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 The history and leaal effect ()t brevets 
 
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Cornell University 
 Library 
 
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 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
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 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 9240307431 1 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECT 
 
 BREVETS 
 
 ARMIHS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES 
 
 FROM 
 
 THEIR ORIGIN IN 1692 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 JAMES B. FRY, 
 
 COLONEL AND ASSISTANT ADJUTANT-GENERAL, 
 BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL U. S. ARMY. 
 
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 Brevets are the cheap and peculiar reward of military prowess or genius.- 
 
 Brevet Lieut.- General Winfield Scott. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 D. VAN NOSTRAND, PUBLISHER, 
 
 23 Murray and 27 Warren Streets. 
 
 '1877- 
 
Copyright : 
 
 1877. 
 By D. van NOSTRAND. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Commissions by brevet have lost much of -their value in this 
 country ; indeed, it is now only in the case of an assignment to 
 duty by the President according to " brevet rank," that the brevet 
 takes practical effect. This has been the result of legislation, 
 which has deprived this kind of military appointment of the 
 powers and privileges which, by the common law military, at- 
 tached to it. It has also, as a consequence of its indiscriminate 
 bestowal, ceased to be a distinguishing mark of honor ; neverthe- 
 less, the subject is not without its interest, even to us. It is, of 
 course, possible that the brevet may hereafter be re-vitalized, but, 
 independently of this consideration, it has become a subject of 
 historical interest. In England, the brevet has been known since 
 the days of William the Third, and has formed so important an 
 ingredient in the military orgaiTization, that it is impossible to 
 arrive at a correct understanding of the military institutions of 
 that country, unless familiar with its precise position and effect. 
 It has there largely affected the whole system of promotion, and 
 has been made the subject of several parliamentary inquiries. 
 With us, it was resorted to in the early days of the Revolution, 
 and from that time to this, has had a place in our history ; it is, 
 therefore, as a matter of historical interest that the subject seems 
 to claim attention. Regarding it in this light, I have embodied 
 in these pages, and arranged chronologically, all the matter which 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 I have collected. I have aimed at establishing no particular 
 theory, but have simply given the facts and authorities as I 
 have found them. As some of these have not heretofore been 
 published, and as many have been gathered from sources not 
 easily attainable, I am led to hope that the labor of those inter- 
 ested in the study of English and American military institutions 
 will be facilitated by this historical presentation of the subject of 
 brevets. 
 
 Promotion by brevet has very recently been considered by 
 a commission of the British Government. Since this work went 
 to press, a London publication — " The Wellington" — in an article 
 upon the general labors of this commission, remarks as follows : 
 
 " One o£ the questions, and by no means the least important, submitted for 
 the consideration of the late commission, was that of brevet promotion, upon 
 which subject many officers gave much interesting advice. In no other 
 European army is there anything resembling this system of reward ; and there 
 are many experienced ofScers in our army who would entirely abolish the 
 practice. Thus, Lieutenant-General S. J. Hodgson, in his evidence, described 
 the brevet system as ' one of the most fatal systems that our army has almost 
 ever seen,' and declared his opinion that everything done by it in the way of 
 pushing forward deserving officers, might be better done through the system 
 of unattached promotion, or through the system of direct promotion 
 to a vacancy in another regiment. Many experienced officers would 
 have substituted for brevet promotion a decoration with a pecuniary 
 reward for distinguished service. On the other hand there are many 
 officers who consider that the advantages of the system outweigh its dis- 
 advantages and anomalies. H. R. H. the Duke of Cambridge, while wishing 
 he could say that the system of brevet is not essential to the service, does not 
 see how it is to be got rid of. Pressed upon the point, the Duke expressed 
 himself as follows : ' Some have thought, and I think myself, that in many 
 cases if you had a larger power of giving good service rewards, no doubt that 
 would take the place of brevet in some respects. Say £,\Qia j year additional 
 pay, or £^o additional pay to a captain, and so on. That would to a certain 
 extent take the place of brevet, but that would not give the man the pull that 
 he has in army rank, because of course the advantage in army rank is very 
 great. Take the case of an officer who has recently distinguished himself 
 very much. He had very good luck, and he knew how to avail himself of it, 
 but he was only a substantive major when he was promoted to general officer,. 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 and if he had not had the army rank that he had by brevet he never would 
 have been where he is at this moment. Therefore, if you do away with 
 brevet, I do not think that a good many m;n could ever come to the front at 
 all.' Asked again as to whether his opinion is that brevet is a measure of get- 
 ting deserving officers forward into a position in the army which enables the 
 state to supply them in high commands, the Duke of Cambridge replie d : 
 ' That is exactly what I mean, and I think it much less objectionable than the 
 selection of men for a higher substantive rank, which I think would be very 
 hurtful to miny officers, whereas, this system does not injure the officers at all, 
 and yet puts such a man forward. I do not think that giving a good service 
 pension, which has been suggested, could in any way affect the advantage 
 which a man gains by brevet in the mode which I have described.' After duly 
 considering the evidence laid before them, the commissioners came to the 
 conclusion which must, on reflection, be considered a sound one, and which it 
 is as well to give in thsir own words, as follows : — ' With regard to the' sub- 
 ject of pronjtioi by b-evet,' they say, 'it has been stated to us as nearly the 
 universal opinion of thoia whoie evidence W2 have taken, that of late years 
 promotion by brevet for distinguished service has been much too lavishly 
 bestowed ; at the same tima, it is, at present, almost the only way of reward- 
 ing zeal and efficiency on active service, with the exception of unattached 
 promotion, the objections to which last are, that it encuml)ers the half-pay 
 list, and often removes the deserving officer from active service and his reg- 
 iment at the very moment when he is distinguishing himself in it. We are not 
 prepared, therefore, to recommend that the practice of brevet promotion for dis- 
 tinguished service should be discontinued, but rather that it should be much 
 more sparingly applied, and under som; well defined rules and conditions, 
 which should be uniformly adhered to, and should practically restrict the num- 
 ber so promoted. By way of supplement to it, we think the grant of some 
 decoration, accompanied by a small pension in the nature of brevet pay, 
 would probably be acceptable to the army, and serve to mark your Majesty's 
 approbation." 
 
 It will be observed that this article says " in no other European 
 army is there anything resembling this system of rewards." 
 
 Chapter 2 (pages 47 to 50) of this work gives the practice in this 
 regard of the principal armies of Europe, and it will be seen from 
 that chapter, that in several of them there are promotions in the 
 nature of brevets, and that the brevet system of Sweden is quite 
 similar to that practised in the British army and in our own. 
 
 J. B. F. 
 
 New York, February ist, 1877. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Definition of Brevets, with general remarks on their history in the Army of 
 the United States; purposes for which they were called into operation, &c., 
 9 to 13. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Derivation of the terra Brevet, 14 ; Early history of Brevets in the armies of 
 Europe, particularly those of Great Britain and France, 14; Brevet ap- 
 pointments in the French Consular service, 1 5 ; Forms of commissions and. 
 of brevet commissions in the British Army, and inthe Army of the United 
 States, 15 to 19; Difference between corps commissions and brevet com- 
 missions considered, 19; General Scott's comments upon system of brevets 
 in the British Army, 20 to 24; System of promotion and retirement, with 
 schedule of pay in the British Army, 25 to 29; British regulations of the 
 present day in regard to brevets, 29; Lieutenant General Fitzroy Somer- 
 set's testimony on the subject of brevet ranl<, 29 to 46 ; Present system of 
 brevet rank in the armies of Germany, Austria, Hungary, France, Russia, 
 Italy, Belgium, Sweden and Spain, 46 to 49. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Brevets introduced into the Continental Army in 1776, 50; Resolutions of the 
 Continental Congress conferring brevet commissions, 50 to 55 ; First 
 brevet conferred, November 19th, 1777 : rapid bestowal of them thereafter, 
 55 to 60 ; General brevet conferred by Resolution of September 30, 1783, 
 60-61 ; Difficulty of providing for the many gentlemen from France desirous 
 of entering the American Armv, and General Washington's letters to Con- 
 gress in relation thereto, 61 ; General Wilkinson's brevet ; his resignation 
 of it, 61 ; McPherson's brevet, and the dissatisfaction it occasioned ; 
 General Washington's letter to Generals Wayne and Irvine on the sub- 
 ject, 62 to 66; Proclamation of October 18, 1783, disbanding the Conti- 
 nental Army, 66 to 67 ; Peace establishment fixed by Resolutions of June, 
 1784, and April, 1785. 67 ; Harmar brevetted Brigadier General and placed 
 on duty as General-in-Chief; Harmar's the only brevet conferred between 
 1783 and adoption of Constitution in 1789, 67. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Brevets, from adoption of the Constitution in 1789, until the war of 1812, 67; 
 Washington's nominations of officers on the peace establishment, 68 ; Har- 
 
4 CONTENTS. 
 
 mar the only ofiScer holding a brevet until 1790, 68 ; Washington's message 
 of May 31st, 1790, recommending Mr. de Poiery, late Secretary to the 
 Marquis de Lafayette, for a brevet Captaincy, 63 ; Mr. Poiery's nomina- 
 tion confirmed by the Senate, being the first under the Constitution, 69 ; 
 The question of Generals Butler and Harrison's brevets, 70 to 71 j Powers 
 of the 24th Article of War during the revolutionary struggle, 72 ; Code of 
 1806, and change of 24th Article of War of 1776 into 6ist article of 1806, 
 72-73 ; 62d Article of War, resume of the results which sprang from it, 
 73 ; Staff and line rank considered, 74. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Act of July 6, 1812, authorizing the bestowal of brevets, and the powers of the 
 President under it, 75 to 76; Macomb's pamphlet of 1825-6, on the sub- 
 ject, 76 to 77. ; Scott's views as to brevet and other commissions, 77 ; Force 
 of brevets when conferred bv President alone, and when confirmed by 
 Senate, 77; Secretary of War Porter's opinion, 77 ; War of 1812,78; 
 Cases of Generals Swartwout and Burbeck, Brigadiers by brevet, 78-80 ; 
 Regulations of 1814 and 1816 in regard to rank and, command, 80 to 82 ; 
 General Order of March 6, 1816, explaining the meaning of the term " de- 
 tachment " as used in the 6ist Article of War, 82; The words "regi- 
 ments " and " corps " as used in 6ist article held to be synonymous terms, 
 83 ; Action of Congress in regard to pay and emolume.its of officers 
 holding brevet commissions, 83 to 87 ; Act of April 16, 1818, regulating pay 
 and emoluments of brevet officers, 88 ; Regulations of 1821 and 1825, 89-go. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Army reduction of 1821,91 ; Case.s of Macomb, Towson, Bernard; Jones, D. 
 S. Townsend and other.s, under the operations of the reduction, gi to 95; 
 Controversy between Scott and Gaines, 96; The struggle for prece- 
 dence in rank, 97 ; Arguments adduced in support of the rival claims, 
 98 ; Proceedings of a board of officers convened to decide claims of Scott 
 and Gaines, 99-100 : Gaines' pamphlet and Scott's letter of denunciation, 
 100 ; Anonymous opinions, loi ; Death of Major General Brown and ap- 
 pointment of Macomb to the command of the army, 103; Scott's protest, 
 104 ; his refusal to recognize Macomb as General-in-Chief, 104 ; he is re- 
 lieved from command, 1(7 j memoralizes Congress, bu that body does not 
 adopt his views, 117-1 23 ; Jackson elected President ; he relieves Scott from 
 suspension from command and grants him a leave of absence, 123 ; Scott 
 visits Europe, 123; Visits General Lafayette and receives from him some 
 sound advice, 123-124 ; Scott returns to America and accepts the situation, 
 124; is assigned to the command of the Eastern Department, 125-126; 
 Death of Macomb, and Scott appointed the Major General of the Army, 
 127 ; Further efforts by Gaines fiir the supremacy, 128 ; End of the strug- 
 gle on the question of brevet rank, 128 to 131. 
 
 CHAPTER VIL 
 
 Re-organization of .the Army in 1821-22,132; Important que.stions growing 
 out of brevets, 132; General Order of June i6th, 1827, on command ac- 
 cording to brevet commission, T 32-3 ; Opinion of Attorney-General Ber- 
 rien, 133; Aides-de-camp to bre>/et general officers, 133-4; Proposition in 
 Congress to abolish brevets, 134 ; Secretary of War Porter's views, 134-5; 
 General Orders of 1829 and 1830 in regard to regimental commissions and 
 commissions by brevet, 135. - 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Staff brevets as compared with brevets for service, 136-7 ; Case of Adjutant 
 General Jones, 137 ; General Scott's opinion of staff brevets under act of 
 1813 as compared with brevets conferred under act of :8i2, 138 ; Attorney 
 General Rush's opinion concerning them, 138; General Order of Septem- 
 ber 7, 181 5, in regard to commissions in the Staff, 13S; Re-organization of 
 April 24, 1816, 139; Proceedings of a Board of Olficers which convened 
 at Philadelphia in March, 1830, to consider propriety of restoring, to their 
 places in regiments, officers of the staff, 139-40; Reduction of 1821,140; 
 Staff rank by brevet disappears from 1821 to 183S ; is again introduced in 
 1838 in the Adjutant General's Department ; totally abolished in 1861 , 
 140-41; Official reports in regard to staff brevets, &c., 141-143; Brevet 
 rank in the Marine Corps, 143 ; Acts of 1814 and 1817, 143 ; Attorney Gen- 
 eral's opinions, 143-44; Case of Captain Wainwright of the Marine Corps, 
 &c., 144; Reduction of 1815: bestowal of brevets upon officers reduced in 
 grades ; this species of brevets termed " Razee," 144 ; The method of 
 operation, 144 : Cases of Atkinson, Bradford and Dallibi " razeed of- 
 ficers," 144-5 i ^'^^ °f March 3, 1853, giving to Lieutenants of Engineers 
 and Ordnance promotion for 14 years' continuous service as lieutenants, 
 MS- 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Brevets for " 10 years' service in any one grade," under act of July 6, 
 1812, 145-6; Opinions of Attorney-General Wirt, 146; Discussion as to 
 whether "brevets on brevets" could be conferred under the act, 146-7 ; 
 Report of Adjutant-General Jones to the Secretary of War in regard to offi- 
 cers who had served lo years in one grade, 147-48 ; Action of the Senate in 
 regard to the confirmation of brevets, 148; Law authorizing brevets for to 
 years' service repealed in 1834, 151 ; Efforts of Colonel Jones to have the 
 law restored in favor of certain officers, 152 ; Memorial of several 
 officers in favor of the law, 152 ; Failure to get the law restored, r52-3. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Black Hawk war in 1832, 153; Florida war 1835-42, 153; Brevet rank exer- 
 cised by the Commanding Generals, 153; Regulations of 1835 and 1838, 
 153 ; Numerous recommendations for brevets for Florida war, 154; Secre- 
 tary of War Wilkins' letter of January 31, 1845, to General Scott, and 
 Scott's reply, 154-59 ; Views of the Senate on brevets, 160 to 61 ; Regula- 
 tions of 1841 and 1847, 161-2 ; General Taylor's letter of October 9, 1845, to 
 Adjutant-General as to the rights of brevet rank, 162-63 ! Adjutant-C5en- 
 eral Jones' reply of November 17, 1845, to General Taylor, giving General 
 Scott's views on the subject of brevet rank, 163-165 ; the celebrated " Cor- 
 pus Christi Memorial" of December 11, 1845, 165-179; Memorial not acted 
 on by Congress, 180; Subject disposed of by General Order of March 12, 
 1846, 180; Case of General Worth, 181 ; Questions of precedence between 
 h'm and Colonel Twiggs, 181 ; Worth's claim to precedence on account of 
 his brevet, 181 ; Taylor's decision in favor of Twiggs, 182 ; Worth's refusal 
 to be governed by it, 182-3 ! ^^ tenders his resignation and asks for leave 
 until its acceptance, 183; goes to Washington,i87 ; General Scott's remarks 
 on the case, 187 ; the battle of Palo Alto, l88 ; Worth recalls his resignation, 
 and asks to be permitted or ordered to return to the field of operations, 188 ; 
 he returns to Texas and resumes the command he had relinquished, 188 ; 
 
6 CONTENTS. 
 
 Brevets of graduating cadets, 189 ; War with Mexico breaks out, 190 ; Promo- 
 tion of General Taylor, 190 ; Acts of June 29, 1846, and March 3, 1847, increas- 
 ing number of General Officers, iga-91 ; Close of Mexican war, 191 ; Lib- 
 eral bestowal of brevets, 191 ; Volunteers in war with Mexico, 191-92 ; 
 Appointments of General Officers, 192; Two volunteer Generals re- 
 ceive brevets in the regular army, 192 ; Rights and privileges of bre- 
 vet officers, 192 ; Secretary of War Crawford's report, 192-197 ; Board 
 of officers convened in November, 1850, to consider subject of rank, 197 ; 
 Report of Board, 197-201 ; General Order of January 18, 1851, in case 
 of brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Cooke, 202; Revoked in 1855,202; Case 
 of Captain Ketchum, 202, 203 ; Regulations of 1857, and General Scott's 
 objections thereto, 203-208; Scott's brevet of Lieutenant-General in 
 1855, 208 ; Joint resolution of Congress, 208 ; Scott's claim for pay of 
 brevet Lieutenant-General from March 29, 1847, 208 ; Antagonism of Jeffer- 
 son Davis, Secretary of War, 208 ; Bitter correspondence between Davis 
 and Scott, 208 ; Scott's triumph, 208, 209 ; Cases of Johnston and Andrews, 
 210 ; Their brevets as officers of additional regiments raised during the 
 Mexican war, 210; Ruling of the War Department, 210; Johnston's 
 protest, 210, 211 ; Adjutant-General Cooper's views in the case, 211, 213 ; 
 Stability of brevet rank, 213 ; Staff brevets and brevets for service, 213 ; 
 Case of Captain Henshaw, 214 ; Brevets in the Marine Corps, 215 ; Case of 
 Captain Wainwright, 217-218; General review of the whole subject of 
 brevet rank, 218-223; Case of J. C. Fremont, 223. , 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 War of the Rebellion, 1861-5, 223 ; Condition of the army at its com- 
 mencement, 223 ; Organization of volunteer forces, 224 ; Brevets over- 
 whelmed and lost sight of, 224; Close of the war and re-appearance 
 of brevets, 224 ; Lavish bestowal of them, 224 ; Boards of officers convened 
 at Washington and St. Louis, to establish system in the bestowal of brevets, 
 225 ; Reports of Boards of Officers, 225-229 ; Dissatisfaction and confusion 
 in the army from the numerous brevets, 230 ; Act of March 3, 1869, 
 forbidding precedence or command to brevet rank except by special assign- 
 ment, 230 ; Brevets only to be conferred in time of war, 230 ; Brevets to staff 
 officers, 230-231 ; Act of July 15, 1870, forbidding officers to wear, on duty, 
 uniform of brevet grade, 231 ; Practical disappearance of brevets from the 
 army, 231 ; Case of Colonel Hunt, under the act of March 3, 1865, 231 ; Opin- 
 ions of Court of Claims and Supreme Court of U. S., 232-234 ; Volunteer 
 forces organized during the rebellion, 234 ; Act of March 3, 1863, authorizing 
 bestowal of brevets upon volunteer officers, 234 ; Probable origin of the act, 
 234, 235 ; Act of March ■/., 1867, 235 ; Case of Private Stowe, Connecticut 
 Volunteers, brevetted a 2d Lieutenant, 236; Acts of July 12, 1862, and 
 March 3, 1863, authorizing bestov/al of " Medals of Honor," 236. 
 
 APPENDIX, 
 f 
 
 A. — Definition and explanation of the term Rank, 239 ; 
 
 B. — Extracts from reports of Commissions appointed by the British Govern- 
 ment (in 1840), to inquire into Naval and Military promotion and retire- 
 ment ; Evidence of Lieutenant-General Blakeney, 240-246; 
 
 C. — Royal warrant of October 6, 1854, establishing rules for promotion and 
 retirement of officers in the British Army, 247-253 ; 
 
 D.— Resolution of Congress, of November 24, 1778, establishing rules as to 
 rank and promotion in the Army of the United States, 254-256 ; 
 
CONTENTS. 7 
 
 E. — General Washington's letters to Congress during the revolution, 257 to 
 262; 
 
 F Debate in February, 1751, on a clause in the (British) mutiny bill respect- 
 ing half pay cificers, 260 ; Views o£ Sir George Littleton, 263-266 ; 
 
 G. — Royal Warrant of October 30, 1871, regulating first appointments, Regi- 
 mental promotion, exchanges, &c., 267-274 ; Explanatory memorandum of 
 November i, 1871, accompanying Royal Warrant, 274-277 ; 
 
 REGISTER. 
 
 Names, rank, Sec, of all officers of the United States upon whom brevets have 
 been conferred, with the nature of the services for which conferred, from the 
 beginning of the Revolutionary War of 1776, until the present time — alpha- 
 betically arranged, 279-576. ^ 
 
f 
 
 The following table of Errata is issued by the publisher to accompany 
 General J. B. Fry's " History of Brevets." It is due to the author, and to the 
 publisher, to state that none of the errors in the Register, and but few of those 
 in the text, appeared in the proof sheets of the work. After the proofs had 
 / been returned to the printer, he, apparently for the purpose of securing uni- 
 formity in the" face of the type, took out right letters and introduced wrong 
 ones, or none at all. 
 
 PageiOjInlast line of note, for " hierarchiquimente, " read " hierarchiquement. " 
 Page 49, In note, for "Colonel Von Hylander, " read " Colonel Von Xy- 
 
 lander." 
 Page 53, In last line but one, for " was," read " as." 
 Page 55, line 25, for " Setwart, " read "Stewart." 
 Pages 56 and 58, for " Norimont." read " Noirmont." 
 Pages 57 and 59, for " Majastram, " read " Mafastram." 
 Pages 62 and 63, The first three lines of page 63 should properly appear as the 
 
 first three lines of page 62. 
 Page 174, Use 30, for "induce," read "include." 
 Page 220, line 27, for "rate," read " fate." 
 Page 214, line i, for "servitce," read " service." 
 Pcge 293, (Register), for "Abbott, Henry L." read "Abbot, Henry L." 
 Page 340, " for "Chaffee, Adna A. R." read "Chaffee, AdnaR." 
 Page 370, " for " Dunstea, Edward S. " read " Dunster, Edward S." 
 Page 372, " for " Eckerton, Theodore J." read "Eckerson, Theo- 
 dore J." 
 Page 381, " for " Frllett, Frederick M." read " FoUett, Frederick M." 
 Page 391, " for " Giddinas, Grotius R." read " Giddings, Grotius R." 
 Page 422, " The date of "original entry into service" of Bernard J. D. 
 
 Irwin should read "August 28th, '56 " instead of "August 28th, '66." 
 Page 423, " for " Jenni gs, Gilbert S." read "Jennings, Gilbert S." 
 Page 443, " for "Loosley, Dalien," read " Loosley, Daniel." 
 Page 461, " for "McKenzie, Thom sG." read " McKenzie, Thomas 
 
 G." 
 Pag 476, " for "Muhenberg, Charies P." read "Muhlenberg, 
 
 Charles P. " 
 Page 542, " forThorapso James," read " Thompson, James." 
 Page 571, " for "Wood, El=a= D." read "Wood, Eleazer D." 
 Page 575, " for " Wyse, Francis P." read "Wyse, Francis O." 
 New York, D. VAN NOSTRAND, 
 
 March 8th, 1877. Publisher. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 A brevet under the existing laws affecting the regular military 
 service of the United States may be defined as a commission 
 conferring upon an officer a grade in the army additional to and 
 higher than that which, at the time it is bestowed, he holds by 
 virtue of his commission in a particular corps of the legally 
 established -militaty organization. 
 
 It makes him eligible, with the rank it confers, for assignment 
 to duty by the President in the army at large, but not in his own 
 corps. In that corps he receives promotion only according to 
 seniority, and performs duty only under his commission therein. 
 
 Without such assignment by the President, a brevet has no 
 effect on the officer's status. The brevet held by an officer in the 
 United States Army, is bestowed in conformity with express 
 law. It is in due form signed and sealed, and like other com- 
 missions, expresses the rights it confers and the obligations it 
 imposes. The quality of being incident to some other military 
 grade is not an inherent characteristic of it, but is only a feature 
 which it derives from the Act of 1812. 
 
 With this commission alone, officers have, in numerous cases, 
 exercised command, received and disbursed public funds, admin- 
 istered law as members of general courts-martial, and drawn the 
 pay and allowances in full of the grades which they held by brevet 
 alone. 
 
 The terms "full" rank,* "actual" rank, — "effective" 
 rank, " real ' raiik, " ordinary " rank, etc., often used in contra- 
 distinction to brevet rank, are apt to produce confusion, as all are 
 " full," " actual," " effective," " real," and " ordinary." Yet it is 
 convenient, if not necessary, to distinguish in brief terms between 
 the grade in a regiment or corps and that in the army at large. 
 Regiment and corps were long ago pronounced synonymous in 
 this connection. Perhaps the desired distinction may be best 
 made by using the terms corps grade and brevet grade. 
 
 The difference between the two may be thus presented : — In 
 
 • For an explanation o£ the word Rank, see Appendix A. 
 2 
 
lO HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 evefry army there is a system of grades. In the military establish- 
 ment of the United States the grades of general and lieutenant- 
 general exist now, but expire as soon as vacated by the present 
 incumbents. The permanent commissioned grades* are : 
 
 1. Major-general. 
 
 2. Brigadier-general. 
 
 3. Colonel. 
 
 4. Lieutenant-colonel. 
 
 5. Major. 
 
 6. Captain. 
 
 7. First lieutenant. 
 
 8. Second lieutenant. 
 
 But in each grade there are different offices. For example, in 
 the grade of major there are the offices of major of infantry, 
 major of cavalry, major of engineers, major and assistant adju- 
 tant-general, etc. These offices are held by virtue of corps com- 
 missions. But besides these, there is also, in the grade of major, 
 the office of major in the army at large, — in other words the office 
 of major by brevet. Originally this office was as substantive and 
 perfect in itself as the office of major in a corps. But in the 
 military service of the United States, its substantive and independ- 
 ent character has been abridged by legislation. The very fact, 
 however, that its powers and privileges have been modified in this 
 manner, is proof that they originally existed, and that they remain 
 subject to such restrictions only as are imposed by the statutes. 
 
 Under the law the brevet office can no longer be held by a 
 person not already in the military service by virtue of a corps 
 commission, but it still retains its character as an office, and may 
 be called into active life by the President. Until this happens, the 
 duties and privileges of the office are suspended. When it 
 happens, it supersedes the corps office and that in turn becomes 
 suspended. 
 
 Reveniy Johnson, speaking of General Scott's brevet of 
 lieutenant-general, says : " It was not only an honor, but as a com- 
 pensation, that the office was to be conferred," and Attorney- 
 general Gushing says, on the same subject, " General Scott holds, 
 by lawful appointment and commission, the office of lieutenant- 
 general by brevet in the Army of the United States." 
 
 Brevets being commissions in the army conferred under express 
 law, they can only be annulled in conformity with law. 
 
 • The French call this system of grades " La Hierarchic," and instead of 
 speaking, as we do, of transmitting a paper " through the proper military chan- 
 nels," they use the expression "suivant les degrfe de la hierarchic," or "trans- 
 mis hierarchiquimente." 
 
OF BREVETS. 11 
 
 From the very origin of the United States army, more than a 
 hundred years ago, to the present day, brevet rank, though its 
 powers and privileges have changed from time to time, has pre- 
 served its hold upon the military system. During all of this long 
 period its advantages and disadvantages have been matters of 
 earnest discussion. At the headquarters of the army and at the 
 war office it was for years an all-absorbing question. 
 
 Its extravagant claims after the war of i8 12-14 brought about life- 
 long hostility and discord between the two brigadier-generals who 
 were continued in service after the army reductions which in due 
 time followed that memorable contest. The failure of the claim set 
 up in 1828 to the permanent command of the entire army by virtue 
 of it, very nearly drove from the public service one of the ablest 
 and most distinguished military leaders that the United States 
 have ever produced, and in deference to it a distinguished officer, 
 in whose memory a monument now stands conspicuously in 
 New York city, unwittingly turned his back upon Palo Alto and 
 Resaca, — battle fields upon which one-half of the victorious army 
 was commanded by his rival and the other half by his successor. 
 The code of army regulations, promulgated in 1857 by Jefferson 
 Davis, then secretary of war, opened with the impressive announce- 
 ment that " Superiors of every grade are forbid to injure those under 
 them by tyrannical or capricious conduct or by abusive language" 
 Yet the brevet of lieutenant-general held by General Scott gave 
 rise to a quarrel between him and the secretary of war, which for 
 the ingenuity and bitterness of its " abuse " is unsurpassed in the 
 annals of official military correspondence. But while General Scott 
 had to defend his own high brevet of lieutenant-general, as he 
 years before defended that of major-general, he was compelled, as 
 Washington had been before him, to deal also with grave ques- 
 tions involving the' rights of brevet second lieutenants. 
 
 The subject of brevet rank embraced in the first articles of war 
 for the army of the United States which were copied almost liter- 
 ally from the British and adopted by the Continental Congress, 
 June 30, 1775 — has not only remained in the articles through all of 
 their changes, but has been the subject of many special acts of 
 Congress. It has engaged the attention of the attorney-general, 
 the secretary of the treasury, and the President, and has been be- 
 fore the court of claims and the supreme court of the United States. 
 
 Attended with evils and abuses which have disturbed the har- 
 mony, and at times the efficiency, of the service, the retention of 
 brevets has been due probably to the fact that, practically speak- 
 ing, they have been the only special reward for gallant, distin- 
 guished, or meritorious services, by commissioned officers of the 
 army, and that, never expensive, they, now cost nothing. Yet 
 
12 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 they have to a fair degree served the purpose of those military 
 orders and titulary honors which various countries employ to 
 stimulate military pride and reward the zeal, ability, and gallantry 
 of their soldiers. . 
 
 Beginning in the colonies in 1775, they were in full force during 
 the revolution, but were practically suspended from that time 
 until the second war of independence. 
 
 Firmly established by the act of July 6th, 1812, authorizing the 
 President to confer brevet rank on such officers of the army as 
 might distinguish themselves, &c., this species of promotion reach- 
 ed its maturity under the care of General Scott, its ablest arid 
 most zealous defender, about the time of the war with Mexico, in 
 which it was used as a means of high command. It served no 
 useful purpose as a system of command during the war of the 
 rebellion, and that great contest certainly resulted in its decline. 
 Though still suffered to exist it has, in the United States, now lost 
 nearly all the effective elements of vitality. 
 
 Its immediate value to those who received it has consisted 
 mainly in the relative importance it tended to establish among 
 Ofificers on account of past services. 
 
 This value was greatly depreciated by the inflation — the repeated 
 unnecessary and undeserved issues of it, which took place at the 
 close of the late war. 
 
 Against this abuse many timely warnings were given by 
 those in power, notably by Mr. Wilkins, secretary of war in 1845. 
 He said, " the value of the brevet commission must very much 
 depend upon the use made by the government of the power of 
 conferring it. And whilst that value can be much enhanced by the 
 caution with which the honor is bestowed, it may be rendered so 
 cheap by its common and lavish distribution, as no longer to be 
 deemed an object of high and noble ambition." 
 
 But with all its advantages for purposes of special command, 
 and however valuable and desirable it may be as a means of 
 reward, brevet rank, as we have it, has always been and must 
 continue to be attended with evils that are absolutely unavoidable 
 whenever commissions, in two different grades, each conferring 
 eligibility to command, may be held by an officer at the same 
 time. Nothing is more fruitful of disorder in the military service 
 than doubts and disputes in regard to rank and rights to command, 
 and nothing is more fertile in producing these doubts and disputes 
 than a system of double commissions, which, in the case of brevets, 
 has tended to impair the effective organization of the army in 
 proportion to the inherent right of authority conceded from time 
 to time to the brevet commission. 
 
 It is exceedingly difficult to use, without abusing, a system of 
 brevet promotions. 
 
OF BREVETS. 1 3 
 
 Legislation has put a check in the United States service to the 
 abuses, but it has done so only by taking the vitality out of the 
 higher of the two commissions which the government confers 
 upon the oiScer. 
 
 Mr. Clay once said in the Senate, that "honors by military men 
 are more highly appreciated than pay " — the laws have taken 
 from brevet rank a part of its honor and all of its pay. 
 
 The legislation contributing to the present crippled condition 
 of this once favored feature of the military system, was not 
 brought about solely by any real mischief it did in the service, nor 
 by its too lavish bestowal, but was due, in some degree at least, 
 to the offence which a display of the honor gave. The spectac- 
 ular effect of its insignia was too extended and dazzling for the 
 eye, and the ear could not endure its high-sounding titles when 
 applied to men in the army. This is rather a novel circumstance 
 taken in connection with the fact that out of the army, the grand- 
 est military titles and the gayest trappings are open to all, are 
 assumed by many, and are looked upon with favon 
 
 The latest laws on the subject, retroactive in their operation, 
 supplementing those cutting off all pay and allowances, forbid 
 officers in their official capacities from wearing the uniform or 
 being addressed by the titles of their brevet grades. That is to 
 say, having received these rewards, of no pecuniary value what- 
 ever, for gallant, distinguished, or meritorious services to the 
 nation, the receipt of which is acknowledged in the certificate, 
 the recipient of the reward is forbidden to make the usual exhibi- 
 tion of it. 
 
