from long suit, and clear evidence that 
 partner is strong in the suit so led. Of course, if this 
 should happen, the King is played. In fact, almost 
 invariably when second player holds — with other card 
 or cards — a fourchette for a high card led (that is, 
 King-Knave for a Queen; Queen-ten for a Knave; 
 Knave-nine for a ten ; and so on) he should cover. 
 
 PLAT SECOND HAND WHEN KNAVE IS LED. 
 
 Knave, as an original lead, is played only (see 
 synopsis of leads, pages 28, 29), (1) from King, Queenj 
 Knave, and two or more small ones ; and (2) from 
 
38 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 Knave, ten, 111116, with or without small ones ; excep'i) 
 in the unusual case that original leader holds four 
 trumps and three three-card suits, when Knave may be 
 led from Knave and two small cards. If then second 
 player holds either King or Queen, he knows the 
 lead is not from (1) ; while, if he holds either ten or 
 nine, he knows it is not from (2) ; and, lastly, if he 
 holds one of the first set, as well as one of the second 
 set, he knows that the lead is a forced one, the leader 
 having probably no four-card plain suit. Taking the 
 two more common cases of a Knave lead, second 
 player, if he holds King or Queen only, above the 
 Knave, showing that the lead is from Knave, ten, 
 nine, and others, should play a small one, unless with 
 the Queen he holds the ten, when he should play the 
 Queen. But this last case is little likely to occur, 
 as it would imply that Knave had been led from 
 Knave and one or two small ones. If second player 
 holds both King and Queen, he should cover Knave 
 with Queen. If he holds Ace and Queen with or 
 without small ones, he should play the ace, knowing 
 that leader does not hold the King, so that covering 
 with Queen is useless, whether third player or partner 
 hold the King. If, when Knave is led, second player 
 has no card above it, he will, of course, play his 
 lowest. If second player holds King, nine, or Queen, 
 nine, the lead is probably a forced one — from Knave 
 and two small ones ; it is, therefore, useless to put 
 on the higher card, unless circumstances render it 
 very desirable to gain the lead. But usually the small 
 
FLAY SECOND EAND. 39 
 
 card would be played, l-eaving partner to take tlie 
 trick if he can, 
 
 PLAT SECOND HAND WHEN TEN OE NINE IS LED, 
 
 Here tlie principles are mncli the same as in the 
 previous case. Ten (see synopsis of leads) is only led 
 from King, Queen, Knave, ten, and from King, Knave, 
 ten, with or without others. Therefore, if second 
 player holds the Queen, with nothing to show that the 
 lead is forced (and ten is very unusual as a forced 
 lead), he knows that the lead is from King, Knave, 
 ten, and should play the Queen, or not, according as 
 she is singly or doubly guarded. It is obviously use- 
 less to retain her if she is only singly guarded, for 
 she must fall next round j and as obviously unwise 
 to play her if she has two guards or more. If ten is 
 led, and second player holds Knave and nine (a four- 
 chette), of course Knave should be played. The lead, 
 with these cards outside the leader's hand, is very 
 unusual, being from ten and one or two small ones. 
 Nine is only led from King, Knave, ten, nine, with or 
 without others. If second player, then, holds Queen 
 only singly guarded, he should play her ; but if she 
 is doubly or trebly guarded, he should play his 
 lowest. 
 
 PLAT SECOND HAND WHEN SMALL CARD IS LED. 
 
 The rules for play second hand when a small card 
 is led are nearly all included in the general instruc- 
 tions already given. When second player is long in 
 
40 MOW TO FLAY WRIBT. 
 
 the suit led, he plays somewhat as he would if the 
 suit were his own, and he were leading : only that, 
 first, in playing one of a sequence he always plays 
 the lowest ; and secondly, as his partner is in a more 
 favourable position, being foui-th player instead of 
 third, he leaves more open to him. For instance, in 
 leading from Ace and four small ones. Ace is played ; 
 but if second player holds these cards he plays a smaU 
 one, unless the game is in a critical state, and either 
 one trick or a lead is much needed ; or if first player 
 is one of those who affect the lead from a singleton. 
 So when an honour is led and you hold a higher 
 ionour and are long in the suit, you pass the trick, 
 except you have strong reason for desiring a lead (or 
 wish to stop a trump lead, but that case belongs to 
 play second hand in trumps). When, however, you 
 hold Ace, Queen, and others second hand, a small 
 card being led, your play is unlike that which you 
 would adopt in leading from such a hand. Thus, with 
 Ace, Queen, Knave, with or without others. Ace is 
 always led ; but with these cards second in hand, you 
 play the Knave (or lowest of Queen Knave sequence). 
 Prom Ace, Queen, ten. Queen is to be played ; for if 
 third player covers you remain with the tenace, so that 
 unless led through again, and Knave lies with third 
 player, you are sure to make two tricks in the suit 
 (apart from ruffing). From Ace, Queen, and one or 
 two small ones, you play second hand a small one on 
 a small card led. From Ace, Queen, and three small 
 ones or more, you play Queen, if weak in trumps. 
 
FLAY SECOND HAND. 41 
 
 smallest if strong. From Kingj Queen, and small 
 ones (long suit) you play from the head sequence^ — 
 but the Queen, instead of the King (as ytfu would if 
 leading). 
 
 When yon are short in the suit led, you play second 
 hand on somewhat the same principles as in the case 
 of the forced lead of a suit in which you have no reason 
 to helieve your partnnr strong. You play, of course, 
 the lowest instead of the highest of a sequence, and 
 you leave more to your partner, as he is more favour- 
 ably placed. 
 
 But if you hold only two cards in the suit led, you 
 reverse, as second player, the rule which holds, almost 
 without exception^ in the unusual case of ai forced lead 
 from a two-card suit. Thus, if you. hold King, or 
 Queen, or Knave, and one small one, you play the 
 small one — not the honour (in plain suits), unless you 
 have some special reason for desiring to obtain the 
 lead, in which case the King may be played, second 
 hand, from King one small one. Many skilful players 
 of their own hand maintain, with some obstinacy, that 
 Queen should be played, second hand, from Queen one 
 small one, because the chance of her falling is so 
 great, greater than that of King falling when you 
 retain him second in hand. The chance of a singly 
 guarded Queen making is always much less than that 
 for a singly guarded King ; but you do not increase 
 ib by playing the Queen in such a case. You know 
 certainly that either 'King or Ace lies with third and 
 fourth players. If third holds either, your Queen 
 
42 EOW TO FLAY WEI8T. 
 
 falls. It may be, third player puts on King, and your 
 partner takes tlie trick witli the Aoe, an which case 
 you have the satisfaction of knowing that you have 
 thrown away your Queen. Of course, if your partner 
 holds Ace, and third player does not hold a Kiog, you 
 gain by patting on the Queen. But this is practically 
 the only case in your favour. The matter may be put 
 thus : One of the following arrangements must hold ; 
 as it is certain, from the lead of a small one, that 
 leader has not both Ace and King : — 
 
 By playing Queen. 
 
 3rd holds Ace and King ... You throw her away. 
 
 4th „ „ ... You gain a trick. 
 
 3rd „ „ 4th holds King or not . .. You throw her away. 
 3rd holds King, 4th holds Ace .... You lose a trick. 
 
 „ „ „ not Aoe ... You throw her away. 
 
 3rd weak, 4th holds Ace ... You gain a trick. 
 
 „ „ „ King ... You probably gain a trick 
 
 There is, you observe, a balance in favour of the play 
 of Queen second hand turning out unfavourably. 
 
 Cavendish gives a reason for playing the small card, 
 the force of which some Whist-players seem not to 
 recognise. He says that, playing the Queen unneces- 
 sarily exposes your weakness, and enables the leader 
 to finesse when the suit is returned. As the Queen is 
 the proper card to play if you hold King, Queen, and 
 a small one, you expose your weakness to the player 
 who holds King. If he is the leader, he can finesse 
 the ten if he holds it or his partner leads it, on the 
 return of Ijhe suit, knowing you do not hold the Knave. 
 
PLAY SECONI) HAND. 43 
 
 He may eYen finesse the nine if it suits him ; a finesse 
 against only one card. If the third player holds the 
 King, he puts it on, and your weakness is exposed to 
 both adversaries, who can finesse under equally favour- 
 able conditions. Of course, if fourth player holds 
 the King, you only disclose your weakness to him ; 
 but that is one favourable case to two unfavourable 
 cases. Manifestly, the play of Qaeen second hand 
 from Queen one small one is unsound. 
 
 SYNOPSIS 01' PLAT SECOND HAND (pLAIN SUITS). 
 
 We can now do, for play second hand, what we 
 have already done for the lead, viz., reduce it to 
 system by showing, not as heretofore, what card to 
 play from particular hands, but under what conditions 
 such and such cards should be played. This, as in the 
 case of the lead, has a double advantage; it gives 
 simpler rules, and it combines with the rules for play 
 the inferences /»'o»7. play. 
 
 ACE, SECOND HAND, 
 
 is played on King, Queen, or Knave, from Ace and 
 small ones ; on Knave from Ace, Queen, and small 
 ones ; and from Ace four small ones, on a small card 
 led, if the game is in a critical state or there is reason 
 to believe that the lead is from a singleton. 
 
 KING, SECOND HAND, 
 
 is played on Queen or Knave, from Ace, King, with 
 or without small ones, and from King not more than 
 
44 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 two small ones; on Qaeen from King, ten, &o. ; on a 
 small card, from Ace, King, with or without small 
 ones ; from Ace, King, Knave ; from King one small 
 one, only when second player has special reason for 
 desiring a lead. 
 
 QUEEN, SECOND HAND, 
 
 is played on Knave, from Queen and. not more than 
 two small ones, and from Qaeen, ten, and others ; ou 
 ten, from Queen and one other j on a small card, from 
 Ace, King, Queen, with or without others ; from Ace, 
 Queen, ten: from King, Queen, with or without 
 • others; from Ace, Queen, and three others, or more, 
 only if weak in trumps ; from Queen one small card, 
 only when a trump lead is specially required. 
 
 KNAVE, SECOND HAND, 
 
 is played from Queen, Knave, and. not more than one 
 small one; and from Ace, Queen, Knave; from Knave 
 one small one, only if a trump lead is specially required. 
 
 TEN, SECOND HAND, 
 
 is played from Knave, ten, and not more than one 
 small one ; from Ace, Queen, Knave, ten ; and from 
 King, Knave, ten ; from ten one small one, if a trump 
 lead is specially required. 
 
 NINE, SECOND HAND, 
 
 is played from ten, nine, and not more than one small 
 one; from King, Knave, ten, nine. 
 
PLAY SECOND HAND. 
 
 45 
 
 LOWEST, SECOND HAND, 
 
 is played in all other cases, unless to signal, when the 
 lowest but one is played. 
 
 tLAT SECOND HAND IN TE0MPS. 
 
 The play second hand in trumps difi'ers in several 
 respects from the play in plain suits. This partly 
 depends on the circumstance that the lead in trumps 
 is somewhat different, as we have seen, from the lead 
 in other suits ; partly on the absence of risk 
 from ruffing ; and partly on the card turned up, and 
 its position with respect to second player. Then, 
 also the critical nature of trump play has to be con- 
 sidered. When trumps are led, second player knows 
 that there is at least sufficient strength, either in 
 the leader's hand, or between the leader and his 
 partner (if the latter has signalled), to justify the 
 expectation that between them they may get out all 
 the trumps held between second and fourth players, 
 and bring in a long suit. A defensive, or at any rate 
 a waiting game, has therefore generally to be played. 
 
 The principal differences in detail, between trump 
 and plain suit play, second hand, are these : — 
 
 From Ace, King, and one or more small cards in 
 trumps, it is generally better to play a small card 
 second hand, to give partner a chance of making first 
 trick. A small card is played for a similar reason in 
 trumps, from King, Queen, and more than one small 
 one; if, however, you have the ten also, play it. 
 
46 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 From Ace, King, Queen, and a small one, Queen is 
 played in Trumps, as well as in plain suits, because 
 second player is so strong tliat lie sliould play a 
 forward game. 
 
 Prom Ace, Queen, ten, in trumps, ten is played, 
 instead of Queen as in plain suits. This gives partner 
 a chance of making the trick ; and should he fail and 
 third hand make it, two tricks are certain on the 
 return of the trump lead. 
 
 From Ace, Knave, ten, one or more small ones, the 
 smallest is played in plain suits on a small card led, 
 because the first player cannot hold both King and 
 Queen. But in trumps he may hold both these 
 cards, and it is therefore better to play the ten. 
 
 From an honour and one small card, you should 
 only play the honour if it is very important to stop 
 the trump lead. If your partner has turned up King 
 or Ace, and you hold Queen and a small one, yoa 
 should play the small one. 
 
 SECOND HAND SECOND EGUND. 
 
 In the second round of a suit it is nearly always 
 best, if you hold the winning card, to play it, unless, 
 of course, you know third hand to be very weak in 
 the suit. When your adversaries' trumps are ex- 
 hausted it is sometimes better to pass the second 
 round of a long suit, if the third I'ound is assured, and 
 there is a fair chance of the suit being established 
 third round. In trumps second round, it is often 
 better to keep back the winning card if you have 
 
PLAY SECOND HAND. ^j 
 
 numerical strength in trumps and a good plain 
 suit. 
 
 If, in second round, second hand holds second 
 and third best cards,, he should, of course, play the 
 third best. If he hold third best, and have reason to 
 believe his partner holds the best (and leader second 
 best) he may often with advantage play the third 
 best, and so save his partner's best. If, however, 
 he is long in the suit, he very likely loses by tins, 
 for his partner's best card is probably single, and so 
 falls on a trick already won. 
 
 AN, EXCEPTIOKAL CASE, 
 
 Ace is' usually played secondhand on King; but 
 occasionally with Ace, Knave, and others, if you are 
 strong in trumps, you may pass the King, on the 
 chance of making the Knave. It is, however, very 
 seldom, good play to do this. 
 
48 SOW TO FLAS WHIST. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 PLAY THIRD HAND. 
 
 UENEBAL EEMAEES. 
 
 Many players seem to think tlie only rule necessary 
 for third hand is to play the highest card, unless the 
 suit is headed in the hand by a sequence, when, of 
 course, they do "not carry the rule to so absurd a 
 length as to play the highest of the sequence. If to 
 this rule they make one exception, in finessing the 
 Queen with Ace, Queen, they suppose they know all 
 that need be known about third hand play. 
 
 In reality, however, play third hand requires con- 
 siderable judgment, and a thorough knowledge of the 
 leads and of play second hand. In two-thirds, 
 perhaps, of the cases that arise, it may suffice to 
 know that third hand should play his highest, unless, 
 of course, he cannot play higher than his partner, or 
 only a card which is the next in sequence above his 
 partner's, when he plays his lowest. If his suit is 
 headed by a sequence, he plays the lowest of the 
 sequence (with the same exception that, if his part- 
 ner's card is higher, or belongs to the same sequence, 
 he plays his lowest, unless he has such strength in 
 the suit that he may with advantage take his part- 
 ner's trick). But in other cases, the player third 
 
PLA Y THIRD HAND. 
 
 49 
 
 hand has to consider the lead, the play second hand, 
 and the score. 
 
 Suppose, for instance, your partner has led Queen, 
 and that the lead is original, or at any rate that 
 there is no reason to suppose it forced. Thus, the 
 lead is presumably from Queen. Knave, ten, with 
 probably one small card at least. Then, if you have 
 the Ace and one or more others, third in hand, how 
 should you play if second hand does not cover ? In 
 this case it is probable that second has not the King, 
 and the first idea would be that, since fourth player 
 probably holds the King, you should play the Ace. 
 But in general this would be wrong. The state of 
 the score might render it advisable to take the trick 
 lest second round should be ruffed. But usually it is 
 best to let the trick go to the fourth player. By 
 putting on Ace, you sacrifice Ace and Queen for one 
 trick, and leave the best card in the adversaries' 
 hands. Apart from ruffing, — which, be it remem- 
 bered, always means a trump drawn from the adver- 
 sary, — the King will make; that is, the adversaries 
 mil have one trick in the suit in any case, and it is 
 far better for you that one trick should be in the first 
 than in the second round. Consider the efl'ect (1) of 
 putting on the Ace and (2) of passing the Queen, 
 apart from ruffing. In case (1) Ace makes first 
 round, King makes second round, and another suit is 
 immediately led, — as likely as not the suit is not led 
 again ; in case (2) King makes first round. Ace takes 
 the second trick, the suit is probably led a third time 
 
 E 
 
50 ■ SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 by holder of Ace, and in that case two more tricks 
 are made in it, or trumps are forced from the enemy. 
 
 Again, suppose ten is led and passed by second 
 player, you know (see account of the leads in 
 Chapter I., or the synopsis of them on p. 28), that 
 the lead is from King, Queen, Knave, ten, or from 
 King, Knave, ten, with or without small ones. If, 
 third in hand, you hold the Ace, when ten is led, you 
 put it on, leaving your partner to finesse (if he holds 
 King, Knave) on the return of the suit. If you hold 
 Ace, Knave, you know that the ten is led as a 
 strengthening card ; you pass it, and even if the 
 finesse fails, as is probable (for if King, Queen were 
 both with second player the Queen would be put on), 
 you remain with the tenace. If when ten is led you 
 have_ nothing above it but the Queen, you pass it : 
 for whether it has been led (as is most probable), 
 from King, Knave, ten, &c., or is a strengthening 
 card, the play of the Queen would be bad : in the 
 former case, obviously; in the latter, because by 
 playing the Queen you give up at once the command 
 of the suit. 
 
 These illustrations suffice to show that the general 
 rule. Third in hand play your highest, is as insufficient 
 as we have already seen that the general rule is for 
 second play. Second in hand play your lowest. We 
 shall, therefore, proceed to consider the play third in 
 hand,— first on general principles, and then in detail, 
 as we have already considered the play of the first 
 and second hands. 
 
PLAY THIBD HAND. 
 
 PLAT THIRD HAND (I'LAIN StJITS). 
 
 51 
 
 The general principles which should guide the play 
 third in hand ai'e — First, and chiefly, to help and 
 strengthen your partner as much as possible in his 
 own suit ; secondly, to derive all possible advantage 
 from any strengthening card he may play in your 
 own suit ; and thirdly, to retain as long as possible 
 such partial command as you may have in an oppo- 
 nent's suit. You can generally tell (from the lead, 
 the play second hand, and your own hand) whether 
 your partner has led from strength or to strengthen 
 you, or from a weak suit in which he has no means 
 of knowing your position. This will be obvious 
 from what we have already said about interpretation 
 of the lead and the play second hand, Your play 
 will be guided accordingly. 
 
 Let us, then, consider the play third in hand in 
 detail : the inferences to be drawn from the play of 
 particular cards third in hand are too obvious to need 
 Bpecial consideration. 
 
 If you hold Ace third in hand, and neither King 
 nor Queen, you play it in plain suits, unless King or 
 Queen has been led. The only exception to this is 
 when ten has been led and you hold Ace, Knave, 
 when it is best to pass the ten. With Ace, King, 
 you put on King, as a rule. But with Ace, King, 
 and more than one small one, a good hand, and four 
 frumps, you should not put King on your partner's 
 Knave, but pass the Knave : fourth in hand is sure 
 
52 EOW- TO PLAT WEIST. 
 
 to take the trick ; but when trumps are out yon are 
 tolerably sure of getting in again, when you make 
 two tricks at least, and probably three in the suit. 
 On the other hand, with Ace, King, and small ones, 
 but only three trumps, you should not pass the 
 Knave. The principle here applied is general. With 
 good strength in trumps, you may usually finesse with 
 advantage in a strong suit in which your partner has 
 led a strengthening card ; but when short in trumps 
 such a finesse is unadvisable. 
 
 With Ace, Queen, alone or with others, you should 
 finesse the Queen, or the lowest card in sequence 
 with the Queen, — unless a single trick will make or 
 save the game, when, of course, such a finesse would 
 be a Whist atrocity. 
 
 With King, Knave, &c., some players finesse the 
 Knave. This is only right when you have such strength 
 in the suit as to feel sureyourpartner has led astrength- 
 ening card from a short suit. It is nearly always 
 wrong to finesse in your partner's suit. The finesse 
 from Ace, Queen, &c., is almost the solitary exception 
 to this rule. Tou should, therefore, in general play 
 King, from King, Knave, third hand. When nine is 
 led, and you hold King, Knave, and others, you pass 
 the nine, if strong in trumps, and the state of the 
 game is not critical (supposing always that second 
 player has not covered the nine). Otherwise, you may 
 either finesse the Knave, or not, as you may deem best. 
 Fourth player is as likely to hold Ace and no other 
 honour, as Queen and no other honour; if he holds 
 
FLAr THIBB HAND. 53 
 
 botli Ace and Queen, it is indifferent what you play ; 
 he will, in any case, remain with an honour over you. 
 When, third in hand, you hold Queen or Knave 
 and others, and a small card has been led which 
 second player does not coyer with a card higher 
 than your honour, you should in every case play the 
 honour. But if ten is led, and not covered by 
 Knave, you woald not play the Queen, but pass the 
 ten ; for, as already explained, you gain nothing by 
 playing the Queen if th,e lead is from King, Knave, 
 ten, while, if the ten is a strengthening card, you lose 
 all command of the suit if you cover. If you hold 
 Knave, nine, and others, and eight is led, you may 
 finesse the nine or pass the eight ; eight can hardly 
 be played as a strengthening card, nor from a three- 
 card suit, containing both Ace, King, or King Queen, 
 for from either of these combinations the proper lead 
 is the King. If the eight is the lowest of a four-card 
 suit, the suit can be no other than Ace, Queen, ten, 
 eight. If the lead is from a three-card suit, the eight 
 being the lowest, the other cards may be Ace Queen, 
 Ace ten. King ten, or Queen ten. The ten can there- 
 fore only be to your left in the single case of the lead 
 being from Ace, Queen, eight — which is an unlikely 
 lead anyhow, though, of course, possible, since leader 
 may hold, besides, four trumps, and two weak three- 
 card suits. You are, therefore, in all probability, 
 quite safe in finessing the nine or passing the eight, 
 according as you may wish the lead to lie (supposing 
 tlie trick to Ml to the eight or nine). 
 
54 HOW TO FLAY WEISrT. 
 
 When, third in hand, your best card is small, you 
 play it, of course, if it is higher than the card played 
 on your right, or higher than and not in sequence 
 with the ca!rd led. If you cannot cover, and both the 
 cards already played are small, remember that your 
 card tells both your partner and your adversaries 
 of extreme weakness, both in individual cards and 
 numerically. In such cases the question may arise 
 sometimes whether it may be better to deceive the 
 enemy or not by playing a false card. For instance, 
 if your partner leads four, second hand plays six, and 
 you hold three and five ; if you play the five, it will 
 be thought that you do not hold any other card in the 
 suit. Oases may arise where it may be more im-. 
 portant to cause the adversaries to suppose this 
 erroneously, than to leave them and your partner in 
 doubt by playing the lower card. It is worth your 
 while in every such case to consider which is likely to 
 be the more advantageous course. 
 
 The play of third in hand, second round of a suit, 
 depends generally on the fall of the cards. As a rule, 
 you know pretty well how the cards lie at this round, 
 whether the original lead were your partner's or your 
 own. In the former case you have the indications 
 from the original lead as already explained, those 
 from the play second and fourth in hand, those from 
 the renewed lead, and play second in hand second 
 round, besides your own original hand. In the latter, 
 as the suit is presumably your longest, you have 
 rather more information in your own hand than in the 
 
PLAY THIRD HAND. 
 
 55 
 
 other case, and rather less from the play; but if you 
 have been watchful you have usually learned a good 
 deal. Thus, suppose, having King and three other 
 clubs (10, 4, 3), you lead the 3, and the cards fall 
 thus, — 
 
 A. T. B. Z. 
 
 C3 C8 CQ C6 
 you know that, apart from signalling for trumps, 
 B (your partner) must hold the two and five, Y has 
 nothing below the eight, Z nothing below the six. 
 Now, suppose that on the return of the suit your 
 partner leads the two ; then, as this is not the highest 
 left in.his hand, you know that besides the five he has 
 one other, which is noc the Aoe, for if he had had the 
 Ace he wonld have led it. Nor can it be the Knave, 
 for if he had had Queen Knave, he would have played 
 the lower of the sequence. You hold King and ten 
 yourself, therefore his remaining card must be either 
 the seven or the nine. You know this before Z has 
 played to second round. You know also that Z has 
 not the Ace, or he would not have allowed the Queen 
 to take the first trick. Suppose, now, Z plays the 
 nine. Then the only card whose position remains 
 doubtful is the Knave ; it may be to your right or to 
 your left. But you can play with as much confidence 
 as if you knew where it was. For if it lies to your 
 left along with the Ace, which certainly lies there, 
 you lose nothing by finessing the ten ; and if it lies 
 to your right you gain a trick — apart from ruffing : 
 you therefore play the ten. 
 
56 now TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 Take again the following case, — 
 
 Your hand being Q, Kn, 6, 2 of Hearts (trumps), 
 the first round is — 
 
 A. Y. B. Z. 
 
 H2 H9 HK H6 
 
 Second round, to second in 
 hand, is let us say — H 8 H 7 
 
 You know certainly that either four, or three, and 
 ten lie with Y, and no more. For three and four are 
 certainly not both with B, or he would have returned 
 his lowest. Neither four nor three lies with Z ; there- 
 fore, one of these cards lies with B, who has, therefore, 
 led the best of two. You can thus place every card, 
 assuming always that all are playing according to the 
 customary rules for good play. B has either the 
 three or four left. Y has ten, and either four or 
 three. Z has the Ace, and is holding it back for 
 some purpose connected with the strategy of his 
 hand. You therefore play Knave, third in hand; 
 whereas, had you not attended to the fall of the cards, 
 you might have thought it a fair finesse — only ten 
 and Ace being against you, and the Ace probably in 
 fourth hand — to pass the eight, so as to make sure 
 of taking the last round in trumps. As it is, you 
 know that, after your Knave has taken the second 
 round, your third lead of the five will draw both the 
 Ace and ten, leaving you with the long trump. 
 
 PLAY THIRD HAT^D (tEUMPS). 
 
 You can safely finesse in trumps when strong in 
 
PLAY THIBD HAND. 57 
 
 them, sometimes even against two cards. Never 
 play a needlessly h.\gh. card third in hand. If you can 
 win the trick or force out the King card with a ten 
 or a nine, it is a Whist offence of the first magnitude 
 to play the Knaye. 
 
58 BOW TO FLAY WHIST. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Play foubth hand. 
 
 The fourth player's duty is usually but to win the 
 trick if he can, and as cheaply as he can. The ex- 
 ceptions usually belong to the cases in which the 
 general conduct of the hand involves considerations 
 overriding such rules of detail as we are for the 
 present considering. Thus, the player fourth in 
 hand may be unable to win a trick except by ruffing, 
 and ruffing may mean giving up all chance of com- 
 manding the run of trumps and. bringing in a long 
 suit : in that case, he would pass the trick. Or it 
 may happen that the card of the suit with which he 
 could alone take the trick would obviously be likely 
 to serve as a re-entering card, after trumps were ex- 
 hausted : in such a case, if the chances were clearly 
 in favour of that power of re-entry being obtainable 
 in no other way, fourth hand should pass the trick. 
 The consideration of such points belongs to Whist 
 strategy rather than to Whist principles. We may 
 simply note here that in all such cases a good 
 general rule to bealr in mind is that a certain 
 trick ought not to be passed, unless there is a great 
 probability of making two by so doing. Always 
 remember, however, that if the game can only be 
 saved by making the two, the trick should be passed; 
 
PLAY FO URTH SAND. 5 g 
 
 wliile, of course, if one trick saves or makes tke 
 game, it should be made. 
 
 A case often arises (it is often spoken of as if fourth 
 hand alone were concerned, but it applies to second 
 hand equally) where it is questionable whether a trick 
 should be passed or taken. King is led in a suit of 
 which you hold Ace, Knave, and others. Here many 
 pass the trick, because, if the suit is continued, as it 
 usually is, they hold the tenace, and, apart from 
 ruflSng, make two tricks instead of one in the suit. 
 Holding up the Ace second hand in such cases, 
 though not generally good, is occasionally advisable. 
 But it is seldom safe to pass the trick when you hold 
 Ace, Knave, and another, fourth in hand. There 
 is a considerable chance that either your partner or 
 your right-hand adversary may have held originally 
 but one of the suit ; and, if so, either would trump. 
 Tour partner would trump, if he could, because he 
 would believe the Ace to be with third hand. Third 
 hand vi^ould, of course, trump if he could — a small 
 card having been led. Where you hold up the Ace 
 second hand, you have a much better chance, for you 
 run no risk of being trumped by your partner. Clay 
 adds to these considerations, that you give up for 
 one round, at least, the advantage of getting the lead ; 
 that, however, may be an advantage, or the reverse, 
 according to the nature of your hand. He adds, 
 " the leader, either from suspecting your tenace, or 
 because he has another strong suit to show his part- 
 ner, changes his lead ; and when it is next led it is 
 
6o sow TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 probably by your right-liand adversary, who leads 
 through your tenace, instead of to it." These con- 
 siderations are less important, however, than the 
 others ; for usually no tenace would be suspected; 
 covering with Ace being the usual custom, and it 
 seldom happens that a player finds it well to show a 
 second suit to his partner. The fall of the cards in 
 the first suit may, of course, lead him to do so j but 
 ordinarily he will keep to one suit. The case is 
 rather different when his partner has already shown 
 a suit. For then, the possibility of a held-up tenace 
 (however slight) , may lead him to prefer returning 
 his partner's suit — who can afterwards lead the A.ce 
 if he has it, and then up to the Queen. 
 
 That playing a small card in such a case gives your 
 partner a wrong idea of the contents of your hand is a 
 valid argument against passing the trick, unless the 
 indications are such that you are justified in attach- 
 ing less importance to informing him than to strength- 
 ening your own position. If you are strong in 
 trumps, there is a further reason for disregarding 
 this point. For, should the leader be led to suspect 
 that a tenace is held up, he will be apt to lead trumps, 
 which can hardly fail to suit your hand. 
 
 Oases of two kinds have specially to be noticed in 
 playing fourth in hand, — first, those in which it is 
 necessary to take a trick already won by partner; 
 secondly, those in which it is necessary to pass a 
 trick won by the adversaries. I am not going to 
 consider all cases of the kind, for many depend on 
 
PL A Y FO UBTE HAND. 6 1 
 
 tlie previous fall of cards, and the strategy of the 
 hand as a whole. Bafc two simple general cases of 
 either sort must be considered here. 
 
 First, when late in the game you have the King 
 card and a small one, and the play shows that, though 
 led by your left-hand adversary, the suit is your 
 partner^s, the remaining cards in your hands being 
 all losing ones : — If in this case you let your partner's 
 card win, you are obliged to win the next trick in the 
 suit and lead a losing card. But if you take the 
 trick with the King card and lead the small one, you 
 are leading through strength up to weakness, and 
 your partner may finesse deeply, and perhaps make 
 all the tricks in the suit. Usually the case occurs in 
 the first round of the suit ; but it may also happen in 
 the second. Thus, suppose a suit originally led by 
 your partner from Knave, nine, and three small ones : 
 you, holding King, Queen, and one small one, play 
 the Queen, and fourth in hand takes the trick with 
 Ace. Later on (trumps being out) the latter — your 
 adversary on the left — leads a small one (having 
 held originally Ace, ten, eight, and a small one) ; your 
 partner plays the. seven, third hand a loose card : 
 if you play the small one, and your partner leads 
 the suit again, your King makes, out you have to 
 lead a losing card, and the rest of the tricks probably 
 go to the adversaries but if you take the trick with 
 your King and lead the small one, your partner makes 
 three more tricks in the suit. 
 
 The second case is one in which you must let the 
 
62 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 adversaries take the trick. When you hold the bestj 
 fourth best, and a small card of a suit, and a second 
 best is led by your left-hand adversary, who also 
 holds the third and fifth best, you must pass the 
 trick. If you win it you must lead through his 
 tenace and lose the other two tricks ; if ycu pass it, 
 he must lead up to your tenace, and you win the 
 other two tricks. 
 
 When, fourth in hand, you have won a trick very 
 easily, it is often good to return your enemy's suit ; 
 for the original leader must then play as if third in 
 hand, hoping for no support from his partner. In 
 trumps this is not safe, however. Even if third hand 
 is really as weak as he seems, you play the enemy's 
 game by continuing the suit. But in trumps it is 
 always possible that a winning card may be kept 
 back to support more effectively, later, a strong game 
 of the enemy's. 
 
HOW TO PLAY WSIST. 63 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 RETURNING PARTNER'S LEAD. 
 
 There is scarcely any more obnoxious rule at WMst 
 than that which many good players of their own 
 hands insist upon, that partner's lead should almost 
 always be at once returned. The player who always 
 returns your lead at once, is more annoying even than 
 the one who, when the right time has come for 
 returning it, insists on keeping to his own suit. I 
 would even take exception to Cavendish's rule that 
 " with only moderately strong suits, which you open to 
 a disadvantage, you do better to return your partner's 
 original suit, or to lead up to the weak suit of your 
 right-hand adversary, or through the strong suit of 
 your left-hand adversary," than to open your best 
 suit, — unless by the words, " which you open to a 
 disadvantage," he means to qualify the expression, 
 " moderately strongly suits," and not (as it seems) to 
 make a statement respecting such suits. It is clear 
 that, with only weak three-card suits outside trumps, 
 you do better to return your partner's suit than to 
 lead one of your own. On the other hand, with a 
 strong three - card suit, headed by a sequence, 
 you do better to lead your own suit. With a four- 
 card suit headed by anything below a Queen, you 
 might return him his suit ; but with such a suit as 
 
64 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 Queen, ten, eight, three, you ought, in my opinion, 
 to show your own suit before returning his — espe- 
 cially if you have good cards in your short suits, so 
 as to have a good chance of an opportunity to lead 
 again to him. This is always to be considered ; for 
 if you have only a moderately good long suit, and 
 weak cards in the other suits, you may have but one 
 chance of returning his lead, while it may be of 
 great importance that he should be led to, and not 
 have to lead himself. Besides, he may have a strong 
 suit, which may be established if he gets a return 
 lead, and he may then lead trumps, and make a 
 great game ; whereas, if you lead your own mode- 
 rately strong suit, you almost certainly throw the 
 play into the adversaries' hands. 
 
 There are some cases, however, where, even when 
 you have a strong suit, you should at once return 
 your partner's lead. Thus, if after taking the trick 
 you remain with the leading card in his suit (which 
 the play shows to be strong), you should play out 
 that card in order to clear his suit. Again, if you 
 held originally only two in his suit, and are weak in 
 trumps, you should return his lead, so that, if he 
 can, he may lead the suit a third time for you to 
 trump it ; for in this way you help him to clear his 
 suit, while using a trump which otherwise would 
 probably fall uselessly. 
 
 When the adversary to your left has shown great 
 weakness in your partner's suit, as by failing to head 
 a nine, ten, or Knave of your own at the first round. 
 
BETUENING PABTNEB'S LEAD. 55. 
 
 n is generally unsafe to return the lead j for the 
 strength must lie between your partner and the 
 player to your right, so that you are probably leading 
 up to strength. Your partner will, indeed, lead 
 under not very favourable conditions, as you also 
 have shown weakness, so that the player to your 
 right will, stand to your partner (leading) much as 
 fourth player usually stands to third. But he will 
 not be quite so badly off as when you lead to him ; 
 for the card first played by you third in hand may be 
 the lowest of a sequence, for aught the player to your 
 right can generally know. 
 
 The most important rule, in returning partner's 
 lead, and one of the most important general rules at 
 Whist, is, ,Return the highest of two remaining 
 cards, the loivest of three or more. The only excep- 
 tions to this rule are that (1) with the winning card 
 and two others (left after first round), you lead the 
 winning card; (2) with second best and a small one 
 you lead the small one ; and (3) with second and 
 third best and another (after first round), you lead 
 the second best, not the sraall one. With these 
 exceptions (and an occasion or two, perhaps, where 
 your partner is utterly weak, and you wizh to 
 deceive the enemy), this rule is imperative, and 
 extends throughout the whole range of the suit. 
 Thus, with 4, 3, left after first round, the return of 
 the 3 would be a Whist blunder, as would be the 
 play of the 4, if, besides the 4 and 3, you hold the 2 
 also.. In these cases no strength is gained or lost by 
 
 F 
 
66 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 the lead of 4 or 3. Yet the rule had its origia in 
 considerations of play. For with such cards as 
 Queen and a small one^ or Knave and a small one 
 (after first round), the lead of Queen or Knave is 
 manifestly good policy; for thereby you strengthen 
 your partner ; you are numerically weak in the suit, 
 and most probably lose nothing yourself; whereas 
 with Queen and two small' ones, or Knave and two 
 small ones (after first round), you do well to keep 
 back the Queen or Knave, being numerically strong, 
 and having a fair chance of not only making the 
 honour, but remaining with the best card in the suib 
 after three rounds. 
 
 In trumps, this rule is even more important than 
 in plain suits. The whole strategy of the game may 
 be ruined by your telling your partner (as you do 
 in returning his lead wrongly) that you held origi- 
 nally only three trumps when you really held four, 
 or that you held four when in reality you only held 
 three. 
 
 Any one who neglects this general rule, of which, 
 of course, no Whist player is ignorant, must be 
 regarded as a bad player. Scarcely inferior is the 
 player who, when this signal is given him, fails to 
 notice it, or who overlooks it when it occurs in the 
 play of his adversaries. Omitting to notice the 
 signal for trumps either in partner's or adversaries' 
 play, js in comparison a very small offence. 
 
HOW TO FLA Y WBIST 
 
 67 
 
 CHAPTER YL 
 
 GEITEEAL CONDUCT OP TEM GAMK 
 
 We have considered the various leads, both from 
 strength and from weakness, and also so much of the 
 sequent play of the suit led as serves to indicate the 
 progress of the suit towards being established. This, 
 of course, is the usual object of the play iu each suit, 
 whether the suit has first been led from strength or 
 from weakness. Only, in one case the original leader 
 and his partner seek to establish the suit, while in the 
 other the suit may be (generally turns out to be) the 
 adversaries', and they seek to establish it. We have 
 now to consider the conduct of the game while the 
 various plain suits are contesting; and afterwards, 
 when, as the game proceeds, these suits, whether estab- 
 lished or not, are worked by either side. We assume 
 for the moment that the hands are so distributed that 
 trumps are not led out very early on either side. 
 
 A suit is established when the holder of the 
 strength in the suit has the best card or cards, with 
 the certainty of drawing those intervening between 
 it or them and lower ones. For instance, if in the 
 first two rounds eight hearts have fallen, including 
 the Ace, Queen, Knave and nine,, and I hold King, 
 eight, and twOj I know that two cards remain with 
 
 F 2 
 
68 SOW TO PLAY WHIST.. 
 
 tie enemy ; and if I know nothing more, my Hearts 
 are not established, because, if I lead King, I am 
 not sure that the ten will fall; for one of the ad- 
 versaries may hold both ten and a small one, and, 
 playing the latter to my King, will retain the com- 
 mand. But, if the first two rounds have shown that 
 the ten is held single by one of the adversaries, I 
 know it must fall to my King. I know this even if, 
 besides the ten, two other cards, one of them the 
 three, remain with the adversaries. My suit is 
 therefore established, though I have but two 
 cards lefb in it. The King will draw the ten and 
 the three ; the eight and two will win the last tricks 
 in the suit. 
 
 The contest in plain suits manifestly turns on the 
 acquisition of the command, in this way. So long 
 as the enemy retains the command of my suit, in 
 such sort that one of the tricks in the suit will go to 
 them, any attempt to bring in the suit is of little 
 avail. Suppose I get out all the trumps, and, having 
 then the lead, play a small card of my own suit. 
 The enemy take the trick, and bring in their suit. 
 Nay, even if my partner has the commanding card 
 of my suit, — alone,-Tmy purpose is foiled; for he 
 takes the trick, and cannot lead me my suit. 
 
 Thus we see that, in general, the final attempt to 
 bring in a suit must not be made until the adver^ 
 saries have been deprived of the command, or partner, 
 if he has an obstructive command, has given it up. 
 And viewing the matter from all sides,— as holder of 
 
GENERAL CONDUCT OF THE GAME. 69 
 
 a strong suit, as adversary of such holder, and as his 
 partner,— we deduce the rules : — 
 
 1. Unless you have good cards of re-entry, as 
 King-cards in the adversaries' suits, or good prospect 
 of holding long trumps, do not try to bring iu a s-ait 
 of which you have not perfect command. 
 
 2. Keep the command of an adversary's suit. 
 
 3. Get rid of the command of a partner's suit. 
 When we consider the conduct of the hand, as a 
 
 whole, we recognise the object of the various leads 
 and returns and continuations of the opened suit ; 
 and we see how much those partners usually gain who 
 play a combined game, and how much is lost, in the 
 long run, by those who seek only to play their own 
 hand. 
 
 Thus, between my partner's hand and mine there 
 is probably one suit, at least, which may be estab- 
 lished and brought in, with proper care, in the play of 
 our hands. That one of us who has the first lead 
 has usually no choice but to show his long suit, 
 whether it is weak or not. The other, when his time 
 to lead arrives, must decide whether he will show his 
 own suit, or adopt his partner's. By showing his 
 own he usually does what the first leader had not 
 done, — he indicates a certain degree of strength. By 
 returning his partner's, he says : " I have no suit 
 strong enough to justify me in showing it ; probably 
 the adversaries have more strength in it than you 
 and I have ; let us combine to establish and bring in 
 your suit if we can." The player who returns his 
 
70 MOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 partner's suit ia this way, before showing Ms own, 
 should bear this in mind ; for his partner's play will 
 undoubtedly be guided by this supposed evidence of 
 weakness in other suits. 
 
 lb is for this reason, also, that the first discard 
 is so carefully to be attended to. It helps to show 
 your partner where your strength lies, by indicating 
 where you are weakest, — in the case we are dealing 
 with at present (that strength in trumps has not been 
 declared on either side), and also if strength has 
 been declared in your farour. If your partner has 
 shown his strong suit, and one of the enemies his, 
 your declaration of your weakest suit may not 
 necessarily show your partner in what suit you are 
 strong ; for your weakest suit may be his, or that of 
 the adversary who has already declared his strength ; 
 your longest suit (your strength if you have a strong 
 suit) may lie either in the third plain suit, or in 
 trumps. But he learns, at any rate, that yon are 
 weak in one suit, and is saved from the bad effects 
 which would have arisen had he looked for strength 
 from you in that suit. 
 
 Every indication on the part of the enemy must be 
 carefully watched, to show where strength lies, and 
 where weakness. 
 
 In the early progress of the play, indications may 
 be afforded either on the one hand of sufficient 
 strength in trumps, with a strong suit between you 
 and your partner, to enable you at once to take a 
 commanding position, or, on the other hand, of such 
 
GENERAL CONDUCT OF THE GAME. yi 
 
 broken forces that the best chance you have is to 
 pick up whatever tricks may come in your way^ 
 without any thought of establishing a suitj and 
 scarcely a hope of preventing the adversaries from 
 doing so. Of the former case we do not speak now, 
 because it will be considered fully in our chapter on 
 Leading Trumps. In the latter case, play carefully 
 to the score, finessing where it seems the only way to 
 save the game, but refraining from even the most 
 promising finesse where a single trick saves the 
 game. Ruff at every opportunity if so weak in 
 trumps that you cannot hope to disarm the enemy; 
 but if you have three or four small trumps, and your 
 partner early shows extreme weakness in trumps, 
 you sometimes do well to keep your trumps to draw 
 two for one, when you get the chance. 
 
 In ordinary cases, play a steady game, neither 
 too boldly aiming at a great game with moderate 
 force, nor too anxiously playing to save the game, 
 when, with care, you may maintain an equal 
 fight. 
 
