262! E75 F79| 1188! mnmm. ft vr\!r\- \f\rsrw-\H i I ,; > 5 ' Q {£ Eg H IP* ^■mf^l ffmm ,£\AA ! '' ; wlfgsnr^wf «M wa-: ^ >s=s /^s }««w3fiwfm r^nA/ iHTOi iili iiftfffMS BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM^ THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF SHenrg IB. Sage 1S91 EHGlNEERlRG LiBRARY. 4d3MA:. MWfi ' Cornell University Library QE 262.E75F79 1885 3 1924 004 543 249 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004543249 MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURYEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OE ESKDALE, ROSEDALE, &o. (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 96 N.E.) (NEW SERIES, SHEET 43.) C. EOX-STRANGWAYS, E.G.S., C. REED, F.G.S., and G. BARROW, E.G.S. PUBLISHED 3X OKDJSK OS THE LOKDS COM3IIB8IOHEBS OS HEK MAJESTY'S TKEASCBT. LONDON; PRINTED POR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, AND SOLD BY Longmans & Co., Paternoster Row; Tkdenek & Co., Ludgate Hill ; Letts, Son, & Co., Limited, 33, King William Street ; Edwabd Stanfokd, Junior, 55, Charing Cross ; J. Wyld, li, Charing Cross ; and B. Quaeitch, 15, Piccadilly; ALSO BY T. J. Day, 53, Market Street, Manchester ; Messrs. W, and A. K. Johnston, Edinburgh j Hodges, Figgis, & Co., 104, Grafton Street, and A. Tiiom & Co,, Limited, Abbey Street, Dublin. 1885. JPrice One Shilling and Sixpence. LIST OF GEOLOGICAL MAPS, SECTIONS, AND PUBLICATIONS OF THE CEOLOCICAL SURVEY. The Mans are those of the Ordnance Survey, geologically coloured by the Geological Surrey of the United Kingdom under the Siinprintendence of Abch. Geikie. LL.D., F.R.S., Direotor General. • ,. (lS5e*SVeSn»tmting Scotland; Ireland, and the West Indies, and for full particulars of all public* 1 ' tions,see" Catalogue." Price 1*.) ENGLAND AND WALES.-(Scale one-inch to a mile.) Maps marked * are also published as Drift Maps. Those marked t are published only as Drift Maps, Sheets 8*, 5, 6* 7* 8, 9, 11 to 22, 25, 26, SO, 81, 33 to 87, 40, 41, 44, 47*, 61* price 8s. 6d. each. Sheet 4, 5s. Sheets 2*, 10, 23, 24, 27 to 29, 32, 3S, 39, 58, 84t, 85t, 4s. each. 102 3 HORIZONTAL SECTIONS, VBSTICA1 SECTIONS, 1 to 139, England, price 5s. each. 1 to 69, England, price 3s. 6d. each. COMPLETED COUNTIES OF EVCLAND AND -WAKES, on a Scale of one-inch to a Mile. Sheets marked * have Descriptive Memoirs. Sheets or Counties marked + are illustrated by General Memoirs. ANGLESE Xt,— 77 (N), 78. Hor. Sect. 40. BEDFORDSHIRE,-46 (NW.NE.SWt, 4 SEt), 52 (N¥, NE, SW, 4 SE). BERKSHIRE— 7*, 8t, 12*, IS*, 31*. 45 (SW*). Hor. Sect. 59, 71, 72, 80). BRECKNOCKSHIRE+,— 86, 41, 42, 56 (NW & SW), 57 (NE 4 SE). Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6, 11, and Vert. Sect. 4 and 10. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,-^* IS* 45* (NE, SE). 46 (NW, SW+), 52 (SW). Hor. Sect. 74, 79. CAERMARTHENSHIREt, 37, 88, 40, 41, 42 (NW & SW), 66 (SW), 57 (SW & SE). Hor. Sect. 2, 8, 4, 7, 8,-9 i and Vert, Sect. 3, 4, 5, 6, IS, 14. CAERNARVONSHIRE,+-74 (NW), 75, 76, 77 (N), 78, 79 (NW 4 SW). Hor. Sect. 28, SI, 40. CARDIGANSHIRE-!-,— 40, 41, 56 (NW), 57, 58, 59 (SE), 60 (SW). Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6. CHESHIRE-73 (NE 4 NW), 79 (NE & SE), 80, 81 (NW* 4 SW*), 88 (SW). Hor. Sect. 18, 48, 44, 60, 64, 65, 67, 70. CORNWALL+,— 24+, 25t, 26t, 29+, S0+, 81+, 32+, 4 3S+. DENBIGH+— 78 (NW), 71,75 (NE),78 (NE SE),79 (NW, SW,SE),80 (SW). Hor.Sect. 81, 35, 38, 39, 43, 44 ;& Vert. SeCt.24. DERBYSHIRE+ — 62 (NE),63 (NW),71 (NW, SW, SE),72 (NE, SE), 81, 82, 88 (SW.SE). Hor. Sect. 18, 46, 60, 61, 69, 70. DEVONSHIRE+,— 20+, 21+,'22t, 23+, 24+, 25+, 26+, 4 27t. Hor. Sect. 19. DORSETSHIRE,— 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22. Hor. Sect. 19, 20, 21, 22, 56. Vert. Sect. 22, ESSEX,— 1+, 2, 47*, 48. Hor. Sect. 84, 120. ' FLINTS HIRE+,— 71 (NE), 79. Hor. Sect. 43. GLAMORGANSHIRE+,— 20, 36, 37, 41, 4 42 (SE & SW). Hor. Sect. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; Vert, Sect. 2, 4, 5, 6, 1, 9, 10, 47. GLOUCESTERSHIRE —19, 34*, 35, 43 (NE, SW, SE), 44*. Hor. Sect. 12, IS, 14, IS, 59; Vert. Sect. 7, 11, 15, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51. HAMPSHIRE — 8+, 9+, 10*, 11+, 12*. 14, 15, 16. Hor. Sect. 80. HEREFORDSHIRE— 42 (NE 4 SE), 43, 55, 56 (NE 4 SE). Hor.Sect. 5, 13, 27, SO, 34 ; and Vert. Seet.15. KENTt,— 1+ (SW 4 SE), 2+, 3+, 4*, 6+. Hor.Sect. 77 and 78. MERIONETHSHIRE+,— 59 (NE 4 SE), 60 (NW), 71, 75 (NE 4 SE). Hor. Sect. 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 88, 39. MIDDLESEX+ ,—1+ (NW 4 SW), 7*, 8+. Hor. Sect. 79. MONMOUTHSHIRE,— 85, 36, 42 (SB 4 NE), 48 (SW). Hor. Sect. 5 and 12 ; and Vert. Sect. 8, 9, 10, 12. MONTGOMERYSHIRE+,— 56 (NW), 59 (NE 4 SE), 60, 74 (SW & SE). Hor. Sect. 26, 27, 29, SO, 82, 34, 85, 86, 38, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE-64, 45 (NW & NE), 46 (NW), 52 (NW, NE, & SW), 68 (NE, SW, & SE), 63 (SE), 64. OXFORDSHIRE— 7", IS", 31*, 44*, 45 s , 58 (SE*, SW). Hor. Sect. 71, 72, 81, 82. PEMBROKESHIRE,— 88, 39, 40, 41, 58. Hor. Sect. 1 and 2 ; and Vert. Sect. 12 and IS. RADNORSHIRE,— 42 (NW & NE), 56, 60 (SW 4 SE). Hor. Sect. 5, 6, 27. RUTLANDSHIREt — this county is wholly included within Sheet 64.