 It may therefore be said that this inducement provided by the 
 laws of the United States, as a special reward for gallant, distin- 
 guished or meritorious conduct on the part of officers of the army, 
 has become almost valueless. Although brevets still exist in 
 name they have lost the privileges which were worth claiming, the 
 rights which were worth exercising, and the honors which were 
 worth contending for. They are occasionally called into opera- 
 tion for purposes of command, but this is done solely for the 
 advantage or convenience of the government, and not for the 
 benefit of the officers holding them. , 
 
 From the earliest times, special and substantial rewards for 
 notably gallant deeds and highly distinguished conduct, have 
 been regarded as essential parts of the military systems. 
 Whether this feature shall remain practically expunged from the 
 military service of the United States, or if restored, what form it 
 shall take, are questions well worth the careful consideration of 
 the law-makers. 
 
14 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Brevet is. derived from the Latin, breve, brevia, words still 
 preserved in English law meaning a brief ; a parchment contain- 
 ing a notification ; a writ or mandatory precept issued in the 
 name of the Sovereign or State. 
 
 In early days in France, as well as in other European countries, 
 when the King wanted armies he called for troops upon his 
 feudal lords who were sovereign within their territories. They 
 raised their respective contingents and appointed the officers but 
 could confer on them no authority outside of their respective 
 forces. For the sake of efficiency and harmony it became neces- 
 sary when these contingents were brought together, for the King, 
 the common superior, to confer, first upon the superior officers, 
 and finally upon all, his letters patent rendering them eligible to 
 command according to rank throughout the entire army. Thus 
 all officers came to serve in .the French army by virtue of the 
 King's letters patent, or brevet. Duane, in his Military Dictionary, 
 published in 1810, says : " Brevet Fr. Commission, appointment." 
 " Under the old government of France it consisted in letters or 
 appointments signed by the King by virtue of which every officer 
 was authorized to discharge his particular duty. All officers in 
 the old French service, from a cornet or sub-lieutenant up to a 
 Marshal of France were styled Officiers a'Brevet." This is the 
 same as the definition given by James, in his Military Dictionary, 
 printed in London in 1805. Hoyt's Military Dictionary, pub- 
 lished in Massachusetts in 18 10, says, '^Brevet rank, a rank in 
 the army higher than that under which an officer does duty in his 
 corps '' 
 
 Referring to the system of promotion formerly observed in the 
 British service, James further defines Brevit as a term express- 
 ive of " promotion in the army from the rank of captain upwards, 
 without additional pay until it reaches to the rank of Major Gen- 
 eral who is now entitled to a quarterly allowance." 
 
 There is ample authority for saying that in French, the word, 
 as used in a general sense, means any warrant granted by the 
 sovereign or state to an individual, making him eligible to per- 
 form the duty to which the warrant refers. 
 
 As used in the military service it means Commission, the parch- 
 ment containing the authority of the chief of the state for the 
 officer to perform his functions. There is no other form of com- 
 
OF BREVETS. 1 5 
 
 mission in the French military service than the one styled Brevet. 
 But in the consular branch of their civil service, there is a dis- 
 tinction between the words Commission and Brevet. ' The warrant 
 or document given as evidence of office to Consuls, is called a 
 commissiori ; whereas that given to vice-consuls is called a Brevet. 
 These instruments differ somewhat in phraseology ; the brevet 
 being the briefest. The consular office conferred by the brevet 
 is subordinate to that conferred by the commission. Both the 
 commissions of the Consuls and the Brevets of the Vice-Consuls 
 sent to this country from France in 1784, just after the close of 
 our revolutionary, war, were signed by the King and countersigned 
 by his minister of foreign affairs ; but the practice now is, for the 
 French Sovereign to sign only the Commissions of the Consuls 
 and the Consuls sign and issue to their Vice-Consuls, Brevets 
 according to a form prescribed by the Government. 
 
 The papers called " Brevets " and " Commissions " are sub- 
 stantially the same in the military service of the United States as 
 well as in that of Great Britain. 
 
 They are in foAn as follows : — 
 
 (FORM OF BREVET, BRITISH SERVICE.) 
 George R. 
 
 George the Third by the Grace of God, King of Great 
 Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c.. 
 To our Trusty and Well-Beloved Captain William Martin 
 of our Royal Regiment of Artillery, Greeting. We, repos- 
 ing especial Trust and Confidence in your Loyalty, Cour- 
 age and good Conduct, do by these Presents, constitute 
 and appoint you to be Major in Our Army, and We do, 
 hereby, give and grant you full Power and authority to 
 command and take your Rank accordingly. You are, 
 therefore, carefully and diligently to discharge the duty 
 of Major by doing and performing all, and all manner 
 of Things therewith belonging: And we do, hereby, 
 Command all Our Officers and Soldiers, whom it may 
 concern to acknowledge and obey you as Major as afore- 
 said. 
 
 And you are to observe and follow such Orders and 
 
i6 
 
 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 Directions, from Time to Time, as you shall receive from 
 Us, or any of your superior Officers, according to the 
 Rules and Discipline of War, in pursuance of the Trust. 
 We hereby repose in You. Given at our Court, at St. 
 James's, the Twenty-Third Day of July, 1772, in the 
 Twelfth Year of Our Reign. 
 
 By His Majesty's Command, 
 
 SUFFOLK. 
 Entered with the Secretary at War, 
 
 M. LARIS. 
 
 Captain William Martin, of 
 the Royal Regiment of 
 Artillery, to have the rank 
 of Major in the Army. 
 
 (FORM OF COMMISSION, BRITISH SERVICE.) 
 
 George R. 
 
 George the Second by the Grace of God, King of 
 Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the 
 Faith, &c.. To Our Trusty and Well-Beloved William 
 Martin, Esq., # * # * * Greeeting. 
 We, reposing especial Trust and Confidence in your 
 Loyalty, Courage and Good Conduct, Do by these Pres- 
 ents, constitute and appoint you to be one of the 
 Captains in Our Royal Regiment of Artillery, whereof 
 
2.f. 
 
 6ei. 
 
 2 J. 
 
 Sd. 
 
 2S. 
 
 (>d. 
 
 OF BREVETS. 1/ 
 
 Our Master-General of the Ordnance for the time being 
 is Colonel Commander-in-Chief. You are therefore care- 
 fully and diligently to discharge the Duty of a Captain 
 in the said Regiment by duly exercising all the Officers, 
 Bombardiers, Gunners and Mattrosses under your com- 
 mand, in the use of Mortars and the art of Gunnery, 
 and to keep them in good Order and Discipline ; and 
 they are hereby required to obey you as their Captain, 
 and you are to observe and follow such Orders and Di- 
 rections as you shall from time to time receive from Us, 
 Our Master-General of the Ordnance for the time being, 
 the Lieuten ant-General and Principal Officers of the 
 same, the Commanding Officer of Our said Regiment, 
 or any other, your superior Officer, according to the 
 Rules and Discipline of War, in pursuance of the Trust 
 hereby reposed in you. Given at Our Court of St. 
 James's * * the Second * * Day of April 
 * * ^7S7j i'^ ^^^ Thirtieth Year of Our Reign. 
 
 By His Majesty's Command, 
 
 MARLBOROUGH. 
 
 Entered in the Office of Ordnance this 7th day of April 
 
 I7S7- 
 
 W. R. EARLE, 
 
 CI. Ordnce. 
 
 No. 2. William Martin, Esq., * * * Captain in 
 the Royal Regiment of Artillery. 
 Entered p. 364. 
 
 FORM OF A BREVET, U. S. SERVICE. 
 
 The President 
 
 Of the United States of America 
 
 To all who shall see these presents, greeting : 
 
 Know Ye, That I do hereby confer on 
 of the Army of the United States, by and with the ad- 
 vice and consent of the Senate, the rank of 
 bv Brevet, in said Armv, to rank as such from the 
 
Il8 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 day of in the year of our Lord 
 
 one thousand eight hundred and for having by 
 
 his skill and valor, defeated with inferior numbers, a 
 numerous and well appointed army of the enemy in the 
 battle of and I do strictly charge and re- 
 
 quire all officers and soldiers under his command to 
 obey and respect him accordingly ; and he is to observe 
 and follow such orders and directions, from time to 
 time, as he shall receive from me, or the future President 
 of the United States of America, and other officers sqt 
 over him, according to law, and the rules and discipline 
 of War. This Commission to continue in force during 
 the pleasure of the President of the United States for 
 the time being. 
 
 Given under my hand, at the city of Washing 
 
 ■ ■ Seal of the ! ^o"^ ^^'^ ^^Y °^ > '" ^^^ Y^^^ °f °^^ 
 : : : Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty- 
 : : War Office. : four, and in the forty-eighth year of the Independ- 
 ence of the United States. 
 
 By the President, 
 
 JAMES MONROE. 
 
 J. C. CALHOUN, Secretary of War. 
 
 FORM OF A COMMISSION, U. S. SERVICE. 
 
 The President 
 
 Of the United States of America. 
 
 To all who shall see these presents, greeting : 
 
 Know Ye, that reposing especial trust and confidence in 
 the patriotism, valor, fidelity and abilities of 
 I have nominated, and by and with the advice and con- 
 sent of the Senate, do appoint him in the 
 service of the United States, to rank as such from the 
 day of eighteen hundred and 
 
 He is therefore carefully and diligently to discharge 
 the duty of by doing and performing all manner 
 
 of things thereunto belonging. 
 
 And I do strictly charge and require all officers and 
 
OF BREVETS. 1 9 
 
 soldiers, under his command, to be obedient to his orders 
 as and he is to observe and follow such orders and 
 directions from time to time as he shall receive from me 
 or the future President of the United States of America, 
 or the General, or other superior officers set over him, 
 according to the rules and discipline of war. This 
 Commission to continue in force during the pleasure of 
 the President of the United States for the time being. 
 
 ■ Given under my hand, at the City of Washing- 
 Seal of the '■ ton, this day of , and in the year of our 
 
 : Lord, one thousand eight hundred and , and 
 
 War Office ; in the year of the Independence of the United 
 
 • States. 
 
 By the President, 
 
 JAMES MADISON. 
 JAMES MONROE, Secretary of War. 
 
 The character of these papers is therefore substantially the 
 same ; both of them in our service being termed on their faces 
 " Commissions." 
 
 Secretary of War Porter, however, in the discussion of General 
 Scott's claims in 1828, argued that there was a marked difference 
 between the phraseology of a regular commission and a brevet, 
 consisting in this, the "former enjoins it on the person to whom 
 it is directed, carefully and diligently to discharge the duties of 
 (the office to which he is appointed), by doing and per- 
 forming all manner of things thereunto belonging," while the latter 
 " simply confers the rank of the office by brevet without referring 
 to the office itself or any specific duties that are attached to it,' 
 the point made seeming to be that the Commission conferred an 
 office while the brevet did not, or, if it did, it was an office with- 
 out duties attached. But this view of the Secretary of War was 
 not affirmed by the Military Committee of either House of 
 Congress, both having considered the subject ; nor was it adopted 
 by the President in his decision on the claim of General Scott, 
 on which the Secretary's argument was made. 
 
 The conclusion arrived at, as indicated by the general practice 
 of our army, was, that, although brevets became active only on 
 services of a special and temporary nature and some of them only 
 at the will of a higher commander, and that they gave authority 
 which was limited both in its scope and object, yet in this reserv- 
 ed way, they conferred office and duty, and imposed due military 
 obligation. 
 
20 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 Scott went so far as to claim that a brevet was better than 
 another Commission, for the reason that the latter, as is expressed 
 on its face, was conferred only on account of " special trust and 
 confidence entertained (by anticipation) in the patriotism, valor, 
 fidelity, and abilities " of the individual who received it, whereas 
 the brevet is bestowed for extraordinary exhibitions which have 
 been already made of the same virtues and qualities. 
 
 In one of his elaborate papers on the subject of brevet rank, 
 General Scott says : " In the British army the noun brevet was bor- 
 rowed more than a century ago, and used adjectively, to make 
 brevet-rank signify rank acquired by length of service, gallant 
 actions or other meritorious conduct in contradistinction to reg- 
 imental rank purchased with money," and in describing the 
 system of promotion in the British army by purchase, and by brevet, 
 he endeavored to show that the name given in the latter was 
 because the method it involved was a shorter cut to advancement 
 than that of the former, and he said " hence, from the brnnty of 
 this process, compared with the numerous forms, certificates and 
 agencies with which the sale and purchase of regimental commis- 
 sions are burdened, the term brevet-rank, in accordance with the 
 primitive word brevetum," (short), and he added, speaking of 
 rank acquired in this way, " the brevity of the process not at all 
 affecting the validity of the acquisition." But, as will hereafter 
 appear, brevet rank was introduced into the British army more 
 than seventy years before the process appeared which General 
 Scott describes. As its bestowal was on a civilian, to command 
 as Colonel of Dragoons, it can hardly be said that it was intro- 
 duced for the purpose of signifying rank acquired by length of 
 service, gallant actions, &c., in contradistinction to regiTnental 
 rank. This ingenious and well-put theory must therefore refer to 
 the later applications of the word, and not to its introduction. 
 
 Regiments were originally raised in the English service by 
 noblemen at their own expense. Practically speaking, the man 
 who raised the regiment, owned it and bestowed its offices to help 
 pay its cost. These regiments, officers and all, were adopted by 
 the king ; he commissioned the officers, but still their authority 
 was limited to their own regiments, and there was a lack of gen- 
 eral control where different commands were brought together. 
 
 At the time that " Brevet Rank" originated in 1692, the service 
 was emerging from a state of chaos resulting, among other things, 
 from the want of general authority above mentioned. The regu- 
 lar army had just begun its existence. In 1685, it consisted of 
 nine thousand men. " The discipline," says Macaulay, " was lax, 
 and indeed could not be otherwise. The common law of Eng- 
 land knew nothing of courts martial and made no distinction 
 
OF BREVETS. 21 
 
 in time of peace between a soldier and any other subject, nor 
 could the government then venture to ask even the most loyal 
 parliament for a mutiny bill. A soldier, therefore, for knock- 
 ing down his colonel incurred only the ordinary penalties of 
 assault and battery, and by refusing to obey orders, by sleeping on 
 guard, 6r by deserting his colors, incurred no legal penalty at all." 
 James the Second increased the regular army to twenty thou- 
 sand men, and subsequently to forty thousand, but still he was 
 without power to enforce discipline or order in it, or, as Macaulay 
 says, referring to the condition of aiifairs in 1687, " The King 
 had scarcely formed that army on which he chiefly depended 
 for the accomplishment of his designs, when he found that he 
 could not himself control it. When war was actually raging 
 in the kingdom, a mutineer or a deserter might be tried by a 
 military tribunal and executed by the provost marshal. But 
 there was now profound peace. The common law of England 
 having sprung up in an age when all men bore arms occasion- 
 ally, and none constantly, recognized no distinction in time of 
 peace between a soldier and any other subject, nor was there 
 any act resembling that by which the authority necessary for the 
 government of regular troops is now confided to the Sovereign." 
 The first record of the office of general officer conferred by 
 commission in the British service was in the army just mentioned 
 as created by James the Second. That Sovereign, in 1685, com- 
 missioned two officers as major-generals, and five as brigadiers. 
 It appears that prior to that time " the employment of an officer as 
 a general was authenticated by a letter of service issued to him 
 by the Secretary at War acting on the orders of the Cabinet," and 
 that only regimental officers were commissioned. 
 
 This addition of commissioned grades, begun by James the 
 Second, was continued by William the Third in 1689, and in the 
 course of five or six years from that time he made the grades of 
 general and lieutenant-general, added brigadiers, and placed a 
 number of foreign officers in high positions in the British army. 
 Throughout his reign there were noblemen and gentlemen serv- 
 ing in the arm)% in some instances, without pay, and in others with- 
 out commissions, and the first Mutiny Act, passed in 1689, hold- 
 ing liable to its provisions only " persons mustered and in pay as 
 officers or soldiers," was subsequently altered so as to embrace 
 both these classes by substituting " or " for " and," making the 
 article read " mustered or paid," etc. 
 
 In this condition of the military service of Great Britain, 
 William the Third created Brevet Rank. When in Flanders, in 
 1692, he conferred upon Francis Hawley (May loth) a Brevet to 
 command as colonel of dragoons, and subsequently conferred 
 
22 HISTORY . AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 brevets on two other civilians to command as colonels, and upon a 
 lieutenant to command as a captain. This was the origin of that 
 Brevet Rank which has always existed in our service and which is 
 the subject of this history. Atthetime spoken of, the number of offi- 
 cers in the organization of regiments and corps was defined, and the 
 warrant or evidence of office in them was called a commission. But 
 the document by which all officers in the French service, from a sub- 
 lieutenant to a field marshal, exercised authority was called a 
 Brevet, and it is probable that the name for the new form of com- 
 mission at large in the English army, introduced by William the 
 Third as mentioned above, was taken by him from the French, to 
 distinguish it from the Commission in regiments, which had been 
 the only one known up to the time of James the Second. It is 
 worthy of remark that although brevet rank is now, and has long 
 been, accepted as meaning rank in the army at large — rank 
 creating eligibility to command one branch of service as well as 
 another — yet the first " brevet " ever conferred was for the limited 
 purpose of " command as colonel of dragoons." 
 
 So far as can be gathered from the imperfect history existing 
 on the subject, brevets were originally resorted to in the British ser- 
 vice, not as a means of reward for officers already in the army, 
 but for the purpose of securing services which could not otherwise 
 be obtained. It will be seen, in a subsequent chapter, that they 
 were introduced into our service with the same object, and in a 
 similar manner to that in which the British first resorted to them. 
 That is to say they were in the first instance conferred upon per- 
 sons having no military rank on which to base them, as we have 
 fallen into the habit of terming it. 
 
 Brevets have so long been a constant and important feature in 
 the British service, that an account of the general system of pro- 
 motion in the British army is necessary to a proper understanding 
 of them. 
 
 In 1735, George the Second introduced the grade of field mar- 
 shal into the British service, and laid the foundation of a system 
 of promotion to that and the different grades of general officers ; 
 the number in each of these grades being limited only by the will 
 of the Sovereign. From 1783 to 1793 the lowest number of gen- 
 eral officers in service in any one year was 157 and the highest 
 188. All of the incumbents of these offices attained their posi- 
 tions by promotion according to seniority, and the whole operation 
 of carrying them and some subordinates up one grade was called 
 issuing " a brevet." Used in this connection the word brevet has 
 a larger meaning than when used in relation to brevet rank con- 
 ferred for special purposes or distinguished services, and in Great 
 Britain general promotion by a brevet applied to the navy and 
 marine corps as well as to the army. 
 
OF BREVETS. 23 
 
 The first general promotion through the issuing of a brevet took 
 place in 1760. ,5 
 
 The system was established by the war between Great Britain 
 and France which began in 1793. Royal warrants or orders confer- 
 ring general promotion — brevets — were issued in nearly every year 
 up to 18 14. Thereafter they were granted every four or five years 
 at the pleasure of the Sovereign. They gave one grade of promo- 
 tion to all officers from captain to general, inclusive of the ex- 
 treme grades named. They increased the expenses, but it does 
 not appear that the House of Commons ever refused to vote the 
 supplies. The fact that the lieutenant-colonels of 1793 were 
 made colonels in 1796, and major-generals in 1802, illustrates 
 the rapiditywith which promotion was made under this system. 
 But whilst all were promoted, only a part of the general officers 
 thus obtained, were fit for the duties of their new positions. Those 
 who were considered most competent, and whose services were 
 desired, were assigned to duty, and received full pay. The others, 
 on reduced pay, remained unattached, to be called upon if want- 
 ed. They were, however, still in the line of promotion by any 
 subsequent " brevet," provided they at certain intervals offered 
 their services in conformity with regulations governing on the 
 subject. The question of conferring these general promotions 
 was a public measure decided on by the cabinet in consultation 
 with the commander-in-chief of the army. The Sovereign's war- 
 rant announced the scope of the brevet and it was carried out 
 under instructions from the office of the commander-in-chief. It 
 might advance all a grade, or limit the advancement to those who 
 had served a specified length of time in the grade they were 
 holding when the brevet was issued. Although the operation of 
 making these promotions was called a brevet, those who became 
 general officers under it were not brevets in addition to some- 
 thing else as with us. In fact brevet rank, as we understand it, is 
 limited in the British service to the regimental grades of major, 
 lieut. -colonel, and colonel. There is no higher brevet rank 
 than brevet colonel. There was no doubling of commissions in 
 the case of general officers as there is in our army. A 
 major-general could not be that and something else at the same 
 time (a brevet lieutenant-general for example), and hence 
 among them no questions such as we have had to deal with be- 
 tween the " regular " rank and " brevet " rank of general officers 
 could arise ; and hence also the British legal restriction upon 
 brevet commands, adopted by us, for officers of the line, did not 
 embrace, because they had no application to, general officers. It 
 is worthy of special note in this connection that although " a 
 brevet " gave promotion to officers of the navy as well the army 
 there was no such thing as " brevet-rank " in the navy. 
 
24 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 Having attained the rank of general officer, a valuable thing 
 in the British service is the colonelcy of a regiment, as that posi- 
 tion gives pay and perquisites without exacting any actual duty in 
 return. In the British service generally the highest regimental 
 office in the regular line of promotion is lieutenant-colonel. To 
 this grade, which is the real head of the regiment, pt-omotions are 
 made by the commander-in-chief. The office of colonel is 
 somewhat of the same nature as that of general, that is to say it 
 is an office which may be held in the service at large, and, under 
 the old system of general promotion, it was filled by the advance- 
 ment of lieutenant-colonels to the grade of colonels in the 
 army, unde'r the same brevet that carried colonels up to the 
 grade of major-generals (the grade of brigadier being only a local 
 or exceptional one). In one of his reports the Duke of Wellington 
 said, " it must be observed that the grant of the rank of colonel, 
 whether by brevet, or by commission of colonel of a regiment, 
 opens to the grantee the door to command and to all the honor 
 and emoluments of the profession." 
 
 Although the grant of the rank of colonel opened the door to 
 them, command and emoluments did not necessarily attach to the 
 rank of colonel. Officers after reaching that grade might be 
 unattached on half pay of their grade, or assigned to staff duty, 
 receiving the full staff pay in addition to half pay, or they might 
 command certain regiments. 
 
 The system of making and advancing general officers by the 
 principle of seniority by issuing "a ^r^j"!?/," has undergone fre- 
 quent examination by the British Parliament, notably in 1833, 
 1840, 1850 and 1854. The system of promotion in the British 
 army in 1838, is succinctly stated by the following letter of lieu- 
 tenant-general Lord Fitzroy Somerset to a committee of Par- 
 liament : — 
 
 " The manner in which the whole of the military system is car- 
 ried into effect, in so far as can be shown in writing, will be best 
 explained in the following detail : 
 
 " The establishment of the army being determined on by the 
 Crown, and voted by Parliament, it is not in the power of the 
 commander-in-chief to increase or to diminish the number of 
 the officers or to alter the proportion of each rank. The regimental 
 promotions, therefore, can, in no case, exceed the number of 
 officers voted in the army estimates. 
 
 " Regimental promotion may be obtained in two modes, viz. : 
 by purchase and without purchase, according as vacancies occur, 
 and army promotions may be granted in a third mode by brevet, 
 a commission which carries with it military rank and command, 
 but does not necessarily remove the officer thus promoted from 
 
OF BREVETS. 2$ 
 
 his regimental position, unless when it advances an officer to the 
 rank of major-general. 
 
 "promotions by purchase. 
 
 " It is believed that from the earliest period of which any mil- 
 itary records are preserved, the practice has existed in the British 
 army of allowing an inferior officer to purchase of a superior upon 
 the latter retiring from duty and relinquishing the military service. 
 
 " It is certain that such a system has been recognized in regu- 
 lations which date as far back as the reign of Charles II. (of 
 which proof can be adduced to the commission if required) and 
 has been maintained down to the present time, as shown by 
 authorized reports from boards of general officers specially sum- 
 moned at intervals, under regal command, to revise the regulations 
 on this subject. 
 
 "The last of these regulations, dated in August, 1821, is sub- 
 joined for the information of the commission. It fixes the price 
 which is considered by the board to be a sufficient compensation 
 to the seller on relinquishing his appointment and retiring from 
 the service. This compensation, in accordance with long estab- 
 lished practice, is pg-id by the officers who are promoted to his 
 commission or in his succession. 
 
 " For more than 100 years it has been held that an officer who 
 desired to retire by sale, should be allowed to receive the value of 
 those commissions he purchased, however short might be the 
 period of his service ; and by a regulation, dating from the time 
 of Queen Anne, the claim of an officer to retire by sale, who had 
 purchased none of his commissions, is also recognized on the 
 condition only that he had rendered a certain period of service 
 in the army. 
 
 " According to the last regulations on this subject, the periods 
 of service required to give a title to this privilege are, 20 years 
 for a field officer or captain, 15 years for a lieutenant, 12 years 
 for an ensign ; one-half of which must have been passed upon 
 full pay, or in the performance of military duties. 
 
 " Modifications of this scale of service have occasionally been 
 permitted by the commander-in-chief, but they have been made 
 from consideration of peculiar circumstances in an officer's case, 
 or with a view to facilitate public arrangements, such as the reduc- 
 tion of the half-pay list, and must be taken as exceptions to the 
 rule establishing the quantum of service required. 
 
 " To enable the commander-in-chief to decide with justice upon 
 the relative claims of regimental officers to purchase promotion, 
 returns are received periodically from every regiment showing the 
 
26 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 names of the officers of each rank who are desirous of purchasing 
 advancement, and the reference they give for the necessary funds 
 to effect their object. These returns are certified by the com- 
 manding officer, who, moreover, states whether the officers so 
 desirous of purchasing promotion are fit- and qualified for the 
 advancement they seek. 
 
 " From the large number of purchasing officers in the army, a 
 retirement by sale is generally allowed in the regiment to which 
 the officer belongs, and the senior of the next rank prepared to 
 purchase is promoted to succeed him who retires. 
 
 "To ensure a sufficient knowledge of his duty in the officer to 
 be promoted, His Royal Highness, the late Duke of York, pre- 
 scribed certain periods of service as the minimum of each rank. 
 These periods are : six years to become a field officer,' two years 
 to become a captain. It is not, however, to be understood that 
 an officer having completed the required period of service will, as 
 a matter of course, obtain the promotion on an opportunity offer- 
 ing. Upon this the commander-in-chief always exercises his own 
 discretion and judgment on a comparison of the merits and ser- 
 vices of the respective claimants. 
 
 " It must be distinctly understood that the purchase of a com 
 mission- does not confer upon the officer the .power or the right to 
 sell it, but with the sanction of the Crown, which can only be ob- 
 tained on the recommendation of the commander-in-chief. - The 
 commission is not therefore a personal property to be disposed of 
 at the pleasure of the holder, but it is a military appointment, held, 
 like all other military offices, at the pleasure of the Crown, and 
 under the direct authority of the royal prerogative. 
 
 " PROMOTION WITHOUT PURCHASE. 
 
 " The promotion without purchase can only arise, as before 
 stated, from the casualties of the service, or by an authorized aug- 
 mentation of the establishment, and are made on the recommen- 
 dation of the commander-in-chief to the Crown, not by right in 
 the same regiment in which the vacancies occur, although from 
 the merits and services of the senior officer of each rank, they are 
 generally given regimentally. In 1834, the services and urgent 
 claims of the officers of the army so far exceeded the ordinary 
 means of promotion, that the crown was advised to confer upon 
 the effective officers a portion of the vacant commissions which 
 occurred upon the non-effective list, and the royal warrant, 
 which was issued to this effect, bearing date 27th October, 1834, 
 copy of which is annexed, empowered the commander-in-chief to 
 make one promotion to an unattached or half-pay commission for 
 
OF BREVETS. 27 
 
 every, three casualties that occurred on the retired full-pay and 
 half pay lists. 
 
 " In selecting the officers for this promotion from the effective 
 force, the commander-in-chief has. been governed principally by 
 the length of service actually performed by the officer during the 
 period of his employment' on full pay. 
 
 PROMOTION BY BREVET. 
 
 " Brevet promotion is regulated by seniority, and no officer who 
 has sold out of the army but has been permitted to retain his 
 rank as an honorary distinction, is eligible to promotion. 
 
 " The ranks to which officers may be promoted by brevet are : — 
 
 " Major. 
 
 " Lieutenant-colonel. 
 
 " Colonel. 
 
 " Major-general. 
 
 " Lieutenant-general. 
 
 "General, and 1 
 
 " Field marshal. 
 
 " The qualification for the first rank is, that the captain selected 
 for it must be upon full pay regimentally, or if upon half pay, in 
 a staff or garrison appointment. 
 
 " The major to be lieutenant-colonel would be promoted if 
 upon full pay, or even upon half pay, if he had done duty in that 
 rank or if he had made an offer of his services since his last ap- 
 pointment, provided he had not received the difference when he 
 retired upon half pay. The promotion of a lieutenant-colonel 
 to be colonel, and of a colonel to be major-general, is regulated 
 in the same manner. The major-general to be lieutenant-gen- 
 eral and the lieutenant-general to be general, are the seniors of 
 their respective ranks, without reference to service or offers of 
 service. 
 
 " The promotion to the rank of field marshal is a matter of 
 special arrangement and favor. A step of brevet rank is also 
 conferred by the crown on the recommendation of the comman- 
 der-in-chief for special service, and on appointment to particular 
 staff situations. 
 
 "retirement upon full pay. 
 
 "The arrangement under which an officer may be allowed to 
 retire upon full pay will be best explained on reference to the 
 royal warrant of 1830, from which it will be seen that the officers 
 
28 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 upon active service have not yet derived any advantage from the 
 warrant, nor are likely to do so for some years to come. 
 
 "retirement upon half pay. 
 
 " Retirement upon half pay is effected by exchange with officers 
 already upon the half pay list, at the discretioa of the commander- 
 in chief. 
 
 " The retirement to half pay, unless the service has been long, 
 or ill-health contracted on duty be the cause, is temporary only, 
 a pledge being exacted from the officer retiring that he will be 
 forthcoming for service at the .expiration of the limited period. ' 
 In 1783 a regulation was established on the report of a Board of 
 General Officers, of retiring upon half pay, receiving what is called 
 the difference, that difference being a part of the purchase money 
 of the commission. No period of service has been defined as 
 sufficient to give a claim to this indulgence, but it has been held 
 by the military authorities that the title should be acquired by 
 service. 
 
 " This sum is paid by the officer selected from the half pay list 
 for the situation on full pay, and is graduated for each rank ac- 
 cording to a scale laid down in the regulations of 1821. 
 
 " The receipt of the difference entails upon the officer a positive 
 disqualification for military employment of any description what- 
 ever. 
 
 " In carrying into effect the system of military promotion as above 
 described, it should be stated that the two governing principles 
 which regulate every part of these details are, first, that no officer 
 however deserving, shall be promoted, without purchase, over the 
 head of his senior regimental officer in the same regiment ; sec- 
 ondly, that no officer shall be promoted, by purchase, over the 
 head of his senior regimental officer, provided that such senior 
 officer has stated his claim conformably with the regulation to 
 that purpose. 
 
 " Nor can any such supersession of a senior be permitted to take 
 place indirectly through the medium of another regiment. 
 
 " From the foregoing statement of facts, it will be seen that the 
 principle which governs the promotion of the British army through- 
 out every rank, and under all circumstances, is briefly thus : — 
 
 "• Selection by the crown under the regulations above described, 
 from the first promotion to lieutenant to that of lieutetiant-colonel, 
 zxid from the rank of lieutenant-colonel upwards, the promotion is by 
 seniority, and known to the army under the denomination <?/■ brevet. 
 
 '^FITZROY SOMERSET. 
 
 " Horse Guards, 18 June, 1838." 
 
OF BREVETS. 29 
 
 It will be observed that the system of "promotion by brevet " 
 produced advancement in all the ranks of the service. It was 
 CO ntended that this was necessary to infuse new and younger 
 blood into the different ranks. The surplus which necessarily 
 accumulated in higher grades was left in a state of honorable re- 
 tiracy, unattached, but eligible, as stated, to continued promotion, 
 and never overslaughed except for misdemeanor, or failure to 
 express a willingness to do duty. The king, even, never violated 
 the respected principle of promotion by seniority in all the higher 
 grades of the army, although he reserved to himself the right of 
 appointing by selection his own aides-de-camps with the rank of 
 colonel in the army, who were thereby placed in the regular line 
 of promotion to general officers.* 
 
 Lieutenant-General Lord Fitzroy Somerset, K. C. B., was called 
 before the Commissioners on Naval and Military Promotion, also 
 in 1840, and gave the following testimony bearing especially upon 
 the subject of brevet rank. 
 
 " You stated that a difficulty now existed in having so many 
 majors unattached whom you could not employ ? " " The number 
 of majors who have solicited employment beyond those whom it 
 has been possible to bring on full pay is considerable." " But as 
 there is now no rank of major in the three corps of artillery, 
 engineers, and marines, supposing the system to be revived, and 
 the sale confined to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, however in- 
 convenient the number of majors may be, it would not increase 
 that rank ?" " Not in that rank." " By the adoption of some such 
 system of selling the commissions of lieutenant-colonels, for the 
 purpose of accelerating promotion in those three corps, bv trans- 
 ferring the officers who might sell to the half-pay unattached of 
 the line, do you think that in that rank of lieutenant-colonel, any 
 particular inconvenience would result to the line ? " " The means 
 of providing for lieutenant-colonels upon half-pay are certainly 
 not very ample, but I think there have been more means of em- 
 ployment for officers of that rank than for majors on half-pay, 
 but still there is a difficulty." "Are thereat present many heuten- 
 ant-colonels on half pay who are anxious to come back ? " " Yes, 
 there are a great many, I dare say not many that would pay the 
 difference." 
 
