®0mell Uttirmitg Jibtatg THE GIFT OF A..2>«^ £^lli c|l..0. 6896-2 Cornell University Library Z551 .U58 Report on copyright '69i.f!,3]'i,?!)|],|i|,X,i||}?® olin 3 1924 029 521 097 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029521097 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS REPORT ON COPYRIGHT LEGISLATION BY THE REGISTER OF COPYRIGHTS Reprinted from the Report of the Librarian of Congress for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903 1500, IS, iii, 1904 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1904 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ^ Copyright Opficb, '- ■ , Washington, D. C, December i, igo^. Sir: I herewith transmit a special report on the copyright legislation now in force in the United States, prepared with a view to bringing out the discrepancies in the texts of these various statutes and the contradictory provisions contained in them which result not only in practical difficulties in the administration of the Copyright Office but in frequent mis- understandings as to the nature and scope of the protection afforded by copyright. I have briefly summarized the various provisions of our copyright laws, 'with occasional references to the corre- •sponding provisions of the copyright statutes of other coun- tries, and have supplemented my statement by (i) a list of all the public United States copyright enactments, with "^notations of modifications, amendments, and repeals; (2) the text of the Revised Statutes, title 60, chapter 3, relating to copyrights, with notations of the provisions of the act of July 8, 1870, and all subsequent laws relating to copyrights, in parallel columns; (3) a list of the foreign copyright laws in force, with citations to printed texts and translations. Respectfully submitted Thorvald Soi^berg, Register of Copyrights. Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress. CONTENTS Page. Present legislation 7 Textual revision 8 Copyright beneficiaries 9 Subject-matter of copyright 12 Right of translation 17 Term of protection 18 Statutory fonrialities ^ 20 Filing of title 21 Deposit of copies 22 Notice of copyright 24 Hawaii, Porto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines 25 International copyright relations 27 Copyright Office administration 29 Recommendation 31 Appendix A — List of all United States copyright enactments, 1783 to 1904, with notations of modifications, amendments, and repeals, etc 33- Appendix B — The Revised Statutes, title 60, chapter 3, relating to copyrights, with notations of provisions of the act of July 8, 1870, and all subsequent enactments 43 Appendix C — List of foreign copyright laws in force, with cita- tions of printed texts and translations 81 S REPORT OF THE REGISTER OP COPYRIGHTS ON COPYRIGHT LEGISLA- TION PRESENT LEGISLATION The second revision of the copyright laws of the United States, the work of the Commissioners appointed under the act of June 27, 1866, to revise all the statute laws, replaced the previous copyright enactments by a single statute approved July 8, 1870. This was given further revision by the Commissioners, and with some amendment became Title Lx, chapter 3, of the Revised Statutes of the United Revised siat- States, going into effect on December i, 1873, and is still "^^ the fundamental copyright law of the country. Ten special enactments amending, modifying, or otherwise affecting it. Amendatory have been passed since that date." It is not without sig-"*^^ nificance that, within six months of the adoption by Con- gress of this result of the prolonged and conscientious labors of the Commissioners, the first of these ten amendatory acts was passed. It is illustrative of the inherent difficulties in legislating to secure the protection of literary and artistic property. The copyright legislation now in force is not flexible enough to meet the needs of the present age of great mate- rial development. It is also difficult of interpretation, ap- plication, and administration. Textual contradictions and a Act of June 18, 1874 (Forty-third Congress, first session, chap. 301); act of March 3, 1879 (Forty-fifth-Congress, third session, chap. 180, sec. 15); act of August i, 1882 (Forty-seventh Congress, first session, chap. 366); act of March 3, 1891 (Forty-first Congress, second session, chap. 565); act of March 3, 1893 (Fifty-second Congress, second session, chap. 215); act of January 12, 1895 (Fifty-third Congress, third session, chap. 23, sec. 52); act of March 2, 1895 (Fifty-third Congress, third session, chap. 194); act of January 6, 1897 (Fifty-fourth Congress, second session, chap. 4); act of February 19, 1897 (Fifty-fourth Congress, second session, chap. 265); act of March 3, 1897 (Fifty-fourth Congress, second session, chap. 392). (See Appendix A for f untitles.) 8 Copyright Legislation inconsistencies not only abound, but the interpolation of the provisions of the amendatory acts into those of the Re- vised Statutes is frequently the cause of difficulty and doubt. Embarrassing questions also arise in relation to importation under the involved provisions, especially of the act of March 3, 1 89 1, which have led to conflicting opinions by the law authorities. Moreover, the interests of literary and artistic producers are not guaranteed as they should be, and issues of practical importance which often arise between authors and publishers can not readily be met. TEXTUAL REVISION The drafting of the texts of the various copyright enact- ments has not been successful. In some places there is incompleteness, in others the phraseology is confusing, and even conflicting. The Attorney- General of the United States, when called upon for an opinion concerning some provisions of the copyright law, after quoting the stipula- tions of the statutes relating thereto, felt obliged to say: ' ' Under this kind of legislation it is impossible to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion as to what Congress really did intend by it." Several of the amendatory acts consist mainly of provisos qualifying the provisions of former laws, and these are so Act of March worded as to leave the final meaning obscure and to give J, 1891 rise to troublesome questions. The provisions of the act of March 3, 1891, attempting to amend section 4956 of the Revised Statutes furnish a good illustration of the results of this method. Here there is a proviso to compel manufacture in the United States of four articles subject to copyright protection, and to give effect to the stipulation there is eoacted the prohibition of importation of the articles. Then follow several clauses of exceptions to such prohibition of importation, including the bodily transfer to the copyright law of five whole paragraphs from the tariff act then in force. The result is the confusion which might have been predicted from the method of procedure employed. In the constitutional provision authorizing Congress to legislate, the two subjects, patents and copyrights, are bracketed together, and the earlier bills attempted to deal with both subjects in one enactment. The Commissioners Report of the Register of Copyrights 9 appointed to revise the statutes also made one ' ' title ' ' of patents, trade-marks, and copyrights, and it is due to this juxtaposition, no doubt, that the word "inventor" came to be inserted in sections 4952 and 4954 in naming the persons who may claim copyright protection. As the very nature of the protection to be secured by copyright legislation excludes the result of invention or discovery, this inclusion of the designation "inventor" among the beneficiaries of the act inevitably leads to misunderstanding. In naming the articles subject to copyright (sec. 4952), Lithographs no mention is made of lithographs, nor is any term used which can be said precisely to include these articles; but the act of March 3, 1891, amending section 4956 to stipulate American manufacture includes ' ' lithograph ' ' with chromo in the provision that the two copies to be deposited shall be from ' ' drawings on st6ne made within the limits of the United States,, or from transfers made therefrom. ' ' Period- Periodicals icals are not named in section 4952 as subject-matter of copyright, but by section 11 of the act of March 3, 1891, it is required that each number of a periodical must be separately registered for copyright protection. The act of August i , 1882, concerning the placing of the notice of copyright on such articles as "designs for molded decorative articles, ^.Molded decora- ^ live articles tiles, plaques, or articles of pottery or metal ' ' described these articles as "subject to copyright," but in the legisla- tion previous to this enactment they are nowhere found thus designated, while they would seem to be included in the provisions of section 4929 of the patent law. These are only a few examples of the textual discrepancies found in the statutes, but they show the need for such careful editing of the text of the laws in force as shall clarify the meaning of the statutory provisions without raising question as to changing either their sense or the purpose or principles of the laws. COPYRIGHT BENEFICIARIES The copyright legislation of the United States rests upon section 8 of Article I of the Constitution, wherein it is pro- ^«'*'"' vided that Congress shall have power ' ' to promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their lo Copyright Legislation respective writings and discoveries. " It is primarily tlien the author who is the beneficiary of the copyright law, but the statutes name the ' ' author, ' ' the ' ' inventor, ' ' the ' ' de- signer, ' ' or the ' ' proprietor ' ' of any book, etc. , as the per- son who is to obtain the sole liberty of printing, and the "executors, administrators, or assigns of any such person." As already explained the use of the word "inventor" is probably due to the unfortunate coupling of patents and copjnrights, and not with any intention of giving protection to inventions by means of the copyright law; and ' ' designer ' ' is doubtless used as synonymous with author in the case of certain classes of articles. Copyright originating through authorship is not a right Personal right attaching to the thing, the book, etc. , but is a right vesting in the creator of the book or other article, and is therefore a personal right. But our laws do not make clear the scope to be given to the word ' ' author, ' ' which may be a matter of difficulty as regards certain articles (e. g., photographs), nor do they make any definite provision for anonymous, pseudonymous, or posthumous works, as is very generally done in foreign copyright legislation. The individual rights of authors working in collaboration and the claims of author- ship in the case of works conceived and carried out b3' pub- lishers where the actual authors are paid to produce the required specific work or are paid a regular salary, give rise to nice questions of title which would be obviated by more clearly-defined provisions in the statutes. The' peculiar manner of the introduction of the word ' ' proprietor ' ' in the act of 1870 and as followed in the Revised Statutes has caused considerable controversy. The laws now in force Proprietor gjyg copyright to the author or proprietor and ' ' the execu- tors, administrators, or assigns of any such person." In all the earlier copyright legislation, from that of the original States up to the act of 1870, it was made most explicit that it was the author of a work for whose benefit the laws were passed, and although the term ' ' proprietor ' ' frequently occurs in the older laws, it can scarcely be questioned that it had simply the meaning of the assignee of the author. Its unexplained insertion in the act of 1870 in conjunction with the term ' ' author ' ' has given occasion for the asser- tion that a broader meaning may be attached to its use Report of the Register of Copyrights ii than as the mere assignee of the author, especially in the case of the proprietors of works by foreign authors and of persons claiming the right of renewal as absolute proprietors of the author's work. Protection under our laws, by the provisions of section 13 of the act of March 3, 1891, has been extended to the^^^°''«'>" works of authors who are citizens or subjects of any state or nation in behalf of whose citizens a proclamation by the President has been issued. A few continental countries and some South American States are still not included, and the question has been raised whether a citizen of one of these countries not yet included in a copyright proclama- tion, may, as the assignee of a qualified author, demand copyright registration as a "proprietor." It is also some- times asked whether the work of a foreign author, citizen of some country in whose behalf no copyright proclamation has yet been issued, can, if transferred to some citizen of a country included in the copyright arrangements, be protected by a claim to copyright in the United States on behalf of the qualified assignee as "proprietor." It is important that such questions as these shall be settled by direct and explicit statements in the copyright statutes. In the case of renewal of copyright for the second term Renewal of protection the claim is frequently made on behalf of the assignee of the author for the original term. The history of the early copyright legislation in relation to the renewal term is not without interest in this connection. Two of the original States, Maryland and South Carolina, provided the second term only on behalf of the author, if living. Of the remaining States, five — Connecticut, Georgia, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania — while providing for renewal terms, enacted that at the end of the first term the protec- tion should return to the ' ' author if then living, his heirs and assigns. ' ' No statutory formalities were required to be complied with in order to secure the renewal right. The first Federal act of 1790 provided for a renewal term in behalf of the author if living, or his executors, administra- tors, or assigns, contingent upon registration of the title a second time within six months before the expiration of the first term, either by the author himself or such execu- tors, administrators, or assigns. The act of 1831, while 1 2 Copyright Legislation retaining the requirement of second registration of title and Act of 1831 deposit of copies within six months before the expiration of the first term, continued the right to the author if living, or, if dead, then to the widow or child or children of the author, striking out ' ' executors, administrators, or assigns; ' ' the omission being more noticeable from the fact that this law extended the first term of protection from fourteen to twenty-eight years, and in doing so especially declared that in the case of authors not living at the time of the passage of the act the term should be extended to twenty-eight years for the benefit of their heirs, executors, and adminis- trators, with the privilege of renewal to the widow, child, or children of the author or authors. The stipulation of the act of 1831 was substantially followed by the act of 1870, the Revised Statutes, and the act of March 3, 1891. If the double term of copyright is to be retained in the law what title, if any, an assignee shall have in the renewal term should be definitely settled. SUBJECT-MATTER OF COPYRIGHT Two classes of articles receive copyright protection under our laws in force: (i) Original works of art, such as paint- ings, drawings, and statuary, as well as models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine arts, and (2) works multiplied by mechanical means, such as books, maps or charts, dramatic compositions, musical compositions, engravings, cuts or- prints, chromos or lithographs, and photographs. The history of the copyright legislation shows the gradual extension of the area of protection and the inclusion from time to time of new subject-matter of copyright. The resolution of the Colonial Congress recom- mending the several States to legislate on copyright referred Sooks only to books, and ten " of the twelve original States enact- ing copyright laws include only literary works, using vari- ously the expressions "book," "book or pamphlet," ' ' writing or writings, ' ' or the more formal ' ' books, treatises. « Georgia, February 3, 1786; Maryland, April 21, 1783; Massachusetts, March 17, 1783; New Hampshire, November 7, 1783; New Jersey, May 27, 1783; New York, April 29, 1786; Pennsylvania, March 15, 1784; Rhode Island, December session, 1783; South Carolina, March 26, 1784; Virginia, October, 1785. (See Appendix A tor full titles.) Report of the Register of Copyrights 13 and literary works. ' ' Two only of the States extended the protection beyond books, namely, Connecticut and North Carolina, whose laws included "maps and charts."" Maps and The first Federal statute of May 31, 1790, mentions only "map, chart, book or books;" the act of April 29, 1802, included " historical and other prints;" the first revision of February 3, 1831, extended the protection to musical com- positions, and the act of August 18, 1856, to dramatic com- positions. Phot,ographs and photographic negatives were included by the act of March 3, 1865, but original works of art — paintings, drawings, statues, statuary, and ' ' models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine • arts" — were not brought under copyright protection until July 8, 1870, although previous to this date an amendment of the patent laws of August 29, 1842, included " any new and original design for a bust, statue, or bas-relief or com- statuary position in alto or basso-relievo. ' ' Since the act of 1870 the list of copyright articles has not been enlarged by direct legislation. The act of March 3, 1 89 1 , however, refers to ' ' lithograph ' ' and ' ' periodical ' ' as articles which are copyrightable, and the act of August i , 1882, in providing for the placing of the notice of copyright on ' ' designs for molded decorative articles ' ' mentions them as "subject to copyright," although they had not been thus designated in any previous act, an instance of the lack of cohesion in our copyright legislation. It will be observed that the terms employed to designate the articles to be pro- tected are specific and not comprehensive so as to include several similar