* SHROPSHIRE— 55 (NW, NE), 56 (NE), 60 (NE, SE), 61, 62 (NW), 7S 74 (NE, SE). Hor. Sect. 24, 25, SO, S3, 34, 86, 41, 44, 45, 53, 51, 58 ; and Vert. Sect. 23, 21. SOMERSETSHIRE— 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, S5. Hor. Sect. 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22; and Vert. Sect. 12, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,51. STAFFORDSHIRE,— (54 NW), 55 (NE), 61 (NE, SE), 62, 68 (NW), 71 (SW), 72, 73 (NE, SE), 81 (SE, SW). Hor, Sect. 18, 23, 24, 25, 41, 42, 45, 19, 64, 57, 61, 60s and Vert. Sect. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, SUFFOLK,— 17,* 48,* 49, 60, 61, 66 SE,* 67. SURREY,-^ (SWt), 6t, 7*, 8+, 12+. Hor. Sect. 74, 75, 76, and 79. SUSSEX,— 4*, 5+, 6+, 8t, 9+, lit. Hor. Sect. 78, 75, 76, 77, 78. . WARWICKSHIRE,— 41*, 15 (NW), 53*, 54, 62 (NE, SW, SE), 63 (NW, SW, SE). Hor. Sect. 23,48, 49, 50, 61, 82,88s and Vert. Sect. 21. ' WILTSHIRE,— 12*, IS*, 14, 15, 18, 19, 34*, and 85. Hor. Sect. 15 and 59. WORCESTERSHIRE,— 43 (NE), 44*, 64, 65, 62 (SW SE), 61 (SE). Hor. Sect.lS, 23, 25. 50, 59, and Vert. Sect.lS. GENERAL MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. REPORT on CORNWALL, DEVON, and WEST SOMERSET. By Sir H. T. De La Beche. 14s. (O.P.) FIGURES and DESCRIPTIONS of the PALEOZOIC FOSSILS in the above Counties. By Pboe. Phtlmph. (O P > The MEMOIRS of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY of GREAT BRITAIN. Vol. I., 21s.; Vol. II. (in 2 Parts), 42s. NORTH WALES. By A. C. Ramsay. Appendix, by J. W. Salteb and Ri Ethebidge. 2nd Ed, 21s. (Vol, HI. of Memoirs, 4c.) The LONDON BASIN. Parti. The Chalk and the Eocene Beds of the Southern and Western Tracts, Bv W. Whitabtto (Parts by H.W.Beistow and T.McK.Htohes.) 18s. (Vol. IV. of Memoirs, &c.) * * Guide to the GEOLOGY of LONDON and the NEIGHBOURHOOD. By W. Whitakeb. 4th Ed. Is The WEALD (PARTS of the COUNTIES of KENT, SURREY, SUSSEX, and HANTS). By W. TopiETT, 17s 64 The TRIASSIC and PERMIAN ROCKS of the MIDLAND COUNTIES of ENGLAND, By E. Hun. 5s, ' ' The FENLAND. By S. B. J. Skebtchxy. 36s. M. The MANUFACTURE of GUN FLINTS, and the METHODS of EXCAVATING for FLINT, with an ACCOUNT of tiro various APPLICATIONS of that MATERIAL. By S. B. J. Skebtchly. 16s. ^wwum™ The SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS of SOUTH-WEST LANCASHIRE. By C. E. De Rance. 10s. 6d. MEM0IE8 OF THE GEOLOGICAL SUEYEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OE ESKDALE, ROSEDALE, &o. (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 96 N.E.) (NEW SERIES, SHEET 43.) ET C. EOX-STRANGWAYS, E.G.S., C. REID, E.G.S., and G. BARROW, E.G.S. PUBLISHED BY OEDEE OP THE LOEDS COMMISSIOUEB8 01 HEB MAJESTY'S TBEA8UBY. LONDON: PRINTED FOE, HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, AND SOLD BY Longmans & Co., Paternoster Row ; Trubneb & Co., Ludgate Hill ; Letts, Son, & Co., Limited, 33, King William Street ; Edward Stanfobd, Junior, 55, Charing Cross ; J. Wyld, 12, Charing Cross ; and B. Quaeitch, 15, Piccadilly ; also by T. J. Day, 53, Market Street, Manchester ; Messrs. W. and A. K. Johnston, Edinburgh ; Hodges, Figgis, & Co., 104, Grafton Street, and A. TnoM & Co., Limited, Abbey Street, Dublin. 1885. Price One Shilling and Sixpence. NOTICE. The following Memoir describes the geology of the highest and most picturesque part of the great table- land of the north-east of Yorkshire. The Map to which it refers shows that this region may be regarded as a vast model exemplifying, in a striking manner, the rela- tions of topographical feature to the nature and dis- position of the rocks underneath. The strata being nearly horizontal and little disturbed by dislocations, the valleys radiating from the tableland can be traced out as the results of erosion, with a precision and com- pleteness unattainable in other districts of the country where the geological structure is less simple. Standing at the head of any one of these valleys, the observer has the whole sequence of rocks laid bare before him from the middle of the Lower Oolites down to the Lower Lias, and with his eye can follow the successive sub- divisions of the Lias as their outcrops wind along the slopes. The absence of Drift over most of the country depicted on the Map is one of the most remarkable features of the geology. Boulder Clay, of the usual type, extents to a height of about 800 feet up the valleys that trench the northern front of the tableland, but is not met with in the interior, nor has any trace been found there of local glaciation. These uplands appear to have formed an insular space round which the ice- sheets swept but which remained unsubmerged. In the Drift edition of the Map the limits of the glaciated and non-glaciated tracts can best be seen. The Lias and Lower and Middle Oolites are well represented in the District, and the present Memoir is mainly devoted to a description of these strata as developed within the area embraced by the Map. ARCH. GEIKIE, Geological Survey Office, Director General. January 28, 1885. o 15617. Wt. 17758. A 2 NOTICE. The one-inch Map, of which the following pages are an explanation, is numbered 96 N.E. of the Geological Survey Map. In the New Series of the Ordnance Survey the Sheet is numbered 43. Two editions of the Ma pare published, one showing the Solid Geology only, the other showing the Drift. The price of each Map is three shillings. The area was surveyed, under the superintendence of Mr. H. H. Howell, by Mr. C. Fox^Strangways (south and south-east part) ; Mr. Clement Eeid (central area), and Mr. George Barrow (north and west).