 "Can you state the total number of lieutenant-colonels on 
 half-pay?" "There are 283 lieutenant-colonels that are unem- 
 ployed, and 231 employed." 
 : " So that you have more now unemployed than employed ? " 
 
 *For testimony of commander of forces in Ireland, Right Honorable Sir E. 
 Blakeney, on this subject, see Appendix A. 
 
30 HISTORY AND. LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 " Yes, but amongst those there are a great many whose career is 
 closed who are not promoted." " If the system of selhng unat- 
 tached rank was carried on with respect to lieutenant-colonelcies 
 you wouM have in a short time a considerably larger number of 
 officers of that rank on the half-pay list, than the number actu- 
 ally employed ? " " Certainly, if the sale of half-pay were to be 
 carried to any extent it might be inconvenient." 
 
 " Those officers would have the right of rising to higher rank 
 by brevet ? " " Yes, provided they solicit employment." " If 
 they solicited employment, though they failed to obtain it, they 
 would, nevertheless, have the privilege of rising by brevet to su- 
 perior rank ? " "Yes, even if they did not get employment." 
 
 " Therefore the effect of such a sale of half pay commissions 
 would be to crowd the army ranks and the army list with a con- 
 siderable number of officers whom it would be impossible to em- 
 ploy ? " " It would depend upon the extent to which such sales 
 should be carried. I suppose it would not be in contemplation 
 to go beyond a limited extent annually." 
 
 " But to whatever extent it was carried it would have that 
 effect ? " " If an opportunity of employing them should not offer." 
 
 " If an opportunity were taken of employing them, would it 
 not be to the prejudice of officers of the regular army on full-pay, 
 who would expect to rise to those employments ? " "I do not 
 see how it would have that effect. They would be brought on 
 full-pay by exchange to vacancies, to which officers on full-pay 
 could not succeed. The purchase of unattached lieutenant-colonel- 
 cies would assist all below that rank, inasmuch as it would give 
 a move through the different ranks. For instance, if a major 
 should purchase an unattached lieutenant-colonelcy, every officer 
 in the regiment who should not be purchased over would benefit 
 by his removal to a certain degree." 
 
 " But with respect to the officers who would purchase, who 
 would be upon the half-pay list, could they afterwards be employed 
 as lieutenant-colonels, except to the prejudice of those who were 
 continuing on full-pay in active service in the lower ranks?" 
 " Not exactly to their prejudice, because an officer so situated 
 would exchange with one who was going not to sell out, but to 
 retire upon half-pay, and in that case the officer serving could 
 only be benefited by the exchange being effected with an officer 
 who should wish to retire from the service altogether." " A ma- 
 jor on full-pay having purchased one of those unattached lieu- 
 tenant-colonelcies would obtain promotion, which promotion 
 would circulate throughout the regiment ? " " Yes, four individ- 
 uals would immediately obtain promotion, and all in the regi- 
 ment would benefit in some degree — they would gain one step." 
 
OF BREVETS. 3 1 
 
 "Then, exclusively of the inconvenience of having a larger 
 number of lieutenant-colonels .than may be desirable, the promo- 
 tion in the army at large upon full-pay would be materially ad- 
 vanced by a revival of the system ? " " It would." 
 
 " And it would beneficially circulate through all the ranks ?" 
 " It would circulate through all the ranks of the same regiment, — it 
 would materially benefitithe regiment." , 
 
 " Taking into consideration the advantages and disadvantages 
 of such a measure, are' you prepared to say that the permission, 
 to a limited extent, for a certain number of officers of the ord- 
 nance and marine corps to sell their commissions would be desira- 
 ble for the army or not ? " "I think it would be a beneficial' ar- 
 rangement for the army to a limited extent. I should be very 
 sorry to see the sale of half-pay introduced as a general measure 
 again as it was in 1825 ; it brought too many. officers forward 
 at the same moment, and I think unsettled a number of officers, 
 particularly in the lower ranks." , 
 
 "To what extent was it carried on?" "It appears by Mr. 
 Collins' evidence before the select committee of 1833, that the 
 total, prorhotion to unattached commissions by purchase in suc- 
 cession toartillery, marine and half-pay officers was 1005, and 
 that the minor promotions involved in these 1005 were 2039, 
 and the total promotion caused by this, 3044." 
 
 "Therefore that measure which relieved the ordnance and ma- 
 rine corps gave promotion to the line, which circulated through- 
 out the^ranks to the extent of 3044 officers ? " " Yes, besides 
 the promotion it caused in the artillery and marine officers, and 
 67 by the artillery and engineers." 
 
 " The subsequent effect of it was to give younger and more effi- 
 cient officers by exchange to several reginrents of the service ? " 
 " Yes,.beside ;the. advantage it gave to the seniorit}' corps." • 
 
 " Do you recollect what were-exactly the' limitations and restric- 
 tions under which the previous promotion was conducted ? " 
 " It was a sale not only of half-pay, but of retired full-pay, and the 
 sum the officers were to receive was regulated by their service. 
 If they were upon the old rate of half-pay they only received the 
 old regulation price for their commissions, and the consequence 
 was that there was a sum of money derived from the sales, which 
 was credited to the. public, amounting to ;£'92,983." 
 
 "In the.eventof any measure of the same kind being adopted 
 now, under what restrictions and regulations do you think it ad- 
 visable that it should be; conducted ? " "I should say. that an 
 officer selling would be fairly entitled to the full price of his com- 
 mission.", 
 
 " With reference to the question of time, and the number of 
 
32 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 officers to whom this indulgence should be extended have you 
 any suggestions that you would make to the commission ?'' It 
 would be for the consideration of the first Lord of the Admiralty 
 and the Master-General of the ordnance how far they think it 
 would be beneficial to their corps to extend this advantage." 
 
 " The Horse Guards also would wish to place a limit to the 
 numbers ? " " Certainly ; it would not be wished to carry it to 
 any great extent." 
 
 " Brevet rank merely gives army rank ; it does not affect the 
 regimental rank of an officer, except in acting with another regi- 
 ment ? " " It affects his duties in garrison." 
 
 " For instance, a captain in a regiment who attains the rank of 
 major or lieutenant-colonel (of which there were many instances 
 during the peninsular war), if placed on half-pay would have no ad- 
 vantage from that rank, but would be obliged, on returning to em- 
 ployment as a regimental officer, to come back to the service as 
 captain ? " " Yes ; but a captain having brevet rank superior 
 to his regimental commission is now permitted to retire upon 
 half-pay, with an extra shilling a day." 
 
 " But it gives him no regimental advantage ? " " No." " Might 
 not some measure be adopted by which officers, who, by their gal- 
 lantry and good conduct in the field have obtained brevet 
 rank, might be permitted to exchange from that brevet rank 
 with other officers holding the substantive commissions cor- 
 responding with their brevet rank ? " "I think it would be very 
 difficult to arrange it." 
 
 " When you consider that several distinguished officers, regi- 
 mental and staff, who, under the Duke of Wellington, obtained the 
 brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel for eminent services in the field, 
 have remained during 23 years of peace, on the pay and regimental 
 rank of captain of infantry, of course not likely to return to serve as 
 captains of infantry and equally not thinking it worth their while, 
 or not having the means to pay a large sum for the regimental 
 ranks of major and lieutenant-colonel, are you of opinon, under 
 those circumstances, that the army need not have been deprived 
 of some of its most distinguished officers who have been doomed 
 for several years to remain upon the half-pay of captain, although 
 possessing the rank of lieutenant-colonel, acquired by service 
 in the field?" "Yes, that is certainly the case. In the year 1830, 
 certain officers who held staff situations were promoted to higher 
 regimental commissions, although, as far as their regimental com- 
 mission was concerned, they were upon half-pay. I beg to give in 
 a return, showing what officers were so promoted in 1830, and the 
 expense attending that promotion. (The witness delivered in the fol- 
 lowing return). Return of the number of officers upon half-pay hav- 
 
OF BREVETS. 
 
 33 
 
 ing superior brevet rank, who were promoted to unattached commis- 
 sions in 1830, in consequence of their service on the staff, and of 
 the additional expense to the public by tlie measure. 
 
 Numbers. 
 
 
 Increased charge 
 of half-pay. 
 
 IS 
 16 
 
 Majors to be lieutenant-colonels. The increased 
 charge to the public was the difference 
 between the half-pay they had been receiv- 
 ing, and that attached to their new rank. 
 
 Captains to be Majors, ditto 
 
 Increased charge to the public, per annum. . 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 419 15 
 702 12 6 
 
 31 
 
 1122 7 6 
 
 '' Has not this operated with great severity upon several 
 officers who, from their attachment to the profession, notwith- 
 standing that they obtained the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel 
 by their gallantry in the field, have been obliged to purchase the 
 substantive regimental commissions of major and lieutenant- 
 colonel or to remain unemployed on captain's half-pay ? " " That 
 has been the case, and others have not come forward from an 
 unwillingness to serve in the rank of captain, after having 
 obtained rank in the field, and also having, in some instances, 
 commanded corps in the Portuguese service." 
 
 "Where would be the military objections to allowing officers of 
 this class, who have obtained brevet rank fo r meritorious service, 
 to exchange with regimental majors or lieutenant-colonels, paying 
 the difference between full and half-pay, putting aside for the 
 present the financial considerations involved in the exchange?" 
 " I think the military objection would be this, that it would oper- 
 ate very extensively, and therefore would produce inconvenience 
 from the mass of claimants." 
 
 " Suppose that the system were not applied to officers now 
 holding brevet rank, but were to be adopted only as a future 
 system for good service in the field, making the brevet rank more 
 effective, do you see any objection to it under those circum- 
 tances ? " "I do not." 
 
 " Suppose that a lieutenant-colonel by brevet is on half-pay as a 
 captain, the proposition is that he should exchange with a lieuten- 
 ant-colonel of a regiment, paying the difference, — now would he 
 find a lieutenent-colonel, who, for the sake of the usual difference, 
 would go to the half-pay of a captain, which is ;^i27 a year, instead 
 
 3 
 
34 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 of the half-pay of a lieutenant-colonel ? " " Certainly not, unless 
 the Secretary at War would agree to provide the difference of 
 half-pay." 
 
 " Those gentlemen received their brevets of major or lieuten- 
 ant-colonel inconsequence of their services in the field : would not 
 it be reckoned a hardship upon men who have retired and have 
 gone out of the service altogether as captains, now 25 years after 
 the service is over, to give this boon to those who now remain ? " 
 " It is very likely they would feel sore at the preference given 
 to those who still remain, and have not performed more service 
 than themselves since the war." 
 
 " Might it not be inconvenient to a man who has commanded a 
 regiment as major in the West Indies for five or six years, that 
 a brevet lieutenant-colonel in the corps, who perhaps was only a 
 captain upon the staff, should exchange over his head, and take 
 the command of his regiment ? " " It would depend upon the 
 relative services of the two." 
 
 " Do not you conceive that the most unpopular service in the 
 British army is the service in our colonies ? " " Certainly." 
 
 " Do you think that it is desirable to give those who are more 
 fortunate in serving in the field, many more advantages than are 
 given to those men who are doing useful and quite as dangerous 
 duty in the colonies ? " " I think at the present moment you 
 must give every encouragement to those who are willing to serve 
 in the colonies." 
 
 " Are you of opinion that the first class of officers for rewards 
 in the service, are those who have had the good fortune to distin- 
 guish themselves in the field ? " " Certainly." 
 
 " And the second class those who have served long and well in 
 the colonies ; and the third class those that have served at 
 home?" "Yes." 
 
 " As brevet officers, promoted for distinguished service in the 
 field in many cases, could not, during the war, serve in the inferior 
 regimental ranks, being, as you were yourself, employed on the 
 staff in *he Peninsula, should you conceive such employment to 
 be any disqualification from rising to high rank ? " " Certainly 
 not." 
 
 " Are there many officers now who served in the war, of the rank 
 of lieutenant, and upon the half-pay of lieutenant ? " "A great 
 number upon half-pay, and some still upon full-pay." 
 
 " You do not promote them from the half-pay list ? " " No ; 
 they must come in as lieutenants. There are not many lieuten- 
 ants now upon half-pay who are desirous of serving as lieutenants, 
 but there are a great many upon half-pay who are ambitious of 
 obtaining the rank of captain." ^ 
 
OF BREVETS. 35 
 
 " Do you think it would be desirable to give the brevet rank of 
 captain to lieutenants who have served well in the war ? " "I do 
 not think it would be desirable. The brevet rank would be no 
 positive advantage to them unless it carried with it the pay of 
 captain. These officers would naturally look to the pay as the 
 ultimate object." 
 
 " A great many of these officers are too old now to serve as 
 lieutenants .■■ " " Yes." 
 
 " If a lieutenant served in the war and was reduced at the end 
 of the war with his battalion, and has not again been employed, 
 is there any difficulty in permitting that officer to sell out.?" 
 " Not the least ; all lieutenants who can produce certificates of 
 good health are allowed to sell their half-pay. They are either 
 brought upon full-pay for that purpose, at no expense to the 
 public, or the War Office is prepared to buy up their half-pay. A 
 great portion of these officers is entitled to the full price, ^700." 
 
 " If a lieutenant had served in the war and was reduced with 
 his battalion, or went upon half-pay because of illness contracted 
 in the service, there would be no difficulty in that officer now, be 
 his age what it may, being permitted to sell ? " " If he is under 
 60 he would be permitted to sell." 
 
 " Would it be necessary for him to come upon full-pay in order 
 to sell ? " " It is not necessary that he should be brought on 
 full pay for the purpose, but in many cases that would' be the 
 better way of affecting the arrangement, either in succession to 
 officers promoted to half-pay, or upon an actual vacancy." 
 
 " At what rate would he be allowed to sell ? " " He would 
 receive the full price if his full-pay service should entitle him to 
 it, but otherwise the old price. In most instances, however, the 
 sum given is ;^7oo." 
 
 " No man is allowed to sell out who has received the difference, 
 unless he returns it ? " " The difference is deducted from the 
 proceeds of the commission." 
 
 " You consider that the brevet system introduced by the Duke 
 of Wellington in Spain was the greatest stimulus which the army 
 received, and that it had a very great effect in exciting emulation 
 in the army ? " " Certainly ; it was the only means the Duke of 
 Wellington had of rewarding officers." 
 
 " Was it not a reward which affected the poorer class of officers 
 as well as the rich ? " " Certainly." 
 
 " It was for merit in the field, and was a system universally 
 approved ? " " It was." 
 
 " The preceding questions upon this subject had reference to the 
 remedy which might be applied for the future, by pointing out 
 the hardship to which this meritorious class of officers have been 
 
36 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 exposed who, after 23 years of peace, have remained on the brevet 
 rank of lieutenant-colonel, with only captain's half-pay, or ;£■! 27 
 a-year to live on, and who, if they shall not have served six years 
 on full-pay, or on the staff as field-officers must, even when pro- 
 moted to be major-generals, continue to receive captain's half-pay 
 for the remainder of their lives, or until employed as major-gen- 
 erals, for which they will probably be too old. These are mostly 
 men of merit in the field, without fortune, and if the brevet rank 
 of which they are justly proud, has placed them in the state . 
 hardship I haVe described, and in which you concur, I ask whether 
 you can suggest any remedy for the future, bearing in mind that 
 I did, in 1830, on Lord Hill's representation, recommend to the 
 King to promote 31 of these officers to unattached commissions, 
 the expense being about ^1,100, a year?" " I am fully aware of 
 the unsatisfactory situation in which some officers have been left 
 wl o have obtained brevet rank for service in the field. Not- 
 withstanding this, however, I am of opinion that brevet rank is 
 the only means of reward which could be given for such service 
 in the first instance, and that any other system would be produc 
 tive of inconvenience, and lead to the immediate loss of the 
 services of the officer whom it might be intended to distinguish. 
 But after the operations in the field should have ceased, it might 
 be proper to consider the position of the officer upon whom brevet 
 rank had been conferred, and to give him the option of unattached 
 rank, as was done in 1826, and again in 1830. On the latter 
 occasion it was applied not only to regimental officers holding 
 brevet rank superior to their effective commissions, but likewise 
 to officers on the staff, who benefited by the arrangement to the 
 extent of 31." 
 
 " With regard to a general periodical brevet, do you consider it 
 to be of great advantage to the serv .' " " Certainly." 
 
 " Will you state the principal advantages connected with it ? " 
 " A brevet not only brings forward officers to the ranks which 
 admit of their claiming the higher emoluments and advantages of 
 the service, but it likewise withdraws some from the command 
 of regiments which they might be getting too old to retain with 
 comfort to themselves. It gives promotion to those regiments, 
 and places younger men in the responsible situations of com- 
 manding officers." 
 
 " In fact, it is an honorable outlet to enable officers of regi- 
 ments, being lieutenant-colonels or majors, to escape from their 
 regimental duties and be replaced by younger men?" "Yes." 
 
 "Excepting the regiments which are given by selection to 
 officers, and the ;£'4oo a-year which they receive, are there any 
 other emoluments for distinguished service except a portion of 
 
OF BREVETS. 3/ 
 
 the allowances now granted instead of the military governments 
 which formerly existed ? " " There are 120 general officers upon 
 j^'tjSS. a-day, which is ;£'456 a-year ; therefore those 120 have 
 £56 a-year more than the others. The sum to be granted 
 eventually as rewards for good service, in lieu of the governments, 
 is ;^i8,ooo a year." 
 
 "What did the governments amount to in 1833 ?"" About 
 ;^30,ooo a-year." 
 
 " Consequently the army, by the recommendation of the com- 
 mittee on army and navy appointments, were intended to have 
 been deprived of about ;^i 2,000 a-year ? " " It would so appear 
 from one of the recommendations of the committee on army and 
 navy appointments ; but I have reason to believe that the army 
 will not eventually suffer to that or any material extent, if it be 
 necessary to maintain the effective garrison appointments." 
 
 " Those rewards of governments have not increased during the 
 war ; they were the same as they were in 1792 ? " " They are the 
 same, with the exception of three, which were discontinued some 
 years ago." • 
 
 " Then, in fact, after a long and arduous war, in which the 
 peace establishment of the army of 1792 had doubled, the re- 
 wards of the army, called military governments, were not only 
 the same in 1833 as they had been in 1792, but, in 1833, it was 
 intended that one-third of those rewards should he taken away ? " 
 "Yes ; but there are more regiments than there were in 1792.'' 
 
 " Then there has been, as a partial counterbalance to that, 
 ;^ioo a-year added to the pay of a general officer, making it now 
 ;^4oo ? " " Yes." 
 
 "Can you state the total amount of unattached pay received 
 by general officers now, and the total amount of unattached pay 
 received by general officers in 1792 ? " "No. In 1792 there was 
 no unattached pay for a general officer. He remained on the 
 strength of the regiment in which he was serving at the time of 
 his promotion, and received the pay of his regimental rank. If 
 on half-pay when made major-general, he continued in receipt of 
 the same half-pay." 
 
 " Can you state what was the amount that was received by 
 general officers, not colonels of regiments, in 1792?" "No. I 
 cannot ; but the general officers were much less numerous." 
 
 " Then the greater part of the sum of ;£"io3,oo6 last year voted 
 for the unattached pay of general officers, must be considered as 
 an increase in the rewards given now to the higher branches of the 
 service, as compared with 1792 ? " " Yes ; the difference between 
 the regimental full, or half-pay, of general officers in 1792, and 
 the ;^4oo a-year now granted, is an increase of the rewards." 
 
38 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 " The value of a regiment is the same now as Jit was formerly ? " 
 " The value of regiments will for the future be less than it was 
 formerly, inasmuch as the colonel's pay and allowances ha,ve been 
 reduced prospectively from ;£'6i3 a-year to ;£'soo." 
 
 " The pay of a general officer upon the staff at Waterloo was 
 the same as it was at the battle of Murden ?" "There has been 
 no alteration. The actual pay of a general officer employed upon 
 the staff is precisely the same as it was 150 years ago." 
 
 " How many lieutenant-colonels of regiments were at the last 
 brevet promoted to be major-generals ? " " There were 16 colonels 
 made major-generals, exclusive of those belonging to the ord- 
 nance corps ; but of these, only three were in command of regi- 
 ments of the line, and one was removed from the guards. The 
 rest were on half-pay." 
 
 " Referring to the difficulty, which His Grace the Duke of 
 Wellington pointed out, of a brevet officer, being a captain on 
 half -pay only but having the brevet of lieutenant-colonel, ex- 
 changing with a regimental lieutenant-colonel — might not that 
 difficulty be removed»by making a calculation of the difference 
 between the regimental half-pay that he received as captain 
 and the pay he would receive as lieutenant-colonel, and requiring 
 him to pay the person with whom he exchanges a proportionate 
 compensation for that difference ? That would get over the diffi- 
 culty, or he might pay the difference to the public ; but I do not 
 think you would find many prepared to incur this expense." 
 
 " Although brevet rank was a reward in the Peninsula to cap- 
 tains and majors, it was no reward to lieutenants and ensigns ? " 
 " No ; there was no promotion out of the regular succession for 
 any other officers than majors and captains." 
 
 " The Duke of Wellington had no means in the Peninsula of 
 rewarding any subaltern, even though that subaltern commanded 
 a forlorn hope, and distinguished himself by his conduct V " He 
 had the power of recommending him to the commander-in-chief 
 for a company, but the difficulty of getting him a company was 
 very great." 
 
 " Do not you think it is advisable that they should be rewarded 
 by brevet ? " "I am decidedly averse to giving lieutenants any 
 kind of rank by brevet." 
 
 " You have stated that there have been instances of majors 
 who, from their age, have been in such a situation that it became 
 unwise to allow them to get the command of regiments as lieu- 
 tenant-colonels. If such a major had gone upon half-pay, taking 
 the difference, and had remained upon half-pay, gaining each step 
 of rank by brevet, and upon obtaining each step hid offered to 
 serve, if you wanted him, would that officer, if he lived long 
 
OF BREVETS. 39 
 
 enough, become a general officer ? " " An officer who retires upon 
 half-pay, receiving the difference, makes no further progress in 
 the service." 
 
 " Suppose he goes upon half-pay without receiving the differ- 
 ence ? " " If he goes upon half-pay without receiving the differ- 
 ence, then he would be entitled to the next step, as having served 
 in the rank he held when he retired." 
 
 " If he had served in the rank of major, but never served again, 
 but offered his services upon each promotion would he arrive at 
 the rank of major-general ? " " He would, unless there should 
 be something in his case to prevent his advancement even if it 
 were known that he could not serve, I think he would still be 
 entitled to his promotion." 
 
 "Supposing you had information that he was bedridden?" 
 " He would still get his promotion." 
 
 "This major who is supposed to exchange to half-pay without 
 receiving the difference — that is a very rare case is it not ? " " A 
 very rare case. It hasinot happened above once or twice in ten years. 
 
 " When they are laid aside as being unfit for service, they gen- 
 erally sell out or take the difference ? " " Yes." 
 
 " You were understood to say that there are several persons 
 receiving now the half-pay of captains who are major-generals ; 
 how did that arise ? " " From their never having arrived at a 
 higher regimental rank than that of captain. " 
 
 "Then how do they go on in the service?" "By offering 
 their services." 
 
 " Did they continue as captains when they were major-gener- 
 als ? " " No, they had retired to half-pay before they became 
 major-generals." 
 
 " How did they get upon their half-pay ? " " Without looking 
 into cases I cannot say. An officer may have been reduced after 
 he had obtained the brevet rank of field-officer." 
 
 " How can a person who has only arrived at the regimental 
 rank of captain go on to be made a major-general ? " " Because 
 he did not retire upon half-pay until he had obtained the brevet 
 rank of field-officer. There is a case in point at the last brevet 
 of major-general, who attained not only the rank of major, but 
 likewise that of lieutenant-colonel, while serving as captiin, and 
 afterwards retired upon the half-pay of his regimental rank." 
 
 " Then, if an officer gets brevet rank, although he may be only 
 a captain, his promotion will go on, so as to entitle him to become 
 ultimately a general ? " " Yes." 
 
 " But, if a man is only captain, and has not brevet rank when 
 he goes upon half-pay, hi^ promotion stops ? " " Until he is 
 again employed." 
 
40 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 " But, if a man has obtained the rank of major, either by brevet 
 or in the regiment, and he remains upon half-pay the rest of his 
 life, although he should be bed-ridden at the time a brevet comes 
 out, he would get his promotion to be major-general ? " " Yes ; 
 but his getting the pay of major-general would depend upon the 
 circumstances under which he went upon half-pay." 
 
 "Would his rank go on if he had not offered to serve?" 
 " No." 
 
 " Are there not frequent discussions as to whether an officer 
 has given in an offer to serve or not, and does not it frequently 
 happen that his prospects are materially affected by the fact, 
 whether he has been discreet enough at the proper period of his 
 going on half-pay to send in offer of service ? " " Yes ; some 
 officers have been included in the brevet in consequence of hav- 
 ing stated in their record of service deposited at the war office 
 that they were desirous of employment. Several cases have been 
 governed by their answer to the question contained in that doc- 
 ument, ' Are you desirous of service ? ' without having made any 
 written application to the commander-in-chief." 
 
 " Under what circumstances would an officer so arriving at the 
 rank of major-general not get the ;^400 a-year ? " " He would 
 not get it i' he had retired upon half-pay of his own accord dur- 
 ing a period of war, or if he had not served six years as a field- 
 officer." 
 
 " If he did not get the ;^4oo a-year he would continue to re- 
 ceive his regimental half-pay, although a major-general ? " " He 
 would continue to receive his regimental half-pay." 
 
 " Is not there a case of a lieutenant-colonel now who is a major- 
 general, and who is receiving half-pay?" "There is; and I 
 think the case a hard one. It is that of Lord Tweeddale." 
 
 " He served not only in the Peninsular, but in Canada, and he 
 was wounded in the service ? " " Yes." 
 
 " Why is that ? " " Because he had not served the full period, 
 and went upon half-pay at his own request." 
 
 " Do you -suppose that Lord Tweeddale applied for leave to 
 retire because he was unable to serve any longer in consequence 
 of his wound?" "In his application for half-pay he did not 
 allude to his having been wounded." 
 
 " Do you know how long after he was wounded he exchanged 
 to half-pay ? " " He was severely wounded at Chippewa on the 
 5th July, 1814, in an action in which the looth regiment, which 
 he commanded, lost in killed and wounded about 200 men. He 
 went upon half-pay on the 7th of December, 1815, when the war 
 had terminated." 
 
 " Will you be good enough to state under what circumstances 
 
OF BREVETS. 4 1 
 
 and considerations any officer who arrives in time to have pro- 
 motion by brevet is passed over ? " " He is passed over if he 
 has not offered to serve since he was last promoted." 
 
 " Is there any other consideration ? " "I do not think there is^ 
 any other." 
 
 " In consequence of what you have stated as the regulation, 
 does it happen in almost every extensive brevet that takes place, 
 hat several officers are promoted to the rank of major-general who 
 are unfit to do the active duties of that station ? " " Certainly." 
 
 " Do you know the age of the youngest officer that has been 
 made a major-general under the last brevet ? " " They are rather 
 old in the last brevet. There is no officer in the last brevet under 
 54 years of age." 
 
 " Do you know the age of the youngest general officer upon the 
 list?" " Ithink Major-General Henry Wyndham is the young- 
 est ; he is about 48." 
 
 " He got quick promotion by being aide-de-camp to King 
 George IV. ? " " He did." 
 
 " Do you happen to know the age of the oldest officer promoted 
 in the last brevet to be major-general ? " " No ; there are some 
 oUcers promoted on that occasion who have been 47 or 48 years 
 in the service." 
 
 "Is not it the consequence of a system of promotion by pur- 
 chase to have those extensive differences of age in officers of the 
 same rank ? " " Certainly." 
 
 " Any system, except that of mere seniority, must have that 
 .effect?" "Certainly." 
 
 The following extract from report of Commissioners on Naval 
 and Military promotion, 1840, gives the rules and regulations 
 under which the officers of the corps of Royal P^ngineers were 
 appointed and promoted and permitted to retire from the British 
 service in 1838. 
 
 " The officers of the corps of royal engineers are nominated by 
 the master-general of the ordnance from the gentlemen cadets 
 who are educated at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich for 
 the Ordnance Military Corps, at which establishment they enter 
 from the ages of 15 to 17 }'ears, under regulations, of which a copy 
 is enclosed, mai-ked " A." The cadets are required to complete 
 the course of established studies, to qualify them for first commis- 
 sions, in a period of four years. 
 
 " All subsequent promotion in the corps is by seniority, with the 
 exception of appointment to a battalion, for which selection is 
 
 3* 
 
42 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 made by the quarteniiaster-general from the eight seniors under 
 the regulations of 21st February, 1834, of which the enclosed- is 
 an extract, H,* and when any officer has obtained the rank of 
 major-general (if not a colonel of a battalion) he is removed from 
 the effective strength of the corps, under the master-general's 
 order of 21st July, 1825, but subsequently returns to it, when 
 appointed to a vacancy as colonel of a battalion, of which rank 
 there are at present five. This removal from the effective strength 
 of the corps takes place, notwithstanding an officer may have ob- 
 tained the rank of major-general from early brevet rank, granted 
 to him for service in the field, so that the practical result has been 
 in spme cases (and prospectively is so in many others) that 
 officers have been removed from the effective strength, at a great 
 pecuniary loss to them, several years sooner than they would have 
 been had their promotion gone on in the ordinary course of rising 
 in the corps without early brevet rank. The late Major-General 
 Sir James C. Smyth and Major-General Sir John Jones are strong 
 cases in point ; the former was made major-general in 1825, but 
 in the ordinary way would not have come to that rank till 1837 ; 
 and the latter (made a major-general in 1837) would still have 
 been on the effective strength as colonel, and probably not have 
 obtained the rank of major-general for many years to come. 
 
 (H.) 
 
 " His Majesty having taken the whole subject into his royal 
 consideration, has been most graciously pleased to order that 
 upon all future vacancies in the command of a battalion of artil- 
 lery or engineers, the master-general, for the time being, shall 
 select the officer to be promoted to th^ command of a battalion 
 in those corps respectively among the twenty seniors of the 
 of the artillery, or in eight seniors of the engineers, whether 
 actually serving in those corps respectively, or receiving un- 
 attached pay as general officers having been removed under the 
 operation of His Majesty's warrant on attaining the rank of major- 
 general, with the exception always of those officers who may be 
 in the receipt of the retired allowance of ;^7oo per annum." 
 
 When the Right Honorable Fox Maule, Secretary of War, was 
 questioned by the Committee of Parliament, in 1850, in regard to 
 the advantage and economy of the system of promotion by a 
 general brevet, on the one hand, or by selection on the other, he 
 answered, " it (selection) would be a more economical practice, 
 but I doubt whether it would be attended with justice to the army 
 
 * * The seniors according to corps ranli h.ive been selected., ♦ 
 
OF BREVETS. 43 
 
 because there are agreat many officers who have served gallantly 
 and who have worked their way up to the higher ranks of the 
 army, who might not be fortunate enough to be selected for 
 particular services and who might linger in the shade all their 
 lives. * * * * I do not think the 
 
 public of this country would ever recognize the justice of turning 
 off an old servant because he is old. * * * * 
 
 I think promotion should follow more in consideration of former ser- 
 vices than immediate fitnesi for duty." 
 
 The promotion by seniority was on account of former services ; 
 elections and assignments to duty were made as needed from 
 those best qualified ; and the remainder left unattached. This 
 principle was observed until October 6th, 1854, when, on the 
 recommendation of a commission appointed by the Queen, which 
 revised the whole system of promotion, &c., a royal warrant was 
 issued, one paragraph of which directed that " General periodical 
 brevets be, for the future, abolished." * But, although the brevet 
 as a system of general promotion, instituted in 1760, was thus 
 abolished in 1854, £revet J?anh in the army {hut not in the navy), 
 is conferred in individual cases, and for several reasons, on 
 captains, majors, and lieutenant-colonels : — 
 
 J^irst. — For distinguished service in the field. 
 
 Second. — For continued service for a certain number of years in 
 the same grade. 
 
 Third. — For special purposes and localities, as, for example, to 
 command remote stations, or as special acts of grace to officers at 
 these places ; the Brevet Rank in these last cases being in reality 
 local rank. 
 
 It may be mentioned also that the officers of certain special 
 corps are endowed with rank in the army at large one grade 
 higher than that held in the corps to which they belong, but this 
 is not really brevet rank, although it is in the nature of it. 
 
 It is not practicable to trace here, in detail, the features or 
 effects of these various kinds of promotion. They have gone 
 through many phases and have created a variety of questions. 
 
 The brevet conferred originally by William the Third, for the 
 purpose, apparently, of bringing into the army a civilian whose 
 services he desired, became a means of reward for individual 
 officers already in the service, and out of it grew also a system by 
 which general officers were made from 1760 to 1854. It gave 
 rise, at a very early period, to vexatious questions of duty and 
 
 * For the Royal Warrant in full see appendix " B." For Royal Warrant of 
 December, 1871, regulating promotions, &c., in the British army, see appendix 
 "C." 
 