things under one designation. In addition to the sole right of printing, copying, and Rightoftrans- vending, the acts of August 16, 1856, and of March 3, 1891, '"'""' conferred the sole right of translation, of dramatization, and of representation, while the act of January 6, 1897, imposed drastic penalties for the unauthorized public performance of a musical composition. The wording of the laws opens the way for many and various questions as to what articles are legitimate subjects of copyright, and application is constantly being made to the a Connecticut, January session, 1783; North Carolina, November ig, 1785, (See Appendix A for full titles. ) 14 Copyright Legislation Copyright Office for registration of productions not included in the law. Moreover, as the fee for registration is nominal and the printing of the copyright notice is, under many cir- cumstances, a practical bar against interference, the induce- ment is strong to endeavor to secure registration by some plausible application of one of the designations used in the law to indicate a proper subject of copyright. This misap- plication of the privileges of copyright leads to their abuse and to acts of injustice. Concerning some articles which from their nature would Relief maps seem to belong in the classes intended for protection, it is often difficult to know under what designation they should be applied for. For example, should relief maps be entered as maps ? In that case two copies are required to be depos- ited, and this js a severe tax upon the applicant and entirely out of proportion to the cost of making deposits in the case of other articles. If not as maps, how, then, may they be applied for? It is sometimes the case that application is made for relief maps as ' ' models or designs intended to be completed as works of the fine arts, ' ' and a description, with photograph, are deposited in lieu of a title and two copies; but under the laws in force it is difficult to know which course is the safer one." Among the subjects for copyright protection not included Lectures in our laws the oral lecture is distinguished as the one most frequently included in foreign copyright legislation. Thus by the laws of Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New South Wales, Norway, and South Australia public lectures are thus protected. A special act was passed in Great Britain in 1835 for copyright" in lectures, but it has fallen into desuetude because of its troublesome formalities. This legislation, howev^, as presumably that of continental Europe, does not establish any exclusive statutory right to deliver a lecture or lectures on any given subject, but only provides protection against unauthorized speeches copying and publishing. As regards speeches, legislation is not so common, although Belgium, Germany, Guatemala, oBy the Spanish law of January lo. 1879, an exemption from either registration or deposit is made in the case of "topographical models." Report of the Register of Copyrights 15 Hungary, Italy, I,uxembourg, and Mexico have included speeches in the list of articles subject to copyright. It is not unusual, however, to provide that, while the author alone has the riglit to make special publication of his speeches, political addresses, etc., they may be available for quotation or report. A much-disputed matter is the possible protection of architectural drawings, house plans, etc. Architectural designs are protected by the legisla- ^'■cTi^itecturai tion of Austria, Finland, Hungary, lyuxembourg, Monaco, Spain, and Tunis. Brazil (act of August i, 1898) dis- tinctly names "architecture" as subject to copyright, its legislation being very broad and phrased to include ' ' any production whatsoever in the literary, scientific, or artistic domain;" but the laws of Austria, Germany, Hungary, and Japan name works of architecture as not being subject to copyright. The following productions, not included in our copyright Articles not laws, are given protection by the legislation of the country ^^^" or countries named in each case: Astronomical and geo- graphical globes, countries belonging to the Pan-American Convention; arrangements of music, Colombia, Ecuador, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy; chorographic works, Austria and Italy; letters, Bolivia; newspapers. Great Britain and Victoria; sermons, Belgium, Finland and lyUxembourg; telegraphic messages, Cape of Good Hope, Hungary, Natal, Tasmania, and Western Australia; the title of a periodical, Ecuador; useful and ornamental designs, New Zealand. Our laws name but a single class of productions as not Government subject of copyright, namely, " Government publications.""^" While certain public documents, such as laws and decisions of the courts, are generally held not to fall under the pro- tection of the copyright laws, the legislation of some coun- tries has difEerentiated official publications. Thus the law of Belgiurn (March 22, 1886) declares that while official decrees or orders of the administration are not the subject of copyright, all other publications by the State or public administrative bodies are protected for the benefit of the State or such administrative bodies during a period of fifty aAct of January 12, 1S95, section 52. 1 6 Copyright Legislation years from their date; or for the benefit of the author if he has not alienated his right in favor of the State or such administrative bodies. Official docu- While the government of Ecuador, according to the act '"'"" of August 3, 1887, has the exclusive right to publish official documents and laws in a special collection, publications of laws with commentaries are held to be the property of the jurists who edit them. But this only prohibits the individ- ual from republishing such collections, and does not prevent these public documents, which have been published origi- nally in the official journals, from being reproduced in other newspapers or magazines. By the law of Hungary (April 26, 1884) the right to publish texts of laws and government acts, or translations of them into any one of the languages spoken in Hungary, is reserved to the State, but private Great Britain individuals may publish annotated editions. A ' ' Treasury Minute" published August 31, 1887, deals with copyright in the Government publications of Great Britain and deter- mines that reproduction of the reports, papers and acts of Parliament, or the regulations of the army and navy, are not restricted in any form whatever, but that copyright should be enforced as regards literary or quasi-literary works (such, for example, as the reports of the Challenger expedition), or the ordnance maps and charts. Articles to be ^ revision of our copyright laws should require the better included ,_.-. - , -.- defining of just what classes of articles are intended to be covered by these laws; .should give consideration to the inclusion of objects now omitted, and also of new articles of production, and assign special attention to classes of articles which, while possessing a certain amount of literary form, involve invention or discovery, and thus now fall between the provisions of the patent and the copyright laws. Prints a'.'ifTheact of June 18, 1874, which transferred to the Patent labels -^ , . - Office the copyright registration of labels and prints for articles of manufacture, should be reconsidered and brought into harmony with the general statutes on copyright. The need of legislation to protect play right or stage right as distinct from copyright in published dramas should be carefully considered, and the scope of copyright in the case of newspapers be defined. The status of articles reproduced by authority in forms Report of the Register of Copyrights 17 different from the originals should be made clear, as also what should be done to secure protection upon such repro- ductions. RIGHT OF TRANSLATION The act of July 8, 1870, provided that "authors may reserve the right to dramatize or to translate their own works," but contained no specific directions for making this reservation effective. The§e words were stricken out by the act of March 3, 1891, and the following language substituted: Acto/Marchs, ' ' and authors or their assigns shall have exclusive right to ^ ^' dramatize and translate any of their works for which copy- right shall have been obtained under the laws of the United States." By this legislation the author of a book in a foreign language secures an unqualified monopoly of the right of translating it for the full term of the copyright of the original work. This goes beyond the provisions relative to the right of translation commonly found in the foreign laws on copyright. "While the term of protection for an authorized translation differs greatly in different countries, it is usual to enact that the translation must appear within a stated term of years in order to hold the right. According interna tionat to the Berne International Copyright Convention the term^°„^^f is ten years, and this has been incorporated in the legislation of a number of foreign States. But frequently the period of availability is considerably shorter, five years, three years, and even but two years. The laws of Austria, Germany, Hungary, and the Netherlands, provide for a term of pro- tection of but five years and require the appearance of the authorized translation within three years. Serious con- sideration should be given to the scope and duration of the right of translation, and some plan of legislation be devised to induce the production of authorized translations within a reasonable time. The copyright in the translation of a non- copyright work should be distinguished also from the copy- right of an original work. Some foreign laws contain the distinct statement that while copyright may be obtained for an original translation, this does not prevent the publication and protection of another translation of the same work. Seme such statement in our law would prevent the preva- lent misconception as to the scope of the protection obtained by the registration of the title of a translation. 23299 — 04 2 1 8 Copyright Legislation TERM OF PROTECTION The resolution of Congress of May 2, 1783, recom- mended that copyright protection should endure for four- teen years, with a renewal term of fourteen years more. Seven of the original States enacted like double terms of fourteen years each "■, while five provided for single terms Original states QriS.y; North Carolina for fourteen years, New Hampshire for twenty years, and Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vir- ginia for twenty-one years each. The first Federal statute, of 1790, enacted an original term with a renewal term, each of fourteen years, in accordance with the resolution of the Congress of 1783, but the act of April 29, 1802, extending the protection to engravings, provided for a single term of .Act 0/1831 fourteen years only. The act of general revision of 1831 doubled the length of the first term, leaving the renewal term unchanged, and in the seventy-two years which have since elapsed there has been no change, the terms remaining twenty-eight years and fourteen years. The desirability of an extension of the term of protection has been discussed from Perpetual copy- xxtae. to time, and copyright in perpetuity has even been "^'^' advocated, but as the Constitution provides that protection to authors shall be for a " limited time," a change in the fundamental law of the land would be necessary in order to bring this about. The advocates of the inherent right of an author to the protection of his work without restriction as to time have endeavored to surmount this difficulty and practically attain their end by proposing a law to make the term of protection one thousand years, and to extend the term of existing copyrights to a similar period from the time of first recording the title. A bill to effect this was introduced in the Senate on April 25, 1900, by Senator Lodge, who, however, when presenting it stated that he was opposed to the measure and only introduced the bill by request. No action was taken. While it is undoubtedly true that the trend of opinion has on the whole been in the Term in for- direction of a limited term, it has at the same time tended e!gii legislation . . . ^ - . ^^ toward a longer period of protection. Thus, the term which a Connecticut, January session, 1783; Maryland, April 21, 1783; New Jersey, May 27, 1783: Pennsylvania, March 15, 1784; South Carolina, March 26, 1784; Georgia, February 3, 1786, and New York, April 29, 1786. Report of the Register of Copyrights 19 in Belgium was twenty years after the death of the author, and in Denmark thirty years, has in both countries been increased to fifty years beyond the death of the author. In Japan, by the act of 1887, the term extended only five years beyond the death of the author, but by the later law of 1899 it was increased to life of the author and thirty years. France has increased the term from life and five years to life and fifty years. The method of computing the term varies in different countries. A fixed period of years from the date or year of publication is still in vogue in a few countries as the gen- eral term of copyright, and in many others for anonymous and pseudonymous productions, and also for such articles as it has seemed well should be given a special period of pro- tection, e. g., photographs." Canada, Newfoundland, and the United States form a group by themselves with a first term of twenty-eight years, dating from compulsory regis- tration of title, and a continuing term of fourteen years additional. The more . general practice is to grant protec- ^*'^?,°/ '^"" tion during the life of the author and for a certain number ihor of years after his death. This term beyond the author's death varies greatly, being but five years in Chile and the Cape of Good Hope, seven years in Great Britain and some of her colonies, and in Siam; ten years in Roumania, and twenty years in Peru. In Chile, the term may be doubled by special decree of the government, and the Cape Colony legis- lation provides for an alternative term of thirty years, the protection to endure for whichever term is the longer. Great Britain also provides that the copyright shall endure at least forty-two years from publication, if that is a longer period than the author's life after publication, plus seven years. This legislation has been copied by some of the British colonies,* and also recently by the Kingdom of Siam. In Haiti protection is made to extend beyond the author's life to his widow or children for twenty years, but a Greece, ■with a period of protection of fifteen years; Great Britain, in the case of sculpture, fourteen years (act of May i8, 1814, 54 Geo. Ill, chap. 56, sees, i and 6), and engravings, twenty-eight years^ (act of 1767, 7 Geo. Ill, chap. 38, sees, i, 2, and 6) ; chile and Turkey, each forty years; the Netherlands and Brazil, each fifty years. (See Appendix C.) & India, Natal, New South Wales, New Zealand, South Australia, Victoria, and Western Australia. (See Appendix C.) 20 Copyright Legislation if there should be neither widow nor children, then to the heirs or assigns for a period of ten years. Thirty years after the death of the author is the term provided by the mod- ern legislation of Austria, Germany, Japan, and Switzer- land. Italy's legislation is peculiar, providing for protection during the life of the author, or at least forty years after pub- lication if the author should die within this period, and, in addition, for a second period of forty years' enjoyment of a royalty of 5 per cent on publication price for any and all reprints of the work. The life of the author and a term of fifty years after his death is perhaps the most generally approved period of protection, and has been adopted by a number of countries. '^ In Colombia and Spain the term has been extended to eighty years after the death of the author, while Guatemala, Mexico, and Venezuela still grant pro- tection for literary and artistic property in perpetuity. The questions which arise in relation to the term of pro- tection in our legislation are first, possible increase in the length of the term, and secondly, the advisability of doing away with the double term, and replacing it by a single, longer term. STATUTORY FORMALITIES Our copyright laws are distinguished from nearly all other copyright legislation by the fact that the privileges secured are contingent upon explicit compliance with certain statu- tory stipulations. Canada has followed our example to the extent of making the deposit of copies a prerequisite to pro- tection; and in the copyright laws of a few other foreign States the protection in particular matters is contingent upon compliance with certain formalities, but in foreign leg- islation the right granted is not made to depend, as a rule, upon any prescribed acts to be performed, such as the regis- CoKrfiWoKi #>-e- tration of title or the deposit of copies. In the develop- ment of our own legislation, on the contrary, the right has come to depend absolutely upon conformity to specific statutory requirements. The resolution of 1783 recom- mending the various original States to secure to authors the a Belgium, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Hungary, I^uxembourg, Monaco, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, and Tunis, (See Ap- pendix C. ) Report of the Register of Copyrights 21 copyright of their books "by such laws and under such restrictions ' ' as the States deemed proper, gave no hint of formalities of any kind. FlUNG OF TITLE So far as the registration of title is concerned, no provision was made therefor by the State acts of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, or Rhode Island. The acts of Maryland and state laws South Carolina required registration, to prevent liability to punishment for unauthorized republication by reason of ignorance, but not as a prerequisite to obtaining copyright protection. But in the case of seven of the States « registra- tion of the titles of books claiming copyright was made a condition precedent to obtaining the protection. No time' was specified for making the required registration, however, except in the case of the act of North Carolina, which stipu- lated that the registration should take place before publica- tion. The language of