- Each officer describes the area for which he is responsible, but Mr. Eox-Strangways has edited the whole. The area is further illustrated by the following six- inch Maps of Yorkshire, viz., Sheets 43, 44, 45, 58, 59, 60, and by parts of Sheets 29, 30, 31, 73, 74, 75. These Maps are not published by the Geological Survey, but MS. Coloured Copies are deposited for public reference in the Survey Office. Five sheets of Horizontal Sections, on a scale of six inches to one mile, traverse the district ; these are — Sheets 131, 132, 134, 135, 137 ; they are published at five shillings each. H. W. BRISTOW, Geological Survey Office, Senior Director. 28, Jermyn Street, London, S.W. January 1885. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Introduction Table of Formations . CHAPTER II. Lias Lower Lias Middle Lias- Upper Lias- — Sandy Series - Ironstone Series - - - -Grey Shale Jet Rock - Alum Shale CHAPTER III. Page 1 2 3 3 5 7 18 18 19 Lower Oolite - - - - - - - -21 The Dogger - - - - - - - - 21 Lower Estuarine Series - - - - - - 27 Eller Beck Bed, with Ironstone - - - - 29 Coal Seams - - - - - - -35 Grey Limestone Series .... - 38 Upper Estuarine Series, with the Moor Grit - - - 42 Cornbrash - - - - - - - 42 CHAPTER IV. Middle Oolite - Kellaways Rock Oxford Clay Lower Calcareous Grit Passage Beds Lower Limestone - Middle Calcareous Grit CHAPTER V. 45 45 46 47 47 47 Igneous Rocks - - - - - - - - 49 Whinstone Dyke ------ 49 CHAPTER VI. Superficial Deposits - - - - - - -51 Glacial Beds - - - - - - - 51 Post-Glacial Beds - - - - - - - 53 Peat - - - - - - - -53 Alluvium - - - - - - - 54 CHAPTER VII. Structure and Physical Geography - - - - - 55 APPENDIX. List of Works referring to the Geology - - - - 58 THE GEOLOGY OE ESKDALE, ROSEDALE, &o. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION The Quarter-Sheet 96 N.E., of which the following pages are an explanation, has an area of 216 square miles; it comprises the highest ground in North-east Yorkshire, and contains the finest dale and moorland scenery in that part of the county. The map contains no towns, but there are several villages, more particularly along its southern edge, and in Esk Dale : the greater part of the area, however, being moorland, the population is mostly scattered along the sides of the great dales which have been brought into cultivation. The principal villages in the south of the map are Lockton, Levisham, Newton, Lastingham, Spaunton, Hutton-le-HoIe, and Gillamoor. Along Esk Dale there are Grosmont, Egton, Glais- dale, Lealholme Bridge, Danby, and Castleton: besides which may be mentioned Goathland, Rosedale, Chop Gate, and Ingleby Greenhow. Some of these — especially Rosedale, Grosmont, and Glaisdale — are of considerable importance from the iron industry ■which has been carried on at them. The watershed dividing the drainage of the Derwent from that flowing north crosses the centre of the map and rises from an average height of about 900 feet in the east to 1,489 feet at Burton Head, the highest point in East Yorkshire. South of this line we have the great valleys of Bilsdale, Bransdale, Farndale, Rosedale, and Newton Dale, all tributary to the Derwent ; and north of it there is the valley of the Esk with its tributaries flow- ing to the sea at Whitby, and the low-lying ground about Ingleby Greenhow in the north-west corner, which drains into the Tees. The greater part of the surface is occupied by the Estuarine Series of the Lower Oolites, which in this district have a very coal-measure aspect, and have been extensively worked for the thin coals which they contain. These beds are cut through by the great valleys mentioned above, which expose the various divi- sions of the Lias. Along the southern part of the map is a narrow 2 GEOLOGY OF ESKDALE, ROSEDALE, &0. Strip of Middle Oolites, forming the northern edge and escarp- ment of the Tabular Hills, described in the Memoir on Quarter- Sheet 96 S.E. Table of Formations. The following are the geological formations which occur in the district : — • (Recent and ("Alluvium. Post Glacial \ Peat. Tertiary? [_ Glacial Igneous. Middle Oolite. Secondary '«< Lower Oolite. Lias. Boulder Clay and Gravel. Basalt (Whinstone). ["Middle Calcareous Grit Lower Limestone. J Passage Beds. 1 Lower Calcareous Grit. Oxford Clay. ^Kellaways Rock. "Cornbrash. Upper Estuarine Series with Moor Grit._ Grey Limestone Series. Lower Estuarine Series with thin Coals and the " Eller Beck Bed." Dogger. f Upper Lias, -j Middle Lias. L Lower Lias. OHAPTEK II. LIAS. Lower Lias. The Lower Lias consists of grey, earthy, rather sandy shales, with tough ferruginous doggers and lines of decayed fossils. None of the dales except Bilsdale and the low ground in the north-west corner of the map are cut more than 160 feet into the Lower Lias, so no beds below the zone of Ammonites capricornus are exposed. The most easterly exposure of the Lower Lias is in the bed of the Esk below the third railway bridge north-east of Grosmont Ironworks; the beds here consist of rather hard, sandy, grey, micaceous shales with