 It is to gain full command of your own suit that 
 you play the lowest' of a long head-sequence, so that, 
 if partner has the winning card, he may play it. 
 The same principle holds as the suit is continued, and 
 applies to shorter sequences. Thus, suppose that 
 after at least one round of a suit you hold second and 
 third best and one or more small ones, your partner 
 having only two, one of which may be the best ; if 
 you play the second best, you draw the best from the 
 
72 sow TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 enemy J but if your partner holds tbe best, he would 
 not put it on your second best. Even if he knows 
 you to bold the third best, he would infer from your 
 playing the highest that you wished him to leave the 
 trick to you. In fact, if he knew you to hold both 
 second and third best, he would be apt to regard 
 the lead of second best under the circumstances as 
 involving a request to pass the trick. But the third 
 round falling to him, you cannot have your suit 
 returned to you. Therefore, in such a case, you 
 should play the third best, which your partner will 
 take, and, returning the small one, leave you free to 
 continue the suit. When trumps are out, and your 
 suit otherwise established (that is your partner's 
 King-card only against you), neglect of this precau- 
 tion is ruinous. In like manner you must constantly 
 be on the watch to get rid of a winning card in your 
 partner's suit which would be apt to obstruct it. 
 Games XXII. and XXXII. are good illustrations of 
 this point : if attention had not been paid to this 
 rule, the game would not have been won. 
 
 Similar considerations lead to what is called under- 
 play, which is usually adopted in order to gain com- 
 mand of a suit. For instance, if after one round of a 
 suit has been played, you know that the second best 
 card of the suit is held by your adversary on the left, 
 while you hold best and fourth best, then, when 
 trumps are out, op if the suit be trumps, you do well 
 to lead a small card of the suit. Second hand will 
 hold up the second bes,t, believing the King-card to 
 
GENERAL CONDUCT OF THE GAME. 73 
 
 be on Lis leffc^ and your partner, if he tas it, 
 will win with the third best. You then have 
 the command, probably the full command', of the 
 suit. 
 
 Another form of underplay, and one which is of 
 such frequent occurrence as to require special notice, 
 is the holding up of the winning card at the second 
 round of a suit. In plain suits this is not usually 
 advisable, unless either trumps are out or there is a 
 good prospect of quickly getting them out. But in 
 ti'umps or in plain suits after trumps are out, it is 
 often well to let the second trick pass, that with the 
 third trick you may get in. Not only is it much 
 more important, as a rule, to win the third than the 
 second round of a suit, but by holding up the winning 
 card, you may give your partner a chance of making 
 the third best. Thus, say that in the first round of 
 your strong suit. Hearts, there have fallen, four 
 (your lead), five, Queen, Ace, and you remain with 
 King, seven, six, two. The suit is changed, and 
 presently trumps are exhausted. Later your right- 
 hand adversary leads three of Hearts, though your 
 strength. If you now play the King, the third round 
 will most probably go to the enemy ; for your partner 
 certainly has not the Knave. But if you play the 
 two, there is a chance that you may find third hand 
 weak, and that your partner may take with the ten. 
 If this does not happen, and third hand wins, whether 
 with ten or Knave, the probability is that in the 
 third round, won by your King, the other sards above 
 
74 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 your seven will fall, in whicli case you make two more 
 tricks in tlie suit. 
 
 So it is often well, when you hold the best, third 
 best, and small cards of your suit after one round 
 has been played, to play the third best on return 
 of the suit by your partner, — even with the certain 
 knowledge that second best lies to your left. When 
 next the suit is led, your King-card is likely to draw 
 the remaining cards, when your small ones win; 
 whereas, if you take the trick with your best, the 
 third round falls to your left-hand adversary, and you 
 have no use for your small cards. 
 
 Cavendish gives another case. Ten tricks have 
 been played, and each player remains with three 
 cards of the same suit, as yet not opened (one card 
 discarded somewhere). Suppose now second player 
 puts on the Queen, and you, as third player, hold the 
 Ace. It is practically certain that second player 
 holds King also. If, then, you win with the Ace, 
 you have to lead up to Xing guarded, and probably 
 both tricks will be against you. But if you play a 
 small card, the second player wins, and has to lead 
 from King guarded. He leads the small onej you 
 pass it, and your partner may make, your Ace win- 
 ning the last trick. In one case the chances are that 
 you lose two tricks, and win but one; in the other 
 they favour your winning two and losing one only. 
 In any case the Ace makes. 
 
 Again, suppose you hold the long trump, and either 
 a long suit or a suit which is nearly established, but 
 
GENERAL CONDUCT OF THE GAME. 75 
 
 not quitej the King-card of the suit being in your 
 hands. If the adversaries lead this suit, you do 
 well to let them take a trick or two in it till it is 
 established ; then, if they lead it again, you come in, 
 and your small cards in the suit win. If they turn 
 to another suit, your long trump brings you in, the 
 winning card of the long suit is led, and the remaining 
 cards falling, your small cards in the suit win. 
 
 We have now to consider the important points, — 
 leading trumps and the play of trumps generally. 
 It is here that science is chiefly shown in Whist, as 
 we see from the saying of Cavendish, that his inven- 
 tion of the signal took away half the advantage he 
 had derived from his scientific knovs-ledge of the 
 game. Yet we may doubt whether, after all, good 
 players have not gained as much from the rash use 
 which half-taught players make of the signal, as they 
 have lost from the invention of a system by which 
 the attentive player learns at once when his partner 
 urgently wants trumps led. 
 
75 BOW TO FLAY WHIST. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 SOW TO PLAY TRUMPS. 
 
 The critical momen-fc in almost every hand of Whist 
 is that when one or other side enters on the trump 
 lead. This may occur early : perhaps at the very 
 beginning, when one side or the other has a decided 
 superiority in trumps ; or in the middle of the game, 
 when one side or the other, having established a suit, 
 and being well protected in their advei'saries' suits, 
 sees that their trump strength, reinforced by their 
 strength in plain suits, gives promise of wresting the 
 command of the hand from the other side ; or the 
 strength in trumps and plain suits maybe so disposed 
 that neither side cares to lead trumps till towards the 
 end of the hand ; or both sides may find advantage 
 in reserving trumps for ruffing; or two partners may 
 try to establish a cross ruff, throwing the command 
 of trumps, if they succeed, into their opponents' 
 hands, but safely enough, because more tricks are 
 usually gained by the cross ruff than the opponents 
 can afterwards malie out of their suits, cut up by 
 the ruffing game; and lastly, a trump lead may be 
 purely defensive, made simply to prevent ruffing, 
 and especially a cross-ruff by the enemy. 
 
 The skill of a Whist-player is shown more, per- 
 
now TO PLAY THUMPS. 'jf 
 
 haps, by liis aptitude in selecting the proper moment 
 when trumps should be led, or the enemy's strength 
 in ti'umps reduced by forcing, or their lead of trumps 
 delayed by properly placing the lead, than by any 
 other parts of Whist strategy. And I would at the 
 cutset carefully caution the learner against falling 
 into the habit of regarding the use of trumps to be 
 so pre-eminently that indicated by the book authori- 
 ties that all other uses should be considered relatively 
 unimportant. It may be true that the chief use of 
 trumps is to extract the enemies' trumps so as to 
 bi-ing in a long suitj but this use, though more 
 important than any other considered separately, is 
 not more important than all the others put together, 
 as many book-players seem to imagine. 
 
 It should be remembered, indeed, that in the 
 majority of hands no long suit is brought in, the 
 ending depending simply on the correct play or 
 skilful finesse of the cards remaining in hand, which 
 may be the fragments of suits never very long or 
 strong, and broken up. through discards enforced by 
 the necessity of protecting other suits. To adopt as 
 rules of play a system depending on. what happens 
 often enough indeed, but still only in a minority of 
 all the games played, is unsafe ; yet many follow the 
 rules for trying to bring in a long suit as if this 
 were the common end of every hand. 
 
 Let it be remembered that, though leading origi- 
 nally from the longest suit, discarding from the 
 shortest (if trumps not declared against you) and 
 
78 HOW TO PLAY WEI8T. 
 
 other sucli rules, are good enough in the early stages 
 of the play of a hand (because they bring the part- 
 ners into alliance, so to speak), they must not be held 
 to sanction the general principle of playing to bring 
 in a long suit. This is in reality playing a forward 
 game, and a great number of hands require back- 
 ward, or defensive play, while the majority of hands 
 do not justify forward play. You show your long 
 suit and your partner shows his, or you learn his 
 from the play of the enemy or from the discards, 
 and you presently get an inkling as to the strength 
 of the several suits in the different hands. But you 
 must not run away with the idea that so soon as you 
 know this, the time has come to scheme for the 
 bringing in of a long suit which you or your partner 
 may possess. On the contrary, it is as likely that 
 by this time yon will have found that the measures 
 good for bringing in your suit are as good for bring- 
 ing in a suit of the enemies, and that the enemies' 
 suit and not yours is the one which would most 
 probably be brought in. And it is more likely than 
 not that either your chance is thus unfavourable, or, 
 though not bad in itself, it is yet not good enough 
 to justify any attempt at a forward game. 
 
 At such a stage in the game, if you find reason to 
 think that you and your partner between you can 
 hold your own fairly against the enemy in trumps, 
 and there is no chance of establishing a cross-ruff, 
 it may be well to follow the rule not to force partner 
 if weak in trumps. But if it has become clear that 
 
HOW TO PLAY TRUMPS. 
 
 79 
 
 your partner as well as yourself is weak in trumps, 
 you may fairly reason that, since it is the enemies' 
 game to prevent your trumps and your partner's 
 from being used in ruflSng, it can hardly be bad 
 policy to force your partner. For, though the chief 
 object of leading trumps is undoubtedly to draw out 
 trumps and bring in a long suit, there is another 
 very important object, viz., to draw out trumps lest 
 they be used in ruffing. After all, you can do very 
 little harm, even if your partner's strength is such 
 that he prefers to pass the trick. He can discard 
 (nearly always useful) if he prefers that course ; but 
 if, like yourself, he is weak, he can make a trick with 
 a trump which wonld otherwise have simply fallen to 
 the enemy. He may, perhaps, be found also with 
 the King-card and another of one of the adversaries' 
 suits, in which you may be short, and may play that 
 suit (King-card first, of course), giving you the 
 chance of forcing him again. If you can make two 
 or three tricks thus with your weak trumps, you may 
 be content to give up any attempt to face the enemy 
 in trumps, — especially as, when they do get in, they 
 will hardly be able to avoid letting some of their 
 trumps fall in pairs, to none from you and your 
 partner. 
 
 But suppose that, numerically, you and your partner 
 have slightly the advantage over your opponents in 
 trumps — that one of you has four, the other three, 
 the opponents each having three. 
 
 Trumps lying thus, with, perhaps, the best honours 
 
8o SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 with the enemy, every round in trumps which you or' 
 your partner may take out, if there has been no 
 ruffing, increases your relative strength in trumps, 
 and the third leaves one of you with the long trump. 
 Bat even if you knew from the beginning exactly how 
 the strength in trumps lay, it by no means follows 
 that your relative strength in the hand would be 
 increased by a process thus leaving you with the 
 command in trumps. On the contrary, if neither 
 you nor your partner has a suit which you can 
 establish, while the enemy, well protected in your 
 suits, have — either of them — a long suit, of which 
 between them they can get the entire command, your 
 long trump, though it must make, will profit you 
 little. It will be forced, out, and a winning card in 
 one of your suits (if you have two long suits) will 
 bring the enemy in again, when their long suit will 
 come in disastrously for you. 
 
 In such a case, it is idle to attempt a forward game 
 merely because you perhaps find after a few rounds 
 that you have numerical superiority in trumps. You 
 may play, if you see a fit opening, the same sort of 
 game as if you were both weak in trumps — especially 
 if each of the adversaries shows a long suit. Your 
 long trump cannot do more than make one trick in 
 this case ; it cannot bring in a long suit. You rpay 
 then, without fear of loss, either ruff from a suit of 
 four trumps when you get the chance, or force your 
 partner, though holding three, and knowing or sus- 
 pecting that he holds four. Should you succeed in 
 
HOW TO PLAY TRUMPS. 8 1: 
 
 establishing a cross-ruff, you gain by this policy, and 
 even if you fail, you lose nothing. Holding on to 
 the hard and fast rule, Pass a doubtful card if 
 numerically strong in trumps, is unwise in such a 
 case as this — which is of frequent occurrence, be it 
 noticed. Often enough the only chance of saving the 
 game lies in ruffing freely while you can. The enemy 
 — if they know what is good for them — will stop that 
 game fast enough when they get the chance, showing 
 clearly that it is your best policy, despite the ' book 
 rule so often quoted. Your chance comes while they 
 are waiting till one or other has established his suit. 
 This they will only do so long as your all-round 
 weakness has not been disclosed ; you must seize the 
 opportunity, and make your tricks while you can. 
 
 Suppose, for instance, A holds Knave and three 
 small Spades (the trump card being the Ace of 
 Spades, Z the dealer). King and three small Hearts, 
 three small clubs, and two small Diamonds; while B 
 holds Queen and three small Spades, Knave and a 
 small Heart, two femall Clubs, and four small 
 Diamonds. A leads a small Heart, which Z takes 
 with the Queen, leading Ace of Clubs and following 
 with a small Club. His partner, winning this trick 
 with the King, leads, let us say. Diamond three 
 which his partner takes with the Queen, returning 
 the Ace, to which X, drops a seven, showing that he 
 had led from four only. Suppose now that Z con- 
 tinues with a small Diamond. Shall A, holding four 
 small trumps, refrain from trumping ? It is clear that 
 
 G 
 
82 sow TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 X Z are protected ia Hearts, and each had originally 
 a five-card suit. B has not signalled, and neither of 
 the enemy has led trumps. The chances are, then, 
 that trumps are pretty equally divided ; but, with the 
 Ace in Z's hand, the odds are highly in favour of XZ 
 holding the commanding cards. Under these circum- 
 staaces, the best policy seems to be not to try to 
 fight against two strong suits with one long trump, 
 and that not certain, but to trump the doubtful 
 Diamond led by Z. This is probably giving up all 
 chance of getting the command in trumps ; but it is 
 taking the best chance of what seems the best hope — 
 a cross-ruff. After taking the trick thus by ruffing, 
 A should lead a small Club, giving up his own suit, 
 of which he knows that the enemy holds the King- 
 card (so that getting in they would probably lead 
 trumps). This B ruffs, and leads a Diamond, which 
 4. would ruff, iinless Z at once stopped the cross-ruff 
 by putting on bis tramp Ace, which he would not be 
 apt to do over his partner's suit. The remaining 
 tricks would probably go to X Z, but three having 
 been made by A B, the game — the score being- sup- 
 posed at " love all " — would be saved ; whereas, if A 
 had refrained from ruffing and then forcing B, it 
 must have been lost. 
 
 I have been careful to consider first the cases in 
 which a backward game should be played with regard 
 to trumps and the book rule about passing doubtful 
 cards neglected, because so many games are lost 
 '^hrough a rigid adherence to a rule which is often 
 
HOW TO PLAY THUMPS. 83 
 
 misunderstood. As a matter of fact, tlie rule is not 
 properly stated. Strength in trumps is not a 
 sufficient reason for refraining from ruffing, if such 
 weakness in plain suits has been- shown as to gaggest 
 a backward game^ The- rule should rather run^ So 
 long as there is nothing to show that between trumps 
 and plain suits you and your partner eau hold your- own 
 against the adversaries, i?efrain from ruffing a doubt- 
 ful card from a four-card trump- suit;* and, equally, 
 under the same conditions,, refrain from forcing your 
 partner if, being yourself weak in trumps,, you have 
 reason to think he may be fairly stronig. 
 
 But, turning now to cases where there is no special 
 reason to play either a backward or a forward 
 game, we see the reason in these — which include 
 the majority of cases — for the book rule. In every 
 Whist hand in which the strength is fairly divided 
 there may be said' to be on the average sixteen tricks 
 in the four suits, of whieb only thirteen can possibly 
 be taken ; and thus, in every fairly-matched Whist 
 hand, there are two or three trieks which one or 
 other side will make or lose,, according to the skill 
 or good fortune with which the hand is played. Of 
 course, in the play of each suit there is i^om for skill 
 and good fortune to tell ii« the finesse and so forth ; 
 but we are considering-, just now, the total number of 
 tricks to be maide, whether by fi^nesse or otherwisej 
 in the several suits, if each could "tell ^ to the last 
 
 * If you have five trumps, ruff and (generally) wait ; U ycLi 
 hare six, ruff and lead trumps. 
 
 G 2 
 
84 SOW TO PLAY WHIST.: 
 
 card in it. Now, as a matter of fact, this, as a rale,: 
 is only the case with trumps, though it may happen- 
 with any established suit after trumps are exhausted. 
 In trumps there may be more than the natural 
 number of tricks, because trumps may take tricks 
 singly. 
 
 But a time comes in every well-matched hand of 
 Whist when the question which side will make the 
 most of its long plain suits (by which is to be 
 understood every suit of more than three) depends on 
 the manipulation of trumps and forcing cards.. All 
 may then turn on the possession of a trump more or 
 less, on one side or the other. Forcing a hand which 
 holds more than the average number of trumps thus 
 very often means the gain or sacrifice of one trick 
 (according as it is your partner or the adversary who 
 is forced) for two or three tricks. This is so commonly 
 the case in well-matched hands, or hands which have 
 become well-matched so far as what remains of them is 
 concerned, that we get almost as standing rules in such 
 cases. Refrain from forcing your partner if you are 
 weak in trumps and he probably strong; Pass a 
 doubtful card if you hold more than the average 
 number yourself ; and. Force the adverse strong trump 
 hand. 
 
 But these rules do not apply to very weak hands, 
 even though there is numerical length in trumps ; 
 nor, on the other hand, do they apply to very strong 
 hands, which can often affojd to ri^ff and wait, or 
 even to ruff and lead trumps. 
 
HOW TO PLAY TRUMPS. 85 
 
 The determination of tlie proper time for leading 
 trumps in the case of fairly-matched hands not 
 justifying either a signal or an early lead of trumps, 
 still remains among the most difficult points of Whist 
 strategy. It may generally be taken for granted 
 that a late lead of trumps, unless obviously forced, is 
 to be respected by partner as much as an early lead, 
 though not quite so scrupulously as the signal. Such 
 a lead means that from the observed fall of the cards 
 in the different suits, the trump leader sees a good 
 prospect of bringing in one or other of the long suits 
 which he or his partner possesses and has by this 
 time probably established. 
 
 Again, it is to be noticed that in leading trumps 
 late, backward play in that suit is usually advisable. 
 For though forward play may secure the drawing of 
 more rounds, it risks throwing the command in 
 trumps into the adversaries' hand — who, in the case 
 we are considering (of hands originally well matched) 
 may need only this advantage to gain all the good 
 from your lead of trumps which you had hoped to 
 secure for yourself and your partner. Thus, we see 
 the reason of the difference already indicated between 
 the various leads in trumps and in plain suits. The 
 leads in plain suits aim as much at making the good 
 cards held in the suit as at finally establishing it ; the 
 leads in trumps aim chiefly at winning the closing 
 rounds in trumps, or remaining at least with a long 
 trump or a winning card in the enemy's suit, to bring 
 in an established suit. For similar reasons, you may 
 
86 SOW TO FLAY WHIST. 
 
 finesse more deeply in trumps than in plain suits j but 
 not in the fimt round to your partner's lead. 
 
 Great judgment, then, is required, where hands are 
 well matched, in deciding whether, or when, to lead 
 trumps, and in managing trumps after they are led. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to say that in the return of 
 the trump lead most careful attention should be given 
 to the rale for returning from long or short suits. It 
 is bad enough to mislead a partner in plain suits by 
 returning the lowest of a short snit, or other than 
 the lowest of a long suit, (though this mistake is not 
 often made) ; but in trumps it is a fatal error. He 
 counts one more trump in your hand than yon really 
 have, and therefore one less in the enemies' hands, 
 or viee versa ; he miscounts the other suits also ; and 
 bis whole strategy is disarranged. 
 
 As to the play third in hand to your partner's lead, 
 that has been already considered. 
 
 It remains that I should consider the lead of trumps 
 from great strength — first in trumps only, secondly 
 all round. 
 
 Great strength in trumps may consist either in 
 length only, as when you have five or six trumps, no 
 honours; or in combined length and strength, as 
 when you have four trumps, two honours, or when 
 you have five trumps (or more), one honour. 
 
 When you have five trumps, says the book rule, "it 
 is always right to lead them " ; yet experience at once 
 suggests an exception to this rule — for when you 
 want only the odd trick to save or win the game, you 
 
HOW TO PLAY TRUMPS. 8/ 
 
 do not lead trumps from five. The rule should rather 
 be that it is almost always well to lead trumps from 
 five. With the origiaal lead^ perhaps the only excep- 
 tion is the one just mentioned. But when the pre- 
 ceding play shows that your partner has no good suit, 
 while your own hand contains none outside trumps, 
 leading trumps from five would be bad play ; and, as 
 such cases are common^ the exception is rather an 
 important one to notice. Suppose, for instance, your 
 hand is weak outside trumps, of which you hold five, 
 and that your opponent on the right leads King of a 
 plain suit, taking the trick ; and then a small one, 
 which his partner takes with the Ace ; and that then 
 the Queen of another suit is led out, on which your 
 partner puts the Ace, and third player a small one : 
 you know now that your opponent on the right has 
 the King-card and probably command of his own suit 
 and the King-card of his partner's, who holds second 
 and third best. If now your partner leads a small 
 card of the remaining plain suit and you take the 
 trick with the Queen, it would be unwise to lead a 
 trump from five small ones, for yonr opponents on 
 either side have one suib certainly, and another pro- 
 bably, established, while either the King or the Ace 
 of your partner's suit is on youv right. The best use 
 you can make of your trumps is to keep them to ruff 
 your opponents' suits or your partner's (when player 
 to your right puts on his best card in that suit), ac- 
 cording to the way your plain suits are distributed. 
 And so in a number of cases where you learn from 
 
88 HOW TO PLAT WHIST. 
 
 the play that the probabilities are not — ^as when yon 
 lead originally from five tramps and a weak hand — in 
 favour of your partner having at least one strong suit. 
 
 But when you are original leader holding five 
 trumps, not more than one honour, and all your plain 
 suits weak, you have good reason for expecting that 
 your partner has one good suit which by means of 
 your trumps you can help him to establish and bring 
 in. Further, the chances are two to one that opening 
 any other suit will be playing the adversaries' game, 
 as you have no means of guessing which is your 
 partner's suit. So that, alike for offensive as for 
 defensive considerations, your proper lead is your 
 penultimate trump. (Always excepting the case 
 where you want the odd trick either to save or win 
 the game.) 
 
 With good plain cards and five trumps you need 
 never hesitate to lead tramps, unless yon want 
 the odd trick only— in which case yoa should always 
 play the safer game of aiming to obtain the odd 
 trick surely ; for, what good will three or four tricks 
 made from a long suit do you, in such a case, to 
 compensate the risk of failing to get the odd trick? 
 
 With a good plain suit, the short suits well pro- 
 tected, and four trumps (two honours), the original 
 lead being with you, you may safely lead trumps, 
 except when playing for the odd trick only. At love 
 with such a lead, you take the best chance of making 
 game if your partner has an honour. But this for- 
 ward play should be regarded as tentative only, and 
 
HOW TO PLAY TRUMPS. 89 
 
 to be dropped at once if your partner shows great 
 weakness in trumps ; for tlien there is reason to fear 
 that one or other of the adversaries may have superior 
 strength to you in trumps. 
 
 When you have such a haudj but not the original 
 leadj the question of leading trumps or not will depend 
 on what you infer from the tricks already played. , 
 
 Strength in trumps sufficient to justify leading them 
 is not sufficient to justify signalling for trumps. 
 When you lead trumps, you nearly always suggest to 
 your partner that it will be well for him to follow your 
 lead ; but when you signal, you practically direct him 
 to do so. A really commanding hand is required to 
 justify such a course. Clay indicated, as his own rule, 
 never to signal with fewer than four trumps two 
 honours, or five trumps one honour ; but he added 
 that he by no means intended to imply that with 
 such trumps you should always signal. As a matter 
 of fact, you should have good cards in plain suits to 
 justify a signal from the minimum trump hands indi- 
 cated by Clay. 
 
 It is an almost constant rule to return your partner^'s 
 trumps when he has led from strength ; but it should 
 be a constant rule to obey the signal, when made by 
 a partner who understands Whist. It is a good rule, 
 however, to disregard the signalling of any player 
 who has ever misled you by signalling without due 
 cause, — unless at least he candidly admits that he 
 repents him of his error, and promises amendment. 
 
90 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 DISCABDING. 
 
 Few points of Whist play are more important (and, it 
 miglit be added, few are more neglected) than the 
 discard. An original discard is like an original lead 
 in its significance ; a forced discard has a meaning 
 akin to that of a forced lead ; it is as important to 
 distinguish a forced from an original discard as to 
 avoid mistaking a lead from weakness for a lead from 
 strength ; and finally, to discard properly at the close 
 of a hand often requires as much skill as the art of 
 rightly placing the lead at that stage of the game. 
 
 When you h,aTe to discard to the first suit led, that 
 suit being plain, and no indication having been giren 
 of trump strength anywhere, your course is simple. 
 If the plain suit is your partner's, you discard from 
 your shortest suit, unless in so doing you have to 
 unguard a King or Queen, when — unless you are 
 very strong in trumps — it is better to discard from 
 the suit which needs least protection: though of 
 course you would unguard a King or Queen unhesi- 
 tatingly, rather than injure a long and strong suit of 
 your own. If the suit (plain) which you first fail in 
 is .your adversary's, you equally discard from your 
 shortest suit, in general; but to the exceptions just 
 
, DI8CABDINQ. gi 
 
 noted may be added (i.) the case where you have to 
 leave an Ace single, and (ii.) the case of your shortest 
 suit being a singleton. For when an adversary's 
 suit has been exhausted, your weakest suit is likely 
 to be your partner's best, and it may be a matter o£ 
 great importance later to give him a lead . in it. But 
 if your own suit is strong as well as long, and you 
 are fairly strong in trumps, you. may more safely 
 uncover an Ace or discard a singleton, for the close 
 of the hand is more likely to be under your control 
 than under your partner's. You must weigh the 
 chances, and take your chance, just as you have to do 
 when forced to lead from a weak suit without know- 
 ledge how your partner stands in it. 
 
 When trump strength has been disclosed, either by 
 the signal or by a lead, before the occasion comes for 
 a discard, or when you have to discard to tramps, the 
 general rule is, discard from your weakest suit if 
 trump strength lies, or appears to lie, with you and 
 your partner ; from your longest and best-protected 
 suit when trump strength lies, or appears to lie, with 
 the adversaries. (But so long as there is a chance of 
 bringing in your long suit, you should not discard 
 from it.) While doubt remains as to thfe position of 
 trump strength, avoid unguarding King or Queen, 
 uncovering an Ace, or discarding a singleton ; but 
 when it is certain that your partner has commanding 
 strength in trumps you need be less careful on these 
 points, for there is little fear but that your partner 
 will get the lead when he wants it. Albeit, cases 
 
92 sow. TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 sometimes arise where your long suit is wortiilessj 
 and so mucii manifestly depends on your giving your 
 partner a lead, or keeping guarded a strong card in 
 his suit, that you must discard (ev.en originally) from 
 your long suit. Common sense must guide you in 
 such cases. Eemember, however, as a general rule 
 for learners, that your original discard indicates your 
 shortest suit if trump strength is not declared against 
 you, your longest suit if it is. Subsequent discards 
 have no such significance. One of the most im- 
 portant points in Whist training, is to learn to notice 
 the original discard of each player as carefully as you 
 should notice his lead. Until you do this you cannot 
 properly be said to play Whist at all. 
 
 In the later rounds of a hand the question of the 
 discard assumes an entirely different aspect, just as 
 does the question of the lead. You have to consider 
 what suit the enemy threaten to bring in, so that if 
 you have command in that suit you may retain it 
 religiously (for the effect of the reverse course, see 
 Game XXXVIII.) ; and to note what suit, if any, 
 your partner may bring in; so that if you have the 
 command in that suit, in such sort as to be likely 
 to obstruct 'him, you may give it up by discarding 
 your commanding card. (See Games XXXII. and 
 XXXIII.) 
 
 Discard the best from a suit of which you have 
 entire command, the second best only when you hold 
 it single. 
 
HOW TO FLAY WHIST. 
 
 93 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 SIGNALLINa. 
 
 THE SIGNAL FOE TRUMPS. 
 
 The signal for trumps consists in playing an un- 
 necessarily higli card (as five when you hold four or 
 three), and is completed when the lower card is 
 played. It is now so constantly in use that we 
 must set aside all discussion as to whether Whist 
 has been improved or impaired by its invention. 
 All that has to be considered is when and how to 
 signal. 
 
 Signalling from five trumps, one honour, or four 
 trumps, two honours, the rest of the hand being 
 weak, must be regarded as unsound play. From such 
 hands you may properly lead trumps, but not signal. 
 
 Some few players hold that you may signal when, 
 having the lead, you would not lead trumps, — as, by 
 winning third hand \vitli King when you hold 
 Queen, or with Ace when you hold King, or by 
 leading Ace before King from Ace, King, and 
 others, to indicate the wish for a trump lead from 
 partner. But it is a good rule to follow — more 
 nearly a constant rule than almost any that can be 
 named — to regard no hand from which one would 
 not lead trumps, no matter what the trump -card, as 
 
04 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 one from which it is right to signal. A trick may 
 occasionally be made by waiting, in such cases, for 
 a lead from partner, but in the long run more is lost. 
 
 In signalling second in hand, one must be espe- 
 cially careful to play an unnecessarily high card, and 
 not a card which may be mistaken for an attempt to 
 take the trick ; at least, this should be done where it is 
 possible. Playing ten or Knaye second hand, and in 
 the second round a small one, is not necessarily a 
 signal, unless the Knave or Queen (respectively) 
 should fall, so as to show you were not playing the 
 customary lowest from Queen, Knave, or Knave, ten, 
 and a small one. To signal effectively from Queen, 
 Knave, and a small one, the Queen must be played 
 and then the Knave, not the Knave and then the 
 small one. Similarly, from Knave, ten, and a small 
 one. 
 
 One may signal, of course, as readily by a discard 
 as when following suit. 
 
 In passing, I may note that it may be either unwise 
 or unfair to hesitate when the chance of signalling 
 comes. Repeatedly it happens that second player 
 shows — to his loss, or it may be to his gain, accord- 
 ing to circumstances — that he is strong in trumps, 
 but not quite strong enough to signal, by hesitating 
 before playing a small easrd sach as he would have 
 been sure to play without hesitation, but for doubts 
 as to signalling. Thus, I lead Aee ; the player on my 
 left, after hesitating and perhaps drawing out another 
 card, plays Deuce ; I know^ and every one else at the 
 
SIGNALLING. gj 
 
 table knows, that he had thought of signalling, but 
 concluded to refrain. He is therefoj'e certainly strong 
 in trumps, but not quite strong enough to signal. It 
 is unfair to show this to a partner who may be, 
 perhaps, himself so strong in trumps as to be sure it 
 is safe to lead them after what he has learned ; on the 
 other hand, it is not wise to show this strength to the 
 enemy, who may have good strength, too, and may take 
 advantage of what they have learned to force you, or 
 otherwise spoil your plans. The risk may compensate 
 the advantage ; but, in any case, it is not Whist to 
 show anything about your hand by your way of 
 handling your cards, — whether through design or 
 carelessness. 
 
 THE ECHO or THE SIGNAL, 
 
 When tramps have been signalled by your partner, 
 and you have yourself length in trumps, it is most 
 desirable to let him know as much, that he may not, by 
 continuing to lead trumps, extract two for one or for 
 none from the adversaries*. It often happens that you 
 are not able to indicate length in trumps, under these 
 circumstances, by a return lead; or the lead of 
 tramps may be delayed, and you may wish to indicate 
 your trump strength at once. Under such circum- 
 stances you should " echo " the signal, if you have an 
 opportunity of so doing ; that is, you should play an 
 unnecessarily high card before a low one,, in any suit, 
 trumps or plain, in which you may be able thus to 
 indicate the possession of four trumps at least. 
 
 This " echo " signal has, like the signal for trumps. 
 
96 EOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 its negative as well as its positive aspect. Just as 
 not signalling for trumps when you have the oppor- 
 tunity means that you have not more than a certain 
 degree of strength in trumps and plain suits com- 
 binedj so, not to echo the signal, if you have the 
 chance, means that you have not more than three 
 trumps. Viewed in this aspect, the echo of the 
 signal is of as frequent use as the signal itself; for, in 
 the great majority of cases where trumps are led or 
 signalled, your partner has an opportunity of showing 
 either that he has or that he has not four (or more). 
 
 You cannot readily echo, as you can signal, by the 
 discard, for when your_ partner has signalled, and the 
 opponents lead a suit which you can ruff, you would 
 not discard from a plain suit, but take the trick, 
 whether you held more or fewer than four trumps, in 
 order that you may lead trumps in response to the 
 signal. 
 
 It is well to notice, in regard both to the signal 
 and to the echo, that failing to observe either form 
 of signal on the adversaries' part, or the absence of 
 either when there has been an opportunity for its 
 display, is as mischievous as failing to notice such 
 signals, or their absence,, in your partner's play. 
 Thus, suppose one of the adversaries leads trumps, 
 really in response to his partner's signal, but as you 
 suppose (not having noticed the signal) from his own 
 strength ; if the chance of forcing him arrives, you 
 seize it, thereby playing his game; or when you 
 sliould force the hand of the partner who signalled. 
 
SIGNALLING. 97 
 
 you omit to do so, supposing him to be weak ia 
 trumps. In fact, failing to notice the play of the adver- 
 saries with regard to the signal is apt to prove a more 
 dangerous error than failing to notice your partner's 
 signal; for, in the former case, your play, in con- 
 sequence of your carelessness, is weak and incorrect 
 in presence of trump strength of the adversaries, the 
 consequence of which can hardly fail to be disastrous ; 
 in the other case, you fail properly to support your 
 partner, but his trump strength is there all the time, 
 and will probably save you at least from irremediable 
 disaster. In the latter case, you may probably fail 
 to make a game which might have been won ; and 
 despite the saying that the cards never forgive, you 
 may retrieve the error in half the number of events. 
 But, in the former case, you are very likely to lose a 
 game which might have been saved, and there is no 
 way of restoring a game which has been lost. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to observe that whether a 
 player approves or not of the general principle of 
 signalling, wherever required, at Whist, he must 
 play at a disadvantage if he fails to adopt the 
 system against players who studiously employ it. 
 But if your partner is habitually careless with regard 
 to the signal, while your opponents are observant, it 
 is well to avoid signals of all sorts, since they inform 
 the adversaries and tell your partner nothing. 
 
 LATE SIGNALS. 
 
 It is well remarked by both Cavendish and Clay 
 
98 HOW TO PLAY WRIST. 
 
 that if a player fails to signal at the first opportunity," 
 his partner need not regard a signal given later as 
 having the same authoritative character which an 
 original signal possesses. An original signal means 
 more than a trump lead. It means, or should mean 
 (only some players are too ready to signal), that the 
 signaller is not only very strong in trumps, but has 
 such strength in other suits that (1) he can answer 
 for the absolute safety of a trump lead, and (2) can 
 give good promise of a great game. A signal after 
 the first chance for signalling has passed, means much 
 the same as a trump lead ; and, whatever rule to the 
 contrary may be set up, a trump lead does not in- 
 volve the return of trumps by partner as necessary 
 or even always proper. Sometimes a trump lead is 
 tentative, and in not a few cases where it is so, the 
 return of trumps would be bad play. So, a late signal 
 means little more, usually, than that a lead of trumps 
 is likely to be advantageous. 
 
 But it occasionally happens that a late signal points 
 to the only way of making the game, and should 
 be answered at once. In fact, after the middle of a 
 hand, a signal, — when possible, which is not often, — - 
 may have a very pointed meaning. Take a case such 
 as occurred to myself recently. I call myself B, my 
 partner A, and players to right and left of B, Yand 
 Z, as in the games. Seven rounds remained to be 
 played, and one round of trumps (Diamonds) had 
 been already taken out, in such sort as to leave the 
 best, 3rd, and 5th best trumps with B, the 2nd and 
 
SIGNALLING. 99 
 
 4t]i witli T, and three trumps between Z and A, tlieir 
 positions unknown but one certainly with A. One 
 ti'ump had been forced from Y, the original trump 
 leader. The best and third best hearts lay with Y, 
 and three small Hearts were with A, command in 
 Clubs being with Z. B, who has not had a lead, 
 holds, besides his three trumps, Queen, Knave, three, 
 and two of Spades. As it chanced, every trick was 
 wanted to make the game. At this juncture A led 
 Spade King, Spades having been as yet unplayed, 
 but (from the play) being Z's, suit. Here B's course 
 to a won game (with A's concurrence) is plain and 
 obvious, while it is equally clear that any other course 
 must lead to the loss of one trick at least by A, B. 
 The only way of making the game is by sig- 
 nalling. Therefore, B dropped the three and two 
 of Spades in that order to the King and Ace ; A 
 responded to the signal by a trump lead ; and every 
 trick went to A, B. On the contrary, if B had not 
 signalled, or A had failed to respond, A would have 
 led a small Heart, which Y would have covered with 
 the third best, and B would have been forced to ruff ; 
 for, if he passed the trick, Y would have simply re- 
 peated the force. Then B could have done nothing 
 with his command in Spades but force the enemy, 
 uncertain whether he were forcing Z or Y ; if Z, 
 then the lead of a winning Club would again force 
 B, and three tricks in all would be made by Y, Z ; 
 if luckily Y, then but one trick would be made by 
 Y Z, but still their game would be saved. 
 H 2 
 
lOo sow TO PLAY WHISI. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 TRE LAST TBICKS. 
 
 Skill at Whist is chiefly shown as the last few 
 tricks are made. The steady conduct of the hand 
 according to sound principles, and with careful atten- 
 tion to the fall of the cards, leads to a satisfactory (or 
 the best available) position at the close, and the 
 attentive player can usually tell precisely what that 
 position is. But to take advantage of good points 
 in the position, or to avoid threatened loss, requires 
 other qualities than (as a rule) have been sufficient 
 for the earlier conduct of the hand. The play is now 
 like that of a double-dummy game. Only a trick or 
 so may perhaps depend on correct strategy at this 
 stage ; but a game or a rubber may depend on that 
 trick. 
 
 The chief points arising at the close of a game 
 are these : — (1) The right choice of cards to throw 
 away to winning cards either of the enemy or of your 
 partner ; (2) placing the lead ; and (3) what may be 
 regarded as a combination of both points, the recog- 
 nition of the necessity which sometimes arises for 
 throwing away a winning card or an extra trump — 
 playing what is called (after Deschapelles) the grand 
 coup. 
 
THXl LAST TRICKS. loi 
 
 Necessity for care in choosing the right card or 
 cards to throw away to tricks won by. partner or the 
 adversaries, may arise in several ways, and a case of 
 this kind may be simple or difficult according to cir- 
 cumstances. Thus, you have a card which would be a 
 certain winning card if you had to lead it, which yet 
 is of no value to you because the suit is certain not to 
 be led. In this case you throw it away without 
 hesitation. Again you may have to choose between 
 throwing away a trump (to a suit already trumped 
 higher by the enemy) or a certain or possible winning 
 card in a plain suit ; yet, though this seems like the 
 grand coup, the question may be one of extreme sim- 
 plicity, from the consideration that the trump will 
 certainly be of no use to you (being at once drawn 
 by the enemy if retained) while the good plain-suit 
 card may take a trick. Again the choice between 
 two good cards to throw away may be a little more 
 difficult, because you may be in doubt which of the 
 two suits will be eventually led ; or of two second- 
 best cards, you may doubt which to throw, because, 
 while you are certain that one or other of the best 
 cards to those suits must be discarded by the enemy, 
 you cannot tell which it will be. Oi lastly, the ques- 
 tion may be of discarding guarding cards, and you 
 may be in doubt which of two suits must be most 
 carefully guarded. 
 
 It is impossible to lay down rules here, since each 
 case must be dealt with as it arises, and the number 
 pf cases is legion. Nothing but great care and 
 
102 JSOW TO PLAY WHIBT. 
 
 attention can save you from losing tricks at the end 
 of several of the hands played in the course of an 
 evening, by discarding from the wrong suit. But 
 when, by carefully following the fall of the cards, you 
 know where the command in each suit lies, and also 
 where small cards which will haye to be led are 
 situate, you generally have a tolerably easy problem 
 towards the end of the game, in selecting which cards 
 to throw away and which to retain. 
 
 Skill in throwing the lead is akin to Whist memory, 
 in that it comes to be instinctive with practice. A 
 good player feels, when he holds a major tenace, for 
 example, that he must throw the lead so that the 
 holder of second best guarded should have to play 
 before him ; while when the major tenace is against 
 him he feels, without any occasion for thinking about 
 it, that the holder of that tenace must, if possible, 
 be made to play before him. 
 
 There are often simple cases of throwing the lead, 
 in which, nevertheless, the average player frequently 
 blunders, if not on every occasion which arises. 
 Thus, leader holds the major tenace and a small card 
 against the minor tenace and a small card, in trumps 
 or. in a plain suit after trumps are extracted. In nine 
 cases out of ten the average player, even though he 
 has seen enough to know how the matter stands, 
 leads, nevertheless, the best card, transferring the 
 adversary's minor tenace into major tenace, through 
 which he has to lead, losing therefore both the 
 remaining tricks. It is so obvious that in such a 
 
THE LAST THICKS. 103 
 
 position the small card should be led^ that it seems 
 hardly worth while to notice the point ; yet we see 
 tricks lost in this way repeatedly ; of course, l?y 
 leading a small card, CTen though the trick may 
 be made by the adversary's small one, yet as he 
 has to lead from his minor tenace you make two 
 tricks. 
 
 One sometimes hears a weak player explain that 
 he could not lead a particular card because he knew 
 an adversary would take the trick, though this may 
 be just what he should have done to save the game. 
 You know, suppose, that the player to your left has 
 the winning Spade, the second best and two small 
 Clubs, you holding a small Heart, the major tenace in 
 Clubs, and a small Spade (trumps all out) ; you 
 know, further, that your partner has the best Heart 
 and three small Clubs, the adversary to your right 
 having only small cards, so that he can get no lead. 
 You want three tricks to save or to win the game. 
 Under these circumstances if you lead a Heart, your 
 partner makes a trick in Hearts, and must then lead 
 Club through your tenace ; you make a trick in 
 Clubs, and the remaining two tricks go to the 
 enemy. But now suppose that you had led a Spade. 
 Your adversary to the left takes the trick, by 
 which you lose nothing, as he must have taken it 
 anyhow. But now he has to lead a Club ; and, 
 however he leads, you make two tricks in Clubs, 
 lead your small Heart, and give a third trick to your 
 partner. 
 
I04 SOW TO FLAY WHIST. 
 
 THE GEAND COUP. 
 
 The grand coup consists in throwing away a trump 
 
 or a winning card in order that you may escape a 
 
 lead; where leading would lose you a trick. Take, for 
 
 instance, the following case : — ■ 
 
 B holds 
 
 Diam.— 3. Clubs— 5, 4, 2. Hearts— Q. 
 
 ( Diam.— Kn. 
 Y /Clubs— Kn, 8, 7, 3. Z ) Clubs— 6. 
 
 holds t Spades— Q. holds ) Hearts — 6, 3. 
 
 A holds ' Spades— 9. 
 
 Diam. — Q. Clubs — Q, 9. Hearts — 4. Spades — 8. 
 