the various provisions is otherwise substantially equivalent and to the effect that no author shall be entitled to the benefit of the act until he shall duly register the title of his book and his name as author. The seven States* enacting renewal terms did not, however, require registration of title a second time. ^ The Federal act of 1790 prescribed that no person should Federal acts be entitled to its benefits unless he had deposited a printed copy of the title in the clerk's ofiice of the district court in the district where the author or proprietor resided. The first act of revision (1831), reenacted this requirement with- out change, and the second revision of 1870 made no altera- tion except to require the deposit of title to take place in the lyibrary of Congress instead of the clerk's office of the dis- trict court. The stipulation that the filing of the title must precede publication, in this or any foreign country, became law through the act of March 3, 1891, and is in force to-day, making it a condition precedent to obtaining copyright that the title be filed for record before any publication of the work. a Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, and New York. ^ & Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, .South Carolina, Georgia, and New York. 22 Copyright Legislation DEPOSIT OF COPIES Taking up the second prerequisite to copyright protection, Ad of Massa- Q^y oiie of the original states (Massachusetts) required ciuse s,i7 3 (jgpQgj^ of copies, the author being obliged to present two copies of his works to the library of Harvard University "in order to his holding such sole property in them. ' ' Federal legislation in regard to the deposit of copies, on the other Act of 1790 hand, has been considerable and varied. The act of 1790 required the delivery of "a copy" to the Secretary of State, any time within six months after publication. This interval of time and the phraseology of the provision go to show that the deposit of the one copy was not intended to be a condition precedent to the exercise of the right. The law of 1 83 1, while reenacting the deposit of a copy of the book, etc., reduced the time during which the deposit should be made from six months after publication to three months, the requirement, however, remaining merely direc- tory and was not an absolute condition. Actofis^e By the act establishing the Smithsonian Institution (ap- proved August 10, 1846), a copy of every article for which a copyright should be secured, was to be delivered within three months from publication to the librarian of that Institution, and another copy to the librarian of the ' ' Congress lyibrary, for the use of said libraries. ' ' All copyright deposits were ordered by the act of 1831 to be forwarded yearly by the clerks of the district courts to the Secretary of State of the United States for preservation, and the accumulation thus formed was transferred by the act of February 5, 1859, to the Department of the Interior, and from there by the act of July 8, 1870, to the L,ibrary of Congress. Act of 1865 Meanwhile, by the copyright amendatory act of March 3, 1865, it was provided that a printed copy of every book, etc. , "for which a copyright shall be secured, ' ' should be transmitted ' ' within one month from the day of publication to the lyibrary of Congress for the use of said I^ibrary." The same act declared that in case of neglect to deliver the copies as required, it should be the duty of the Librarian of Congress to make a demand in writing ' ' at any time within twelve months after publication; and in default of delivery Report of the Register of Copyrights 23 within one month after the demand shall have been made, the right of exclusive publication secured under the acts of Congress respecting copyright shall be forfeited, ' ' the first intrusion of the idea that copyright protection should be made to depend on the deposit of copies. Two years later ^'^' 0/1867 (February 18, 1867) it was deemed advisable to add a penalty of $25 to be collected by the lyibrarian of Congress Penalty of $2$ in the name of the United States, in the case of failure to make the prescribed deposit within one month after publi- cation. This penalty is still in force. The second act of general revision of July 8, 1870, not ^<^"'f'^7o only reenacted the deposit of copies in the Library of Con- gress, but changed the number from one to two copies of each book or other article, and reduced the time within which deposit should be made from one month to ten days after publication; failing which "no person shall be entitled to a copyright. " When this act was taken over as Title Revised stat- LX, chapter 3 of the Revised Statutes, the phraseology was slightly changed, but so as to accentuate the fact that the deposit of copies was put on an exact footing with the regis- tration of title as a condition precedent to protection. Finally, by the act of March 3, 1891, even the ten days after "^^t of March publication was disallowed, and the deposit directed to be made ' 'not later than the day of publication, in this or any foreign country," and the copies, in the case of books, chromos, lithographs, and photographs, were required to be manufactured within the United States. This analysis of the legislation shows that while the laws of only one of the original States exacted any deposit of copies, and the early Federal laws prescribed only the deposit of one copy for the purpose of identification, allow- ing six months from publication in which to make it, the act of 1831 reduced the six months' period to three; the act of 1865 cut the term down to one month; the law of 1870 to ten days, increasing the number of copies to two; while by the act of March 3, 1891, no time of grace was allowed, deposit being required to take place on or before publication, and was frankly made a condition precedent to protection. 24 Copyright Legislation NOTICE OP COPYRIGHT The third important statutory formality is the printing of Act of Penn- the notification of copyright. The legislation of the origi- sy vama. ^^ states generally contained no requirement as to notice of copyright, but Pennsylvania was an exception, and by its law, not only insisted on the insertion of the full cer- tificate of copyright on the back of the title-page, but declared that unless this was done no author was to be Act of 1790 entitled to protection. The Federal act of 1790, while not exacting the placing of any notice upon the copyright pro- duction, directed the publication of the record of registration of title in one or more newspapers printed in the United States, for a space of four weeks; and the amendatory act of 1802 ordered, in addition to such publication in the news- papers, that the certificate of copyright should be inserted ' ' at full length ' ' on the title or back of the title. The act of 1 83 1, while omitting the publication of the certificate of AciofiSsi registration, explicitly required as a condition precedent to protection the placing of a statutory notice of copyright upon all copies of a copyright production. This stipulation was favorably modified by the act of 1870, to the effect that Act of 1870 such notice should be inserted in order to maintain an action for infringement, but curiously enough, this law reverted, after the lapse of nearly forty years, to the antiquated requirement of a newspaper publication of the record of registration of title in the case of renewals, and this awkward stipulation remains in force. The statutory formalities which are now conditions prece- Prerequisiiesto&s.nt to Copyright protection are: (i) Registration of the protection ^-^g Qj. description of the article, which must take place ' ' on or before the day of publication in this or any other country;" (2) Deposit of copies "not later than the day of publication thereof, in this or any foreign country," and in the case of books, chromos, lithographs, or photographs, it is obligatory that the copies ' ' shall be printed from type set within the Umits of the United States, or from plates made therefrom, or from negatives, or drawings on stone made within the limits of the United States, or from transfers made there- from;" (3) The printing or otherwise impressing the notice Report of the Register of Copyrights 25 of copyright in the statutory form upon all copies of each article. In order to secure protection for the second term, registration of title and deposit of copies must be repeated, and the record of such second registration published in a newspaper. , I have endeavored in this detailed analysis of -the laws to Genesis 0/ stat- make clear the genesis of the formalities upon which copy- " ^ "^^^ right is conditioned, aftd their intimate relation to the copy- right protection secured. As already pointed out, a system has gradually grown up under which valuable literary prop- erty rights have corne to depend upon exact compliance with these statutory formalities which have no relation to the equitalble rights involved, and the question may very well be raised whether this condition should be continued. If it is desirable to maintain the double requirement of filing of title and depositing copies, then the nature and extent of the effect upon the copyright protection of compliance or noncompliance should be seriously considered. HAWAII, PORTO RICO, CUBA, AND THE PHILIPPINES The territorial expansion of our country which has led to the inclusion of Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the Philippines has given rise to new copyright questions both as to the protection of literary and artistic productions by Americans residing in the new territories, and the extension of the privilege of copyright in the United States to the native authors of these three countries. Concerning this last, an opinion of opinion by the Attorney- General of the United States, „/_ "jg^^^' obtained on December 2, 1898, was to the following effect: It appears that the subjects of Hawaii had not, prior to the passage of the resolution of annexation of July 7, 1898, become vested by proclamation with the privilege of copyright in the United States. I have heretofore held, in an opinion, that cer- tain laws of the United States relative to tonnage dues upon vessels from foreign ports still applied to the ports of Hawaii, and had not been abrogated by the terms or effect of the resolu- tion of annexation. For the reasons given in that opinion, I think that the inhabitants of Hawaii are not at present, in the absence of affirmative legislation by Congress, to that effect, entitled to the benefits of our copyright laws. Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Manila have not as yet been formally ceded to the United States. So far as they are subject to the 26 Copyright Legislation Acio/A^rilso, igoo Hawaii Actof April 12^ jgoQ Philippiv control and government of this country they are ruled under the principle of belligerent right. They have not become entitled to the rights and privileges of citizens of the United States. In my opinion, when they shall have been directly ceded by treaty to the United States, and such treaty duly ratified by the Senate, their respective inhabitants will not be entitled to the benefits of the copyright laws unless the treaty, by its terms, confers such right, or Congress shall afterwards extend such laws to the inhabitants of those countries. Since the above opinion was written "An act to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii ' ' was approved April 30, 1900, to take effect on June 14 of the same year. This statute repealed the ' ' Civil laws of Hawaii, chapter 38, cop5Tights," and enacted that the Constitution and all the laws of the United States which are not locally inappli- cable should have ' ' the same force and effect within the said Territory as elsewhere in the United States. ' ' On April 12, 1900, an act was passed to go into effect on May I, same year, entitled "An act temporarily to provide revenues and a civil government for Porto Rico," of which section 14 directs "that the statutory laws of the United States not locally inapplicable shall have the same force and effect in Porto Rico as in the United States. ' ' Under the provisions of these two laws, therefore, the titles of books and other articles by citizens of Hawaii and of Porto Rico have been registered in the Copyright Office, as a pre- liminary to protection, since May i and June 14, 1900, respectively. Cuba was established as an independent Government on May 20, 1902, and a proclamation by the President of the United States was issued on November 17, 1903, to the effect that satisfactory official assurances having been given that in Cuba the law permits to citizens of the United States the benefit of copyright on substantially the same basis as to citizens of Cuba, the benefits of the copyright laws of the United States have been extended to such citizens of Cuba as are the authors of literary and artistic productions, and their heirs, executors, and assigns. As regards the Philippines the conditions are not so satis- factory. There has been no legislation which directly or indirectly extends the copyright laws of the United States Report of the Register of Copyrights 27 to the inhabitants of these islands.'' Two opinions by the opinmuo/ihe Attorney-General are of interest as throwing hght on the erai present status of citizens of the PhiHppine Islands. The first* dealt with the rights of the Philippine Islands and Porto Rico in regard to the registration of trade-marks in the United States, the decision being that the residents of Porto Rico are entitled to register trade-marks in the United States, but that the residents of the Philippine Islands are not, as such, entitled to the privileges of the trade-mark law of the United States, those islands not being organized territories of the United States as contemplated by section 1 98 1 of the Revised Statutes. The second opinion" was in reply to the question whether citizens of the United States residing in the Philippine Islands who were the authors of books could deposit in the Copyright Office two copies of their books printed in the Philippine Islands as a compliance with the stipulation contained in section 3 of the act of March 3, 1891, amendatory of the copyright laws, that the copies deposited ' ' shall be printed from type set within the limits of the United States or from plates made therefrom. ' ' The reply was in the negative. INTERNATIONAI, COPYRIGHT RELATIONS The act of March 3, 1891, removed from the copyright statutes the words which confined the protection secured thereunder to citizens or residents of the United States, while the thirteenth section of that act provided that the citizens of any foreign state which permits to citizens of the United States the benefit of copyright on substantially the same basis as to its own citizens may, by Presidential proc- lamation, be given the privileges of our copyright laws. Such proclarnations have been issued in favor of the citizens or subiects of the following nations and their colonies: Bel- countries m- ' ° eluded gium, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, France, Ger- manj'. Great Britain, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands (Holland), Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland. The effect a The act passed July i, 1902, ratifjdng the de facto government, contains no pro- -visions as to copyright. !> Opinion of the Attorney-General of February 19, 1902. o Opinion of the Attorney-General of July 28, 1903. 28 Copyright legislation International qI ^j^jg is (i) that citizens of the United States, so far as relations .