rows of ferruginous nodules often remark- ably spherical. These sometimes contain Am. capricornus, but fossils, as a rule, are not common. Only about 50 feet of Lower Lias is seen in this neighbourhood. In Glaisdale there is so much Drift that it is impossible to say whether Lower Lias occurs. If it occurs, it is entirely hidden by the Boulder Clay, and as there is no means of measuring the depth of the Drift, no beds beneath the Middle Lias have here been mapped. In Great Fryup the Lower Lias is not reached, but the ad- joining dale of Little Fryup cuts about 25 feet into it. There is no good section, though the earthy shales can be seen in the stream below Crosley Side House. Danby Dale being quite free from Drift, the grey, earthy shales can be examined at several points in the bed of the stream between Gate House and Honey Bee Nest. The sections are small and no fossils were observed. Not more than 30 feet of the Lower Lias has been cut through. The sections in Westerdale are much better and a larger area of Lower Lias is exposed. Immediately west of the fault near Low Farm a low cliff overhanging the stream shows:* Shale with tough doggers - Line of decayed fossils ----- Shale with scattered fossils and tough pyritous doggers Earthy shale with few fossils .... Total - - - - 18 3 For a long distance the Lower Lias dips with the stream, so that, though it is exposed for fully three miles in the bottom of Westerdale, there is probably nowhere more than 40 or 50 feet of * This and all succeeding sections are given in descending order. Ft. In. 4 3 5 9 4 GEOLOGY OF ESKDAT.E, EOSEDALE, &U. the upper portion exposed. A furlong east of Hunter's Stile Bridge a scar on the south side of the stream shows : Pi. In. Shale with doggers - - - - - 20 Oolitic ironstone - - - - - -06 Shale with doggers - - - - - 6 Total - - - - 26 6 The top of this section is very near the base of the Middle Lias. The occurrence of oolitic ironstone is very unusual in the Lower Lias, and at first caused some doubt as to whether the beds might not belong to the Ironstone Series of the Middle Lias. However, earthy shales containing a seam of impure ironstone, with Ammonites capricornus, seen in the gill leading to Westerdale Hall, prove that these shales belong to the Lower Lias. The section is poor, but shows an irregular line of earthy ironstone full of fossils, including abundance of Am. capricornus. In the road and cliff between the village and the Esk there is : — Pt. In. rather sandy> with ^ ugh doggers . g Q T T . f Shale, with a few scattered tough, earthy .uower uiaa. y doggers 35 Half a mile south-west of Benjy Hou:?e the oolitic ironstone is again seen in the stream, and from the occurrence of slag heaps a few yards west, and also half a mile north, this ironstone would appear to have been one of the seams anciently worked. At a point a mile further south a change in the dip rapidly carries the beds beneath the stream, and though numerous exposures of the shale are found, there are no good continuous sections. In the eastern branch of Westerdale there is another small inlier. In the north-west corner of the map the great plain is com- pletely drift covered, and although a large area of the Lower Lias exists at the foot of the great Ingleby escarpment it is only in the Leven, between Kildale and Easby, that any clear sections are seen. This' stream, in passing over the junction of the Middle and Lower Lias, just beyond the limit of the map, makes ■a small waterfall, one of the most picturesque in the district ; below this, sections of grey, sandy, micaceous shale occur at intervals as far as Burrow Green's Wood. In Bilsdale the Lower Lias is first seen just south of The Holme, and from this point down the dale small exposures are numerous, especially in the neighbour- hood of Chop Gate. Near here, in Raisdaie Beck, just above its junction with this dale, is a line of small ironstone nodules con- taining the usual fossils, which are the lowest beds reached in the dale ; in the bank above, shales with Am. capricornus are seen. Hollow Bottom Beck near Crookleth flows over these beds for a ■considerable distance, and the shales are also seen at intervals in the banks of the Seph. In Tripsdale, just below Hagg House, the junction of these beds with the Middle Lias is clearly seen, but further down the stream there are no more clear exposures. LOWER LIAS. O Bransdale cuts about 60 or 70 feet into the Lower Lias, but though there are several small sections of earthy shale, no detailed measurements can be obtained. Though Farndale shows far more of the Lower Lias than the other inliers, the undulating country these earthy shales form seldom shows sections of more than a few feet. The total thick- ness of Lower Lias here exposed must be fully 160 feet. Middle Lias. The Middle Lias of this district can be divided into two deposits of distinct lithological character : a lower " Sandy Series " tmd an upper or " Ironstone Series." Both, however, are very ferruginous, though workable ironstone only occurs in the higher division. The " Sandy Series," forming the " Marlstone " of Phillips {though it is ou a lower horizon than the Marlstone of the south of England), consists of sandy ferruginous shales passing into thin-bedded, flaggy