 You are Y; Diamonds are trumps. A leads 
 Diamond Queen; and you know how the above 
 cards lie. How shall you play ? If you discard 
 Club three, A leads his small Spade, you make the 
 trick, and make no more. If, on the contrary, you 
 discard the winning Spade, then, however A plays, 
 your Club Knave will eventually make, and as A 
 holds the smaller Spade of the two left, you gain 
 a trick (since A cannot escape leading his Spade). 
 
 If you have the major tenace and a small card in 
 trumps, and a losing card, while your right-hand 
 adversary has the minor tenace only, or the second 
 best guarded in trumps, the possession of ihat small 
 trump may force you to lead from your major tenace, 
 in which case, of course, the adversary will make 
 a trick in trumps. But if you can part with that 
 small trump, by under-trumping your partner, or by 
 trumping a trick he has already won (leading' then 
 your losing card) your tenace will be led up to, and 
 every trick in trumps be made. 
 
FORTY ILLUSTEATIVE GAMES. 
 
io6 
 
 HOW TO FLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME I. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 ^ Diamonds— Q„ 9, 1,2. Hearts— Q, 6. 
 \ Spades— Q, Kn, 10, 3. Clubs -K, 6, 4. 
 
 Diamonds — Kn,10, 
 8. 6, 4. 
 Spades— 8, 7, 4. 
 Hearts— K, 2. 
 Clubs— 10, 5, 3. 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 Tr,IIZg. 
 
 z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Diamonds— A, K. 
 Spades— 9, 5, 2. 
 Hearts- Kn, 10, 9, 
 
 8,4. 
 Clubs— Q, 9, 7. 
 
 (Diamonds — 5, 3. 
 (.Hearts— A, 7, 5, 
 
 Scor 
 
 Spades— A, K, 6. 
 3. C ubs— A, Kn, 8, 2. 
 
 3 .—4 B, 1 ; r ^, 3. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card •wins trick. 
 
 .A 
 
 10, 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 
 C2 C5 
 SK^ S7 
 
 SA. S4 
 
 S6 S8 
 
 CA, C3 
 
 H3 H2 
 
 HA HKg 
 
 H5 D4 
 
 08 CIO 
 
 D3 D6 
 
 H7 IDIO 
 
 D5 D8 
 OKn DKn 
 
 B Z 
 
 CKg C7 
 
 SQ S2 
 
 S3 S5 
 
 SIO S9 
 
 C6 C9 
 
 HQ H4 
 
 H6 H8 
 
 I)_7 H9 
 SKnDKg 
 
 D2 DA 
 
 C4 HKn 
 
 D9 HIO 
 
 DQ CQ 
 
 NOTES A NT> INFERENCES. 
 
 a's inieeences. 
 
 1. Either 3 C and 4 C are 
 both with B, or else Y" or .Z is 
 signalling for trumps. B has 
 not the Q,ueen. 
 
 Note to Trick 1. — Having 
 five trumps, one honour, and 
 his partner having an honour, 
 Y would be justified in sig- 
 nalling for trumps were the 
 score low, but not as the score 
 stands. 
 
 2. B has Kn S, 10 S, and 
 probably one or more small 
 Spades. Z is not signalling 
 for trumps, and therefore has 
 neither 3 C nor 4 C. 
 
 Note to Teick 2. — A does ■ 
 well to take the trick and 
 return the Aoe, thus leaving 
 B the command of the suit. 
 
FORTY ILLVSTMATIVE GAMES. 107 
 
 3. Y has signalled, and therefore has either 4 or 3 ; the 
 other being with B. As Z turned an honour, Y and Z are 
 probably two by honours, in which case A B must make four by 
 tricks to save the game. '. 
 
 4. The last Spade is with B (the Knave), 
 
 5. B has 4 0, but no more Clubs. 
 
 Note to Trick 5. — B returns the highest of two cards. 
 
 6. Z has not the King of Hearts ; B has not the Knave 
 (Hearts must be Za best suit, trumps being Y's). 
 
 Note to Trick 6. — Under the circumstances Y should have 
 played the King. It is his best chance of getting a lead. 
 
 7. Z has the Knave of Hearts. The only chance of saving the 
 game lies in the probability (A having four Hearts, and Z a long 
 suit of Hearts) that B may be able to ruff Hearts next round. 
 
 8. If Yhas played properly, all his remaining cards should be 
 trumps, and the game is lost. 
 
 Note to Trice 8. — If Y trumps at all he should play Ms 
 highest. His small trump is useless. He should know that the 
 best Heart is with Z. 
 
 9. Z has the Ace of trumps (Kn S being a thirteenth card). 
 
 Note to Trick 9. — Zs play here is bad. He knows his 
 partner has an honour, with a strong hand in trumps, and two 
 tricks only are wanted to win the game, besides the two certain 
 tricks Z holds in his hands. 
 
 10. If B has not Queen and ten or nine of trumps, the game is 
 lost, for the remaining cards in Y's hand must be trumps (one 
 honour at least). 
 
 I'i. Z should have led the Queen of Clubs., The Knave of 
 Hearts is equally a winning card of its suit ; but the play should 
 have shown Z that B has a small Club, and that therefore Y can 
 win trick 11 with his smallest trump. As it is, Yhas to play 
 highest third hand. B does rightly in not overtrumping. If he 
 did, the remaining two tricks would be Y's, but by letting trick 
 11 pass, B remaining with the tenace in trumps (and knowing Z 
 to be without trumps) has the two last tricks siire. 
 
 Game I. shows the inferences which can be drawn from the play 
 by one of the players (the leader). We have added notes also 
 on the pLiy as it proceeds. The inferences are all of the simplest 
 kind, supposing the game to be conducted according to the 
 accepted principles for sound play. 
 
io8 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME II. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 7j ( Spades— Kn, 10, 3. 
 ■( Hearts— 6, 2. 
 
 (Spades— Q„ 6, 5, 2. 
 y 'Hearts— A, Kn, 8. 
 ■^ ") Oluba-10, 9, 8. 
 
 ( Diamonds —10, 6, 2. 
 
 J (Spate — A, 8, 7. 
 J Hearts — K, Q, 5, 4. 
 
 Caubs— Q, 7, 5, 2. 
 Diamonds — ^A, 8, 4, 3. 
 
 
 B 
 
 Y 
 
 Z 
 
 
 A leads. 
 
 -K,9,4. . 
 Hearts— 10,9,7,3. i 
 Clubs— 6, 4, 3. 
 Diamonds— Q,Kn, I 
 
 7. 
 
 Clubs— A, K, Kn. 
 Diamonds — K, 9, 5. 
 
 Score:—AB,Q; TZ,0. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 
 ,A T 
 
 B 
 
 Z 
 
 1. 
 
 HKgHiL 
 
 H2 
 
 H3 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 CKn CIO 
 
 S7 S2 
 
 C2 
 
 SIO 
 
 C3 
 
 SKg 
 
 4. 
 5. 
 
 CKg C8 
 
 SB So • 
 
 C5 
 
 SKn 
 
 C4 
 
 S4 
 
 6. 
 
 SA S6 
 
 S3 
 
 S9 
 
 ,7. 
 
 CA C9 
 
 C7 
 
 C6 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 HQ H8 H6 
 H4 HKn D3 
 Do KIO DA 
 
 H7 
 H9 
 D7 
 
 11. 
 
 D9 SQ 
 
 CQ 
 
 HIO 
 
 12. 
 
 DKg:D6 
 
 D4 
 
 DKn 
 
 13. 
 
 H5 D2 
 
 D8 
 
 DQ 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 b's inferences. 
 
 1. A has Queen of Hearts 
 and probably two other Hearts ; 
 neither A nor Z (who has not 
 signalled) is very strong in 
 trumps. 
 
 2. Y has led from 10 and 
 two small ones, probably from 
 10, 9, 8 ; Y's hand must be 
 very weak, but in all probabi- 
 lity he has four trumps. A has 
 Ace of Clubs and King of 
 Clubs. 
 
 Note to Trick 2. — With 
 such a hand Yshould have led 
 a trump. 
 
FOBTY ILLUSTBATWE GAMES. 109 
 
 3. A has strength enough in trumps, with command in other 
 suits to justify a trump lead. (This is B's inference, and also our 
 comment.) 
 
 4. Z, if he has played rightly, has no more Cluhs. 4 C was the 
 lowest Club in hand, and Z cannot have two more, for B can place 
 four of the remaining five, viz., 9 with Y, Ace with A, and two 
 in his own hand . But B knows that 6 cannot be with Y, and 
 if with A , then A would have originally led Clubs unless holding 
 <xt least three Hearts beside Ace and King. B is for the moment 
 iaole to be misled by Z's false card. 
 
 Note to Trick 4.— Z plays badly in returning his partner's 
 lead when honours in the suit are declared against them. 
 Leading Clubs at all he should have led 6 C, if only for the sake 
 of uniformity. 
 
 5. The Ace of trumps lies with A, the Queen with Y. 
 
 Note to Trick 5. — Y might well have played his Queen of 
 Spades. The Ace certainly does not lie with B, and is far more 
 probably with A than with Z. Even if with Z there is the chance 
 of Z having also a small trump. 
 
 6. The long trump is with Y. 
 
 7. Z played a false card, or at least incorrectly, in trick 4. 
 
 8. A holds 4 and 5 of Hearts, see Trick 1. 
 
 9. H 10 is probably with Z. 
 
 10. B knows that Y has led from a weak suit, not from King, 
 Knave, 10, for otherwise Y would not originally have led a Club. 
 He knows also that Z cannot be strong in Diamonds, or he would 
 not have Teturued Clubs in whicji his partner showed weakness. 
 The King of Diamonds probably lies with A, as A led trumps 
 from so weak a suit as Ace to three. B therefore boldly plays his 
 Ace of Diamonds, and with the long Club forces out the long 
 trump. 
 
 11. It matters not how Z discards. If he discards a Diamond, 
 A discards 5 H, and wins the remaining tricks, as in the actual 
 game. 
 
 A B make three by cards. Had Y led trumps at trick 2, or 
 played his Queen of Spades at trick 5, A B could have made but 
 two tricks. But the game would have gone better yet for Y and 
 Z if, Y having led as he actually did, Z had led 7 H (bad as 
 returning an opponent's lead usually is) at trick 4. 
 
 This game is taken from the Westminster Papers for 1877. 
 Mr. F. H. Lewis, one of the finest Whist-players (if not the very 
 finest) living, was A. We give B's inferences, with notes on the 
 play. The game shows how the fall of the cards may lead a good 
 player to lead trumps early from three only. 
 
no 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME III. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 J, f EeaHs—Kn, 9, 3. 
 ■"\Spades— A, 10. 
 
 ( Searts—S, 6, 2. 
 ■y ) Spades— 8, 6, 5. 
 ^ ) Diamonds— 10,8,3 
 
 (Clubs— Kn, 10, 9, 3. 
 
 J (Hearts — K, Q, 7. 
 
 ^ (.Spades- K,Q,Kn,9,7,3 
 
 Score : 
 
 Diamonds — K, Kn, 9, 5, 4, 2. 
 Clubs 7, 5. 
 
 Heourts — A,10,5,4. 
 Spades — 4, 2. 
 Diamonds — 7, 6. 
 Clubs— A, K, Q, 
 8,2. 
 
 Diamonds — A, Q. 
 Clubs— 6, 4. 
 AB,4:; YZ,4. 
 
 
 B 
 
 Y 
 
 Tr,m. 
 
 Z 
 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 A Y 
 
 1. SKn S5 
 
 2. DQ D3 
 
 3. DA. 
 
 4. SQ_ 
 
 5. H7 
 
 6. HQ 
 
 7. SKg S8 
 
 8. HKgHB 
 
 9. 04 C9 
 
 10. C6 
 
 11. S3 
 
 12. S7 
 
 13. S9 
 
 JS 
 
 SA. 
 Do 
 D2 
 SIO 
 
 z 
 
 S2 
 D6 
 D7 
 
 S4 
 
 D8 
 
 S6 
 
 H2 HKnHo 
 
 H6 H9 H4 
 
 Co mo 
 
 H3 _HA. 
 
 C7 CQ 
 CIO D4 CKg 
 CEn D9 CA 
 C3 DKii_C_8 
 DIO DKg 02 
 
 TZ yiin the odd trick and the game. 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. A may have led from 
 Knave, ten, nine, so far as Y 
 or Z can tell. B, holding the 
 ten, knows the lead is from 
 Ring, Queen, Knave. He 
 puts on Ace to give his part- 
 ner command of the suit. If 
 he played ten, A would con- 
 tinue with Queen, and Ace 
 would take it, whereas by 
 playing ten, on returning the 
 suit, JS leaves his partner the 
 option of taking the trick, or 
 letting the ten take it. As 
 the cards lie, B does not get 
 the chance of returning his 
 partner's lead, after showing 
 his own strong suit. 
 
 2. B leads the ante-penulti- 
 mate. Dray son's plan for 
 showing six of a suit. 
 
 3. Speing that four of 
 Diamonds cannot lie with Y 
 or Z (,from their play), A 
 
FORTY ILLUSTBATIVE GAMES. 1 1 1 
 
 should place, it with B, and credit B with all the remaining 
 L)iamonds but one. 
 
 4. A has all the remaining Spades but one, which may lie 
 either with Y or Z. 
 
 6. A does not continue his established suit, fearing to force his 
 partner [Y trumping first). But he had two chances in his 
 favour if he had led spades. First, he would as probably be forcing 
 an adverse strong trump hand, as one held by B; secondly, Z 
 may have the remaining Spade, in which case B would lie over Y 
 in rufi&ng, and still only trump for trump be drawn. A's fault, 
 here, loses the game, though it requires keen play by Y and Z to 
 win it with such a wretched hand as Y has. Z does not win the 
 trick, knowing that his only chance lies in taking the last round 
 of trumps. He plays five (four being the trump card), to show 
 his partner one more card. (Notwithstanding opponent's trump 
 lead, Z has length in trumps, and plays correctly in showing 
 this to r.) 
 
 6. B leads the highest of two cards left ; the fall of the cards 
 shows A that B must have the three, and therefore no other. 
 Yet with such cards as he knows to remain in his hands and B's, 
 with reasonable probability that at least one good club lies with 
 B, A need not yet despair. He knows, however, that Ace must 
 lie with the enemy, and the way it is kept back is ominous of 
 trouble. 
 
 7. A resumes his long suit when the mischief is done. If he 
 had drawn a trump from Z, he might himself, holding King and 
 Queen, have played the waiting game. Z trumps, disregarding 
 the probability that A held originally four trumps, — for this 
 simple reason, that, as the score stands, Y and Z must make 
 every other trick. 
 
 8. Even now a single trick will save and win A B's game, and 
 nothing but very careful play can win Y Z's. 
 
 f- 9. Z leads the Queen first, in order that his partner may get 
 out of his way, if he hold Knave aud either ten or nine. If Y 
 holds all three the lead of the Queen ia the only one which would 
 show him he must clear the way, accordingly Y throws away the 
 remaining high cards. 
 
 rhe above game illustrates the importance of playing a waiting 
 game in trumps when a long suit has to be brought in. 
 
112 
 
 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME IV. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 _g f aubs—Kn. 
 (_ Hearts, Kn. 
 
 J- Glubs—A, 6, 4, 3, 2, 
 
 \ Hearts — Q. 
 
 < Spades — K. 
 
 / Diamonds — A, K, 
 
 ^ Q, Kn, 8, 6. 
 
 Spades — A, Q, 8, 7, 5, 4. 
 Diamonds— 5, 4, 3, 2. 
 
 * kHubs—Q, 7, 5. ■) 
 
 2V, CQ, [Hearts — 8, 7 , 6, 5, 3 . ' , 
 Z Spades, Kn, 9. (' 
 Diamonds— 10,9, 7. J 
 
 f^ lea.da. 
 
 . f C?m5s— K, 10, 9, 8. 
 ^ 1 Hearts— A, K, 10, 9, 4, 2. 
 
 Score : — Love all. 
 
 Spades, 10, 3, 2. 
 Diamonds — ^none. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 
 NOTB, 
 
 A Y 
 HKgHQ 
 HA ^ 
 CKg 02 
 CIO C3 
 09 04 
 C8_ 06^ 
 HIO m 
 H9 D8 
 H4 Dl 
 DKn 
 SKg 
 DQ 
 DK 
 
 — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 B Z 
 HKn H3 
 D2 H5 
 CKn CQ 
 D3 05 
 D4 07 
 D5 H6 
 
 H2 
 
 SIO 
 
 S2 
 
 S3 
 
 S4 
 S5 
 S6 
 
 S7 
 
 H7 
 H8 
 D7 
 D9 
 
 A B make six 
 
 SA S9 
 SQ SKn 
 S8 DIO 
 
 by tricks. 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. Y knows that B is not 
 playing a false card in his 
 (B's) partner's suit, so that 
 B win be able (probably) to 
 orer-trump second round. 
 
 2. A, of course, continues 
 his suit. If he did not know 
 that B can trump the suit, he 
 would not force the adversary, 
 being himself strong in trumps. 
 This play should suggest to Y 
 that A is strong in trumps, 
 and he should give up any idea 
 of playing a forward game. 
 He cannot help yielding to the 
 force ; if he declines, he will 
 be forced again next round, 
 and must either yield then 
 
FORTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 1 13 
 
 under less favourable conditions, or let Z ruflf, who must 
 be weak in trumps. It is better to throw the lead at once 
 into Z's hand. If he had done this, Z would have made the 
 second trick with trump, have played the Ace of Spades, and then 
 forced Y with the Queen. Y might then have led Diamonds, in 
 order to force A (which, as it happens, would come off in the first 
 round), leaving A either to lead trumps under unfavourable condi- 
 tions, or to force Y, which Y could accept, being able to force 
 back with his Diamonds, when Z would be left with length in 
 trumps. As it is, Y, after throwing away the commanding card 
 in trumps, is absolutely powerless. 
 
 3. The rest of the hand plays itself. Y's discard of the 
 Diamond Ace, at Trick 9, is intended to show his partner that Y 
 has entire command of the Diamond suit, but Y gets no chance 
 of leading Diamonds or any other suit. 
 
 Game IV. illustrates the danger of continuing a forward game 
 when the necessity for defensive measures is clearly shown. It 
 has been made up to illustrate the following passage : — " I dealt," 
 says Clay, " and turned up a Queen, along with which I held two 
 small trumps. My partner, — nor was he a bad player,— held the 
 Ace and four of the smallest trumps, and, so to speak, the whole 
 of another suit. With this strength, assisted by my Queen, he 
 promised himself, reasonably enough, a great score, if not the 
 whole game. But the first two tricks showed him that he would 
 be overtrumped. He should have submitted to this, and, as it 
 ' happened, he could have made a good score, but he was unable to 
 dismiss the idea of a strong attack. He trumped tne second trick 
 with his Ace, led a trump,— and we made no other trick. Thus, 
 with Ace, Queen, eight trumps, five of which were in one hand, 
 between us, we lost twelve tricks out of the thirteen." 
 
114 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME V. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 P 
 
 /CTii5s-Kn, 10, 9, 8. 
 t Hearts — A, Q, 9, 6. 
 
 / Clubs— 1, 6, 5. 
 \ Hearts— 10, 7. 
 F-SSpades— 10, 7,6. 
 (Diamonds — A, Q, 
 ^ Kn, 5, 3. 
 
 s — A, 5, 4. 
 Diamonds — K, 4. 
 
 Clubs— A, K, Q. 
 Hearts— 8, 5. 
 Spades— K,Q,9,2. 
 Diamonds — 10, 9, 
 
 7,2. 
 
 ! 
 
 z 
 
 A 
 
 f Cluhs—4, 3, 2. Spades— Kn, 8, 3. 
 
 t Hearts— K, Kn, 4, 3, 2. Diamonds— 8, 6. 
 
 ;Scor6 ;— Three all. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 Y B Z NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. A leads the lowest but one. 
 B wins with the Queen, and ob-' 
 serves that the two does not fall 
 in the trick. Either one of the 
 players is calling for trumps, or 
 A is leading from five or more. 
 If from more than five, the suit 
 will be trumped next round. 
 Having a sequence^ he leads the 
 head of it. 
 
 2. B knows now that the ad- 
 versaries are two by honours. Z, 
 having turned up the King, pro- 
 perly heads the trick with the 
 Queen. 
 
 3. Z plays his best suit. -B, 
 winning the trick, continues the 
 tramp lead. He knows that he 
 maet make two by cards to save 
 and win the game. He properly 
 leads the eight to show his part- 
 ner the strength of his sequence. 
 
 1. 
 
 H8 H7 
 
 HQ H5 
 
 2. 
 
 02 C5 
 
 OKn CQ 
 
 3. 
 
 S3 S6 
 
 SA SKg 
 
 4. 
 
 08 06 
 
 08 CKg 
 
 5. 
 
 S8 S7 
 
 S4 SQ ^^ 
 
 6. 
 
 SKn SIO 
 
 S5 S2 
 
 7. 
 
 04 07 
 
 09 CA 
 
 8. 
 9. 
 
 D6 D3 
 H2 HIO 
 
 010 S9 
 HA H8 
 
 10. 
 
 HKnD5 
 
 H9 D2 
 
 11. 
 
 HKg DKr 
 
 lH6 D7 
 
 ]2. 
 
 H4 DQ 
 
 D4 D9 
 
 13. 
 
 D8 DA 
 
 DKg DIO 
 
FOm!Y ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 115 
 
 4. ^continues his suit. 
 
 5. Z plays another Spade in the hope of finding the Knavs with Y. 
 
 6. A knows now that the Ace will fall, and that B will, probably, 
 remain with the last trump. Of course, there is a chance of Z having 
 the seven. 
 
 7. Z is now in a difficulty. He knows he can force the remaining 
 trump, but he knows also that B has led trump upon the Heart suit. Y 
 may, however, have an honour in Hearts, and it is better in any event, 
 as far as the Diamonds are concerned, that Y should be fourth player. Y 
 discards a Diamond to the thirteenth Spade, though not of much use now, 
 as the only tramp is forced from B. The rest of the game plays itself ; 
 but, if the young player will play the game over, and suppose B to have 
 led three rounds of Hearts before leading trump, he will find that y and 
 ^wlU make six tricks and win by their honours. If the two had been 
 led instead of the three, B, alliiough he might nevertheless have led 
 trumps, would have had no means of judging that the entire suit was 
 between him and A. 
 
 The above game, with its notes, was supplied by Mr. F. H. Lewis, who 
 added the following remarks on the penultimate (illustrated by this 
 game): — 
 
 " Playing the penultimate is leading the lowest but one in suits of more 
 than four cards, which are not headed by the Ace, or do not contain two 
 commanding hoLours or strong sequences, &c. This mode of play is, 
 practically, the invention of Cavendish, and is the logical extension of 
 the lead of the lowest but one, in suits containing intermediate sequences. 
 I look upon the invention as little inferior, in its means of conveying 
 information (and its consequent influence upon the game), to the con- 
 vention which requires a player to return his lowest in suits of four cards, 
 or his highest in a suit of three. In point of fact, in some cases it 
 conveys more rapid information, for the lead from five cards may be, and 
 often is, declared in the second round of the suit. And where the 
 dealer, being happily possessed of five trumps, is forced before trumps 
 are led, and trumps with the penultimate, the information of a minimum 
 of five trumps is conveyed at once. I ought, perhaps, to state that, 
 unlessthere are special reasons to the contrary, th« lowest but one should 
 still be led in the trump suit, notwithstanding that it might be headed by 
 Ace, King, or Queen, with small cards. It is true that, occasionally, a 
 weak lead simulates a lead from five or more ; for a player, unknown 
 to his partner, may have his strong suit attacked by the adversaries. In 
 such cases, where the lead is not an original lead, a partner must drair 
 his inferences with more caution." 
 
 I 2 
 
ii6 
 
 HOW TO PLAT WHIST. 
 
 GAME VI. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 ■n ( Spades — A. 
 ( Diamonds — A, K, 10, 3. 
 
 ! Spades— Q, 8, 7, 3. 
 Diamonds — Q, Kn. 
 Olubs— A, Kn, 6, 5, 
 4. 
 Hearts — 5, 2. 
 
 Clubs— K, 9, 7, 2. 
 Hearts, Kn, 7, 6, 3. 
 
 
 B 
 
 Spades— K, 10, 9. 
 Diamonds— 9, 8,7, 
 
 } 
 
 
 Tr, SZg. 
 
 6,2. 
 
 t^ 
 
 Y 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Clubs-10. 
 Bearts— K, 9, 8, 4. 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ ( Spades— Kn, 6, 5, 4, 2. 
 ( Diamonds— 5, 4. 
 
 Clubs— Q, 8, 3. 
 Hearts — A, Q, 10. 
 
 Sem-6:—AB,i; Y Z, 4. 
 
 Hqte. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 
 A 
 
 T 
 
 B 
 
 Z 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 D5 
 CQ 
 
 DKn 
 
 CA 
 
 C2 
 
 D2 
 
 010 
 
 3. 
 
 C3 
 
 C4 
 
 CKg 
 
 S9 
 
 4. 
 
 D4 
 
 DQ 
 
 .DA 
 
 D6 
 
 5. 
 
 S2 
 
 S3 
 
 SA 
 
 SIO 
 
 6. 
 
 C8 
 
 S7 
 
 DIO 
 
 D7 
 
 7. 
 
 HIO 
 
 05 
 
 07 
 
 SK^ 
 
 8. 
 
 S4 
 
 S8 
 
 D3 
 
 D9 
 
 9. 
 
 S5 
 
 SQ 
 
 H3 
 
 H4 
 
 10. 
 
 S6 
 
 CKn 
 
 09 
 
 H8 
 
 11. 
 
 SKn 
 
 CG 
 
 H6 
 
 D8 
 
 12. 
 
 HA 
 
 H2 
 
 H7 
 
 H9 
 
 13. 
 
 HQ 
 
 H5 
 
 HKn 
 
 HK 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. A, with five trumps, one 
 honour, leads from his shortest 
 suit, hoping to play a ruffing 
 game. His hopes, it will be 
 seen, are not fulfilled by the 
 event. 
 
 2. T having five Clubs, 
 and seeing lowest Club led, 
 which shows that B is not lead- 
 ing from short suit, can pretty 
 safely infer that Z has played 
 his only Club. Being strong 
 in trumps himself, he returns 
 his opponent's lead (which is 
 from his own long suit), forcing 
 Z. 
 
FOBTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 "7 
 
 3. Z, being short in trumps, would ruff even if the trick were 
 a doubtful one. 
 
 4. Z, like Y, returns his opponent's lead. Having five Dia- 
 monds, and noting that neither the three nor the four fell to trick 
 1, he can infer, with some degree of probability, that A has led 
 from a' short suit, in which (from his play) Y is also short. Trick 4 
 shows exactly how the case lies, and Z can place every Diamond. 
 Y also sees how the Diamonds lie. 
 
 5. jB, having the winning Diamond, takes out a round of 
 trumps before leading it, knowing his partner's play, and that Y 
 lying over him, ^'s plan is not likely to prove very successful. 
 
 6. B should have led a Heart. Y ruffs, of course, though 
 holding four trumps, and 
 
 7. Leads his lowest Club to draw his partner's trump card. 
 He can count the Clubs, knowing that B must origina,lly have 
 held four, and he knows, therefore, that, if he leads the best, A 
 will trump. By playing the lowest, he causes his partner's King 
 to fall separately. The odd trick and the game are won at this 
 point. 
 
 8. Z leads the best Diamond, knowing his partner to lie over 
 A. It matters not how A plays as the cards lie, but, " for the 
 sake of uniformity " (Y having already renounced), A should have 
 played his best trump or none. 
 
 10. Y, finding all trumps left with A, throws the lead into his 
 hand, knowing that he must lead a Heart either after or before 
 last trump, and that the trick wanting to win the game must in 
 that way be secured, unless A and B between them have entire 
 command of Hearts, in which case the game is gone anyhow. 
 
 Game VI., from the Westminster Papers for August, 1874, is 
 selected as illustrating the weakness of lead from short suit, — even 
 when the odd trick only has to be made to win, and the idea is 
 not to bring in long suit, but to use long trump suit to ruff. Our 
 correspondent, Mr. Lewis, was Y. His lead at trick 7 is worth 
 noticing. 
 
Ii8 
 
 HOW TO PLAT WEIST. 
 
 GAME VII. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 R (Spades -10, 9, 4. 
 ■^ \ Hearts— K, Q', 10, 4. 
 
 Clubs— K, Kn, 9. 
 Diamonds — 7, 6, 3. 
 
 , Spades — A, Kn, 5. 
 \ Hearts— A, 3. 
 Y^ Clubs-3. 
 
 / Diamonds — A, K, 
 ^ 10, 8, 5, 4, 2. 
 
 Tr, Sa. 
 
 z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Spades— K. 8, 7, 
 6. I 
 
 Hearts — Ku, 7, 6. 
 Clubs— 8, 6, 5, 2. I 
 Diamonds— Q, 9. 
 
 J (Spades— Q, 3, 2. 
 ^ tHearts-9, 8, 5, 2. 
 
 Clubs— A, Q, 10, 7, 4. 
 Diamonds — Kn. 
 
 Score :—A B, 4 ; YZ,0. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. A leads our old 
 friend, the singleton. 
 The score being at 4, he 
 hopes to get a trick or 
 two by ruflSng, and to 
 secure the odd trick and 
 the game. Y, from his 
 own hand, and from his 
 familiarity with A's way 
 (who, however, apart 
 from his weakness for a 
 singleton lead, is a strong 
 player) knows that A has 
 not led from strength, 
 he therefore, though with 
 only three trumps. 
 
 
 A 
 
 Y 
 
 B Z 
 
 1. 
 
 DKa 
 
 DKg 
 
 D3 D9 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 S2 
 S3 
 SQ 
 
 S5 
 
 SKu 
 
 SA. 
 
 S9 SKg 
 S4 S6 
 SIO S7 
 
 5. 
 
 H2 
 
 DA 
 
 D6 DQ 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 H5 
 H8 
 
 DIO 
 D8 
 
 D7 02 
 09 05 
 
 8. 
 
 C4 
 
 D5 
 
 H4 06 
 
 9. 
 
 07 
 
 D4 
 
 mo 08 
 
 10. 
 
 H9 
 
 D2 
 
 HQ H6 
 
 11. 
 
 CIO 
 
 HA 
 
 HKgH7 
 
 12. 
 
 CQ 
 
 H3 
 
 OKg HKn 
 
 13. 
 
 CA 
 
 C3 
 
 OKn S8 
 
FOMTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 1 19 
 
 2. Leads a trump. B probably holds ten and a 
 small one {A being presumably weak in trumps). 
 
 3. The finesse here is perfectly sound. Z has 
 returned the six of Spades, eight being the trump 
 card ; therefore he held four originally. It is very 
 unlikely that B holds Queen. With Queen^ ten^ nine, 
 and small one, he would not have played nine to 
 trick 2. 
 
 6. Having cleared out trumps, except his partner's 
 ■^.urn-up card, Y proceeds with his long suit. 
 
 7, 8, 9, and 10, B'a discards are bad. A, having 
 discarded Hearts, can be strong only in Clubs (for 
 there has been no such overwhelming trump strength 
 against A and B as to justify A in discarding from 
 his best suit). B therefore should have retained his 
 Hearts j he certainly should not have unguarded his 
 King. It would have made no difference so far as 
 the game was concerned ; but as it is, Y Z make 
 every trick. Had A originally led Ace of Clubs, Y Z 
 would have made no more than the odd trick. 
 
 Game VII. illustrates the weakness of the lead 
 from a singleton. 
 
I20 
 
 MOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME nil. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 B 
 
 (aubs-A,Kn. 
 \ Spades — Q, 9. 
 
 Hearts -Kn 10,9, 8, 7. 
 Diamonds - 7, 6 4, 3. 
 
 Clubs— Q, 4, 3. 
 Spades— Kn, 8, 5. 
 Hearts— A, 5, 2. 
 Diamonds— A, Q, 
 10,2. 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 Z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 CTm5s- 5. 
 Spades— A, 10, 7, 
 6,4,3,2 
 Hearts— Q, 6, 3. 
 Diamonds — 8. 5. 
 
 f Gh'hs—K, 10, 9, 
 '- \ Spades-K. 
 
 Score 
 
 8, 7, 6, 2. Hearts— K, 4. 
 
 Diamonds— K, Kn, 9. 
 
 :—A B,Z; Y Z,^. 
 
 z 
 
 Note, 
 
 1. C6 C3 
 
 2. C^ 04 
 
 3. C2 CQ 
 
 4. SKg SKa SQ 
 6. D9 mo D4 
 
 6. 07 S8 S9 
 
 7. HKgHA. H7 
 
 8. 08 S5 D6 
 H8 
 
 ■The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 B Z 
 
 Ck 05 
 
 CKn S2 
 D3 S3 
 
 ■ 9. H4 H2 
 
 10. 09 H5 
 
 11. 010 D2 
 
 12. DKn DQ HQ D5 
 
 13. DKg DA HIO H6 
 
 SA 
 D8 
 SIO 
 H3 
 S6 
 HQ 
 HKnS7 
 D7 S4 
 
 NOTES AND mFERBNCES. 
 
 1. A leads the penultimate 
 (the ante-penultimate is not 
 de rigiieur with a six-card 
 suit; but here would have 
 been very suitable). 
 
 2. B returns the best of two 
 left. Z discards from his 
 longest suit, the opponents 
 having shown superior strength 
 in trumps. 
 
 3. A leads a trump, though 
 thus two fall for one, to show 
 his partner his strength, and 
 that one trick from B will win 
 the game. This Y and Z 
 equally perceive. Z sees that 
 
FORTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 121 
 
 nothing can save the game unless Y is strong in Diamonds 
 (S's discard showing that B's suit must be Hearts;. Z discards 
 another Spade, as he must retain the power of leading his partner's 
 suit more than once. 
 
 4. Y leads his partner's suit. Luckily the honours fall in a 
 single round. 
 
 5. Y finesses deeply, knowing that, if either King or Knave is 
 with B, the game is lost anyhow, and 
 
 6. Leads his best Spade. 
 
 7. A leads his King, from King one small one— see Leads. 
 
 10. B discards his best Heart to show he has entire command 
 of the suit. 
 
 Game VIII. is from Cavendish. There can be no doubt, I think, 
 that on both sides the hand is played as good players would be 
 sure to play it. " Cavendish " who considers ^'s play sound 
 throughout, remarks that J.'s lead at trick 3 is unlucky, as it puts 
 the adversaries on the only tack for saving the game. But Y can 
 count the trumps as it is. He knows B cannot have more than 
 one left after second round ; and that, if B had none, A would 
 simply put down the six remaining trumps and claim game. If ^4 
 had not led a trump at trick 3 (which was certainly his proper 
 course), he would have led the small Diamond, on which Y would 
 have -put his ten as the only chance of saving the game. The 
 result would have been the same. 
 
122 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME IX. 
 
 THE HAND S. 
 
 ( Spades — A, K, 6. 
 \ Hearts — K, Kn, 2, 4. 
 
 Clubs— 5, 2 
 
 Diamonds — K, Kn, 3, 2. 
 
 Spades — 8, 7. 
 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 Spades — 9, 5. \ 
 
 Hea,rts— 9, 7, 6. 
 
 
 Tr,Sb. 
 
 Hearts— A, Q, 10, 
 
 Clubs- A, K, Kn, 
 
 Y 
 
 z 
 
 8. 
 
 10. 
 
 Clubs— 7, 6, 4. 
 
 Diamonds — 10, 7, 
 
 
 
 Diamonds — A, Q, 
 
 6,5. 
 
 
 A leads. 
 
 8,4. ) 
 
 Spades — Q, Kn, 1 
 
 0,4 
 
 3, 2. Clubs— Q, 9, 8, 3. 
 
 Hearts — 5, 3. 
 
 Diamonds — 9, 
 
 Score 
 
 .■— 
 
 AB,0; YZ,'L 
 
 z 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 
 A 
 
 Y 
 
 B Z 
 
 1. 
 
 SQ 
 
 S7 
 
 S6 S5 
 
 2. 
 
 SKn 
 
 S8 
 
 SKg S9 
 
 3. 
 
 S2 
 
 Do 
 
 _SA a 
 
 4. 
 5. 
 
 D9 
 H3 
 
 DIO 
 H9 
 
 D2 D4 
 H2 H8 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 H5 
 03 
 
 H7 
 CIO 
 
 H4 HIO 
 C2 C7 
 
 8. 
 
 S3 
 
 H6 
 
 HKnHQ 
 
 9. 
 
 C8 
 
 CKn 
 
 05 06 
 
 10. 
 11. 
 
 C9 
 CQ 
 
 OK^ D3 D8 
 OA. DKn DQ 
 
 12. 
 
 SIO 
 
 D6 
 
 DKg DA 
 
 13. 
 
 S4 
 
 D7 
 
 HKgHA 
 
 NOTES AND INFEEENCES. 
 
 1. A, of course, leads Queen 
 of trumps (see Leads). Y, B, 
 and Z can all place Knave 
 and ten in ^'s hand, also two, 
 three, and four of Spades from 
 the play. 
 
 2. AH the players should 
 know -where the remaining 
 trumps lie. 
 
 3. B, not having noticed 
 the fall of trumps, only count- 
 ing them, leads Ace to draw 
 another round, though Y and 
 Z have none, and he ought to 
 koow it. The discards are as 
 Clay gives them. Z's is made 
 on the old-fashioned principle 
 
FORTY ILLUSTBATIFE GAMES. 
 
 123 
 
 of discarding from shortest suits, Y sees, however, that it is 
 better for him to retain the power of leading (as often as there 
 may be occasion) to his partner. It was from such considerations 
 that the modern principle of discarding from the longest suit 
 when strength in trumps is declared against you, took its origin. 
 
 4. B leads from what he takes to be Y's weakest suit, Hearts 
 and Diamonds being equally strong in his own hand. 
 
 5. If 3r leads Clubs— in which snit his partner is weak — the 
 game is obviously lost, for A has three more tricks in trumps. If 
 Z is not strong in Hearts the game is lost ; therefore Y plays as 
 if he knew Z to be strong in Hearts. Z finesses deeply. 
 
 6. Y continues the Heart lead. 
 
 7. Pleads a Club, and T finesses the ten. 
 
 8. Y continues the Hearts, forcing A, who can only lead Clubs, 
 in which suit Y is secure, and the game is won for Y Z,Y making 
 three tricks in Clubs. 
 
 Game IX. is from Clay. The young Whist-player will carefully 
 note that the line on which Y and Z play in order to save and 
 win the game is not that which should be followed if the score 
 were " Love all," and honours not all with A B. For, the position of 
 the cards which causes Y Zto save the game by departing from 
 rule, and leading from weak suits, is antecedently improbable. 
 Y Z play as they do, because it is their only chance. Had the 
 Knave of trumps been either with Y or Z, falling first or second 
 round to a higher honour, Y's proper course would have been to 
 play out his King and Ace of Clubs, then the Knave which JL's 
 Queen would have taken ; then, whatever A led, the game would be 
 saved by Y Z. We note also that the play of the hands is given here ■ 
 in accordance with Clay's suggestions ; according to the present 
 system of discarding (to which Clay later gave in his adherence), 
 Z, instead of discarding a Club at round 3, would have discarded a 
 Heart, thereby showing Y that Hearts were his best suit. 
 
124 
 
 EOW TO PLAY WEIST. 
 
 GAME X. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 D ( Clubs— 8, 7, 6. 
 ( Diamonds — K, 6. 
 
 Spades— K, Q, 10, 3., 
 Hearts— Kn, 7, 4, 2. 
 
 ( Clubs— A, Kn, 9, 3, 
 Kiamojids — 8, 4, 3, 
 
 F 2. 
 
 Spades — A, Kn, 9 
 
 4,2. 
 Hearts — none. 
 
 ZV, CKg 
 
 Z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Clubs— K, 4, 2. 1 
 Diamonds — 9, 7. 
 Spades— 7, 6. 
 Hearts — A, Q, 9, 
 8, 6, 5. 
 
 , J CZm6s— Q, 10, 5. Spades— 8, 5. 
 
 ^ ( Diamonds— A, Q, Kn, 10, 5. Hearts— K, 10, 3. 
 
 Score:-AB,4:; T Z, 3. 
 
 Note, 
 A Y 
 
 1. DA D3 
 
 2. DIO D2 
 
 3. S5 SA_ 
 
 4. C5 03 
 
 5. CIO CKn 
 
 6. CQ OA 
 
 7. S8_ S2 
 
 8. DQ D4 
 
 9. DK n L8 
 10. Do _C9 
 ,11. H3 S4 
 
 12. HIO S9 
 
 13. HKgSKn 
 
 — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 B Z 
 
 D6 D7 
 DKg D9 
 
 SKg S6 
 C6 
 
 07 
 
 08 
 
 S3 
 
 H2 
 
 H4 
 
 H7 
 
 SIO 
 
 SQ 
 
 CKg 
 
 04 
 
 02 
 
 S7 
 
 H5 
 
 H6 
 
 H8 
 
 H9 
 
 HQ 
 
 HKnHA 
 
 NOTES AND INPERBNGES. 
 
 1. A leads correctly from 
 suit, headed by Ace, Queen, 
 Knave, &c., see Leads. Y 
 begins to signal, having four 
 trumps, two honours, and a 
 good suit, his partner also hav- 
 ing turned up the King. A 
 alone knows, so far, that some- 
 one is signalling for trumps 
 (Y acts most unwisely in sig- 
 nalling with so weak a hand 
 outside trumps). 
 
 2. A shows that he has led 
 from Ace, Queen, Knave, ten, 
 and at least one small one 
 (or he would have followed 
 with Queen). Y completes the 
 
FORTY ILL USTRA TIVE GAMSS. 1 2 5 
 
 signal. Y knows that neither B nor Z has any more Diamonds. 
 A and -B know that Z has no more. 
 
 3. B knows that Y holds two and four of Spades. A, Y, and Z 
 know that B holds the Queen and at least two others, unless, which 
 is unlikely, B has led from a three-card suit. 
 
 4. Y knows that Z holds two of Cluhs. 
 
 5. Z returns the highest of two Clubs left, and Y, knowing that 
 two is with Z, at once places the remaining four Clubs with A 
 and B. It is more probable that they are equally than unequally 
 divided, and, as A plays the ten, the chances are in favour of the 
 Queen being with A. But, at any rate, the finesse of Knave 
 would be correct. 
 
 6. Y is now, of course, sure of drawing two trumps, remaining 
 with the long trump. 
 
 7. Y's purpose, of course, is to draw U's Queen of Spades, 
 remaining with the tenace in that suit, and entire command, 
 should B keep to his suit. But B sees that, whether he 
 finesses the ten (successfully) or takes the trick with the Queen, 
 Y and Z must win, if, besides the two and four of Spades already 
 placed in his hand, Y holds Knave and another. For Yhas two 
 Diamonds left, and, if he held originally five Spades, can have no 
 Hearts, i-o that, if B takes two tricks in Spades, Y will make two 
 tricks in that suit, whatever B may lead, besides his long trump. 
 Or, at the score, Y Z would win (two by tricks). Therefore, B 
 plays for the only chance left, viz., that A may lie over Z iu 
 Spades, and bring in his Diamonds. This comes off. 
 
 8 and 9. A makes two tricks in Diamonds, and 
 
 10. Y should have left him to make yet another. Yielding 
 to the force, Y is compelled 
 
 11. To lead through S's tenace. 
 
 A B win the odd trick and the game, tricks counting before 
 honours. If Y had refused to be forced at trick 10, Y Z must 
 have won. A would have been obliged to lead a Heart throush 
 B's singleton in the suit, and Y Z would have made two tricks 
 in Hearts, and a third with F's long trump. Y played badly' 
 throughout. 
 
 Game X. illustrates the way in which inferences are made, and 
 shows how they afi'ect the play. They seem to require much care 
 and attention, but are all in reality perfectly simple, and such as 
 the Whist-player, with sufficient practice, wiU make at once. 
 