44 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 privilege. Among other claims were those of subordinate officers 
 who, having received brevet rank, urged that they were, thereby, 
 exempt from regimental duty. A royal order, issued by Queen 
 Anne, in 1708, put a stop to the pretensions of this sort existing 
 at that time, and designed furthermore to prevent the conferring of 
 any more brevets. This last object, however, was accpmplished 
 only by a more specific order from the same Sovereign, in the 
 following terms :— " To restore, therefore, that order and method 
 which has been lost in promotion in our army, it is our express 
 will and pleasure that no more brevets be granted on any pre- 
 tence whatever." 
 
 But while the Duke of Wellington was commanding in the 
 Peninsula, he represented that he had no means of rewarding 
 distinguished services in the field, and on his report brevet rank 
 was restored and still exists. It is conferred by the Sovereign, 
 on the recommendation of the General-in-Chief of the army. 
 Fonblanque calls it " an honorary distinction conferred upon 
 regimental officers of, and above, the rank of captain ; it confers 
 no regimental privileges ; a captain, for instance, holding the 
 brevet rank of major or lieutenant-colonel, continues to perform 
 the ordinary regimental duties with his company ; but if serving 
 with other troops in garrison or in camp, he is placed on the gar- 
 rison, brigade, or division rollster, with field officers and performs 
 his tour of duty with them." 
 
 The British army regulations edition of 1873, on the subject of 
 brevet rank, are as follows : 
 
 " Section 2. Command and Rank. 
 
 " I. The function of a command is to be exercised by the 
 senior combatant officer, according to date of army rank, irre- 
 spective of the branch of the service to which he belongs, and 
 including the Royal Marine Forces and Her Majesty's Indian 
 Forces. In case two commissions of the same date interfere, a 
 retrospect is to be had to former commissions. When regiments 
 or detachments of diiferent corps are employed together on any 
 dut}', whether in camp, garrison, or quarters, each regiment and 
 detachment will act under the immediate authority of its own 
 commander, the several corps and detachments receiving orders 
 from, and being under command of, the senior combatant officer 
 present. 
 
 "2. Officers on half pay, when holding an appointment on the 
 General staff of the army, are qualified to assume the ordinaiy 
 functions of command on becoming the senior combatant officer 
 present; but half-pay officers on the personal staff of a general 
 officer, or holding appointments in the civil branches of the army 
 
OF BREVETS. 45 
 
 or in the civil administration of the Government are not so qual- 
 ified. 
 
 " 3. The following rules defining the relative position of officers 
 holding local or temporary rank, with those h3.v'mg permanent rank 
 are to be observed : — 
 
 a. "Local rank carries with it, within the command or 
 country in which it has effect, the sanje advantage of 
 precedence and command as permanent rank. 
 
 b. Officers having permanent rank shall take precedence of 
 all those serving with them having temporary rank of 
 the same grade. 
 
 c. Colonels appointed to act temporarily as major-generals 
 shall take rank among themselves while so acting, 
 according to the dates of their commissions as colonels 
 They shall rank as junior to all permanent major-gen- 
 erals, but as senior to all brigadier-generals, who will, in 
 like manner, take precedence among themselves accord- 
 ing to the dates of their 
 
 " Commissions as Colonels. 
 
 "4. Colonels will continue to perform the ordinary duties of 
 field officers for five years from the date of their commission as 
 colonel, after which period they are not to be included in the 
 field officers roster, and will have special duties assigned to them 
 — such as the presidency of general courts martial, or of boards 
 or Courts of Inquiry, requiring the services of an officer of rank. 
 
 "5. Captains having the brevet rank of field officers, are to do 
 dut3? as field officers in camp and garrison ; but they are also to 
 perform all regimental duties according to their regimental rank. 
 
 " Section 8. Duties. 
 
 " 18. Brevet field officers are to be mounted at all times when 
 doing duty as field officers. 
 
 Section 12. Dress and Equipment. 
 
 " "10. Brevet field officers doing duty with their regiments as 
 captains, are to wear uniform with horse furniture (except saddle 
 cloth) according to their rank in the army ; in the infantry, 
 
4.6 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 however, such officers will not wear spurs on parade, except when 
 doing duty as field officers." 
 ********* 
 
 The promotion of officers to higher grades in the BVitish Array 
 by the system of general brevets left all of that large proportion 
 which was not assigned to duty, with such feeble relations to the 
 service, that their amenability to military law was disputed ; but 
 in 1748 when the inclusion of half-pay officers within the sphere 
 of military law was objected to as an unnecessary extension of 
 that law, the clause referring to them in the Mutiny Act was 
 omitted, and it has never since been inserted. In 1786 it was 
 formally decided that brevet officers are subject to the Mutiny 
 Act or Articles of War.* 
 
 It appears from the foregoing that the British army furniehes 
 a remarkable illustration of the principle that office does not 
 carry with it the r/g-/it to command, but merely renders the incum- 
 bent gligibk, and that command results from assignment. 
 
 The only paid brevet rank in the British army is that of Major 
 who receives two shillings a day in addition to the pay of cap- 
 tain. 
 
 On the 26 of July, 1737, George the Second, issued his royal 
 warrant regulating the bounty to be allowed to the widovvs of 
 officers. 
 
 Paragraph i. " We do hereby declare it to be our intention, 
 that the provisions we are pleased to allow to the said widows, 
 shall be according to the following regulations by virtue of the 
 commissions by which their respective husbands did receive pay, 
 and not by brevet, except we shall think fit in any case expressly 
 to direct otherwise." 
 
 BREVET RANK IN THE EUROPEAN ARMIES. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 I. Of Officers in Active Service. 
 
 The rule in the German army is to promote by seniority and 
 length of service. Under this rule it happens that officers some- 
 times attain grades for which there is no corresponding regular 
 duty or position. That is to say there may be no company for a 
 lieutenant, who becomes a captain by virtue of a certain number 
 
 * For a full and interesting discussion of this question, see appendix. " F " 
 
OF BREVET5. 47 
 
 of years of service. In these cases the practice is to place the 
 officer on some detached duty, or retire liim from active service. 
 There are some positions in the German military service which 
 must always be filled by officers of particular grades. Such, for 
 example, as commandants of open and fortified places, post com- 
 manders, and officers of the military police. 
 
 When the occupants of these positions become entitled to pro- 
 motion by length of service, the new grade, if they were regularly 
 promoted, would be too high for their positions. To continue 
 them upon the duties they may be performing an exceptional 
 course is pursued, and " characterization " or brevet promotion 
 is conferred upon them. They receive the " character " of the 
 next higher grade, and assume its uniform and title, but are not 
 regularly commissioned in that grade either for pay or pension. 
 They take rank next below all commissioned officers of their 
 brevet grade, but above all of the next lower grade : but in esti- 
 mating their seniority they are considered as belonging to the 
 grade of which they wear the uniform, and they appear according 
 to that gr.'de in the Army Register. 
 
 This " characterization " or brevet promotion in the German 
 army is due mainly to a practice peculiar to that service : officers 
 there are not promoted above the grade of captain without having 
 passed very rigorous examinations as to their fitness for higher 
 commands. But even those who have passed the examinations 
 and are subsequently found wanting, physically or intellectually, 
 after having been promoted are stopped in their regular line of 
 advancement by being placed in positions requiring less physical 
 or intellectual capacity (such as those enumerated above) and on 
 becoming entitled to promotion by length of service are not reg- 
 ularly promoted, but brevetted. 
 
 2. Of Retired Officers. 
 
 When an officer resigns or is honorably discharged from the 
 service a higher grade may be conferred on him as an act of grace by 
 royal prerogative, in acknowledgment of services. If officers who 
 remain subject to " landwehr " service resign their commissions no 
 application for increase of rank is proper, since they are not fully 
 discharged from the army but simply pass into a different condi- 
 tion of service. 
 
 Ordnance-sergeants, first-sergeants, and corporals on their dis- 
 charge, may be proposed, for especially meritorious services, for 
 promotion to the grade of brevet second lieutenant, provided they 
 have served thirty years, are qualified for the commissioned grade 
 by service and education, and have the means of maintaining 
 themselves according to that grade. 
 
48 history and legal effects 
 
 Austria — Hungary. 
 
 In the Austrian-Hungarian army the following officers may 
 petition for the next higher titular rank : 
 
 I St. The captains of infantry and cavalry who have advanced 
 to the grade of post commander, when going on the retired list. 
 
 2nd. Staff and general officers who, at the time of leaving the 
 army, are within the first tenth part of the statute (regular) places 
 of their rank. 
 
 3rd. Retired officers who, after their retirement, perform some 
 meritorious act, if at the time of their discharge they ranked 
 amongst the first fifth of their grade. -y 
 
 France. 
 
 *In France, bv virtue of the statute of April, 1832, still in force, 
 regulating promotion, appointment to positions without actual em- 
 ployment, conferring higher honorary or brevet grades, and the 
 conferring of rank not corresponding to actual service, are positive- 
 ly prohibited. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 In the Russian army the officers of the guard take rank with 
 the officers of the line who are two grades higher. Whether, in 
 addition to this, other honorary grades (brevets) are conferred, 
 does not appear. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 No officers of brevet rank being enumerated in the " Annu- 
 ario " of the Italian army, it may be assumed that such honorary 
 rank does not exist in that service. 
 
 Belgium. 
 
 It does not appear that honorary rank exists in the Belgian 
 army. It seems, rather, in this respect, as in most of its other 
 institutions, this army leans towards the French system. 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 In the Swedish army there are honorary or brevet grades cor 
 responding to all the regular grades. Unequal regular promotion 
 in the various branches of the service is given as the reason for 
 promotion by brevet. The title of the brevetted officer is in the 
 
OF BREVETS. 49 
 
 army at large, as for example, " Major, &c., of the Army." Their 
 status in regiments or corps is not changed by their brevets. 
 The captain and brevet major, for example, remains in command 
 of his company, but when assigned to duty with commands com- 
 posed of different regiments or corps, brevet rank decides the 
 right of command. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 In the Spanish army honorary rank, of a grade one or two 
 degrees higher than that actually held, is granted for war, or other 
 special services, to cflficers of all orders and classes, up to, and 
 including the grade of, lieutenant-colonel. For example, a captain 
 who renders extraordinary service, receives the honorary rank of 
 " commandante ; " he continues to perform the duties and to 
 draw the pay of a captain, but he changes the insignia of captain's 
 rank — three stars below and a chevron of three bars worn above 
 the elbow — upon his uniform. He retains upon the sleeve of the 
 frock-coat, below the elbow, the three stars, but suppresses the 
 chevron of three bars, and in its stead wears upon the cuff the 
 bars of a "commandante." 
 
 When the captain, for any cause, attains the full rank of " com- 
 mandante," he takes rank in this grade from the date upon which 
 the honorary rank was given him, and is assigned to the place 
 upon the roster according to the seniority of his honorary grade. 
 
 This is a feature which does not appear in our army nor in the 
 British army. In the Spanish service it applies only in the infan- 
 try and cavalry arms, because in the other arms the honorary rank 
 is considered a necessary step for the purpose of obtaining 
 superior rank by way of reward, but it may be dispensed with 
 where there is a question of rewarding very eminent services. 
 
 Double honorary grades are also given, that is, a captain who 
 has already received the honorary grade of " commandante," may 
 receive also that of lieutenant-colonel. But in this case he can 
 only date as lieutenant-colonel from the day that he attains the 
 grade of " commandante." 
 
 Note. The information relating to the armies of Germany, Austria Hungary, 
 France, Russia, Italv, Belgium, and Sweden, was kindly furnished by Colonel 
 Von Hylander of tlie Prussian staff. Chief of Bureau in the Bavarian War 
 department, and that concerning the Spanish army was received from the "War 
 office in Spain, through the kindness of Colonel John Hay. 
 
50 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The brevet as. a system of regular promotion as well as a means 
 of reward for special service was firmly established in the British 
 army when our revolution broke out in 1775- 
 
 Several members of Congress and many of our revolutionary 
 officers (Washington ^mong them) had served with the British 
 army and understood its grades, rules, and usages. 
 
 The first Continental Congress assembled in September, 1774. 
 The second met at Philadelphia, May 10, 1775. Events had 
 happened in the mean time which rendered it necessary to pre- 
 pare effective resistance to the power of Great Britain. This 
 could only be done by means of a regularly organized continental 
 military force, for no concert of action could be expected from 
 State troops owing obedience to different authorities, governed by 
 different regulations, and having,as local troops, different interests. 
 The battle of Lexington was fought on the 19th of April, 1775 ; 
 three weeks later the second Congress met. The first had not 
 assumed the powers of a national legislature. The second at once 
 commenced to provide for the common defense, and one of its 
 earliest measures was the adoption as a Continental army of the 
 troops already raised, or which should be raised for the defense of 
 American liberty. 
 
 From this time forth the chief control of military affairs, ham- 
 pered as it was in a variety of ways by a want of power, rested 
 with Congress. 
 
 On the 14th of June, 1775, it was resolved " that a committee of 
 five be appointed to prepare rules and regulations for the govern- 
 ment of the army," the following persons being chosen to compose 
 the committee, viz.: — Mr. Washington, Mr. Schuyler, Mr. Deane, 
 Mr. Cushing, Mr. Hewes. 
 
 Of the right of commissioning officers there was no question, 
 and commissions were issued by Congress to the officers of the 
 State lines who remained in the continental service as well as to 
 those directly elected by Congress; and Washington, elected 
 commander-in-chief on the 15th June, 1775, was, by resolve of 
 Congress of July 19th, authorized, if he thought fit, to appoint 
 three brigade majors and commission them accordingly. 
 
OF BREVETS. SI 
 
 Similar autliority was conferred upon him on subsequent oc- 
 casions. On the 28th March, 1776, Congress appointed "Jer- 
 emiah Dugan to be a major witli the rank of lieutenant-colonel," 
 and on the 3rd and loth May, 1776, asserted in the following 
 terms, its right to make appointments. " Congress took into con- 
 sideration the report of the committee on the letter of Brigadier 
 Lord S'.erling, dated the i8th March last, which was agreed to. 
 Whereupon, resolved, that the appointment of Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Ogden, of the ist battalion of New Jersey, was made upon good 
 grounds ; the Congress having reserved and frequently exercised 
 the right of promoting men of distinguished merit. Congress has 
 hitherto exercised and ought to retain the power of promoting 
 officers in the continental service according to their merit ; and no 
 promotion or succession shall take place upon any vacancy with- 
 out the authority of a Continental Commission." 
 
 The organization and government of the army was an adapta- 
 tion to our circumstances of the English system ; and as part of 
 this system we adopted, and at an early day resorted to the 
 commission by brevet. The first articles of war which went into 
 force June 20th, 1775, and were to a great extent copied literally 
 from the British Military Code, contained a clear recognition of 
 the brevet commission. Article 34 is in the following terms : 
 
 " The members both of general and regimental courts-martial, 
 shall, when belonging to different corps, take the same rank which 
 they hold in the army ; but when courts-martial shall be composed 
 of officers of one corps, they shall take their ranks according to 
 their commissions by which they are mustered in the said corps." 
 
 The revision of the articles of war made by the Committee on 
 Spies was adopted by the Continental Congress, September 20, 
 1776. A more distinct mention of brevets is made in Article 24, 
 Section 3, of this Code in the following terms : — 
 
 "Officers having brevets, or commissions of a prior date to those 
 of the regiment in which they now serve, may take place in courts- 
 martial and on detachments, when composed of different corps, 
 according to the ranks given them in their brevets or dates of 
 their former commissions, but in the regiment, troop, or com- 
 pany to which such brevet officers and those who' have commis- 
 sions of a prior date do belong, they shall do duty and take rank 
 both on court-martial and on detachments which shall ht com- 
 posed only of their own corps, according to the commissions by 
 which they are mustered in the said corps." 
 
 On the 20th of July, 1776, prior to the adoption of the revised 
 articles of war, and without any resolution specifically authorizing 
 brevet rank, the first brevet in our military service was conferred 
 in the following terms, and, as in case of the first in the British 
 
52 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 service, it was bestowed on a person- having no rank in the 'army 
 in which he was brevetted. 
 "July 20, 1776. 
 
 "The board of war brought in a report, which was taken into 
 consideration ; whereupon, Resolved. That a brevet commission 
 of lieutenant-colonel be granted to Monsieur Jacques Antoine 
 de Franchessin, a Knight of the Order of St. Louis, an experi- 
 enced officer in the French service, and who is well recommended 
 in letters from abroad ; and that he be ordered to join the flying 
 camp." 
 "July 25, 1776. 
 
 " It was ordered that two months pay be advanced to Monsieur 
 Jacques Antoine de Franchessin." 
 
 The circumstances under which this action was taken were 
 peculiar. 
 
 The " army " over which the Continental Congress assumed 
 control on the 15 of June, 1775, was composed of troops raised 
 and organized by the different States. The officers had obtained 
 their places from their respective states, and generally for doing 
 their parts in recruiting the men. Congress accepted these bodies 
 of troops, officers and all, and in addition to them raised military 
 organizations under its own orders. There was a great deal of 
 irregularity and confusion in commissioning officers, and in estab- 
 lishing their relative rank, especially in the earlier years of the 
 war. But as a general rule, when additional troops were from 
 time to time required from the States, the field officers were com- 
 missioned by Congress on the recommendation of the representa- 
 tives, or other authorities of the State from which the troops 
 came, and were generally citizens thereof. Commissions for the 
 first set of company officers were sent by Congress in blank to 
 the State authorities to be filled out, and delivered by them ; but 
 after that, when vacancies arose, they were all filled by resolution 
 of Congress in each case. 
 
 In view of the dangerous position of affairs, and finding the 
 difficulties involved in the military questions too great for deliber- 
 ative bodies, Congress, on the 27 of December, 1776, conferred 
 on General Washington extraordinary powers by a resolution as 
 follows : — 
 
 " Resolved. * * * The unjust, but determined purpose of 
 the British court to enslave these free States, obvious through 
 every delusive insinuation to the contrary, having placed things 
 in such a situation, that the very existence of civil libertv now 
 depends on the right execution of military powers, and the vigor- 
 ous, decisive conduct of these being impossible to distant, numer- 
 ous and deliberative bodies. This Congress having maturely 
 
OF BREVETS. S3 
 
 considered the present crisis* and having perfect reliance on the 
 wisdom, vigor and uprightness of General Washington, do, there- 
 fore, 
 
 " Resolve, that General Washington shall be, and he is hereby, 
 vested with full, ample and complete powers to raise and collect 
 together in the most speedy and effectual manner, i6 battalions 
 of infantry in addition to those already voted by Congress ; to 
 appoint officers for the said battalions of infantry ; to raise, officer, 
 and equip 3000 light-horse, three regiments of artillery, and a 
 corps of engineers, and to establish their pay ; to apply to any of 
 the States for such aid of the militia as he shall judge necessary ; 
 to form such magazines of provisions, and in such places, as he 
 shall think proper ; to displace and appoint all officers under the 
 rank of brigadier general, and to fill up all vacancies in every 
 other department of the American army ; to take, wherever he 
 may be, wliatever he may want for the use of the arm) , if the 
 inhabitants will not sell it, allowing a reasonable price for the 
 same ; to arrest and confine persons who refuse to take the con- 
 tinental currency, or are otherwise disaffected to the American 
 cause, and return to the States of which they are citizens their 
 names, and the nature of their offences, together with the witnesses 
 to prove them. 
 
 " That the foregoing powers be vested in General Washington 
 for, and during the term of six; months from the date hereof, 
 unless sooner determined by Congress." 
 
 But with this ample authority, which continued for six months, 
 Washington was unable to establish that system which was 
 necessary in matters of rank. Congress, therefore, on the 24th 
 November, 1778, finding that " the settlement of rank in the 
 army of the United States has been attended with much difficulty 
 and delay, inasmuch as no general principles have been adopted 
 and uniformly pursued," passed a series of resolutions* on the sub- 
 ject, one of which prohibited brevets except to officers in the line 
 or for eminent services. 
 
 Many brevets had already been bestowed, and Congress, not- 
 withstanding this resolution, bestowed others. During almost the 
 entire period of the Revolutionary War, the government was em- 
 barrassed in finding suitable positions for the foreigners, princi- 
 pally Frenchmen, who sought commissions in the American army, 
 and whose appointments were generally by brevet. This embar- 
 rassment was to a great extent caused by the action of Silas Deane 
 who, was agent of the U.S. in France, but without authority,t en- 
 tered into agreements with numbers ofindividuals promising them 
 
 • See Appendix " C." t See Appendix— Resolutions, U.S. 
 
54 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 commissions in our service. The right which the States exer- 
 cised as to the selection of officeis for their own quotas of the 
 Continental forces as well as the ignorance of these foreigners of 
 the English language, left but a few military organizations and 
 staff positions open to them. Their number, however, was much 
 in excess of what was required for these ; and Congress, therefore, 
 was driven to the necessity of giving them commissions at large, 
 by brevet and otherwise, and distributing them through the army 
 for such duties as the commanders could find for them. In point 
 of fact not a few were unfit for any duty, and Washington, to 
 whom many were sent, did not hesitate so to state.* It is a 
 rather amusing proof of their helplessness that Congress, on one 
 occasion, allowed a claim for the pay of an interpreter employed 
 by a party of these gentlemen, travelling through the country. 
 
 On the 19th of September, 1776, the rank and pay of captain by 
 brevet was conferred on Mons. Jean Louis de Vernejoux ; and 
 other appointments of a similar kind followed in rapid succession. 
 Prior to 1784, 35 foreigners were taken into our military service 
 by brevet only ; and the brevet rank as a reward was, during the 
 revolution, conferred on 85 officers of the army by special resolu- 
 tion. 
 
 The terms of many of these resolutions (which are given in the 
 appended register), indicate the difficulties met with in the 
 introduction of brevet rank and the efforts of the Continental 
 Congress to overcome them. 
 
 Some of the brevets conferred rank in the army at large, while 
 others were brevets in the " foot," the " artiller}'," the " dra- 
 goons," the " cavalry," the " horse ; " in one instance a major 
 in the French army was brevetted a colonel in our army ; and on 
 Washington's recommendation a civilian was, on October 14, 1776, 
 commissioned as his aide de-camp by brevet. A resolution had, 
 however, been adopted on the 5th of June, 1776, saying that the 
 aides-de-camp of the commander-in-chief should rank as lieutenant- 
 colonel ; and those of a major-general should rank as major, and 
 it is presumed that the brevet of " aide-de-camp," conferred in the 
 case mentioned, carried with it the rank and pay of lieutenant- 
 colonel. 
 
 Although Congress did not, probably could not, always act 
 consistently in the matter of brevets, it is quite certain that they 
 proceeded, even at this early day, with a full knowledge that there 
 was a wide difference between brevets and corps commissions, 
 as is shown by the following case. On the 19th January, 1778, it was 
 " Resolved, That a brevet of lieut.-colonel be granted to the Chev- 
 
 * See Washington's letters,— Appendix " c:" 
 
OF BREVETS. 55 
 
 alier de Mauduit Duplessis, as a reward for his services and in 
 encouragement to merit, and' that his commission bear date the 
 26th of November, 1777, in order that the recompense may more 
 immediately follow the services which he has done." On the gth 
 of February, 1778, Colonel John Laurens, aide-de-camp to Wash- 
 ington, wrote from the headquarters as follows to his father, Henry 
 Laurens, president of Congress : " * * * Inclosed are two 
 letters from Duplessis which relate to his commission. Upon his 
 arrival here he asked for a regimental commission in addition to 
 that which had been given him by Congress. 
 
 "The general refused it as he looked upon the resolve to have 
 intended a brevet, and that a regimental commission might pro- 
 duce a concurrence between him and senior artillery officers, 
 which would be the occasion of discontent, and perhaps the resig- 
 nation of some valuable men. 
 
 " Duplessis understands it differently, and, hoping that he is in 
 the right, applies to you. 
 
 "You know my opinion of this gentleman's merit, but I must 
 confess, at the same time, that I think the brevet is a very honor- 
 able and handsome reward of his services. * * * " 
 
 On the 3rd of November, 1778, a resolution was introduced in 
 Congress, to give Duplessis a brevet of colonel of artillery, but it 
 was negatived. 
 
 The first brevet conferred on an American officer was on Major 
 Setwart by the following resolution, Nov. 19, 1777 : — 
 
 ^'■Resolved: That Major Stewart, who brought the late intelligence 
 from General Gates, and who is recommended as a deserving 
 officer, have the rank of lieutenant-colonel by brevet, and be 
 presented with a sword of the value of $too." 
 
 It was not long before the lavish bestowal of brevets brought 
 its evils to the notice of the Continental Congress. On the 24th 
 of November, 1778, a resolution was passed saying, "that no 
 brevets for the future be granted, except to officers in the line or 
 in case of very eminent services." Within a week, however, 
 December i, 1778, another brevet was conferred. The following 
 preamble, giving the reasons of Congress for its action, is peculi- 
 arly interesting. 
 
 "A letter of November 11, from Elisha Sheldon, colonel, Sam- 
 uel Blackden, lieutenant-colonel, Benjamin Talmud, major, and 
 Josiah Stoddard, captain, of the 2d regiment of light dragoons, 
 was read, representing that Lieutenant John Simonet de Valcour 
 has served with reputation in the 2d regiment of cavalry since its 
 first establishment ; that the rupture between France and England 
 beginning to grow serious and interesting. Lieutenant Simonet is 
 desirous of rejoining the army of his most Christian Majesty, and 
 
56 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 therefore requesting that Congress would promote Lieutenant 
 Simonet to a captaincy in the cavalry, on condition of his leaving 
 his present service, as an honorary compensation of his attach- 
 ment and fidelity, with a saving to all his present senior officers, 
 of their superiority of rank and command, whereupon : 
 
 '^Resolved: That lieutenant John Simonet de Valcour be pro- 
 moted to the rank of captain by brevet, on the condition and with 
 the saving in the above letter." 
 
 To throw additional safeguards around the bestowal of brevet 
 rank. Congress on Feb. 20, 1779, resolved "that no brevet com- 
 mision be granted to any officer except with the consent pf nine 
 states." Seven States constituted a majority in voting on ordi- 
 nary questions. The pressure for original appointments by brevet 
 had by this time abated, and Congress was able to act more un- 
 derstandingly in conferring them. 
 
 But Congress endeavored to adhere to the spirit of the resolu- 
 tion of November 24, 1778, as is illustrated by its resolve of Octo- 
 ber 22 and November 22, 1779. 
 
 " The boards of war having represented that Mons. Norimont 
 de la Neuville has expressed his uneasiness lest his not being 
 gratified with the rank and command of a lieutenant-colonel 
 should create disagreeable comparisons between the supposed 
 ideas entertained by Congress of his merit and that of those en- 
 joying such command. 
 
 "Resolved : That Congress entertain a very favorable opinion 
 of the personal merit and military character of Mons. Norimont, 
 which he has evidenced on every occasion presenting itself to him 
 during his service in America ; but a reformation of the army 
 having lately taken place, which renders it inconsistent with the 
 arrangement as now settled to grant commands in the line to 
 gentlemen under M. Norimont's circumstances, has prevented his 
 having a commission of the same nature with some others, though 
 his merit and services would otherwise entitle him thereto. 
 
 "November 22, 1779. 
 
 "Resolved : That Congress have a due sense of the zeal of the 
 baron de Bonsteller for the service of the U. S.; but that it is not 
 compatible with the present arrangement of the army to employ 
 him in a station suitable to his military pretensions, nor consis- 
 tent with the principles established for rank and promotion therein, 
 to grant him the brevet he requests." 
 
 It is a curious fact that brevets, adopted for getting Frenchmen 
 into our service, were in due time further resorted to, on getting 
 them out of it. Accordingly we find the following resolutions, viz.: 
 
 June II, 1778. 
 
 " The board of war report, " that Major Thomas Mullens, late an 
 
OF BREVETS. 57 
 
 aide-de-camp to Major-General Conway, is an old officer in the 
 French service ; that he served the last campaign in the main 
 army, and for his bravery and good conduct, at the battles of 
 Brandywine and Germanlown, was honored with particular marks 
 of approbation by the commander-in-chief, in general orders ; that 
 he means to accompany General Conway to France, but has not 
 the means of defraying his expenses thither : whereupon. Resolved: 
 That Major Thomas Mullens, who served with honor in the last 
 campaign, have a brevet commission of lieutenant colonel in the 
 armies of the United States." 
 
 November 5, 1778. 
 
 "■Resolved: That th; commission of major by brevet.be granted 
 to Mons. Capitaine, a captain in the service of the United States, 
 and that a bill of exchange for 2400 livres tournois be drawn on 
 the minister of the United States in Paris, in favor of Mons. Cap- 
 itaine, for his expenses in coming to and returning from America." 
 
 December 4, 1778. 
 
 ^'■Ordered: That a certificate be given by the president to Mons. 
 de la Neuville in the words following : 
 
 M. de la Neuville having served with fidelity and reputation in 
 the army of the United States, in testimony of his merit, a brevet 
 commission of brigadier has been granted to him by Congress, 
 and on his request he is permitted to leave the service of these 
 States and to return to France." 
 
 December 10, 1778. 
 
 Resolved: That Major Nicholas Rogers, who came from France 
 with M du Coudray, has served as aid-de-camp to Major-General 
 De Kalb, and has obtained honorable testimonies of his conduct, 
 but from the situation of his private affairs is obliged to leave the 
 army, be promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel by brevet, as 
 a reward for his services." 
 
 January 13, 1779. 
 
 " The board of war report^ that, the following French gentlemen 
 having served as volunteers in Colonel Armand's corps with much 
 reputation, as appears by the certificate of Colonel Armand, and 
 the recommendations of the Marquis de Lafayette and others, 
 are now about to return to France, and therefore recommend that 
 brevets be granted to them under the exception in the resolution 
 against granting brevets except to officers in the line, or in cases 
 of merit, viz. : — .... 
 
 " To Mons. le Chevalier de Treason, the brevet of captain ;, to. 
 Messrs. Verdie, A.llain, de Majastram, Briffault, de Lamno, de 
 Tourneau, le Fievre, and the Chevalier de Fontevieu, the brevets 
 of lieutenants in the service of the United States." 
 
58 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 February- 13, 1779. ., , , , , 
 
 " That Monsi Gerard de St. Elmo, having manifested great zeal 
 and encountered many difficulties to distinguish himself in the 
 service of these States ; having also made a campaign here, and 
 behaved with bravery, and being now about to return to France : 
 
 ''Resolved : That he be appointed to the rank of major by brevet 
 as a testimony of the approbation of Congress of his zeal and 
 services." 
 
 April 9, 1779, 
 
 " The board of war report that Mons. de Bois having had the 
 brevet rank of major in the American army since Nov. 5, 1776, 
 and received pay and rations agreeably thereto, without having 
 been enabled to render any service to the States, is now desirous 
 of returning to Europe if he can obtain a supply of money to pros- 
 ecute his voyage, whereupon : 
 
 "Resolved: That twelve months' pay as major be advanced to 
 Mons. de Bois to defray the expense of his voyage to France, and 
 that he be no longer considered as an officer in the service of the 
 U. S." 
 
 October 18, 1779. 
 
 " Resolved : That Major de la Neuville, who has served two 
 campaigns in the American army, and has obtained very honor- 
 able testimonials of his merit, valor, a!nd services in the several 
 capacities in which he has been employed, be appointed a lieu- 
 tenant-colonel by brevet in the army of the.U. S. 
 
 ''That lieutenant-colonel Norimontde la Neuville have leave 
 to return to France." 
 
 August 17, 1779. 
 
 "Resolved : That Congress entertain a very favorable opinion 
 of the merit and services of Captain de Luce, but in consequence 
 of arrangements lately established, they, cannot comply with his 
 request that they would grant him the brevet of major. 
 
 "Resolved : That the sum of 1,500 dollars be paid to Captain de 
 Luce, to defray the expenses of his voyage to France, whither he 
 proposes to return." 
 ,- November 6, 1778. 
 
 " Resolved: That Major Derick be permitted to return to the 
 United States of the Netherlands, and that he be promoted to the 
 rank of lieutenant-colonel by brevet, as a testimony of his merit 
 and services in the army of the United States." 
 January 13th, 1779. 
 
 "The board of war report, that the following French gentlemen 
 having served as volunteers in Col. Armand's corps with much 
 reputation, as appears by the certificate of Colonel Armand, and 
 the recommendations of the Marquis de Lafayette and others, 
 
OF BREVETS. 59 
 
 are now about to return to France, and therefore recommend that 
 brevets be granted to them liiider the exception in the resolution 
 -against granting brevets except to officers in the line, or in cases 
 of merit, viz : — 
 
 " To Mons. le Chevalier de Treuson, the brevet of captain. To 
 Messrs. Verdi^, Allain, de Majastram, Briffault, de Lamno, le 
 Tourneau, le Fidvre, and the Chevalier de Fontevieu, the brevets 
 of lieutenants in the service of the United States. 
 
 '■'■Resolved: That Congress agree to said report. 
 
 "■Resolved: That the sum of 400 dollars be paid to each pf 
 those gentlemen, to enable them to prosecute their voyage to 
 France. Another report from the board was read : whereupon, 
 
 ^•Resolved: That Mons. John Barnard de Murnand be ap- 
 pointed a major in the corps of engineers, to take rank as such 
 from the ist day of March last, and to receive pay and subsis- 
 tence from the ist of February last, the latter being the time he 
 was employed by Brigadier du Portail, and the former the time he 
 was directed by the commander-in-chief to act as major." 
 February 13th, 1779. 
 