sandstones. The beds are full of casts of fossils, especially Cardium truncatum, and measure abuut 70 feet in thickness. The " Ironstone Series," so called from the occurrence of the well-known Cleveland Ironstone in it, consists of dark shale with seams of ironstone. Sandy Series. — About Grosmont, on the soutli side of the Esk, several small sections are seeD, from which the total thickness appears to be about 60 feet, but it is difficult to obtain many fossils from these exposures. On the north side of the river the Boulder Clay completely obscures these beds, but they were proved in a boring at the North Mine. In Glaisdale though the Sandy Series undoubtedly occurs it is entirely hidden by Drift, and has therefore not been separated from the Ironstone Series. Both Great and Little Fryup show several small sections of these shales, the best being in the gill near Fryup Hall, and in Slidney Dike, a quarter of a mile from Wood Head. In Little Fryup the shales are only seen in the beck south of Stone Beck Gate, and outcropping in the road a furlong east of the same place. None of these sections allow of detailed measurements. The sections in Danby Dale are numerous though small. The best are in the immediate neighbourhood of the church, Cardium truncatum being found in abundance in the churchyard. Other exposures can be seen in the bridle road through Church Wood, and also in various parts of the gill below the wood. Road sections occur in Bur-tree Lane, near Gate House, and at Midge Holes, and there are also small exposures in the two gills north- east of Nook House. In Westerdale there are probably better sections of the Sandy Series than in any other of the inliers, but nowhere can the beds 6 GEOLOGY OF ESKDALE, KOSEDALE, &C. be measured. Commencing with the eastern branch of the dale, exposures of sandy shale can be examined a short distance south of Wyett Bridge, and also in the gill near Petch House. The higher part of the same gill shows thin cherty flags, probably belonging to the Sandy Series, but of a character unusual in the Lias. At the north end of Old Mill Wood there is a small section of flaggy sandstone, and similar beds re-appear in the gills east of Tower Bridge. Further south, at Cock Bannock and near Round Hill, sandy shales with cherty ironstone doggers are seen, probably forming the top of the Sandy Series. Some of the best sections in Westerdale are seen in Bagdale Dike, near Westerdale Hall, where sandy shales and flaggy sandstone with Cardium truncatum are exposed. The same beds re-appear in Flats Gill, near the Grange. Though the shales are again seen in Stock Dale there is a good deal of disturbance in the whole of the western branch of Westerdale. The only other clear section occurs due east of Eobin Leys House, where, close to the beck, a scar shows : — Ft. In. Flaggy sandstone. Shales - ... - 9 Line of micaceous ironstone doggers - - 9 Shale. the beds dipping a little W. of N. The sandy shales crop out in several other places in fields aud road cuttings, but there are no clear exposures. There is a small isolated patch of the Sandy Series out- cropping on the hill side above Easby. The rocks here are obscured by the dense vegetation, but fragments of sandstone containing Cardium truncatum are found plentifully along the steep bank in Burrow Greens Wood. South of this great masses . of gravel flank the main escarpment under Battersby Crags ; the spur of rock in Coleson Banks being the first clear section of these beds,- where a small opening, evidently near the base of the Middle Lias, shows thin flags with Gryphma cymbium. Where clear of drift the Sandy Series forms a prominent terrace in the hill side, by which it may be traced round the great quadrangular escarpment ; the detritus is, however, usually too thick to allow the beds in situ to show through, and it is only in large landslips that they are actually seen. The finest of these occurs at Blue Bell Trough, and gives the following section : — Section of the Sandy Series at Blue Bell Trough, Burton Head. Ft. In. Calcareous and ferruginous sandstone with shaly partings, containing Cardium truncatum, &c. in great numbers - 3 6 Hard, sandy shale and thin sandstone - - 5 Hard sandstone, ripple marked - - - .40 Softer ferruginous sandy shale - - - 7 Hard micaceous flaggy sandstone - - - - 3 6 Sandy shale - - - - - , - -46 MIDDLE LIAS. — SANDY SERIES. Hard concretionary sandstone crowded with Cardium Ft. In. truncatum, Gryphcea cymhium, Pecten suhl&vis, Pecten lunularis, Myacites, sp., and occasionally Ammonites mar- garitatus - .... 