126 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WRIST. 
 
 GAME XL 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 ^ fffraris— K, 8, 6, 4, 2. 
 ( Spades— 6, 2. 
 
 / Hearts — A, Q, Kn. 
 \ Spades —8, 7, 5. 
 Y I Diamonds— A, 10. 
 y Clubs- Q,Kn, 10, 
 ^ 5,3. 
 
 . fBeowis— 10, 7. 
 ^ t Spades— A, K, 10, 9, 4, 3. 
 
 
 B 
 
 Y 
 
 Tr, m. 
 
 Z 
 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Diamonds— 9, 6, 3, 2. 
 
 Clubs — A, 7. 
 
 Eearts—d, 5. 3. 
 Spades- Q, Kn. 
 Diamonds K, Q, 
 Kn, 8, 7. 
 Clubs -9, 4, 2. 
 
 Diamonds — 5, 4. 
 Clubs— K, 8, 4. 
 
 Score (probably) .-A J5, ; T .2, 0. 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 A 
 
 SL 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 So 
 
 S6 
 
 S7 
 
 S2 
 
 z 
 
 SKn 
 SQ 
 
 3. HIO HKn HKg H3 
 
 4. H7 HQ H2 H5 
 6. 06 CQ CA 02 
 
 6. D4 HA. H4 H9 
 
 7. CK^OKn C7 04 
 
 8. SIO S8 D2 D7 
 
 9. S9 03 m "D8 
 
 10. S4 DIO D6 DKn 
 
 11. S3 05 D9 09 
 
 12. D5 DA H8 DQ 
 
 13. 08 CIO H6 DKg 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. .4 leads correctly (sse Leads). 
 The two not falling, ho knows 
 some one is signalling'. B com- 
 mences the signal. At the as? 
 sumed score, £ playa very badly 
 in signalling, though if the lead 
 had been with him he would have 
 been right in leading, trumps. 
 When a player leads trumps, ha 
 says to partner, "1 am strong 
 enough to play a forward game if 
 you have strength ; " but when he 
 signals, he says, '*I am strong 
 enough to play a forward game 
 even without your support, if you 
 only bring in trumps." .B, in this 
 case, has only three probable 
 tricks in trumps and one in 
 Diamonds. 
 
 . 2. B completes the signal ; A's 
 suit is established, S! has no 
 more Spades. 
 
 3. A rightly lends his best 
 trump. X, from his own hand, 
 knows that B, in all probability, 
 has the King ; for if A had the 
 
FORTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 127 
 
 King lie woald not have led tlie ten, and if Z had the King, besides the 
 trump card, B would only have had small trumps, headed by fright, from 
 which he would hardly have signalled. Y should therefore have put on 
 the Ace. He gains nothing by this tenace being led up to, for if be had 
 played the Ace, he would still have been sure of the third round of 
 trumps as eventually played. Meantime he could have forced his partner 
 in Spades. 
 
 5. Here Y plays very badly. It is useless to lead from a long suit' at 
 this stage of a game, in which strength in trumps has been declared 
 against you. Z is not lik«^ly to attribute strength to Y in any other suit ' 
 but Clubs, even if any harm could come, at this critical part of the eame, 
 from such a mistake. Leading Ace of Diamonds to save the game would 
 have been sound play enough, though this might suggest lei%th in 
 Diamonds, — unless^ himself is very strong in them, as Y knows to ba 
 probable. But the force is the correct play to save the game. Of course 
 J" knows that Z can trump, the trump card not having been played, 
 
 7. Even now, leading the Diamond Ace would save the game. (As a 
 matter of fact, it would do miich more, as B holds four Diamonds ; but of 
 this Y cannot be assured. All he knows about Diamond sis that ^, who has 
 discarded one, is short in that suit ; so that B is almost certain to have 
 one at least). But jT blunders on with his long suit, on the chance thiit 
 Z holds the King, and that B cannot ruff. B is much more likely, so far 
 as Y can judge, to be able to rufl Diamonds than Clubs, for Y has two 
 Diamonds and .4- is short in them, leaving at least eight between B and 
 Zj whereas F holds five Clubs, A from his discard certainly had at least 
 three Clubs originally, while B and Z have already played one each, 
 leaving only three to be accounted for between B a,nd Z. Besides this, 
 it is an even chance that A holds the King, not Z. 
 
 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. Of course nothing can now be done. A and 
 B make five by tricks, against Y Z's two by honours. 
 
 If at trick 5 Y had played properly, the game would have proceeded 
 thus ; — 
 
 
 A 
 
 Y 
 
 B Z 
 
 A Y 
 
 B 
 
 z 
 
 5. 
 
 SIO* 
 
 S8 
 
 C7 H9 
 
 10. S 9 HA 
 
 H4 
 
 D7 
 
 6. 
 
 D4 
 
 DA 
 
 D2 TTkg 
 
 11. C6 C^ 
 
 C A 
 
 C2 
 
 7. 
 
 D5 
 
 i5To 
 
 D3 DQ 
 
 12. C 8 C 10 
 
 H8 
 
 C4 
 
 8. 
 
 S 3 
 
 C3 
 
 D6 ^Tn 
 
 13. CKg CKn 
 
 iTs 
 
 09 
 
 9. 
 
 S4 
 
 C5 
 
 D9 iTF 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *A B only making the odd trick. 
 
 
 
 Game XI. is given by Professor Pole. The score, on which in 
 reality the play would greatly depend, is not given. We assume 
 that it is " Love All ; " but, if it were A B love, Y Z three, B'a play 
 would be better justified than it is under the assumed actual con- 
 ditions, because then nothing could save A B (if honours against them) 
 Imt the possession of such cards, or at any rate siich a long suit by A, 
 as B ought, under ordinary conditions, to hold himself, — to justify his 
 signalling from five trumps one honour. On the other hand, if the score 
 were A B four, Y Z three, iJ's play would be about the best he could 
 follow to lose the game. The play ol Y Z also would depend much on the 
 
128 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME XII. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 B 
 
 [ Diamonds— &. 
 
 L Spades - 10, 5, 4, 2. 
 
 Diamionds 
 
 ,^w„.„,...-K, 7. 
 \ Spades — Kn, 7. 
 V^ Hearts— 10, 7, 5, 
 I 4, 3. 
 
 ''Clubs— K, Q, 8, 4. 
 
 J ^Diamonds — Q, 6, 5, 4, 3. 
 I Spades— 8, 6. 
 
 Score .•- 
 
 Hearts— A,. Q, Kn, 9, 6, 2. 
 Clubs— A, 6. 
 
 Diamonds — A,Kn, • 
 10, 9, 2. j 
 Spades — A, K, Q, 
 Hearts— 8. [9, 3. 1 
 Olube— 9, 7. 
 
 Hearts — K. 
 
 Clubs— Kn, 10, 5, 3, 2. 
 
 AB,4:; YZ,4. 
 
 Note. 
 
 r 
 
 A 
 
 C3 CQ 
 HKgHS 
 
 S6 H4 
 
 — The underlined card wins trick. 
 B Z NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 DKg 
 
 m 
 
 S7 
 SKn 
 
 D4 
 D3 
 S8 
 D5 
 
 8. CKn C4 
 
 9. DQ H5 
 
 10. D6 
 
 11. C2 
 
 12. Co 
 
 C8 
 H7 
 HIO 
 
 CA 
 
 HA 
 
 HQ 
 
 D8 
 
 H2 
 
 S2 
 
 S4 
 
 06 
 
 H6 
 
 H9 
 
 S5 
 
 C9 
 
 H8 
 
 D9 
 
 D2 
 
 DA 
 
 SKg 
 
 SQ 
 
 C7 
 
 DIO 
 
 DKn 
 
 SA 
 
 SIO S9 
 13. CIO CKg HKn SB 
 
 1. With five trntups, and five 
 comparatively small cards, A 
 properly leads from his plain 
 suit [playing the penultimate, 
 thongh, if the score were 
 different, a trump lead would 
 be permissible, and, according 
 to Pole, advisable ; but the 
 rule, " always lead a trump 
 from five," is open to ques- 
 tion]. The fall of the nine 
 from Z shows A that Z either 
 has no more Clubs or is sig- 
 nalling [unless, which is less 
 likely, T held Queen only ; in 
 which case Z may have the 
 King, and B have four Clubs 
 left]. 
 
 2. B opens his strong suit. 
 
 3. B, although he has six 
 Hearts, continues with the 
 Queen, rather than with the 
 Knave (see Leads, &c.) in 
 order that A, having dropped 
 
FOUTY tLLXrSTRATIViE OAMMB. 129 
 
 the King, may not be in doubt. A refuses to overtrump Z, 
 because it is clear to him that Z's hand consists of Spades and 
 trumps : he therefore discards a Spade. 
 
 4. Z sees his Spades in danger, and apparently from the weak 
 hand. He plays, therefore, to find th« King in his partner's hand, 
 or finesse on the return. \_A plays the penultimate trump 
 showing his partner (next round) that he held five originally.] 
 
 5. Z is obliged to play the Ace, so as to get the first force on A 
 before he establishes his Club suit. [The care with which Z at» 
 tends to this little matter wiU seem strange to those who think 
 it a Whist ofience of the first magnitude to give the enemy a 
 chance of ruffing— they never call it " forcing," by the way — or to 
 fail to give one's partner such a chance^ It may be worth their 
 while, if such there be among our readers, for these unwise 
 players to try the effect of Z's omitting to force.] 
 
 8. r passes, in the expectation that A will continue the Club, in 
 which he maintains the tenace. He thinks if he takes it, he 
 must force Z at the risk of his being overtrumped. But he did not 
 take into account that Z's trumps must be Knave, ten, for if A 
 had had the two best, he would probably have drawn the trumps, 
 Z's play was to win the Club, force Z with the Heart, thus keeping 
 the second best Club when A was forced in return with the Club, 
 so winning the game. Z completes his signal. 
 
 9 and 10. [Well played A .'] The play of T in the last trick 
 lets A into the whole of his hand. It is clear to him that Y is 
 keeping up the teuace, and that he has not the best Heart, ^'s 
 play is then Very pretty. By playing the Queen of Trumps he 
 throws, in the next trick, the lead into Z's hand, taking the chance 
 of finding B with a winning Spade. The rest of the hand plays 
 itself. 
 
 The above game was sent to ^Knowlisdge by Mr. Lewis, who alBo 
 supplied the notes, eicefit those within brackets. The play is 
 good throughout, except; the mistake on T'S part, to which Mr. 
 Lewis calls attention in his remarks ; but fs intention was ex- 
 cellent, and it was only A's deeper play which foiled It. Y had to 
 take several things into account, and he took all points carefully 
 into account except one : vi?., that the lead could be thrown into 
 Z's hand. The abundant signalling in the game is worth noticing, 
 as also the way in which B omits the usual signal for length in suit 
 headed by Ace, Queen, Knave. 
 
 K 
 
I30 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 B 
 
 GAME XIII. 
 
 THE HANDS . 
 
 ( Spades— K, Q, Kn, 10, 9, 8. Clubs— A, Q. 
 
 ( Hearts— A,, K. Diamonds — 8, 5, 2. 
 
 Spades— 1, 6, 5, 3. 
 Hearts — none. 
 Olubs— Kn,9,8,6,4. 
 Diamonds — K, Q, 
 10,6. 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Spades— A, 2. 
 Hearts— Q,Kn,10, 
 9, 8, 6, 3. 
 Clubs— K. 
 Diamonds — A,9, 4. 
 
 Spades—'^. 
 Hearts— 7, 5, 4, 
 
 2. 
 
 erne: 
 
 Clubs— 10, 7, 5, 3,2. 
 Diamonds — Kn, 7, 3. 
 —AB,3; YZ,3. 
 
 A 
 
 1. C3 
 
 2. H2 
 
 3. D3 
 
 4. D7 
 
 5. H4 
 G. DKn 
 
 7. C2 
 
 8. H5 
 
 9. S4 
 
 10. C5 
 
 11. 07 
 
 12. H7 
 
 13. 010 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick, 
 
 r B 
 
 04 CQ 
 SS HA 
 DKgD8 
 D6 D2 
 
 55 HKg 
 DQ D5 
 06 CA 
 DIO S8 
 
 56 SKg 
 
 57 S9 
 
 08 SQ_ 
 
 09 SKn 
 OKn SIO 
 
 Z 
 
 CKg 
 
 HQ 
 
 D4 
 
 DA 
 
 H3 
 
 D9 
 
 S2 
 
 HKn 
 
 SA 
 
 HIO 
 
 H6 
 
 H8 
 
 H9 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES' 
 
 1. A properly leads tlie 
 penultimate card of Hs 
 long- suit. B, finessing 
 according to rule, and 
 overlooking the fact that 
 the case belongs to the 
 exceptions, deliberately 
 throws away the game. 
 
 2. Z leads Queen, from 
 Queen, Knave, ten, &c. 
 Y trumps, following 
 Olay's rule not to pass 
 a certain trick unless 
 you see your way to 
 making three by re- 
 
FOBTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 131 
 
 fraining. B begins to signal now that he Las 
 thrown away the game. 
 
 3 and 4. Y and Z begin to take their tricks in 
 Diamonds^ B signalling violently in a new suit. 
 
 5. Z properly forces his partner instead of leading 
 a Diamond. B completes his signal in Hearts, 
 naturally. 
 
 6 and 7. Y, having made his Diamond Queen, 
 leads a Club, as very likely to give Z a ruff. For Y 
 had five Clubs originally, and A, having led, has four 
 at least. With trick 7 the game is won, whatever 
 honours B may hold, for the Ace of trumps will 
 make the necessary eighth trick. For the sake of 
 symmetry we give the remaining rounds as they 
 would probably have been played did the rules of 
 Whist require that all thirteen rounds should be 
 played. 
 
 This game illustrates forcibly the necessity of play- 
 ing to the score. Had B played his Ace of Clubs 
 first round, of course the game was won, as he held 
 two by honours in his own hand, and five more tricks 
 certain. 
 
 Game XIII. is- so far artificial that only 5's hand 
 was actually left on record, with the score, ^'s first lead, 
 and the result. At the score of " Thrpe all," B must 
 have felt absolutely sure of success j but why, being 
 sure, did he not keep so, by playing the sure game ? 
 The case illustrates well the necessity of playing 
 always to the score. The wild signalling of B after 
 his mistake, his despairing appeals to his partner to 
 do what A never has the chance of doing, are, of 
 course, little touches thrown in to make the lesson 
 more impressive. 
 
 K 2 
 
132 
 
 HOW TO FLAY WSIST. 
 
 GAME XIV. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 ■D (Hearts — K, 8, 5. 
 *^ t Clubs— Q, 10, 4. 
 
 ijETectrfs— A, Kn, 4, 
 Clubs~K, Kn, 7, 
 3. 
 Diamonds— Q, 6, 5, 
 Spades — 7, 6, 4. 
 
 Diamonds— A, 10, 2. 
 des— Q, En, 9, S. 
 
 Searts^Q,10, 9, 
 
 anbs— A, 9, 5, 2. > ^ 
 Diamonds— Kn, 9, \ 
 Spades— 8, 2. [7. ■' 
 
 . (Marts— 7, 6, 3. 
 •^ \ Clubs— 8, 6. 
 
 Diamonds— K, 8, 4, 3. 
 Spades — ^A, E, 10, 5. 
 
 Smre:--'A B, 4 ; YZ,4. 
 
 A 
 
 1. SKg 
 
 2. SA 
 
 3. S5 
 
 4. C6 
 
 5. OS 
 6. D3 
 
 7. DKg 
 
 8. D8 
 
 9. D4 
 
 10. H3 
 
 11. H6 
 
 12. H7 
 
 13. SIO 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 Y B Z NOTES AND INFEEENCES. 
 
 S4 S3 S2 
 86 S9 S8 
 S7 SKn^2 
 CK^C4 C2 
 C3i CIO CA 
 C7 CQ C5 
 D5 D2 D7 
 D6 DA D9 
 DQ DIO DKn 
 H4 H5 HQ 
 HEn HK^ HID 
 HA H8 H9 
 CKn SQ C9 
 
 1 and 2. A leads fiDm his 
 best and longest suit. 
 
 3. It is nnfortTmate for Z, 
 witli four trumps,- to have 
 to m£E J but of course he is 
 wise in doing so at the score, . 
 and indeed if &e score had 
 been differen*. 
 
 4. T does not loM the 
 Queen. 
 
 5. As T returns the lowest! 
 Club, he holds two more at 
 least. He cannot have played 
 his only remaining Clnb, for Z 
 holds probably two more, cer- 
 tainly not more than two, and 
 B, having played the ten, can' 
 not have any cards left but 
 the Knave or Queen, or both } 
 even in the latter case, a Club 
 would be with Y, and if there 
 is one there must be another, 
 or T holding two only after 
 
FORTY ILLUSTBATIVB GAMES. 
 
 133 
 
 first round woald have returned the highest. T notes that B has 
 not the nine of Cluba (see notes on trick 11). 
 
 6. Thus, as Z does not lead the Queen, A places the Queen in JB's 
 hand, and discards fro his originally weaker suit of the two plain 
 suits remaining. 
 
 7. B does rightly — at the score — in leading from the snit from 
 which his partner has discarded ; it is the best chance of giving A 
 a trick by raffing. A does not hold the Queen. 
 
 8. It is clear A holds the four, the winning card being with 
 TorZ. 
 
 9. B has very little choice. Leading Spade Queen would be 
 manifestly bad, as A, original leader of the suit, holds the only re- 
 maining card in it, so that either F or Z can ruft, the other 
 making a convenient discard. A trump lead is not likely to do any 
 good, the trumps being probably pretty equally divided, and the 
 game sure, unless Y and Z hold both Ace and Queen, and make 
 them separately. As the score and play stand, it is better that 
 either F or Z should lead trumps than A or B. 
 
 11. From the lead of the ten, Y knows that Z does not hold the 
 King, for if he held it he would have played it, unless, besides the 
 ten, he had held another. But in this case his trumps would have 
 been originally King, Queen, ten, two, another, in which case (even 
 after being forced) he could certainly have led trumps earlier. 
 Now, the King being with the enemy, who hold the remaining 
 Spades, T Z are bound to lose if T takes trick 11. For then, if he 
 leads the Knave of trumps, the King will take it, and a trick in 
 Spades go to A B ; while, if he leads the Knave of Clubs, it will 
 be rufied (for A has already renounced, and B does not hold the 
 other Club), and the King of trumps will make the odd trick. Y 
 takes the only course to win. Whether the finesse succeed or fail 
 as a finesse (it fails, be it noticed), A B must lose both the remain- 
 ing tricks. This is obvious enough when the cards held by the 
 four players after the tenth round are placed on the table ; but 
 how many a game has been lost in such a position by taking 
 a trick at the wrong time ? 
 
 Game XIV. appeared some eight years ago in the Westminster 
 Papers, Mr. F. H. Lewis playing hand Y. The play is singularly 
 regular in the first ten rounds, the inferences plain and obvious, so 
 that the remaining cards in plain suits could all be placed, by 
 all four players. Thus A knows that Y cannot have the Queen of 
 Spades (or he would have played it at trick 3), so that, Z having 
 renoonced in Spades, it must lie with B. He knows that Y and Z 
 must hold eaclx a Club — it matters not which has the winning 
 Club. B knows in like manner that A holds the remaining Spade, 
 F Z a Club each. F knows his partner holds the remaining 
 Clnb, and that A and B hold each a Spade; and Z knows the 
 sa/ine about F. 
 
134 
 
 SOW TO PLAY WEIST. 
 
 GAME XV. 
 
 THE HANDI 
 
 .J Clubs— A, 10,8, 5,4. 
 1 Hearts— K, 5, 2. 
 
 Spades — 2. 
 Itiamonds — 10, 9, 7, 4. 
 
 Clubs— Q, Kn, 7, 2. 
 
 Hearts— 4, 3. 
 
 Spades— A, K, Kn, 
 ' 6, 5. 
 
 ■ Diamonds — A, K 
 
 2V, C9. 
 
 z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Clubs— 9, 6. 
 Hearts— 10, 7. | 
 Spades— 10,9,8,4. 
 Diamonds— Q, Kn, ' 
 8, 6, 3. 
 
 Z 
 
 /, {Clubs— K, 3. 
 t Hearts— A, Q, Kn, 9, 8, 6. 
 
 Spades— Q, 7, 3. 
 Diamonds — 5, 2. 
 
 AB,0; YZ,0. 
 
 Score 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick, 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 HA. H4 H5 
 HKn H3 HKp 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 C3 
 
 02 C5 
 CKn CA 
 
 5. 
 
 D2 
 
 CQ CIO 
 
 6. 
 
 S3 
 
 SKg S2 
 
 7. 
 
 S7 
 
 SA 04 
 
 8. 
 
 D5 
 
 07 08 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 
 HQ 
 H9 
 
 55 H2 
 
 56 D4 
 
 11. 
 
 H8 
 
 SKn D7 
 
 12. 
 
 116. 
 
 DKgD9 
 
 13. 
 
 SQ 
 
 DA DIO 
 
 B Z 
 H7 
 
 06 
 
 09 
 
 S4 
 
 S8 
 
 S9 
 
 D6 
 
 D3 
 
 D8 
 
 DKn 
 
 DQ 
 
 SIO 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. Both Yand 5 begin 
 to signal, but B without 
 good reason. T has 
 better, for he not only 
 has four trumps, two hon- 
 ours, but an excellent 
 hand outside trumps. 
 
 2. .4 has led from Ace, 
 Queen, Knave, and two 
 at least. Y's signal is 
 completed; but S sees 
 his opportunity, takes the 
 trick (leaving his partner 
 with the suit established), 
 and leads the penulii- 
 
FORTY ILLUSTBATIVE GAMES. 
 
 135 
 
 mate trump. A bad partner would have saved his 
 King (knowing the Queen with A), and lost the 
 chance of making a great game. 
 
 4. B, having five trumps^ and knowing Y cannot 
 have less than four trumps two honours (Y being one 
 who never signals without good cause), knows that 
 A'a Club 3 cannot be the lowest of three left m hand ; 
 but it is the lowest Club ; therefore A can have no 
 more. For if he had had two he would have played 
 the higher. The inference happens to be of no sub- 
 sequent use to A, but it is well to note it, as inex- 
 perienced players often lose by failing to notice just 
 such points as these. Y makes a similar inference, 
 being sure that B would not have led trumps, after 
 opponent's signal, from less than five trumps, one. 
 honour. Y should have played the seven, on the 
 chance that ten may lie with Z. As the cards lie, it 
 would have made no difference in the result. 
 
 5. Having second and third best trumps left, B 
 leads the second best and draws Y'a Queen. Y does 
 well to take the trick, having nothing to gain from 
 getting out more trumps. 
 
 6. Y, of course, resorts to his long suit j but 
 unfortunately 
 
 7. B has but one card of the suit, and trumping the 
 second round, 
 
 8. Draws out the last of Y'a trumps. Z discards 
 penultimate Diamond, to show five in suit, but it is 
 rather late for such refinements. 
 
 9. B brings in his partner's long suit, and 
 
 10. 11, 12, 13, A B make five by tiicks. 
 
 The above game illustrates the importance of clearing your 
 partner's suit when it ia established, and you hold the best card 
 and but one small one. With two small ones, B, second round, 
 would not have been justified in taking his partner's trick. 
 
136 
 
 SOW TO FLAY WEISP. 
 
 
 
 
 GAME 
 
 XVI. 
 
 
 
 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 ■^ \ Glut 
 
 a — A, 
 
 -0,7 
 -Q,8. 
 nds— e 
 -10, 
 
 .Kn,4. 
 
 7. 
 
 Diamonds — Kn, 10, 7, 4. 
 Spades— Kn, 9, 6, 4. 
 
 , Hearts 
 
 \ Clnbs- 
 
 Y ■< Diamo 
 
 / Spades 
 
 ,2. 
 
 8,7, 
 
 B 
 Y 
 
 z 
 
 EeaHsr— 10, 9, 8,' ' 
 
 6,5. 
 Clubs- Kn, 2. 
 Diamonds — ^K, Q, 
 9,8. 
 
 Z 
 
 
 rts—A 
 )s-K, 
 
 5>3. 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Spades— Q, 2. 
 
 
 A ^^'^ 
 
 3. 
 
 10,9, 
 
 Scm 
 
 Diamonds — A, 3, 
 8,5, 4, a Spades— A, K. 
 
 re.— A B,0; YZ,4. 
 
 
 Note.— The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 A 
 
 Y 
 
 B Z 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. C5 
 
 08 
 
 CA 02 
 
 1. A, having seven 
 
 2. OKs CQ 
 
 3. HA. H2 
 
 07 CKn 
 H4 H5 
 
 dubs, leads tlie ante- 
 penultimate. 
 
 4. H3 
 
 5. D3 
 
 H7 
 HQ 
 
 HKnH6 
 HK^H8 
 
 2. B, having no very 
 good suit, returns his 
 partner's lead ; from the 
 
 6. SK^ 
 
 S3 
 
 84 S2 
 
 fall of the cards he sees 
 
 7. CIO 
 
 D2 
 
 S6 H9 
 
 that all the remaining 
 
 8. DA 
 
 D5 
 
 D4 DKg 
 
 Clnbs are with A. 
 
 9. 09 
 
 S5 
 
 D7 HID 
 
 3. Although with only 
 
 10. 06 
 
 11. 03 
 
 12. SA 
 
 D6 
 
 S7 
 S8 
 
 DIO DQ 
 DKiiD9 
 S9 SQ 
 
 two trumps. A, having 
 five winning Clubs, two 
 winning Spades, and Dia- 
 mond Ace, leads trumps. 
 
 13. 04 
 
 SIO 
 
 SKi 
 
 I D8 
 
 hoping by forcing, but if 
 
FORTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 137 
 
 necessary, to get out trumps and bring in his long 
 suit. He leads Ace to ensure two rounds of trumps 
 at least. 
 
 4. B knows from A's play ttat A lias not led from 
 a long suit of trumps. For if A had had five trumps, 
 headed by the Ace, he would have led trumps first 
 round. B should have helped A in getting out as 
 many trumps as possible, by playing his King and 
 leading the Knave. The finesse succeeds, as it 
 happens, but it was not good play. 
 
 5. Eemaining trumps are with Z. 
 
 6. B leads Spades in response to A's discard of a 
 Diamond. 
 
 7. A forces Z, of course. Y discards from his 
 weakest suit ; B likewise. 
 
 9. A again forces Z. 
 
 The rest of the game plays itself. 
 
 Game XVI. illustrates early lead from a short suit of 
 trumps when the long suit is established, and there 
 are good re-entering cards. 
 
138 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME XVII. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 grOZuSs— 9, 8. 
 \ Diamonds — Kn, 
 
 , Clubs— 10, 5, 2. 
 \ Diamonds — K, 6. 
 •r^ < Spades — Kn, 10, 
 ^ ^ 4, 3. 
 
 Hearts — Kn,9, 6, 
 5. 
 
 1 
 
 Spades— 8, 7, 2. 
 Hearts— 10, 8, 7, 4, 3, 
 
 CZmJs— A,K, Kn. 
 2V, CZn. I Diamonds — 10,9. | 
 2 Spades — A, K, 
 Q, 6, 5. 
 Hearts— KjQ, 2. 
 
 . r Clubs— q, 7, 6, 4, 3. 
 t Diamonds — A, Q, 7, 5, 4, 2. 
 
 Score : — ^ -B, 2 ; Y Z,3. 
 
 Spades — 9. 
 Hearts — A. 
 
 Y 
 
 C2 
 S3 
 
 S4 
 
 C8 
 S2 
 
 S7 
 
 z 
 
 CKn 
 
 SKg 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. A properly leads a 
 trump, thougli an hon- 
 our turned, having five, 
 one honour. He leads 
 the penultimate. 
 
 2. B does not hold 
 four trumps, or he would 
 " echo " to his partner's 
 lead of trumps. 
 
 3. The penultimate 
 signal is completed. Z, 
 of course, should have 
 led his Queen of Spades. 
 
 4. Z should see that 
 B holds no more trumps. 
 
 A 
 
 1. C4 
 
 2. S9 
 
 3. 03 
 
 4. C6 
 
 5. 07 
 
 6. HA 
 
 7. D4 D6 DKn D9 
 -8. DA DKg D8 DIO 
 
 9. DQ H6 D3 
 
 10. D7 H9 H4 
 
 11. D5 SIO H7 
 
 12. D2 SKu H8 
 
 010 09 
 05 S8 
 H5 H3 
 
 KA 
 01^ 
 OA 
 HKg 
 
 S5 
 H5 
 S6 
 HQ 
 
 13. CQ HKnHlO SQ 
 
FORTY ILLVSTBATIVB GAMES. 139 
 
 T" plays the ten to lielp Lis partner, B having shown 
 weakness in the first round of trumps. 
 
 5. Z does his best to help his adversaries. He not 
 only gives up the command in trumps utterly, but 
 draws two cards for one. He should have forced A 
 with his Spade Queen. 
 
 6. Even now the lead of Spade Queen would have 
 been the correct thing, though, as the cards lie, it 
 would have done no good. 
 
 7. It is necessary, to save game, to make every 
 other trick, for Y Z are two by honours. Now, 
 either the King is with B or not; if B holds it, 
 whether guarded or unguarded, A B must win, for A 
 holds the long trump with which to re-enter, if B is 
 unable to return trumps. If the enemy hold King 
 guarded, the lead of Diamond Ace must lose the 
 game for A B, whereas there is a chance that Y hold- 
 ing the King guarded, B may hold the Knave. A, 
 therefore, plays on the line which gives the best 
 chance of winning. 
 
 8. &c. The rest of the game plays itself. Y Z 
 have nothing more to do with it. 
 
 Game XVII. illustrates the folly of playing the 
 enemy's game by leading out winning cards of his 
 suit, — especially when the suit is trumps. 
 
140 
 
 HOW TO PLAT WHIST. 
 
 SAME XYIII. 
 
 THE HAIIDS. 
 
 P f Diamonds — A, 10, 8, 2. 
 -^1 Clubs- A, Q, 9. 
 
 Dimnonds — Q, Kn. 
 I Clubs— 10, 5. 
 
 Hearts— 8, 7, 5, 3, 
 ' Spades — K, Kn, 10, 
 7,2. 
 
 Hearts— Q, Kn, 10, 9, 6. 
 Spades — A. 
 
 Diamonds — 7, 5, ■ 
 3. I 
 Clubs— K, 3, 2. 
 Hearts— K, 4, 2. I 
 Spades— Q, 9, 8, 5. • 
 
 . ( Diamionds—K, 9, 6, 4. 
 •^tClubs— Kn, 8, 7, 6, 4. 
 
 Hearts — A. 
 Spades— 6, 4, 3. 
 (Score .■ — ^Love all. 
 
 Note, 
 A Y B Z 
 
 1. C6 Co CQ CKg 
 
 2. S3 SKg SA^ S5 
 
 3. HA. H3 HQ HKg 
 
 4. C4 CIO CA. 
 
 5. DKg DKn D2 
 
 6. D4 DQ DA. 
 
 ■The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 NOTES AND INPEKENCBS. 
 
 9. 
 
 D6 H5 
 D9 H7 
 CKn H8 
 
 10. C8 S2 
 
 11. 07 S7 
 
 12. S4 SIO 
 
 C2 
 D3 
 
 D5 
 
 DIG D7 
 
 D8 
 C9 
 H6 
 H9 
 
 C3 
 
 H2 
 H4 
 
 S8 
 
 HIO SQ 
 
 13. S6 SKn HKnS9 
 
 1. A rightly opens his 
 long suit, leading the 
 penultimate. Unless 
 some one is signalling, 
 B perceives that Z must 
 hold either two out of 
 the three cards below the 
 six, or all three if A has 
 not led from a five-card 
 suit. He finesses the 
 Queen as a matter of 
 course. 
 
 2. Z'& suit is shown. 
 
 3. B properly opena 
 
FORTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 141 
 
 ill's long suitj and is fortunate enough to see it estab' 
 lished in tlie first round. 
 
 4. A completes the penultimate signal. Z must 
 hold the three; Yhas no more; thereforsj A'a Clubs 
 are established. 
 
 5. B properly leads trumps, his own suit and his 
 partner's being both established. 
 
 6. A rightly returns the lowest. 
 
 7. B should now be certain that the enemy^s 
 trumps are exhausted; but, whether they were ex- 
 hausted or not, his proper lead would now have been 
 from his established Heart suit. This would have 
 forced out the last hostile trump, however the Hearts 
 lay : and then, the long trumps bringing in the lead 
 again, A weuld have made all the remaining tricks 
 with his Clubs. Putting aside A'a showing, in tribks 
 six and seven, that he held originally four trumps (or 
 he would have returned the six), the case illustrates 
 well the use of the force. For we see that even if the 
 best trump had remained with Z, it could have been 
 forced out, and the game won by cards. 
 
 8. Through this erroneous lead 
 
 9-13. A B fail to win as they would have done. 
 
 Game XVIII. illustrates the importance of noting 
 the card returned. Z threw away the game by 
 sheer carelessness in the above case, as he knew the 
 rule well enough. 
 
142 
 
 EOW TO FLAY WE 1ST. 
 
 GAME XIX. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 p ( CZllJs— Kn, 5. 
 
 ^ \ Diamonds— A, E, Q. 
 
 i Clubs— 8, 4, 3. 
 1 Diamonds — 8, 6. 
 r^Spades-6, 5, 4, 2, 
 ( Hearts — A, Q, 9, 5. 
 
 Spades— Q, Kn, 9, 8, 7. 
 Hearts— 10, 4, 3. 
 
 Clubs— K, 10, 7, 6. -J 
 Diamonds — Kn, / 
 
 10, 9, 3, 2. V Z 
 Spades — A, 10. V 
 Hearts— K, 8. ■' 
 
 J ( Clubs— A, Q, 9, 2. 
 \ Diamonds^?, 5, 4, 
 
 . i-Q, 3. ^ 
 Hearts— Kn, 7, 6, 2. 
 
 /Scor&.-— ^ B, 1 ; 7 2, Cr. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 A Y B Z NOTES AND INFERENCES; 
 
 1. A leads from his 
 longest suit. 
 
 3. B, trusting to his 
 partner to protect the 
 Heart suit, and being 
 strong in both the other 
 plain suits, leads a trump. 
 Z having turned the ten, 
 properly heads the Knave. 
 
 4. A, having the finesse 
 in trumps, waits for an- 
 other lead from B, but he 
 should not have con- 
 tinued the Heart lead. 
 
 1. 
 
 H2 
 
 H5 
 
 HIO RKe: 
 
 2. 
 
 D4 
 
 m 
 
 DQ DKn 
 
 3. 
 
 2A 
 
 03 
 
 OKn CKg 
 
 4. 
 5. 
 
 H6 
 H7 
 
 H9 
 HQ 
 
 H3 H8 
 H4 SIO 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 D5 
 C9 
 
 D8 
 
 04 
 
 DKgD2 
 05 06 
 
 8. 
 
 CQ 
 
 08 
 
 SKn 07 
 
 9. 
 
 SQ 
 
 S2 
 
 S7 SA 
 
 10. 
 
 D7 
 
 S4 
 
 DA DIO 
 
 11. 
 
 S3 
 
 S5 
 
 S8 010 
 
 12. 
 
 02 
 
 S6 
 
 S9 D9 
 
 13. 
 
 HKnHA 
 
 SKg D3 
 
FOBTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 143 
 
 B cannot be strong in trumps, and A knows that 
 he can have no strength ia Hearts. A's proper lead 
 here was the Spade Queen. 
 
 5. Y haying no rentree card, gives Z a discard. 
 He properly abstains from continuing with Heart 
 Ace. The discard of the Spade ten shows Y that his 
 partner had great numerical strength in Diamonds. 
 It was open to Z to discard a Diamond, as the lead 
 of trumps was from the adversary ; but, having four 
 trumps originally, he had hopes of utilising one of 
 them. 
 
 7. 5 is in a diflScuIty. He knows Heart Ace to be 
 with Y, but he knows also that he can have but one 
 more Diamond, if any. As A continued the Heart 
 suit, he probably wants the finesse in trumps. B, 
 tterefore, plays a trump. 
 
 8. As Z discarded Spade ten, B discards Spade 
 Knave, to show that his lowest Spade is equal to the 
 ten. 
 
 9. Acting upon this hint, A plays Spade Queen. 
 
 10. Z can count B's hand. If he leads the winning 
 trump, and draws the Club two from A, he can then 
 lead only Diamonds, and B will bring in his Spades. 
 
 11. B here properly plays Spade eight. If Z 
 passes it, B continues the suit, and A getting the 
 discard of the Heart, Z loses the game. Z is not to 
 be trapped. He knows he caa save the game by 
 forcing A, who has the losing Heart. 
 
 Game XIX. was supplied by Mr. Lewis (with the 
 notes). It illustrates the importance of care in de- 
 termining whether to lead the winning trump or not. 
 Game XX. illustrates the same point. 
 
144 
 
 MOW TO FLAY WSIST. 
 
 GAME XX. 
 
 Ml HANDS. 
 
 » //Spate— Kn, 4, 3. 
 (.hearts— Q, 10, 8, 7. 
 
 VHearta— K, 9, 5, 
 Y\ 4, 3. 
 
 > Clubs— 10, 9, 6, 2. 
 ^ Diamonds — 9, 8, 2. 
 
 
 B 
 
 Y 
 
 2V,iS9. 
 
 z 
 
 
 A l«ad9. 
 
 Clubs- 8, 5, 4. 
 Diamonds — Q, 10, 4. 
 
 (S»tt(fe« — A, K, Q, 
 
 9,7. 
 Hearts— A, 6, 2. 
 Clubs— K, Q, Kn, 
 
 3. 
 Diamonds— 7. 
 
 \Z 
 
 . /Spate— 8, 6, 5, 2 
 (.Hearts — 'Ejo.. 
 
 Clubs— A, 7. [3. 
 
 Diamonds — A, K, Kn, % 5, 
 Scftre .•— 4 B, ; T.^, 1. 
 
 A 
 1. DKg 
 
 2. DA 
 
 3. S2 
 
 4. S5 
 
 5. S6 
 
 6. S8 
 
 7. CA 
 
 8. DKn 
 
 9. D6_ 
 
 10. D5_ 
 
 11. D3_ 
 
 12. HKa 
 
 13. 07 
 
 Note.- 
 F 
 D2 
 D8 
 SIO 
 D9 
 C2 
 06 
 09 
 H3 
 H4 
 H5 
 OlO 
 H9 
 HKg 
 
 , — The imderlined card wins trick. 
 
 B 
 
 Z 
 
 D4 
 
 m 
 
 DIO 
 
 S7 
 
 SS 
 
 sg. 
 
 S4 
 
 SKg 
 
 SKn 
 
 SA : 
 
 DQ 
 
 S9 
 
 04 
 
 OKg 
 
 05 
 
 H2 
 
 08 
 
 H6 
 
 H7 
 
 03 
 
 H8 
 
 OKn 
 
 mo 
 
 HA 
 
 HQ 
 
 OQ 
 
 H0TB8 AiifD INFERENCES. 
 
 1. A has no other lead. 
 
 2. In this position 2 should 
 not trump with the penulti- 
 mate. The latter is the turn- 
 up card, and aa ^ is about to 
 play oat his tierce major, it is 
 better if the trumps fall that 
 Y should be left in no doubt. 
 As, however, the eight and the 
 turn-up remain ia after the 
 play of the three rounds, A 
 may be credited with the 
 eight, for if 2 had had the 
 eight, he ought to havB 
 trumped with it. The fall of 
 the Diamonds at trick 2 leaves 
 Z in doubt as to whether Y 
 or B has the Queen, but when 
 at trick 4 Y discards Diamond 
 
FOBTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 145 
 
 nine, he cannot have the Queen, as by discarding the nine he 
 Would be giving up the tenace. 
 
 5. Z continues the trump to draw two for one. 
 
 6. At this point Z should have cleared the Club suit. He must 
 make two by cards, even if B has Knave and Queen of Diamonds, 
 by refusing to trump, and discarding the two small Hearts. By 
 drawing the last trump before clearing the Clubs, he enables 
 B to take advantage of the information Y gave him when he dis- 
 carded the nine of Diamonds. B, therefore, properly discards 
 Diamond Queen, thus leaving A, if he has a rentrde card, in full 
 possession of the suit. 
 
 7. Behold the result ! A is left with four good Diamonds, and 
 making six tricks, saves the game. If at trick 6, instead of draw- 
 ing the trump, Z had played Club King, A and B could have 
 made but three tricks. Club King, Diamond King, and Diamond 
 Queen ; of course Z would not have trumped the Diamond Queen, 
 '/he drawing of the last trump was the more blamable because Y, 
 at the fourth trick, had practically told Z he could not depend 
 upon him for a triok in the Diamond suit. 
 
 Game XX. was sent to us and annotated by Mr. F. H. Lewis. 
 It shows the importance of refraining ■ from leading the winning 
 trump when the enemy stiU has the King-card of one's long suit. 
 It is specially instructive in showing the advantage of oarefuUj' 
 playing bad hands. Both Y and B have poor hands, and as the 
 game proceeds, ic becomes clear to both players that all they can 
 do is to play with careful reference to the indications as to their 
 partner's hands. This they do. Y does all in his power to save 
 his partner from the mistake into which nevertheless Z falls. As 
 it happens, the enemy gains more than Y Z, but that is not Y's 
 fault. B carefully clears his partner's suit by throwing away the 
 ■winning Diamond left alone in his hand. 
 
 L 
 
146 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME XXI. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 B 
 
 {Spades — Kn, 9, 3. 
 Hearts— 6. 
 
 r Spades — 6, 5, 4. 
 
 Hearts— Kn, 10, 9. 
 
 Clubs— Q, Kn, 8. 
 
 f Diamonds — Q, 8, 
 
 7, 6. 
 
 
 B 
 
 Y 
 
 Tr.SS. 
 
 z 
 
 
 A leads. 
 
 A 
 
 (Spades— A, K, 7. 
 1 Hearts — Q, 7, &, 4. 
 
 Score : — A B, 1 ; 
 
 Clubs— 10, 7, 5, 4, 2. 
 Diamonds — K, 9, 5, 4. 
 
 Spades — Q, 10, 8, ' 
 
 2. 
 Hearts — A, K, 8, 
 
 3 2 
 Clubs— 9, 6. 
 Diamonds — Kn, 3._ 
 
 Clubs— A, K, 3. 
 Diamonds— A, 10, 2. 
 
 YZ,0. 
 
 >Z 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 
 A 
 
 S7 
 
 H4 
 
 H5 
 
 SKg 
 
 Y 
 
 S4 
 
 H9 
 
 HIO S3 
 
 S5 S9 
 SA S6 D4 
 OKff 08 02 
 CA CKn 04* 
 03 CQ 05 
 H7 HKn07 
 DA. D6 D5 
 DIO D7 D9 _ 
 HQ D8 010 H3 
 D2 DQ DKg H8 
 
 B Z 
 SKn SQ 
 H6 HK^ 
 HA 
 SIO 
 S2 
 06 
 09 
 D3 
 H2 
 DKn 
 S8 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. With such all- 
 round strength, the 
 trump is the proper 
 lead. It is true that 
 where the lead is not 
 from numerical strength 
 in trumps, the leader 
 declaresgeneral strength, 
 and gives the adversaries 
 the opportunity of finess- 
 ing against him in plain 
 suits. But with such a 
 hand, it is wcrth while 
 running the risk. If the 
 trump had not been led. 
 
FORTY ILLUSTBATIVE GAMES. 147 
 
 A must have opened the Heart suit^ in which only 
 his partner's weakness (which might have heen 
 defeated) could have helped him. 
 
 2. Z opens a suit of five, headed by Ace, King. 
 Some players, acting upon the analogy of a suit of 
 five headed by the Ace, lead the Ace first. But I do, 
 not approve of this play. If the Ace is trumped, the 
 position of the King is unknown. If the King on 
 the second round is trumped, it simulates the lead of 
 Ace, King, only. 
 