^^-^ .. cii they are able to comply with all the provisions of the laws in force in any or all of the countries named, may claim the protection accorded by such laws, and (2) that the citizens of any of the countries named may obtain the protection accorded by our copyright statutes in so far as thej' are able to comply explicitly with all the stipulations of those stat- utes. This does not imply unquestioned accession to the benefits conferred by the statutes of either country. Thus, for example, in Great Britain a painting, drawing, or pho- tograph can only be registered for copyright protection if the author thereof be a British subject or a resident within the dominions of the British Crown, conditions which would ordinarily debar United States artists from obtaining pro- tection for their artistic productions. And, on the other hand, the United States laws require in the case of a photo- graph that the two copies to be deposited ' ' shall be printed from negatives made within the limits of the United States, ' ' a stipulation which the British photographer finds difiBcult of fulfillment. Nor does this basis for exchange of copyright privileges Inequalities oj insure equality of exchange. The inequalities accord with the variance in the privileges granted by the different legis- lations (most noticeably in the difference in the length of the term of protection), and also in the simplicity or arduous- ness of the statutory formalities to be complied with. Thus, for example, as between the literary producer in the United States and Germany, the former obtains in the German Empire, without any tax whatever and without any formali- ties, protection extending thirty 5rears beyond his life in favor of his heirs, while the German author secures in the United States protection for a period of forty-two years at longest, and then only upon compliance with formalities which are embarrassing and involve considerable expense. Not only may there be great diversity in the privileges secured and the tax imposed, but there may be an important practical difference in the ease or difficulty of compUance with the obligatory formalities, depending upon whether the author is a citizen or a foreigner. It is not as easy, for example, for a foreign as for a native author to arrange for Report of the Register of Copyrights 29 the filing of his title-page at Washington before publication, and it is obviously a much less difficult matter for an Ameri- can than for a foreign author to have his book type set in the United States before the day of first publication, which may mean for the alien author the burden of a double print- ing of his work, abroad and in the United States. The trend in copyright is toward a more extended area of tv*""^ w copy- protection secured by means of international reciprocal ar- "^ rangements and the simplification or abolition of formalities. While many foreign countries now give copyright to citizens of the United States on substantially the same basis as to their own subjects, practically the uncertainty as to just what is necessary to be done in order to secure protection prevents our literary and artistic producers from taking advantage of the privileges accorded. A compliance with the formalities imposed by our own laws alone would suffice to secure pro- tection in addition throughout all the countries now within the Berne Copyright Union (thus including virtually the whole book-reading world) , were the United States a member of that eminently practical association of nations. COPYRIGHT office; ADMINISTRATION By the act of July 8, 1870, all records relating to previous copyright registrations were directed to be removed to the Library of Congress, to be kept and preserved there, under the control of the Librarian of Congress, who was the actual registrar of copyrights until Julj^ i, 1897, when the appro- priation act of February 19, 1897, went into force. By this act provision was made for a new ofiicial, the "Register of Register of Copyrights," who, according to the statute, "shall, * * -j^copyng under the direction of the Librarian of Congress, perform all the duties relating to copyrights." The new officer was directed to make monthly reports of copyright fees to the Secretary of the Treasury and to deposit such fees in the United States Treasury, being bonded in the sum of $20,000 "for the faithful discharge of his duties." While thus creating a new fiscal officer, to be held responsible for the proper accounting of copyright fees, these fees were left payable to the Librarian of Congress; nor was care taken to substitute elsewhere in the law for the words ' ' Librarian of 30 Copyright Legislation Congress ' ' the words ' ' Register of Copyrights ' ' where such change was needed to be in harmony with the intent and purpose of the new legislation. In a business so large as that of the Copyright Office, where the registrations now approach one hundred thousand annually, errors sometimes occur in the applications received which, under certain circumstances, might prove a serious embarrassment to the clients of the office. It would seem that the copyright laws might contain some well-defined provisions authorizing the Register of Copyrights to make innocent alterations in the record of title in such cases on the request of the claimant of copyright. Pynts and ^ portion of the copyright business was transferred to the Patent Office by the act of June i8, 1874. This is the registration of labels and prints for articles of manufacture. This act is difficult of application, and it is not always clear what prints it is obligatory to register at the Patent Office in order to secure copyright protection, while the differ- ence in the amount of the registration fee ($5.50) is in' itself an inducement to urge registration in this office instead of the Patent Office. copyrighe fees ^ readjustment of the copyright fees that would remove the present variance in the charge for identical clerical service; impose a proper legal fee for recording lengthy documents, and provide for a suitable charge for the time involved in the case of* long searches is to be recommended. The present law imposes the double formality ( i ) filing Filing of title of title, (2) depositing copies. It also permits the filing of the title to be made in advance of the deposit of copies, and this is still done in a large proportion of cases, frequently under the impression that some advantage is thus secured. There is little doubt that a great many titles are filed which are not the titles of works printed or even written, but merely contemplated works, many of which are never pro- duced. This privilege of filing the title in advance of the deposit of copies has given rise to the erroneous belief that some exclusive command of use of the title is thereby gained. Applications are not infrequent asking for the registration of a sheaf of taking titles in the hope that a profitable monopoly in the use of such titles may thus be obtained. Report of the Register of Copyrights 31 This filing of the titles of projected works in advance of publication is steadily accumulating in the Copyright Office registrations of title never completed by the deposit of copies. Such registrations merely lumber up the Copy- right Office records and alphabetical index of entries and waste the time of the clerks who are obliged to make the required entries and do the indexing. When the matter is seriously weighed the question may ^^ ""■''"' >""■■ 1,1 11,1 ?, ■ -I, P"^^ served? reasonably be asked whether any useful purpose is served by the preliminary filing of the titles. It is to be remembered that the titles are by law required to be "recorded;" that is, copied in record books. Such recording could be made as well directly from the copy of the work deposited, and it would seem that all desired legal effect would be thereby secured, and the cost of the double handling of titles and copies be saved. The question of space for the storing of the titles is in itself not an unimportant one. The titles filed for the last six fiscal years occupy, closely stored, about 500 square feet of floor space, and each year'-s accumulation is larger than the preceding one. This filing of the titles in advance of publication obviously gives greater opportunity for the occurrence of variances more or less serious between the title as filed and as finally used, to the embarrassment of the Copyright Ofiice and possible legal complications for the copyright claimants. RECOMMENDATION In previous annual reports I have urged the need for a Revision oj thorough revision of our copyright laws. In the preceding ^"^'' °"'^ pages I have pointed out more specifically in what directions the existing copyright legislation is incomplete, inadequate or contradictory, afld likely to lead to misapprehension or misunderstanding. The subject ought to be dealt with as a whole, and not by further merely partial or temporizing amendments. The .acts now in force should be replaced by one consistent statute, of simple and direct phraseology, of broad and liberal principles, and framed fully to protect the rights of all literary and artistic producers and to guard the interests of other classes affected by copyright legislation. 32 Copyright Legislation What is desired could, I believe, be best accomplished by a copyright commission sufficiently large as to number, which would adequately represent the different interests concerned. Copyright com- \ therefore again suggest that Congress be recommended to mission sug- . ^ ^^ gesied appoint such a commission to take up the revision and cod- ification of the copyright laws in order to submit the draft of a satisfactory copyright statute. Thorvald SotBERG, Register of Copyrights Washington, D. C, December i, 1903. REPORT ON COPYRIGHT LEGISLATION Appendix A IvisT OP Ai,!, United States copyright Enactments, 1783 to 1904, WITH Notations op Modifications, Amendments, and Repeai^, etc. I. resoi,dtion op the congress of 1783 1783 {May 2). — Resolution passed by Congress, recommending the several States to secure to the authors or publishers of new books the copyright of such books. May 2, 1783. In "Journal of the United States in Congress assembled. Containing the Proceedings from November 1782, to November 1783." Vol. 8. Printed by order of Congress. 8° Philadelphia, D. C. Claypoole, 1783, pp. 256-257. In "Journalsof theAmerican Congress: from 177410 1788." Vol. 4, 8°. Washington, Way & Gideon, 1823, p. 219. In "Copyright enact- ments, 1783-1900." 8°- Washington, 1900. (Copyright Ofl&ce Bul- letin, No. 3), p. 9. II. COPYRIGHT I,AWS OF THE ORIGINAI, STATES Connecticut {1783, January session). — An Act for the encourage- Connecticut ment of literature and genius. In "Acts and laws of the State of Connecticut, in America [Compiled by Roger Sherman and Richard Law]." fol. New-London, printed by Timothy Green, 1784, pp. 133-134. In "Acts and laws of Connecticut [by R. Sherman and R. Law." 2d issue.] 8°. Hartford, E. Babcock, 1786, pp. 133-134. In "Acts and laws of the State of Connecticut. [Compiled by Chauncey Goodrich, Jonathan Brace, and Enoch Perkins.]" 8°. Hartford, Hudson &Goodwin, i796-[98], pp. 282-284. In "Acts and laws of the State of Connecticut." 8°. Hartford, Hudson & Good- win, 1805, pp. 282-284. In "The Public statute law of the State of Connecticut. [Compiled by J. Treadwell, Enoch Perkins, and Thomas Day.]" Book i, 8°. Hartford, Hudson & Goodwin, 1808, pp. 474- 476. In "Copyright enactments, 1783-1900." 8°- Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 9-11. Replaced by the Federal act of May 31, 1790. Georgia {1786, February j). — An Act for the encouragement of Georgia literature and genius. In "A Digest of the laws of the State of Geor- gia. From its first establishment as a British province down to the year 1798, inclusive. By Robert and George Watkins." 4° Philadelphia, R. Aitken, 1800, pp. 323-325. In "Digest of laws of Georgia, from 1755 to 1800. By Horatio Marbury & William H. Crawford." 4°. Savannah, Seymour, Woolhopter & Stebbins, 1802, 23299—04 3 33 34 Copyright Legislation pp. 342-343. In "Copyright enactments, 1783-1900." 8°. Wash- ington, igoo. (Copyright OflSce Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 25-27. Replaced by the Federal act of May 31, 1790. Maryland Maryland {178s, April ^/).— An Act respecting literary property. In " Laws of Maryland, made and passed, at a session of assembly, begun and held at the city of Annapolis on Monday the 21st of April, 1783." fol. Annapolis, F. Green, printer to the State, [1783], chap- ter 34. [The pages are not numbered.] In "Copyright enactments, 1783-1900." 8° Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 13-14. Replaced by the Federal act of May 31, 1790. Massachusetts Massachusetts {1783, March 17). — An Act for the purpose of securing to authors the exclusive right and benefit of publishing their literary productions for twenty-one years. In "Acts and laws of the Common- wealth of Massachusetts." fol. Boston, B. Edes & Sons, i78i-[83], p. 236. In " The Perpetual laws of the Commonwealth of Massachu- setts, 1780 to 1789." fol. Boston, Adams & Nourse, 1789, pp. 369- 370. In " The General laws of Massachusetts, from the adoption of the Constitution, to 1822. By Asahel Stearns and Lemuel Shaw, com- missioners; Therou Metcalf, editor." Vol. i, 8° Boston, 1823, pp. 80-81. In " Copyright enactments, 1783-1900." 8° Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 12-13. Replaced by the Federal act of May 31, 1790. New Hamp- New Hampshire {1783, November 7). — An Act for the encourage- **"'* ment of literature and genius, and for securing to authors the exclusive right and benefit of publishing their literary productions for twenty years. In "The Perpetual laws of the State of New-Hampshire, from July, 1776, to the session in December, 1788, continued into 1789." 8° Portsmouth, J. Melcher, 1789, pp. 161-162. In ' ' The Laws of the State of New-Hampshire. " 8°. Portsmouth, J. Melcher, 1792, pp. 277-278. In "The Laws of New-Hampshire." 8°. Portsmouth, J. Melcher, 1797, pp. 308-309. In "Constitution and laws of the State of New- Hampshire." 8°- Dover, S. Bragg, jr., 180.5, PP- 294-295. In "The Laws of New-Hampshire." 8°. Exeter, C. Norris & Co., 1815, pp. 365-366. In "The Laws of New-Hampshire." 8° Hopkinton, I. Long, jr., 1830, pp. 174-175. In " Copyright enactments, 1783-1900." 8°. Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), p. 16. Replaced by the Federal act of May 31, 1790. This act was included in the list of acts repealed, contained in Title xxx, chapter 230, of "The Revised Statutes, passed December 23, 1S42," pages 475-477. New Jersey New Jersey {1783, May 27) . — An Act for the promotion and encour- agement of literature. Taken from "Acts of the seventh general assembly of the State of New Jersey, at a session begun at Trenton, on the 22d day of October, 1782, and continued by adjournments, being the second sitting." fol. Trenton, printed by Isaac Collins, Printer to the State, 1783. Chapter 21, p. 47. Also printed in "Acts of the general assembly of the State of New Jersey, from the estab- lishment of the present government to December, 1783. Compiled List of United States Copyright Laws 35 by Peter Wilson." fol. Trenton, Isaac Collins, 1784, pp. 325-326. In " Copyriglit enactments, 1783-1900." 8°. Washington, 1900. (Copyright Ofl&ce Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 14-15. Replaced by the Federal act of May 31, 1790. Formally repealed at the twenty-third session, third sitting, 1799. New York {ij86, April 2g).~ An Act to promote literature. In /vew York "Laws of the State of New- York, passed by the legislature of said State at their ninth session. ' ' fol. New York, printed by Samuel and John Loudon, 1786, pp. 99-100. In "Laws of the State of New York, comprising the constitution and the acts of the legislature since the Revolution, from the first to the twelfth session, inclusive. [By Samuel Jones and Richard Varick.] " Vol. i. fol. New York, H. Gaine, 1789, pp. 320-322. In "Laws of the State of New York, com- prising the constitution and the acts of the legislature since the Revolution, from the first to the twentieth, inclusive. [By Thomas Greenleaf.] " 2d ed.. Vol. i. 8°. New York, T. Greenleaf, 1798, pp. 274-275. In "Copyright enactments, 1783-1900." 8°. Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 27-29. Replaced by the Federal act of May 31, 1790. North. Catolina {178s, November ig). — An Act for securing literary NorthCaroiina property. In "Laws of the State of North-Carolina. Published, according to Act of Assembly, by James Iredell." fol. Edenton, Hodge & Wills, 1791, pp. 563-564. In "Copyright enactments, 1783- 1900." 8°- Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3) pp. 23-25. Replaced by the Federal act of May 31, 1790. Pennsylvania (1784, March 15). — An Act for the encouragement Pennsylvania and promotion of learning by vesting a right to the copies of printed books in the authors or purchasers of such copies, during the time therein mentioned. In "Laws enacted in the second sitting of the eighth general assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, which commenced the 13th day of Jan., 1784." fol. [Philadelphia, T. Bradford, 1784] , chapter 125, pp. 306-308. In "Copyright enactments, 1783-1900." 8° Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 18-19. Replaced by the Federal act of May 31, 1790. Rhode Island {I^8s, December session). — An Act for the purpose of Rhode island securing to authors the exclusive right and benefit of publishing their literary productions, for twenty-one years. In "December, 1783. At the general assemblj'' of the governor and company of the State of Rhode-Island and Providence-Plantations, begun and holden at East- Greenwich on the 4th Monday of December, 1783." fol. [Providence, printed by J. Carter, 1783,] pp. 6-7. In "Copyright enactments, 1783-1900." 8°. Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), p. 17. Replaced by the Federal act of May 31, 1790. 36 Copyright Legislation SouthCaroiina South Carolina {1784, March 26). — An Act for the encotiragement of arts and sciences. In "Acts, ordinances, and resolves of tlie general assembly of the State of South Carolina, passed in the year 1784." 4°. Charleston, printed by J. Miller, 1784, pp. 49-51- In "Copyright enactments, 1783-1900." 8°. Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 19-22. Replaced by the Federal act of May 31, 1790. Virginia Virginia {178s, October). — An Act for securing to the authors of literary works an exclusive property therein for a limited time. In "Acts passed at a general assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Begun and held in Richmond, on the 17th day of October, 1785." fol. Richmond, printed by J. Dunlap & James Hayes [1785], pp. 8-9. In "The Statutes at large; being a collection of all the laws of Virginia, from 1619, by William Waller Hening." Vol. 12, 8°. Rich- mond, 1823, pp. 30-31. In "Copyright enactments, i783-r900." 8°. Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 22-23. Replaced by the Federal act of May 31, 1790. III. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION September 17, 1787, Constitution of the United States, Article /, section 8. — [Power of Congress as to copyright legislation.] In "Revised statutes of the United States, passed at the first session of the Forty -third Congress, 1873-74." Second edition. 8°. Wash- ington, 1878, p. 20. IV. FEDERAI, COPYRIGHT LEGISLATION Act 0/1790 i7go ( May 31) . — An Act for the encouragement of learning, by secur- ing the copies of maps, charts, and books to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned. (Approved, May 31, 1790. 1st Cong., 2d sess., chap. 15.) In "The Public statutes at large of the United States of America, from the organization of the government, in 1789, to March 3, 1845. Edited by Richard Peters." Vol. I, 8°. Boston, 1845, pp. 124-126. in "Copyright enactments, 1783-1900." 8°- Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 30-32. In Curtis (G: Ticknor). A Treatise on the law of copy- right. 8°. Boston, C:C. Little & J. Brown, 1847, Appendix, pp. 85-88. Original copyright act. Repealed by section 14 of the act of Feb- ruary 3, 1831. ActofiSoi 1802 {April 2q). — An Act supplementary to an act, intituled "An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the time therein mentioned," and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints. (Approved, April 29, 1802. 7th Cong., ist sess., chap. 36.) In ' ' The Public statutes at large of the United States of America, from the organization of the government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. Edited by Richard Peters." Vol. 2, 8°. Boston, 1845, pp. 171-172. In "Copyright enactments, 1783-1900." 8°. Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 32-34. In Curtis (G:Ticknor). List of United States Copyright Laws t^j A Treatise on the law ot copyright. 8° Boston, C: C. Little & J. Brown, 1847, Appendix, pp. 89-91. Repealed by section 14 of the act of February 3, 1831. /5/p {February tj).