10 6 Shale 3 6 Sandstone (small speciems of Ga/r&vum truncatum) - 1 Sandstone and shale bands alternating, with Oryphcea beds at base - - - 25 Total - - - - 67 6 Passing round into Bilsdale, the west side of the high road shows a cutting in the upper sandstone beds of this series and exposures are numerous in the neighbourhood, almost every small stream flowing down the sides of the dale showing some part of the Sandy Series. Just south of Chop Gate a bridle road goes up the hill on fo the moor, where the rain has washed these beds bare so that they can be clearly examined though not measured. Good exposures also occur in Stingamire Gill on the west side of the dale, and in Kyloe Gill, just north of High Crosset, on the east; beyond which the Sandy Series dips beneath the bottom of the valley. There are numerous small stream sections of the Sandy Series in Bransdale, especially in Beck Plantation, Gimmer Bank Wood, and at the southern extremity of the inlier. None, how- ever, show anything of interest. Farndale shows the largest inlier of the Sandy Series. The sections are of little importance, though sufficient to fix with considerable accuracy the boundary of this division. The Sandy Series in Rosedale is only represented by two small inliers, exposing about 30 feet of the upper portion. The northern inlier extends along the River Seven from Dale Head Farm nearly to Storrey's House, the banks of the stream showing numerous small sections. A change in the dip carries the beds below the bottom of the valley for half a mile, but they reappear with the same character near Low House, and continue as far as Pry Hills, where a stronger . southerly dip rapidly carries them beneath the Alluvium. The best sections 'are close to Bosedale Abbey, fossiliferous sandy shales appearing in the stream im- mediately below Bow Bridge, and also near the Foot Bridge leading to Hobb Farm. Ironstone Series. — The upper portion of the Middle Lias, forming the "Ironstone Series" of Professor Phillips, is well represented in this map ; though, from the thinness and general bad quality of the stone, mines are now only worked at Grosmont. The series reaches a thickness of from 60 to 80 feet, and consists of soft, dark, ferruginous shales, with thin bands of ironstone of variable thickness ; the lower portion is hard and sandy, while the upper is grey, softer, and more earthy, and apparently forms a lithological passage into the Upper Lias. In the more westerly dales seams of oolitic ironstone occur, but, in the absence of mines, the positive correlation of the thin seams in these 8 GEOLOGY OF ESKDALE, ROSEDALE, &C. valleys with the more important beds of Cleveland is scarcely- safe. Probably there is a representntive o£ the Main Seam in all these inliers, but in several of them none of the other seams could be recognised. About Grosmont two of these, known as the Pecten and Avicula Seam^, have been mined, and their position in the series may be seen from the following section measured in the banks of the Esk near Grosmont : — Section of Ironstones near Grosmont. Ft. In. Indurated shale band, few ironstone nodules above - 5 Shale with a few nodules and doggers — Am. spinatus, Pecten aquivalvis, &o. - --50 Lenticular, sandy, ironstone band - - - - 6 Shale - - - - ---34 Ironstone* with the large Pecten cequivalvis, Belemnites, &c. - - 1 Shale with large round doggers full of fossils - - 13 Ironstone 6~| Shale 1 3 )>Pecten Seam - 3 7 Ironstone 1 10 j Shale, hard, dark, and sandy - - - - 3 6 Two-Foot Seam. — Ironstone, hard, calcareous, and oolitic — Am. clevelandicus ..... Shale ....... Avicula Seam. — Ironstone - - - - - Shale, rather sandy ------ Band of hard, sandy shale - - - - - Hard shale, rather Bandy ..... The upper part of the above section was measured in the bed of the river just by the south end of the tunnel ; the rest was measured just north of the mines. There is a point of special interest in this section in the Murk Esk. The Pecten Seam does not contain the same fossils as the Main Seam of Cleveland, but it does contain the same as the shelly ironstone at the base of the seam at Eston. In fact, both in its fossils and mode of occurrence, the Pecten Bed shows itself clearly to be the same as the Eston shelly bed, and from this we infer that the Cleveland Main Seam is not the same as the Pecten Seam, but is above the latter. It has been stated, apparently without any good reason, that the Main Seam, which splits up into two as it passes eastward, is represented at Grosmont. by the Pecten and Avicula Seams together. In this case we should clearly expect that the two seams would, pass continuously under the North Cleveland Hills and unite to the west. In reality, however, the Main Seam is represented at Grosmont by a band of impure ironstone only a foot in thickness, and it becomes at once evident that we must go a long way to the * This is probably the representative of tbe Cleveland Main Seam. 10 25 2 6 6 25 89 8 MIDDLE LIAS. — IRONSTONE SERIES. & west before it will have thickened sufficiently to be of any economic value. The Pecten and Avicula Seams have been mined for some years past in the neighbourhood of Grosmont, but in consequence of the thinness and poor quality of the ore, several of these mines have been abandoned. At the present mines the Pecten Seam is usually a shelly and somewhat shaly ironstone, gradually falling to pieces on exposure to the air. Its thickness is about 3 feet 6 inches, but only 2 feet 4 inches of this are workable ironstone, yielding an average of 26*5 per cent, of metallic iron. This seam first appears at the junction of the Murk Esk and Lythe Beck, and is of the usual shelly character ; it, however, soon dips beneath the stream under the railway bridge, and its outcrop being concealed by the buildings and rubbish heaps about the ironworks, is not again seen till a small gully is reached just above the next railway bridge to the north, where a similar