 " That Mons. Gdrard de St. Elmo, having manifested great zeal, 
 and encountered many difficulties to distinguish himself in the 
 service of these States ; having also made a campaign here, and 
 •behaved with bravery, and being now about to return to France'. 
 
 '■'Resolved: That he be appointed to the rank of major by 
 brevet, as a testimony of the approbation of Congress of his zeal 
 and services. 
 February 6th, i 784. 
 
 " Resolved: That the commission of major by brevet, be issued 
 to captains De Bert, Le Brun and M. G. Houdin, and the commis- 
 sions of captain by brevet, be issued to lieutenants Verdier, Fon- 
 tevieux, Le Roy and Marcellin. 
 
 "Resolved: That a brevet commission of lieutenant-colonel be 
 issued to Major de Brahm, of the late corps of engineers, and that 
 he be informed, that his further services are dispensed with." 
 
 In the beginning the pay antl emoluments of officers holding 
 brevet commissions only, usually depended on the terras of the; 
 resolution conferring the appointment or on some subsequent 
 special resolution. As a rule the same pay and allowances were 
 granted to these brevet grades as to corresponding grades in es- 
 tablished branches of the service. 
 
 The question of the pay of brevet officers, as well as the author- 
 ity conferred on them by the articles of war at that time in force, 
 was more clearly set forth on the 30th of April 1778, by the fol- 
 lowing resolution : — 
 
 " Resolved: That no commissioned officer in the army of the 
 
6g) history and legal effects 
 
 United States, who shall be honored with a brevet commission, 
 shall be entitled, by virtue of such brevet commission, to any- 
 higher rank in the regiment, troop, or company to which he be- 
 longs, than he before held therein ; such brevet commission giv- 
 ing rank only upon detachments from the line, and in general- 
 courts-martial ; nor shall such brevet officer be entitled to receive 
 any additional pay in consequence of such brevet promotion." 
 
 But notwithstanding this. Congress found it necessary to take 
 further action in the matter of pay, and on the loth September, 
 1783, passed a resolution as follows : — 
 
 '' Resolved : ThaX the Secretary at War inform the paymaster 
 general that brevet commissions do not entitle, to pay or emolu- 
 ments, unless the same be expressed in the resolution granting 
 such commissions." 
 
 Three Boards were ordered to determine the relative rank of 
 the subalterns, of the Connecticut Line. The first met in August 
 1780, and the last of the three in June 1782. The last one, in 
 its opinion, approved by Washington, touches the subject of brevet 
 rank though in such an indefinite way as not to throw much light 
 upon the meaning of rank at the time named. They say, " This 
 board do not conceive that it was intended that the rank of second 
 lieutenant, continued by brevet, should operate after promotion 
 to a lieutenancy, except in cases where a second lieutenant and 
 ensign have been promoted in the same way." 
 
 The following resolution of September 30th, 1783, at the close 
 of the war, conferred a general brevet which advanced all officers 
 below major-general, one grade. 
 
 " Resolved : That the Secretary at War issue to all officers in 
 the army under the rank of major-general, who hold the same 
 rank now that they held in the year 1777, a brevet commission 
 one grade higher than their present rank, having respect to their 
 seniority ; and that commissions for full colonels be granted to 
 lieut.-cols. of 1777, the resolutions of 27th May 1778, notwith?, 
 standing." 
 
 The disbandment of the army followed immediately and no 
 more brevets of any kind were granted, until after the adoption 
 of the Constitution in 1789. The general brevet just mentioned 
 was similar to the promotion by general brevet then practiced in 
 the British Service. Although it is the only case of the kind that 
 has ever occurred with us it is confirmatory evidence of the fact 
 that our legislators and officers were well acquainted with the 
 British system of brevets, and proceeded understandingly when 
 they introduced it into our service. . 
 
 Some of the difficulties encountered in dealing with brevet rank 
 
OF BREVETS. 
 
 6l 
 
 in early days may be inferred from the resolutions of Congress 
 Washington, however, had to meet others of a more practical 
 character as shown by various letters from him concerning the 
 " Frenth gentlemen." * 
 
 But formidable difficulties arose in addition to those of the 
 French gentlemen, growing out of brevet rank. One of the ear- 
 liest troubles if not the first one in the service arising from the 
 brevets conferred on officers of the army, is indicated by the fol- 
 lowing resolution concerning colonel James Wilkinson's resigna- 
 tion of his brevet of brigadier-general : — 
 
 "March 6th, 1778. 
 
 " A letter of the 3d from James Wilkinson, was read setting 
 forth that he is informed the mark of distinction conferred on him 
 has occasioned a dissatisfaction in the army ; that to obviate any 
 embarrassment which may result from this disposition, by the 
 consequent resignation of officers of merit, he begs leave to relin- 
 quish his brevet of brigadier wishing to hold no commission unless 
 he can wear it to the honor and advantage of his country ; and 
 that this conduct however repugnant to fashionable ambition, he 
 finds consistent with those principles on which he early drew his 
 sword in the present contest." 
 
 "Resolved : That his resignation be accepted." 
 
 In his memoirs, Wilkinson says that at Lancaster he fell in 
 with Doctor Craig, and, — 
 
 " I learned -from ' him that the brigadiers of the army had re- 
 monstrated to Congress, against the promotion of General Conway, 
 and that forty seven colonels had done the same thing with res- 
 pect to myself, among whom I discovered a number who had, on 
 my visit to the camp at White Marsh in November, congratulated 
 me on my promotion. Conway's appointment to the inspectorship 
 of the army, with the rank of major-general, after he had insulted 
 the commander-in-chief, was a splendid measure of a majority of 
 Congress, as factious as it was ill judged ; and I was compre- 
 hended ostensibly on the ground of principle ; but in fact, because 
 I had been promoted on General Gates' recommendation, and was 
 considered his partisan ; such are the baneful effects of party in- 
 trigues, which embrace suspicions for facts, and, without discrim- 
 ination, involve in its horrible vortex, the good, and the bad, 
 the innocent and the guilty. On receiving this information I did 
 
 *See appendix "C." for his letters of June 5, 1777, July 19, 1777, Oct. 
 7, 1777, Dec. i, 1777 ; Jan. 17, 1778 ; July 13, 1778 ; Aug. 3, 1778 ; Jan. 
 20, 1779. 
 
62 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 a testimony of their sense of my patriotism, the Congress entered 
 my letter on the journals." , 
 
 MacPherson's case followed in 1781. Brevet Major Mac- 
 Pherson was for some time aid-de-camp to Lafayette and was 
 afterwards appointed by Washington to the command of a partisan 
 corps which served in Virginia in 1781. The appointment of so 
 young an officer (23) to so honorable a command was the cause 
 of dissatisfaction to the colonels and lieutenant-colonels of the 
 Pennsylvania line, and induced them to remonstrate through the 
 medium of Generals Wayne and Irvine. The particulars have 
 never been made public as the following letter from Washington 
 to the generals named, seems to have satisfied the officers. 
 
 Headquarters, Tappan, 
 August nth, 1780. 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 I cannot but premise my answer to your letter of 
 yesterday by observing that the refusal of the colonels and lieu- 
 tenant-colonels of your line, to comply with my request for stat- 
 ing in writing their motives to the part they have taken in the 
 affair of Major MacPherson, is to me as extraordinary as unex- 
 pected. I assure you that I had not the least idea there could 
 have been any difficulty in the matter and had no other reason 
 for desiring it than that which I assigned to you ; to prevent a 
 possibility of misrepresentation. 
 
 Though I consider the conduct of the , gentlemen^concerned as 
 extremely exceptionable in every point of view, yet as I have a 
 good opinion of their intentions and the highest sense of their 
 patriotism, their zeal for the service, their talents and merit ; as I 
 should esteem their resignation an injury to the army, not only 
 by the loss of so many good officers, but by deranging a very 
 valuable corps of troops ; as I wish the motives to the step I 
 have taken to be well understood by them, I shall recapitulate the. 
 substance of the conversation which passed between us at our 
 interview, and request you once more to call their attention to it 
 before they come to a final determination. I wish them to be 
 assured that on the appointment of Major MacPherson, I did not 
 imagine it could by any construction be deemed injurious to their 
 rights, or prejudicial to their honors : and that they cannot be 
 more tender of both, themselves, than I have been, and ever 
 should be : that though I have the best opinion of that gentleman's 
 qualifications, the choice of him was not founded on any prefer- 
 ence derogatory to them ; that from the fullest information of the 
 practice of all other armies I was convinced that the appointment 
 was agreeable to military rule ; that it appeared to me by the 
 
OF BREVETS. 63 
 
 not hesitate a moment, but tendered my resignation to. the Presi- 
 dent of Congress, on the same principle, that I had a year before 
 resigned my lieutenant-colonelcy to General Washington ; and as 
 Articles of War and repeated resolutions of Congress to be agree- 
 able to our own Constitution ; that the estimation in which Mr. 
 MacPherson seemed to ibe held by the whole Pennsylvania line ;' 
 the former application of some of the officers to me in his behalf ; 
 the sacrifice he made to his principles by quitting a service in 
 which he had a handsome existence ; his being a native of the 
 same State and a man of acknowledged capacity, and worth ; left 
 me no doubt that the officers of your line would with pleasure see 
 him placed in a situation which would enable him to be useful to 
 the public and to do credit to himself. 
 
 A command in the light corps offered itself as an unexception- 
 able mode for answering this purpose. Corps formed by detach- 
 ments are the usual method in which brevet officers are em- 
 ployed, as they cannot be introduced into regiments without dis- 
 placing other officers, or violating the right of succession, both of 
 which are justly deemed injurious in every service. But the 
 reasoning is new, by which the employing such officers in de- 
 tached corps is made an infringement of the rights of regimental 
 officers. Military rank and an eligibility to military command 
 are ideas which cannot be separated. Take away the latter and 
 the former becomes an unmeaning sound. The principle being 
 admitted, would, in our army, degrade many officers who have 
 every claim to the consideration of their country and to the 
 justice of their fellow-soldiers, some of whom have been in the 
 army since the commencement of the war: have relinquished le- 
 ,. gimental stations by which in the natural course of succession 
 they would have been higher in rank than they now are : have 
 made as great sacrifices as many others, and yield to none in 
 merit or in useful service. To wish to exclude them from the 
 most essential privilege of an officer, is alike inconsistent with 
 justice and generosity, and on cooler reflection, the liberality of 
 sentiments which I believe the gentlemen concerned to possess, 
 will not suffer them to persist in such a design. 
 
 The practice of other armies in all cases not expressly provided 
 for, is the best standard by which we can form our notions, and 
 it would have obviated many difficulties, if it had been better 
 known or more attended to. If particular officers are to depart 
 from that, and set up new distinctions as it suits their interest or 
 fancy, there is an end to all order and subordination. Everything 
 is set afloat upon the precarious footing of as many different 
 opinions as there are individuals, that compose the army. It is 
 
64 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 too notoriQus to be denied, that the practice of other armies (not 
 less than our own) warrants the appointment of Major Mac- 
 Pherson to his present command. I understand, however, from 
 you, gentlemen, that a line has been drawn and applied to the 
 present case, between temporary and permanent commands ; ad- 
 mitting this distinction to be good, detachments which are again 
 to return to their corps, can be deemed nothing else than tempor- 
 ary commands ; whether they are out for a week, for a month, or 
 for a campaign, they are still temporary. The permanent com- 
 mands are of regiments and other established corps ; if we appeal 
 to precedent here also we shall find the period for brevet com 
 mands indefinite. 
 
 You inform me that a distinction was also made between a de- 
 tachment from one line and a detachment from different lines ; 
 and that no objection would have arisen if the corps to which 
 Major MacPherson was appointed had been composed partly of 
 Pennsylvania and partly of other troops. Though there are par- 
 ticular quotas of troops furnished by the several States, the whole 
 compose one army, and the commissions are from the same autho- 
 rity, with different designations : all detachments, therefore, whe- 
 ther from one line or from more than one, must be subject to the 
 same rules ; and if a brevet is not to operate upon a detachment 
 from one line I see no principle upon which it can have effect in 
 detachments from different lines united together. 
 
 If it be allowed that brevet commissions create a capability of 
 temporary command by detachment, and that the light infantry 
 answers to this description, then the propriety of appointing Major 
 MacPherson can only be questioned on two principles ; a want of 
 qualifications, or being"appointed out of course. 
 
 The first would be inadmissible, because the officer command- 
 ing the army has alone the right to judge, and if he made an 
 injudicious choice, the officers might entertain what private opin- 
 ions they pleased, but they could not make it the subject of 
 official complaint. 
 
 If it be said Major MacPherson was appointed out of course, 
 and the officers of light infantry should be taken by roster, as in 
 the common routine of service, let the practice of armies, as in 
 other cases, be recurred to, arid it will be found that no regard is 
 paid to the roster in similar corps. It is an undisputed privilege 
 of the Commander-in-Chief to officer them as he pleases. 
 
 The same was done last year, nor would scarcely an officer then 
 in the corps have been appointed if the principle in question had 
 been observed. No objection, however, that I ever heard of, was 
 made on the score, and why should the officers of the Pennsyl- 
 
OF BREVETS. 6$ 
 
 vania line be singular in making it now ? or why not make it in 
 he case of Colonel Stewart as well as of Major MacPherson ? 
 His appointment, no more than that of the latter, can be justified 
 by the roster. The good sense of evary officer of discernment must 
 decide against this rule for a variety of obvious considerations. 
 
 For these reasons, and others equally decisive, it is impossible 
 for me to revoke the appointment. 
 
 I view the measure the gentlemen concerned have entered into, 
 as peculiarly intemperate, basty, and ill-judged. I sincerely hope 
 they may be induced to reconsider it and change their resolution. 
 On my part I shall be happy to forget what has happened and 
 to continue to them the same share of my esteem which they 
 have merited and possessed. I am persuaded their rights in the 
 present case are untouched. I am conscious I had no intention 
 to injure them. I cannot pretend an indifference to the conduct 
 they may observe, because, as I have already confessed, I shall 
 consider their quitting the service as- a serious detriment to it. 
 They ought, also, as good citizens, and good men, to realize the 
 consequences and to assure themselves they act upon substantial 
 grounds before they execute what they have intimated. They 
 ought to recollect that they cannot hereafter be happy, if they find 
 their conduct condemned by the country and by the army, especi- 
 ally if it has been the cause of any misfortune. They should 
 remembeir that we have actually entered upon the operations of 
 the campaign : that we are now in the. vicinity of the enemy and 
 in a position that makes an action not very improbable, perhaps, 
 (if my intelligence is true) not very remote. When they duly 
 weig'h these things they cannot but be sensible that the love of 
 their country, the obligations of their respected stations, what 
 they owe to their own characters, and to that discipline which 
 ought to be sacred among military men : all these motives 'call 
 upon them to relinquish the intention they have suggested. It is 
 true, we have not many considerations of interest to attach us to 
 the service, but we have those of honor and ' public good in a 
 high degree, and I flatter myself these ties will not prove too 
 feeble. 
 
 I wish you to communicate this letter as well to the Majors as 
 to the other field officers ; and if they still persist, i shall think I 
 haye discharged my duty to them and the public. 
 
 I am, with great esteem, gentlemen. 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 George Washington. 
 Generals Wayne and Irvine. 
 
C6 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 On the i8th of October, 1783,- Congress issved the following 
 proclamation for disbanding the army : — 
 
 Saturday, October 18, 1783. 
 
 * * * *.* * * ** 
 
 ^y the United States in Congress assembled. 
 
 A PROCLAMATION. 
 
 " Whereas in the progress of an arduous and difficult war, the. 
 armies of the United States of America, have earnestly displayed, 
 every military and patriotic virtue, and are not less to be applaud-, 
 ed for their fortitude and magnanimity in the most trying scenes 
 of distress, than for a series of heroic and illustrious achievements' 
 which exalt them to a high rank among the most zealous and 
 successful defenders of the rights and liberties of mankind, and 
 wheteas by the blessing of Divine Providence on oar cause and 
 our 'arms, the glorious period is arrived when our national inde-. 
 pendence and sovereignty are established, and we enjoy the pros- 
 pect of a permanent and honorable peace ; we, therefore, the 
 United States in Congress.assembled, thus impressed with a lively; 
 sense of the distinguished merit and good conduct of the said; 
 armies, do give them the thanks of their country, for their long, 
 eminent and faithful services. And it is our will and pleasure, 
 that such part of the federal armies as stands engaged to serve 
 during the war, and as by our acts of the 26th day of May, the 
 nth day of June, the 9th day of August, and the 26th day of, 
 September last, were furloughed, shall, from and after the 3d day. 
 of November next, be absolutely discharged by virtue of this pur 
 proclamation, from the said service ; and we do also declare, 
 that the further services in the field, of the officers who are de- 
 ranged and on furlough, in consequence of our aforesaid acts, 
 can now be dispensed with, and they have our full permission to 
 retire from service, without being longer liable from their present, 
 engagements, to be called into command. 
 
 And of such discharge and permission to retire from service 
 respectively, all our officers, civil and military, and all others whom 
 it mfly concern, are required to take notice, and to govern them- 
 selves accordingly. 
 
 Given under the seal of the United States in Congress assem- 
 bled, witness his Excellency Elias Boudinot, our president in Con- 
 
OF BREVETS. » 6"] 
 
 gress, this i8th day of October, in the year of our Lord 1783, 
 and of the sovereignty and independence of the United States of 
 America, the eighth." 
 
 A small force of about 100 men was however retained until the 
 peace establishment should be organized. The peace establish- 
 ment was fixed by resolutions of Congress of June 3d, 1784, and 
 April ist, 7th, and 12th of 1785. 
 
 It consisted of 700 men, officered as shown in the next chap- 
 ter. 
 
 Josiah Harmar of Pennsylvania, lieutenant colonel com- 
 mandant, was the ranking officer of this army, and Congress on 
 the 31st of July, 1787, placed him on duty as general-in-chief, 
 and on the same day, a brevet of brigadier general was con- 
 ferred on him by the following resolution : 
 
 " Resolved, That the Secretary of War transmit to Lieutenant 
 Colonel Commandant Harmar a brevet commission of brigadier- 
 general, and that he be allowed the emoluments, but not the pay 
 of the said rank ; the allowance to commence with and continue 
 during his command on the frontier." 
 
 AH of the Brevets conferred upon officers of the revolutionary 
 army appear to have expired with the disbandment of that army 
 in 1783. The brevet of brigadier general received by General 
 Harmar was in the new army, raised as the peace establishment 
 under the resolutions before given, and was the only one confer- 
 red between the disbandment of the revolutionary forces in 1783, 
 and the adoption of the Constitution in 1789. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The act of the Constitutional Congress, approved September 
 29; 1789, to recognize and adapt to the Constitution of the United 
 States, the military establishment previously created, provided 
 that the troops should be governed by the rules and articles of 
 war which had been adopted by the Continental Congress. 
 Brevet rank was recognized by these articles of war, and was in- 
 force in, formed part of, and was transferred to, the U. S. with' 
 the military establishment thus adopted. It thus came into' our 
 Constitutional, as it did into our Continental, army, without spe- 
 cific legal authorization. As a feature in this transfer" the officers 
 of the army were nominated by the following letter of Washing- 
 ton, and were confirmed by the Senate : — ' 
 
68 HISTORY ^ND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 " Senate, September 29, 1798. 
 Message received dated September 29th. 
 
 " Agreeably to the act of Congress for adopting the establish- 
 ment of troops in public service to the Constitution of the United 
 States, I nominate the persons specified in the enclosed list to be 
 commissioned officers thereof. This nomination differs from the 
 existing arrangement only in the following cases to wit : Lieut. 
 Erkeries Beatty promoted to a vacant captaincy in the Infantry ; 
 Ensign Edward Spear promoted to a vacant lieutenancy of ar- 
 tillery ; Jacob Melcher, who has been serving as a volunteer, to 
 be ensign, vice Benjamin Lawrence, who was appointed nearly 
 three years past, and has never been mustered or joined the 
 troops. 
 
 It is to be believed that the order in which the captains and 
 subalterns are named, is not to affect their relative rank, which 
 has been hitherto but imperfectly settled owing to the perplexity 
 of promotion in the State quotas conformably to the late confed- 
 eration. 
 
 Geo. Washington. 
 
 "Officers of the Regiment of Infantry." 
 
 " Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant." 
 
 " Josiah Harmar, (Pa.) and a brigadier general by brevet ; he 
 having been appointed such by a resolve of Congress of the 31st 
 of July, 1787." 
 
 (Harmar, as well as all of the other officers nominated, was 
 confirmed on the day of nomination.) 
 
 The brevet of brigadier general carried by Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Harmar into the Constitutional Service was the only brevet rank 
 in the army of the United States until May 31, 1790, when the 
 President (Washington) sent the following message to Congress : 
 
 " M. de Poiery served in the American army for several of the 
 last years of the late war, as Secretary to Major-General the 
 Marquis de Lafayette, and might probably at that time have at- 
 tained the commission of captain from Congress, upon application 
 to that body. At present he is an officer in the French National 
 Guards, and solicits a brevet commission from the United States 
 of America. I am authorized to add that while the compliance 
 will involve no expense on our part, it will be particularly grateful 
 to that friend of America, the Marquis de Lafayette. I therefore 
 nominate M. de Poiery to be a captain by brevet." 
 
OF BREVETS. 
 
 69 
 
 The nomination was confirmed on the 2nd of June, 1790. 
 
 It will be observed that this brevet, as well as the first one con- 
 ferred by the Continental Congress, and the first in the British 
 service, was bestowed upon a person holding no military rank in 
 the army in which he was brevetted. 
 
 Poiery's appointment was not only the first under our Consti- 
 tution, but was the only one except that of Harmar made until 
 the war of 18 12. 
 
 During the revolution, when the affairs of government were 
 managed by Congress, offices were authorized by the resolutions 
 which appointed men to positions. Thus, while there was no law 
 creating brevet-rank, various persons were commissioned byre- 
 solves of Congress to brevet grades in the army. As the govern- 
 ment emerged from the confusion of its hasty formation and its 
 long war for existence, sjstem, under a formal constitution, 
 gradually appeared in its various branches, and appointments 
 were made only when offices had been specifically created by 
 law. Conferring Harmar's, brevet was merely continuing him in 
 what he<,already possessed, and the brevet of captain conferred on 
 de Poiery was designed to be purely honorary, as the terms of the 
 nomination show. 
 
 It is therefore questionable whether the President at this time 
 considered himself invested with power to make appointments by 
 brevet in the army. By the Constitution, the President was re- 
 quired to nominate to the Senate all officers of the United States 
 " whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and 
 which shall be established by law," the effect of which was to de- 
 clare that all offices under the Federal government, except in 
 cases where the Constitution itself provided otherwise, must be 
 established by law. But as yet no law had established the mili- 
 tary office held by brevet, Harmar's brevet being simply brought 
 forward by the act of September 29, 1789, adopting the existing 
 military establishment, and Poiery's being purely honorary. There 
 was, therefore, no legal authority for appointments to brevet offices 
 until, by the Act of July 6, 1812, the President was authorized to 
 C6m/er. hrevet rank, and, if the conferring of a brevet is the confer- 
 ring of an office, as it certainly appears to be, it would seem that 
 even this law was not in compliance with the provision of the 
 Constitution making the consent of the Senate necessary to the 
 iiolding of Federal offices; but the Act of 18 18 removed ques- 
 tions of this nature by requiring that no more brevets should be 
 conferred except by and with the advice and consent of the Senate ; 
 yet, in his controversy with the War Department in 1828, on the 
 subject of brevet rank. Gen. Scott obtained and submitted letters 
 from Gen. W. H. Harrison and Capt. Jacob Slough, which were 
 
•/O HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 intended to show that President Washington, in 1791, conferred 
 the brevet rank of major-general on Richard Butler to give him 
 command of Harmar, who was a brigadier-general by brevet, and 
 that Gen. Harrison himself commanded by virtue of brevet rank. 
 Scott says in relation to Butler's case: "In 1790 Harmar was 
 defeated by the northwestern Indians. Congress at the next 
 session augmented the army, and made provision for one major- ■ 
 general and one brigadier-general, both by ordinary commission. 
 St. Clair was appointed during the session to the first place, and 
 in the recess, Butler to the second. President Washington set ' 
 out on his tour to the South about May, 1791. Recollecting that 
 if any accident befel St. Clair, the command in the pending cam- 
 paign would devolve on Harmar, by virtue of seniority over Butler, 
 the President immediately sent to Butler the brevet commission of 
 major-general. Let it now be recalled that Harmar (in whom 
 confidence had been in some degree lost) was at the time lieu- 
 tenant-colonel by ordinary commission, and a bvigadier-general 
 by brevet only. The records of the war ofSee of that period were 
 burned in 1800, but every fact above stated is susceptible of proof 
 before a court, ist. By communications made to Congress in the 
 session of 1 79 1-2 ; 2nd. Certificates in Gen. Scott's possession 
 from officers who were with that army ; 3rd. The Philadelphia 
 Gazettes of the same period." 
 
 The records, however, show that Richard Butler, a revolution- 
 ary officer, was called into the service of the United States for 
 six months, and commissioned a major-general of volunteers 
 March 21, 1791, pursuant to the act of March 3, 1791. Under 
 that Act the President "was authorized to employ for six months, 
 in place of, or in addition to the military, two thousand levies (or 
 volunteers, as we now call them) with lisuitable number of officers ; 
 and he was empowered to organize these levies and " alone to ap- 
 point the commissioned officers thereof in the manner he might 
 judge proper." Consequently the names of the officers for these 
 levies were not submitted to the Senate. St. Clair was regularly 
 nominated and confirmed to fill the place of the major-general 
 of the regular army, which was also authorized by this Act. In 
 writing a letter to St. Clair, dated December 2d, 1791, Gen. 
 Knox, then Secretary of War, says : " It is the expectation of the 
 President of the United States that, at the expiration of the cam- 
 paign, Major-Getieral Butler will retire with the levies. He was 
 appointed specially for them, and under the law by which they 
 were raised; and however desirous the President of the United 
 States might be to retain him in service, he would not have the' 
 power, without a new law for the purpose. You will therefore inti- 
 mate to him, in handsome terms, this order. His pay andemolu- 
 
OF BREVETS. 7^ 
 
 ments will, however, be continued him, until his arrival at Fort 
 Pitt." (Pittsburg.) * 
 
 The Act of March 3rd, 1791, under which Butler was appointed, 
 authorized the President, by and with the advice of the Senate, to 
 appciint one major-general and one brigadier-general in the reg- 
 ular army. St. Clair was appointed to the first-named position 
 March 4th, 1791, but the latter place was vacant until 1792, when 
 it was filled by the appointment of Lieut.-Col. James Wilkinson, 
 who became the senior after Harmar's resignation. Butler never 
 was appointed to this position of brigadier-general in the regular ' 
 army, and the letter of Knox, given above, shows that he was a 
 major-general of volunteers, or " levies." As the President had 
 appointed him a major-general of levies on the 2 1st March, and 
 thus made him senior to Harihar, it is not probable that he sent 
 him a brevet major-generalcy in May to meet a contingency that ' 
 was already fully provided for. Referring to Butler's case, Gen. 
 Harrison said to Gen. Scott, in reply to an inquiry on the sub- ' 
 ject : " I have always understood and believed that Gen. Butler 
 had received the appointment of major-general by brevet to give' 
 him the command of Harmar, who was a brigadier-general by 
 brevet." Capt. Slough's reply to a. similar inquiry from Gen. 
 Scott, on the same subject, is no more definite than that of Gen. 
 Harrison. It is therefore quite safe to conclude that no bfeyet 
 was conferred on Butler, and there is nothing in the history of the 
 events of that period to show that the right to confer brevet rank 
 was then claimed by the President. The brevets of Harmar and 
 Poiery are the only ones of which there is any record between 
 the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 and 1812. 
 
 Gen. Harrison was, at the time alluded to (1791), Governor of 
 the Indiana Territory. He was in Kentucky at the time of Hull's 
 surrender. Governor Scott, of Kentucky, desired him to have 
 command of a detachment of Kentucky troops that had- 
 already marched, and for that purpose appointed him a major- 
 general of Kentucky militia by brevet. This, perhaps, gave , 
 Harrison immediate command of the Kentucky detachment, 
 but it does not appear that it otherwise amplified the authority 
 which Harrison already possessed as governor of the Indiana 
 Territory and commander-in-chief of its forces, with the rank of, 
 major-general when in the service of the United States. 
 
 The 24th article of war governed brevet rank during the revo- 
 lution ; under it a brevet commission had no effect within the 
 corps to which the officer holding it belonged ; moreover, it was 
 
 * Butler was dead when this letter was written, having lost his life in St. • 
 Clair's defeat, Nov. 4th, 1791. : 
 
72 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 n 
 
 limited to regimental officers, and was entirely inoperative, except 
 on detachments or court martial, both temporary in tlieir nature. 
 Hence the brevet rank of officers in our army in the revolution 
 gave comparatively little trouble. 
 
 Officers having brevet rank raised but few questions on account 
 of the nature of their rank and the consequent rights, because 
 under the above article of war they could not claim, nor was it 
 attempted to give them, any other duty than that with detach- 
 ments, on courts-martial, and certain staff positions, and it was 
 the practice to keep their names only on rosters for these duties. 
 
 The opinion was entertained early in the history of the subject 
 that as the 24th Article (in the Code of 1776) was devoted exclu- 
 sively to " brevets " and " commissions of a prior date," and 
 made large and specific provision for the exercise of them, taken 
 in connection with the further fact that the two following articles 
 the 2Sth and 26th guardedly avoid mentioning brevets and com- 
 missions of a prior date, but designate duties for the eldest 
 officer by commission, furnished proof that brevet command 
 was authorized only by the 24th article and was limited to the 
 regimental brevets for which alone that article provided. That 
 point, however, was one of' no great practical importance while 
 these articles were in force. But in 1806 Congress replaced them 
 by a new Code. 
 
 The 24th without any change in meaning became the 6ist 
 Article of War, ■ 
 
 24TH OF 1776. 
 " Officers having brevet commissions 
 of a prior date to those of the regiment 
 in which they new serve, may take 
 place in courts martial and on detach- 
 ments when composed of different 
 corps, aGCording to the rank given them 
 in their brevets, or dates of their for- 
 mer commissions, but in the regiment, 
 troop, or company to which such brevet 
 officers and those who have commis- 
 sions of a prior date do belong, they shall 
 do duty and take rank both on courts 
 martial and on detachments which shall 
 be composed only of their own corps, 
 according to the commission by which 
 
 61ST OF 1806. 
 " Officers having brevets or commis- 
 sions of a prior date to those of the 
 regiment in which they serve may take 
 place in courts martial and on detach- 
 ments when composed of different 
 corps, according to the rank givfen thein 
 in their brevets or dates of their former 
 commissions ; but in the regiment, 
 troop, or company to which such officers 
 belong they shall do duty and take rank 
 both in courts martial and on detach- 
 ments which shall be composed only of 
 their own corps according to the com- 
 missions by which they are mustered in 
 the said corps. 
 
 they are mustered in the said corps." I Approved April loth, 1806. 
 
 Adopted Sept, 20th, 1776. i 
 
 The2sth and 26th became the 62nd, with a change slight in 
 appearance, but which produced many years of wrangling ^in 
 the army. . .■ - ■!■ 
 
sident of the U. S. according to the 
 nature of the case." 
 
 OF BREVETS. 73 
 
 25TH AND 26TH OK 1776. [ 62ND OF 1806. 
 
 2 STH "If upon inarches, guards«.or "If upon marches, guards, or in 
 in quarters, different corps shall hap- quarters, different corps of the army 
 pen to join, or do duty together, ihe shall happen to join or do duty together, 
 eldest officer by commission there on duty,lthe officer highest m rank of the line of 
 or in quarters, shall command the the army, marine corps, or militia by 
 whole and give out orders for what is commission then on duty, shall com- 
 needful to the service, regard being mand the whole and give orders for 
 always had to the several ranks of what is needful to the service, unless 
 those corps and the posts they usually otherwise specially directed by the Pre- 
 occupy." 
 
 26TH " And, in like manner, also if 
 any regiment, troops or detachments of 
 horse or foot, shall happen to march 
 with, or be encamped or quartered 
 with any bodies or detachments of 
 other troops in the service of the 
 United States, the eldest officer with- 
 out respect to corps shall take upon 
 him the command of the whole and 
 give the necessary orders to the ser- 
 vice." 
 
 It will be observed that the eldest ofificer was, without reserva- 
 tion, required to comniand by the old articles, but in the corres- 
 ponding new article, the officer highest in rank of the line of the 
 army, marine corps, or militia, is required to command, with the 
 proviso, however, that the President does not specially direct 
 otherwise according to the nature of the case. 
 
 At the time (1806) that these articles (61, 62) were adopted 
 there was no brevet rank in the army, and no questions concern- 
 ing that rank to which the 62 nd article could have been intended 
 to apply. Nevertheless, in after years, it became the basis of the 
 most extravagant claims in support of brevet rank, and bore a 
 latitude of construction in that interest which the law makers 
 probably never dreamed of. 
 
 The Act of April loth, 1806, was passed in pursuance of the 
 general policy of Congiess to codify the existing laws and get 
 them into the Statutes at Large of the United States. The 
 Articles of War then in force had been enacted piece-meal by the 
 earlier Congresses, and the main purpose of the re-enactment in 
 1806 was to condense and put them into more convenient form. 
 