— An Act to extend the jurisdiction of the cir- ■^ctofiSig cuit coiirts of the United States to cases arising under the law relating to patents. (Approved, February 15, 1819. isth Cong., 2d sess., chap. 19.) In "The Public statutes at large of the United States of America, from the organization of the government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. Edited by Richard Peters." Vol. 3, 8°. Boston, 1846; pp. 481-482. In "Copyright enactments, 1783-1900.". 8° Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 34-35. In Curtis (G: Ticknor). A Treatise on the law of copyright. 8°. Boston, C: C. Little & J. Brown, 1847, Appendix, p. 92. Repealed by act of July 8, 1870. 1831 {February s). — An Act to amend the several acts respecting Acto/1831 copyrights. (Approved, Februarys, 1831. 21st Cong., 2d sess., chap. 16.) In "The Public statutes at large of the United States of America, from the organization of the government in 1789 to March 3, 1845. Edited by Richard Peters." Vol. 4, 8°. Boston, 1846, pp. 436-439. In "Copyright'enactments, 1783-1900." 8°. Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 35-39. In Curtis (G: Ticknor.) A Treatise on the law of copyright. 8°. Boston, C: C. Little & J. Brown, 1847, Appendix, pp. 93-99. First general revision. Repealed by act of July 8, 1870. 18^4 {June 30). — An Act supplementary to the act to amend the Act of 1834 several acts respecting copyrights. (Approved, June 30, 1834. 23d Cong., 1st sess., chap. 157.) In "The Public statutes at large of the United States of America," from the organization of the government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. Edited by Richard Peters." Vol. 4, 8° Boston, 1846, p. 728. In "Copyright enactments, 1783-1900." 8°. Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), pp. 39-40. In Curtis (G: Ticknor). A Treatise on the law of copyright. 8°. Boston, C: C. Little & J. Brown, 1847, Appendix p. 100. Requiring the recording of assignments of copyright. Repealed by act of July 8, 1870. 1846 {August 10). — An Act to establish the " Smithsonian Institu- Act of 1846 tion," for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men. (Ap- proved, August 10, 1846. 29th Cong., ist sess., chap. 178, sec. 10.) In " The Statutes at large and treaties of .the United States of America, from December i, 1845, to March 3, 1851. Edited by George Minot." Vol. 9, 8°., Boston, 1851, p. 106. In " Copyright enactments, 1783- igoo." 8°. Washington, 1900. (Copyright Office Bulletin, No. 3), p. 40. Requiring the delivery of one copy of book, etc. , to the librarian of the Smithsonian Institution and one copy to the Librarian of Congress. /-e whom said motion shall be made shall deem proper; service of said motion to be- m.ade on the plaintiff in person or on his attor- neys in the action. The circuit courts or judges thereof shall have jurisdiction to enforce said injunc- tion and to hear and determ,ine a motion to dissolve the same, as herein provided, as fully as if the action were pending or brought in the circuit in which said motion is made. The clerk of the court, or judge granting the injunction, shall, when required so to do by the court hearing the application to dissolve or enforce said injunc- tion, transmit without delay to said court a certified copy of all the papers on which the said in- junction was granted that are on file in his office." (29 Stat, at Large, 481-482.) 72 Copyright Legislation UNAUTHORIZED PRINTING OF MANUSCRIPT Rev. Stat., sec. 4967 Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript vyhatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, [if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resident therein] , shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all dam- ages occasioned by such injury. Act of July 8, 1870, sec. 102 ' ^And be it further enacted^ That any person who shall print or publish any manuscript whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, (if such author or proprietor be a citizen of the United States, or resident therein, ) shall be liable to said author or proprietor for all damages occasioned by such in- jury, to be recovered by action on the case in any court of competent jurisdiction." (16 Stat, at I,arge, 215.) COPYRIGHT SUITS y. LIMITATION OF ACTION IN COPYRIGHT CASES Rev. Stat. , sec. 4968 No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or penalty under the copyright laws, imless the same is commenced within two years after the cause of action has arisen. Act of July 8, 1870, sec. 104 ' ^And be it further enacted. That ijo action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within two years after the cause of action has arisen." (16 Stat, at Large, Z15.) UNAUTHORIZED PRINTING OF MANUSCRIPT The act of March 3, 1891, sec. 7, strikes out from sec. 4967the paren- thetical clause "if such autlior or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resident therein : ' ' "Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manu- script whatever without the con- sent of the author or proprietor first obtained, shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages occasioned by such in- jury." (26 Stat, at Large, 1109.) copyright suits 1. LIMITATION OF ACTION IN COPYRIGHT CASES Unchanged by subsequent legis- lation. Revised Statutes and Later Copyright Laws 'J2, 2. DEFENSES TO ACTION IN COPyRIGHT CASES Rev. Stat., sec. 4969 In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyriglits, tlie de- fendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in evidence. Act of July 8, 1870, sec. 105 " And be it further enacted. That in all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in evidence. " (16 Stat, at Large, 215- ) 3. INJUNCTIONS IN COPYRIGHT CASES ' Rev. Stat., sec. 4970 The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdiction of circuit courts, shall have power, upon bill in equity filed by any party aggrieved, to grant injunc- tions to prevent the violation of any right secured by the laws respect- ing copyrights, according to the course and principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reasonable. Act of July 8, 1870, sec. 106 ''And be it further enacted, That all actions, suits, controversies, and cases arising under the copyright laws of the United States shall be originally cognizable, as well in equity as at law, whether civil or penal in their nature, by the cir- cuit courts of the United States, or any district court having the juris- diction of a circuit court, or in the supreme court of the District of Columbia, or any Territory. And the court shall have power, upon bill in equity, filed by any party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right secured by said laws, according to the course and principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reasonable." (i5 Stat, at Large, 215.) 2. DEFENSES TO ACTION IN COPYRIGHT CASES Unchanged by subsequent legis- lation. 3. INJUNCTIONS IN COPYRIGHT CASES Unchanged by subsequent legis- lation. The following enactments relate to the Jurisdiction of Courts IN Copyright Cases. [Revised Statutes, Title XIII, "The Judiciary," provides as fol- lows: "Chap. 7 (sec. 629). The cir- cuit courts shall have original jurisdiction as follows: * * * Ninth. Of all suits at law or in equity arising under the patent or copyright laws of the United States." (Rev. Stat., 1878, pp. no, III.) "Chap, ii (sec. 699). A writ of error may be allowed to review any final judgment at law, and an appeal shall be allowed from any final decree in equity hereinafter mentioned, without regard to the sum or value in dispute: "First. Any final judgment at law or final decree in equity of any circuit court, or of any district court acting as a circuit court, or of the supreme court of the District of Columbia, or of any Territory, in any case touching patents-rights 74 Copyright Legislation Act of July 8, 1870, sec. 107 "And be it/urther enacted, "that a writ of error or appeal to the Supreme Court of the rinited States shall lie from all judgments and decrees of any court, in any action, suit, controversy, or case touching copyrights in the same manner and under the same cir- cumstances as in other judgments and decrees of such courts, without regard to the sum or value in con- troversy." (16 Stat, at I''- any book, map, chart, dramatic composition, musical composition, engraving, cut, print, chromo, lithograph, or photograph published abroad prior to November thirtieth, nineteen hundred &nd four, but not registered for copyright protection in the United States copyright office, or the heirs and assigns of such author, shall have in the case Copyright bene- of any such book, map, chart, dramatic composition, musical compo--'^';"*"*'^-'^ "'*'"'' sition, engraving, cut, print, chromo, lithograph, or photograph ^.^^ intended for exhibition at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, copying, aiid vending the same -within the limits of the United States for the term herein pro- vided for upon complying with the provisions of this Act. Sec. 2. That one copy of such book, map, chart, dramatic compo- deposit of one sition, musical composition, engraving, cut, print, chromo, lithograph, '^"^^ require . or photograph to be exhibited as herein provided shall be delivered at the copyright office. Library of Congress, at Washington, District of Columbia, with a statement duly subscribed to in writing that the Signed state- book or other article is intended for such exhibition and that the '"''"' required. copyright protection herein provided for is desired by the copyright proprietor, whose full name and legal residence is to be stated in the application. Sec. 3. That the register of copyrights shall record the title of each Interim copy- volume of any such book or other article herein provided for, or if the V'^'' ' record article lacks a title, shall record a brief description of it sufficient to identify it, in a special series of record books to be designated the ' ' Interim copyright record books, "and shall furnish to the copyright claimant a copy of record under seal of such recorded title or descrip- Copy of record tion, and the said title or description is to be included in the Cata- «"*'' ^«"'- logue of Title Entries provided for in section four of the Act of March third, eighteen hundred and ninety-one. Sec. 4. That a fee of one dollar and fifty cents shall be paid to the Fee, Sijo. . register of copyrights for each title or description to be recorded and a certified cop}' of the record of the same, and in the case of a work in more than one volume the same amount, one dollar and fifty cents, shall be paid for each volume, and the register ■ of copyrights shall deposit all such fees paid in the Treasury of the United States, and report and account for the same in accordance with the provisions in relation to copyright fees of the appropriation act approved February nineteenth, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven. Sec. 5. That the copyright protection herein provided for shall be Term of pro- for the term of two years from the date of the receipt of the book or ''''''°'''"^'>^^'"'^- other article in the copyright office. 76 Copyright Legislation Extension of SEC. 6. That if at any time during the term of the copyright pro- term of protec- tec^iou herein provided for, two copies of the original text of any such book, or of a translation of it in the English language, printed from Deposit of two type set within the limits of the United States or from plates made copies of book, tiierefrom, or two copies of any such photograph, chromo, or litho- tvpesetinU.S. , . , , . , . & J' • ,'.,., graph printed from negatives or drawings on stone made within the Deposit of two limits of the United States or from transfers made therefrom, are copies of photo- (deposited in the copyright office, Library of Congress, at Washington, fw '^ bh mad J-'^^'^'^i'^t of Columbia, such deposit shall be held to extend the term of in u. S. copyright protection to such book, photograph, chromo, or lithograph for the full terms provided for in title sixty, chapter three, of the Revised Statutes of the United States, computed from the date of the receipt of the book, photograph, chromo, or lithograph and the regis- tration of the title or description as herein provided for. Original work SEC. 7. That in the case of an original work of the fine arts (a paint- 0/ or (painting, j drawing, statue, statuary, and a model or design intended to be drawing, statue, ° i,^*/. • -, -, -, • statuary, model perfected as a work of the fine arts) which has been produced without or design). the limits of the United States prior to the thirtieth day of November, nineteen hundred and four, and is intended for exhibition at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the author of such work of art, or his heirs and assigns, shall be granted copyright protection therefor dur- ing a period of two years from the. date of filing in the copyright ofiice. Library of Congress, at Washington, District of Columbia, a Description description of the said work of art and a photograph of it, and upon and photograph paying to the register of copyrights one dollar and fifty cents for the registration of such description, and a copy of record under seal of such recorded description. No repeal of SEC. 8. That, except in so far as this Act authorizes and provides copyright laws in j^j. temporary copyright protection during the period and for the pur- poses herein provided for, it shall not be construed or held to in any manner affect or repeal any of the provisions of the Revised Statutes Xo registration relating to copyrights and the Acts amendatory thereof. That no after November registration under this Act shall be made after the thirtieth day of ' November, nineteen hundred and four. Revised Statutes and Later Copyright Laws 77 INDEX TO APPENDIX B Page Act of January 7, 1904 " 75 Administrators of author may secure copyright 49 American manufacture of book, chromo, lithograph, and photograph depos- ited, required 56 Annual report to Cotigress of copyright entries 46 Appropriation act of February 19, 1897, copyright provisions of 45 Articles of manufacture, prints for, must be registered at Patent Office 49 Articles subject to copyright protection 49 . Assignments of copyrights: By any instrument of writing 53 Must be recorded within sixty days 53 Default of record of 53 Assigns of author may secure copyright 49 Authentication of copyright records and papers 46 Author and his or her assigns shall have sole liberty of printing and vend- ing, etc 49 Bond: Of Librarian of Congress 46 Of Register of Copyrights 46 Book: May be copyrighted 49 Author or proprieter of, may secure copyright 49 Copyrighted — If dramatized without permission, forfeited 68 If imported without permission, forfeited 69 If printed without permission, forfeited 69 If published without permission, forfeited 69 If translated without permission, forfeited 69 Each volume of, requires separate entry of copyright 54 New edition of, requires deposit of one copy 57 Printed title of, must be filed 54 Two copies of, must be deposited 55 Copies deposited must be printed in the United States , 56 Books: For educational institutions or societies, may be imported 59 For private persons, may be imported 60 For use of United States, or I^ibrary of Congress, may be imported 59 In foreign languages, of which only translations are copyrighted, may be imported 60 In languages other than English, may be imported 59 Of persons from foreign countries, may be imported 59 Printed more than twenty years, may be imported 59 Purchased for use and not for sale, may be imported , 60 Two copies of, may be imported at one time 60 Catalogue of title entries: Preparation of 63 Secretary of Treasury to print 63 Distribution of 63 Subscription, $5 a year 63 To whom paid ■ 63 Certificate of copyright entry, form of 61 Chart: May be copyrighted 49 Author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Printed title of, must be filed 54 Two copies of, must be deposited 55 Charts: For educational institutions, or societies, may be imported 59 For use of United States, or I^ibrary of Congress, may be imported 59 Printed more than twenty years, may be imported 59 78 Copyright Legislation Chromo: Page May be copyrighted 49 Author, designer, or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Printed title of, must be filed 54 Two copies of, must be deposited 55 Copies deposited must be made in United States 56 Claim of copyright: Must be inserted 65 Form of 65 Penalty for printing false claim 66 Commissioner of Patents charged with registry of prints and labels 49 Constitutional provision securing protection for writing of authors 45 Copy of title entry: Given to proprietor whenever required 62 Fee for same (50 cents) 64 Copying, sole liberty of 49 Copyright: Who may secure 49 Term of 52 Copyright assignments 53 Must be recorded within sixty days 53 Failure to record 53 Copyright entry: How to be recorded 61 Form of 62 Copy of, under seal, given to proprietor 62 Copyright fees: For recording title when production of citizen, 50 cents 64 When production of foreigner, |i 65 For copy of record, 50 cents 64 For recording assignment, $r 64 For copy of assignment, $1 64 Copyright notice: Must be inserted 65 Form of .t 65 For molded decorative articles (tiles, plaques, etc. ) 66 Penalty (|ioo) for printing false 66 Copyright office seal 46 Copyright publications, annual report^of, required 46 Copyright records: Control and preservation of 45 To be authenticated by seal of office of I,ibrarian of Congress 46 Copyright renewal (for fourteen years) 52 Publication of, necessary 52 Copyright suits: ' Two years' limit of action 72 Jurisdiction of courts in 73 Defendant in, may plead the general issue 73 Countries having copyright relations with the United States 48 Cut: Statutory definition of 49 May be copyrighted 49 Author, designer, or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Printed title of, must be filed 54 Two copies of, must be deposited 55 Deposit of copies: Two copies required 55 To be delivered at I^ibrary of Congress, or deposited in the mail 55 Not later than the day of publication 55 Failure to deposit involves $25 penalty : 57 Of new edition, one copy is required to be deposited 57 Revised Statutes and Later Copyright Laws 79 Deposit of copies— Co«/mM^rf Page Of photographs of works of fine arts, one copy required - ... 