section occurs. Further east the two seams were mined by the Whitby Stone Company ; the Pecten Seam yielding about 2 feet 6 inches of ironstone. The Avicula Seam rises from the river bed under the railway bridge north of the furnaces, but its exact thickness cannot be determined. The small Ammonites clevelandicus is abundant here, as is also Pecten lunularis and several other fossils, but they are rather decomposed. Sections of this seam may be seen in almost all the small gullies on the south side of the river, the usual thickness of the ironstone being about 3 feet 6 inches, but on the north side of the stream the Boulder Clay is so thick that no natural sections occur. At Grosmont Mines the usual thickness of ironstone is about 2 feet 6 inches, but in the mine on the oppo- site bank of that river it is 3 feet 6 inches thick. Both seams were proved in a shaft sunk about half a mile south of Grosmont, known as the Esk Valley Mine, where the two seams were proved at a depth of 64 and 70 yards respectively, the Pecten Seam being 3 feet thick and the Avicula Seam about 2 feet. In Glaisdale the only section which can now be examined is in West Arnecliffe Wood. Here the beck has left the old valley, which is now filled with drift, and has cut a gorge through solid rock. About 10 chains east of Bank House Beck there is : — Ft. In. Grey shale with earth doggers containing Ammonites annulatus - - - - - - -10 I. Eow of ferruginous limestone doggers, tough, frac- ture rather earthy, fossiliferous : Belemnites, &c. - 4 II. Hard shale - - - - - 4 III. Eow of very irregular ferruginous limestone dog- gers, fossiliferous - - - - -06 IV. " Indurated shale " band - - - - 1 6 V. Hard shale - - - - - - 2 VI. Limestone, like I., but not so calcareous - - 8 VII. Shale with occasional Belemnites - - - 1 4 VIII. Limestone, effervescing strongly, crowded with fossils often filled with zinc-blende - -06 10 GEOLOGr OF ESKDALE, ROSEDALE, &C. IX. Shale X. Large lenticular doggers 4' or 5' across and 10" thick, no fossils observed (like VI.) XI. Shale with occasional Belemnites XII. Lenticular doggers rather closer together than X. The shale on the same horizon contains a large Pecten and other fossils XIII. Shale - XIV. Ironstone, decomposed XV. Ironstone, slightly oolitic, effervescing faintly XVI. Ironstone, decomposed XVII. Shale - - XVIII. Ironstone, very fossiliferous and oolitic XIX. Hard shale ----- XX. Row of large flat doggers, fine grained, not calca- reous, fossils rare XXI. Shale - Total Ft. In. 3 10 2 4 6 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 7 4 6 1 6 36 '0 The ironstone XIV. to XVIII. is not worth working, being thin, though of fairly good quality. Mr. Parker states that analysis gives — Average, Average, includiDg Top. without Top. Silica Alumina Protoxide of iron Lime - - - Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphur - - ' Carbonic Acid Water, &c. Protoxide of manganese 10-27 8-76 7-58 7-99 33-99 35-35 10-63 10-58 4-11 4-32 1-50 •93 •48 •48 30-60 31-18 1-12 1-14 100-28 100-73 26-83 27-25 26-43 27-49 36-10 37-76 Loss by calcination Iron in dried sample Iron in calcined sample The following analysis (taken from Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 223) may be useful for comparison : — Avioula Seam. Pecten Seam. Protoxide of iron- ,, manganese Alumina .... Lime - - - Magnesia - Carbonic acid Phosphoric acid Water Ignited insoluble residue The insoluble residue gave 9'42 of silica iu the case of the Avicula Seam and 8"00 in the case of the Pecten, the former seam yielding 2580 percent, of metallic iron, the latter 27-21. 33-86 34-98 0-50 0-48 3-92 3-20 11-90 11-96 4-52 4-51 28-00 29-20 0-48 1-30 3-65 3-30 13-22 10-04 99-36 98-97 MIDDLE LIAS. — IRONSTONE SERIES. 11 The seams in the Esk Valley mines gave the following ^analyses : — * Pecten Seam. Aricula Seam. Silica - . 9-75 14-52 Alumina . . 8-36 12-65 Protoxide of iron . 32-74 32-87 Lime - ■ . 10-97 7-82 Manganese - . 4-33 4-81 Phosphoric acid . 1-19 •55 Sulphur . . •30 •40 Carbonie Acid "Water - 31-23 27-05 jination - 99-87 27-60 100-67 Loss by cal 23-40 Iron in dry sample - . 25-46 25-55 ,, calcined ,, - - 33-16 33-35 The following section of the abandonee been communicated by Mr. Bell of Swainby pit at Glaisdale has Mine : Ft. In. IBoulder Clay] Clay . . - 53 [Alum Shale] - [Base of Alum] Shale and cement doggers . - 67 Shale and Jet rock _ .. . - 58 Jet Rock] J "Dogger - . . - 6 Grey shale . . - 5 [Grey Shale] ■> Dogger - . . - 6 Grey shale . . - 14 Dogger - . - - 6 Grey shale . . - 3 ^Dogger - Hard shale ["ind - . - 6 urated shale "] . - 1 6 Pure shale . . - 2 Dogger - . . - 4 Shale _ _ - 1 8 Small seam of stone with Pecten . - 6 Shale - . _ - 2 Nodules - . . - 8 Shale . _ - 4 Nodules ■ . - 6 g . ("Ironstone . . - 6 g a j Shale . . - 8 [Ironstone , Series.] ' 00 i> J Ironstone 3 43 \ Ironstone, |S 1 Shale - mixed "; - 1 - 9 . 2 6 & [Ironstone - . - 1 2 Shale -. . . - 6 Hard shale, slaty awd gritty - . - 6 Shale . . - 15 6 • ["IRONSTONE . - 4 -§■" Shale - :g )2 «{ Ironstone . . - 8 - . - 1 6 ,§ g [ Sbale - - - - 1 6 ■ pq [Ironstone Total • - 1 ■ 254 3 * From information supplied by Mr. Parker of Glaisdale. o 15617. B 12 GEOLOGY OF ESKDALE, KOSEDALE, &C. Mr. Parker gives the Pecten Band in this mine as : — Ft. In. Ironstone - - 5 to 6 Shale (often wanting) - - - 1 to 3 Ironstone - - - - - - -14 Black Ironstone Band - - - - - 5 Shale .... -26 Ironstone -.