 The aimy to which they had immediate application was that 
 authorized by Ihe act of 1802, reducing and fixing the military 
 establishment, and which consisted of one regiment of artillerists, 
 two regiments of infantry, and certain " military agents and 
 engineers." There was one brigadier general, and one aid-de- 
 camp from the line ; one adjutant and inspector of the army 
 taken from the line of field officers, one paymaster of the army, 
 
74 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 seven paymasters, and two assistants, taken from the line of com- 
 missioned officers, three military agents, and certain assistants, 
 the assistants from the line, and two surgeons, and 25 surgeons' 
 mates. 
 
 Officers of the line who were called to fill these staff positions 
 were not required to relinquish their line rank. Although they 
 clearly became staff officers they held no staff rank distinct from 
 their line rank. The fact that there was no separate staff rank 
 to be excluded from commands when the 62nd article of war was 
 passed, has given some strength to the opinion which has been 
 advanced, that the words " of the line of the army," introduced 
 into that article, are not in contradistinction to " staff," and in 
 fact were not designed to mean anything different from the 
 " eldest officer " in the article from which it was taken. 
 
 But on the other hand, it is quite certain that whether these 
 officers held distinctive staff rank or not, they were regarded as 
 staff officers, and prior to this time the boundary between the 
 duties of line and staff officers was neither clearly defined nor 
 scrupulously observed. Whenever it was necessary line officers 
 were called upon then, as they are now, to perform staff duties, 
 and no vexatious questions arose from such calls ; on the other 
 hand staff officers in those days frequently commanded troops, 
 but not without producing dissatisfaction in the line. The most 
 probable hypothesis is -that the change in the Articles of War was 
 made in consequence of this state of things ; and that the " line 
 of the army" in the new article was used in contradistinction to 
 " the staff," and further that the article designed to prevent staff 
 officers commanding, unless specially directed by the President. 
 
 The limited experience of one large war had indicated what the 
 lapse of time, and larger conflicts have since more clearly proved, 
 that the general welfare of the service is promoted by confining 
 staff officers rigidly and permanently to the performance of their 
 legitimate staff duties, unless forinally relieved from them by com- 
 petent authority. 
 
 The new article (62nd) was certainly so framed as to accom- 
 plish this result, and was probably no more intended to embrace 
 brevet officers who were fully disposed of in the 6ist article, than 
 the 25th and 26th articles of the old code were. But as will be 
 seen further on, it was construed not only as embracing brevets 
 but as vastly extending the scope of brevet commands. 
 
OF BREVETS. 75 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Although the Articles of War continued to recognize brevet 
 rank, there was prior to 1812, no act of Congress specially 
 authorizing its bestowal. On the 6th of July of that year Con- 
 gress passed an act, section 4 of which is as follows : — 
 
 " That the President is hereby authorized to confer brevet rank 
 on such officers of the army as shall distinguish themselves by 
 gallant actions or meritorious conduct, or who shall have served 
 ten years in any one, grade : Provided. That nothing herein con- 
 tained shall be construed as to entitle officers so brevetted to any 
 additional pay or emoluments, except when commanding separate 
 posts, districts, or detachments, when they shall be entitled to, 
 and receive the same pay and emoluments to which officers of the 
 same grades are now, or hereafter may be allowed by law." 
 
 " This Act, — says Mr Wirt — " was ^2&^ftA. flagrante bello and was 
 manifestly intended as a stimulus to enterprize in a struggle which 
 it was foreseen would require all our strength. It received a libe- 
 ral construction during the war, as it was proper it should do." 
 
 At the time this act passed, there was not a brevet officer in our 
 service and it may be regarded as the foundation of our system 
 of brevets as rewards to officers of the army for military services. 
 
 It will be observed the Act empowers the President alone to 
 confer brevet rank. In the cases of Harmar and de Poiery 
 which arose soon after the adoption of the Constitution, — the only 
 brevets conferred prior to this Act of 1812, — the President nomin- 
 ated and the Senate confirmed. The action taken by the appoint- 
 ing powers in these two cases might be used as an argument to 
 show that the right to confer brevet-rank, though not exercised, 
 still existed in the President and Senate, and that the object of 
 the Act of 1812 was only to enable the President alone to confer 
 it. But it is more probable that the right to bestow bre- 
 vet rank was regarded as dead or obsolete and that the Act of 
 1812 was intended to restore it; but in such a way as to prevent 
 the practice that had obtained during the revolution, of using it as 
 a means of adding to the number of persons in the established 
 military service. 
 
l6 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 The Act of April lo, i8o6,(6ist Article of War,) taken originally 
 from the British Code, provided only for the brevets of regimental 
 officers because these officers alone, in the British army, held bre- 
 vet rank as we understand the term. But the Act of 1812 was 
 purely original with us, and contained no limitation to grade. 
 The only restrictions placed on the President were, ist, that the 
 person on whom he conferred brevet rank should be " an officer 
 of the army," and and, that said officer of the army should have 
 distinguished himself by gallant actions or meritorious conduct, or 
 that he should have served ten years in any one grade. Observ- 
 ing these two requirements the President was at liberty to proceed 
 in the matter as he chose. The officer might be of any rank, and 
 the brevet of any grade, known to the service. 
 
 In a pamphlet on brevet rank published by General Macomb 
 in 1825-6, he says : — 
 
 " Brevet rank in the army of the United States may be confer- 
 red by the President by and with the advice and consent of the 
 Senate on such officers as shall distinguish themselves by gallant 
 actions or meritorious conduct, or who shall have served ten years 
 in one grade. Brevet rank when thus obtained, is effectual for all 
 descriptions of service beyond the limits of the particular regi- 
 ment or corps to which the officer so brevetted belongs ; and, al- 
 though it is an honorary distinction, when conferred as above, it 
 is, nevertheless, as full a commission for the purposes of command, 
 as that of any other commission signed by the Executive. The 
 only distinction between an ordinary commission and a brevet is 
 that the former entitles its possessor to the pay and emoluments 
 of its giade, at all times, whether commanding or not ; whereas 
 the brevet only entitles the possessor of it to the pay and emolu- 
 ments of its grade when on duty, and having a command accord- 
 ing thereto. But the brevet officer may command in virtue of his 
 brevet, without the pay and emoluments of the rank conferred in 
 his brevet, so that a brevet commission is not only an- honorary 
 distinction but is as effective as any other commission, except in 
 the particular corps or regiment to which the officer having the 
 brevet belongs as before mentioned.'' 
 
 " The motives for passing the law of the 6th July, 1812, vesting 
 the President with authority to confer brevet rank, were not only 
 to stimulate the officers to greater exertions, but to enable the 
 Government to avail itself of the talents and experience of the 
 army ; and thus, it was declared, that officers ' who should distin- 
 guish themselves in the field, or who should exhibit such extraor- 
 dinary merit as to bring themselves into the notice of the 
 Executive, or who should have had the experience of ten years 
 
OF BREVETS. 17 
 
 service, should be promoted by brevet, Why ? Because the rules 
 with regard to promotion confined the officers to the regular 
 and gradual advancement through the vacancies which occur by 
 deaths, resignations, and dismissions, which, in many cases, es- 
 pecially in the long established corps and regiments was very 
 slow, and thus merit was kept back, and confined to a limited 
 sphere of action ; but ten years service was rewarded with addi- 
 tional rank, for the double purpose of advancing the old and 
 experienced officers, and thereby enlarging their sphere of action 
 and command, and rendering them more effective for the public 
 service. Brevet rank was not intended to be conferred, as an 
 Order or a Ribbon, to distinguish merit, but it was intended to give 
 effect to merit by enlarging its sphere of action. 
 
 ■It is not common to say brevet commission because it would be 
 tautology, yet there is legal authority for it, as will be made to 
 appear by referring to the Act regulating the pay and emoluments 
 of brevet officers approved April 6th 1818. The very words of 
 the brevet also declare it to be a commission under the signa- 
 ture of the President of the United States, and the Secretary of 
 War. . Here we have both the legislative and executive authori- 
 ties for calling it a commission ; and by an inspection of a Brevet, 
 it will be seen that it has all the formalities as to seals, signatures, 
 &c., which are usually affixed to any other military commission 
 whatever. With these grave authorities, it must be admitted, that 
 a brevet is a commission. 
 
 The commission is the instrument of authority, and the date of 
 rank, with the grade, settles the command." 
 
 General Scott in one of his letters says : " for the term regular 
 cvmmissions 'va.ixQA\i£&A to degrade brevet commissions, I can find 
 no authority; and therefore conclude that all commissions found- 
 ed on law are equally regular at least in a regular army." The 
 Secretary of War (Porter) in a letter to General Scott in 1828, 
 made the point that a brevet conferred by the President alone 
 under this Act lacked some force which it would have had if con- 
 firmed by the Senate. This, urged as a constitutional argument, 
 however, never seemed to carry any weight in the controversy in 
 which it was used. It is not put forward by the military commit- 
 tee of the Senate or House in their reports on the subject, nor by 
 the President in his final decision of the question involved (which 
 is stated at length further on.) The decisions and opinions uni-. 
 formly -treated the commissions conferred by the President alone 
 as having the same force and effect as if they had been confirmed 
 by the Senate. 
 
78 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 The proviso in the Act was probably designed only to protect 
 the Treasury, and not to confer on brevet officers any additiona. 
 rights to command, nor to introduce any new rules on that subjectl 
 These features remained as fixed by the 6ist and 62nd Articles 
 of War, (Act of 1806.) There were no array regulations at this 
 date (1812,) bearing upon the subject of brevet rank. 
 
 The following orders, however, had been issued : — 
 
 Adjutant General's Office 
 
 Washington, 19th June 18 12. 
 
 In order that the rank of the officers of the army appointed 
 under the Act of Congress, passed the eleventh of January last, 
 may be settled upon just principles, every officer having any pre- 
 tensions from former services, whether in the armies of the Unit- 
 ed States, in the volunteers, or militia, will forward them to this 
 office without delay. 
 
 By command of the Secretary, of War, 
 Alex. Macomb, 
 
 Acting Adjutant General. 
 
 There was nothing in the general results of the first year of the 
 war to justify a very liberal bestowal of military rewards, however 
 much they may have been merited by particular officers, and but 
 eight brevets were conferred during the year 1812. Fourteen 
 were conferred in 1813, a hundred and nineteen in 1814 and four- 
 teen in 1815, making a total of 155 for the so-called second war 
 of independence. 
 
 During the war, and immediately following its termination, 
 these brevets received especial consideration. They were the 
 commissions by which many important commands were exercised, 
 and by which various staff duties of the largest responsibility were 
 performed. In some instances they were the only commissions 
 held. General Swartwout, quartermaster general of the army, com- 
 manded a brigade in 1813, holding no other commission than that 
 of brigadier-general by brevet ; and in 1814-15, he sat as member 
 of the court martial which tried General Wilkinson, and so also 
 did General Burbeck, with no other commission than brigadier 
 
OF BREVETS. 79 
 
 general by brevet. Burbeck was colonel of the ist artillery. By Act 
 of March 30 1814, the iSt, 2nd, 3rd, regiments of artillery were 
 consolidated into a corps of artillery, and the rank of colonel 
 therein was abolished. Colonel Burbeck of the ist, had previous- 
 ly received the brevet of brigadier general. This brevet remained 
 in full force after he lost the colonelcy which he held when he re- 
 ceived it, and by the brevet alone he was put into the command 
 of a district, without any relation to the corps of artillery, and 
 was continued in command by the executive as a brigadier gen- 
 eral till the general reduction in June 1815, when he was disband- 
 ed with other supernumerary officers. 
 
 Evidently anticipating this result, Burbeck says in one of his 
 letters : — " I have just seen in the newspapers the military peace 
 establishment of the United States, wherein I find the organiza- 
 tion of the heavy artillery to remain as fixed last March, which 
 does away my commission as colonel. My brevet commission 
 says brigadier general of artillery, and this brevet is for serving 
 10 years in the grade of colonel of artillery. You will much 
 oblige me by informing me what chance there is of my remaining 
 in the service, that I may make some calculation for my future 
 existence. I have served my country faithfully for 38 years and 
 I think some furtTier compensation than 3 months' pay ought to 
 be allowed if I am dropped from service." 
 
 In a letter dated Washington, 26th July, 1808, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Burbeck speaks as follows, concerning brevets : — 
 . " As to any promotion, I do not expect it, neither do I wish it, 
 for what is the use of promotion, to be discharged in the course 
 of a few months. You get rank, and .become a beggar by it. 
 Our country is not the one to support military rank. A brevet 
 is the only remedy that can be given, but even then they are v.ery 
 dangerous unless you limit them so that an officer shall serve a 
 certain number of years before he shall be entitled to it. This may 
 in a great measure prevent abuses ; but let it once be introduced 
 into the army with some such restrictions and you would find the 
 remedy would be worse than the disease, for he that had most 
 friends would obtain the most rank, and you would finally find it 
 the greatest evil that could be introduced into the army. There 
 would be ten injured where one would be benefited by it, — and I 
 have understood General Washington was ever opposed to it. I am 
 clearly- of opinion he was correct. I recollect one or two instances 
 m the revolution, Sumner and Gibbs. Aids all had rank, but they 
 did not belong to regiments ; they were supernumerary officers. 
 
 In 1S14 Burbeck received a letter- from one of his captains— 
 
80 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 Heileman — in verification of his prediction concerning the evils of 
 brevet rank. Heileman said : " Brevet rank in our army is getting 
 to be ' dog cheap.' When they make and lieutenants brevet ist 
 lieutenants, I think it time to stop, and wish the general officers 
 of the army would use their influence to put a stop to a practice 
 that is destroying the army." * # * # 
 
 To settle certain controversies on the subject of rank, an order 
 as follows was published in 1814 :— 
 
 Adjutant and Inspector Genl.'s Office, 
 Washington, 28th July, 1814. 
 General Order. 
 
 When controversies arise- on the interpretation and application 
 of the rules and regulations for the better government of the 
 army, in relation to rank: the commanding officer of the district, 
 army, or post, where such controversies may occur, is authorized 
 and directed to institute a court of inquiry whose duty it shall be 
 to examine and report opinions on the cases respectively coming 
 before them, which opinions, if confirmed by the said command- 
 ing officer, will be final and conclusive in the case or cases to 
 •which they apply. 
 
 By order of the Secretary of War. 
 
 Jas. H. Bell, 
 Asst. Inspector Gen'I. 
 Brig.-Gen'l H. Burbeck, ) 
 
 Comd'g Green 'Bush, N. Y. j 
 
 There were many cases, in 1812-15, in which brevet major- 
 generals in the army commanded major-generals of militia in the 
 service of the United States, thus recognizing the force of brevet 
 rank. 
 
 The following rules and regulations for the army, approved by 
 Congress, were issued from the War Office on the 2nd of May, 
 1814:— 
 
 "rank of officers." 
 
 " In all cases in which command shall not have been specially 
 given, the eldest officer, whether of cavalry, of artillery, or of infan- 
 
OF BREVETS. 8 1 
 
 try, shall command. Where a controversy concerning rank shall 
 arise from a sameness of date in commissions, it shall be deter- 
 mined by reference to former commissions in the regular service ; 
 and if none such should have been held, by former commissions 
 in the militia. Brevet rank gives no pre_cedence nor command 
 except on detachments ; nor shall persons having such rank only 
 be included in the roster of officers of any duty other than that 
 performed by detachments, and to which they shall be specially 
 assigned. 
 
 " Officers of the regular army, of the same grade with those of 
 the volunteers and militia, shall have precedence over these, 
 whatever may be the dates of their respective commissions. 
 
 " There is no precedence between staff departments. The 
 .officers assigned to these will take rank ist, from the brevets 
 they hold, and 2d, from the rank they respectively have in the 
 line." 
 
 These rules were unchanged in the regulations of 1815. 
 Section 9 of the Act approved April 24, 1816, provided " that 
 the regulations in force before the reduction of the army, be 
 recognized as far as the same shall be found applicable to the 
 service, — subject, however, to such alterations as the Secretary of 
 War may adopt, with the approval of the President." 
 
 Great consideration seems to have been extended to brevet 
 rank (especially that of the generals) while the war was in 
 progress, and for some time after its close. In 18 15 the 6 gen- 
 eral officers were arranged in the Register by their highest rank, 
 whether brevet or other rank. They stood thus : Brown, Jackson, 
 Scott, Ripley, Gaines, Macomb, and these were all styled major- 
 generals. Disregarding their brevets they would have stood thus : 
 Brown, Jackson, Macomb, Gaines, Scott, Ripley. The order of 
 May 17, 1815, assigning them to duty, says, "Major-general 
 Scott and Major-general Gaines will for the present act as Briga- 
 dier-generals in the Division of the South." This was well calcu- 
 lated to give risfe to the claim, in favor of brevet rank, which 
 soon followed. 
 
 The rules concerning brevets were revised, conformably to the 
 act just quoted, and made to read as follows in the Army Regula- 
 tions of September, 1816 :—« Brevet rank gives no command, 
 except on detachments ; nor will persons having such rank only,' 
 be uicluded in the roster of officers for any duty, other than that 
 performed by detachments, and to which they shall be specially 
 assigned. Where officers of different regiments of infantry, or 
 other corps, meet as members of: the same court martial, brevet 
 rank will be exercised, and the same rule will apply to officers or 
 detachments (conformably to the 6ist article of the rules and 
 
 S 
 
82 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 articles of war) which extends to temporary service only, and not 
 to the regular command of departments, permanent posts, and 
 garrisons ; but brevet commands may be exercised therein by the 
 assignment of the commanding general, upon special and tempo- 
 rary occasions. 
 
 " In all cases where officers are retained in service with 
 lower commissions in the line than those holden during the late 
 war, former commissions can only be exercised under the forego- 
 ing regulation. Commissions in the general staff confer no rank 
 to officers of the line, when they cease to exercise staff duties 
 by virtue of such commissions. 
 
 There is no precedence between staff departments. The 
 officers assigned to these will take rank from the brevets they 
 hold." 
 
 The Act of March 3, 1815, fixing the military peace establish- 
 ment, did not touch the subject of brevet rank, but was construed 
 — erroneously Mr. Wirt thought — as leaving that subject as it 
 stood under the Act of 18 12. 
 
 When the regulations of 1816 were adopted, all staff officers 
 had brevet commissions only, and the first of the two regulations 
 bearing on brevet rank in that code was evidently designed 
 to prevent them from exercising command unless specially 
 assigned. It was thought that both these regulations were more 
 stringent than the law justified. General Scott pronounced them 
 contrary to law, and said they were in practice a mere dead-letter, 
 except in respect to the one class of staff-officers mentioned. 
 
 Prior to this time a great deal of discussion had taken place in 
 the army as to the meaning of the terms "detachments," "regi- 
 ment,'* and "corps," as used in the 6ist Article of War. 
 
 The question was settled by the following general orders : — 
 Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, 
 March 6, 1816. 
 Geneial Order. 
 
 Whereas by the Sixty-first Article of the Rules and Articles of 
 War, it is provided that " officers having brevets or commissions 
 of a prior date to those of the regiment in which they serve, may 
 take place on courts martial and on detachments, when composed 
 of different corps, according to the ranks given them in their 
 brevets, or dates of their former commissions : 
 
 " The President has been pleased to direct that detachment, 
 within the meaning of the Article of War, shall extend to tem- 
 porary service only, and not to the regular command of depart- 
 ments, permanent posts and garrisons ; but brevet command 
 may be exercised therein by assignment of the commanding gen- 
 eral, upon spec'al and temporary occasions. 
 
OF BREVETS. 83 
 
 " In all cases where officers are retained in service, with lower 
 commissions in the line than those holden during the late war, 
 former commissions can only be exercised under the foregoing 
 regulations, and relative rank will be settled by their present 
 commissions when the same shall not heretofore have been estab- 
 lished conformably to regulations and the usage of service." 
 
 Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, 
 
 Washington, July ist, 1816. 
 General Orders. 
 
 A General Court Martial, composed wholly of Infantry officers, 
 having submitted the question relative to brevet rank in such 
 case, the Executive is pleased to consider Regiments and Corps 
 as used in the 6ist article of the rules and articles of war, synony- 
 mous terms, and to order that brevet rank shall have precedence 
 accordingly in Courts Martial and on detachments, conformable 
 to the General Order of 6th March, 1816. 
 Bv order of the Secretary of War 
 
 D. PARKER, 
 Adjutant and Inspector General. 
 
 This decision was embodied in the Army Regulations published 
 in 182 1. 
 
 After peace was restored in 1815, officers having brevets were 
 exacting in their demands for duties that would entitle them to 
 the pay of their brevet grades, and, as Mr. Wirt states, " separate 
 posts and districts were created and multiplied, as if to open a 
 wide theatre for its more extended operation, and there were few 
 if any brevets in the army which did not draw brevet pay." 
 
 This state of things appears soon to have attracted the attention 
 of Congress, for on the 28th of January, 1817, the following state- 
 ment, in connection with a bill respecting the pay and emoluments 
 of certain officers of the army of the United States, was laid 
 before the House by the chairman of the Committee of Wa^'s and 
 Means : — 
 
 " The Committee of Ways and Means in examining the esti- 
 mates for the military service for the year 18 17, have had their 
 attention drawn to the charge produced by brevet commissions, 
 not more by its amount than its uncertainty. It is stated that 
 tins charge is continually fluctuating by the removal of brevet 
 officers to or from posts which before were commanded by officers 
 without brevets. The Committee will not be expected to discuss 
 the military question, whether the number and grade of officers 
 m our service be adequate to the number of troops which they 
 are required to command ? But if they are adequate, it should 
 
84 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 seem that brevet officers cannot be assigned to separate posts, 
 districts, or detachments unless officers whose lineal rank qualifies 
 them for such posts are unemployed. Such would be the fact if 
 the terms which have been referred to were considered as convey- 
 ing any definite limitation. The Committee, however, believe 
 that, in their constitution, they have not been so considered. 
 The effect has substantially been that the proportion of the higher 
 officers to the whole force of the army has been greater than was 
 intended by the act fixing the military peace establishment of the 
 United States. As the Committee suppose that this effect was 
 not intended to be produced by the act which authorized the 
 President to confer brevet rank (the value of which as a testimony 
 of public approbation was not expected to result from additional 
 pay, which indeed, was not made its permanent appendage) they 
 have directed their chairman to report a bill repealing the provis- 
 ions which entitle officers brevetted under the act of the 6th July, 
 1812, to additional pay or emoluments. By an act passed in 1802, 
 the commanding officer of each separate post may be allowed 
 such additional rations as the President may direct. This pro- 
 vision, which is probably necessary to enable an inferior officer 
 to bear the increased expenses which the command of a post 
 cannot fail, in his case, to produce, does not seem to the committee 
 to be justly applicable to an officer of superior rank. They sub- 
 .mit a clause upon this subject which they report." 
 
 When the regular appropriations for the support of the array 
 for the year i8i8-ig were under consideration by Congress, there 
 arose a disagreement between the Senate and House in regard to 
 the pay of brevet officers. A conference committee to consider 
 the subject, was appointed, and reported as follows, on the izth 
 of February, 18 18. 
 
 "That the conferees of the House of Representatives com- 
 menced the conference by stating that by the construction of the 
 laws of 18 1 2, which the committee of the House of Representa- 
 tives believe to be adopted by that House, the pay of a brevet 
 commission is due only whein the officer exercises a command, to 
 which his lineal rank would not entitle him. To such command 
 under the President's general order of 1816 and 1817, he may be 
 assigned upon special and temporary occasions. It is believed 
 from the amendment proposed by the Senate that their construc- 
 tion is not very different from this. The construction of the War 
 Department, however, is very different. The committee of the 
 House of Representatives consider it wrong to explain or amend 
 any act by which salaries or pay is regulated by the provisions of 
 an appropriation law. But if it were right, the short debate which 
 occurred in the House of Representatives on the Senate's amend- 
 
OF BREVETS. 85 
 
 ment, sufficiently proves, that the adoption of that amendment 
 might change a little the ground of argument, but would not 
 terminate the controversy." 
 
 "As an amendment of the law of 1812, the provision proposed 
 by the Senate, is, therefore,' unsatisfactory, and to insist upon an 
 appropriation previous to an amendment, is to insist either that 
 the one body shall conform to its appropriations (not to its own 
 construction of existing laws, but) to that of the other body, or 
 that both shall adopt, what both believe to be erroneous, the con- 
 struction of the executive government." 
 
 " The committee of the House of Representatives believe that 
 respect for the rights of both Houses, requires that the act of 
 18 1 2 should be amended, by defining more precisely the contin- 
 gencies in which brevet pay shall be due ; or if this be imprac- 
 ticable, by authorizing it in all cases, or in none. The bill which 
 passed the House of Representatives at its last session may 
 explain its amendment which it then preferred ; but it now insists 
 only, that the amending law should first determine to whom pay 
 is due, before an appropriation should be made for its payment." 
 
 " The committee of the House of Representatives consider it 
 necessary to fair and full legislation, that appropriations in regard 
 to the propriety or the extent of which the two Houses find, after 
 deliberation, that they still differ, should be separated from those 
 which both consider as necessary to the public service. If either 
 branch of the legislature determine that it will not make the great 
 mass of necessary appropriations while there remains one unpro- 
 vided for which it considers to be proper, it throws upon the 
 other branch the necessity of concurring in an appropriation 
 which it may believe that neither the law nor the public interest 
 requires, or of endangering all the appropriations of the govern- 
 ment. The committee of the House of Representatives hope 
 that Ihe appropriations which both Houses deem necessary will 
 be made and that the appropriation for brevet officers, which the 
 Senate suggests, will be left to be provided for when the amend- 
 ment to the act of 1812 shall determine what that appropriation 
 ought to be. 
 
 _" The conferees on the part of the Senate admitted that doubts 
 might exist as to the proper construction of the Act of 1812, 
 allowing pay to brevet officers, and that it might be found expe- 
 dient to remove such doubts by an explanatory law defining more 
 precisely the contingencies in which such pay should be allowed, 
 but as, according to the construction given that law by the House 
 of Representatives, as stated by their conferees, which accords 
 substantially with that contained in the Senate's amendment, 
 expenditures, to a certain extent, would be legally authorized 
 
86 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 under it, and must be supposed to have taken place until the law 
 shall be altered. \ 
 
 " The conferees of the Senate were of opinion that an appro- 
 priation sufificient to cover such probable expenditure ought now 
 to be made, without waiting for the passage of such explanatory- 
 law. They did not think such law should be made to have a 
 retrospective operation, so as to affect expenditures legally in- 
 curred before its passage, nor could they perceive how the passage 
 of such a law could be deemed necessary to determine the pro- 
 priety of making an appropriation to meet an expenditure which 
 it could not regulate. They admitted that, generally, it would 
 not be the most correct course to amend a law establishing 
 salaries or authorizing an expenditure by a provision in a general 
 appropriation law, though they believed there was no constitu- 
 tional or legal objection to such a course, but they stated further: 
 I St. That the Senate's amendment was not designed as an altera- 
 tion of the law of 1812, but only expressing the construction of 
 that law which appeared to the Senate the correct one, and 
 restricting the sura appropriated to the discharge of expenditures 
 incurred pursuant to such construction, which, it is presumed, 
 may be done on the same principle that other specific appropria- 
 tions are made applicable to the objects designated, and to no 
 other. 2d. If the objection be to the words in the Senate's 
 amendment which restricts the application of the sum appropri- 
 ated to services performed by brevet officers when acting in their 
 brevet rank, the conferees of the Senate would agree to strike 
 out those words, and have the sum appropriated, applicable to 
 services performed by such officers generally, agreeably to the 
 terms of the estimates. Though the conferees of the Senate were 
 willing to admit that, generally, it would not be advisable to 
 embarrass a measure, embracing the mass of appropriations 
 deemed necessary, by insisting on one of a doubtful nature, they 
 did not consider the argument as in any degree affecting the 
 present case, the appropriation insisted on by them'not being doubt- 
 ful in its nature, because, according to any fair construction that 
 can be given the law of 1812, and adopting that preferred by the 
 House of Representatives, some expenditure is authorized and 
 must be presumed to take place under it, before an explanatory 
 law can be passed, and an appropriation to meet such expendi- 
 ture did not appear to them of a doubtful nature, and on such 
 alone they insisted. It appeared also to the conferees of the 
 Senate that the construction given the law for several years by 
 the government, and acquiesced in by the Congress, allowing 
 brevet officers such pay as is now asked, gave those officers 
 reasonable ground to expect a continuance thereof, so long as the 
 
OF BREVETS. ^7 
 
 law continued in force ; and as tlie expenditure now proposed to 
 be provided for did not rise out of any new construction of the 
 law, and had, at least, in part, already accrued, they considered 
 it the duty of the two Houses to provide for it in the general 
 appropriation law, and not leave it to be provided for in an Act 
 which may or may not pass ; and they could see no ground for 
 postponing the appropriation now insisted on by them, that would 
 not equally apply to any other asked for, to meet an expenditure 
 already incurred, under any law that it might be suggested re- 
 quired amendment. 
 
 " The conferees of the Senate stated explicitly they would not 
 insist on. making at this time any appropriation with a view of 
 coercing an expenditure which should accrue subsequent to the 
 period at which an explanatory law relating to the matter in 
 question could be supposed to pass, and which might, therefore, 
 be either authorized or controlled by such law, and though the 
 sum requisite to meet the expenditures that must accrue under the 
 existing law before it can be altered, could not be exactly ascer- 
 tained, it might be estimated with nearly the same accuracy that 
 sums for other objects are, and therefore its uncertainty appeared 
 to them to form no solid objection to the measure. 
 
 " For the purpose, therefore, of providing for such expenditure 
 alone as must, in any event, take place, and leaving the two 
 Houses to act in regard to the subject in future as each should 
 consider correct, without being considered in any manner com- 
 promised by the appropriation that might now be made, and 
 anxious to reconcile, as far as practicable, the views entertained 
 by both Houses on this subject, by meeting those of the House of 
 Representatives as far as in their opinion a due regard to correct 
 legislation, and the dutv they owe the Senate would authorize, 
 the conferees of the House of Representatives would agree 
 thereto, and modify the Senate's amendment so as to read as 
 follows : — 
 
 " For additional pay, rations and forage to officers having brevet 
 commissions when commanding separate posts, districts or de- 
 tachments, requiring them to act in their brevet rank during the 
 months of January, February and March of the present year, nine 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 "The conferees of the House of Representatives refused to 
 agree to this proposal, and as they neither proposed nor suggest- 
 ed any modification of said amendment to which they would give 
 their assent, the conference, after being continued as long as there 
 was any prospect of arriving at a favorable result, terminated 
 without the conferees of the two Houses being able to come to 
 any agreement on the subject thereof." 
 
88 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 Soon afterwards, and no doubt as a result of this conference, 
 the Act of April i6th, 1818, regulating the pay and emoluments 
 of brevet officers, was passed in terms as follows : — 
 
 " Sec. I. That the officers of the army who have brevet com- 
 missions shall be entitled to, and receive, the pay and emoluments 
 of their brevet rank when on duty and having a command accord- 
 ing to their brevet rank and at no other time. 
 
 " Sec. 2. That no brevet commission shall hereafter be con- 
 ferred but by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." 
 
 This act was designed, ist, to place restrictions on the drawing 
 of pay and emoluments by the brevet officers already in service, 
 and, 2nd, to prevent the appointment of any more brevet officers 
 without tht consent of the Senate. 
 
 The first code of Army Regulations published after the passage 
 of this act was that of January, 1820. In addition to the rules in 
 regard to brevet rank, etc., in the code of 18 16, already quoted, 
 a paragraph as follows appeared : — 
 
 " Brevet officers shall receive the pay and emoluments of their 
 brevet commissions when they exercise command equal to their 
 brevet rank ; for example, a brevet captain must command a 
 company ; a brevet major and a brevet lieutenant-colonel, a 
 battalion ; a brevet colonel, a regiment ; a brevet brigadier- 
 general, a brigade ; a brevet major-general, a division." 
 
 This regulation afforded no aid in construing the law. It used 
 the term " equal " to their brevet rank, when the law said 
 " according to " their brevet rank, which the Attorney-General 
 pronounced to be no improvement. The doubts as to the right 
 to pay which existed prior to those regulations remained a/ter 
 their promulgation. 
 
 The law permitted brevet officers to receive pay as such when 
 on duty and having a command according to their brevet rank and at 
 no other ti?ne. The question remained as to what constituted a 
 command according to the brevet rank. Generals Gaines and 
 Scott, jointly interested, sent the matter up for decision in 182 1. 
 They claimed that the part of the act of 1818, just given, must be 
 constructed in connection with the act of 1812, and that the lat- 
 ter defines the command of a separate post, district, or detach- 
 ment, as a brevet command, and thus a captain, a brevet lieu- 
 tenant-colonel for example, commanding a "separate post" where 
 there was one company only, was entitled to the pay and emolu- 
 ments of lieutenant-colonel. 
 
 The Attorney-General, however, did not concur in this, but 
 while he rejected the argument of Gaines and Scott on the law, 
 he granted their wishes by virtue cf the regulations, holding 
 that the question as to what constituted a proper command for 
 
OF BREVETS. 89 
 
 the various grades was one to be settled by the executive. The 
 code then in force had defined a brigade as consisting of two 
 regiments and a division of four. Adopting this view the decision 
 of the Attorney-General enabled the officers named to draw the 
 pay and emoluments of major-generals, and settled the principle 
 on which other brevet officers might receive like compensation. 
 The opinion of Mr. Wirt just adverted to was expressed also by 
 Attorney-General Berrien in 1829. 
 