 4. Although void of Hearts, B properly returns 
 the trump. Z heads the nine, as the eight was 
 turned . 
 
 5. A continues trump, satisfied to make his Heart 
 Queen later on. -B is in a difficulty what to discard. 
 As his partner led from three trumps only, he is 
 uncertain of his suit. He keeps his numerical 
 strength in Clubs. 
 
 9. ^ properly refuses to win the trick. With the 
 long trump in Z's hand, he would be freeing his 
 other Hearts. 
 
 12. The success of holding back the Queen is now 
 apparent, A and B win the game. 
 
 Game XXI. shows the importance of retaining the 
 command of the enemy's plain suit. The game was 
 supplied — like the two last — by Mr. Lewis. 
 
 L 2 
 
148 
 
 HOW TO FLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAMS XXII. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 vfReaHs -Kn, 6, 2 
 -^ (Spades— 9, 8. 
 
 Diamonds— Q, Kd, 2, 
 Olubs— K, Q, Kn, 9, 7, 
 
 Hearts— A, 5. 
 1 Spades — A, Q, KnJ 
 r <I 6, 4. Y 
 
 i Diamonds — 9, 8, 7.! 
 '• Clubs- -10, 5, 3, 
 
 Tr,S8. 
 
 z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Hearts— K, 10, 8, 
 
 4,3. I 
 Spades— 7, 5, 3, 2. 
 Diamonds— K, 6, 5. ' 
 Clubs— A. 
 
 , (Hea/rts—Q, 9, 7 
 ■^ \ Spades— K, 10. 
 
 Diamonds — A, 10, 4, 3. 
 Clubs-8, 6, 4, 2. 
 
 Score :—A B, ; Y Z, 0. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 1. D3 
 
 2. H7 
 
 3. H9 
 
 4. HQ 
 
 5. DA. 
 
 6. C2 
 
 7. SIO SKr 
 
 8. SKg SA 
 
 D7 
 
 HA 
 
 Ho 
 
 03 
 
 D8 
 
 C5 
 
 9. C4 
 
 10. C6 
 
 11. D4 _ 
 
 12. C8 CIO 
 
 13. DIO P9 
 
 SQ 
 
 S6 
 
 S4 
 
 B 
 
 Z 
 
 DKd 
 H2 
 
 DKg 
 H4 
 
 H6 
 
 HKg 
 
 HKaHS 
 
 D2 
 
 D5 
 
 CKn CA 
 
 S8 S2 
 
 S9 
 
 S3 
 
 C7 
 
 S7 
 
 C9 
 
 S5 
 
 CQ 
 
 m 
 
 CKg 
 
 H8 
 
 DQ 
 
 HIO 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. A. leads from Lis 
 best suit. 
 
 2. Having five trumps, 
 Z leads the penultimate.' 
 
 4. The third round is 
 fortunate for Y Z. Y 
 discarding a Club, and A 
 having led Diamonds, Z 
 knows that his partner's 
 suit must be Spades, 
 
 6. A knows this also, 
 and therefore leads Clubs. 
 It would havebeen better, 
 as it turned out, if he had 
 kept to his own suib. 
 
FORTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. i^g 
 
 7. Z, having four cards of his partner's suit, leads 
 the lowest. Y finesses the Knave, of course. 
 
 8. Z, noting the fall of the cards, perceives that his 
 seven will be in his partner's way. For neither A. 
 nor B have any more (J5 certainly not holding the 
 Queen, or he would not have let Y'& Knave make at 
 trick 7) . Thus, if Y leads Queen at trick 9, and Z 
 throws his five, he will have to take the fourth trick 
 in Spades, and a trick in Diamonds will go to the 
 enemy. 
 
 9. Z, therefore, throws his seven to F's lead of the 
 Queen. But Y should not have led the Queen. He 
 can count the Spades as well as Z, and knowing the 
 second best and a small one were with Z, he should 
 have led the four, to make his partner's play as simple 
 as possible. Never leave to partner a point of strategy 
 to which you can attend yourself. 
 
 10. 11, 12, 13. The rest of the game plays itself. 
 
 Game XXII. illustrates the necessity of giving up 
 the command in your partner's suit. It also shows the 
 importance of care in noting the fall of the small 
 cards. 
 
ISO 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME XXIII. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 < Hearts— "K, 10, 6, 4, 
 \ Spades — 2. 
 
 Hearts — 3. 
 I Spades — A, K, 10, 
 9, 7, 6, 4. 
 'Diamonds — 3, 2. 
 ■ Olubs— 7, 4, 3. 
 
 Diamonds — K, Q, 10, 4. 
 Clubs— A, 8, 6, 5. 
 
 Hearts — A, a 5, 2. 
 Spades — 8, 3. 
 Diamonds — A, 9, 
 8, 7, 6. 
 Clubs— K, 2. 
 
 A 
 
 (Hearts— Q, Kn, 9, 7. 
 (Spades — (j, Kn, 5. 
 
 
 
 Note. — The under 
 
 
 A 
 
 Y 
 
 B Z 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 H7 H3 
 HKnS6 
 CQ C3 
 
 HKgH2 
 H4 H5 
 C5 CK; 
 
 4. 
 
 H9 
 
 C4 
 
 Hf) H8 
 
 5. 
 
 C9 
 
 C7 
 
 CA. C2 
 
 6. 
 
 Do 
 
 D2 
 
 PKgTVA. 
 
 7. 
 8. 
 
 HQ 
 
 S5 
 
 D3 
 
 S9 
 
 HIO HA 
 
 S2 SB 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 
 SKn 
 SQ 
 
 SKa 
 
 SA 
 
 C6 S3 
 D4 D8 
 
 11. 
 12. 
 
 DKn 
 010 
 
 SIO 
 
 S7 
 
 C8 D7 
 DIO D8 
 
 13. 
 
 OKn S4 
 
 DQ D9 
 
 Diamonds — Kn, 5. 
 Clubs— Q, Kn, 10, 9. 
 Score .—A B,3; Y Z, 2. 
 
 i card wins trick. 
 
 NOTES A-ND INPEEENCES. 
 
 1. A plays as if at tho 
 score " Love all." If his 
 partner has an honour 
 (and the odds are in 
 favour of B's havinof 
 one honour at least), 
 A B only want five 
 tricks to win. A defen- 
 sive, rather than a for- 
 ward game, is therefore 
 indicated. 
 
 2. B cannot tell 
 whether A has led from 
 strength or length iu 
 Hearts. But Z's play 
 of the five shows A had 
 not led from five Hearts. 
 
FORTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 151 
 
 The presumption, as Y renounces, is that A had 
 four Hearts, two honours. Y, regarding strength in 
 trumps as declared against his side, discards the 
 penultimate of his long suit. 
 
 8, A is wise, but not in time. 
 
 4. Z draws two for one, keeping up tte Ace, as he 
 has only one other card of re-entry, and A is pre- 
 sumably strong in plain suits. The Queen, ten, and 
 nine of trumps being all unplayed, Z knows he can 
 gain nothing by leading Ace. Y, seeing Z is not 
 without trump strength, and noting, too, that their 
 case is almost hopeless unless he can bring in his 
 Spades, discards now from .4's suit, — not from 
 Diamonds, as he cannot tell whether he may not have 
 to lead them to A more than once. 
 
 b. A B make their fourth trick ; Y Z must now 
 make all the rest to save game. 
 
 6. B throws away the game through sheer inatten- 
 tion (to the score and play both). He knows J. has 
 the winning Clubs, and that Z has but one trump 
 left: for A could not have led trump seven from 
 Queen, Knave, seven, only. 
 
 7. Z of course draws the remaining trumps, and 
 leads his best card in his partner's suit. Y makes a 
 deep fiaesse ; not so deep as it looks though, for A, 
 having shown no strength in Diamonds, is almost 
 certain, since he led trumps, to hold Queen, Knave 
 in Spades. Apart from this, it would be a question 
 of probability, — viz., whether it is more likely that B 
 holds Knave or Queen, in which case A B win, or 
 whether, if Y plays King, the Ace will draw both 
 Queen and Knave, and unless this haopen A B win 
 equally. The finesse comes off; and 
 
 10, 11, 12, 13. Y Z make the remaining tricks, 
 and win. 
 
 Game XXIII. illustrates the importance of playing 
 to the score. 
 
152 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME XXir. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 P ( Hearts— A, Q, 10, 6. 
 ■^ \ Spades— Q, 10, 8. 
 
 / Hearts — 5, 4. 
 \ Spades — A, Kn, 6. 
 Y < Diamoads — Q, Kn 
 / 9, 8, 5. 
 
 '^ Clubs— 4, 3, 2. 
 
 A 
 
 ( Hearts — 9, 7. 
 (iSpades— 9, 7, 5, 4. 
 
 Score . 
 
 Diamonds — A, 3. 
 Clubs— A, K, Kd, 8. 
 
 Hearts — K, Kn, v 
 
 Tr, S8.1 8, 3, 2. / 
 
 „ I Spades— K, 3, 2. ^ < 
 
 ' Diamonds — K. I 
 
 Clubs- 10, 9,7,5. •' 
 
 Diamonds— 10, 7, 6, 4, 2. 
 Clubs— Q, 6. 
 
 -Four all. 
 
 Note — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. A leads penultimate of 
 his long suit. Queen lies witU 
 T; three with H, unless Y is 
 signalling (it alone knows this). 
 Z has problably no more. 
 
 2. B 'knows that probably 
 Z has no more Diamonds, while 
 the two has not appeared. Bat 
 there is a strons; probability 
 that A has led from a five-card 
 suit (since ten Diamonds lie 
 between A and Y). It is," 
 therefore, not likely that Y 
 has begun a signal. Of course, 
 Z may be signalling from King, 
 Queen, but this is unlikely. 
 
 3. We doubt whether A 
 should have returned his part- 
 ner's lead of trnmps. Strength 
 in trumps is manifestly divided 
 between B and Z : and very 
 great strength, for nine trumps 
 lie in these two hands. A 
 knows, therefore, that though 
 
 
 A 
 
 r 
 
 B 
 
 Z 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 D4 
 
 H7 
 
 D5 
 H4 
 
 DA 
 H6 
 
 DKg 
 H2 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 H9 
 C6 
 
 H5 
 C2 
 
 HA 
 
 CKg 
 
 H3 
 05 
 
 5. 
 
 CQ 
 
 C3 
 
 CA 
 
 07 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 S4 
 DIO 
 
 C4 CKn 
 DKuDS 
 
 09 
 
 S2 
 
 8. 
 
 D2 
 
 DQ 
 
 C8 
 
 SKg 
 
 9. 
 
 D(5 
 
 D9 
 
 SB 
 
 H8 
 
 10. 
 
 S5 
 
 SA 
 
 SIO 
 
 B3 
 
 11. 
 
 D7 
 
 D8 
 
 SQ 
 
 010 
 
 12. 
 
 S7 
 
 SKn 
 
 HIO 
 
 HKn 
 
 13. 
 
 S9 
 
 S6 
 
 HQ 
 
 HK^ 
 
FORTY ILL USTliA TIVE a AMES. 1 5 3 
 
 B may have heen strong enough to lead trumps, Z may be 
 stronger. A puts B in a bad position by retnming tmmps. He 
 would have done better to lead Club Queen, in the hope that B 
 may be strong in Clubs. This -would have -won : though that proves 
 nothing. Two tricks were already made. Three more would 
 have been made in Clnbs. A would have made the sixth trick 
 by ruffing Clubs ; and the Ace of tramps would have won the odd 
 trick and the game. After trick 3, as played, knows that Y has 
 no more trumps, nor A (note the trump card) . Z knows, also, that 
 neither A nor Y have any more trumps. 
 
 4. B wisely gives up trumps. 
 
 5. After this B knows the fourth round in Clubs must go to the 
 enemy. 
 
 6. A and B now want only one trick to win, and it looks as if they 
 must get it. , 
 
 7. B leads A'b suit. 
 
 8. Why should not Z ruff, leading Spade King, and then a small 
 one ? Or he might have discarded Club ten. [The second best trump 
 lies with B, so that if Z has to lead trumps, Y Z must lose. The 
 King of Spades is absolutely useless to Z ; for if he takes a trick 
 with it, the enemy must make a trick in trumps and the game. If 
 A B have the Ace, the game is gone any way. If Zhas the Ace 
 and wins the King with it, Y Z may still win ; but how apt Y would 
 be ■not to win his partner's King ! Therefore, to simplify his part- 
 ner's play as much as possible, to " leave no point of strategy to 
 partner to which he can attend himself," Z throws away his useless 
 King]. 
 
 !). Z should have discarded a Club.' Y would have gone on with 
 Diamonds. If Z had not held the best Diamond after trick 9, Z'a 
 play here would have lost the game. [But now another danger 
 lurks in store for Z and his partner. Z has got rid of one winning 
 card too many, but he still haS' another, his third trump. If Y 
 makes the ninth trick, Z must win the tenth or eleventh trick (it 
 matters not which) and lose the game. Therefore, Z plays the 
 grand coup : he trumps his partner's winning Diamond] 
 
 10. Leads losing Spade, and thus enables his partner, aft^r 
 winning trick 11, — 
 
 12. To lead up to Z's tenaoe, giving Y Z the odd trick and the 
 game. 
 
 Game XXIT. is from Cavendish. It illustrates the grand ccmp; 
 but there were simpler ways of winning the game, as shown. 
 Cavendish's reasoning is presented in the bracketed notes. 
 " Mogul " pointed out the incorrectness of the play at tricks 8 
 and 9. 
 
154 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME XXV. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 Tj i Hearts— Kn, 9, 8, 6, 3, 2. 
 ^ \ Clubs— V, Ku, 6, 5. 
 
 (Hp.arta — none. 
 Clubs— A, 10, 9, 7, 
 Y I 4, 3, 2. 
 
 y Diamonds — Q, Kn, 
 9,7. 
 , Spades, A, Q. 
 
 J f Hearts — A.. 
 
 Diamonds, 4, 3. 
 
 ies — 5. 
 
 Hearts— K,Q, 10, ~| 
 7, 5, 4. I 
 Clubs— K. ! „ 
 
 Diamonds — K, 2. | 
 Spades — Kn, 8, 7, ! 
 4,J 
 
 1 Clubs— 8. 
 
 Diamonds— A, 10, 8, 6, 5. 
 Spades— K, 10, 9, 6, 3, 2. 
 
 /Score .• — Three all. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 
 A 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 Z 
 
 1. 
 
 S6 
 
 SQ 
 
 S5 
 
 S7 
 
 2. 
 
 08 
 
 CA 
 
 06 
 
 CKg 
 
 3. 
 
 DA 
 
 D7 
 
 D4 
 
 DKg 
 
 4. 
 
 S2 
 
 SA 
 
 H3 
 
 S4 
 
 6. 
 
 ^ 
 
 C2 
 
 U2 
 
 H7 
 
 6. 
 
 ^^3 
 
 03 
 
 D3 
 
 S8 
 
 7. 
 
 m 
 
 DKn H6 
 
 D2 
 
 8. 
 
 D6 
 
 04 
 
 OQ 
 
 H4 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 S3 
 D8 
 
 C7 
 
 09 
 
 H8 
 H9 
 
 HKff 
 HQ 
 
 11. 
 12. 
 
 S9 
 DIO 
 
 D9 
 010 
 
 HKn 
 OKn 
 
 lH5 
 HIO 
 
 13. 
 
 SIO 
 
 DQ 
 
 05 
 
 SKn 
 
 NOTBS AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. A leads the ante- 
 penultimate. Z begins 
 a signal, 
 
 2. y properly leads 
 the Ace of his long suit. 
 B begins a signal. 
 
 3. y changes his suit. 
 To force his partner by 
 continuing Olubs would 
 be contrary to an im- 
 portant Whist principle, 
 and manifestly danger- 
 ous. B begins to signal 
 in diamonds. 
 
FORTY ILLUSTSATIVE GAMES. 
 
 ISS 
 
 4. Z completes his signal, but 
 
 5. B properly leads trumps, despite the signal, 
 having held six originally. The chances are against 
 Z holding more than five, and B is leading through 
 his strength. Z signals in trumps after opponent's 
 lead, and plays the antepenultimate. He, as it were, 
 shouts his strength in trumps. 
 
 6. ^'s not returning trumps may not, after Z's 
 play at trick 5, mean that he has none left. But to 
 all the others it should be clear that the chances are 
 he has none. Y rightly discards a Club, as B holds 
 both the best. Z knows Y's suit. 
 
 7. If A leads a spade here, forcing his partner, and 
 B then unwisely resumes the trump lead, Y Z will 
 make two by tricks (for Z can safely finesse trump 
 10). But if B, being so forced, force in return with 
 Club Queen, Y Z will only make the odd trick. A 
 rightly leads a diamond, not only to avoid (if possible) 
 forcing his partner, but because he leads through Y's 
 strength. 
 
 8. B properly refrains from leading trumps again. 
 
 The rest of the game plays itself; Y Z cannot 
 prevent A B from making one more trick. 
 
 Game XXV. illustrates the antepenultimate. 
 
1 56 
 
 BOW TO PLAY WEIST. 
 
 tj f Spades — Kn, 10, 5. 
 I Hearts — A, Q, 8, 5. 
 
 Spades — K, 2. 
 
 GAME XXVL 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 Clubs— 10, 4. 
 Diamonds — A, 10, 8, 4. 
 
 (Hearts-Kn, 10 4, 
 Y { 2. 
 
 >01ubs— Q,Kn,6,5. 
 ^ Diamonds — K, 6, 5. 
 
 J f Spades — A, Q, 8, 7. 
 ^ iHearts— Q, 9, 3. 
 
 Spades~-9, 6, 4, 3. ^ 
 Hearts — 7, 6. / 
 
 Clubs— A, K, 2. ^- 
 Diamonds- 
 
 s— Kn, 9, ^ 
 
 7,2. ^ 
 
 Clubs— 9, 8, 7, 3. 
 Diamonds — Q, 3. 
 
 Score : — Love all. 
 
 A 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 Y B Z NOTES AND mFERENOES. 
 
 1. The score beina: at love, A 
 would have been justified, we 
 think, in leading a trump, not- 
 withstaoding the weakness of his 
 hand outside trumps. Still there 
 are valid reasons for opi^ning his 
 longest suit ; and on the whole, 
 it was, perhaps, the safer course. 
 With A's cards in Clubs, too, it 
 was not unlikely that the suit 
 would be established at the third 
 round. A knows that the two is 
 with Z, unless T or £ is signal- 
 ling. 
 
 2. Z opens his long suit. Y 
 does not hold tbe Queen. 
 
 3. B should have led his own 
 suit, notwithstanding the major 
 tenace. He knows from his part- 
 ner's lead, himself holding Club 
 ten, that his Hearts are stronger 
 than his partner's Clubs ; and 
 apart from that, the suit is. in- 
 trinsically so strong that it was 
 his duty to show it. But there 
 are players who never will lead 
 from a suit headed by Ace, Queen. 
 
 1. 
 
 C9 
 
 C5 C4 
 
 CKg 
 
 2. 
 
 D3 
 
 DKgDA. 
 
 D2 
 
 3. 
 
 C3 
 
 C6 CIO 
 
 CA 
 
 4. 
 
 H3 
 
 HIO HQ 
 
 H7 
 
 5. 
 
 S7 
 
 SKg SKn 
 
 S3 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 C7 
 SQ 
 
 CQ SIO 
 
 S2 S5 
 
 C2 
 
 S4 
 
 8. 
 
 SA 
 
 Do D4 
 
 S6 
 
 9. 
 
 HKg H2 H5 
 
 H6 
 
 10. 
 
 S8 
 
 D6 D8 
 
 S9_ 
 
 ]1. 
 
 DQ 
 
 H4 DIO 
 
 D7 
 
 12. 
 13. 
 
 H9 
 
 C8 
 
 HKnHA 
 
 CKn H8 
 
 D9 
 DKn 
 
FORTY ILLUSTBATIVE GAMES. 
 
 157 
 
 The Club two is seen now to be with Z, eight and seven with A; Queen 
 and Knave with K. 
 
 i. Z (Mr. J. Clay) has been blamed for discontinuing here his own 
 suit. But there were good reasons ; although the event turned out un- 
 favourably. He knew that the Diamond Queen was held by either A or 
 B. If by A , then a Club lead from A would give B a ruff, likely 
 enoug'h to suit him, as Z holds four trumps himself. If B holds the 
 Queen, it is likely that, having no Clubs, ha holds one or two more 
 Diamonds, and that A holds no more. In this case, there is danger of a 
 cross-ruff. On the other hand, as A led from a weak suit of Clubs, and 
 B did not lead Hearts, it loosed more than likely that both were weaker 
 still in Hearts, and therefore that J^beld great strength in that suit. On 
 the whole, though the question is one of probabilities only, Mr. Clay 
 seems to us to have shown his usual judgment in leading what he thought 
 would have been his partner's suit. * 
 
 5. Having made his tenace, B might now, at least, have enlightened 
 his partner as to the constitution of his hand. If he had led Ace of 
 Hearts. Z playing the six would have showed he ,had do more. Another 
 lead of Hearts would either have forced Z, or if, as is probable, Z had 
 refrained from ruf&ng, A 's King would have made. Then a Club lead 
 from A would have given B a ruff; and a final Heart lead from B would 
 have given A a riiif, A small trump lead from A would have given JB a 
 trick ; the next trick would have been made by ^'s Ace, drawing the 
 King ; then the Queen would have made ; and the game would have 
 been won. And though it is not sufficient to point thus to results, we 
 think there can be little room for doubt that the game should have been 
 continued thus. But, like many other players, B, who would not lead 
 from a long suit headed by niaj')r tenace, would not play from a suit led 
 by an opponent, thought it was clear the opponent had led from weakness. 
 
 6. B should have ruffed with the five, Club two being certainly with Z. 
 
 7. Prom this point to the end the play is very pretty. A can now 
 place almost every card. He knows that Z has the winning trump and 
 three Diamonds, probably headed by Knave. He knows that B holds 
 the Heart Ace, T the Heart Knave (for Z can have no mnre), and trick 4 
 shuwa the Knave is not with B. The Knave of Clubs is with Y. 
 
 10. Leading the losing trump is the only way to win. It compels Zto 
 lead Diamonds, while the command is with the enemy ; 
 
 11. And thus, while .^cannot bring in his Diamonds, unless B aiid A 
 make a double mistake (B discarding a Heart at trick 11, and A leading a 
 Heart at trick 12), Kis forced either to discard a Heart, leaving B the 
 full command, or bis winning trump, leaving A to make, his Club eight. 
 
 12 and 13. A and B make three by tricks, and the game. 
 
 The above game is from the WistmimiSf Papers, and is interesting as 
 one of the latest in which Mr. James Clay took pEirt. 
 
IS8 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WE1.ST. 
 
 GAME XXVII. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 ■n ] HeartsS, 7. 
 \ Spades — Q, 9. 
 
 Diamonds — K, 8, 6, 4, 3. 
 
 Clubs-Kn, 9, 6, 4. 
 
 I Hearts— 10, 5. 
 \ Spades— K, 10, 5. 
 Y < Diamonds — Kn,10, 
 / 9 5 
 'ciubs-8, 7, 5,2.' 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 Z 
 
 A leada. 
 
 Hearts— A, K, Q, 
 
 Kn. 
 Spades— Kn, 7, 4. 
 Jiiamonds — A, Q. 
 Clubs— K,Q, 10,3. 
 
 , J Hearts— 9, 6, 4, C 
 •^ I Spades— A, 8, 6, 
 
 Seor 
 
 ,2. 
 3,2 
 
 e/— 
 
 Diamonds — 7, 2. 
 
 Clubs— A. 
 
 ^ B, 3 ; YZ,2. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 r 
 
 B 
 
 1. 
 
 S3 
 
 S5 
 
 SQ 
 
 2. 
 
 SA 
 
 SIO 
 
 S9 
 
 3. 
 
 S2 
 
 SKg 
 
 H7 
 
 4. 
 
 H3 
 
 •H5 
 
 H8 
 
 5. 
 
 CA 
 
 C2 
 
 C4 
 
 6. 
 
 H2 
 
 HIO 
 
 C6 
 
 7. 
 
 H4 
 
 C5 
 
 C9- 
 
 8. 
 
 S_8 
 
 C7 
 
 D3 
 
 9. 
 
 S6 
 
 C8 
 
 D4 
 
 10. 
 
 H6 
 
 D5 
 
 D6 
 
 11. 
 
 H9 
 
 D9 
 
 CKa 
 
 12. 
 
 D2 
 
 DIO 
 
 D8 
 
 13. 
 
 D7 
 
 DKn DKff 
 
 NOTES AJSTD INFERENCES. 
 
 1. ^ treats the suit as if it were 
 not headed by the Ace, and leads 
 the pennltimafe. Z, with his 
 grand hand, commences a signal. 
 
 2. B, who can open nothing to 
 advantasfe, returns the suit in the 
 hope of making a small trump. 
 Z compltittis his signal. 
 
 3. A develops the penultimate 
 upon the third round, leaving his 
 partner to draw the proper in- 
 ference. 
 
 4. The lead through the signal 
 is here forced. A must have 
 numerical strength in trumps to 
 play as be did. A knows by the 
 play of the eight that B has no 
 other trump. A echoes, not- 
 withstanding the weak lead of 
 trumps and the signal. 
 
 5. Z clears his suit before con- 
 tinuing trumps. The game seema 
 to him a certrainty. 
 
 6. A leads a trump to draw two 
 for onu. B is in some difficulty 
 about the discard, as Z has de- 
 
FORTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. I eg 
 
 Glared stren^h in trumps, but prefers to discai'd a Club, as A must have 
 also numerical strength in trumps. 2, by the fall of the cards, can 
 count three trumps and two Spades in ^'s hand. 
 
 7. Trifling with the game. He should here have led the two best 
 trumps, and leaving A with the long trump, then have played Club 
 Queen, in which event he must have won the game. 
 
 8. A cannot risk playing another trump. If the trumps are both in 
 Z's hand, A can never get the lead again. He therefore pruceeds wiih 
 his Spade suit. K discards a Club to inform his partner he has not the 
 Knave. Stakes advantage of this information and refuses to trump, 
 trying, though in vain, to recover his position. 
 
 9. A continues with the last Spade, and as K discards another Club, Z 
 knows the position of the Knave, and Discards Club ten, hoping to tempt 
 A to lead a Diamond. 
 
 10. Aj of course, plays the losing trump, and throws the lead into Z's 
 hand, and B makes his Diamond King. A and B make two by cards and the 
 game, a result which would have been absolutely impossible if either one 
 or other of the conventional leads had been adopted. The game is 
 another instance of what so frequently occurs at Whist, — that a player 
 endeavours to make more tricks than are necessary to win the game. 
 
 Game XXVII. was sent me, with the notes, by Mr. F. H. Lewis. He 
 added the following valuable remarks : — 
 
 " Some months ago there was a very able discussion in the Field upon 
 the policy of leading Ace, originally, from Ace to four. There was, of 
 course, the objection that such a lead simulated the lead of Ace from 
 Ace to five or more. On the other Kand, some writers gave their 
 experience that by leading a small card, from Ace to four, they had 
 frequently not made a trick in the suit, the first trick having been won 
 by the adversaries, and the Ace trumped upon the second round. I took 
 no part in the discussion, bub I may say, en passani, that I am in lavuur 
 of leading a small card from Ace to four originally, and also in the course 
 of the hand, uuless, in the latter case, the play of the previous suits has 
 shown an irregular division of the cards, in which event the Ace might 
 be in danger. I am in favour of leading a small card as above, because 
 I am in favour of uniformity at Whist. I lay no stress whatever upon 
 the argument that uniformity gives information to the adversaries as well 
 as to the partner. 
 
 "Success at Whist depends upon the faculty of combination, and the 
 rapidity and accuracy with whicli correct inferences can be drawn from 
 the fall of the cards, and if information is to be withheld because the 
 adversaries may make use of it for the purposes of their strategy, the 
 whole science of the game is gone. But there may be, and frequently is, 
 what I call an abuse of uniformity ; where, in order that his hand may 
 be counted or his cards known, a player will, under all conditions and 
 without reference to the score, play accordinsr to conventional rule. Good 
 players will, however, frequently deviate from recognised play, and 
 indulge in what I hope I may be permitted to call the common-sense 
 of Whist. , ... r 
 
 "To illustrate the last observation, I send yon a game m which I 
 played^. It will be observed that I had Ace to five and did not lead 
 the Ace, and that I had five trumps and did not lead one. Both con- 
 ditions were combined in my hand which might have induced one set of 
 players to lead a trump, notwithstanding the Knave turned, and another 
 set to lead the Ace of the suit. In my judffment, either play, although 
 in the direction of uniformity, would have been bad Whist,— taking the 
 score into consideration." 
 
I Go 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WEIST. 
 
 OAME XXVIII. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 p r Spades— k, K, 9, 7, 4. 
 ^ 1 Hearts— 5, 2. 
 
 Clubs— 8, 5, 2. 
 Diamonds— 4, 3, 2. 
 
 r<J 
 
 '-^a&s— 0,10, 6. 
 Hearts— K, Q, Kn, 
 
 10. 
 Clubs— 7, 4. I Y 
 
 Diamonds — K, 9, 7, 
 6. 
 
 .J Spades— Z, 2. 
 (.Hearts— A, 4, 
 
 jSfjjades- Kn, 8, 5. "] 
 Hearts— 9_, 8, 7, 6. | 
 Clubs— A, 3. '!-Z 
 
 Diamonds — Q, Kn, 
 10,5. 
 
 Clubs— K, Q, Kn, 10, 9, 6. 
 3. Diamonds — A, 8. 
 
 /Score ; — ^Love alL 
 
 
 
 Note. — The 
 
 
 A 
 
 Y B 
 
 1. 
 
 C9 
 
 C4 C8 
 
 2. 
 
 DA- 
 
 D6 D4 
 
 3. 
 
 CKg 
 
 C7 C2 
 
 4. 
 
 S3 
 
 S6 SK^ 
 
 5. 
 
 S2 
 
 SIO SA 
 
 6. 
 
 H3 
 
 3^ S4 
 
 7. 
 
 HA 
 
 HKgH2 
 
 8. 
 
 CQ 
 
 D7 C5 
 
 9. 
 
 CKn 
 
 D9 H5 
 
 10. 
 
 CIO 
 
 HIO D2 
 
 11. 
 
 06 
 
 HKn D3 
 
 12. 
 
 D8 
 
 DE:gS7 
 
 13 
 
 H4 
 
 HQ S9 
 
 underlined card wins trick. 
 Z NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 CA 
 
 DQ 
 
 03 
 
 S5 
 
 S8 
 
 SKn 
 
 H6 
 
 H7 
 
 H8 
 
 D5 
 
 H9 
 
 DIO 
 
 DKn 
 
 1. A leads from the 
 lowest of bis long head 
 sequence, that B m.a,j 
 play the Ace if he has 
 it, and so get out of the 
 way. B begins a signal, 
 It is true, he has no 
 strength outside trumps, 
 but A's lead implies great 
 strength in 01u.bs. As 
 original leader, A would 
 not lead the best of a 
 short suit, and whether 
 the nine is the lowest of 
 four-card suit, or the 
 penultimate, A's Club 
 suit must be very strong. 
 Z has nothing between 
 eight and Ace, 
 
FORTF ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. i6i 
 
 2. B again begins a signal. 
 
 3. The signal is completed. B having, for reasons 
 not obvious, signalled with the eight instead of the 
 five, A might infer that Z holds the five, and that 
 therefore he cannot be led to in Clubs by his partner. 
 Y would form the same inference, for it is clear to 
 all that A led from a quint to King, and the six of 
 Clubs ought not to be with B, 
 
 6. The two remaining trumps are with B. Theo- 
 retically, A should have discarded a Diamond; but 
 it is not a matter of much importance. For if A gets 
 a lead, he must make all his Clubs, and B the re- 
 maining tricks with trumps. 
 
 7. Y falls into a fatal error. A single trick will 
 save the game, and a single trick in Diamonds is 
 almost certain, while probably two may be made. On 
 the contrary, if A holds the Ace of Hearts, A and B 
 are bound to win. 
 
 8 to 13. A makes all his Clubs, B the two remain- 
 ing tricks with his trumps, and A B make five by 
 tricks. 
 
 Note on Y's Plat at Teick 7. — Y knows that four 
 winning Clubs are with A ; two long trumps with B ; 
 Knave, ten, and another Diamond (at least) with Z. 
 He has reason to think that B has no Club, and that 
 (from his discard) A either has two Diamonds or 
 none ; also, perhaps, that Heart Ace is with B, unless 
 B signalled with absolutely no strength outside 
 trumps. In any case, if B holds but one Diamond, 
 leading Diamond King saves the game ; whereas, if 
 A holds Heart Ace, leading a Heart is the one (ap- 
 parently) sole way of losing it. Had B no Club, it 
 would still have been wrong to lead Hearts. 
 
 The above game, taken from an old number of the Westminster 
 Papers, illustrates the important principle that the first thought 
 of the weaker hands should be to save the game. 
 
1 62 
 
 JSOW TO PLAT WHIST. 
 
 P /JTefflris— K,9,8, 7. 
 ^ IClubs— Kn,9,5, 4. 
 
 GAME XXIX. 
 
 THE HiNDS. 
 
 Diamonds — Q, 5, 2. 
 Spades— Q, 9. 
 
 (marts— K■a,^0, b', 
 I 5,4. 
 
 y J Clubs^Q, 6. 
 \ Diamonds — A, K, 
 
 .6,4 
 LSpades— K, 10. 
 
 - J Hearts— A, 2. 
 •^tGlubs-2. 
 
 Hearts— Q, 3. 
 Olubs-A, K, 10, I 
 
 8i 7, 3. 
 Diamonds — 10, 9. 
 Spades -8, 7, 3. 
 
 Diamonds — En, 8,. 7, 3. 
 Spades — A, Kq, 6,. 5, 4, 2. 
 
 8eor& : — Four all'. 
 
 HOTE. 
 
 A Y 
 
 1. SA. S10 
 
 2. S2 SK^ 
 
 3. HA, H4 
 
 4. SKn mo 
 
 5. H2 H5 
 
 6. C2 C'6 
 
 7. S4 CQ 
 
 8. DKn DKsr 
 
 9. D3 DA 
 
 — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 10. B7 
 
 11. D8 
 
 12. S6 
 
 13. S5 
 
 D6 
 D4 
 
 m 
 
 HKn 
 
 B 
 
 S9 
 
 SQ 
 
 H7 
 
 D2 
 
 H8 
 
 C4 
 
 C5 
 
 D5 
 
 DQ 
 
 C9 
 
 Z 
 
 S3 
 
 S7 
 
 HQ 
 
 S8- 
 
 H3 
 
 CKa: 
 
 OA. 
 
 DIO 
 
 D9 
 
 03 
 
 OKn 07 
 H9 08 
 HKor 010 
 
 NOTES AND IJSFERENCE3. 
 
 1 and 2. YanlB hold 
 no more Spades, and A 
 holds the three lowest 
 at least. 
 
 3. Leading trumps 
 when the score is " Four 
 all" is not generally 
 advisable. In the pre- 
 sent case Y should have 
 led Diamonds — King, 
 then Ace, then a little 
 one; this his partner 
 would have ruffed, lead- 
 ing King and Ace of 
 Clubs, and then a little 
 one. which Y would have 
 
FOBTF ILLTISTBATIVE GAMES. 163 
 
 ruffed (unless A played his trnmp Ace) ; tlien 
 another Diamond lead would have forced the game, 
 whether B played his trump King or not. This was 
 the right line of play at the score. 
 
 4. A (the Editor of the Westminster- Papers) 
 rightly forces Y, and B plays well in passing the 
 trick. The command in trumps thus reverts to him. 
 
 5. B safely plays the eight, the Knave being 
 certainly with Y. 
 
 7. Z sees that the tenace in CluBs remains with 
 B ; and, apart from the discard at trick 4, he knows 
 that B is weak in Diamonds. Y's play at trick 4 
 shifted the trump strength, and B properly therefore 
 discarded from his weakest suit in playing to that 
 trick. 
 
 8. As the cards actually lie,, a Club lead here 
 would have won the game, op rather have shown Y 
 an easy coarse to win. But Z, our skilful corre- 
 spondent, Mr, Lewis,, would have played very ill — 
 and therefore very unlike himself — had he led a Club 
 here. He sees that the only chance left is that Y 
 may be strong in Diamonds, but he has no just 
 reason for supposing y quite so strong as he is. The 
 proper course is to lead through A, B being certainly 
 weak in Diamonds'. Thus y gets the best chance of 
 making two tricks in Diamonds, and winning. 
 
 But (8, 9, and ]0) Y makes his two tricks in 
 Diamonds, and has the game in his han.ds, yet throws 
 it away. He knows certainly from Z's play at trick 
 9, that the winning Diamonds are with A, and should 
 have been able to form a shrewd guess that hoth B's 
 Clubs cannot be winning ones, or Z would not have 
 played as he did. At any rate, the only chance of 
 saving and winning the game lay here. Leading a 
 Diamond at trick 10 was handing the game over to 
 the enemy. 
 
 Game XXIX , from tbe Westminsteif Papers, shows the disad- 
 vantage often arising from leading- trumps at the score " Four all." 
 
 JSl 2 
 
164 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME XXX. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 ■n J Spades— A, Kb, 10, 9, 2. 
 ■"L Hearts— 5, 4. 
 
 Cnabs-5, 4. 
 Diamonds — Q, 9, 6, 4 
 
 , Spades — G, 5, 3. 
 V Hearts— A, K, Kn, 
 r < 10,9,3,2. 
 
 J Clubs— Q, 9. 
 ' Diamonds — A. 
 
 2V, Sa, 
 
 z 
 
 jAk leads. 
 
 1 
 
 Spades— 'K, 8, 7. 
 
 Hearts— Q. 
 
 Clubs— K, 8, 7, 6, I ^ 
 
 Diamonda — Kn, 
 
 10, 3, 2. 
 
 ^ / Spades - Q, 4. 
 ^ L Hearts— 8, 7, 6. 
 
 Score:- 
 
 Clubs- A, Kn, 10, 2. 
 Diamonds — ^K, 8, 7, 5. 
 
 -Four all. 
 
 HoTE. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 A 
 
 1. Do 
 
 2. H6 
 
 3. H7 
 H8 
 D7 
 D8 
 S4 
 
 8. SQ 
 
 9. CIO 
 
 10. DKgH9 
 
 11. 02 H2 
 
 12. OlCn H3 
 
 13. CA C9 
 
 4. 
 5. 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 r B 
 
 DA. D4 
 HKgH4 
 HA. H5 
 HKaS9 
 S3 D6 
 HIO SIO 
 
 S5 
 S6 
 CQ 
 
 SA 
 
 S2 
 
 C4 
 
 D2 
 
 HQ 
 
 D3 
 
 SK^ 
 DKn 
 C3 
 
 S7 
 S8 
 C6 
 
 SKn C7 
 DQ DIG 
 D9 08 
 05 OKg 
 
 NOTES AMD I N FEEENOES, 
 
 1. A should have led 
 a Club, yhas no more 
 Diamonds. 
 
 3. Z should have dis- 
 carded a Club. His 
 head sequence was worth 
 guarding, 
 
 4. Y holds all the re- 
 maining Hearts — four. 
 
 5. A knows that the 
 Queen is with B ; and 
 he can infer almost cer- 
 tainly from Z'& discard 
 that B holds- one more 
 Diamond at least, in 
 
 I which case. 
 
FORTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 165 
 
 6. Diamond 8 should not have been discardedj but 
 the King ; for the King unguarded could only block 
 B's Diamonds. But probably at this stage A did not 
 feel sure that he might not want a re-entering card 
 later. 
 
 9. A should have led his Diamond King before the 
 Club ten. He knows that Y has two Clubs and the 
 three long Hearts j that B has the long trump and 
 the Dis(,mond Queen. Now, it matters not whether B 
 has three Clubs, or two Clubs and another Diamond : 
 A B must win on the line indicated, making one trick 
 in Diamonds, two in Clubs, and one with the long 
 trump. 
 
 10. Here, says the Editor of the Westminster 
 Papers, "the game is evidently lost unless A discards 
 the Diamond King ; this is almost the only point in 
 the game ; and yet, simple as it is, how many players 
 will persist in keeping such a card ; nay more, will 
 scold their partner for throwing it away if it should 
 happen to turn out of no avail." A, however, only 
 simplified his partner's play by throwing away the 
 Diamond King. Had he retained it, B's reasoning, 
 when about to lead at trick 11, would have run 
 thus : — " We must make all three tricks ; a trick in 
 Diamonds is certain ; but it is equally certain that 
 unless A can make two tricks in Clubs we are lost : 
 he certainly has not both Ace and King, or he would 
 neither have led Diamonds originally nor Club ten at 
 trick 9 ; but any way, if he has these cards, we win ; 
 if he has not, we can only win by my leading up to 
 him in Clubs." Therefore B would have led a Club, 
 and A would have made the three remaining tricks. 
 A was right, however, in throwing the Diamond King. 
 
 Game XXX. is from an old number of the Westminster Papers, 
 where, however, it was carelessly annotated. 
 
i66 
 
 EOW TO PLAY WEIST. 
 
 GAME XXXI. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 75 f Spades — A, 5, 2. 
 i Hearts— 9, 2. 
 
 , Spades — K, 10, 
 
 \ ^' •^- . 
 
 r < Hearts— A, 7, 6, 3.1 ^ 
 
 I Clubs— 9. » 
 
 ' Diamonds — K, 4, 3.1 
 
 J f Spades — Q, Ku, 7, 6. 
 ^ (Hearts- Q, Kn, 10, 8, 
 
 Clubs— A, Q, 8, 3, 2; 
 Hiamonds — A, Q, 2. 
 
 Z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Spades — 8. •, 
 
 Hearts — K, 5, 4. / 
 Clubs— 10, 7, 6,5,}Z 
 
 4. [5. ^ 
 Diamonds — 9, 7, 6, ^ 
 
 Clubs— K, Kn. 
 Diamonds — Kn, 10, 8. 
 
 Score : — Four all. 
 
 Note.— The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 A Y B 
 
 HQ H3 H2 
 
 CKn C9 C2 
 
 S3 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 ii. 
 
 12. 
 13. 
 
 S6 S3 SA 
 SKn SK_g S5 
 SQ 'S9 S2 
 HKnHA 
 S7 
 D8 
 
 CKg S4 
 DIO Df 
 C8 HG 
 HIO H7 
 
 H9 
 
 SIO D2 
 D3 DQ 
 CA 
 DA 
 CQ 
 C8 
 
 DKn DKg C3 C7 
 
 HKg 
 
 C4 
 
 S8 
 
 H4 
 
 D6 
 
 H5 
 
 D5 
 
 D7 
 
 Co 
 
 D9 
 
 C6 
 
 CIO 
 
 C7 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1- A has Knave, tenj 
 another^ almost certain, 
 y passes, having length 
 in the suit and five 
 truraps. 
 
 2. Z leads lowest of 
 his five-card suit. This 
 was before the "penul- 
 timate ■" signal was in- 
 vented. Z sees that Y 
 has no more Clubs ; 
 A B know that he can 
 hold none unless it bo 
 the ten. , 
 
FORTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 167 
 
 3. A leads trumps, because, the score being at "Four 
 all," it is important to prevent the enemy from ruflSng 
 freely, as seems threatened. 
 
 4. B, of course, returns the highest of two, so 
 that 
 
 5. ^ now finds Y with two trumps left^ He also 
 finds he has played the adversaries' game. 
 
 6. 7, and 8. The play here is simple enough. Y 
 draws ^'s last trump, and leads what must be B's 
 suit, It is the only chance of getting in Z'& Clubs. 
 The game at this point looks ill for Y Z. The one 
 bit of blue sky is the certainty' that neither B nor Z 
 can have a Heart. If A can get a lead after Y's 
 long trump has been forced, the game is lost. 
 