55 Enabling act of March 3, 1893 55 Deposit of printed title: [Essential to copyright 54 To be delivered at Copyright Office, or mailed 54 Must be on or before day of publication 54 Designs: Intended to be perfected as works of the fine arts, 'may be copyrighted. . 49 Author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Description of, must be filed 54 Photograph of, must be deposited 55 Dramatic composition: May be copyrighted ^. 49 Author or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Printed title of, must be filed 54 Two copies of, must be deposited. 55 . Sole liberty of performing or representing, secured to author or proprietor 49 Injunction in case of fraudulent representation 71 Penalties for fraudulent representation 70 Dramatization: Authors have exclusive right of '. 52 Of copyrighted book without permission prohibited 68 Drawing: May be copyrighted 49 Author, designer, or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Description of, must be filed 54 Photograph of, must be deposited 55 Editions, new: Require deposit of one copy 57 Of books by foreign authors copyrightable 61 Engraving: Statutory definition of 49 May be copyrighted 49 Author, designer, or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Printed title of, must be filed 54 Two copies of, must be deposited 55 Engravings: For use of United States, or I^ibrary of Congress, may be imported 59 Printed more than twenty years, may be imported 59 Entries of copyright, annual report to Congress 46 Entry of copyright 61 Etchings: For use of United States, or I^ibrary of Congress, may be imported 59 Printed more than twenty years, may be imported 59 Executing, sole liberty of 49 Executors of authors may secure copyright 49 Exemption of newspapers and magazines from prohibition of importation . 60 Exemptions from prohibition of importation 59 Failure to deposit copies, penalty of $25 57 Fees: For recording title, when production of citizen of United States, 50 cents . 64 When production of foreigners, $1 65 Fc r copy of record, 50 cents 64 For recording assignment, $1 64 For copy of assignment, |i .' 64 Fine arts: Works of the (paintings, drawings, staiues, etc. ), may be copyrighted. . . 49 Author, designer, or proprietor of ,3may secure copyright 49 Description of, must be filed 54 8o Copyright Legislation Fine arts — Continued Page "Works of the, may be copyrighted— Cow/iMMeif Photograph of, must be deposited 55 "Engravings," "cuts," and "prints" may be copyrighted only when works of 49 Foreign authors (what) may secure copyright 48 Foreign countries with which the United States have established copyright relations, list of 48 Foreign languages, books in, may be imported 60 Forfeiture: Of books dramatized without pennission 68 Of books imported without pennission 68 Of books printed without permission 68 Of books translated w^ithout permission 68 Fraudulent representation of play, penalties for 70 Government publications not copyrightable 51 Importation : Of copyrighted books, chromos, lithographs, or photographs, prohibited. 58 Of books containing false claim, prohibited 67 Of books imported without permission, prohibited 68 Of books in foreign languages of which only translations are copy- righted, permitted 60 Infringement of copyright: Of book 68 Of map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, and chrome 68 Of painting, etc., penalty for 69 Of photograph, penalty for ! 69 Injunction : May be granted by circuit and district courts 73 Certified copies of papers filed 71 Against fraudulent representations of plays 71 Interim copyright act of January' 7, 1904 75 International copyright: Provisions for 48 List of countries with which United States have established copyright relations 48 Jurisdiction of courts in copyright cases 73 Labels: Can not be entered at Copyright Office 49 May be registered at Patent Office 49 Charge for such registration i'«6) 49 Librarian of Congress: To preserve and control records relative to copyright 45 Shall record titles of books and other articles 45 May sue in case of failure to deposit copies 57 Required to make annual report of publications entered and deposited. . 46 Bond of 46 Seal of 46 Lithograph : Two copies deposited, must be made in United States 56 For educational institution, may be imported 59 Manuscript, printing of without consent, prohibited 72 Map: May be copyrighted 49 Author, designer, or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Printed title of, liiust be filed 54 Two copies of, must be deposited 55 Maps: For use of educational institutions, or societies, may be imported 59 For use of United States, or Library of Congress, may be imported 59 Printed more than twenty years, may be imported 59 Revised Statutes and Later Copyright Laws 8i Model: Page Intended to be perfected as work of the fine arts, may be copyrighted. . 49 Author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Description of, must be filed 54 Photograph of, must be deposited 55 Musical composition : May be copyrighted 49 Author or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Printed title of, must be filed 54 Two copies of, must be deposited 55 Penalty for unauthorized public performance of 70 Negatives, photographic: May be copyrighted 49 Author or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 New editions: Of copyrighted books, deposit of one copy required 57 Of foreign authors, copyrightable 61 Newspapers and magazines exempted from prohibition of importation 60 Notice of copjnright: Form of , 65 Must be inserted 65 Penalty for false, $100 66 Painting: May be copyrighted 49 Author or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Description of, must be filed 54 Photograph of, must be deposited 55 Pamphlets in languages other than English, may be imported 59 Patent Office, labels may be registered in 49 Penalty: ^ For failure to deposit copies, $25 57 For false claim of copyright, $100 66 For fraudulent dramatization 68 For fraudulent importation 68 For fraudulent printing of book 68 Of map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, etc 69 For fraudulent publication 68 For fraudulent translation 68 For unauthorized representation 70 Performing, publicly, dramatic composition 49 Periodical, each number of, requires separate entry of copyright 54 Photograph: May be copyrighted 49 Author or proprietor of , may secure copyright 49 Printed title of, must be filed 54 Two copies of, must be deposited 55 Copies deposited must be printed from negatives made in United States . 56 Penalty for importations of 69 Photographic negative: May be copyrighted 49 Author or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Photdgraphs : For use of United States, or the I^ibrary of Congress, may be imported. . 59 Printed more than twenty years may be imported ■ 59 Plates not made from type set in United States prohibited importation 58 Play, fraudulent representation of, penalties for 70 Postmaster shall give receipt for title or book mailed 58 Print: Statutory definition of ^ 49 May be copyrighted 49 Author, designer, or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 23299—04 6 83 Copyright Legislation Vvini— Continued Page Printed title of, must be filed. ..' 54 Two copies of, must be deposited 55 For article of manufacture not copyrightable 49 May be registered at Patent Office 49 Printed from type set within United States 56 Printed title must be deposited 54 Printing: Without permission of author, prohibited 68 Sole liberty of 49 Prohibition of importation of copyrighted articles 58 Exceptions to 59 Proprietor, copyright: May secure copyright 49 May obtain copies of record 62 Public documents not copyrightable 51 Publication of copyright renewal required 52 Publishing: V/ithout permission of author, prohibited 68 Sole liberty of 49 Receipt from postmaster may be obtained for title or book mailed 58 Record of copyright 61 Records, copyright, control and preservation of 45 Register of copyrights: Act providing for appointment of 45 Bond of 46 Duties of, defined 45 Renewal of copyright for fourteen years 52 Publication of, required 52 Report (annual) to Congress of copyright entries 46 Representation of dramatic composition 49 Reprinting, sole liberty of 49 Right to dramatize or translate, exclusive right of authors 49 Seal of copyright office 46 Act of July 8, 1870, section 85 46 Series, books, forming part of, in course of publication in 1891 61 Statuary: May be copyrighted 49 Author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Description of, must be filed 54 Photograph of, must be deposited 55 Statue; May be copyrighted 49 Author, designer, or proprietor of, may secure copyright 49 Description of, must be filed 54 Photograph of, must be deposited 56 Term of copyright, twenty-eight years 52 Renewal of, for fourteen years 52 Title, printed, of book, chart, chromo, cut, dramatic composition, engraving, map, musical composition, photograph, and print must be deposited on or before day of publication 54 Translation; Right of, exclusive property of authoib 49 Without permission, prohibited 68 Two copies of books, etc., to be deposited 55 Type set within United States, plates to be made from '. 56 Vending, sole liberty of 49 Volume, each, of book requires separate copyright entry 54 Who may secure copyright 49 Appendix C BlBUOGRAPHICAL LiST OF FOREIGN COPYRIGHT L,AWS IN FORCE ARGENTINE REPUBUC CONSTITUTIONS /55J. — Constitucion arjentina de 1853. Parte i". Cap. finico. Declaraciones, derechos i Erarantlas, art. 17; [Relates in part to the ^^™"'^: , rights of authors.] In " Comentarios de la constitucion de la confe- deracion Arjentina. Por D. P. Sarmiento." 8°. Santiago de Chile, J. Belini ca., 1853, p. 3. Same. French text: Constitution de 1853. In "Le Droit d'auteur," 10" ann^e, 1897. 4°. Berne, no. i, 15 Janvier 1897, p. 5. Same. German text: Verfassung von 1853. In " Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf . , durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 3. /860 {September zj). — Constitucion reformada de la nacion Argen- tina. I" parte, cap. linico, par. 17. In "C6digos y leyes usuales de la Repliblica Argentina." 6" ed., tomo 1° 8°. Buenos Aires, F. Lajouane, 1894, Constituciones, p. 3. ' i86g {September 2g). — C6digo civil de la Repfiblica Argentina. Codes Libro 2°, sec. 2'-, tit. viii. De los actos ilicitos [paragraphs io58- 1069, 1072, 1075-1079, 1082-1083, 1095-1098, 1109.] Libro 3°, tit. 1° De las cosas consideradas en si mismas 6 en relacion d los derechos [par. 2335]. Tit. V. Del dominio de las cosas y de los modos de adquirirlo [par. 2513]. In " C6digos y leyes usuales de la Repliblica Argentina." 5' ed., tomo 1° 8°. Buenos Aires, F. Lajouane, 1894, C6digo civil, pp. 208-215, 411, 446. Same. English text: Civil code of 1869. In " The Law of copyright. By W. A. Copinger." 3d ed. 8°. London, Stevens & Haynes, 1893, pp. 833-834. Same. French text: Code civil del 869. In "Le Droit d'auteur," 10° ann^e, 1897. 4°. Berne, no. i, 15 Janvier 1897, pp. 5-6. Same. German text: BiirgerlichesGesetzbuch von 1869. In"Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf. , durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8° Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 3-4. i8g4 {December 6). — Ley aprobatoria de los tratados de derecho La'u's internacional de propiedad literaria, marcas de fdbrica de comercio, y patentes de invencion. In " Registro nacional de la Repfiblica Argentina." Afio 1894. 8°. Buenos Aires, 1894, p. 792. Same. French text: Loi no. 3192 approuvant les trait^s de Monte- video (du 6 d^cembre 1894). In " Le Droit d'auteur," 10'' ann^e, 1897. 4°. Berne, no. i, 15 Janvier 1897, p. 4. 83 84 Copyright Legislation Argentine Republic: Titles La Propiedad literaria y artistica en la Reptiblica Argentina, por Carlos Baires. 3 p. 1., 5-318 pp. 8° Buenos Aires, J. A. Alsina, 1897. Cap. I. La propiedad literaria y artistica ante la constituci6n y el c6digo civil, pp. 19-53; II. Jurisprudencia en materia de propiedad literaria y artistica, pp. 55-87; III. La propiedad literaria y artistica ante el derecho internacional privado, pp. 89-162; IV.- La propiedad literaria y artistica y el estado, pp. 163-196; V. Proyecto de ley de propiedad literaria y artistica para la Repflblica Argentina, pp. 197- 237; Anexos, pp. 239-315. Note. — A bill to give protection to literary and artistic property was introduced in the National Congress of the Argentine Republic in 1S97, but up to the session of 1901 it does not seem to have become law. AUSTRIA Austria: Laws iSgs {December 26). — Gesetz vom 26. December 1895, betreffeud das Urheberrecht an Werken der Literatur, Kunst und Photographic. In " Reichsgesetzblatt f iir die im Reichsrathe vertretenen Konigreiche und Lander." Jahrgang 1895. 4°. Wien, 1895. 91. Stiick, ausgeg. 31. Dec. 1895, no. 197, pp. 667-675. Same. In " Gesetze iiber das Urhe- berrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8° Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 183-192. Same. In ' ' Die Gesetze betreffend das Urheberrecht und das Verlagsrecht vom 19. Juni igoi, sachlich erlautert von Robert Voigtlander." 12°. Leipzig, Rossberg & Berger, 1901, pp. 269-281. Same. English text: The law of copyright in Austria, being an English translation of the Austrian act and ministerial order of 1895, and convention with Great Britain, relating to copyright [April 24, 1893]. v pp., I 1., 47 pp. 8°. London, Longmans, Green & co., 1902. Same. French text: Loi concernant le droit d'auteursurles oeuvres de litt^rature, d'art et de photographic (du 26 d^cembre 1895). In " Le Droit d'auteur," g" ann^e, 1896. 4°. Berne, no. i, 15 Janvier 1896, pp. 1-6. Same. In "Lois franjaises et ^trang^res sur la propri^t^ litt^raire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." Supplement 1890-1896. 8°- Paris, F. Pichon, 1896, pp. 15-33. iSgs {December 2g). — Verordnung vom 29. December 1895, zur Durchfiihrung des Gesetzes vom 26. December 1895. In "Reichs- gesetzblatt fiir die im Reichsrathe vertretenen Konigreiche und Lan- der." Jahrgangi895. 4°. Wien, 1895, 91. Stiick,ausgeg. 31. Dec. 1895, no. 198, pp. 675-677. Same: Durchfiihrungsverordnung vom 29. Dezember 1895. In ' ' Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Rothlisberger." 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 192-194. Same. English text: Order for the due administration of the act of December 26, 1895. In "The Law of copyright in Austria." 8° London, Longmans, Green & co., 1902, pp. 29-35. List of Foreign Copyright Laws 85 Same. French text: Ordonnance concernant la mise 4 execution de Austria la loi &a. 26 d^cembre 1895 (du 29 d^cembre 1895)'. In "Le Droit d'auteur." 9^ ann^e, 1896. 4°. Berne, no. i, 15 Janvier 1896, pp. 6-7. 7596 {July $1). — Verordnung vom 31. Juli 1896, iiber die im Gesetze vom 26. December 1895, vorgesehenen Sacbverstandigencollegien. In ' ' Reichsgesetzblatt f iir die im Reicbsratbe vertretenen Konigreiche und Lander." Jahrgang 1896. 4°. Wien, 1896, 58. Stiick, ausgeg. 22. August 1896, nr. 151, pp. 491-492. Same: Verordnung vom 31. Juli 1896, betreffend die SachverstandigenkoUegien. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von. Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 194-195- Same. French text: Ordonnance concernant les commissions d'ex- perts prevues par la loi du 26 d^cembre 1895 (du 31 juillet 1896). In "Le Droit d'auteur." 9* ann^e, 1896. 4°. Berne, no. 9, 15 septembre 1896, pp. 117-118. Gesetz, Verordnungen und Staatsvertrage iiber das Urheberrecht. TUUs 3 p. 1., 52 pp.+4 pp. 12° Wien, Druck und Verlag der k. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei , 1 896 . ( Handausgabe der osterreichischen Gesetze und Verordnungen. Heft 109). Gesetz, betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der Literatur, Kunst und Photographic, nebst VoUzugsverordnung und der internationalen Vertragen zum Schutze des Urheberrechts. Herausgegeben von Dr. Leo Geller. vi, 205 pp. 12°. Wien, M. Perles, 1S96. Binleitung, pp. 1-50. Gesetz vom 26. December 1895, pp. 51-130. Verordnung vom 29. December 1895, pp. 131-135. Die Beratung iiber den Gesetzentwurf, pp. 136-179. Anhang. Internationale Vereinbarungen zum Schutze des Urheberrechts, pp. 180-202. Der Entwurf eines neueu osterreichischen Urheberrechtsgesetzes. Von Prof. Dr. Heinr. M. Schuster. In "AUgemeine osterreichische Gerichts-Zeitung." 43. Jahrgang, n.F., 29. Jahrg. fol. Wien, 1892, pp. 297-299, 306-307, 329-332, 338-339, 346-348, 357-358, 372-373, 377-384- Die Entstehung des Urheberrechtspatentes vom 19. October 1846. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der osterreichischen Gesetzgebung von Dr. Heinrich M. Schuster. Sonderabdruck aus den " Juristischen Slattern." 48 pp. 8° Prag, H. Dominicus, 1891. Etude sur le projet de loi autrichien concernant le droit d'auteur, par Georges Maillard. (Extrait du Bulletin de la Soci^t^ de legisla- tion compar^e.) 24 pp. 8°. Paris, F. Pichon, 1893. Bemerkungen iiber das Urheberrecht und den Gesetzentwurf der osterreichischen Regierung. Von Dr. Edmund Benedikt. 54 pp. 8°. Wien, 1893. Zur Kenntnis des literarisch-artistischen Urheberrechts nach dem osterreichischen Gesetz vom 26. December 1895. Von Ludwig Mitteis. 2 p. 1., 3-138 pp. 8°. Stuttgart, J. G. Cotta, 1898. 86 Copyright Legislation BELGIUM Belgium: iggQ {March 3z). — Loi sur le droit d'auteur. In "Le Moniteur ^'^^ beige, journal officiel." 56' ann^e. fol. Bruxelles, no. 85, 26 mars 1886, pp. 1125-1127. Same. In " Bibliographie de Belgique." 12= ann^e, 1886. 12°. Bruxelles, feuilleton, no. 2, mars 1886, pp. ix-xv. Same. In "Archives diplomatiques, recueil mensuel international de diplomatie et d'histoire, public sous la direction de M. Louis Renault. ' ' 2" s^rie, t. 18. 8°. Paris, F.-J. F^choz, 26" ann^e, no. 6, juin 1886, pp. 359-363. Same. In " Journal du droit international priv6. ' ' 14' ann^e, 1887. 8° Paris, nos. 7-8, pp. 413-417. Same. In "I,e Droit d'auteur." 1° annge, 1888. 4° Berne, no. 4, 15 avril 1888, pp. 34-36. Same. In ' ' I/jis franjaises et ^trang^res sur la propri^td litt^raire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." t. i. 8°. Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, pp. 170-183. Same. In "Pandectes beiges. Encyclop^die de legislation, de doctrine et de jurisprudence beiges." t. 25. 