 The army regulations prepared by General Scott in 1820, were 
 treated as approved* by Congress and were promulgated in 182 1. 
 The paragraphs concerning brevet rank, are as follows : — 
 
 2. Brevet rank shall take command or effect only in the the fol- 
 lowing cases : ist. When it renders an officer present on duty, 
 with a separate command, comprising troops of different corps, 
 the superior thereof : 2d. In the person of every brevet officer 
 in courts composed of officers of different corps : 3d. By special 
 assignment made by either the President of the United States, or 
 general-in-chief of a particular army in the field whereby a brevet 
 officer may be invested with a separate command comprising 
 troops of different corps, although not previously on duty with it.' 
 
 3. By the terms separate command shall be understood, ist. 
 The army or a particular army in the field, that is, an army the 
 chief of which is in correspondence with the executive ; 2d. A 
 detachment for temporary or occasional service, that is, a detach- 
 ment marched beyond the chain of sentinels : 3d. A geographical 
 division or department ; 4th. A particular post. 
 
 The special sanction of Congress given to these regulations in 
 1821 was withdrawn in 1822, and the President and Secretary 
 of war were left to make such changes as they deemed pro- 
 per. These officers however, gave their sanction to the code 
 as it stood, with some few unimportant changes not touch- 
 ing the question of brevet rank. The question of rank which 
 had arisen between Generals Gaines and Scott probably had 
 some weight in the withdrawal of the Congressional sanction 
 which had been given to the code of regulations prepared 
 by the latter, as the former urged that the paragraphs in that 
 code, quoted above, unduly favored brevet rank. In making his 
 revision of the edition published in 1825, General Scott recom- 
 mended that these paragraphs be entirely omitted. " 1st. Because 
 they have been absurdly supposed to enlarge the rights of brevet 
 officers to commands, when, in fact, these paragraphs, particularly 
 the first of the two, place restrictions on those rights greater than 
 were intended by me or by any statute: 2d. Because, with 
 
 * On this point see Appendix. 
 
 5* 
 
90 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 equal absurdity, these paragraphs have been considered to favor 
 the claims of brevet officers to pay and emoluments." 
 
 This recommendation was adopted, and the code of Regulations 
 of 1825, contained no articles on the subject of the rights of brevet 
 rank. The following paragraph, however, laid down rules in re- 
 gard to pay and emoluments, and for the reports, etc., from 
 which that rank was likely to be bestowed :■ — 
 
 "1124. Brevet officers shall receive the pay and emoluments 
 of their brevet commissions when they exercise command equal 
 to their brevet rank ; for example — a brevet captain must com- 
 mand a company ; a brevet major and a brevet lieutenant-colonel, 
 a battalion ; a brevet colonel, a regiment ; a brevet brigadier- 
 general a brigade ; a brevet major-general, a division." 
 
 Battles. General Disposition. 
 
 647. A written report of the day will be made by the several 
 commanders, including those of battalions and .squadrons, to their 
 respective chiefs, each in what concerns his corps. From the re- 
 ports of those next below him, corroborated or corrected by his own 
 observations, and those of his staff, the general-in-chief will make 
 his detailed report to the secretary of war and put in orders the 
 name of every individual, without regard to rank, who may have 
 distinguished himself in an extraordinary manner. 
 
 648. As reports and orders relative to battles, and other mil- 
 itary operations constitute, in the case of subordinates the foun- 
 dation of military fame, and this fame the principle reward of mili- 
 tary merit, too much care cannot be observed by the general-in- 
 chief in collecting information, before he offers the names of his 
 companions in arms to the notice of government and the admira- 
 tion of the country. Justice and policy equally require that the 
 names of individuals or of corps failing to do their duty, should 
 be given in like manner. Indeed reports of military affairs are 
 highly defective which do not notice faults committed, as well as 
 strokes of extraordinary courage or of genius exhibited. 
 
 649. To enable the general-in-chief to execute with impartiality 
 and fidelity, this high and delicate trust, his first dispatch to the 
 government ought briefly and simply to state the general and 
 more important results of the affair, making his detailed report 
 afterwards on full deliberation. 
 
 650. Private letters, or reports relative to military marches 
 and operations are frequently mischievous in design, and always 
 disgraceful to the army. They are, therefore, strictly forbidden ; 
 and any officer found guilty of making such report for publication, 
 
OF BREVETS. 9 1 
 
 without special permission, or of placing the writing beyond his 
 control, so that it finds its way to the press, within one month 
 after the termination of the campaign to which it relates, shall be 
 dismissed from the service." 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 AlexanderMacomb. 
 
 Although the act of 182 1, to reduce and fix the military peace 
 establishment was construed, as the act of 18 15 had been, as 
 leaving brevet rank just as it stood under the acts of 1812 and 
 18 18, it changed the status in their regiments or corps of a num- 
 ber of officers who held brevet rank. 
 
 Alexander Macomb was colonel 3d. artillery, July 6, 1812. was 
 appointed brigadier-general, U. S. A., January 24, 1814 (war 
 establishment), and was brevetted major-general Septembei ir, 
 18 14. He was in 182 1 appointed chief of the corps of engineers 
 with the rank of colonel, and was nominated and confirmed in this 
 commission to date July 6th, 1812 — ^^the same date as his commission 
 of colonel 3d artillery. His nomination and confirmation were 
 worded as follows : " Brevet Major-General Alexander Macomb, 
 late Brigadier-General, to be Colonel of Engineers, July 6, 1812, 
 with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General January 24, 1814." 
 
 Although the office of brigadier-general, which Macomb held 
 when made a major-general by brevet, was abolished by law, and 
 he was appointed to the new office of colonel of engineers, he, being 
 an officer of the army, was, under the act governing on the sub- 
 ject, clearly still a major-general by brevet, and he remained so 
 without question. 
 
 In fact the validity of this commission received the most 
 ample confirmation. Learning that Generals Gaines and Scott 
 had been permitted to draw pay as brevet major-generals, 
 Macomb, being colonel of engineers holding the brevet of major- 
 general, brought down as stated, from his higher grade, applied 
 for the pay of his brevet grade. The President, the secretary of 
 war, the auditor and comptroller of the treasury, all, in 1827, 
 recognized the validity of the brevet on which he based his claim 
 for pay, and finally the U. S. House of Representatives, in 1834, 
 coisidered the subject and reman 
 
92 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 secretarj' pf war to be disposed of according to the rules -which 
 governed in allowing pay to other brevet officers. In 1836 the 
 House of Representatives disposed of it in like manner so far as 
 thevalidity of his brevet was concerned, and in a report of the 
 military committee of the senate in 1828 he is referred to as 
 " a colonel of engineers having the rank of Major-General by 
 brevet." 
 
 The precedent of allowing staff officers pay and emoluments of 
 brevet grades under the act of 1818, was established as early as 
 1822 ; President Monroe on June 12th of that year issued the 
 following order giving Macomb the pay and emoluments of his 
 brevet of brigadier-ge-nexdl. 
 
 " The nature and extent of General Macomb's command, taking 
 into view the Military Academy at West Point, and the Topo- 
 graphical Engineers which are attached to his command as chief 
 of the corps of engineers, his brevet pay appears to be clearly 
 within the meaning of the laws applicable to the case. The al- 
 lowance of the pay of a brigadier to the assistant engineer 
 General Bernard is an additional reason in favor of the allowance." 
 (signed) " yames Monroe, June 12, 1822." 
 
 " The brevet pay and emoluments of a brigadier will commence 
 from the time that he was arranged to his present command." 
 (signed) "J. M." 
 
 This gave him back-pay as brevet brigadier from June 21, 
 1821. 
 
 The officer in charge of ordnance duties began to draw brevet 
 pay, in 1825 ; the chief engineer who succeeded Macomb in 1828,' 
 began to draw his brevet pay in 1829, and the senior major of 
 topographical engineers secured like favor some time later. 
 
 Roger Jones. 
 
 When the adjutant-general, colonel and brevet brigadier-general 
 R. Jones, applied for the same privilege in 1837, his appHcation 
 was refused, and he appealed to Congress. The military com- 
 mittee of the House reported on it as follows: 
 
 " That this case is very fully explained in the petition and 
 accompanying documents to which reference is made. The 
 argument by which the petitioner's claim to the pay and emolu- 
 ments' of his brevet rank is supported will be found in his letter 
 marked A, addressed to the secretary of war. Though the com- 
 mittee is not satisfied that the act of Congress regulating the pay 
 and emoluments of brevet officers, approved the 16th April, 1818, 
 embraces cases of this sort, yet, as it has been applied to them, as 
 is evident from the precedents cited, they can see no reason why 
 
OF BREVETS. 93 
 
 the petitioners case should be made an exception; and they 
 therefore report a bill for his relief." 
 
 " In doing this, however, the committee will not be understood 
 as either sanctioning the aforesaid precedents, or as being willing 
 to extend the provisions of the act of the i6th April, 1818, to any 
 other cases that may arise, though analagous to this." 
 
 The bill was not passed at that time, but on the 3d March, 
 1839, ^" ^^^ ^^^ passed saying that the act of April 16, 1818, 
 regulating the pay and emoluments of brevet officers, should be 
 so construed as to include the case of the adjutant-general of the 
 United States Army. 
 
 Nathan Towson. 
 
 In an official report dated October 20, 1868, the adjutant- 
 general of the army says : 
 
 " Nathan Towson was a captain of artillery and received in 
 181,2 and 1814, the brevets of major and lieutenant-colonel. In 
 June, 1819 he was appointed paymaster-general, at that time a 
 civil appointment renewed every four years. From 1819 to 1826 
 he was borne on the register as Colonel N. Towson, paymaster- 
 general, it is presumed by courtesy, no mention being made of 
 the brevet of lieutenant-colonel, which expired when he vacated 
 his commission as captain of artillery." * * * ' " In 1834, he 
 was on the following report, brevetted a brigadier-general : " 
 
 June 30, 1834. 
 To the President of the United States. 
 
 Sir, — " I have the honor herewith to submit for your approba- 
 tion, the name of Colonel Towson, paymaster-general, for the 
 brevet of brigadier-general." 
 
 " It appears from the former correspondence of the Adjt.-Gen- 
 eral's Dept. with Colonel Towson, on the subject of his brevet 
 rank that he was considered to have been entitled to more promo- 
 tion by brevet during the war than he received ; that is, to a 
 brevet for his conduct in the capture of the British vessel " Cal- 
 edonia " in the Niagara river in 1812 ; tO' one for the battle of 
 Chippewa, and again for his distinguished conduct in the battle 
 of Niagara, July 25, during the siege of Fort Erie, and the defeat 
 of the British in their night attack on the American army, the 14th 
 August, 1814. Colonel Towson's rank was that of Captain, 
 which would have given him the brevet of colonel, if the brevets 
 had been regularly conferred, but it appears that he was iwice 
 brevetted lieutenant-colonel, one dated the 5th July, 1814 (the 
 
94 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 battle of Chippewa) ; the other (he isth August, (the assault upon 
 Fort Erie), one of which it is thought should have been of the 
 rank of full colonel from the latter date. 
 
 Colonel Towson would then, it is conceived, have been entitled 
 to the brevet of brigadier-general on the war brevet of colonel, in 
 1829, when the President conferred that promotion on Fenwick, 
 Leavenworth, McNeil, and Brooke, in virtue of their ivar brevets 
 of Colonel. I don't consider that this case (which is peculiar 
 and rests altogether on events and services and gallant actions in 
 time of war) would establish any precedent in the favor of any 
 supposed military rights of officers of the civil staff of the army, 
 such as have neither rank in the staff nor line, because the measure 
 of justice now intended to be meted to this meritorious officer, 
 has no relation to his present appointment of paymaster-general, 
 which is only regarded as of any value as respects his brevets, so 
 far as the possession of it shows that he is now in the Military 
 Department of the public service, while the records of the 
 adjutant-general's office prove that he has never been out of it." 
 I am, Sir, with great respect. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 (Signed,) LEWIS CASS, 
 
 Secretary of War. 
 
 " Accordingly Nathan Towson was nominated and confirmed 
 as brigadier-general by brevet from June 30, 1834, while occupy- 
 ing the civil position of paymaster-general, and was commissioned 
 accordingly to take rank from the date of confirmation." 
 
 The adjutant-general's statement in the foregoing report that 
 Towson's brevet of lieutenant-colonel expired when he vacated 
 his commission as captain of artillery is not borne out by the 
 ofiicial army registers and reports to Congress. On every army 
 register from the time he was appointed paymaster-general until 
 1824 inclusive, Towson is reported as ^'■colonel N. Towson, pay- 
 master-general." On all the registers from 1825 to 1834 inclusive, 
 his army rank is more specifically reported in the following 
 words : 
 
 "Lieutenant-colonel by brevet, July 5th, 18 14," and in all the 
 registers from 1835 to the time of his death (July 20th, 1854), his 
 army rank is given as " brigadier general by brevet, 30th June, 
 1834." His brevet rank appears to have been as valid from 
 beginning to end as any other brevet rank in the service. 
 
 Simon Bernard. 
 
 By resolution of April 29th, 1816, the President was authorized 
 to employ, in addition to the corps of engineers, a skilful assist- 
 
OF BREVETS. 95 
 
 ant, (pay not to exceed that of the chief of the corps). Under 
 this resolution, Simon Bernard,*who had been a lieutenant-general 
 of engineers under Napoleon, was appointed assistant engineer 
 on the i6th of November, 1816, with the pay and emoluments 
 of a brigadier-general, and, although the appointment carried 
 with it no military rank, was borne on the army register as brevet- 
 brigadier-general. 
 
 He resigned on the roth of August, 1831, returned to France, 
 and was appointed minister of war under Louis Philippe. 
 
 David S. Townsend. 
 
 David S. Townsend entered the service as first-lieutenant 9th 
 infantry, July 6th, 1812, was promoted captain in 1813, and on 
 the 2'jtk of July, 1814, was appointed assistant adjutant-general 
 with the brevet rank of major.* He was disbanded in June 
 1815. Was appointed paymaster of 5th battalion artillery in 1816 
 and paymaster on the staff in 1821. Thereafter, until his death 
 in 1853, he is borne on the army register as brevet major, July 
 2'jth, 1814. 
 
 Donald Fraser. 
 
 Donald Fraser was appointed ensign, 15th infantry, March 12, 
 1812, and promoted to first-lieutenant, in December 1813. He 
 was brevetted a captain July 25, 1814, "for gallant conduct in the 
 battle of Niagara Falls," and brevetted a major September 17, 
 1814, " for gallant conduct at sortie from Fort Erie." He resigned 
 on the 1st of November, i8i6. 
 
 He was appointed a paymaster in the army on the 29th of 
 October, 1836, and against his name on the army register from 
 that date to the date of his resignation on the 17 th of November, 
 1841, he was borne as " Brevet Major, September 17, 1814 ; " 
 his brevet having survived his twenty years' separation from the 
 military service. 
 
 William Piatt. 
 
 William Piatt entered the service as second-lieutenant, nth 
 infantry, March 2, 1799, promoted first-lieuteuant in 1804, eap^ 
 tain in 1809, and major 34th infantry in 1814. He was brevet- 
 ted lieutenant-colonel, December 23, 1814, for "gallant conduct, 
 and a wound received during the siege of New Orleans." He was 
 disbanded on the isth of June, 1815. 
 
 ♦Under the act of March 3, 1813, providing for sixteen assistant adjutant- 
 generals with the brevet rank, etc., of majors of cavalry. 
 
96 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 He was appointed a paymaster in the army on the 20th of May, 
 1830, and was borne as " brevet lieutenant-colonel, Dec. 23, 1814," 
 his brevet like that of Eraser's, having survived his long separation 
 from the military service. 
 
 Gaines and Scott. 
 
 All questions concerning brevet rank between 182 1 and 1841 
 were completely overshadowed by the great controversy between 
 Generals Gaines and Scott, in which the subject of brevet rank 
 and command was exhausted. 
 
 From the time these two officers were brevetted major-gen- 
 erals, the former, August 15th and the latter July 25th, 1814, 
 there was an unsettled question of rank between them. It, how- 
 ever did not become very troublesome until 182 1-2. 
 
 Scott, after the controversy began, claimed, and produced some 
 letters to prove, that, as early as September, 1814, after he had 
 received his brevet, Gaines admitted him to be the senior or 
 superior officer, and that this admission was repeated after 1815, 
 and perhaps again in 1820. As Scott's pretensions were well 
 known, Gaines' quietude on the subject gave some color to the 
 theory of his acquiescence, but he finally publicly contradicted 
 the allegation that he had ever admitted Scott's superior rank. 
 Scott certainly regarded himself as the ranking officer, and no 
 doubt for a long time considered Gaines as agreeing, or submit- 
 ting, and the official records of the war department gave color to 
 the validity of Scott's view. The orders and army registers of 
 1814-15, gave general officers precedence according to their drevet 
 rank. 
 
 It is difficult to realize that a question of rank between two such 
 high officers involving an important principle, could have remain- 
 ed in abeyance as long as this one did, especially when the prac- 
 tical arrangements of the parties concerned in it were all in favor 
 of the officer who was finally decided not to be entitled to the 
 precedence. It is perhaps partially explained by General Scott 
 in saying. " Such, however, was the force of war feelings, and 
 war precedents that all the impugners of brevet command no 
 matter what their class or grade, were held in silence and subor- 
 dination down to a period a little before the reduction of the 
 army in 182 1." 
 
 Scott and Gaines held commands, all or nearly all of the time 
 after 1815, that enabled them both to draw the pay and emolu- 
 ments of major-generals, and these commands were independent 
 of each other. They acted in harmony in securing an opinion 
 from Attorney General Wirt, dated December 29, 1821, and 
 
OF BKEVETS. 7 
 
 re-affirmed September 21, 1822, which gave them these benefits 
 against a decision of the secretary of war. Up to this time, 182 1, 
 they not only had a common superior in the general-in-chief, 
 Major-General Brown, but Macomb was senior to both of them 
 as brigadier-general, although their junior as brevet major-general. 
 
 When the army was reduced in 182 1, Macomb was made colonel 
 of engineers, and Gaines and Scott were left as the only brigadier- 
 generals. 
 
 Their relative rank then became more important in view of the 
 succession to the place of general-in-chief, which threatened to 
 become vacant very soon, as Major-General Brown had a stroke 
 of paralysis in October 182 1. 
 
 Gaines alleged that Scott framed article 3 of the i;egulations of 
 1821, in such a way as to operate unduly in favor of brevet rank 
 and thus strengthen Scott's claim to rank him, a claim with which 
 he had long been acquainted, but against which he had as yet set 
 up no formal opposition. In 1822 Colonels Fenwick and Clinch, 
 with parts of the regiments of -fthich they were the respective 
 colonels, were on duty together at Pensacola in the department 
 commanded by General Gaines. Clinch was the ranking colonel, 
 but Fenwick held a brevet colonelcy of prior date. On the ques- 
 tion of command which arose, General Gaines decided against 
 Fenwick's brevet, and gave the command to Clinch. The war 
 department reversed the decision, and the attorney-general in 
 opinion dated March 27, 1823, coincided with the view of the 
 war department. But in the mean time General Gaines, in defense 
 of his action, attacked the article (3) of the regulations which 
 stood against his ruling. Scott regarded this transaction as a 
 covert attempt on Gaines' part to upset the regulations of 182 1, 
 on the subject of brevet rank, and thus make a stride towards 
 overthrowing the pretensions of superiority which Scott had 
 before set up. The issue that had long been forming, was now 
 squarely joined. The progress of the controversy appears delib- 
 erate, but in those days without telegraphs or rail-roads, communi- 
 cations travelled slowly. 
 
 On the 25th of July, 1824, Scott wrote to Gaines complaining 
 of his having given currency to the report that he, Scott, had 
 framed article 3 of the regulations of 182 1, so as to operate in 
 favor of brevets. To this Gaines made an offensive reply which 
 led to Scott challenging Gaines to fight a duel. The duel did not 
 take place, but the incidents connected with it, embittered the 
 personal quarrel, and widened the breach on the question of rank. 
 On the ist of January, 1825, Scott addressed to the adjutant-gen- 
 eral of the army an official claim for rank and precedence over 
 Gaines. Gaines replied to this in a letter to the general-in-chief 
 
gS HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 dated January 20, 1825, and Scott submitted his rejoinder to this 
 on the sth of February 1825. To this General Gaines did not 
 reply directly, though in a letter to the secretary of war dated 
 January 11, 1826, he dealt with some of the points it presented. 
 In the spring of 1825 a pamphlet was published in New York in 
 support of Gaines' pretensions to rank Scott. This pamphlet was 
 anonymous, but it was said to have been written by Gaines' aide- 
 de-camp. Scott treated it as sanctioned by Gaines. Prior to 
 this and as early as March, 1823, General Jesup, quartermaster- 
 general of the army, took up the cudgels on General Scott's side, 
 and promulgated a most remarkable pamphlet of ten pages, en- 
 titled " remarks on the subject of brevet rank," addressed to the 
 secretary of war. The claim set up in this pamphlet in favor of 
 brevet rank was probably the most extravagant one ever ad- 
 vanced. He said, "in our service a brevet is a commission of 
 a prior date to that which an officer holds in his corps," and, 
 making the rule work both ways, he added, " and every commis- 
 sion of a prior date is a brevet." The intention of the govern- 
 ment in conferring brevet rank, he said, " was not only to present 
 an inducement for the exertion of gallant enterprise, but to 
 secure to the nation the advantages on a more extensive scale, of 
 the talents and intelligence of the officers who merited its confi- 
 dence. Those officers " (who have been brevetted) " were super- 
 numeraries of their grades and the legislature evidently intended 
 that they should fill the vacancies of these grades in the corps of 
 the army as they might occur." Again " the law does not define 
 ' detachments,' that belongs to the executive. But those who 
 deny the validity of brevet rank, substituting their own crude and 
 undigested notions for the plain and obvious meaning of the 
 term, have endeavored to restrict it to the casual commands 
 detached for temporary purposes from our army, operating in the 
 field. But tlie reflection of a moment on the nature of our ser- 
 vice will convince us that such a definition is as arbitrary as it 
 is inapplicable. We have only one army. From the nature of 
 its duties, it is impossible that the troops composing it can be em- 
 bodied. They are necessarily dispersed in small bodies through 
 the country and along our extensive frontiers ; and these detached 
 corps, whether in camp, in garrison, or in movement, are detach- 
 ments of the army, and the only detachments known to our service. 
 Therefore, our troops serve by detachments ; and consequently 
 brevet rank, even if we admit the principles of those who oppose 
 it, must always take effect where different corps, or parts of corps 
 are serving together. What is the conclusion which obviously 
 results from the foregoing details ? Is brevet rank the mere 
 shadow which it has been represented ? I answer, that it is a 
 
OF BREVETS. 99 
 
 rank established by law : that the legislature have created and 
 left it, as they have regimental rank, both as regards command 
 and promotion, subject to the regulations of the executive ; and 
 the officers holding it, though they may have been neglected and 
 passed over by the government, have the same right to promotion 
 with other officers." It may be remarked that these extraordi- 
 nary views were never adopted, but they appear to have irritated 
 Gaines and impressed him as having direct reference to the ques- 
 tion of rank between him and Scott, and on the 31st of January, 
 1825, he addressed a letter to the secretary of war reviewing them. 
 By this time the correspondence had become voluminous, and the 
 question was so befogged that it was deemed best to submit the 
 subject to a board of officers of which Major-General Brown, 
 commanding the army was president. The board settled the 
 question of rank as brigadier-generals 'between Gaines and Scott, 
 about which there was really no good ground for dispute, but, for 
 prudential reasons, asked to be excused from the consideration of 
 the important and vexatious question of the bearing of brevet 
 rank in the case. They said : 
 
 " It appears to the board, from the evidence laid before it that 
 E. P. Gaines was appointed a second-lieutenant in" the army of 
 the United States on the i6th of February, 1801 ; promoted first- 
 lieutenant 2d regiment infantry 27 April, 1802 ; promoted captain 
 28th February, 1807 ; appointed major in the additional military 
 force 24 March, 1812 ; promoted lieut.-colonel 6th July, 1812, in 
 the 24th infantry; promoted colonel 12 March, 1813 ; promoted 
 brigadier-general 9th March, 1814 ; and appointed major-general 
 by brevet 15th August, 1814. And that Winfield Scott was ap- 
 pointed a captain in the regiment of light artillery, 3d May, 1808 ; 
 appointed lieutenant-colonel 2d regiment of artillery additional 
 military force 6th July, 1812 ; promoted colonel 12 March, 1813 ; 
 promoted brigadier-general 9 March, 1814 ; and appointed major- 
 general by brevet 25th July, 18 14. It is the opinion of the board that 
 the letter of general Hampton touching the resignation of captain 
 Gaines did not operate to exclude him from the army ; that he 
 was, according to the rule governing rank, as prescribed by the 
 President under the law of 17th March, 1812, entitled to prece- 
 dence and rank as lieutenant-colonel above lieut.-colonel Winfield 
 Scott, and that the promotion of generals Gaines and Scott to the 
 grades of colonels and brigadier-generals was simultaneous. The 
 board is unanimously of opinion that E. P. Gaines is entitled to 
 rank and precedence as brigadier above Winfield Scott." 
 
 With regard to the question of the seniority by brevet the board 
 said : — 
 
 " The board having devoted itself with great labor and assi- 
 
100 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 duity from the first moment of assembling to the examination of 
 the subject of brevet rank of major-general, and, having found, 
 notwithstanding every possible exertion to come to a decision, 
 that it cannot arrive at any result which will be useful to the array 
 or which will aid the President of the United States in making a 
 decision in the case, unanimously beg leave to be excused from 
 the further consideration of it." 
 
 The proceedings of the board were approved by the President 
 of the United States, and by his direction were published for the 
 information of the army, in orders of March, ist 1825, from the 
 adjutant-general's office. 
 
 At this stage of the controversy Gaines' superiority of rank as 
 brigadier-general was formally settled, while Scott's claim for pre- 
 cedence by virtue of his brevet rank contested by Gaines, had not 
 been allowed, although rvot denied.. Gaines in the winter of 
 1826-7, P^^ together and published in pamphlet form the papers 
 in the case. Scott was deeply incensed, and, on the i8th of 
 February, 1827, addressed to the secretary of war a letter of eighty- 
 eight printed pages denouncing Gaines, complaining of the action 
 of the government, and arguing at great length the merits of the bre- 
 vet question, and closing with the demand that his seniority over 
 Gaines be recognized, and published by the President. 
 
 The conclusions at which he arrived are as follows : — 
 
 '' I. In the U. S. army there is no restriction on irevet rank, or 
 command other than what is found in the 61st article of war. 
 
 " 2d. That article only applies to officers when serving within 
 their particular regiments, independent troops, or companies, or 
 other permanently organized corps. 
 
 " 3d. A brigadier or major-general, as such, is not mustered 
 in said corps, nor in any corps. 
 
 " 4th. A brevet officer not belonging to any such corps, and 
 particularly if by rank above them all, cannot in any case fall 
 within those restrictions ; in other words, his rank, is, in all cases, 
 absolute, or effectual for every military purpose in the army at 
 large. 
 
 " sth. (Corollary.) A brigadier-general, by ordinary commis- 
 sion, on receiving the brevet of major-general has the former rank 
 merged in the latter, except so far as the higher, may be sepa- 
 rated, 2>z thought, from the lower rank, merely in respect to the 
 quesiion of pay and emoluments and that of his retention in the 
 army." 
 
 The claim is made a little plainer by the following from the 
 body of his argument : — 
 
 " I have shown, then, that bre^iet Major-General Gaines (like 
 myself) is equally a major-general with Major-General Brown. In 
 
OF BREVETS. lOI 
 
 respect to the rights of rank or command the only difference be- 
 tween them is in the dates of their commissions. As to the words 
 ' brevet ' and ' by brevet ' they are applied merely to show that 
 General Gaines (like myself) is retained in service as a brigadier- 
 general ; that he is borne on the army register as such (with the 
 rank and date as major-general opposite his name) and, that he is, 
 under special provisions of law to be paid as a brigadier when not 
 placed over a body of troops equal to a division. These are the 
 points of difference between Major-General Brown and Major- 
 General Gaines, or between the former and myself ; in other 
 words, between an ordinary commission and a brevet commis- 
 sion." 
 
 Gaines dissented from these propositions. The difference be- 
 tween the two generals was succinctly stated by a clever anony- 
 mous writer of the times, as follows : — 
 
 " General Scott contends that the restrictions imposed by this 
 article (6ist) on the exercise of brevet rank, are confined solely 
 to regimental officers having brevets of a prior date to those of the 
 regiment in which they serve, and in nowise affects the operation 
 of brevets held by generals, or other officers, having no regimental 
 rank. 
 
 " General Gaines, on the contrary, thinks this article restrictive 
 of all brevets, by viewing the term corps used in said article not 
 only as synonymous with the term regimmt but as comprehending 
 the whole army as one corps ; a definition authorizing the conclusion 
 that as ' officers having brevets of a prior date to those of the 
 regiment in which they serve ' can only take place in courts-martial, 
 and on detachments when composed of different corps, according 
 to the rank given them in their brevets a fortiori, General officers 
 attached to the army as one corps cannot take place according to 
 the rank given them in their brevets." 
 
 The 6ist article of war (act of 1806) is the first law regulating 
 the rights of brevet officers to rank and command. This article 
 contemplates only the brevets held by officers of regiments, troops, 
 or companies, and (as General Scott claimed) it restricted only 
 that class, and so far as it conferred any right to command, it con- 
 ferred it on those officers alone, and not on generals who belonged 
 to no regiment or corps. 
 
 As stated in preceding chapter although the process of promot- 
 ing general officers in the British service was called " a brevet," 
 the officers were in reality " generals " and not " brevet generals " 
 as we understand the terms. That is to say, they did not hold two 
 offices, the lower by " commission " and the higher " by brevet," 
 as ours did and may now. In the British service therefore the 
 article of war from which we took our 6ist applied only to regi- 
 
I02 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 mental officers because "brevets" were not conferred on any 
 others. When we brevetted our generals, that is gave them double 
 commissions, we introduced a state of things which did not obtain 
 in the British service and to which our borrowed article of war 
 (6 1 St) had no application. Scott therefore had to deduce his right 
 to command, as brevet major-general, from some other source, and 
 as there was no specific act in his favor, he labored to establish 
 the general proposition that command necessarily followed rank, 
 that brevet rank was rank, and that having the brevet rank of 
 major-general, he must command as major-general and command 
 all who had not a prior date as major-general to his date of 
 brevet major-general. He was never able to establish these diffi- 
 cult propositions, but they occupied the serious attention of the 
 government, until he ceased by promotion to be concerned in 
 them. 
 
 The framers of the law (6ist article 1806) certainly did not 
 foresee the claim that General Scott set up under it. It is a very 
 reasonable theory that so far as the law-makers intended to confer 
 authority by brevet rank, they only designed to enlarge the scope 
 of ofScers whose commands were, by their commissions, restricted 
 ordinarily to regiments and companies, and give them in certain 
 cases a general authority which they did not otherwise possess, and 
 that they did not design to enlarge the authority of general officers 
 whose power extended over all branches of service, as well by 
 their ordinary commissions as by their brevets. 
 
 Samuel in his treatise, says in commenting on brevet rank in 
 the British army, " brevet rank or command, for they are mutative 
 terms, is declared to be effectual for every military purpose in the 
 army at large, but of no avail in the regiment to which the officers 
 holding it belong, unless it shall, in all or in part, be mixed or 
 ~ united for a temporary purpose with some other corps." 
 
 Hough's Practice of British Courts Martial is to the same 
 effect. 
 
 But the brevet rank they are speaking of is held only by officers 
 of regiments or corps and not Toy general officers. The double 
 commissions of general officers in our service gave rise to all the 
 trouble. As British generals have only one commission no similar 
 question arose among them. There was no parallel between the 
 commissions in the two services and no applicability in the pre- 
 cedents concerning general officers in the British service, so fre- 
 quently put forward as arguments in favor of brevet rank in our 
 army. 
 
 It is true that a general officer in the British service may hold 
 the colonelcy of one or more regiments, but this is not a genuine 
 case of double commissions. These military absurdities, British 
 
OF BREVETS. IO3 
 
 colonelcies, are merely nominal offices, continued as perquisites 
 for the favored holders. «■ 
 
 General Scott makes an argument of the battle of Vimiera. 
 Lieutenant-General. Wellesley (Wellington) commenced the battle ] 
 while it was going on Lieutenant-General Bullard, who ranked 
 Wellington, arrived, but from feelings of delicacy declined to in- 
 terfere, but before all the advantages were reaped Lieutenant- 
 General Dalrymple, who ranked both Wellington and Bullard, 
 came up, and as General Scott expresses it, " assumed by the 
 seniority of his brevet the general command," and, to enforce a 
 parallel, adds, "all three of the individuals belonged to regi- 
 ments." 
 
 The nominal position of colonels of regiments held by these 
 officers did not make them similar to the regimental officers- 
 meant in our 6ist article of war, nor did they command as lieu- 
 tenant-generals by virtue of brevet rank as we use the term. 
 
 Scott and Macomb. 
 