 9. The King falls, and Y'& hopes are strengthened. 
 
 10. He throws the lead again into ^'s hand;, and as 
 
 11. B luckily fails to take ' advantage of his major 
 tenace in Clubs, 
 
 12. 13. ^ makes the last twb tricks, and Y Z win. 
 
 Game XXXI., from the Westminster Facers, 
 shows how a game which seems lost may be saved by 
 care to the last in placing the leads. 
 
HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 GAME XXXIl. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 /Hearts— Jione. Clubs— 9, 6, 3, 2. 
 I Spades— A, K, Q, Kn. Diamonds— A, 6, 5, 3, 2. 
 
 Bearfs— A,K,5,3. 
 Ulubs— A, K, Q, 
 
 Kn. 
 Diamonds — K,7,4. 
 S|)ades— 9, 4. 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 Tr,B7. 
 
 z 
 
 Aie!>aB. 
 
 Hearts — Q, Kn, 7, -> 
 
 Clubs— 10,8,7,5,4 >• 
 Spades— 10, 3. V 
 Diamonds— 10, 9. ^ 
 
 'Hearts— 10, 9,8 
 ■.Spades— 8, 7,6, 
 
 Seor 
 
 , 6> 4 Clubs — none. 
 
 5, 2. Diamonds— Q, Kn, 8. 
 
 e:-AB,Z; Y Z,\. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 S5 
 
 S2 
 
 S9 SKn 
 
 S4 SQ 
 
 S3 
 
 SIO 
 
 3. 
 
 D8 
 
 D7 DA. 
 
 DIO 
 
 4. 
 5. 
 
 PKn DKg D2 
 H4 H3 D3 
 
 D9 
 HKn 
 
 6. 
 
 H8 
 
 HKgC2 
 
 H2 
 
 7. 
 
 H6 
 
 H5 SKg HQ 
 
 8. 
 
 H9 
 
 HA SA 
 
 H7 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 HIO 
 
 S8 
 
 CKgCS 
 CKn CS 
 
 C4 
 C5 
 
 11. 
 
 S7 
 
 CQ C9 
 
 C7 
 
 12. 
 
 S£ 
 
 B4 D5 
 
 C8 
 
 13. 
 
 DQ 
 
 CA D6 
 
 CIO 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. A leads the penul- 
 timate of his long, weak 
 suit rather than trumps. 
 The lead is unsound. Y 
 begins a signal. 
 
 2. B leads the lowest 
 of the head sequence to 
 show A he holds the 
 others. Y completes the 
 signal. Neither Y nor 
 Z has any more Spades. 
 
 3. B cannot go on 
 with Spades, since that 
 would be leaving Z to 
 ruff and Y to discard. 
 He therefore opens his 
 long suit, ^begins "the 
 echo of the signal.'* 
 
FORTY ILLUSTBATIVE GAMES. 169 
 
 4. Z completes the echo. The Queen lies either 
 with A or Z. 
 
 5. B discards from his long suitj strength in 
 trumps being with the enemy. 
 
 6. All the honours are with Y Z, who therefore 
 win unless A B can make two by cards. As Y Z are 
 sure of four tricks in trumps, and have already won a 
 trick in a plain suit, the case looks almost hopeless, 
 since one more trick will win the game for Y Z. B 
 sees that the sole chance is that A may hold the long 
 trump and be able with it to bring in his long Spades. 
 He does not begin at once, however, to get out of the 
 way. If he had allowed the seventh trick to pass 
 before beginning to discard his big Spades the game 
 would have been past saving. But he had a reason 
 for waiting to the seventh trick. 
 
 7. I^ should at once have led Clubs. There is only 
 one chance for A B, viz., that A, holding the win- 
 ning Diamond, should remain with the long trump. 
 If he does, then, as he has the thi'ee long Spades, he 
 can have no Clubs, and will bring in his long suit by 
 rufiBng Clubs after the other trumps are out. But if 
 he is forced at trick 7 (and he cannot refuse the 
 force) he is powerless to'save the game. 
 
 8. Y having blundered, Z follows suit. They 
 thought the game so sure that no care was wanted. 
 " A mere ' walk over,' " said Z, as he led ; and so it 
 was, only the walking was done by the other side. 
 The discard of the Spade King, at trick 7, should 
 have shown T Z their danger. That was why B 
 delayed the significant discards. 
 
 9. 10, 11, 12, 13. A B walk over. 
 
 Game XXXII. shows how a game may be saved 
 when the holders of winning cards are over-con- 
 fident. 
 
170 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME 
 
 THE 
 
 R / Clubs— A, 10, 8, 6, 4. 
 " IHearts— 10, Y, 3. 
 
 XXXIII. 
 HANDS. 
 
 Spades — 7. 
 Diamonds — 10, 8, 5, 4; 
 
 , Clubs— Q, 7, 2. 
 \ Hearts— 6, 2. 
 r < Spades -8. 
 
 j Jjiamonds— A, K, 
 ^ Q,Kii,9,3,2. 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 Tr.CQ. 
 
 z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 CTmSs— Q, Km. ~ 
 Hearts— K, Kn, 5, 
 
 Spades— A, K, 6, f 
 
 5,2. 
 Diamonds — 7, 6. J 
 
 . rCZttfo— K, 5, 3. 
 ■^ 1 Hearts— A, Q, 9, 
 
 Scon 
 
 Spades— Q,Kii, 10, 9, 4, 3. 
 8. Diamonds— none. 
 
 i.—AB,0; YZ,0. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card ■wins trick. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 SQ 
 H8 
 
 S8 
 H2 
 
 S7 
 H7 
 
 H4 
 
 3. 
 
 S'J 
 
 D2 
 
 D5 
 
 SA 
 
 4. 
 
 H9 
 
 H6 
 
 H3 
 
 H5 
 
 ■5. 
 6. 
 
 C3 
 
 02 
 07 
 
 04 
 OA 
 
 OKn 
 OQ 
 
 7. 
 
 C5 
 
 09 
 
 OlO 
 
 D6 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 HQ 
 
 SKn 
 SIO 
 
 D3 HIO 
 D9 D4 
 DKaD8 
 
 HKn 
 
 S2 
 S5 
 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 
 HA 
 
 S3 
 
 DQ DIO 
 DKnC6 
 
 HKg 
 
 S6 
 
 13. 
 
 S4 - 
 
 DA 
 
 08 - 
 
 D7 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. All know that A 
 tolds Knave, ten* Posi- 
 tion of nine remains un- 
 known to all except A. 
 A knows tliat Y and IB 
 have no more Spades, 
 unless one or other is 
 signalling. 
 
 2. A sees that Y has 
 not been signalling, un- 
 less — which is unlikely 
 — he held originally but 
 two Spades, and a single- 
 ton in Hearts. B may 
 be signalling. B knows 
 
FORTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. \>jt 
 
 that honours in Hearts are divided between A 
 and Z. 
 
 3. A leads the nine in order that his partner may 
 know what 7i already knows, that A holds quart 
 minor. Y should have trumped even if he had been 
 certain Z held the Ace. Why, discarding, he selected 
 his splendid Diamond suit, it is impossible to divine. 
 He may have had some vague idea of keeping a card 
 wherewith to return his partner's suit. But he should 
 have seen how much better was the chance of bring- 
 ing in his own suit after ruffing. H who is certain 
 that Z holds the Ace, very properly declines to ruff, 
 that his partner's suit may be cleared. He sees 
 further that Z will lead at a disadvantage. He 
 commences another signal. 
 
 4. Z would probably have led a Diamond, his 
 partner being so weak in Hearts, but for Y's discard. 
 B sees that A holds Heart Ace. B completes his 
 signal. Y holds now only Diamonds and trumps. 
 
 5. 6, 7. A responds to his partner's signal and the 
 enemy's teeth are carefully extracted. 
 
 8. B gives his partner the lead, and 
 
 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. The rest of the hand plays itself, 
 A B making five by tricks. 
 
 Game XXXIII. illustrates the importance of clear- 
 ing partner's suit. 
 
172 
 
 HOW TO PLAT WHIST. 
 
 GAME XXXIV. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 T.rSpac?es— 10, 7, 2. 
 -"t Hearts— 10, 9,3. 
 
 ^i 
 
 'Spades— 8, 6. 
 
 Hearts — Q, 4. 
 
 Clubs— K, Q, 10,' 
 9,2. 
 
 Diamonds — K, 7, 
 L 6,2. 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 Tr,SZ 
 
 z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Clubs— A, 7, 5, 4. 
 Diamonds — Q, 10", 5. 
 
 Spades — TS,Q,5,4:, 
 Hearts — A, 8, 2. 
 Clubs- Kn. yZ 
 
 Diamonds — A, Kn, 
 9, 8, 4. J 
 
 , J Spades— ^, Kn, 9, 3. Clubs— 8, 6, 3. 
 
 1.Hearts— K, Kn, 7, 6, 5. Diamonds— 3. 
 
 Score:— A B, 3; !• Z, 3. 
 
 underlined card wins trick. 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 1. A leads the pen- 
 ultimate. 
 
 3. A properly discards 
 a Club, having ample 
 strength in trumps. 
 
 4. The fall of the ten 
 in the previous trick 
 leaves B with either 
 Knave or Queen. Y 
 opens his strong suit of 
 Clubs. 
 
 ,5. B gives his partner 
 another discard, 
 
 6. The lead of trump 
 through the honour is 
 here forced. Z, having 
 
 
 
 NOTI 
 
 5.— The 
 
 undei] 
 
 
 A 
 
 r 
 
 B 
 
 Z 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 H6 
 D3 
 
 H4 
 D2 
 
 H9 
 Do 
 
 HA 
 DA 
 
 3. 
 .4. 
 5. 
 
 C3 
 C6 
 
 C8 
 
 DKg 
 
 CKg 
 D6 
 
 mo 
 
 'CA 
 DQ 
 
 D4 
 
 CKn 
 
 D8 
 
 6. 
 
 S3 
 
 S6 
 
 SIO 
 
 S4 
 
 7. 
 
 SA 
 
 SB 
 
 S7 
 
 SQ 
 
 8. 
 
 HKgHQ 
 
 H3 
 
 H2 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 HKnC2 
 H7 C9 
 
 HIO 
 
 C4 
 
 H8 
 
 85 
 
 11. 
 12. 
 
 S9 
 SKn 
 
 D7 
 
 CIO 
 
 S2 
 C5 
 
 SKg 
 DKn 
 
 13. 
 
 H5 
 
 CQ 
 
 C7 
 
 D9 
 
lORTY ILLXISTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 173 
 
 four trumps, passes^ but he ought to hare played the 
 Queen, so as to get the lead on the second round. 
 
 7. B continues ; the fall of the cards shows A that 
 the small trump is with B. 
 
 8. A now knows that he must continue his suit of 
 Hearts. If he draws the third round of trumps, he is 
 immediately forced, and leaves the long trump with 
 Z, to enable him to bring in his Diamond. The fall 
 of the Heart Queen enables A to see his way to the 
 game, which now plays itself ; but it' is a curious fact 
 that the penultimate of the original lead is, legiti- 
 mately, the last card, and the winning one. 
 
 Game XXXIV. was supplied (with the notes) by 
 Mr. F. H. Lewis.. It is the more interesting that the 
 hands are so well matched. The strength of A B, 
 liowever, is divided, while Y Z's lies nearly all in Z's 
 hands. Thus, I think, Z would have done well to 
 lead trumps at trick 2, trusting to get some help from 
 his partner. The game would then have opened as 
 follows : — 
 
 
 A 
 
 y 
 
 B 
 
 Z 
 
 1. 
 
 H6 
 
 H4 
 
 H9 
 
 HA 
 
 2. 
 
 S3 
 
 S8 
 
 SIO 
 
 S4 
 
 3. 
 
 HK 
 
 HQ 
 
 HIO 
 
 H2(a) 
 
 or 3. 
 
 06 
 
 CQ 
 
 C4 
 
 Kn(b) 
 
 or 3. 
 
 S_A. 
 
 S6 
 
 S2 
 
 SQ(c) 
 
 In case (a) it is obvious that A would be at a dis- 
 advantage. He would not force Y, the weak trump 
 hand ; he could not know that a lead of Ace Spade 
 would draw Y's last trump, and leave him, A, free 
 to force Z, and he would have no means of deter- 
 mining which of the other suits would turn out the 
 best lead. In case (b), Y would lead Spade six, and 
 the cards falling would be those shown for trick 3. 
 
174 
 
 MOW TO PLAY WHIST, 
 
 GAME XXXV. 
 
 THE nANDS. 
 
 P r Diamonds— Q. 10, 9, 4. 
 ^ \ Olubs-Q, Kn, 9, 3, 
 
 ! Diamonds — 8, 6, 6. 
 CInhs— 6, 5, 2. 
 Hearts— A, 10. 
 Spades — ^A, 8, 7, 6, 
 
 Hearts— Q; 7, 4. 
 Spades — Kb, 3. 
 
 Diamonds — 7, 2 
 Tr, m. I Clubs— A, K, 8, 7. , 
 Z Hearts — K, 5, 3, >.Z 
 2 
 A lea*. lSpades-10,4,9. 
 
 4 
 
 T Diamonds— k, K, Kn, 3. 
 t Clubs— 10,4. 
 
 Score ;— J: B, 3 
 
 Hearts— Kn, 8, 9, 6. 
 Spades — K, Q, 5. 
 
 YZ,4. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10, 
 IL 
 12 
 13, 
 
 KOTE, 
 
 A Y 
 
 D3 D5 
 DKn C6 
 PA D8 
 DKgC2 
 SKg S2 
 S5 S^ 
 04 C5 
 CIO C6 
 H9 HA 
 SQ SA 
 H6- S8 
 H8 _S7 
 HKn HIO 
 
 — The uBfferlhied card wins trick. 
 
 E 
 
 DQ 
 D4 
 D9 
 
 Z 
 
 D2 
 D7 
 H2 
 DIO S4 
 S3 S9 
 SKn Sl'O 
 03 CK| 
 09 OA 
 H4 HS 
 CKn 07 
 H7 08. 
 HQ H5 
 CQ, HKg 
 
 NOTES AND INFEEENCES. 
 
 1. A regards the game 
 as won ; because with the 
 four honours nothing can 
 save Y Z but making 
 the odd trick, which with 
 such cards as A and B 
 hold between them^ (to 
 J. ''s knowledge, after trick 
 1) seems unlikely. 
 
 2. and 3. B has shown 
 by the return of the smalt 
 Diamond that he held 
 four. But tI is a rather 
 young player, who has 
 
FOBTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 175 
 
 not as yet learned duly to notice sucli points. Ac- 
 cordinglyj 
 
 4. A draws partner's last trump instead of the 
 adversaries'. 
 
 5. y does not cover the King, as he sees it is im- 
 portant to win the third trick in Spades. 
 
 6. Still Y paisses the trick. Apart from the 
 necessity of winning the third trick in Spades, there 
 is a chance that Z may win the second. However, it 
 is won by B. Observe that Z'a discard at trick 3 
 shows A that Hearts are Z's, longest suit (trumps 
 being declared against Y Z) . 
 
 8. Z is quite right, as the game and score stand, 
 to secure a trick in Clubs before leading a Heart. 
 Every trick has to be made to save game, so that 
 retaining the King- card of opponent's suit would here 
 be of small use. 
 
 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. The rest of the game plays itself. 
 Y Z win the odd trick. 
 
 Game XXXY. shows that a game should not be 
 regarded as lost until it is won, nor vice versa. 
 
176 
 
 HOW TO FLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME XXXri. 
 
 TlJE HANDS. 
 
 » r Clubs— A, Kn, 10, 5, 4. 
 1 Diamonds— K), 5, 3. 
 
 Hearts— Q, 9, 5, 4. 
 Spades — 3. 
 
 Clubs— Q, 2. ,[6,4. 
 I Diamonds — Kn, 8, 
 
 Hearts— K,Kn, 10, 
 I 7,2. 
 
 ■ Spades — K, 9. 
 
 2V,07. 
 
 z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Clubs— 9, 7, 6, 3. . 
 Diamonds — A, K, ( 
 Hearts^S. [9. 
 Spades — A, 8, 6, ' 
 5,4. 
 
 . r Clubs— K, 8. 
 "[Diamonds— <J, 7, 2. 
 
 Hearts— A, 6, 3. 
 Spades— Q, Kn, 10, 7, 2. 
 
 Score .—A B, 1 ; Y Z, 4. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 Y B 2 NOTES AND INFEEENCES. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 5. 
 
 SQ 
 HA 
 
 SKu 
 
 SK^ S3 
 H10 H4 
 S9 D5 
 
 4. 
 
 D2 
 
 D4 D3 
 
 5. 
 
 D7 
 
 D6 DIO 
 
 •6. 
 
 7. 
 
 DQ 
 
 CKg 
 
 D8 H5 
 
 C2 C4 
 
 8. 
 3 0. 
 
 C8 
 H2 
 H6 
 
 CQ CA 
 H3 CKn 
 H7 05 
 
 11. 
 
 S7 
 
 DKnH9 
 
 12. 
 
 SIO 
 
 HKnHQ 
 
 13. 
 
 S2 
 
 HKj? 010 
 
 S4 
 H8 
 SA 
 DKg 
 DA 
 D9 
 03 
 06 
 07 
 09 
 S5 
 S6 
 S8 
 
 1. A rigHtly leads 
 Queen, from Queen, 
 Knave, ten, to five. 
 
 2. B holding Heart 
 nine knows that Z has 
 no more Hearts. He 
 knows also that Vs lead 
 is from King, Knave, 
 ten, and others, so that 
 after this round 7" holds 
 the major tenace in 
 Hearts. 
 
 3. B rightly refrains 
 from ruffing, though he 
 knows Z holds the Ace. 
 
FOIiTY ILLUSTBATIVB GAMES. 
 
 ^77 
 
 Not only to save iis own strength in trumps but to 
 get his partner's suit cleared, he lets the trick go to 
 Y Z. All the table knows that the remaining Spades 
 lie between A and Z. B begins a late signal. His 
 band would not have justified an early one ; but a late 
 one is less imperative. 
 
 4. Z should have led through J.'s strength in 
 Spades. B has indicated length in trumps, so that 
 forcing him would have been good policy for Z, who 
 holds four himself. 
 
 6. B knows that Diamond Knave lies with Y; for 
 since the ten has been already played, the Knave 
 would have been in sequence with Z's 9, and would 
 have been the right card for Z to have led had he 
 held it. Clearly A does not hold it, or he would 
 have played it as in sequence with the Queen and 
 lower. 
 
 7. A responds to his partner's signal with his best 
 trump. 
 
 9. B now knows that Z holds elub nine and three 
 Spades ; that A holds a small Heart and three Spades, 
 headed by the ten ; and that Y holds the long 
 Diamond and major tenace in Hearts, — A B wanting 
 three tricks to win. 
 
 10. B does not capture Z'b Club nine with his ten, 
 for then he could make only two tricks ; but, leading 
 the small trump, lets Z win the trick, who must lead 
 a Spade through ^'s major tenaceT""*""^ 
 
 11. 12. A makes two tricks in Spades, 
 
 13. And B one with his long trump. A B win 
 two by cards and the game. 
 
 Game !^XXVI. illustrates the importance of inferences made 
 as the Cards fall. B knows that he can lose nothing by letlinj; 
 Z take the tenth trick, and may win, Z being obliged to lend 
 through A'a strength. 
 
I/a 
 
 sow TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME XXXVII. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 , K, 9, 6, 2. 
 
 L Hearts— A, 5, 2. 
 
 Diiimonds — A, Q, 6, 5, 
 Spades— 10, 5. 
 
 ,. Clubs— Q,, 7, 5. 
 \ Hearts— Q, 8, 4, 3. 
 Y I Spades— A, Q, Kn, 
 / 9. 
 ^ Diamonds — 10, 4. 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 Tr.Ci. 
 
 z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 aubs-%, 4, 3. 
 Hearts— K, 7. 
 Spades— 7, 3, 2. 
 Diamonds — K,Kn, 
 9,7,3. 
 
 , r aubs—K, Kn, 1 
 ^ I Hearts— Kn, 10, 
 
 ). 
 9,6. 
 
 e :— 
 
 Diamonds — 8, 2. 
 Spades— K, 8, 6, 4. 
 ^£,3; r^,4. 
 
 A 
 
 1. 84 
 
 2. H6 
 
 3. H9 
 
 4. CIO _ 
 
 5. D2 
 
 6. D8 
 
 7. CKn 
 
 8. HKn 
 
 9. S8 
 
 10. S6 
 
 11. SKg 
 
 12. HIO 
 
 13. CA 
 
 Note. — The 
 
 Y B 
 
 SKTn S5 
 
 H3 H2 
 
 HQ HA. 
 
 CQ C2' 
 
 DIO DQ 
 
 D4 DA. 
 
 H4 D6 
 
 H8 H5 
 
 SQ SIO 
 
 SA. D5 
 
 S9 C6 
 
 C5 ^ 
 
 07 CKg 
 
 underlined card wins trick. 
 
 Z 
 
 S2 
 
 H7 
 
 C3 
 
 DKg 
 
 DKn 
 
 D7 
 
 04 
 
 87 
 
 S3 
 
 08 
 
 D9 
 
 D3 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 1. A should have led 
 his Heart Knave: Hearts 
 are his best suit. B from 
 his own hand and the 
 fall of the cards infers 
 that A has led from a 
 long weak suit. 
 
 3. B infers that the 
 winning Hearts are pro- 
 bably with A. 
 
 4. A makes an in- 
 excusable finesse : and in 
 trumps, led by his part- 
 ner ! B infers with con- 
 fidence that the Ace lies 
 with either Y or Z. 
 
FORTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 179 
 
 5. It is a fair inference from Y's change or suit 
 that he does not hold the trump Ace. But this is 
 not yet certain. 
 
 6. B infers that A and Y have no more diamonds. 
 Y certainly has none ; therefore Z'& Knave cannot 
 have been the higher of the two left : it would there- 
 fore not have been led unless the highest of a 
 sequence, — that is, unless (ten having been played) 
 Z held the nine. Hence A can have no more. 
 
 7. B, very properly, forces his partner. It is now 
 clear to him that Z holds the Ace of trumps. 
 
 9. At the end of thisround B threw up his hand. 
 It seemed clear from the play that besides the Ace of 
 Spades, Y Z must hold the Ace of trumps : it was 
 therefore apparently idle to continue the contest. 
 
 10. B'& Diamond is called. 
 
 11. His smallest trump is called. 
 
 12. 13. Y Z make two by cards, and win. 
 
 Obviously A B would have won the game had not 
 A'a preposterous play deceived Z utterly. But the 
 game has another moral ; — 
 
 Never throw up your cards while there is any 
 possible chance of saving the game, even though that 
 chance may be that your partner has played very 
 badly. Even a good player might through mishap 
 have played as A did, — either taking hold of the 
 wrong card at trick 4, or overlooking the Club Ace 
 in sorting. Both would indicate great carelessness, 
 but sometimes even good players are careless. 
 
 The above amusing game was communicated by 
 Pembridge to the Wesimmster Papers. It was 
 described as showing "how to induce your partner 
 to throw up his cards when the game is in his hatids." 
 
 N 2 
 
i8o 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME XXXriII. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 ■n J Diamonds — Kn, 10. 
 '^^tOlubs— Q, 8,3. 
 
 Diamonds — 3. 
 bpades — Kn, 8. 
 Hearts— Kn, 5. 
 Clubs, K. Kn, 10, 
 9, 7, 6, 5, 4. 
 
 . r Diamonds— A, 7, 6, 5, 4. 
 ^ IClubs— A, 2. 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 T, Q. 
 
 V^ 
 
 z 
 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Spades— 10, 9, 4, 3. 
 Hearts— Kn, 8, 7, 4. 
 
 Dia/monds — K, Q, 
 
 9, 8, a. 
 
 Spades, A, K, Q, 
 
 7, 6, 2. 
 Hearts — Q, 6. 
 (Jlubs — none. 
 
 Spades, 5. 
 
 Hearts— A, 10, 9, 3 2. 
 
 Vz 
 
 A 
 
 1. m 
 
 2. S5 
 
 3. D4 
 
 4. HA 
 
 Score:—AB,0; YZ,2.- 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick, 
 Y 
 
 B Z 
 D3 DIO DKg 
 
 S8 S3 SKg 
 SKn 84 SQ 
 H5 H4 H6 
 
 5. H2 HKn H£_g HQ 
 
 6. DA C4 DKn DQ 
 
 7. HIO 05 
 
 8. D6 C6 
 
 9. D7 
 
 10. C2 
 
 11. H3 
 
 12. H9 
 
 H7 
 S9 
 C3 
 
 D2 
 D9 
 
 m 
 
 C7 _ 
 
 C9 SIO SA 
 
 CIO H8 S_7 
 CKn C8 
 
 13. OA GKg CQ 
 
 S6 
 82 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 1. A properly leads 
 trumps from five ; and 
 in trumps it is better to 
 lead the penultimate than 
 the Ace. Z plays the 
 King, because the Queen 
 was turned up. 
 
 3. B now knows that 
 all the remaining Spades 
 except the two he holds, 
 or four spades, are with 
 Z. Let us see what use 
 he will presently make 
 of this knowledge. 
 
 4. Having been forced. 
 
FORTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. i8i 
 
 A does not go on with trumps. He leads Ace from 
 his five-card plain suit. • 
 
 6. B leads trumps (though his partner has discon- 
 tinued) because of the Queen turned up. In this B 
 was right, as there is good reason for expecting that 
 after this second round A would draw two trumps for 
 one. But Y, failing to follow suit, shows B'& lead to 
 have been unfortunate. 
 
 8. B sees that Z means to draw out A'& last trump, 
 and to bring in Spades, which make up the rest of 
 Z's hand. But he himself holds second and third 
 best. So he holds the command in the suit, and has 
 nothing to do but to discard two small Clubs, suffer 
 his Spade nine to fall to Z's, Ace, and then, winning 
 the next trick in Spades, bring in his partner's 
 Hearts. Wherever Club Ace and King may be, this 
 course is absolutely sure, and three tricks must thus 
 be made. But B craftily seizes on the only possible 
 course by which every remaining trick can be made 
 over to Y Z. 
 
 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. B'a triumph and A's discomfiture. 
 
 To " Pembridge " is due the theory that B'& play 
 in the above game was suggested by malignity. The 
 theory seems supported by strong evidence, especially 
 as we are told that B deliberated for two minutes 
 before playing to trick 8. He cannot have been 
 deliberating about his play, for there could be no 
 manner of doubt about that. Clearly, a contest was 
 going on between malignity on the one hand and the 
 compunctious visitings of conscience on the other. 
 Alas, that evil feelings should have prevailed at 
 last! 
 
 The above game, from the Westminnter Papers 
 (by Pembridge), illustrates Whist Malignity. 
 
l82 
 
 sow TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME XXXIX. 
 
 R /CTuSs— 10, 7, 6. 
 -^tHearts-K,Kn,' 
 
 TI 
 
 r,5, 
 
 IB HANDS. 
 
 Spades— 4. 
 4. Diamonds— Kn, 10, 6, 2. 
 
 , Olubs—Kn, 3, 2. 
 
 . \ Hearts— A, 10, 9. 
 
 Y ^Spades— Q, 10, 5,3. 
 /Diamonds — A, K, 
 ^ 3. 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 CTmJs— K,^8, 5. V 
 Hearts— Q, 8, 2. / 
 Spades— Kn, 9, 6, > Z 
 
 2. ^ 
 Diamonds — 9, 8, 7. ' 
 
 ■^ IHearts— 6, 3. 
 
 /Scot 
 
 1. 
 
 e:— 
 
 .*-pades-A, K, 8, 7. 
 Diamonds— Q, 5, 4. 
 
 -AB,1;YZ, 4. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 A Y 
 
 SKg S3 
 
 SA S5 
 
 H6 H9 
 
 H3 HIO 
 
 CQ CKn 
 
 57 SIO 
 C£ HA 
 
 58 SQ 
 D4 DKg 
 DQ J)A^ 
 D5 D3 
 C9_ C2 
 CA C3 
 
 £ 
 
 Z 
 
 S4 
 
 S2 
 
 D2 
 
 S6 
 
 HKp 
 
 'H2 
 
 H4 
 
 H8 
 
 C6 
 
 C5 
 
 C7 
 Ho 
 
 S9 
 HQ 
 
 CIO SKn 
 DKn D7 
 
 D6 
 
 D8 
 
 DIO D9 
 HKnCS 
 
 H7 
 
 CKg 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 1. A leads from his strongest 
 suit, 
 
 2. The fall of the cards, and the 
 discard of two of Diamonds, the 
 lowest, of the suit, shows j4 that 
 no one is signalling for trumps. 
 
 3. Af having here two honoxirs 
 in trumps, might very well force 
 his partner, bur., having only six 
 and three of Hearts, prefers to 
 give bis partner bis suit. (See 
 note (*) on next page.) 
 
 4. B, although having do- 
 streno:th in trumps, is here qnite 
 justified in returning the Heart. 
 If his partner has avoided forcing 
 him, in C(»nseqnence of weakness, 
 the chances are that the ^ame is 
 lost. Jf, however, acrosS-ruff can 
 be secured, such a position would 
 be most advantageous. 
 
 5. Y sees that a cross-rnff must 
 be Sf'cured. He has the tenace m 
 Spades, the best Heart, an honour 
 has been turned ; he has the com- 
 mand in Diamonds, and A has 
 avoided forcing B. AH this is too 
 
FOBTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 
 
 m 
 
 much for human nature, and he cannot resist a trump lead ; he there- 
 fore leads the highest of his tbree trump-^. 
 
 6. A is now in a position to foroe his partuei^ aflvantageously. 
 
 7. The cross-ruff ; eonveyiner also to A's mind, irom the fall of the 
 cards, that the two remaioing Hearts are with jS. 
 
 8. .4 is in a position to give another force. 
 
 9. B cannot lead one of his long Hearts, such play would be very bad, 
 and accordingly he leids the best of his remaining Diamonds, treating 
 the suit as though he had originally but three. 
 
 10. A now has the tenaoe in trumps, but he requires three tricks to 
 win the game. If he Iseeps the Queen of Diamonds be can make only 
 two ; he, therefore, cleverly throws the Queen, taking the chance of his 
 partner having the ten of Diamonds. Tiie fact being so, he secures four 
 by cards and the game. The rest of the hand plays itself. 
 
 The above game, with notes, wa.s supplied by Mr. F. H. Lewis. It 
 illustrates the question of "forcing" at Whist. Mr. Lewis appended the 
 following instruciive remarks : — 
 
 " When may I force my partner? " is a question frequently put. There 
 are, imdouljtedly, many positions in practice where the thoughtful but 
 infxperienced player finds himself in difficulty. It is easy enough to 
 uuderstaud the reasonableness of forcing an adversary who has shown 
 great strength in trumps, or a partner who has shown great weakness. 
 But suppose, for example, as an original lead, a player were to lead from 
 'manifest weakness, an honour having been turned to his right, that 
 which, in ordinary cases, appears to be an invitation for a force, would, 
 in fact, amount alraust to a direction to lead through the honour. But I 
 will endeavour to lay down the cases when a player, not having trump- 
 strength, may, nevertheless, , force his partner : — [a) When, with no 
 indication of strength, he asks for a foroe; (6) When the position 
 shows a cro-is-ruff; (c) When the adversaries have signalled; (d) To 
 make the fifth or odd trick, or to save the game, when the hand of 
 the forcing player, or the development of the game, does not raise a 
 high degree of probability that the necessary trick may otherwise 
 be made. But an interesting point relating to the foroe is where the 
 player, in a position to force, has trump-strength amply justifying it. 
 It often happens that a player renounces to tlie lead of his partner, 
 who, with ample trump-strength, has no strength in the then declared 
 suit. If ho forces, and the declared suit be not headed by Ace King, 
 or King Queen, the result is, after a force, a lead up to ruinous weak- 
 ness. No trick is gained by the force, for anoiher trick is lost in the 
 suit. If, however, the player gives his partner his declared suit, 
 the adversaries may infer that he has no strength in trumps, and lead 
 trumps to their disadvantage. 
 
 • If he had forced him, the 
 A T £ 
 
 game woul 
 Z 
 
 d, probably, have proceeded as follows :^ 
 A Y S Z 
 
 3. 8 7 
 
 SIO 
 
 C6 
 
 69 
 
 9. H6 
 
 HIO 
 
 H4 H8 
 
 4. H3 
 
 H9 
 
 H5 
 
 H2 
 
 10. CJ 
 
 HA 
 
 H7 HQ 
 
 fi. D4 
 
 DK 
 
 D6 
 
 D7 
 
 11. C9 
 
 CKn 
 
 C 10 C 5 
 
 6. D5 
 
 7. DQ 
 
 8. 6 8 
 
 DA. 
 D3 
 8Q 
 
 DIO 
 
 DKn 
 
 C7 
 
 D8 
 D9 
 BEa 
 
 12. OQ 
 
 13. £4 
 
 C2 
 C3 
 
 HKn C8 
 H Kg C Eg 
 
 and the result would be two^ instead of four, by cards. 
 
184 
 
 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 GAME XL. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 f Diamonds — 6, 4, 2. 
 1 Clubs— Kn, 10,7,6,2. 
 
 Hearls — A, 8. 
 fcipades — 6, 4, 3. 
 
 ! Diamonds — K,9, 7, 
 Olubs-8, 4, 3. 
 Hearts-Q, Kn, 10. 
 Spades— K, 9, 2. 
 
 2V, DifK. 
 
 z 
 
 TV leads. 
 
 Diamionds — Kn. 
 < lubs— A, Q. I 
 
 Hearts— K, 7, 6, 5, 
 
 3,2 I 
 Spades — ii , Q, Kn, 
 
 lu. 
 
 „ f Diamonds— A, Q, 10, 8, 3. Hearts— 9, 4. 
 ^ IClubs— K, 9, 5. Spades-8, 7, 5. 
 
 Score .— ^ -B, 4 ; F Z, 4. 
 
 Note. — The underlined card wins trick. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 
 4 
 C6 
 
 S3 
 
 S4 
 
 HA. 
 
 D6 
 
 02 
 
 S6 
 
 H8 
 
 IM 
 
 D2 
 
 CIO 
 
 CKn 
 
 07 
 
 Y B 
 
 03 CKg 
 
 S2 S7 
 8Kg S5 
 HQ H9 
 D5 DQ 
 
 04 09 
 S9 S8 
 HIO H4 
 HKn D3 
 D7 D8 
 08 05 
 
 D9 mo 
 
 DKn DA 
 
 Z 
 
 CA. 
 
 SA 
 
 SIO 
 
 H2 
 
 DKn 
 
 OQ 
 
 SQ 
 
 HKg 
 
 H3 
 
 H5 
 
 H6 
 
 SKn 
 
 H7 
 
 ^ and B \nn the odd trick. 
 
 NOTES AND INFERENCES. 
 
 2. It is a qnestion whether ^ 
 should not open the Heart suir, 
 but Z's hand is not under exam- 
 ination. 
 
 3. jB has called. 
 
 5. A notes that B has the three 
 of tnimps. B can place all the 
 remaining trumps. 
 
 9. Z ought to lead the Kpavo 
 of Spades, on which his partner 
 should discar'l the eierht of Clubs, 
 when Y and Z win the game. A 
 plays a masterly coup in trumping 
 with the four. His argument is 
 as follows : — My partner, with his 
 weak hand, would not have called 
 for trumps unless he had at least 
 five trumps, two honours. All the 
 other trumps are in l'*s hand. I 
 know my partner has the three of 
 trumps, and as it is most pmbablo 
 that he has not Ace and King, or 
 he would have continued trumps 
 at Trick 6 instead of trying to 
 give me the lead again, I shall 
 most likely have to lead twice 
 I through T in order to make every 
 
FOBTY ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES. 185 
 
 trick, which we require to save and win the game. But even then I shall 
 fail if my partner has to leaii trumps up to Y. I must therefore give my 
 partner an opportunity of p\a,yii>g the grand coup with his three of trumps 
 if he deems it advisable to do so. 
 
 9 cont. B plays the grand coup, undertrumping bis partner. If he 
 discards the Club he loses the game. Though B plays extremely well, 
 .^'s coup in trumping with the four is entitled to the palm. 
 
 ADDITIONAL NOTES. 
 
 6. A believes in the penultimate game. He drops the two of Clubs to 
 this trick. Therefore there are at loast three more Clubs in his hand. 
 
 9. Z, knowing that there are three more Clubs in A's hand, knows also 
 that A holds only two more trumps ; and if he has noted the card played 
 by y Sit trick 5, he can infer that both these trumps must be smallerthan 
 the tive. It is evident, therefore, that in this illustrative hand A derives 
 no advantage whatsoever from his use of the penultimate signal in Glubs. 
 All that he does is that at a critical stage of the game he gives his adver- 
 sary, Z, detailed information as to the position of three of the remaining 
 Clubs and two of the smallest trumps; and, so far, as we can see, ^'s 
 public intimation as to these facts leaves Z without excuse for his lead of 
 a Heart at the ninth trick, whereby he affards A and B the opportunity, 
 of which they skilfully avail themselves, of pulling a lust game out of the 
 fire. 
 
 But further, A has dropped the eight of Hearts to the eighth trick, B 
 the nine, and y the ten. Therefore the Knave of Hearts is marked in 
 Y's iiand ; and both A and B are void of the suit. Moreover, B returned 
 the nine of his partner's suit at the sixth trick, and hence he cannot have 
 more than one Olub remaining in his hand. Consequently, when Z leads 
 to the ninth trick, he knows that B most probably holds four of the re- 
 maining trumps, together with one Club. Therefore he may count Y^h 
 hand to consist of the Knave of Hearts, together with three trumps and 
 one Club. If that Club be the winning Club, Y and Z will win the odd 
 trick whatever Z may now lead. The same thing is true if Y hold the 
 King and ten of trumps. But if the winning Club be with A, Z's remain- 
 ing chances of scoring th© odd trick are that among his three trumps 
 Y holds either the King or the ten and the nine. Hence, if Z lead 
 the long Spade he gives Y the double chance, either of disearding in 
 the event of his holding a losing Clnb, or, in the event of his holding the 
 command of the Club suit, of overtrumping A. In other words, the 
 lead of Z's long Spade places Fin the best possible position for winning 
 the odd trick, whilst the lead of the Heart transfers to A and B the com- 
 plete control of all the conditions under which they can save and win the 
 game. 
 
 Lastly, it needs no proof that at every stage of a game of Whist, and 
 most of all at its most critical stage, the direction of the play ought to 
 be left to the partner who has the greater trump strength. Hence, as 
 the Knave of Hearts may be fairly assumed to be in J^'s hand after his 
 lead of the Queen at the fourth trick, it is evident that Z ought to hava 
 led a small Heart rather than his King of Hearts at the eighth trick. 
 
 Game XL. was sent to the Field by Mr. N. B. Trist of New Orieans. 
 Notes by " Cavendish." AdHifcional notes by the Whist Editor of the 
 Australian,- See Problems VIII. and IX.^p, 220. 
 
WHIST WHITTLINGS, PAEAGEAPHS, 
 PROBLEMS, ETC. 
 
 Valtje of Good Plat. — Many doubt whether good 
 play really counts much at Whist. There is so much 
 chance, unfortunately, in Whist as actually played (it 
 might be immensely improved in this respect) that a 
 casual observer, or one who watches play for only a few 
 weeks, or even months, might very well suppose that 
 bad players have quite as good a chance as the best 
 players. But no one at all acquainted with the game 
 practically can doubt that in the long-run good play 
 must invariably get the better of bad play. Not a 
 Whist evening passes but a practised player will note 
 half a dozen cases or more in which tricks, — some- 
 times two or three at once, — have been lost by bad 
 play ; while not moi'e than one or two cases will occur 
 during the same time in which bad play has, by an 
 accident, turned out well, or good play ill. 
 
 Cavendish's experience should suffice, — owing to 
 its wide extent and carefully-noted results, — to settle 
 jthis point finally and for ever. He tells us that of 
 30,668 rubbers played from January, 1860, to De- 
 cember, 1878, he won 15,648 rubbers, and lost 15,020, 
 and counting points, which tell far more, he won in 
 all 85,486 points, and lost 81,055, gaining thus a 
 
WHIST WSITTLINGS. 187 
 
 balance of 4,431 points. It is practically impossible 
 that so large a balance in his favour should be due to 
 mere chance. The difference must have been due to 
 play. Were two good players matched in as many 
 rubbers against two bad ones, the difference would 
 be far greater. 
 
 A correspondent, as a further proof that good play 
 must tell, gives us his experience, which was care- 
 fully taken down : — In two years' play, he tells us 
 that the first year he played 2,069 rubbers, winning 
 1,097 arid losing 972, leaving a balance of 125 to the 
 good ; and counting points, he won 5,893 and lost 
 5,233, — a balance of 660 to the good. In the 
 next year he played 1,626 rubbers, winning 855 and 
 losing 771, or a credit of 84 rubbers, the points being 
 4,701 wins, 4,159 losses, — showing balance of 552 to 
 the good. In the previous year he played 2,029 
 rubbers, winning 1,107 and losing 922, leaving 185 
 balance on the winning j but that year he did not 
 keep a record of points. This is, of course, a much 
 higher winning average than Cavendish's ; but, as 
 our correspondent admits the inferiority of his play 
 compared to Cavendish's, probably the element of luck 
 steps in here. He adds that, in his long experience 
 of play, there was never a week, scarcely even a 
 sitting, that he did not see at least one rubber lost 
 by bad play or won by good. , 
 
 It Didn't Matter. — My partner trumps my best 
 card, or does not trump a doubtful card after I have 
 called for trumps, or commits some other Whist 
 enormity. We win the game, notwithstanding, for 
 we have prodigious cards. If I suggest thab there 
 
1 88 BOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 was no occasion to perpetrate the enormity in ques- 
 tion, my partner triumphantly informs me, "It didn't 
 matter." This view is altogether fallacious. It did 
 not happen to matter in that particular hand, but my 
 confidence is impaired, and it will matter in every 
 hand I play with that partner for a long time to come. 
 —Cavendish's " Card-Table Talk." 
 
 SiNGtJLAK Hand and Singular Ill-Foettjne. — The 
 following remarkable hand of cards was dealt to the 
 Duke of Cumberland, as he was playing at Whist at 
 the rooms at Bath, by which he lost a wager of 
 £20,000, not winning one trick. The Duke's hand 
 consisted of King, Knave, nine and seven of trumps 
 (Clubs) ; Ace and King of Diamonds ; Ace, King, 
 Queen, and Knave of Hearts j and Ace, King, and 
 Queen of Spades. The Duke led a small trump. 
 Eight hand of the Duke five small trumps, all the 
 other cards Hearts and Spades. Left hand of the 
 Duke Ace, Queen, ten and eight of trumps ; Queen, 
 Knave, ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, and four of 
 Dig,monds. This hand, after winning the first trick, 
 leads a Diamond. The Duke's partner's hand all 
 insignificant cards. — Kaleidoscope. Was the Duke's 
 lead judicious ? (See frontispiece.) 
 