4°- Bruxelles, F. Larcier, 1888, cols. 1228-1231. Same. In " Nouveau recueil g^ndral de traitds . . , par F. Stoerk. ' ' 8° Goettingue, 2° s^rie, t. 12, 1887, pp. 192-197; 2' s^rie, t. 15, 1891, PP- 751-755- Same. In " I,e Droit des auteurs en Belgique. Com- mentaire historique et doctrinal de la loi du 22 mars 1886 . . . par Paul Wauwermans.'' 8° Bruxelles, Soci^t^ beige de librairie, 1894, pp. 77-84. Same: English text: Copyright law of 1886. In "The Law of copy- right. By W. A. Copinger. " 3d ed. 8°. London, Stevens & Haynes, 1893, pp. 655-661. Same. German text: Gesetz, betreffend das Urheberrecht vom 22. Marz 1886. In ' ' Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landeru. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8° Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 5-8. 1886 [March 27). — Loi sur le droit d'auteur. Execution des articles 4 et II. In " Le Moniteur beige, journal oflSciel." 56' annde. fol. Bruxelles, no. 126, 6 mai 1886, pp. 1688-1690. Same. In "Pandectes beiges. Enclyclop^die de legislation, de doctrine et de jurisprudence beiges." t. 33. 4° Bruxelles, F. Larcier, 1890, col. S29. Same. In " Le Droit d'auteur." 1'= ann^e, 1888. 4°. Berne, no. 5, 15 mai 1888, pp. 43-44- Same, German text, Konigl. Verfiigung vom 27. Marz 1886, betreffend Ausfiihrung der Artikel 4 und 11 des Gesetzes vom 22. Marz 1 886. In " Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf. , durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 8-9. iS8j {September jo) . — Loi qui approuve la convention concernant la creation d'une Union internationale pour la protection des oeuvres artistiques et litt^raires, conclue k Berne, le 9 septembre 1886. In " Le Droit d'auteur." 2" ann6e, 1889. 4°. Berne, no. 8, 15 aout 1889, p. 92. List of Foreign Copyright Laws 87 Belgium. Minist^re de I'Agriculture, de I'industrie et des travaux Belgium: publics. Loi sur le droit d'auteur [22 mars 1886]. 16 pp. 12°, ^'^'^ [Bruxelles, 1886.] "Extrait du Moniteur beige du 26 mars 1886, no. 85." Loi sur le droit d'auteur, pp. 1-8. Execution des articles 4 et 11, pp. 9-14. Circulaire 4 MM. les gouverneurs des provinces, le 30 avril 1886, pp. 15-16. Propri^t^ litt^raire et artistique. Rapport fait au nom de la section centrale, par Jules de Borchgrave. (Cbambre des repr^sentants, s^ancedug juillet 1885, no. 191.) i p. 1., 105 pp. ^ol- Bruxelles, 1885. Commentaire l^gislatif de la loi du 22 mars 1886 sur le droit d'auteur, par Maurice Benoidt & Louis Descamps. 4 p. 1., 5-429 pp., i 1. 8° Bruxelles, E. Ramlot, 1886. I*'" partie. Commentaire, pp. 5-17. 1° partie. Elements du com- mentaire: I. Exposd des motifs et projets, pp. 19-44; II. Rapports pr^sent^s k la Chambre des repr^sentants, pp. 45-108; III. Discus- sions ^ la Chambre des repr^sentants, pp. 109-342 ; IV. Rapports pr^sent6s au S^nat, pp. 343-349; V. Discussions au Sdnat, pp. 351-429. Le Droit des auteurs en Belgique. Commentaire historique et doc- trinal de la loi du 22 mars 1886, pr6c6d6 d'une lettre de M. Alcide Darras k I'auteur. Par Paul Wauwermans. xvi, 467 pp. 8°. Bruxelles, Soci^t6 beige de librairie, 1894. [Preface, Lettre de Alcide Darras]: pp. vii-xiii. i"'^ partie. His- torique de la reconnaissance du droit des auteurs en Belgique, pp. 1-74. 2" partie. Th^orie de la loi beige du 22 mars 18&6: Preface, [Text of law and royal order of March 27, 1886], pp. 75-86. Livre I. Notions scientifiques, pp. 87-104. Livre II. Objets du droit d'auteur, pp. 105-153. Livre III. Sujets du droit d'auteur, pp. 155-200. Livre IV. Des droits de I'auteur sur I'ceuvre, pp. 201-279. Livre V. Alienation du droit d'auteur, pp. 281-325. Livre VI. Repression des lesions, pp. 327-388. Livre VII. Droits des strangers, pp. 389- 401. Livre VIII. Procedure, pp. 403-430. 3" partie. Bibliographie du droit beige en matiSre de droit d'auteur, pp. 431-442. Table alphabetique et analytique des mati^res, pp. 443-459. 1834 {November 6). — C6digo penal. Libro 3°. De los delitos contra BotrviA: los particulares. Tit. 3°, cap. vi. De los que falsifican 6 contraha- Codes cen obras ajenas, 6 perjudican d la industria de otro, arts. 658, 659. In " C6digo penal Santa Cruz. Para el r^jimen de la Repis, par J. B. Duvergier." 2' ^d. t. 2. 8°. Paris, A. Guyot & Scribe,' 1834, p. 151. Same. In "Etude sur la propri^t^ litt^raire. Par Femand Worms. " 2°partie. 16°. Paris, A. Lemerre, 1878, pp. 366-368. Same: Loi relative aux th^tees et au droit de repr&entation et d'ex^cution des oeuvres dramatiques et musicales (13-19 Janvier 1791). In " I" ann^e, 1893. 4°. Berne, no. 11, 15 novembre 1893, p. 133. Same. In "Trait6 th^orique et pratique de la propri^t^ litt^raire et artistique, par Eugene Pouillet. ' ' 2= ^d. 8°. Paris, Marchal & Billard, 1894, pp. 836-837. Same. German text: Dekret vom 29. Marz 1805 betreffend den Druckvon Kirchenhandbiichern ilnd der Gebete. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8° Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 98. 1806 {June 8) . — D^cret imperial concernant les th^itres. Le 8 juin Law of June 8, 1806. Tit. III. Des auteurs. In "Bulletin des lois de I'Empire-'*'' Frangais." 4' s^rie, t. 5. 8° Paris, Imprimerie imp6riale, 1807, pp. 236-238. Same: D^cret relatif aux th^ltres et au droit de lOO Copyright Legislation France repr&entation et d'ex^cution des oeuvres dramatiques et musicales posthumes (8 juin 1806). In " Lois f ranjaises et dtrangeres sur la pro- prift^ litt^raire et artistique, par Ch. Ivyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." t. I. 8°. Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, p. 24. Same. In " Le Droit d'au- teur." 6" ann^e, 1893. 4° Berne, no. 11, 15 novembre 1893, p. 132. Same. In ' ' Traits thforique et pratique de la propri^td littdraire et artistique, par Eugene Pouillet." 2= ^d. 8°. Paris, Marchal & Billard, 1894, p. 838. Same. German text: Dekret vom 8. Juni 1806 betreffend das Theater und das Darstellungs-und Auffiihrungsrecht nachgelassener musika- lischer und dramatischer Werke. In " Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ivrnst Rothlis- berger." 8° Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 98. Lawo/Feb. 20, i8og (February 20). — D^cret imperial concernant les manuscrits des '^°9 bibliothSques et autres ^tablissemens publics de I'Empire, le 20 f^vrier 1809. In "Bulletin des lois de I'Empire Franjais." 4* s^rie, t. 10'. 8° Paris,.Imprimerie imp^riale, 1809, p. 54. Same. In "Lois franjaises et dtrangeres sur la propri^t^ litt^raire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon-Caenet Paul Delalain." t. i. 8°. Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, pp. 24-25. Same. In "Le Droit d'auteur." 6» ann6e, 1893. 4°. Berne, no. 11, 15 novembre 1893, p. 133. Same. In " Traitd th&rique et pratique de la propridtd litt&aire et artistique, par Eugene Pouillet. ' ' 2= ^d. 8°. Paris, Marchal & Billard, 1894, p. 839. Same. German text: Dekret vom 20. Februar 1809 betreffend die Veroffentlichung der Handschriften der Bibliotheken und anderer offentlichen Anstalten. in "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8° Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 98. Lawo/Feb. s, 18 10 {February 5). — D^cret imperial contenant le rSglement sur I'imprimerie et la librairie, le 5 f^vrier 1810, arts. 39-40, 41, \ 7, 42-43, 45. In " Bulletin des lois de I'Empire Franjais." 4« s^rie, t. 12. 8°- Paris, Imprimerie imp^riale, 1810, pp. 71, 78-79. Same. In "Lois franfaises et feangeres sur la propri^t^ litt^raire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." t. i. 8°. Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, pp. 25-27. Same. In " Le Droit d'auteur." 6" ann^e, 1893, 4°. Berne, no. 11, 15 novembre 1893, p. 134. Same. In " Traits thdorique et pratique de la propri^t^ litt^raire et artistique, par Eugene Pouillet. ' ' 2= ^d. 8° Paris, Marchal & Billard, 1894, pp. 840-841. Same. English text: Copyright law of February 5, 1810. In "The Law of copyright. By W. A. Copinger." 3d ed. 8°. London, Ste- vens & Haynes, 1893, p. 632. Same. German text: Dekret vom 5. Februar 1810 enthaltend Bestim- mung iiber Buchdruckerei und Buchhandel. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 98. Law of Oct. IS, I Si 2 {October 15).— TiicxeX. imperial sur la surveillance, I'organisa- tion, I'administration, la comptabilit6, la police et discipline du Th^atre-Fransais, le 15 octobre 1812, arts. 72-73. In "Bulletin des lois iSlo Iil2 List of Foreign Copyright Laws loi de I'EmpireFranjais." 4° s^rie, t. i8. 8°. Paris, Imprimerie imp^- Fra-sce riale, 1813, pp. 65, 77. Same. In "Lois franjaises et toang^res sur la propri6td litt^raire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." t. I. 8° Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, pp. 31-32. Same. In " Le Droit d'auteur." 6' annee, 1893. 4°. Berne, no. II, 15 novembre 1893, P-I33- Same. German text: Dekret vom 15. Oktober 1812 betreffend das "TWatre-Franjais," art. 73. In " Gesetze liber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisber- ger." 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 99. 1S14 {June 6). — Ordonnance du Roi concernant I'organisation du Law of June 6, d^pot de la marine, le 6 juin 1814, art. 12. In "Bulletin des lois du^*'*' Royaume de France." 5° sdrie, t. i. 8°. Paris, Imprimerie royale, 1814, pp. 229, 231. Same. In "Lois franjaises et feangSres sur la , propri^t^ litt^raire et artistique, parCb. Lyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." t. I. 8° Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, pp. 32-33. Same. In "Le Droit d'auteur." 6' ann^e, 1893. 4°. Berne, no. 11, 15 novembre 1893, p. 133. Same. In "Traits thforique et'pratiqne de la propri^t^ litt^- raire et artistique, par Eugene Pouillet." 2^ ^d. 8°. Paris, Marchal & Billard, 1894, p. 843. Same. German text: Verordnung vom 6. Juni 1814 betreffend die Organisation des Marinearchivs. In ' ' Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlis- berger." 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 99-100. 1S41 {May 6). — Loi relative aux douanes, le 6 mai 1841. Tit. IV. Law 0/ May 6, Dispositions r^glementaires, art. 8. In "Bulletin des lois du Royaume ^^*' de France." 9' s6rie, t. 22. 8°. Paris, Imprimerie royale, 1841, pp. 625, 636. Same. In "Lois franjaises et toangeres sur la propridt^ litt^raire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." t. i. 8°- Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, pp. 33-34. Same. In "Le Droit d'auteur." d" ann^e, 1893. 4°. Berne, no. II, 15 novembre 1893, p. 135. Same. In "Traits th^orique et pratique de la proprift^ litt^raire et artistique, par Eugene Pouillet." 2" €A. 8°. Paris, Marchal & Billard, 1894, p. 846. Same. German text: Gesetz vom 6. Mai 1841 die Zolle betreffend. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durch- gesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 100. 1842 {December 13). — Ordonnance du Roi relative k I'importation LawofDec.13, et au transit de la librairie, le 13 d^cembre 1842, art. 8. In "Bul--'**'^ letin des lois du Royaume de France. " 9= s6rie, t. 25. 8°. Paris, Imprimerie royale, 1843, pp. 820, 822. Same. In "Lois franjaises et ^trangeres sur la propri^t^ litteraire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon- Caen et Paul Delalain." t. i. 8° Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, p. 34. Same. In " Le Droit d'auteur." 6= ann^e,l893. 4°. Berne, no. 11, 15 novembre 1893, p. 135. Same. In "Trait6 thdorique et pratique de.la propri^t^ litteraire et artistique, par Engine Pouillet." 7? 6d. 8°. Paris, Marchal & Billard, 1894, p. 847. I02 Copyright Legislation France Same. German text: Verordnungvom 13. DezemberiS42dieEintulir mid den Transit des Buchhandels betreffend. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien I,andem. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8°. lyeipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 100. LawofAug.3, 1844 [August 3). — I/oi relative an droit de propri^t^ des veuves 'S44 et des enfants des auteurs d'ouvrages dramatiques, le 3 aout 1884. In "Bulletin des lois du Royaume de France." 9" s^rie, t. 29. 8° Paris, Imprimerie royale, 1845, p. 325. Same. In "I^e Droit d'auteur." 6° ann^e, 1893. 4°. Berne, no. 11, 15 novembre 1893, pp. 132-133. Same. In "Trait6 th^orique et pratique de la propri^td litteraire et artistique, par Eugene Pouillet." .2.° ^d. 8° Paris, Marchal & Billard, 1894, p. 848. Same. Germantext: Gesetzvom3. August 1844 betreffend die Rechte derWitwenundWaisenderUrheberdramatischerWerke. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8° Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 100. LawofMar.28, 18^2 [March z8). — Rapport et d^cret sur la contrefa^on d'ouvrages iSs2 toangers, du 28 mars 1852. In "Bulletin des lois de la R^pu- blique Franjaise." 10" s^rie, t. 9. 8° Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1852, pp. 845-846. Same. In " Ivois franjaises et dtrangeres sur la propri^t6 litt&aire et artistique, par Ch. ■ Lyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." t. 1. 8° Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, pp. 35-37. Same. In "Le Droit d'auteur." e'ann^e, 1893. 4°. Berne, no. 11, 15 novem- bre 1893, p. 135. Same. In " Traits th^orique et pratique de la pro- pridt^ litteraire et artistique, par Eugene Pouillet." 2' ^d. 8°. Paris, Marchal & Billard, 1894, p. 849. Same. English text: Copyright decree of March 28, 1852. In "The Law of copyright. Bj-AV. A. Copinger." 3d ed. 8°. London, Stevens & Haynes, 1893, pp. 634-635. Same. German text: Dekret und Gesetz vom 28. Marz 1852 betref- fend das litterarische und kiinstlerische Eigentumsrecht der im Aus- land herausgegebenen Werke. In ' ' Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlis- berger." 8° Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. loo-ioi. Law of Dec. p, 1857 (December p). — D^cret imperial portant que les lois et autres '^57 actes y d&ign^s qui r^gissent la propriety littdraire et artistique dans la m^tropole sont d^clar^s ex^cutoires dans les colonies frangaises, du 9 di^cembre 1857. In "Bulletin des lois de I'Empire Franjais." 11° s^rie, t. 10°. 8°. Paris, Imprimerie imp^riale, 1858, pp. 1382-1384. Same. In ' ' Lois franjaises et toang^res sur la propriety litteraire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." t. i. 8°. Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, pp. 39-40. Same. In " Le Droit d'auteur." 6'= amide, 1893. 4°. Berne, no. 11, 15 novembre 1893, pp. 134-135. Same. German text: Dekret vom 9. Dezember 1857 betreffend das Urheberrecht in den Kolonien. In " Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlis- berger." 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. loi. List of Foreign Copyright Laws 103 iSS9 {November ii)). — ^D6cret imperial concernant le Theatre- France Franjais, du 19 novembre 1859. In "Bulletin des lois &.eV^m^\T^ ^^'^"■f^'^-'^' Fransais." 11'= serie, t. 14. 8°. Paris, Imprimerie impdriale, i860, pp. 878-880. Same. In "Le Droit d'auteur." 6° annde, 1893. 4°- Berne, no. 11, 15 novembre 1893, pp. 133-134. Same. German text: Dekret vom 19. November 1859 betreffend das ' ' T^Watre-Franjais. " In " Gesetze iiber das Urheberreclit in alien i,andern. 2te auf., durchgeseben von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 101-102. 1864 (January 6). — Ddcret imperial relatif k la liberty des th^toes. Law of Jan. 6, du 6 Janvier 1864. In "Bulletin des lois de I'Empire Franjais." iie-'*^^ s6rie, t. 23. 8°. Paris, Imprimerie imp^riale, 1864, pp. 52-53. Same. In ' ' Ivois franjaises et teang^res sur la propri6t6 littdraire et artis- tique, par Ch. Lyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." t. i. 8°. Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, pp. 40-42. Same. English text: Copyright law of Januarys, 1864. In "The Law of copyright. By W. A. Copinger." 3d ed. 8° London, Stevens & Haynes, 1893, pp. 635-636. Same. German text: Dekret vom 6. Januar 1864 betreffend die Preiheit des Theaterbetriebes. ' In " Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlis- berger." 8° Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 102. 1866 {May 7(5).— Loi relative aux instruments de musique m^ca- tawo/MayiS, niques, du 16 mai 1866. In "Bulletin des lois de 1 ' Empire ■^•SiS* Franjais." ii^sdrie, t. 27. 8°. Paris, Imprimerie impdriale, 1866, pp. 649-650. Same. In ' ' Lois f ranjaises et Strangeres sur la propri- 6t€ litt^raire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." ■t. i. 8°. Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, p. 42. Same. In "Le Droit d'au- teur." 6^ ann^e, 1893. 4°. Berne, no. 11, 15 novembre 1893, p. 134. Same. In " Traits th^orique et pratique de la propri^t^ litt^raire et artistique, par EugSne Pouillet." 2° 6d. 8°. Paris, Marchal & Billard, 1894, p. 851. Same. English text: Copyrightlawof May 16, 1866. In "The Law of copyright. By W. A. Copinger." 3d ed. 8°. London, Stevens & Haynes, 1893, pp. 636-637. Same. German text: Gesetz vom 16. Mai 1866 betreffend die mecha- nischen Musikinstrumente. In ' ' Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisber- ger." 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 102. /866 {July 14). — Loi sur les droits des h6ritiers et des ayants cause Law of July 14, des auteurs, du 14 juillet 1866. In "Bulletin des lois de V'B,va.-iS66 pire Franfais." 11' s&ie, t. 28. 8°. Paris, Imprimerie imp^riale, 1867, pp. 61-62. Same. In "Lois franjaises et dtrangSres sur la propri^t^ litt^raire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." t. i. 8°- Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, pp. 43-47. Same. In"Le Droit d'auteur." 6' annde, 1893. 4° Berne, no. 11, 15 novembre 1893, p. 133. Same. In "Traits th^oriqueet pratique de la propri^t^ I04 Copyright Legislation France littdraire et artistique, par Eugene Pouillet." 2' dd. 8°. Paris, Marchal & Billard, 1894, p. 852. Same. English text: Copyright law of July 14, 1866. In " The Law of copyright. ByW. A. Copinger." 3d ed. 8°- I^ondon, Stevens & Haynes, 1893, pp. 637-638. Same. German text: Gesetz vom 14. Juli 1866 betrefEend die Dauer der Rechte der Erben und Rechtsnachfolger der Urheber, Komponis- ten, Oder Kiinstler. In " Gesetze fiber das Urheberrecht in alien Lan- dern. 2te auf., durchgeseheu von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8° Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 102-103. Law of July 29, iSSi {July 29).