-- --14 Some of the stone may still be seen near the furnaces, but the quality is so poor that it is surprising that it should ever have been worked. Analyses of the upper or so-called " Pecten " Seam by Messrs. Wallace, Tatlock, and Clark give an average of : — Protoxide of iron - - - - - 25 "17 Peroxide of iron - - . 2' 58 Bisulphide of iron - - 1 ' 62 Oxide of manganese - - '46 Lime ... -« 3-27 Magnesia - - - - - - -2' 30 Alumina - - - - - -5' 54 Silica 32-71 Phosphoric acid - - - - - - 1"80 Coaly matter - - 1 ■ 33 Carbonic acid - - - - - 20 "80 Water, extraneous - - - - - 1"27 Water, combined - - "72 Total - - - 99-57 Iron as protoxide - - - - - 19 "55 peroxide - - - - 1'80 bisulphide - - - 1-75 Sulphur - - - -86 Loss by calcination - - - - - 20" 98 Iron in calcined stone - - - - 28*15 The rest of the Ironstone Series in Glaisdale is hidden by Drift, with the exception of two small exposures where gills cross the road on each side of Hob Garth. There are no good sections of this series in Fryup Dale, but a seam of oolitic ironstone can be traced through great part of Little Fryup. Where it crosses High Lane there is : — Peet. Shale. Ironstone, fossiliferous, oolitic - - about 1 Hard shale with lines of very tough unfossiliferous "I , doggers - ... . _ J- about 8 Ironstone, fossiliferous. Sandy shale. The seam, though only a few inches thick, appears to have been worked in former days, as there are several slag-heaps in different parts of the dale, and remains of the old furnaces have been found in Fairy Cross Plain. A thicker seam can be traced for a few yards in .Rabbit Slack at the head of Great Fryup. The section is : — MIDDLE LIAS. — IRONSTONE SERIES. 13 Ft. In. Grey shale. Shale with small doggers ... - 8 Large lenticular ironstone doggers - - 6 Shale - - - - . . -26 Ironstone, fossiliferous - . - - - 1 7 Shale with flat pyritous doggers. This probably represents the Main Seam, but the one in Little Fryup appears to be on a lower horizon and cannot satisfactorily be correlated with any of the named seams. In Danby Dale the thin ironstone reappears near Lumley House, at Nook House, and at Stormy Hall, though it cannot be measured at any of these localities. There are good sections of the accompanying shale near Smallwoods House, and at Mill Scroggs at the lower end of the dale. The only clear section of the Ironstone Series in the eastern branch of Westerdale is to be seen in the gill immediately south of Swarthy Hill : — Shale - - ... Ironstone doggers - Shale , - . . Ironstone doggers - Shale ... . Ironstone, oolitic, fossiliferous ... Shale and lines of tough doggers - Total In the western branch of the dale the Main Seam is well in a trial hole a quarter of a mile north-east of Though rather obscured, the sections seems to be : — Very ferruginous shale and shaly ironstone Shale Ironstone, oolitic, fossiliferous ... Hard shale ----- Ft. In. ■ 1 - 2 3 • 3 - 3 - 9 - 9 - 8 - 13 well shown Low Farm. Ft. In. ■ 5 1 - 2 2 o Total - - - 10 2 On the opposite side of the beck, immediately east of the fault, there is a good section of the beds beneath the ironstone :— Ft. In. Soft grey shale - - - - - -40 Hard ferruginous shale with ironstone doggers and Peden 1 4 Ironstone shale - - - - - -08 Line of doggers t - 3 Ironstone shale - .... 4 ? (hidden) - - • about 10 Ironstone shale - - - - - - 4 Ironstone, with fossils - - - - - 3 Ironstone shale - - - - -70 Ironstone, fossiliferous, with pyrites and Avicula P - 8 Ironstone shale ----- 40 Total • - - 36 2 B 2 14 GEOLOGY OF ESKDALE, ROSEDALE, &C. The plateau on which Westerdale Church stands is formed by the ironstone, here about a foot thick, and the pits so numerous in the neighbourhood mark the position of old workings. Ironstone, probably the same seam, can be traced for about half a mile near Stockdale House ploughed up in the fields. Near Waites Moor a change in the dip carries the Ironstone Series beneath the stream, but a small anticlinal at Esklets again brings up a few feet of these beds. The Ironstone Series in Basedale is divided into two inliers, neither of large extent. The northerly one, on which Basedale Abbey is situated, shows a 4-inch seam of oolitic ironstone with Belemnites and a large Pecten, in the beck a furlong south of the Abbey. In the middle of the southern inlier there is a good section near the stream : — Section in Basedale. Ft. In. Jet rock. Grey shale, very like ironstone stale - - - 25 Line of small doggers with Ammonites annulatus. Shale ...... Doggers in harder shale ("indurated shale band") Ironstone shale .... Shale with lines of scattered septaria Ironstone shale with a few scattered septaria Total About Kildale the Ironstone Series is mostly obscured by gravel and drift, but close by the Leven near the old mines the following section was exposed : — Section near Kildale* Ft. In. Fl i n . Ironstone, 2 5 ] Shale, 1 4 > Main Seam - - - - 5 4 Ironstone, 1 7 J Shale with streaky ferruginous markings - - 3 8 f Ironstone, Am. spinatus ; Pecten cequivalvis, &c. - 11 g . I Shale parting - - - 2 jg-S j Ironstone with nests of Avicula - - - 2 a <° ■< Shale parting .... - 3 «