 In " Ccelebs on Whist" there is a somewhat similar 
 case, only, instead of failing to make a trick, the 
 holder of the strong handloses five by tricks. Ccelebs 
 says a lead of trumps from such a hand is wrong. 
 But ninety-nine players out of a hundred would lead 
 trumps ; and in my opinion the hundredth would lead 
 wrongly. We must not judge by the event in such 
 
WHIST WHITTLINGS. 189 
 
 cases. The Whist-player can only play according to 
 probahilities ; and the chances are in favour of the 
 trump-lead turning out well. It is far more likely, 
 for instance, that, if a Heart is led (the Hearts suit 
 being already established, be it noticed), the ad- 
 versary will ruff it, and perhaps establish a cross-ruff, 
 than that the cards would be so singularly distributed 
 in the other hands as they were in this case. Sup- 
 pose, for example, that the cards had lain thus : — 
 The Duke's hand, as above (call it A's, hand) ; B's, 
 small cards, no trumps ; Y'a hand, the four trumps 
 named above, no Spades, four Hearts and Diamonds ; 
 Z'& hand, five remaining trumps, no Hearts, three 
 Spades and Diamonds. Then, if A leads from his 
 long suit, he loses two by tricks, which, with such a 
 hand, and a plain suit lead, is singular ill-fortune. 
 
 He that will not when he mat, &c. — The following 
 singular combination of cards is worth recording, as 
 it may be made to point a moral. It came under my 
 observation at the Portland, Clay and my father being 
 partners. The game was " Pour all." The dealer turned 
 up a small Hearc. Clay led a Diamond. The second 
 hand had Ace, King, Queen, Knave, ten, nine, and 
 two of trumps. With these cards, the problem is 
 how to lose the odd trick : — 
 
 The second hand contrived it in this way. He had 
 no Diamond, and trumped the card led with the 
 deuce of Hearts. My father (third hand) also had 
 no Diamond, and only one trump, — the three, with 
 which he overtrumped. In the end, the holder of the 
 sixieme major only made his six trumps, his adverr 
 
iga HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 saries having six winning cards in the unplayed suits> 
 which neither of the opponents could trump. They 
 therefore lost the odd trick and the game. Had the 
 second player (B) trumped with the nine originally, 
 he must have won the game, however the cards lay. 
 For, his partner being dealer, held the trump card, 
 and consequently B, by then leading trumps must 
 make sevea tricks, even if all' the remaining trumps 
 are in one hand against him. No doubt B regarded 
 the chance of the third hand's having none of the 
 suit in which he himself was void as practically nil. 
 Nevertheless, he might have made the game practi- 
 cally sure. 
 
 The moral is : Never throw a chance away. — " Card 
 Table Talk : "—Cavendish. 
 
 All the Trumps in one Hand. — Two cases were 
 recorded a few years ago in the Westminster Papers, 
 and the Editor made the remark that this showed 
 mathematicians to be Wrong in stating that the odds 
 were, in round numbers, 159 thousand millions to one 
 against such an occurrence. This was incorrect. It 
 would not be very much out of the way to suppose 
 that among all the Whist-playing nations of the earth 
 a million Whist-parties play per diem ; and, say that 
 in each case there are twenty deals. Then it would 
 require only 7,950 days, or not much more than 20 
 years, to give 159,000,000,000 trials. Now, many 
 reason as though this number of trials would give an 
 even chance that any particular hand would be turned 
 up once at least. But this is not correct, there are 
 two possible results in tossing a coin, yet it does not 
 
WHIST WHITTLINGS. . jgj 
 
 require two trials to give an even chance of tossing 
 head once at least: one trial suffices. The exact 
 odds against the dealer having thirteen trumps are 
 
 168,753,389,899 to 1, 
 
 Pretty long odds ! The odds against the occurrence 
 must, however, be diminished by the circumstance 
 that when a ruffing game has been played, there are 
 several cards of the same suit arranged one in each 
 of several sets of four cards, after tricks are gathered. 
 Supposing them to occupy the same position in each 
 set, which might readily happen, that there is very 
 little shuffling, and that the same suit is trumps in 
 the next hand, it will easily be seen that four or five 
 trumps might be already en train to fall to dealer, so 
 that the chance of the remaining trumps falling to 
 him alone, would have to be considered. Say the 
 chance of this happening in the case, of five trumps, 
 besides the turn-up card were only 1-1,000. There 
 are thus 20 cards disposed of in the five tricks sup- 
 posed to have come together, in this special manner, 
 in dealing. There remain 32 cards, one of which is 
 the turn-up. Out of the 31 cards, 7 are trumps, and 
 form one set of 7 out of 
 
 31 • 30 • 29 • 28 • 27 • 26 ■ 25 
 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 
 
 possible sets of 7, or 2,629,575. Hence the chance 
 of both events coming ofE and all thirteen trumps 
 falling into one hand is one-2,629,575,000th, or the 
 odds only 2,629,574,999 to 1 against the event, 
 LoED Lytton as a Whist Playek. — Lord Ljtton 
 
192 BOW TO PLAT WHIST. 
 
 was very fond of Whist, and lie and I botli belonged 
 to the well-known Portland Club, in which were to be 
 found many of the celebrated players of the day. He 
 never showed the slightest disposition of a gambler. 
 He played the game well, and without excitement or 
 temper, and apparently his whole attention was con- 
 centrated upon it ; but it was curious to see that at 
 every interval that occurred in the rubbers, he would 
 rush off to a writing-table, and with equally concen- 
 trated attention proceed with some literary wort until 
 called again to take his place at the Whist-table. 
 There was a member of the club, a very harmless, 
 inoffensive man, of the name of Townend, for whom 
 Lord LyttoB entertained a mortal antipathy, and 
 would never play Whist whilst that gentleman was in 
 the room. He firmly believed that he brought him 
 bad luck. I was witness to what must be termed an 
 odd coincidence. One afternoon, when Lord Lytton 
 was playing, and had enjoyed an uninterrupted run 
 of luck, it suddenly turned, upon which he exclaimed, 
 " I am sure that Mr. Townend has come into the 
 club." Some three minutes after, just time enough 
 to ascend the stairs, in walked this unlucky personage. 
 Lord Lytton, as soon as the rubber was over, left the 
 table and did not renew the play. — Seejeant Bal- 
 lantine's "Experiences of a Barrister's Life." 
 
 A CoEEESPONDENT, "A. B.," sends the following 
 reasoning (given in a letter to the Asia,n) for analysis. 
 The writer is showing how the odds on the rubber, 
 after one game has been played, are calculated : — 
 " Supposing A Bio have won the first game, there are 
 
WHIST WHITILlNGa. 193 
 
 four different ways in wliicli two games can be playedj 
 and only four. 
 
 
 2nd game. 
 
 3rd game. 
 
 
 (1) 
 
 AB win 
 
 rZwin 
 
 A B win the rubber. 
 
 (^) 
 
 AB win 
 
 l^win 
 
 A B win the rubber. 
 
 (3) 
 
 YZ win 
 
 AB win 
 
 A B win the rubber. 
 
 (4) 
 
 YZ win 
 
 YZwin 
 
 Y Z win the rubber. 
 
 Prom this we see that in three of the cases A B win 
 the rubber, and in one only Y Z win. Hence the odds 
 onAB should be 3 to 1.'' Of course, in cases 1 and 2 
 the third game is not played, but is only given to 
 show the different ways in which two games can be 
 played. 
 
 On this, A. B. remarks, " It seems to me that the 
 first two cases are really one and the same, as the 
 third game is not played ; and that, therefore, only 
 three ways are to be considei-ed, viz. : — ■ 
 
 Supposing A B to have won the first game — 
 
 2nd game. 3rd game. Rubber. 
 
 A B win A B win. 
 
 Y Z win A B win A B win. 
 
 y^win y^win y^win. 
 
 which would make it 2 to 1 on ^ i? ; but I suppose 
 I am wrong in my deduction." 
 
 The reasoning of the Asian correspondent is cor- 
 rect. We must consider both ways in which the two 
 games might be played for A B to win, although in 
 one case there is no occasion to play the second. The 
 correctness of the result may, perhaps be best shown 
 thus : — 
 
 
 
194 IIOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 Suppose there were 4m, trials to determine experi- 
 mentally the true odds, n being some very large, 
 number. Then we know that in about half, or 2w, of 
 these trials A B would win the first game. In all 
 these 2re cases (about) A B would win the rubber. 
 In the other half, or about 2ft cases, Y Z would win 
 the first game, and a third game would have to be 
 played. Of the 2ft (about) third games thus played, 
 A B would win about half, or n games, and in each 
 of these cases they would win the rubber. Thus in 
 all they would win the rubber in about 2n + n or 3)1 
 cases out of the 4?i., while Y Z would win in about 
 n cases. Thus the odds in their favour are 3w to n, 
 or 3 to 1. 
 
 Note that the law of probability assures us only 
 that A B will win (the players being assumed of equal 
 skill) in about 3u cases out of Asn, or in 3«dz?' cases, 
 Y Z winning in n+r cases, where, if n is very large, 
 r will be very small compared with n. Thus the 
 proportion of wins to losses will be Zn±r to w+r, or 
 
 3d:- to 1^=-, where - may be made as small as we 
 n th fi 
 
 please by sufficiently increasing n. 
 
 CHANCES OF HOLDING CERTAIN HANDS 
 AT WHIST. 
 
 A correspondent of Knowledge (Mr. Algernon 
 Bray, New York), supplied the following calculations 
 of the chance of holding hands at Whist, in which 
 the cards are distributed among different suits in 
 any possible way : — 
 
WEIST WHITTLINGS. 
 
 195 
 
 1 card or 12 cards may be taken from any suit in 
 13 ways. 
 
 2 or 11 cards may be taken from any suit in 
 
 13x12 ^„ 
 
 . — - — = /y ways. 
 
 3 or 10 cards may be taken from any suit in 
 
 13x12x11 „ee 
 -^--^_ =286 ways. 
 
 4 or 9 cards may be taken from any suit in 
 13x12x11x10 
 
 = 715 ways, 
 lay be ta 
 = 1287 ways. 
 e taken 
 171G ways. 
 
 2x3x4 
 
 5 or 8 cards may be taken from any suit in 
 13x12x11 xl0 x9_ 
 
 2x3x4x5 
 
 6 or 7 cards may be taken from any suit in 
 13x12x11x10x9x8 
 
 2x3x4x5x6 
 
 The number of ways in which, a complete hand of 
 thirteen cards can be made, having the cards dis- 
 tributed among different suits in a certain way, is 
 obtained by multiplying together the numbers of the 
 ways in which the numbers of cards in the several 
 suits may be taken, and multiplying that product by 
 the number of ways in which the suits can be chosen. 
 For instance, if the cards were divided among the 
 suits thus — 1, 3, 4, 5, — the number of ways would 
 be 13 X 286 x 715 x 1287 x 24 j 24 being 4 x 3 x 2, the 
 number of ways of choosing the suits. A hand 
 divided thus — 2, 2, 3, 6, — might be made in 78 x 78 
 X 286 X 1716 X 12 ways, 12 or 4 x 3 being the number 
 of ways in which the suits of 3 and 6 can be chosen, 
 the other two suits having two cards each. A hand 
 
 o 2 
 
196 
 
 sow TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 composed of three cards of eacli of three suits and 
 four of the fourth, may be made in 286' x 715x4 
 ways, there being only four ways in which the four 
 suit can be chosen. 
 
 The following table, made in the manner above 
 indicated, will show the chances of holding any sort 
 of hand, the number of chances in each case being 
 one-fourth of the number of the ways in which the 
 hand can be made. The hands are arranged in the 
 order of their respective frequencies : — ■ 
 
 Hand. 
 
 -Chances, 
 
 Hand. 
 
 Chances. 
 
 Hand. 
 
 Chanoea. 
 
 4,4,3,2 
 
 34,213.221,9C0 
 
 6, 5, 3, 
 
 1,431,164,602 
 
 9, a, 1, 1 
 
 28,275.391) 
 
 6, 3, 3, 2 
 
 24,633,519,768 
 
 6, 5, 1, 1 
 
 1,119.705,414 
 
 9, 3, 1, 
 
 15,950,220 
 
 6, 4, 3, 1 
 
 2i),527.933,l40 
 
 «, 5, 2, 
 
 1,0.13,574,256 
 
 9, 2, 2, 
 
 13,' 50,18) 
 
 6, 4, 2, 2 
 
 16.795,6^,660 
 
 7, 2, 2, 2 
 
 814,331,232 
 
 7, 6, 0, 
 
 8,833.968 
 
 *• I- I- ^ 
 
 16,726,461,04) 
 
 7, 4, 1, 1 
 
 f22,058,5Si) 
 
 8, 5, 0, 
 
 4,969,107 
 
 6, 3, 2, 2 
 
 8,957,643,152 
 
 7, 4, 2, 
 
 574,207,920 
 
 10, 2, 1, 
 
 1,740,' 21 
 
 8, 4, 2, 1 
 
 7,4'<4,702,960 . 
 
 1, 3, 3, 
 
 431,1185,808 
 
 9, 4. 0, 
 
 1,533,67s 
 
 6, 3, 3, 1 
 
 5,474,115,601 
 
 8, 2, 2, 1 
 
 305,374,212 
 
 10, 1, 1, 1 
 
 6 8,342 
 
 5, 6, 2, 1 
 
 6,038,674,498 
 
 8, 3, 1, 1 
 
 186,>il7.574 
 
 10, 3, 0, 
 
 245,388 
 
 4, 4, 4, 1 
 
 4,751,836,375 
 
 8, 3, 2, 
 
 172,262,376 
 
 11, 1, 1, 
 
 39,646 
 
 1, 3, 2, 1 
 
 2,985,881,181 
 
 7, 6, 1, 
 
 172,262,376 
 
 11, 2, 0, 
 
 18,252 
 
 6, 4, 3. 
 
 2,105,429,040 
 
 6, 6, 1, 
 
 114,811,584 
 
 12, 1, 0, 
 
 607 
 
 6, 4, 4, 
 
 1,973,839,725 
 
 8, 4, 1, 
 
 71,775,990 
 
 13, u, 0, 
 
 1 
 
 The total number of chances is 158,753,389,900, 
 which is one-fourth of the whole number of ways in 
 which a hand can be made. The chances cannot be 
 exactly expressed in much simpler terms than these-— 
 the only factors which will divide the whole number 
 of chances and the chances of any particular hand 
 being 100 and the factors of 100. There are, how- 
 ever, only three hands of which the chances cannot 
 be expressed more simply by dividing by 2, 4, 10, 20, 
 25, or 100. 
 
 If it is desired to know the chance of having any 
 sort of hand with the condition that it shall contain. 
 
WHIST WHITTLINGS. 197 
 
 Of not contain, a trump, the rule for determining it is 
 as follows : — If tte hand comprises only two suits, 
 one-third of the whole number of chances of having 
 such a hand is the number of chances of having such 
 a hand, one of those suits being trumps ; and two- 
 thirds of the whole number of chances is the number 
 of chances of having such a hand without a trump. 
 In a three-suit hand the proportions are reversed, two- 
 thirds of the possible hands containing a trump and 
 one-third not containing one. For, in the case of a 
 two-suit hand, 26 of the 89 cards not in the hand, 
 any one of which may be the trump card, belong to 
 the two other suits ; and in the case of a thi-ee-suit 
 hand 13 of the 39 cards belong to the other suit. It 
 is equally easy to determine the chance of having a 
 certain hand of which a certain suit shall be trumps, 
 for instance, in a 10, 2, 1, hand, of the wholo 
 number of chances of having such a hand, -^ or -jlg- 
 is the number of chances of having such a hand con- 
 taining ten trumps, ^ is the number of chances of 
 the hand containing two trumps, and |-|- or -j*^ is the 
 number of chances of the hand containing only 
 one trump. Of course, this applies only to a non- 
 dealer's hand. The dealer being sure to have a trump, 
 the chances of his having such a hand with 10 or 2 
 trumps, or only 1 trump, are respectively ^, -j^, and 
 ■^ of the whole number. 
 
 A "YAEBOEOUGH" HAND AT WHIST. 
 
 A former Earl of Yarborough was always ready to 
 wager £1,000 to £1 against the occurrence of a hand 
 
198 HOW TO PLAT WHIST. 
 
 at Whist in whicli there should be no card better than 
 a nine. 
 
 The bet was decidedly unfair, and if made a great 
 number of times must have resulted in large gains to 
 the person who made it. It is easy to calculate the 
 odds before the deal : after the deal, or if the cards 
 are cut and the lowest card is known, the odds are 
 slightly altered. In each suit there are five cards, 
 Ace, King, Queen, Knave, ten, above a nine, or iu 
 the pack, 20 cards above a nine. From the remain- 
 ing 32 cards a hand of 18 cards may be formed in 
 
 32-31-30-29 20 
 
 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 13 
 
 different ways. The whole pack, however, will form 
 
 52-51-50-49 40 
 
 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 13 
 
 different hands of thirteen cards. The chance, then, 
 that any hand taken at random will have no card 
 better than nine is represented by the ratio which the 
 former of these amounts bears to the latter, or by the 
 fraction 
 
 32 -31 -30 -29 20 
 
 52 -51 -50 -49 40 
 
 _^-^ 32 • 31 • 30 ■ 29 • 28 • 27 
 "~ 51 ■ 49 ■ 47 • 45 • 43 • 41 • 27 
 _ 31 -15 -29 -14 -27 _ 31 • 29 • 2 • 3 
 ~51 •49-47-45-43-41 ~17-7-47-43-41 
 
 It will be found, on reducing, that this fraction is 
 rather less than -ysts, so that Lord Yarborough, if he 
 had been fair (assuming always that he knew how to 
 calculate probabilities) should have offered rather 
 
WHIST WHITTLINGS. 199 
 
 more than £1,827 to £1 against the occurrence of the 
 hand in question. It must be understood, ol: course, 
 that he wagered with one of the players against that 
 player having a " Yarborough," not against the occur- 
 rence of a ''Yarborough" among the four hands 
 dealt. The chance of this latter event is, of course, 
 greater. 
 
 Supposing Lord Yarborough offered a wager of 
 £1,000 to £1 to each member of a Whist party, for 
 ten deals, on each of 100 nights in each of ten years, 
 he would have cleared about £18,000. 
 
 SKILL AT WHIST. 
 
 The following from Cavendish's interesting " Card- 
 table Talk" will be found well worth studying by 
 Whist-players of all classes, good, bad, and in- 
 different : — 
 
 In the latter part of the winter of 1857, during an 
 after-dinner conversation, it was remarked by some 
 of the party that Whist is a mere matter of chance, 
 since no amount of ingenuity can make a King win 
 an Ace, and so on. This produced an argument as 
 to the merits of the game ; and, as two of the dis- 
 putants obstinately naaintained the original position, 
 it was proposed to test their powers by matching 
 them against two excellent players in the room. To 
 this match, strange to say, the bad players agreed, 
 and a date was fixed. Before the day arrived, it was 
 proposed to play the match in double, another rubber 
 of two good against two bad players being formed in 
 an adjoining room, and the hands being played over 
 
200 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 agekiu, the good players having the cards previously 
 held by the bad ones, and vice versa, the order of 
 the play being, of course, in every other respect 
 preserved. The difficulty now was to find two 
 players sufficiently bad for this purpose; but two 
 men were found, on condition of having odds laid 
 them at starting, which was accordingly done. 
 
 On the appointed day, a table was formed in room 
 A, and as soon as the tirst hand was played, the cards 
 were re-sorted and conveyed into room B. There the 
 hand was played over again, the good players in room 
 B having the cards that the bad players had in room 
 A. At the end of the hand, the result was noted for 
 comparison, independently of the score, which was 
 conducted in the usual way. Thirty -three hands were 
 played in each room. In room A, the good players 
 held very good cards, and won four rubbers out of 
 six ; in points, a balance of eighteen. In room B, 
 the good players had, of course, the bad cards. They 
 played seven rubbers with the same number of hands 
 that in the other room had played six, and they won 
 three out of the seven, losing seven points on the 
 balance. The difference, therefore, was eleven points, 
 or nearly one point a rubber in favour of «kill. 
 
 A comparison of tricks only showed some curious 
 results. In seven of the hands the score by cards in 
 each room was the same. In eighteen hands the 
 balance of the score by cards was in favour of the 
 superior players; in eight hands in favour of the 
 inferior. In one of these hands the bad players won 
 two by cards at one table, and three by cards at the 
 other. 
 
WHIST WHITTLINQS. 20 1 
 
 The most importaBt result is that at both tables 
 the superior players gaiaed a majority of tricks. In 
 room A, they won on the balance nineteen by tricks ; 
 in room B, they won two by tricks. 
 
 It will be observed that this experiment does not 
 altogether eliminate luck^ as bad play sometimes 
 succeeds. But by far the greater part of luck, \'m., 
 that due to the superiority o£ winning cards, is, by 
 the plan described, quite got rid of. 
 
 Dr. Pole (the Field, June 16, 1866) arrives at 
 nearly the same result by a statistical method. He 
 writes to this effect : — 
 
 " It is very desirable to ascertain the value of skill 
 at Whist. 
 
 " The voluntary power we have over results at 
 Whist is compounded of — 1. The system of play. 
 2. The personal skill employed." 
 
 The modern system, which combines the hands of 
 the two partners, as against no system (the personal 
 skill of all being pretty equal), is worth — Dr. Pole 
 thinks — about half a point a rubber, or rather more. 
 About 900 rubbers played by systematic as against 
 old-fashioned* players, gave a balance of nearly 500 
 points in favour of system. 
 
 The personal skill will vary with each individual, 
 and is difficult to estimate ; but, looking at published 
 statistics, in which Dr. Pole had confidence, he puts 
 the advantage of a very superior player (all using 
 system) at about a quarter of a point a rubber : con- 
 sequently the advantage due to combined personal 
 skill (i.e., two very skilful against two very unskilful 
 
202 EOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 playerSj all using system), would be more tban half a 
 point a rubber. 
 
 The conclusion arrived at by Dr. Pole is that " the 
 total advantage of both elements of power over results 
 at Whist may, under very favoui'able circumstances, 
 be expected to amount to as much as one point per 
 rubber." 
 
 Now, at play-clubs, nearly all the players adhere 
 more or less closely to system, and the great majority 
 have considerable personal skill. Consequently, only 
 the very skilful player can expect to win anything, 
 and he will only have the best player at the table for 
 a partner, on an average, once in three times. It 
 follows from this, that the expectation of a very 
 skilful player at a play-club will only average, at the 
 most, say a fifth or a sixth of a point a rubber. 
 
 Plating with a Bad Paetnee. — In the face of 
 the immense variety of the style of play one may meet 
 with, the only general advice one can give is, as soon 
 as it becomes apparent that your partner does not 
 understand your own system, observe his play care- 
 fully, and endeavour to discover what his peculiarities 
 are ; and if you find he has any fixed habits at all, 
 you may in most, cases adapt your play to them, and 
 BO turn them to your joint advantage. If he cannot, 
 or will not, fall in with your system, you must adopt 
 his, and so endeavour still, in defiance of him, to make 
 some sort of a combination, and avoid the cross 
 purposes which are so beneficial to the adversary. — 
 Pole. 
 
WHIST WEITTLINGS. 203 
 
 GAME XXIV. (p. 162). 
 
 Eeferring to this remarkable game, the following 
 passage from Cavendish's late " Card-table Talk " will 
 be found interesting : — 
 
 " Of course, I seldom played at the same table with 
 my father at the Portland/' writes Cavendish. " But 
 it occasionally happened that there was only one table, 
 and that we must either play together or lose our 
 amusement. On one of those afternoons I was 
 Z in Hand No. XXXVIII., and my father was B. 
 By reference to the game " (p. 152) "it will be seen 
 that I played the grand coup against him. My partner 
 was a very good player. When the game was over 
 the following conversation took place : — 
 
 " K. (my partner to me). — 'You trumped my best 
 diamond.' 
 
 " Ego. — ' I know I did. We won the trick by it.' 
 
 " K. — '1 don't see how you could win a trick by 
 trumping a winning card.' 
 
 " I should mention that my father had seen the 
 position as well as I had, that he knew I had three 
 trumps (as was clear after my discard at trick 8), and 
 that he was waiting to be led to in trumps. I noticed, 
 too, from his manner, that he hardly knew whether to 
 feel pleased at my good play, or annoyed at being 
 outmanoeuvred. 
 
 "Ego (to JS:).— ' Ask "the governor" if we didn't.' 
 
 " Fater (gruffly) . — ' Of course you did, of course 
 you did.' 
 c I afterwards told Clay of this coup, and he was 
 
204 ^OW TO PLAY WSIST. 
 
 good enougli to say that lie admired the discard of 
 the King of Spades at trick 8. He also chaffed the 
 'governor' a bit about my unfilial coaduct." 
 
 Maxim. — The best Whist-player is he who plays the 
 game in the simplest and most intelligible way. — 
 Clay. 
 
 FoECiNG. — Speaking of the rule, " When weak iu 
 trumps do not force your partner," Col. Drayson 
 makes the following sound remarks : — " It does not 
 mean never force your partner if weak in trumps 
 yourself; but it means, if you see a good chance of 
 making more tricks by not forcing your partner than 
 you could make by forcing him, then refrain from the 
 force J but you should always remember it does not 
 follow that your partner WMst take a force, even 
 though you offer it him. He may conclude, and 
 erroneously, that you are strong in trumps ; but he 
 would not conclude so unless he were considerably 
 impressed with the importance of the advice, ' do not 
 force your partner if weak in trumps.' Many players, 
 influenced by this recommendation, will frequently 
 throw away a game in consequence of their fertile 
 imagination." 
 
 "DO YOU PLAY WHIST?" 
 
 It is amusing to compare the answers given to this 
 question with the results observed when the game has 
 fnirly begun. " Do you play Whist ? " " Certainly ! 
 I have played Whist for years, and I flatter myself I 
 know something about it by this time." The game 
 begins, and you find the gentleman who has answered 
 so confidently knows simply nothing about the game 
 
WHIST WHITTLINGS. 205 
 
 beyond tho rules for following suitj counting honours, 
 and so forth., which a beginner is taught in the first 
 ten minutes of his acquaintance vith Whist. He not 
 only has no idea of Whist as a game in which each 
 player has a partner, but he does not even know how 
 to play his own hand. He leads out every winning 
 card, weakens his trumps recklessly in ruffing, when, 
 — ^if he knew anything of the game, — he would see 
 that by leading trumps, or at any rate reserving his 
 force in trumps, he might bring in a long suit. He, 
 perhaps, has just so much thought of his partner as 
 to return whatever suit his partner may have led. 
 Very likely he does this when it is his clear duty to 
 show his own suit, or when it should be obvious from 
 the play that his partner has led from weakness. Or, 
 again, he may so far think of his partner as to force 
 him whenever he gets the chance, though as often 
 as not forcing means disarming. 
 
 Another tells you he plays Whist well, who has 
 indeed an idea of the general principles on which 
 sound play should depend, but knows none of the 
 details essential to the application of these principles 
 in a practical way. He knows, for instance, that 
 when you lead trumps you generally want trumps 
 exhausted; but he imagines he does enough in 
 helping you to this end when he returns your trump 
 
 ead. He is perplexed and aggrieved when you tell 
 him that by returning the wrong card he has utterly 
 foiled all your plans. Thus, holding Ace, Queen 
 nine, and two of trumps, you lead, let us say, the two 
 
 on which fell seven, King, and five ; he returns the 
 three, on which fall the six, your Queen, and eight on 
 
206 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 your left. Now, so soon as lie played the three, you 
 were justifioJ in assuming (if he knows how to play 
 the game) that he holds the four and another; for 
 neither of the opponents holds the four, and you 
 have it not yourself j therefore he must have the card ; 
 and, having both the four and the three, he should 
 return the four, if he holds no other : so that, as he 
 returns the three, you assume he holds another. Tou 
 play the Ace, the ten falls on your left, your partner 
 plays the four, and the fourth player discards from a 
 plain suit. You believe all the trumps to be extracted 
 from the enemy ; and moreover, that you and your 
 partner are four by honours. Acting on this belief, 
 you play out King-cards which you would otherwise 
 have retained ; and then you bring in your partner's 
 long suit, which had been already, we will suppose, 
 established. But, to your disgust, you find that your 
 opponent on the left still holds the Knave, with which 
 he stops your long suit; brings in his, with which 
 he finally forces out your long trump, and, having no 
 card in your partner's suit, you are obliged to lead 
 either from one of the adversaries' suits or from a suit 
 in which they hold the King-card, so that they bring 
 in their winning cards. Then, perhaps, you waste 
 time trying to convince your partner that his playing 
 the three before the four made all the difference, with 
 no other result but to be rebuked by him for giving 
 up the command in your adversaries* suits ; a mistake 
 which, but for your explanation, he would have known 
 nothing about, and which would not have been a mis- 
 take at all if his play had really meant what to every 
 understanding Whist-player it implied. Where yoa 
 really mistook was in assuming that because he said he 
 
WSI8T WHITTLIBQS. 
 
 207 
 
 could play Whist he knew something about the 
 elementary rules of the game. 
 
 Players who make such blunders as these are apt 
 to argue, wheDj after a time, it becomes clear to them 
 how badly they play, that, as they cannot get to re- 
 member what cards have been played and by whom, 
 to notice the signal, and so forth, it is not worth 
 their while to learn such minutiae as the return of the 
 proper card from two or from three. But that is just 
 where they are mistaken. These points should not 
 be regarded as minutias, but as the A B of the 
 game. It may be difficult to attend closely to the 
 fall of the cards, to draw the right inferences, and to 
 retain to the end what has thus been learned, but it 
 is not at all difficult to fall into the constant habit of 
 returning the highest card of two, the lowest of 
 three, left in the hand after the first round of a suit. 
 It is noteworthy, too, how care in such matters helps 
 to aid the memory and keep alive the attention. 
 After learning to return the right card, you very soon 
 find yourself noticing the card returned by your 
 partner, or by the adversaries to each other. Next 
 you find that when thus informed as to the number of 
 cards of different suits in different hands, you 
 presently begin to recognise where the individual 
 cards of the suit must lie. The more you notice, the 
 easier it is to retain what you notice in your recollec- 
 tion, — ^precisely as Mr. Proctor, I do not doubt, finds 
 it much easier to recollect new astronomical measures 
 than most of us do, because, having already a num- 
 ber of such measures in his memory, new ones fit 
 themselves in among the rest, so as to be more easily 
 remembered. 
 
2o8 sow TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 PLACING CAEDS AT WHIST.* 
 
 B liolds the following hand : — 
 
 Spades. — Ten, nine, six, five. (Trumps.) 
 Hearts. — Ace, Queen, four, two. 
 Diamonds. — Queen, six. 
 Clubs. — Ace, ten, eight. 
 
 And the four first tricks are as follows, the underlined 
 card winning trick, and card below leading next : — 
 
 1. 
 
 A 
 C6 
 
 Y 
 CKn 
 
 B 
 
 CA 
 
 Z 
 
 C3 
 
 2. 
 8. 
 
 H9 
 D8 
 
 H5 
 DKn 
 
 H2 
 DQ 
 
 HIO 
 D4 
 
 4. SKn S_A S5 S7 
 
 After these four tricks have been played, B is able 
 to place every card, supposing that all the players 
 have followed the usual rules for play. 
 
 What we have said about Whist leads and two 
 general rules, one for second, the other for third 
 player, suffice to give the solution of this problem. 
 These are first, that second player, if he has a 
 sequence of two high cards and one small one, 
 plays the lowest of the sequence second hand on 
 a small card led ; secondly, that third in hand 
 
 * From theWestminster Papers. Note, however, that Z might 
 hold the Heart King from anything that appears from Round 4. 
 
WHIST WEITTLINOa. 
 
 209 
 
 plays highest if he has any card higher than (and 
 not in sequence with) his partner's lead, and no 
 sound finesse open to him, but otherwise plays hi? 
 lowest. 
 
 First Trick. — A has led the lowest from four at 
 least (it should have been noticed that the inventor 
 of this hand did not accept the rule for penultimate 
 lead). Since two is not in A's hand, nor in Z's, for 
 Z's. lead third hand shows he was not signalling for 
 trumps, and B has it not himself, it must lie with Y. 
 But no other small card can be in Y'& hand, who 
 would only play Knave, having the two, if he held 
 Queen, Knave, two and no more. Hence four and 
 five lie with Z, and no more, for A must have four 
 Clubs. Thus the Clubs were originally distributed 
 as follows : — With Y, Queen, Knave, two ; with Z, 
 five, four, three ; with B, Ace, ten, eight ; and the 
 rest, viz., King, nine, seven, and six with A. 
 
 Second Trick. — A has no hearts above ten, and his 
 play of nine shows he has none lower. Hence, A only 
 holds Hearts nine. As Y plays the five, he does not 
 hold the three (he had not begun a signal in first 
 round, as B knows, holding Club ten in his own 
 hand). Hence, Hearts three must be held by Z, and 
 as he played ten, having the three, he must have the 
 Knave, but no others. Hence, the Hearts lay 
 originally as follows : — 
 
 With A, the nine ; with Z, Knave, ten, three ; with 
 B, Ace, Queen, four, two ; and the rest, viz.. King, 
 eight, seven, six, and five, with Y. 
 
 p 
 
210 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 Third Trick. — Diamonds four is tlie lowest of four 
 at least. ^ has no card below the eight, hencoj the 
 two and three must be with Y, as A is certainly not 
 signalling. We know also that A has not five trumps, 
 or he would have begun with onej hence, as he had 
 originally four Clubs, one Heart, and fewer than five 
 trumps, he must have more than three Diamonds. 
 Since eight is his lowest and Z has led from four at 
 least, B having Queen, six, and Y, Knave, three, two, 
 it follows' that Z' must have held seven, five, four, and 
 either Ace or King, showing that A must have had 
 eight, nine, ten, and either Ace or King. But A's first 
 lead shows that A must have the Ace and not the King, 
 for he would not have led Clubs from six, seven, nine. 
 King, if he had had eight, nine, ten, Kingof Diamon-ds; 
 though, following Clay^s rule, he would have led a 
 Club if holding eight, nine, ten, Ace of Diamonds, 
 reserving the Ace-headed long suit to get in wi^h later. 
 Thus the Diamonds lay originally as follows : — 
 
 With Y, Knave, three, two ; with A, eight, nine, 
 ten. Ace; with B, Queen, six; and the rest, viz., 
 King, seven, five, four, with Z. 
 
 Fourth TrieTc — B knows already that A holds four 
 Spades ; Y, two Spades ; and Z, three. As Z plays 
 the seven, the only cards left which can make up his 
 remaining two are the eight, the Queen, and the 
 King.. He cannot have both Queen and King, or he 
 would have played the Queen. He must have, then, 
 either eight Queen or eight King. But if he had the 
 Queen, King would lie with A, and A would not have 
 finessed the Knave holding King, Knave, and two 
 others. Therefore Z held King, eight, seven. Y& 
 
WHIST WRITTLINGS. 211 
 
 other card must be a small one, and Spades were 
 originally distributed as follows : — 
 
 Z, — King, eight, seven; B, — ten, nine, six, five; 
 Y, — Ace, two (or three, or four) ; and the rest, viz., 
 Queen, Knave, four, three (or four, two, or three, 
 two) with A. 
 
 The doubt as to the actual value of the small 
 Spade in Y's hand can hardly be said to affect the 
 statement that Z knows the position of every card in 
 the pack, for the two, three, and four are in this case 
 of practically equal value. 
 
 We would now leave our Whist readers to explain 
 why B led trumps fourth round, when, with his know- 
 ledge of the position of cards he might, one would 
 say, have led his only remaining Diamond, through 
 Z's King, enabling A to make the trick with the 
 nine. 
 
 THE CHILIAN METHOD OF SCOEING AT 
 
 WHIST.* 
 
 No honours are counted, and the score is kept in 
 the same way as at Short Whist, with the addition of 
 points for the tricks which one side make more than 
 the other during the rubber. By the usual method, 
 one side may win, even without the assistance of 
 honours, having made fewer tricks than the losers, 
 and good cards beyond those required for the neces- 
 sary number of tricks are thrown away. The marking 
 is easily done by each player keeping a score— one, 
 
 * Sent by a Correspondent to Knowledge. 
 ,.e 2 
 
212 HOW TO PL A Y WmST. 
 
 on each side, the usual score j the other the + and 
 ~ account : e.g., let A, B, 0, D, be players, — 
 
 ist Game,— 1st hand. AG win 4 by tricks. 
 2nd „ BD „ 3 „ 
 3rd „ AG „ 5 „ 
 
 Sho'rlw^t. «U Score. 
 
 1st hand. A scores 4 scores 4. 
 
 2nd „ B „ 3 C marks off 3, 
 
 leaving A G 
 ^ (4^3) = 1. 
 
 3rd „ A „ single C scores 5 + 1 = 6. 
 
 Thus A G start the 2nd game with a single and 6 
 points to the good. The usual method would have 
 left them with 4 tricks unscored. 
 
 Let us take one extreme example of the English 
 
 game with and without honours, and the Chilian. 
 
 game : — 
 
 Counting Honours. 
 
 1st Game. — 1st hand. ^C win 4 by tricks.) jn ■ j. t,i 
 2nd „ AG „ T ^ „ 'I 40 win treble. 
 
 2nd Game.-^lst „ AG „ 4 „ 
 
 2Qd „ BI) „ 1 trick + 4 honours, BD win single. 
 
 3rd Game, — 1st „ AG „ 4 by tricks. 
 
 2nd „ BB „ 1 trick + 4 honours, BD win single. 
 
 Thus B D win the rubber (1 point) with 2 tricks only gained 
 against A Cs 19. 
 
 Not counting Honours. 
 
 Let B D in the 2nd hand of the 2nd and 3rd game 
 win 5 tricks. They then win one point with 10 tricks 
 against A O's 19.' 
 
 Chilian Method. — A instead of B B win (8 
 points), 19 — 10 — 1 as they ought to do, though it 
 is very unusual to lose the rubber and yet win points. 
 
WHIST WHITTLINGS. 213 
 
 To mark a liigli score, it is not necessary to use 
 
 many counters = b, :...&,,:. . =7, 
 
 &c., &C.J or any better way. 
 
 It is an objection to win the rubber and yet lose 
 points, but tbis is not so objectionable as to win the 
 rubber with 2 tricks against 19, or eyen with 10 
 against 19. 
 
 UNSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN WHIST. 
 
 When I wrote, in Longman's Magazine, an article 
 on the science of the game of Poker — which may be 
 called a thoroughly American game — many journalists 
 in America expressed their doubts whether I should 
 not be altogether beaten at the game itself by men 
 who know nothing of the scientific principles which 
 are really involved in the game. I think this not 
 unlikely, considering that I have never taken a hand 
 at the game — to which I may add that I am never 
 likely to do so, the game being a purely gambling one, 
 and gambling, in my opinion, a degrading practice 
 for any above the condition of the savage. But, 
 during my recent stay in America, I have had occasion 
 to play pretty frequently at the more scientific game 
 — Whist, and I have been led to notice certain pecu- 
 liarities in the way in which Americans play this game 
 (growing gradually in favour among them) which 
 shows that they have still much to learn. Of course, 
 nothing of what I am about to say is intended to 
 apply to those Americans who know and appreciate 
 what may be called the European method of playing 
 Whist; only to those, ninety-nine I think out of a 
 hundred, who regard themselves as good Whist 
 
214 sow TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 players, but are not acquainted -witli, or despise, the 
 conventional language of the game. 
 
 I note, first, that Americans very sensibly object to 
 the part which honours plays in Whist at home. The 
 utmost they will allow honours to count is one-half 
 our estimate. That is to say, if two partners hold 
 three honours out of the four, they count " one " 
 only, instead of " two " ; if they hold all four they 
 count " two " instead of " four." But most Americans 
 prefer to count nothing for honours. In one sense 
 this is good, for it makes more depend on skill, and 
 Whist is a game of skill ; in another sense, however, 
 it rather injures the game, because it eliminates those 
 pretty positions which frequently arise where the 
 saving of a game or of a point depends on making a 
 certain number of tricks, counting before honours 
 already declared against you. Looking keenly out 
 for the honours, or indications of their position, a 
 good player sees that such and such tricks must be 
 made to save the game, and plays simply to make 
 them, entirely changing his tactics, perhaps^ for the 
 purpose. 
 
 Again, Americans prefer long Whist to short ; and 
 here, again, the game loses certain points of great 
 interest, arising when the play depends on details of 
 the score. 
 
 But the chief point which is noticeable in American 
 Whist play is that which Deschapelles (far and away 
 the greatest Whist player ever known) called the 
 most detestable fault a Whist-player can have : 
 Americans at Whist are inveterate " players of their 
 own hand." They will not admit, or cannot see, the 
 
WHIST WHITTLING^. 215 
 
 advantage (in nine cases out of ten) of that system 
 by which each player regards his own hand and his 
 partner's as one, — a system by which the game is 
 made really scientific. For this system the general 
 rule holds that it is better to inform your partner 
 than to deceive the enemy. The American who con- 
 siders himself strong at Whist adopts, instead, the 
 principle .that it is best to play a dark game. He 
 reasons that by playing dark he hides his own hand 
 from the adversaries, while, if they play the open 
 game, he knows something about their hands — a 
 manifest advantage, if his unfortunate partner had no 
 part to play. But as the partner is equally deceived, 
 and so far from helping is like to obstruct, the 
 mischief much outbalances the advantage of the dark 
 game. This I had known theoretically long since. 
 But never till I played Whist in America did I have 
 such clear proof of the fact as I have recently had. 
 I have played repeatedly with a partner who knows 
 the Whist language, against two partners, each of 
 whom plays his own hand with considerable skill. 
 Repeatedly I have been perplexed by the play of one 
 or other of the adversaries, and occasionally I have 
 seen that they have been able to make use to their 
 advantage of those indications by which I and my 
 partner show the cards we hold in particular suits. 
 But I have satisfied myself that at least one trick in 
 ten is gained in the long run (by which I mean that 
 ten tricks are made for nine) by playing the open 
 game, the two partners working together against two 
 adversaries working separately. 
 
 Among the methods of play arising from this one- 
 
2i6 HOW TO PLAT WHIST. 
 
 hand (or my-own-hand) system, is the practice of 
 leading from a short-suit or a singleton, if no suit 
 has much strength. This Americans do quite irre- 
 spectively of the question whether they hold few or 
 many trumps. It is bad enough to lead thus, even 
 when you hold only two or three trumps ; but to lead 
 from a singleton or a two-card suit, when you hold 
 four trumps, is surely a Whist atrocity of the first 
 magnitude. You get your anxiously-desired ruff, and 
 presently find that your partner has a fine suit, which 
 only needed that fourth trump of yours to be brought 
 in; instead, however, the enemy lead trumps, get the 
 command in them owing to your cleverness, bring in 
 their good suits, and make a great game. To which 
 must be added that while, by leading from a very 
 short suit, you fail to tell your partner which is your 
 long suit, you quickly disclose to the whole table 
 which is your weak suit : you omit to give your part- 
 ner the only kind of information which, as a rule, can 
 really be of use to him, and give the enemy just that 
 kind of information which is most useful to them. 
 For, as double dummy shows, there is no information 
 at Whist niore useful than that which tells where the 
 weak suits of the enemy lie. 
 
 It will be understood that Americans like to play a 
 ruffing game, and are in their glory when they get 
 a cross-ruff. (In fact, the only excuse for leading 
 from a singleton is the chance of establishing a cross- 
 ruff.) I roused intense wrath in an American partner 
 when, after he had established a cross-ruff, I broke it 
 by leading trumps. I had five, and a strong suit 
 which had been established ; he had led me a suit 
 
WHIST WRITTLINQS. 217 
 
 whicli I had Keen obliged to trump^ and I could liave 
 led him twice from a suit he could ruff. We should 
 thus have made by the cross-ruff five tricks, but no 
 more, and two of these would have been sure ones 
 anyhow. But, of course, I played no such game. I 
 led trumps to stop the cross-ruff j got out all the 
 trumps (making three tricks in that suit besides the 
 two ruffs), brought in my strong suit, making three 
 tricks in that, or eight instead of five. Yet he never 
 ceased to rebuke me for stopping a cross-ruff which 
 would have ruined us. — Mr. Richakd A. Pkoctob in 
 the Newcastle Weekly Chronicle. 
 
 PROBLEMS. 
 