— Loi sur la liberty de la presse, dn 29 juillet 1881. '^' Chap. \". De I'imprimerie et de la librairie, arts. 3-4. In "Bulle- tin des lois de la R^publique Franjaise." 12° s^rie, t. 23. 8°- Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1882, pp. 125-126. Same. In "Lois franf aises et toanggres sur la propri^td litt&aire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon-Caenet Paul Delalain." t. i. 8°. Paris, E. Pichon, 1889, pp. 47-48. Same. In " Trait6 thdorique et pratique de la propridt^ litt€- raire et artistique, par Eugene Pouillet." 2' ^d. 8° Paris, Marchal & Billard, 1894, p. 853. NOTE. — See also page 854 for "Circulaire du garde des sceaux relative i la loi sur la presse du 29 juillet 1881 (9 novembre 1881)." Same. English text : [Law relating to the liberty of the press] , July 29,1881. In " The Law of copyright. ByW. A. Copinger." 3d ed. 8°. London, Stevens & Haynes, 1S93, p. 638. Same. German text: Gesetz vom 29. Juli 1881 fiber die Pressfreiheit. In ' ' Gesetze fiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landem. 2te auf. , durch- geseheu von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 103. Law of Sept. is, 1SS7 ( September 12 ) . — D^cret qui present la promulgation de la con- '^7 vention sign^e a Berne, le 9 septembre 1886, concernant la crtoion d'une Union internationale pour la protection des oeuvres litt&aires et artistiques, du 12 septembre 1887. In "Bulletin des lois de la R^publique Franjaise." 12° s^rie, t. 35. 8° Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1888, pp. 566-576. Same. In " Le Droit d'auteur." 7° ann^e, 1S94. 4°. Berne, no. 3, 15 mars 1894, p. 45. Law of Oct. !9, 1887 {Odober 2^).—D6cTet declarant applicables aux colonies les '*''7 dispositions legislatives qui r^glent en France la propriety litt^raire et artistique (29 octobre 1887), arts. 1-2. In "Lois franjaises et dtrang^res sur la propriety litt^raire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon- Caenet Paul Delalain." t. I. 8°. Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, pp. 48-49. Same. In " Le Droit d'auteur." 6" ann&, 1893. 4°. Berne, no. 11, 15 novembre 1893, p. 135. Same. In " Traits thforique et pratiqvie de la propriety litt&aire et artistique, par Eugene Pouillet." 2' ^d. 8°. Paris, ^Marchal & Billard, 1894, p. 855. Same. German text: Dekret vom 29. Oktober 1887 betrefEend die Anwendung der gesetzlichen Bestimmungen, welche das litterarische und kfinstlerische Eigentum in Frankreich regeln, auf die Kolonien. In ' ' Gesetze fiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf. , durch- List of Foreign Copyright Laws 105 gesehen von Prof . Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8°. L,eipzig, G. Hedeler, France 1902, p. 103. i&gS {February 9).— Loi sur les fraudes en mati^re artistique, du Law of Feb. 9, 9 fdvrier 1895. In "Bulletin des lois de la R^publique Fran- '*« false." 12" sdrie, t. 50. 8°. Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1895, pp. 298-299. Same. In ' ' I/jis franjaises et 6trang^res sur la propri^t^ littdraire et artistique, par Ch. Lypn-Caen et Paul Delalain." Sup- plement 1890-1896. 8°. Paris, F. Pichon, 1896, pp. 6-7. Same. In "Le Droit d'auteur." 8" annde, 1895. 4°. Berne, no. 2, 15 f^vrier 1895, p. 14. Same. German text: Gesetz vom 9. Februar 1895 iiber Betrug in kiinstleriscbeu Sachen. In " Gesetze iiber das Urbeberrecbt in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8°- Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 104. 1^97 {J'^^y 30). — I/ei/iberip). —Reglemen't pour I'application du texte unique des lois des 25 juin 1865, 10 aolit 1875 et 18 mai 1882, (19 septembre List of Foreign Copyright Laws 133 1882), arts. 1-14. In "lyois franjaises et teangeres sur la propridtd Italy litt&aire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon-Caeu et Paul Delalain." t. i. 8°. Paris, F. Pichou, 1889, pp. 400-406. Same. In "Le Droit d'au- teur." 8= ann^e, 1895. 4° Berne, no. 7, 15 juillet 1895, pp. 90-91. Same. German text: Verfiigung vom 19. September 1882 fiir die Ausfiihrung des zusammengefassteii Gesetztextes der Gesetze vom 25. Juni 1865, 10. August 1875 und 18. Mai 1882, arts. 1-14. In "Gesetze liber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durcbgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rotblisberger. " 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 137-140. J8S7 {^November 6). — Regio decreto che approva la Convenzione Law of Nov. 6, per latutela delle opere letterarie ed artisticbe fra 1' Italia ed altri '' Stati, n. 5024 (serie 3°), [dato a Monza, addi 6 novembre 1887]. In "De' Diritti di autore suUe opere dell' ingegno ne' rapporti interna- zionali. Studio, Pietro Esperson." 8° Torino, 1899, pp. 259-267. Same. French text: D^cret. royal (du 6 novembre 1887). In "I,e Droit d'auteur." 8' annfe, 1895. 4°. Berne, no. 12, 15 d^cembre 1895, p. 158. i8g3 {August 6) . — RSglement concernant les reproductions photo- Law of Aug. 6, graphiques (du 6aoilt 1893). In "I^e Droit d'auteur." 7'^ann^e, 1894. *'•' 4°. Berne, no. 6, 15 juin 1894, pp. 81-82. Same. German text: Verfiigung vom 6. August 1893, betreffend die photographischen Vervielfaltigungen der dem Staate gehorenden Kunstdenkmaler, etc. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rotblisberger." 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 140-142. /(S97 {November 21^. — Regio decreto 21 novembre 1897, n. 517, che LawofNov.21, da plena ed intera esecuzioue all' atto ed alia dichiarazione addizionale '^^ alia Convenzione di Berna del 9 settembre 1886 per la tutela della propriety letteraria ed artistica. In " De' Diritti di autore sulle opere deir ingegno ne' rapporti internazionali. Studio, Pietro Esperson." 8°- Torino, 1899, pp. 268-271. Same, Modificazioni alia Convenzione internazionale di Berna per la tutela della propriety letteraria ed artistica. 14 pp. 8°. [Roma, Tip. nazionale di G. Bertero, 1898.] [Decree of November 21, 1897], p. 5. Union Internationale pour la protection des oeuvres litt^raires et artistiques. Acte additionnel du 4 mai 1896, pp. 6-12. Declaration interprdtant certaines dispositions de la Convention de Berne du 9 septembre 1886, pp. 13-14. igoo {June 10). — D&ret relatif £l I'adh^sion del'Italie 4 la Conven- Law of June 10, tion de Montevideo (du 10 juin 1900). In "Le Droit d'auteur." 136.^900 annfe, 1900. 4° Berne, no. 7, 15 juillet 1900, p. 85. Same. German text: Verordnung vom 10. Juni 1900, betreffend die ^ijbereinkunft von Montevideo vom 11. Januar 1889. In " Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rotblisberger," 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 327. 134 Copyright Legislation JAPAN Japan: i8()^ [March j). — Loi sur le droit d'auteur au Japon, [le 3 mars de Laws la 32'= ann^e de Mdiji 1899.] anon. French translation, cover tit., I 1., 13 pp., 1 1. Japanese characters. 16° [n. p., n. d.] Same. English text: Law of copyright [March 3, 1899]. In "Advance sheets of Consular reports." 8°. [Washington], no. 415, May 2, 1899, pp. 4-8. Same. French text: Loi sur le droit d'auteur (du 3 mars 1899). In "Le Droit d'auteur." 12" ann^e, 1899. 4°. Berne, no. 12, 15 ddcem- bre 1899, pp. 141-144. Same. German text: Gesetz vom 3. Marz 1899 iiber das Urheber- recht. In " Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 142-147. Note. — This law went into force on July 15, 1899. j8gg (Junezy). — Ordonnance imp&iale sur les droits d'auteur au Japon, [le 27 juin 1899]. i p. 1., 17 pp., i 1. Japanese characters. 12°- [n. p., n. d.] Titles Histoire et I'^tat actuel de la legislation relative aux droits d'auteur au Japon. [Signed Rentaro Mizuno.] i p. 1., 30 pp., i 1. Japanese characters. 8°. Tokyo, 1903. Collection de la legislation sur les droits d'auteur au Japon. i p. 1., ii, 76 pp., I 1. Japanese characters. 8°. Tokyo, 1903. Reglement sur la publication des ouvrages (13 mai 1869), pp. 1-6. Reglement sur la publication desouvrages (1872), pp. 6-11. Loi sur la publication des ouvrages (13 septembre 1875), pp. 12-25. Penalit^s relatives 3. la loi sur la publication des ouvrages, pp. 25-27. Regle- ment relatif au droit de propriety sur les photographies (17 juin 1876), pp. 28-31. Ordonnance imp^riale (no. 77) sur les droits de propridt^ des auteurs (28 d^cembre 1887), pp. 31-42. Ordonnance imp^riale (no. 78) relative aux ouvrages dramatiques et aux compositions musi- cales (28 d^cembre 1887), pp. 42-43. Ordonnance imp^riale (no. 79) relative au droit de propriety sur les photographies ( 28 d^cembre 1887 ) , pp. 44-47. Loi (no. 16) sur les droits de propriety des auteurs (24 avril 1893), pp. 47-59. Loi sur le droit d'auteur (1899), pp. 60-76. LUXEMBOURG LnxEMBouRG: i8g8 {May 10). — Loi sur le droit d'auteur (du 10 mai 1898). Laws In "Le Droit d'auteur." IP ann6e, 1898. 4°- Berne, no. 6, 15 juin 1898, pp. 65-67. Same. German text: Gesetz vom 10. Mai 1898 betreffend das Urheberrecht. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8°. Leip- zig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 148-153. List of Foreign Copyright Laws 135 iSgS {May 10). — Arrfet^ grand-ducal concernant I'ex^cutioii de la i,uxembouk.o loi sur le droit d'auteur (du lo mai 1898). In "Le Droit d'auteur." W ann^e, 1898. 4°. Berne, no. 6, 15 juin 1898, pp. 67-68. ' Same. German text: Grossh. Beschluss vom 10. Mai 1898 betref- fend die Ausfiilirung des Gesetzes fiber das Urheberrecht. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 153. iSgS {May 13). — ArrStd pris en execution de I'article 3 de I'arret^ grand-ducal du 10 mai 1898 (du 13 mai 1898). In "Le Droit d'auteur." IV annde, 1898. 4°. Berne, no. 6, 15 juin 1898, pp. 68-69. Rothlisberger (Ernst). Le droit d'auteur d'aprSs la nouvelle loi Titles luxembourgeoise du 10 mai 1898. In "Journal du droit international priv^." t. 26. 8°- Paris, no. v-vi, 1899, pp. 503-515. 1884 {June i). — C6digo civil [1° de junio de 1884]. Libro 2°, Mexico: tit. viii. Del trabajo. In "C6digo civil del Distrito federal y terri- Codes torio de la Baja California. Reforma(Jo en virtud de la autorizaci6n concedida al ejecutivo por decreto de 14 de diciembre de 1883." 8° Mexico, Aguilar € hijos, 1894, pp. 143-159. Cap. I. Disposiciones preliminares, pp. 143-144. Cap. II. De la pro- piedad literaria, pp. 144-147. Cap. III. De la propiedad dramdtica, pp. 148-150. Cap. IV. De la propiedad artistica, pp. 150-151. Cap. V. Reglas para declarar la falsificaci6n, pp. 151-153. Cap. VI. Penas de la falsificaci6n, pp. 153-155. Cap. VII. Disposiciones generales, pp. 155-159- Same. German text: Civilgesetzbuch vom 14. Dezember 1883, arts. 1 132-1 27 1 . In " Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landeru. 2te auf ., durchgesehen von Prof . Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8° Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 154-164. i88c) {February 27). — Ordonnance souveraine sur la protection des Monaco: ceuvres artistiques et litt^raires [le 27* f^vrier 1889]. In "Le Droit Laws d'auteur." 2* annde, 1889. 4°- Berne, no. 9, 15 septembre 1889, pp. 107-108. Same. In "Lois franjaises et ^trangSres sur la propri^t^ litt^raire et artistique, par Ch. Lyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." t i. 8°. Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, pp. 423-432. Same. English text: Copyright law of February 27, 1889. In "The Law of copyright. By W. A. Copinger." 3d ed. 8°. London, Stevens & Haynes, 1893, pp. 775-7Si. Same. German text: Fiirstl. Verordnungen vom 27. Februar 1889 und 3. Juni 1896 betreffend den Schutz der litterarischen uud kiinst- 1 36 Copyright Legislation Monaco lerischen Werke. In ' ' Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 164-168. Art. 37, 2d section, and art. 38, which related to formalities, have been repealed by the ordinance of June 3, 1896. i88g {September 2y) . — Ordonnance concernant la mise en vigueur, dans. la Principautd, de la Convention du 9 septembre 1886 cr&int une Union internationale pour la protection des ceuvres littdraires et artis- tiques (du 27 septembre 1889). In "I,e Droit d'auteur." 2' ann^e, 1889. 4°. Berne, no. 10, 15 octobre 1889, p. 113. i8g6 (y««i? J ). ^Ordonnance souveraine modifiant I'ordonnance du 27 septembre 1889 sur la protection des oeuvres littdraires et artistiques {du 3 juin 1896). In " Le Droit d'auteur." 9* annfe, 1896. 4° Berne, no. 7, 15 juillet 1896, pp. 89-90. Same. German text: Fiirstl. Verordnungen vom 3. Juni 1896 betreffend den Schutz der litterarischen und kiinstlerischen Werke. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8° Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 165, 166, 168. Note. — The provisions of this ordinance, amending arts. 6, 11 (par. i), 12-16, and 35, are given in italics as part of the Royal ordinance of February 27, 1889. This ordinance of June 3, 1896, repeals art. 37, 2d sec, and art. 38 of the ordinance of February 27, 1889, which relate to formalities. CONVENTION OF MONTEVIDEO MoNTEviDEAN iSSq {January J i). — Tratado sobire propiedad literaria y artistica. Convention jj^ "Rggistro nacional de laRepfiblica Argentina," Ano 1894 (segundo semestre). 8°. Buenos Aires, Taller tipogrdfico de la Penitenciaria, 1 894, pp. 784-786. Same. In ' ' Conferencia internacional americana. ' ' t. 2. 4° Washington, Government printing office, 1890. (Senate ex. doc. 232, part 6, 51st Congress, ist session), pp. 582-585. Same. French text: Traits de propri^t^ litt^raire et artistique (du 11 Janvier 1889). In " Le Droit d'auteur." 2' ann^e, 1889. 4° Berne, no. 5, 15 mai 1889, pp. 52-53. Same. German text: Ubereinkunft von Montevideo vom 11. Januar 1889 betreffend den Schutz des Eigentums an Werken der Litteratur und Kunst. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2teauf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8° Leip- zig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 324-326. i8g4 {December (5).— Genehmigung der Ubereinkunft von Monte- video seitens der Argentinischen Republik durch Gesetz vom 6. De- zember 1894. In " Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf ., durchgesehen von Prof . Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 326. Accession 0/ /goj {June i). — Ddcret du President de la R6publique Argentine Belgium acceptant I'adh&ion de la Belgique a la Convention de Montevideo (du I" juin 1903). In "Le Droit d'auteur." 16' ann^e, 1903. 4°. Berne, no. 7, 15 juillet 1903, p. 74. List of Foreign Copyright Laws ^n Accession of France 1903 (^September I ■j'). — Publication du Minist^re des affaires dtran- montevidean g^res concernant I'adh&ion de la Belgique ^ la Convention de Monte- Convention video, du 11 Janvier 1889 (du 17 septembre 1903). In " Le Droit d'auteur." 16" ann6e, 1903. 4°. Berne, no. 10, 15 octobre 1903, p. 109. 1^97 iji^ly 30)- — Ivoi portant autorisation de donner son plein et entier effet ^ I'adh&ion de la France a la convention conclue le 11 Janvier 1889, 4 Montevideo, entre la R^publique Argentine, la Bolivie, le Br^sil, le Chili, le Paraguay, le Pdrou et I'Uruguay, pour la garantie reciproque de la propri^t^ litt^raire et artistique. In " Journal officiel de la R^publique Franf aise. " 29^ ann&. 4° Paris, no. 215, 10 aolit 1897, p. 4599. Same. In "Le Droit d'auteur." 10= ann^e, 1897. 4°. Berne, no. 9, 15 septembre 1897, pp. 97-98. /L 4°. CaHKTneTep- CypiTb, rocyflapcTEeHHaa THnorpa^ia, 1887, p. 60. i88j. — ^UpnjioaceHie isrt, cTaiii 420 (npHM. 2). O npaEi codcTBeH- HOCTH Ha npOHSEefleHiH HayK'b, ciOBecHocTH, xy,i IIpOH3Be.^^eHifi [Relating to public representation of dramatic, musi- cal, and musico-dramatic compositions] , pp. 152-163. O xy^oacecT- BeHHoft coficTBeHHOcTH [On artistic copyright], pp. 164-197. SALVADOR CONSTITUTIONS 1886 [August j). — Verfassung vom 3. August 1886, art. 31. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landem. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 214. CODES /55o. — Biirgerliches Gesetzbuch von 1880, art. 663. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 214. Santo Do- mingo: Constitutions igoo {June 2). — Loi concernant la protection des droits des auteurs (du 2 juin 1900). In " Le Broit d'auteur." 14" ann^e, 1901. 4° Berne, no. 8, 15 aoflt igoi, pp. 89-90. Same. In " Annuaire de legis- lation toangSre. ' 2° sfrie, 1='° ann^e. 8°. Paris, Librairie Cotillon, 1902, pp. 614-615. Same. German text: Gesetz vom 2. Juni 1900 betreffend den Schutz der Urheberrechte. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf., durchgesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger." 8°. Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, pp. 214-215. santo domingo constitutions i8p6 [June 20). — Constituci6n politica promulgada en 20 junio 1896. Titulo III. Garantias de los dominicanos, art. 11, sec. 9. In " Colec- ci6n de las instituciones politicas y juridicas de los pueblos moder- nos, por Alejo Garcia Moreno." 2' serie. t. i. 8° Madrid, Be- vista de legislaci6n universal, 1902, Appendix, p. 4. List of Foreign Copyright Laws 147 790/ (^August 12). — I,oi concernant la protection de la propri^td Siam: intellectuelle des ceuvres litt^raires (du 12 ao6t 1901). In " I,e Droit ^"■'"'^ d'auteur." 16'^ annde, 1903. 4°. Berne, no. 4, 15 avril 1903, pp. 38-39- SOUTH AUSTRALIA 75/5 [October 22). — Act of the Government of South Australia, to South Ans- regulate the law of copyright [41 and 42 Vict., no. 95, assented to '■"''^lia: October 22, 1878]. In " British and foreign state papers, i878-i879.'' ^^ V. 70. 8°. London, W: Ridgway, 1886; pp. 727-750. Same, extracts. In " Hertslet (Lewis). A Complete collection of treaties and conven- tions." V. 17. 8° London, H. Butterworth [etc.J, 1890, pp. 1210-1212. SPAIN i88g. — C6digo civil espanol [1889]. Libro 2°, tit. iv, cap. iii. Spain: De la propiedad intelectual, arts. 428, 429. In "C6digo civil espaiiol Codes anotado por Alejo Garcia Moreno.'' Ed. 7. 16°. Madrid; [J. G6n- gora], 1898, pp. 203-204. Same. French text: Code civil de 1889. Dispositions relatives 4 la propri^t^ intellectuelle, arts. 428-429. In "Le Droit d'auteur." 6° ann^e, 1893. 4° Berne, no. 7, 15 juillet 1893, p. 80. Same. In "Lois franfaises et ^trang^res sur la propri^t^ litt^raire etartis- tique, par Ch. Lyon-Caen et Paul Delalain." t. i. 8°. Paris, F. Pichon, 1889, p. 229. Same. German text: Civilgesetzbuch von 1889, arts. 428-429. In "Gesetze iiber das Urheberrecht in alien Landern. 2te auf . , durch- gesehen von Prof. Ernst Rothlisberger. " 8° Leipzig, G. Hedeler, 1902, p. 257. LAWS 7