 Problem I. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Drayson gives the following 
 ingenious little double - dummy puzzle : — Give the 
 adversaries four by honours in every suit ; give your- 
 self and partner any of the other cards you choose ; 
 and win five by cards against them, you to have the 
 lead. 
 
 Problem II. — An East Double-Dummt Problem. 
 
 Colonel Drayson gives the following amusing ex- 
 ample (which occurred to himself at double-dummy) 
 of the difference between practical and theoretical 
 Whist. As he says, if any player had played at 
 Whist as it is necessary to play in the following case, 
 
2l8 
 
 HOW TO PLAY whist: 
 
 he would probably have been acoased of trying to 
 lose the game : — 
 
 -4 THE HANDS. Y 
 
 Hea/rts— 10, 6, 4. 
 Spades — ^A. 
 Clubs— A, K, Q. 
 Diamonds — 10, 7, 6, 5, 
 4,3. 
 
 B 
 
 Hearts— 5, 3, 2. 
 Spades— 9, 8, 5, 3. 2. 
 Clabs — none, 
 diamonds — A, Q, Kn, 
 9,8. 
 
 Hearts — A, K, Q, 
 
 Kn. 
 Spades— K, 10, 7, 4. 
 Clubs— 10, 7, 4. 
 Diamonds — K, 2. 
 
 Hearts— 9, 8, 7. 
 Spades — Q, Kn, 6. 
 Clubs— Kn, 9, 8, 6, 
 
 5, 3, 2. 
 Diamonds — none. 
 
 Score :—A 5, 4 ; Y Z, love. 
 Y Z to save (and win) the game. 
 
 Peoblem III. — Double-Dummy Ending, 
 By Mr. F. H. Lewis. 
 ^.— S A, 2 ; D A, 6. 4 ; H K, 10. 
 r.— S9, Q; DQ, K; C9; H 6, Q. 
 £.— S 10, K; 5, 10 ; H 3 j D 7, 10. 
 Z.—^ 3, 8 ; H 4, 8 ; C Kn ; D 5, 8. 
 Spades trumps. B to lead, and A B to make all 
 
 seven tricks. 
 
 A holds 
 
 lies — 9, 6. 
 Diamonds — Kn, 5. 
 
 B holds 
 
 Spades — 5, 2. 
 Diamonds — 10, 3. 
 
 Problem IV. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 F holds 
 Spades — 10, 8. 
 Hearts — 9, 7. 
 
 Z holds 
 Spades — Q, 3. 
 Hearts — 4, 2. ■ 
 
 Score .--A B, 4 ; Y Z, 2. 
 Two honours have been played by Y Z, one honour 
 
WBJST WHITTLINGS. 
 
 219 
 
 by A, so that Y Z hold two by honours, to Z'& know- 
 ledge. A B have turned six tricks. 
 
 A having led Diamond Knave, how is Z to play to 
 save and win the game ? 
 
 Problem V. — Double-Dummy. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 Hearts — Kn, 6. 
 Clubs— 5, 3, 2. 
 L»iamonds — A, Q, Kn, 
 
 6,5. 
 Spades — 'A, Q, Kn. 
 
 B 
 
 Hearts— A, Q, 10, 9, 
 
 3. 
 Clubs— 10, 6. 
 Liiamonds — 3. 
 Spades— 10, 9, 8, 7. 
 
 n, 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 t,b:2. 
 
 
 Y 
 
 Z 
 
 4, 
 
 
 A leads. 
 
 Hearts— K, 8, 7. 
 Clubs— .9, 8, 7, 4. 
 l)iamoDds — 2. 
 Spades — 6, 5, 4, 3, 
 
 Z 
 
 Hearts — 5, 2. 
 Clubs— A, K, Q, Kn. 
 Diamonds — K, 10, 9, 
 8, 7, 4. 
 Spades — K. 
 
 The lead being with A, A B make every trick. 
 
 Problem VI. — Simple Ending. 
 
 By Mr. P. H. Lewis. 
 
 ^'s cards. H A, 10 ; S 10 ; D Kn, 7. 
 
 Y's cards. CK; H Kn ; S Kn, 2 ; D 9 
 
 J5's cards. A, h ; 8 4; D 4, 2. 
 
 Z's cards. H K, 5 j S 6 ; D 10, 5. 
 
 Clubs trumps ; A to lead ; A B to make all five 
 
 tricks. 
 
 Pboblem VII. — Simple Ending. 
 
 By Mr. P. H. Lewis. 
 
 A's cards. GA,Kn; H 6 ; S 4 ; D 10, 9, 8, 
 
 Y's cards. 010,7; H A, Kn ; S Q, 10, 2. 
 
 B's cards. H K, 7, 4 ; S K, 9; D A, Q. 
 
 Z's cards. C 9, 6; H 9, 8 ; S 8, 7, 6. 
 
 Clubs trumps J A to lead; A B to make all seven 
 
 tricks. 
 
220 SOW TO FLAY WHIST. 
 
 Peoblems YIII. and IX. 
 
 Yheld 
 
 Diamonds — K, 9, 7. 
 Club— 8. 
 Heart — Kn. 
 
 ^held 
 
 Diamonds — 4, 2. 
 Cilubs— Kn, 10, 7. 
 
 Bheld 
 
 Diamonds — A, 10, 8, 3. 
 Club— 5. 
 
 ^held 
 
 Hearts— 7, 6, 5, 3. 
 Spade — Kn. 
 
 It was Z'a lead, and A B must make every trick to 
 save and win the game. A, the original leader, had 
 shown by leading the penultimate that he held five 
 Clubs, of which three remain in his hand. This is 
 known to the whole table. B had signalled for 
 trumps, and from the play it is clear that he now 
 holds four trumps one honour. Moreover this honour 
 must be the Ace or the game is lost. A further 
 knows that his partner holds trump three. Z knows 
 from the play that A holds both four and two of 
 trumps. He also knows that the Knave of Hearts 
 is with his partner, and that Y holds a Club which, if 
 the winning Club, insures the game. The game is 
 also sure if Y holds the King and ten of trumps. 
 
 1 . How is Z to play to make sure of winning if Y 
 play correctly, even though Y shall be found to hold 
 a losing Club, but with either King nine, or ten 
 nine of trumps, besides a small one ? 
 
 2. Z actually led a Heart ; how can A B now 
 save and win the game ? 
 
WHIST WRITTLINGS. 
 
 221 
 
 Problem X. — Great Vienna Coup at Double-DummTj 
 AS aivEN BY Clay. 
 
 A 
 
 Clubs— A, K, Q, 3. 
 Hearts— 2. 
 
 THE 
 
 HANDS. 
 
 r 
 
 Clubs— ^, 6, 5. 
 Hearts— 10, 9, 7, 6, 
 
 Spades— A, Q. 
 Diamonds — A, Q, 7, 6, 
 4,3. 
 
 B 
 
 Clubs— T, 4, 2. 
 Hearts— A, K, Q, Kn, 
 
 3. 
 Spades— Kn, 10, 3. 
 Diamonds— 5, 2. 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 Tr.,C. 
 
 z 
 
 A leads. 
 
 5. 
 Spades— K, 6. 
 Diamonds — Kn, 10,8. 
 
 Z 
 
 Clubs— Kxi, 10, 9. 
 Hparts 8 4 
 
 
 
 Spades— 9, 8, 7, 5, 4, 
 
 2. 
 Diamonds — K, 9. 
 
 4 leading is to make every trick. 
 
WHIST LAWS, GLOSSAEY, SOLUTION 
 OF PEOBLEMS. 
 
 THE LAWS OF SHORT WHIST. 
 
 (Verbatim from the Club Code.) 
 
 The Rubber. 
 
 1. The rubber is the best of three games. If the 
 first two games be won by the same players, the 
 third game is not played. 
 
 SCOEING. 
 
 2. A game consists of five points. Each trick, 
 above six, counts one point. 
 
 3. Honours, i.e., Aoe, King, Queen, and Knave of 
 trumps are thus reckoned : 
 
 If a player and his partner, either separately or 
 conjointly, hold— 
 
 T. The four honours, they score four poiats. 
 II. Any three honours, they score two points. 
 III. Only two honours, they do not score. 
 
 4. Those players, who, at the commencement of a 
 deal, are at the score of four, cannot score honours. 
 
 5. The penalty.for a revoke takes precedence of all 
 other scores. Tricks score next. Honours last. 
 
WHIST LAWS. 223 
 
 6. Honours, unless claimed before the trump card 
 of the following deal is turned up, canno.t be scored. 
 
 7. To score honours is not sufficient ; they must be 
 called at the end of the hand ; if so called, they may 
 be scored at any time during the game. 
 
 8. The winners gain — 
 
 I. A treble, or game of three points, when their 
 adversaries have not scored. 
 
 II. A double, or game of two points, when their 
 adversaries have scored less than three. 
 
 in. A single, or game of one point, when their 
 adversaries have scored three, or four. 
 
 9. The winners of the rubber gain two points 
 (commonly called the rubber points), in addition to 
 the value of their games. 
 
 10. Should the rubber have consisted of three 
 games, the value of the losers' game is deducted from 
 the gross number of points gained by their opponents. 
 
 11. If an erroneous score be proved, such mistake 
 can be corrected prior to the conclusion of the game 
 in which it occurred, and such game is not concluded 
 until the trump card of the following deal has been 
 turned up. 
 
 12. If an erroneous score, affecting the amount of 
 the rubber, be proved, such mistake can be rectified 
 at any time during the rubber. 
 
 Cutting. 
 
 13. The Ace is the lowest card. 
 
 14. In all cases, every one must cut from the same 
 pack. 
 
224 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 15. Should a player expose more than one card, he 
 miist cut again. 
 
 Formation of Table. 
 
 16. If there are more than four candidates, the 
 players are selected by cutting : those first in the 
 room having the preference. The four who cut the 
 lowest cards play first, and again cut to decide on 
 partners ; the two lowest play against the two highest; 
 the lowest is the dealer, who has choice of cards and 
 seats, and, having once made his selection, must abide 
 by it. 
 
 17. When there are more than six candidates, 
 those who cut the two next lowest cards belong to 
 the table, which is complete with six players ; on the 
 retirement of one of those six players, the candidate 
 who cut the next lowest card, has a prior right to any 
 affcercomer to enter the table. 
 
 Cutting Cards of Equal Value. 
 
 18. Two players cutting cards of equal value, unless 
 such cards are the two highest, cut again: should 
 they be the two lowest, a fresh cut is necessary to 
 decide which of those two deals. 
 
 19. Three players catting cards of equal value cut 
 again ; should the fourth (or remaining) card be the 
 highest, the two lowest of the new cut are partners, 
 the lower of those two the dealer ; should the fourth 
 card be the lowest, the two highest are partners, the 
 original lowest the dealer. 
 
WHIST LAWS. 225, 
 
 Cutting Out. 
 
 20. At tlie end of a rubber, should admission be 
 claimed by any one, or by two candidates, he who 
 has, or they who have, played a greater number of 
 consecutive rubbers than the others is, or are, out ; 
 but when all have played the same number, they 
 must cut to decide upon the out-goers; the highest 
 are out. 
 
 Entet and Re-entet. 
 
 21. A candidate wishing to enter a table must 
 declare such intention prior to any of the players- 
 having cut a card, either for the purpose of com- 
 mencing a fresh rubber, or of cutting out. 
 
 22. In the formation of fresh tables, those candi- 
 dates who have neither belonged to, nor played at 
 any other table have the prior right of entry ; the 
 others decide their right of admission by cutting, 
 
 23. Any one quitting a table prior to the conclusion 
 of a rubber, may, with consent of the other three 
 players, appoiat a substitute in his absence during 
 that rubber. 
 
 24. A player cutting into one table whilst belong- 
 ing to another loses his right of re-entry into that 
 latter, and takes his chance of cutting in, as if he were 
 a fresh candidate. 
 
 25. If any one break up a table, the remaining 
 players have the prior right to him of entry into any 
 other, and should there not be sufficient vacancies at 
 such other table to admit all those candidates, they 
 settle tbeir precedence by cutting. 
 
 Q 
 
226 HOW'TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 Shuffling. 
 
 26. The pack must neither be shuffled below the 
 table nor so that the face of any card be seen. 
 
 27. The pack must not be shuffled during the play 
 of the hand, 
 
 28. A pack, having been played with, must neither 
 be shuffled, by dealing it into packets, nor across the 
 table. 
 
 29. Each player has a right to shuffle, once only, 
 except as provided by Eule 32, prior to a deal, after a 
 false cut, or when a new deal has occurred. 
 
 30. The dealer's partner must collect the cards for 
 the ensuing deal, and has the first right to shuffle 
 that pack. 
 
 31. Each player after shuffling must place the cards 
 properly collected, and face downwards, to the left of 
 the player about to deal. 
 
 32. The dealer has always the right to shuffle last; 
 but should a card or cards be seen during his shuffling, 
 or whilst giving the pack to be cut, he may be 
 compelled to re-shuffle. 
 
 The Deal. 
 
 33. Each player deals in his tufuj the right of 
 dealing goes to the left. 
 
 34. The player on the dealer's right cuts the pack, 
 and in dividing it, must not leave fewer than four 
 cards in either packet ; if in cutting, or in replacing 
 one of the two packets on the other, a card be ex- 
 posed, or if there be any confusion of the cards, or ,e, 
 
WHIST LAWS. 227 
 
 doubt as to the exact place in which the pack was 
 divided, there must be a fresh cut. 
 
 35. When a player, whose duty it is to cut, has once 
 separated the pack, he cannot alter his intention; he 
 can neither re-shuffle nor re-cut the cards. 
 
 36. When the pack is cut, should the dealer shufiBe 
 the cards, he loses his deal. 
 
 A. New Deal. 
 
 87. There must be a new deal — 
 
 I. If during a deal, or during the play of a hand, 
 the pack be proved incorrect or imperfect. 
 
 11. If any card, excepting the last, be faced in the pack, 
 
 38. If, whilst dealing, a card be exposed by the 
 dealer or his partner, should neither of the adV'erSaries 
 have touched the cards, the latter can claim a new 
 deal ; a card exposed by either adversary gives that 
 claim to the dealer, provided that his partner has not 
 touched a card ; if a new deal does not take place, 
 the exposed card cannot be called. 
 
 39. If, daring dealing, a player touch any of his 
 cards, the adversaries may do the same, without 
 losing their privilege of claiming a new deal, should 
 chance give them such option. 
 
 40. If, in dealing, one of the last cards be ex- 
 posed, and the dealer turn up the trump before there 
 is reasonable time for his adversaries to decide as 
 to a fresh deal, they do not thereby lose their 
 privilege. 
 
 41. If a player, whilst dealing, look at the tinrap 
 
 Q 2 
 
228 ' EOW TO PLAY WEIST. 
 
 cardj his adversaries have a right to see it, and may 
 exact a new deal. 
 
 42. If a player take into the hand dealt to him a 
 card belonging to the other pack, the adversaries, on 
 discovery of the error, may decide whether they will 
 have a fresh deal or not. 
 
 A Misdeal. 
 
 43. A misdeal loses the deal. 
 
 44. It is a misdeal— 
 
 I. Unless the cards are dealt iuto four packets, one at a 
 time in regular rotation, beginning with the player 
 to the dealer's left. 
 
 II. Should the dealer place the last {i.e., the trump) card, 
 face downwards, on his own, or any other pack. 
 
 III. Should the trump card not come in its regular order 
 
 to the dealer ; but he does not lose his deal if the 
 pack be proved imperfect. 
 
 IV. Should a player have fourteen cards, and either of the 
 
 other three less than thirteen. 
 
 v. Should the dealer, under an impression that he has 
 made a mistake, either count the cards on the 
 table, or the remainder of the pack. 
 
 VI. Should the dealer deal two cards at once, or two cards 
 to the same hand, and then deal a third ; but 
 if, prior to dealing that third card, the dealer can, 
 by altering the position of one card only, rectify 
 such error, he may do so, except as provided by the 
 second paragraph of this Law. 
 
 VII. Should the dealer omit to . have the pack cut to him, 
 and the adversaries discover the error, prior to 
 the trump card being turned up, and before looking 
 at their cards, but not after having done so. 
 
WHIST LAWS. 229 
 
 45. A misdeal does not lose the deal if, during the 
 dealing, either of the adversaries touch the cards 
 prior to the dealer's partner having done so, but 
 should the latter have first interfered with the cards, 
 notwithstanding either or both of the adversaries 
 have subsequently done the same, the deal is lost. 
 
 46. Should three players have their right number 
 of cards — the fourth have less than thirteen, aud not 
 discover such deficiency until he has played any. of 
 his cards, the deal stands good; should he have 
 played, he is as answerable for any revoke he may 
 have made as if the missing card, or cards, had been 
 in his hand ; he may search the other pack for it, or 
 them. 
 
 47. If a pack, during or after a rubber, be proved 
 incorrect or imperfect, such proof does not alter any 
 past score, game, or rubber ; that hand in which the 
 imperfection was detected is null and void ; the 
 dealer deals again. 
 
 48. Any one dealing out of turn, or with the 
 adversary's cards, may be stopped before the trump 
 card is turned up, after which the game must proceed 
 as if no mistake had been made. 
 
 49. A player can neither shuffle, cut, nor deal, 
 for his partner, without the permission of his 
 opponents. 
 
 50. If the adversaries interrupt a dealer whilst 
 dealing, either by questioning the score or asserting 
 that it is not his deal, and fail to establish such claim, 
 should a misdeal occur, he may deal again. 
 
 51. Should a player take his partner's deal and 
 misdeal, the latter is liable to the usual penalty, and 
 
230 sow TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 tbe adversary ne^t in rotation to the player wlio 
 ought to have dealt then deals. 
 
 The Trump Oaed. 
 
 62. The dealer^ when it is his turn to play to the 
 first trick, should take the trump card into his hand ; 
 if left on the table after the first trick be turned and 
 quitted, it is liable to be called ; his partner may at 
 any time remind him of the liability. 
 
 53. After the dealer has taken the trump card 
 into his hand, it cannot be asked for; a player 
 naming it at any time during the play of that hand 
 is liable to have his highest or lowest trump called. 
 
 54. If the dealer take the trump card into his 
 uand before it is his turn to play, he may be desired 
 to lay it on the table ; should he show a wrong card, 
 this card may be called, as also a second, a third, &c., 
 until the trump card be produced. 
 
 55. If the dealer declare himself unable to recollect 
 the trump card, his highest or lowest trump may be 
 called at any time during that hand, and unless it 
 cause him to revoke, must be played ; the call may 
 be repeated, but not changed, i.e., from highest to 
 lowest, or vice versa, until such card is played. 
 
 Cards Liable to be Called. 
 
 56. All exposed cards are liable to be called, and 
 must be left on the table j but a card is not an 
 exposed card when dropped on the floor, or else- 
 where below the table. 
 
WHIST LAWS. 231 
 
 The following are exposed cards : — 
 
 I. Two or more cards played at once. 
 
 II. Any card dropped wifchi its face upwards, or in 
 any way exposed on or above the table, even 
 though snatched up so quickly that no one can 
 name it. 
 
 57. If any one play to an imperfect trick the best 
 card on the table, or lead one which is a winning 
 card as against his adversaries, and then lead again, 
 or play several such winning cards one after the 
 other, without waiting for his partner to play, the latter 
 may be called on to win, if he can, the first or any 
 other of those tricks, and the other cards thus im- 
 properly played are exposed cards. 
 
 68. If a player, or players, under the impression 
 that the game is lost, — or won, — or for other reasons, 
 — throw his or their cards on the table face upwards, 
 such cards are exposed, and liable to be called, each 
 player's by the adversary; but should one player 
 alone retain his hand, he cannot be forced to aban- 
 don it. 
 
 59. If all four players throw their cards on the 
 table face upwards, the hands are abandoned ; and 
 no one can again take up his cards. iShould this 
 general exhibition show that the game might have 
 been saved, or won, neither claim can be entertained, 
 unless a revoke be established. The revoking 
 players are then liable to the following penalties :— 
 They cannot under any circumstances win the game 
 by the result of that hand, and the adversaries may 
 add three to their score, or deduct three from that of 
 the revoking players. 
 
232 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 60. A card detached from the rest of the hand 
 so as to be named is liable *o be called ; but should 
 the adversary name a wrong card, he is liable to 
 have a suit called when he or his partner have the 
 lead. 
 
 61. If a player, who has rendered himself liable 
 to have the highest or lowest of a suit called, fail to 
 play a desired, or if when callei on to lead one suit, 
 lead another, having in his hand one or more cards 
 of that suit demanded, lie incurs the penalty of a 
 revoke. 
 
 62. If any player lead out of turn, his adversaries 
 may either call the card erroneously led, — or may 
 call a suit from him or his partner when it is next 
 the turn of either of them to lead. 
 
 63. If any player lead out of turn, and the other 
 three have followed him, the trick is complete, and 
 the error cannot be rectified ; but if only the second, 
 or the second and third have played to the false lead, 
 their cards, on discovery of the mistake, are taken 
 back ; there is no penalty against any one, excepting 
 the original offender, whose card may be cal]ed,^or he 
 or his partner, when either of them has next the 
 lead, may be compelled to play any suit demanded by 
 the adversaries. 
 
 64. In no case can a player be compelled to play a 
 card which would oblige him to revoke. 
 
 65. The call of a card may be repeated until such 
 ca rdhas been played. 
 
 66. If a player called on to lead a suit have none 
 of it, the penalty is paid. 
 
WEIST LAWS. 233 
 
 Caeds Plated in Beeoe, oe not Plated to a 
 Tbick. 
 
 6.7. If the third hand play before the second, the 
 fourth hand may play "before his partner. 
 
 68. Should the third hand not have played, and 
 the fourth play .before his partner, the latter may be 
 called on to win, or not to win the trick. 
 
 69. If any one omit playing to a former trick, and 
 such error be not discovered until he has played to 
 the next, the adversaries may claim a new deal ; 
 should they decide that the deal stand good, the 
 surplus card at the end of the hand is considered to 
 have been played to the imperfect trick, but does not 
 constitute a revoke therein. 
 
 70. If any one play two cards to the same trick, or 
 mix his trump, or other card, with a trick to which it 
 does not properly belong, and the mistake be not dis- 
 covered until the hand is played out, he is answerable 
 for all consequent revokes he may have made. If, 
 during the play of the hand, the error be detected, 
 the tricks may be counted face downwards, in order 
 to ascertain whether there be among them a card too 
 many : should this be the case they may be searched, 
 and the card restored ; the player is however liable 
 for all revokes which he may have meanwhile made. 
 
 The Revoke 
 
 71. Is when a player, holding one or more cards of 
 the suit led, plays a card of a different suit. 
 
 72. The penaltyfor a revoke : — 
 
234 SOW TO FLAT WHIST. 
 
 I. Is at the option of the adversaries, who, at the end of thfe 
 hand, may either take three tricks from the revoking 
 player, — or deduct three points from his score,— of add 
 three to his own score ; 
 
 II. Can be claimed for as many revokes as occur during the 
 hand ; 
 
 III. Is applicable only to the score of the game in which it 
 
 occurs ; 
 
 IV. Cannot be divided, i.e., a player cannot add one or two to 
 
 his own score and deduct one or two from the revoking 
 player ; 
 
 V. Takes precedence of every other score, e.g. — the claimants 
 two — their opponents nothing— the former add three to 
 their score — and thereby win a treble game, even should 
 the latter have made thirteen tricks, and held four 
 honours. 
 
 73. A revoke is established, if the trick in which 
 it occur be turned and quitted, i.e., the hand removed 
 fpom that trick after it has been turned face down- 
 wards on the table — or if either the revoking player 
 or his partner, whether in his right turn or otherwise, 
 lead or play to the following trick. 
 
 74. A player may ask his partner whether he has 
 not a card of the salt which he has renounced ; should 
 the question be asked before the trick is turned and 
 quitted, subsequent turning and quitting does not 
 establish the revoke, and the error may be corrected, 
 unless the question be pinswered in the negative, or 
 unless the revoking player or his partner have led or 
 played to the following trick, 
 
 75. At the end of the hand, the claimants of a 
 revoke may search 9,11 the tricks. 
 
WEIST LAWS. 23 S 
 
 76. If a player discover his mistake in time to save 
 a revoke, the adversaries, whenever they think fit, 
 way call the card thus played in error, or may require 
 him to play his highest or lowest card to that trick in 
 which he has renounced ; — any player or players who 
 have played after him may withdraw their cards and 
 substitute others : the cards withdrawn are not liable 
 to be called. 
 
 77. If a revoke be claimed, and the accused player 
 or his partner mix the cards before they have been 
 suflBciently examined by the adversaries, the revoke 
 is established. The mixing of the cards only renders 
 the proof of a revoke difficult, but does not prevent 
 the claim, and possible establishmeut, of the penalty. 
 
 78. A. revoke cannot be claimed after the cards 
 have been cut for the following deal. 
 
 79. The revoking player and his partner may, 
 under all circumstances, require the hand in which 
 the revoke has been detected to be played out. 
 
 80. If a revoke occur, be claimed and proved, bets 
 on the odd trick, or on amount of score, must be de- 
 cided by the actual state of the latter, after the penalty 
 is paid. 
 
 81. Should the players on both sides subject them- 
 selves to the penalty of one or more revokes, neither 
 can win the game ; each is punished at the discretion 
 of his adversary. 
 
 82. In whatever way the penalty be enforced, under 
 no circumstances can a player win the game by the 
 result of the hand during which he has revoked ; he 
 cannot score more than four. (Vide Eule 61.) 
 
236 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 Calling foe New Cards. 
 
 83. Any player (on paying for them) before, but 
 not after, the pack be cut for the deal, may call for 
 fresh cards. He must call for two new packs, of 
 which the dealer takes his choice. 
 
 General Eules. 
 
 84. Where a player and his partner have an option 
 of exacting from their adversaries one of two penal- 
 ties, they should agree who is to make the election, 
 but must not consult with one another which of the 
 two penalties it is advisable to exact ; if they do so 
 consult they lose their right ; and if either of them, 
 with or without consent of his partner, demand a 
 penalty to which he is entitled, such decision is final. 
 
 Thia rule does not apply in exacting the penalties for a revoke ; 
 partners have then a right to consult. 
 
 85. Any one during the play of a trick, or after 
 the four cards are played, and before, but not after 
 they are touched for the purpose of gathering them 
 together, may demand that the cards be placed before 
 their respective players. 
 
 86. If any one, prior to his partner playing, should 
 call attention to the trick — either by saying that it 
 is his, or by naming his card, or, without being 
 required so to do, by drawing it towards him — the 
 adversaries may require that opponent's partner to 
 play the highest or lowest of the suit then led, or to 
 win or lose the trick. 
 
 87. In all cases where a penalty has been incurred, 
 
WmST LAWS. 
 
 237 
 
 the offender is bound to give reasonable time for the 
 decision of his adversaries. 
 
 88. If a bystander make any remark which calls 
 the attention of a player or players to an oversight 
 affecting the score, he is liable to be called on, by the 
 players only, to pay the stakes and all bets on that 
 game or rubber. 
 
 89. A bystander, by agreement among the players, 
 may decide any question. 
 
 90. A card or cards torn or marked must be either 
 replaced by agreement, or new cards called at the 
 expense of the table. 
 
 91. Any player may demand to see the last trick 
 turned, and no more. Under no circumstances can 
 more than eight cards be seen during the play of the 
 hand, viz., the four cards on the table which have not 
 been turned and quitted, and the last trick turned. 
 
 [It would be a great improvement to the game if 
 this law were annulled.] 
 
 ETIQUETTE OF WHIST.* 
 
 The following rules belong to the Established 
 Etiquette of Whist. They are not called laws, as 
 it is diflBcult, in some cases impossible, to apply any 
 penalty for their infraction, and the only remedy is 
 to cease to play with players who habitually disregard 
 them. 
 
 Two packs of cards are invariably used at Clubs ; 
 if possible this should be adhered to. 
 
 * From Jas. Clay's Treatise on Short Whist. 
 
238 HOW TO PLAY WmST. 
 
 Any one, having the lead and several winning 
 cards to play, should not draw a second card out of 
 his hand until his partner has played to the first trick, 
 such act being a distinct intimation that the former 
 has played a winning card. 
 
 No intimation whatever, by word or gesture, should 
 be given by a player as to the state of his hand, or of 
 the game. 
 
 A player who desires the cards to be placed, or 
 who demands to see the last trick, should do it for 
 his own information only, and not in order to invite 
 the attention of his partner.* 
 
 No player should object to refer to a bystander 
 who professes himself uninterested in the game, and 
 
 * To these rules may he added the following : — 
 
 A player who holds Queen of a suit in which his partner has led 
 King, should not extend his hand to take the trick before fourth 
 hand has played. This is a distinct intimation that he knows his 
 partner has the Ace, and therefore that he himself holds the 
 Queen. 
 
 A player whose hand is nearly good enough to signal, 
 should not hesitate purposely when it is his turn to play, and 
 then play his lowest. Such hesitation means obviously, " I have 
 four trumps and a good hand, but am not quite strong enough to 
 signal ; if you are also strong you can lead trumps.'' 
 
 A player whose course is clear should not simulate hesitation. 
 If he has but one card in the suit led, and should hesitate as if in 
 doubt, he is deliberately telling an untruth. 
 
 A player should direct his attention to the play, not to the 
 looks of the players, the arrangement of their cards, and so forth. 
 Still less should he look at his adversaries' hands. But note also 
 that a player is bound to keep his cards well hidden. I have 
 heard of an old lady who kept her trumps under an arm till 
 wanted : her adversaries and partner were entitled to ask hei 
 to adopt the usual course. 
 
ETIQUETTE OF WHIST. 239 
 
 able to decide any disputed question of facts ; as to 
 who played any particular card — whether honours 
 were claimed though not scored, or vice versa, &c. 
 
 It is unfair to revoke purposely ; having made a 
 revoke, a player is not justified in making a second 
 in order to conceal the first. 
 
 Bystanders should make no remark, neither should 
 they by word or gesture give any intimation of the 
 state of the game until concluded and scored, nor 
 should they walk round the table to look at the 
 different hands. 
 
 [I omit Mr. Clay's remarks about the etiquette of 
 betting, for the simple reason that this book is not 
 meant for betting folk. J 
 
 DUMMY 
 
 Is played by three players. 
 
 One hand, called Dummy's, lies exposed on the 
 table. 
 
 The laws are the same as those of Whiat, with the 
 following exceptions : — 
 
 I. Dummy deals at the commencement of each rubber. 
 
 II. Dummy is not liable to the penalty for a revoke, as his 
 adversaries see his cards. Should he revoke and 
 the error not be discovered until the trick is turned 
 and quitted, it stands good. 
 
 III. Dummy being blind and deaf, his partner is not liable 
 to any penalty for an error whence he can gain no 
 advantage. Thus, he may expose some, or all of 
 his cards, or may declare that he has the game or 
 trick, &c., without incurring any penalty ; if, how- 
 
240 sow TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 ever, he lead from Dummy's liand when he should 
 lead from his own, or vice versd, a suit may be 
 called from the hand which ought to have led. 
 
 Double-Dummy 
 
 Is played by two players, eacli having a Dummy or 
 exposed hand, for his partner. The laws of the game 
 do not differ from Dummy Whist, except in the fol- 
 lowing special law : — There is no misdeal, as the deal 
 is a disadvantage. 
 
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE GAME 
 OP WHIST. 
 
 Bumper. — Winning two games — i.e., eight points — 
 before your adversaries have scored. 
 
 Command of a suit. — Having the best cards of that 
 suit. See Establish. 
 
 Conventional signals. — Certain recognised methods 
 of playing by which information is afforded to 
 your partner as to the state of your hand, more 
 especially as to its numerical strength. 
 
 Cross-ruff. See See-saw. 
 
 Discard. — The card you play when you cannot follow 
 suit, and do not trump it (if a plain suit). 
 
 Double. — Scoring five before your adversaries have 
 scored three. 
 
 Echo, The, — ^Asking for trumps in response to your 
 
GLOSSABY. 241 
 
 partner's signal. The Echo means that you liave 
 four trumps at least. 
 
 Eldest hand. — The player on the dealer's left hand. 
 
 Establish. — A suit is said to be established when 
 either you have exhausted all the best cards in 
 it which were against you, or have the power of 
 doing so by playing your commanding cards. 
 See Gommand. 
 
 False card. — Playing a card contrary to the con- 
 ventional rules of the game with the view of 
 deceiving your adversary. 
 
 Finessing. — An endeavour, when second or third 
 player, to take a trick with a lower card, when a 
 higher, not in sequence with it, is in your hand, 
 in the, hopes that the intermediate card or cards 
 may be with your right-hand adversary or your 
 own partner. 
 
 Forcing. — Leading a plain-suit card that compels your 
 adversary or partner to play a trump to take the 
 trick. 
 
 Fourchette. — ^The two cards on either side of a card 
 led, — thus. King and Knave make the fourchette 
 to the Queen led ; Queen and ten make the 
 fourchette to the Knave ; and so on. 
 
 Game. — Scoring five points. 
 
 Guarded. — A second best card is said to be " guarded " 
 if you hold a small card of the suit which you 
 can play to the best card. A third best card 
 generally requires two guards. 
 
 Hand. — The thirteen cards held by each player. 
 
 Honours. — Ace, King, Queen, and Knave of trumps. 
 
 B 
 
242 SOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 Ten and Nine are sometimes called the Dutch 
 honours. 
 
 King-card, — The best card left in each suit. Thus, if 
 the Ace and King were out, the Queen would be 
 the King-card. 
 
 Lead, The. — The play of first card to a round or trick. 
 
 Leader. — The first to play each round. 
 
 Leading through and v-p to. — If you play first you are 
 said to lead through your left-hand adversary, 
 and up to your right-hand adrersary. 
 
 Long suit.— One of which you hold originally more 
 than three cards. The term is, therefore, indi- 
 cative of strength in numbers. 
 
 Long trumps. — ^The last trumps held in one hand. 
 
 Long cards. — The last cards of the suit held in one 
 hand. 
 
 Losing card, a. — A card which will not take a trick 
 in its suit. 
 
 Love. — Nothing scored. 
 
 Make. — To make a card means to win a trick with it. 
 To make the cards means to shufi&e. 
 
 Opening. — The plan on which the game is com- 
 menced. 
 
 Partie, a. — The same players playing two rubbers 
 consecutively, or, should it be necessary, a third 
 rubber, to decide which is the best of the three 
 rubbers. 
 
 Penultimate, the. — The lowest card but one of a suit 
 led. It is the conventional .signal that you hold 
 
GLOSS ABY. 243 
 
 EQore thin four cards in the suit you have thus 
 
 led. 
 Peter, the. — The signal for trumps. 
 Plain suits. — Suits not trumps. 
 Points. — The score made by tricks or honours ; for 
 
 each trick after six, one point is scored. 
 QMfiwf.— Sequence of any four cards. 
 Quart-major. — The sequence of the four highest cards 
 
 of a suit. 
 Quitted. — A trick is said to be quitted when the four 
 
 cards constituting it have been gathered up, 
 
 turned on the table, and left. 
 Quint. — Sequence of any five cards. 
 Re-entry. — Winning a trick at an advanced period of 
 
 the hand, so as to secure you the lead. 
 Renounce. — To play a card of another suit than that 
 
 led, holding none of the latter. 
 Revoke. — To play a card of another suit though holding 
 
 a card of the suit led. 
 Rubber. — Two games won in succession, or two out of 
 
 three games. 
 Ruffing. — Trumping a suit. 
 Bcore.^-The points marked by coins, counters, or 
 
 otherwise. 
 K Bee-saw. — Partners trumping each a suit, and leading 
 
 to each other for that purpose. Also called a 
 
 Oross-ruff. 
 Sequence. — Three or more consecutive cards in the 
 
 order of their merit. A sequence of three cards 
 
 is called a tierce, of four a quart, of five a quint, 
 
 and so on. Ace, King, and Queen are called 
 
244 -^^^ ^^ Pi^r WHIST. 
 
 tierce-major. An under sequence is one at the 
 
 bottom of the suit. An intermediate one neither 
 
 at the top nor at the bottom of the suit. 
 Short suit. — A suit of three or less than three cards. 
 Signal for trumps. — Playing an unnecessarily high 
 
 card, following it by a smaller card of the same 
 
 suit. 
 Single, a. — Making game after your adversary has 
 
 scored three or four up. 
 Singleton. — One card only in a suit. 
 Slam. — Making every trick. 
 Strong suit. — One containing more than the average 
 
 number of high cards, — in contradistinction to 
 
 numerical strength or length. 
 
 Tenace. — The best and third best card (in the same 
 hand), for the time being, of any suit. 
 
 Tierce. — Sequence of any three cards. 
 
 Tieree-major. — The sequence of the three highest 
 cards of a suit. 
 
 Treble. — Scoring five before your adversary scores one. 
 
 Trick, a. — Four cards played to a round, — viz., the 
 card led, and the three cards played to it. 
 
 Trump card, tha — The card turned up by the dealer. 
 
 Trumps. — Cards of the same suit as that turned up 
 by the dealer. 
 
 Tinder-play. — Speaking generally, it means keeping 
 back best cards, and playing subordinate ones- 
 (not in sequence) instead. It differs from finess- 
 ing in this, that the object is not to take the 
 
SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS. 
 
 245 
 
 trick with the smaller card, but to conceal the 
 possession of the higher card or cards, so as to 
 use them more effectively later. 
 Weak suit. — One containing less than the average 
 number of high cards, — in contradistinction to a 
 suit short in number of cards, or length. 
 
 SOLUTIONS TO PEOBLBMS. 
 
 Peoblem I. — FiBST Solution. 
 
 THE HANDS. 
 
 B 
 
 I Diamonds — 10, 8, 6, 4, 3. 
 ( Spades— 10, 9, 8, 7. 
 
 , Diamonds — K, Kn. 
 \ Spades — K, Kn. 
 r..'Hearts— K, Kn, 6, 
 / 5, 4, 3, 2. 
 
 ^ Clubs— K, Kn. 
 
 Hearts— 10, 9, 8, 7. 
 Clubs — none. 
 
 Diamonds — A, Q. ■, 
 jv 2) I Spades — A,Q,6, 5, / 
 
 ' A n a K f^ 
 
 Z I 4,3,% >Z 
 
 Hearts — A, Q. V 
 
 AleadB. IClubs-A.Q. ^ 
 
 . ) Diamonds — 9, 7, 2, 5. Hearts— none. 
 
 ^ \ Clubs— 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2. Spades— none. 
 
 
 A 
 
 y 
 
 B 
 
 Z 
 
 1. 
 
 C 2 
 
 C Kn 
 
 D 3 
 
 C Q 
 
 2. 
 
 D 2 
 
 D Kn 
 
 D 4 
 
 DQ 
 
 3. 
 
 D 5? 
 
 S Kn 
 
 S 7 
 
 S 2 
 
 4. 
 
 C 3 
 
 C K 
 
 D 6 
 
 C A 
 
 5. 
 
 D 7 
 
 D K 
 
 D 8 
 
 D A 
 
 6. 
 
 D 9 
 
 H Kn 
 
 H 7 
 
 H A 
 
246 EOW TO FLAT WHIST. 
 
 Then A brings in his Clubs, Y and Z playing any cards -what- 
 ever, and B retaining the long trump till the thirteenth trick. It 
 is obvious that Y and Z are powerless. If Z leads Diamond Ace 
 at trick 3, the order of tricks 3, 4, and 5 is sinjply changed, but 
 the result remains the same. So also, if Z leads a Heart or a 
 Olub at trick 3 instead of a Spade. 
 
 Second Solptiom. 
 
 Club, trumps. 
 
 A-C. 10, 6, 5, 4 ; D. 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2. 
 
 r— C. A, K ; H. Q, Kn ; D. A, Q ; S. K, Kn, 10, 9, 8, 6, 5. 
 
 B-G. 9, 8, 7, 3, 2 ; H. 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3. 
 
 Z—G. Q, :Kn ; H. A, K, 2 ; S. A, Q, 7, 4, 3, 2 ; D. K, Kn. 
 
 A 
 
 r 
 
 B 
 
 z • 
 
 A 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 z 
 
 D 2 
 
 D Q . 
 
 CJ 
 
 D Kn 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 4 
 
 CK 
 
 C 3 
 
 C Kn 
 
 
 
 
 
 0_6 
 
 H Kn 
 
 H 3 
 
 H 2 or 
 
 D 3 
 
 S 6 
 
 CJl 
 
 S 2 
 
 D 3 
 
 C 5 
 
 D A 
 OA 
 
 C 7 
 C 8 
 
 D K 
 
 CQ(a) 
 
 C 5 
 C 6 
 D 4 
 
 A 
 S 8* 
 D A 
 
 C 8 
 H 3 
 C_9 
 
 CQ 
 S 3 
 D K 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 10 
 
 H Kn 
 
 H 4 
 
 H 2 
 
 (ix) Whether Y plays a Heart or Spade, A is bound to bring in 
 his Diamonds. 
 
 * It does not matter what Y plays. 
 
 PfiOBLEM II. — Solution. 
 
 Trick 1. A leads Spade Ace. 
 
 „ 2. A leads Club Ace, trumped by B. 
 
 „ 3. B leads small Spade, trumped by A. 
 
 „ 4. A leads King of Clubs, trumped by B. 
 
 „ 5. B leads Spade, trumped by j1 . 
 
 „ 6. A leads Queen of Clubs, trumped by JS. 
 
 „ 7. B leads Spa'de, trumped by A. 
 
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS. 247 
 
 Peoblem III.— Solution. 
 
 1. B plays C. A puts S. Ace. Won by A. 
 
 2. A plays D Ace. Won by A, 
 
 3. A plays S 2. Won by B. 
 
 4. B plays S K. J. discards D. Won by B, 
 
 5. -B plays C. A discards D. 
 
 Then Y must discard either D or H, and B plays accordingly. 
 
 Peoblem IY. — Solution. 
 
 If Z wins the trick with his small trump, Y Z lose. Win- 
 ning with his Queen of trumps, Z leads the three. Y having the 
 tenace over A wins two rounds of trumps, and leads his winning 
 Heart. 
 
 Peoblem V. — Solution. 
 
 A Y B Z 
 
 1st Trick S_A S2 S7 SE 
 
 2nd „ HKn H7 H3 H2 
 
 3rd „ H6 H8 H9 H5 
 
 4th „ SKn HK HA D4 
 
 5th „ SO, D2 114 D7 
 
 6th „ C5 S3 bJO D8 
 
 7th „ C3 S4 S_9_ CKn 
 
 8th „ 2 S5 S_8^ CQn 
 
 9th „ D5 , 04 HQ_ OK 
 
 10th „ D6 S6 Hjp D9 
 
 nth „ DKn 7 D3 D 10 
 
 12th „ 21A. 8 6 DK 
 
 13th „ DQ 9 10 OA 
 
 The lead of Spade Ace, and the discard of Queen and Knare 
 are the "points" of this problem. 
 
348 HOW TO PLAY WHIST. 
 
 Peoblbm VI. — Solution. 
 
 A leads Ace Heart, B discarding Spade Four ; A leads Spade 
 ten ; B trumps if necessary (the play being simplified if he has 
 not to), leads winning trump, and the remainder of the hand 
 plays itself according to the discards. 
 
 Problem VII. — Solution. 
 
 A clears out trumps, B discarding his Diamonds ; A continues 
 with his long Diamonds ; and B wins the remaining tricks, his 
 play varying according to the discards, but being obvious in every 
 case. 
 
 Problems VIII. and IX. — Solution (See Game XL.). 
 
 The additional notes for Problem VIII. ; the game itself for 
 Problem IX. 
 
 Problem X.; — The Great Vienna Coup. 
 
 The key to this problem, interesting as having occurred in 
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 a Heart. He must first lead the Ace of Spades, then a Heart, 
 discarding Queen of Spades at the first opportunity. The rest is 
 obvious. One of the features of this double-dummy puzzle is that 
 it is easy to suppose one has solved it when one really has not. 
 
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