 The bitter controversy between Scott and Gaines was still 
 unsettled when an event occurred, the anticipation of which had 
 probably given special, though secret, interest to each of the 
 participants in the contest. Major-General Jacob Brown, com- 
 manding the army, died on the 24th of February 1828, and thus 
 exposed to view and competition the prize to which the two 
 brigadiers were most eligible. But the acrimony and personality 
 with which they had conducted the struggle for rank between 
 themselves, now produced its natural fruit and furnished reasons 
 which weighed heavily with the President against choosing either 
 of them for promotion, and he appointed Alexander Macomb, 
 then colonel of engineers, the junior of both of them, major- 
 general, February 24th, 1828, wV^ Brown, and assigned him to the 
 command of the army. 
 
 So far as Scott was concerned this only removed an old griev- 
 ance by substituting a fresh and a greater one. He had long 
 argued that his brevet major-generalcy dating from July 25th, 
 1814, was in all respects as ample, as valid, and as forcible in 
 the army as if it had been a major-generalcy (not by brevet) under 
 a specific act of Congress authorizing his appointment. In fact 
 he claimed that it was rather the more honorable and valuable of 
 the two. Holding still to this line of argument he now re-inforced 
 it and with concentrated power and full confidence directed it 
 against the President's action. 
 
 As soon as the news reached him at Cincinnati — April 
 or May 1828 — that the President had nominated Macomb 
 
I04 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 for major-general {^lice Brown) he saw that it was for the purpose 
 of making Macomb general-in-chief. He at once filed his protest 
 in a letter to the President dated May 3d, 1828. He claimed 
 that by virtue of his brevet he would remain Macomb's superior 
 officer even a:fter Macomb's appointment to the office of major- 
 general in the army vice B;own, and he announced his intention 
 of disobeying Macomb's orders. He said " that not a case has 
 ever occurred in any modern army, not even under governments 
 the most arbitrary — certainly not in the British or American 
 armies, in which a junior officer had been made to command an 
 actual senior in the same grade, whether senior by brevet or 
 otherwise, except by consent or within the body of a regiment, as 
 provided in the 6ist article of war in relation to brevets ;" and he 
 contended that the President could not lawfully order him, the 
 senior, to obey Macomb as general-in-chief because such com- 
 mand from the President would not onfy be against the common 
 law of the army but against the 62d article of war, which 
 declares that " the officers highest in rank shall command " and, a 
 fortiori " cannot give a lawful command to a superior." In the 
 extended correspondence growing out of this case, Scott enlarged 
 and presented again the arguments in support of brevet rank 
 which he had used in his contest with Gaines. 
 
 By the middle of May Scott was in Washington, where he 
 received, on the 30th of that month, Macomb's order of the 28th 
 assuming command of the army. He immediately addressed a 
 letter to the secretary of war requesting that Macomb might be 
 ordered before a court-martial for contempt or disrespect towards 
 his (senior and therefore) commanding officer or 
 
 2d. That Scott might himself be immediately relieved from duty 
 and put on trial for his recorded refusal to obey his junior, Macomb, 
 the real object, of course, being not to punish an offence but to get 
 a judicial decision from the highest military tribunal. In a letter, 
 dated June 3d. the acting secretary of war, speaking for the Pres- 
 ident, informed General Scott that the law authorized only one 
 major-general and two brigadier-generals ; that General Macomb, 
 had been appointed the major-general by the President, by and 
 with the advice and consent of the Senate, and that he was 
 therefore the officer highest in rank in the line of the army by 
 commission ; that the order was issued by General Macomb 
 under the authority of his appointment and by express command 
 of the. President, and that General Macomb should not be arrested 
 and put on trial for issuing it, nor should General Scott be 
 relieved from duty and put on trial ; and furthermore the President 
 declined to submit the matter in any form to a court-martial. 
 
 To this General Scott replied from Philadelphia, in a letter 
 
OF BREVETS. lOS 
 
 dated June 8th,i828, answering thg views of the President and 
 renewing the arguments and precedents in favor of brevet rank. 
 On the 19th June the acting secretary of war responded saying that 
 the President's views were unchanged and that he expected a 
 ready obedience to the order in question. In response to this 
 General Scott wrote from Philadelphia asking a furlough until the 
 ist of April, 1829, in. order that he might seek relief from Congress. 
 He was notihed, June 25th, that the reasons he gave for desiring 
 the furlough, presented in themselves insuperable objections to its 
 being granted, and that the leave upon which he was then absent 
 from his command would be considered as ending on the 25th of 
 July following, and that he was expected to be on duty at his 
 proper station on the 26th of- that month. By the 24th of July, 
 1828, General Scott was on duty at his. post, Cincinnati, Ohio, but 
 instead of yielding to the President's orders and decisions he, on 
 that day, wrote to the secretary of war saying that on his return he 
 found an order from the " general-in-chief," but that as he knew no 
 general-in-chief other than the senior general of the army, and, he 
 being that senior, he denied the legality of the order and stated 
 that he only omitted asking for Macomb's arrest for ^'^ presumption " 
 because he had previously made a like request without effect. He 
 then called attention to his repeated refusal to obey Macomb's 
 orders and again presented an elaborate argument and urged that 
 the question be sent before a court-martial. His request was 
 again denied in a letter from the secretary of war dated August 4, 
 1828, and the President's commands for him to obey General 
 Macomb's orders were repeated. 
 
 On the 2ist of August, 1828, General Scott wrote to the 
 secretary of war reviving the subject, and calling attention 
 to his repeated refusal to obey Macomb's orders. In this letter 
 he says : "I do not claim the command of the army (under the 
 President) as positive right. The acts of Congress in force do not 
 create the office of 'Commander-in-Chief,' 'General-in-Chief,' or 
 ' Commander of the Army.' The first and third offices existed in 
 the revolutionary war and in 1788-89 respectively; and were both 
 filled by the same individual — the father of his country. The 
 existing laws do not even-require that the senior general should be 
 called to Washington to aft as Commander of the Army, etc., under 
 the President. So before 1808, when we had but one general 
 officer (Brigadier Wilkinson) he was not, but for a short period, 
 charged with the immediate command of the army, but generally 
 commanded a particular department, or district, whilst other 
 departments or districts were placed under colonels. In 1808 two 
 other brigadiers (Hampton and Gansevoort) were added to the 
 establishment and each of the three charged with separate geo - 
 
 6 
 
I06 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 graphical commands. The same arrangement prevailed through- 
 out the late war, and again, on the peace establishment down 
 to 182 1. During all these periods the President held the immediate 
 command of the army (through the war department) in his own 
 hands. In 182 1 for the first time since the death of General 
 Washington, the senior general (Brown) was charged with the 
 command of the entire army, and called to Washington. 
 
 " It is, therefore, perfectly competent to the President to 
 resume the irrimediate command of the army, through the war 
 department, or otherwise, and to assign the several general 
 officers of the line to separate geographical commands. All that I 
 contend for, then, is this : if either of these generals be charged 
 with the entire command of the army, under the President, it must 
 te the senior general on duty, which senior I am ; for the President 
 cannot require an actual senior to obey a junior." 
 
 On the 14th of October, 1828, General Scott sent the secretary 
 of war an abridgement of the foregoing correspondence, and 
 receiving no reply to his letter of August 21st, he, on November 
 ist, wrote, asking again for leave of absence until April, 1829. 
 Before a reply to this reached him, he received orders from Gen- 
 eral Macomb to move some companies of his command, in regard 
 to which he, on November loth, 1828, wrote the secretary of war 
 as follows : — 
 
 " For reasons which have been so frequently stated by me to 
 the war department I can only know General Macomb as my 
 junior and inferior officer, and shall therefore wholly disregard 
 this and all other pretended orders and instructions from him." 
 
 Scott held that a brevet signified " that the holder would be 
 called to fill the first corresponding vacancy, that might occur and 
 of course according to the seniority of the brevet in its grade," 
 and that Macomb was not the major-general, nor by commission 
 commander of the army, but only at best the one major-general 
 under the act of March 2, 1821, and that he (Scott) was the 
 senior, and therefore the superior in same grade. In support of 
 this view that Macomb was not made commander of the army, he 
 cited the act of June, 1775, by which Washington was made gen- 
 eral and commander-in-chief ; the act of May 28, 1778, granting 
 authority to appoint a " commander of the army, who being com- 
 missioned as lieutenant-general may be authorized to command 
 the armies of the U.S. ;" and the act of March 3, 1779, saying 
 that " a commander of the army of the U.S. shall be appointed and 
 commissioned by the style of general of the armies of the- U.S., 
 and the present office of lieutenant-general shall thereafter be 
 abolished," and from these designations of a commander he rea- 
 soned that Macomb, not being so designated, was not commander. 
 
OF BREVETS. 10/ 
 
 In response to Scott, under date of November 15, 1828, the 
 secretary of war, P. B. Porter, said : — ■ 
 
 " The respect which the President cannot cease to entertain for 
 your former service, has induced him to extend to the spirit of in- 
 subordination manifested in your late correspondence with this 
 department, a degree of forbearance wliich he has found it difficult 
 to reconcile with the stern principles of military obedience. Be- 
 ing convinced, however, by the earnestness and confidence with 
 which you attempt to maintain them, that you have wrought your- 
 self into a full and honest belief of the soundness of the extraor- 
 dinary pretensions which you advance on the subject of brevet 
 rank ; and being desirous that you should fully understand the 
 ground upon which you stand, and the consequences to which a per- 
 severance in your present contumacious course will speedily and 
 inevitably lead, he has instructed me to explain to you, briefly, 
 his general views on the powers and properties of brevet rank ; 
 and the reasons which determine him not to submit the questions 
 which you have thought proper to raise, either to the decision of 
 a court martial, or to the opinions of a board of officers. 
 
 You advance the broad proposition that a brevet is, of itself, a 
 commission, conveying equal authority and dignity with a com- 
 mission of appointment, and that it gives to the officer holding it, 
 the same rights of rank and command; and that the 6ist article 
 of the rules and articles of war, so far from having been intend- 
 ed to confer any new and original rank or authority on a brevet 
 officer, was designed to limit and restrict the powers which apper- 
 tain to, and are inherent in, the office, — ^by pointing out particular 
 cases in which, and which only, brevet rank should not avail him. 
 
 The President, on the other hand, is of opinion that a brevet is, 
 in itself, amere honorary distinction, conferred as a reward for gal- 
 lant, meritorious, or long continued service. That it invests the per- 
 son on whom it is bestowed, with no independent and substantive 
 office. That it conveys no right of command except in the acciden- 
 tal and heterogeneous combinations of troops, described in the 
 6ist article above referred to. That this, and the next succeeding 
 article, No. 62, contain, substantially, the whole and only law by 
 which a brevet officer, as such, can ever be entitled to command : 
 And further, that the latter clause of the 6ist article, instead of 
 being as you contend, a restriction on the general and prescriptive 
 powers, supposed by you to be inherent in a brevet office, is mere- 
 ly a protracted or negative description, or qualification of the lim- 
 ited authority expressly conferred by the preceding clause of the 
 article. The first law, under our present government, which allows, 
 brevets to be granted at all, was passed in 18 12, and authorizes 
 the President to -confer brevet rank on such officers of the army 
 
I08 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 ' as shall distinguish themselves by gallant actions, or meritorious 
 conduct, or who shall have served ten years in one grade.' 
 
 That the brevet of a major-general conferred by this law (and 
 yours was so conferred) was not intended to invest the person to 
 whom it should be given with a distinct and substantive office, 
 clothed with all the powers which the laws have assigned to that 
 station, is at once apparent on referring to the second section of 
 the second article of the constitution of the United States, which 
 requires that ' the President shall nominate, and by and with the 
 advice and consent of the Senate, appoint ambassadors, other 
 public ministers, and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and 
 all other officers whose appointments are not therein otherwise 
 provided for.' But it authorizes ' Congress to vest, by law, the 
 appointment of such inferior officers, as they may think proper, in 
 the President alone.' 
 
 The office of a major-general in the army of the United States, 
 is, in regard both to the powers it involves, and the distinction it 
 confers, one of the highest known to our laws ; and in both these 
 respects, is much more elevated than that of a ' consul,' who is 
 enumerated in the constitution as not among the inferior class. 
 The Congress of 1812, therefore, in authorizing the President 
 alone to confer this distinction, could not have considered it in 
 the light of an office ; or if they did, they must have deemed it of 
 so little consequence, on account of the mere occasional and 
 fugitive commands which it authorizes, as to fall within the 
 class of ' inferior officers.' If, on the other hand, they intended to 
 authorize the appointment of an officer with powers such as you 
 contend appertain to a brevet major-general, the law itself, as well 
 as the appointment you received under it, is unconstitutional and 
 void, arid you can claim nothing under either." 
 
 " The marked difference of phraseology between that part of the 
 law of July 6th, 1812, which authorizes the appointment of certain 
 officers by commission, and that part of the same law, which allows 
 brevets to be given, clearly shows the different lights in which 
 these two species of rank were then considered. By the first 
 section of that act, the President is authorized ' by and with the 
 consent of the Senate to appoint two brigadier-generals,' etc., while 
 the fourth section' ' authorizes the Fresident (2lon&) to confer brevet 
 rank on such officers of the army as shall distinguish themselves,' 
 etc." 
 
 " In your comments on the letter addressed to you from this 
 department on the 3d of June last, you object to the assertion in 
 that letter that the law ' to reduce the military peace establish- 
 ment of the United States' authorizes only one major-general, and 
 two brigadier-generals, and to the use of the article ' the,' as ap- 
 
OF BREVETS. lOQ 
 
 plied to Major-General Macomb ; and attempt to show by quota- 
 tions from various statutes, * that the laws now in force, do 
 recognize several major-generalSj still more brigadiers, and a 
 host of colonels. 
 
 " It is true that our laws acknowledge, besides those enumer- 
 ated in the act of 182 1, numerous officers who hold honoraiy rank 
 in consequence of brevets, or commissions of a prior date to those 
 by which they are now mustered ; and these honorary distinctions 
 will entitle them to temporary and occasional command under 
 the 6 1 St article of war. But our military establishment as fixed 
 by the law of 1821, acknowledges no more offices of any particular 
 grade than are therein enumerated, although there may be more 
 officers who claim such honorary distinction. The ■ functions^ for 
 instance, appertaining to the office of major-general in bur present 
 army, are by law, assigned to one person only, and those of brig- 
 adier to two; and these three, strictly speaking, are the only 
 offices of those grades known to the law of 1821. The former is 
 at present fiUed'by General Macomb, and the two latter by General 
 Gaines and yourself, in virtue of regular commissions which have 
 been issued to you respectively. 
 
 " If any other person than the one assigned to it by this legal 
 organization should be called to perform the duties of either of 
 these offices, he would discharge its functions for the time being, 
 not because he holds the office, but because, holding another 
 office whicB? renders him eligible to this command, the president 
 has temporarily assigned him to it. 
 
 " To show that your views in regard to the organization and 
 command of the army, under the present establishment, have un- 
 dergone a most important change, and that they were, not many 
 years since, in exact accordance with those expressed in the letter 
 from this department of the 3d of June last, I take the liberty to 
 make a quotation from a letter addressed by you to the secretary 
 of war under date of the 14th of December, 1821. In that letter 
 you say: 
 
 '"The theory of its (the army's) present organization is simply 
 this : one major-general to command the whole line, under the 
 president, or what is the same thing, in this case, the war depart- 
 ment;— two brigadiers, etc., etc. Since the 17th October last, 
 //S,? major-general' {not Major-General Brown) 'has been confined 
 by mdisposition, at a distance from general headquarters equal to 
 twelve or thirteen days by post. He is, in fact, at this moment 
 to be presumed as much disqualified for the actual command of 
 the army, as he is avowedly disabled from returning to his hab- 
 itual station. On whom, then, does the vacant command devolve, 
 ad interim 1 ' 
 
no HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 "I beg, now, to ask, whether the above extract does not most 
 distinctly recognize one, and only one, major-general ; and twD, 
 and only two, brigadiers, as authorized by the present organization 
 of the army ; and whether it does not, also, distinctly recognize 
 (what you have recently thought proper to question) the right of 
 ^the major-general' to command the whole line of the army, 
 including, of course, the two brigadiers ? 
 
 " The great and fundamental error into which you and other 
 brevet officers, who have addressed the government in support of 
 the pretensions of this species of rank, have fallen, is to be found 
 in the obvious misinterpretation which you have given to the 
 term 'brevet,' as used in the 6ist article of the rules and articles 
 of war and the phrase ' of the line of the army,' as used in the 
 62d article, to which two articles, forming together the whole 
 brevet code as regards rank and command, I beg leave to call 
 your particular attention. 
 
 " It is assumed as the base of the argument, that brevet rank is 
 rank in the line of the army, and that the words ' or commissions 
 of a prior date to those of the regiment in which they serve,' as 
 used in the 6ist article, were intended as a definition of the word 
 ' brevet ' which immediately precedes them ; and therefore, that a 
 brevet means a commission of prior date to those of the regiment 
 in which the person holding it serves : whereas it is, I think, 
 obvious that the word brevet, and tlie words following it, quoted 
 above, are intended to indicate two distinct and totally different 
 subjects. 
 
 " As relates to rank, the wordj ' brevet,' if my examinations 
 have been faithful, is never coupled with the word ' commission ' 
 either in the rules or articles of war, or in any other law of 
 congress passed anterior to the year 1818 ; but on the contrary, 
 they are used in contrast with each other, and as denoting two 
 distinct subjects. The word ' commission ' being evidently in- 
 tended to denote an authority to fill some office specially recog- 
 nized by law to exist, and vacant at the time of the appointment ; 
 and brevet the mere creation of a military rank at large without 
 reference to any place or vacancy to which it is applicable. 
 
 " Rank in the line of the army, or lineal rank, as understood 
 by the President, is applicable to the existing organization of that 
 portion only of the army which is intended for field operations, 
 or the exertion of physical force against an enemy. It is com- 
 monly used in contradistinction to rank i?i the staff; the business 
 of staff officers being, not to fight in the field, but to supply and 
 superintend what are usually called the muniments of war, such 
 as arms, clothing, subsistence, and whatever regards its health. 
 But the phrase ' lineal rank ' is also used to indicate the rank 
 
OF BREVETS. HI 
 
 which an officer holds in the particular corps in which he is, by 
 law, arranged, aad doing duty, in exclusion of rank which he 
 holds, or may have held, in another corps, although in relation to 
 such other corps, it is, or may have been lineal. . 
 
 " Suppose, as has already happened in our service, that m 
 consequence of the reduction and reorganization of the army, a 
 colonel of a regiment un-der the old establishment, should be 
 mustered and do duty as a lieutenant-colonel under the new ; 
 his lineal rank in the new regiment would be only that of a lieu- 
 tenant-colonel ; and his old rank of colonel, although lineal at 
 the time it was conferred in relation to the corps in which he then 
 served, becomes extra lineal, or as a lawyer would term it, col- 
 lateral, in regard to the corps in which he is now arranged ; and 
 it is in this sense, and with a view to this distinction, that the 
 words 'of the line of the army' are used in the 62d article. 
 
 " If you are correct in supposing that brevet rank, is rank ' by 
 commission,' and rank too, ' in the line of the army,' then the 6ist 
 and 62 d articles of the rules and articles of war, if not arrant 
 nonsense, are at least, utterly inoperative and useless, for the 
 effect of them, if any, is to give the command of troops, in all the 
 various situations therein described, to precisely the same officers, 
 and to the identical officers too, who would have been entitled to 
 it, if these articles had never been introduced." 
 
 " But in the sense in which the President interprets the words 
 'brevet' and 'of the line of the army' these articles are pecu- 
 liarly appropriate and pregnant with meaning, — and they show 
 by the minuteness of their descriptions, and their obvious anti- 
 thetic arrangement, as contrasted with each other, that they were 
 intended to describe totally different persons. 
 
 " The laws fixing our military establishment look to a clear and 
 distinct organization which assign to every corps of the army a 
 certain number of officers of a particular grade, and who are 
 regularly appointed and commissioned by the President, by and 
 with the advice and consent of the Senate, to such an extent as to 
 complete the legal establishment ; but they also, as has been 
 before observed, recognize certain occasional commands in 
 officers who have only the honorary distinctions of ' brevets or 
 commissions of a prior date,' etc. 
 
 " In accordance with these principles the 6ist article provides 
 that in ' courts-martial and on detachments when composed of 
 different corps, officers having brevets, or commissions of a prior 
 date to -those of the regiment in which they serve may have com- 
 mand;' and the 6'2d article declares that in certain other situ- 
 ations of the troops (comprehending those not described in article 
 61) they shall be commanded by ' the officer highest in rank of the 
 
112 HISTORY- AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 line of the army, marine corps, or militia, by commission there on 
 duty, etc., unless otherwise specially directed by the President of 
 the United States.' 
 
 " The words ' by commission,' were evidently intended to be put 
 in contrast with, and to exclude ' brevets ' mentioned in the pre- 
 ceding article, and which, as I have before observed, were not, 
 until the year 1818, treated in the light of commissions — and the 
 words ' officer highest in rank, of the line of the army,' it is 
 equally evident, were intended to be placed in contradistinction 
 to officers having ' commissions of a prior date to those of the 
 regiment in which they serve' as described in article 61, and to 
 exclude, not only brevet officers, who are the last persons who 
 can show any claim to ' rank in the line,' but more particularly, 
 those officers ' who held commissions of a prior date,' etc., and 
 who, as regards the regiment or corps in which they are now 
 mustered and serving, are not deemed to be ' officers of the line.' 
 
 " As long as the integrity of the army or its several parts are 
 preserved, so that each corps acts by itself in conformity with its 
 legal organization, each officer will take command according to 
 the rank or office by which he is mustered into service, but if dif- 
 ferent corps, or parts of different corps, are brought together to 
 act as an integral body or detachment, and all of whom are not 
 under the lineal command of the highest officer of the line pre- 
 sent, then the 6ist article interposes and gives the command of 
 this mixed corps, whose integrity has been thus broken, to an 
 officer 'having a brevet, or commission of a prior date,' etc., if 
 there be one present of a higher grade. Their rank, such as it 
 is, being general, and precisely applicable to this mixed condition 
 of the troops. So, on courts-martial (the other case mentioned 
 in the 6ist article where officers of different corps are combined 
 for the purpose of acting as an entire body), 'brevets or commis- 
 sions of a higher date ' will take effect. 
 
 " An opinion has been advanced by some, that brevet command 
 is nowhere authorized except in article 61, and, as that article 
 relates to regimental officers only, that general officers can in no 
 case exercise command as such, in virtue of brevet rank : while 
 others, admitting the above construction of the article to be cor- 
 rect, still contend that inasmuch as there was but one general 
 officer belonging to the army when those rules and articles were 
 adopted, and of course the principles applicable to brevet rank 
 and command could not reach him, it is fair to say that on the 
 appointment of numerous officers of higher grade, the same prin- 
 ciple should, by analogy, be extended to them. 
 
 " The President's views, however, are different from either of 
 these. He is of the opinion, indeed, that article 61 has reference 
 
OF BREVETS. 113 
 
 to regimental organization only, and that in virtue of this article, 
 no brevet officer, or officer holding a commission of prior date, 
 etc., can claim higher than regimental command ; but he is also 
 of opinion that the Gzd article extends the principle of brevet 
 command (so far as regards the right of selection to the chief 
 command) to officers of every grade, and to military bodies of 
 every size and description associated and doing duty together as 
 described in said article. This article declares, that 'if upon 
 marches, guards, or in quarters, different corps of the army' 
 (thus embracing not only regiments, but brigades, divisions, 
 marines and militia, and supposing too, of necessity in such 
 combinations, the presence of general officers) 'shall happen to 
 join and do duty together, the officer highest in rank of the line 
 of the army, marine corps, or militia, by commission, there on 
 duty, shall command the whole and give orders for what is 
 needful for the service, unless otherwise specially directed by the 
 President of the United States, according to the nature of' the 
 case,' thus giving the. President a discretionary power in all cases 
 to assign a brevet officer to any principal command in the army, 
 although- by doing so he displaces an officer of equal grade ' of . 
 the line of the army by commission.' 
 
 " The construction which the President puts upon both of these 
 articles when taken in connection, is, that they give to brevet 
 officers a right to regimental rank and command, as matter of 
 course if they think proper to exercise it in detachments and on 
 courts-martial ; but as regards general officers and regimental 
 officers when not on detachment or in courts-martial, brevet rank 
 confers on the. officer holding it, only (to use the significant ex- 
 pression of General Washington), ' eligibility to command,' and 
 that the last clause of the 62d article places the right of elec- 
 tion in the President. The words 'unless otherwise specially 
 directed by the President' as here used, clearly implying a right 
 in him to change the order of command pointed out in that 
 article, and if so, the obvious mode of exercising it is by the 
 substitution of brevet, and other officers mentioned in the preced- 
 ing article, as susceptible of occasional commands. 
 
 "But assuming that the principles established by the 6ist 
 article are applicable to general as well as regimental officers, 
 there is no possible combination or disposition of the troops of 
 the U. S. which upon these principles, would give you a right to 
 command over General Macomb ; for it is impossible to bring to- 
 gether a detachment, or any mixed corps from the army, over 
 every part of which he has not a lineal command. 
 
 "The opinion therefore of the President, that General Macomb 
 is your senior officer and has a right to command you, rests, as 
 
 6* 
 
114 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 you will perceive, on the facts that he is, in the language of the 
 62d article of the rules and articles of war, 'the ofiScer high- 
 est in rank, of the line of the army, by commission,' and that he 
 has equally the right to command the whole, and every part of the 
 army, whether that army be considered as one entire corps, or as 
 composed ' of different corps, happening to join and do duty 
 together,' unless the President should think proper specially to 
 assign you or some other officer to such command. 
 
 " In the various communications which you have addressed to 
 this department, in support of your supposed rights, derived from 
 your brevet, you have had frequent reference to the practice of 
 other armies — particularly of the British army — to precedents 
 which you consider applicable to the case in our own service ; 
 and to acts of the government of the United States, particularly 
 to an intended decision of the late president in your favor, which 
 you consider as conclusive. 
 
 " The President considers the practice of other armies, as au- 
 thority to be alleged in our own, only in cases for which the law 
 has not provided, and which are compatible with our own institu- 
 tions. In the British army the brevet is a form of promotion to 
 office. General officers have no other commission than a brevet, 
 and it can therefore never give rise to a collision of rank between 
 them. We have nothing analagous to this in our institutions, 
 and therefore this practice is not applied to us. The only //-/««- 
 pie applicable even to this meaning of the term brevet, in the 
 British army, in common with ours, is, that the brevet shall never 
 permanently displace the rank and command of any other 
 officer. 
 
 " All the instances which you cited from our own service, of 
 brevet commands, exercised by officers in the army of the United 
 States, are cases of special assignment by direction of the Presi- 
 dent, under the authority given him by the 62d article of war. 
 This observation is specially applied to the case of General Gaines, 
 and your commands over Generals Warrall and Bloomfield in 
 1814, the facts of which the President has fully ascertained. 
 
 " With regard to the intimation given you in September, 1822, 
 that the president had determined, in the event of the continued 
 disability of General Brown, to call you to the command of the 
 army, it is to be observed, that you had claimed this command 
 upon the authority of the 2d and 3d paragraphs of the third 
 article of the then existing army regulations, sanctioned by an act 
 of Congress : that these paragraphs have since been expunged 
 from the army regulations, as conflicting with positive legislation. 
 The President presumes that Mr. Monroe's intention was founded 
 entirely upon the regulations in those two paragraphs. He 
 
OF BREVETS. I 1 5 
 
 regrets to observe that, in your controversy with General Gaines 
 in July, 1824, and in your letter to the secretary of war, of i8th 
 of February, 1827, the demand contained in your letter to the 
 secretary of war, of November 12th, 182 1, and the authority upon 
 which you supported it, entirely escaped your recollection. 
 
 " Finally, upon a full view and examination of the subject, to 
 which the President has devoted a long and laborious investiga- 
 tion, he is satisfied that your claim to command Major-General 
 Macomb by virtue of your brevet, or even of exemption from 
 obedience to his commands as the major-general of the army by 
 commission, is in positive conflict with the 6ist and 62d articles 
 of war ; with the act of Congress of the 6th of July, 18 12 ; with 
 the act of the 2d of March, 182 1, to reduce and fix the military 
 peace establishment ; with the existing army regulations ; with 
 the authority of General Washington, in his letters to Generals 
 Wayne and Irvine ; with the practice in our own service ; with 
 the executive acts and opinions, excepting while the two disputed 
 paragraphs of the army regulations were in force ; and even with 
 the principles of the practice of the British army : and in these 
 opinions, I deem it in candor due to }'0u to say the members 
 of the administration, whom he has more than once consulted on 
 the subject, unanimously concur. 
 
 "The reasons which have influenced the President in refusing 
 to submit the question, whether you or General Macomb is the 
 senior officer in rank, to the decision of a court-martial, or to the 
 opinions of a board of officers, are : that the right ultimately to 
 decide under the law on the relative rank of all the officers of the 
 army, is vested in him exclusively. 
 
 " The President is the executive head ol the civil department 
 of our government, as well as of the militay, which by the spirit 
 of our institutions, is always considered as subordinate to the 
 former ; and it is probably in his civil, rather than his military 
 capacity, that he is authorized to interpret the laws in relation to 
 the army, and see them faithfully executed. 
 
 " That the only law or regulation authorizing officers of the 
 army, or the President (other than is to be found in the gen- 
 eral delegation of powers to the latter by the constitution), to pass 
 upon the question of relative rank, is the army regulation No. 17, 
 which allows questions of rank, in doubtful cases, to be adjusted 
 'for the time' by courts-martial, before which they may arise, or 
 by a board of three officers, called by an officer having power to 
 order a general court-martial, but subject, in both cases, ' to the 
 final decision of the war department ; ' thus expressly recognizing 
 the right of the President to make such decision. These refer- 
 ences, too, to courts and boards of officers, are only to be made in 
 
Il6 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 doultful cases ; and, even then, the spirit as well as the phrase- 
 ology of the regulation, seems to render such reference wholly 
 optiofial : for, surely, the officer who orders the court or board of 
 officers, and more especially he who has the ultimate power of 
 decision, is the proper person to say whether a case is doubtful, 
 and ought to be referred. 
 
 " That, in a case like the one now presented, in regard to which 
 the President does not entertain the least doubt, it would, to say 
 the least of it, be highly useless, as well as disrespectful to the 
 officers of the army, to precede his decision, by eliciting in this 
 way opinions which, whatever they might be, could not change 
 that decision. 
 
 " That, a reference in the present case, to a court, or board of 
 officers, would be inexpedient, inasmuch as it would be impossible 
 to constitute a disinterested tribunal from the materials of the 
 present army. On looking to the higher grades of the army for 
 a president of the tribunal, he would find, first. General Macomb, 
 who is directly interested in the issue of the inquiry ; secondly. 
 General Gaines, who, besides being interested in a similar ques- 
 tion of rank, would be still more objectionable on account of the 
 personal hostility known to exist between you and him ; and 
 indeed it would be found that almost every brevet officer would 
 be interested in swelling the importance of that species of rank, 
 and thereby, his own positive rank in the army ; and those hold- 
 ing rank by commission only, would, on the other hand, be in- 
 clined to increase its relative importance by detracting from that 
 of the other. 
 
 " That although the President is not disposed to call in ques- 
 tion the legal or constitutional right by which his predecessor 
 deemed himself authorized to organize a board of nine officers in 
 1815, to enquire into, and express an opinion in the case of, con- 
 tested rank between yourself and General Gaines ; yet, allowing 
 the right to exist, he would deem the exercise of it on this occa- 
 sion extremely unadvised. For the abortive issue of the proceed- 
 ing in 1825, to which I have alluded, assures him that a result 
 equally useless would attend a similar proceeding now ; as the 
 same question in substance, would be presented, and the board, 
 if not composed of the same officers, would be filled with others 
 equally interested, and with opinions equally committed. And 
 he is, moreover, admonished by the excitement which this contro- 
 versy on the subject of brevet rank has already produced, not to 
 renew or increase it, by causing the question to be again formally 
 and judicially agitated by the officers of the army. 
 
 " The President hopes that a dispassionate examination of the 
 reasons for his decision will reconcile to your judgment and 
 
OF BREVETS. 117 
 
 feelings, a prompt and cheerful obedience to all the orders which 
 that decision has rendered obligatory; and that your services, 
 which have heretofore been useful and meritorious, may not be 
 lost to the country. 
 
 " You will perceive, from the tenor of this letter, that the re- 
 quest for a furlough, which you have renewed in yours of the first 
 instant, cannot be granted.'" 
 
 To this General Scott, in a letter from Cincinnati, dated No- 
 vember 30, 1828, made an elaborate reply. He apologized for 
 the number and length of his communications, said he had writ- 
 ten on the spur of the occasion and had not had leisure to be 
 concise. "The side of authority," said he, "is always brief." 
 He denied the soundness of the President's views, abandoned all 
 hope of changing them, and added, " my present hasty, disjointed 
 and dispirited efforts will therefore be rather thrown out for my 
 brother officers and more particularly those veterans of the war, 
 now few in number, who, like me, had the misfortune to win rank 
 in the field, and who, surviving me in office may, I hope, profit 
 by my sacrifice." 
 
 The argument in support of brevet rank was then further extend- 
 ed, but before the letter reached its destination, in fact before 
 General Scott dispatched it, he received a letter from the secre- 
 tary, dated November 26, 1828, saying, "it is not the purpose of 
 the President to take any final action in relation to your late very 
 reprehensible conduct, until a sufficient time shall have elapsed 
 for the receipt of your deliberate answer to the letter addressed 
 to you from this department on the isth instant. The nature of 
 that action will, as you perceive, depend in a great measure on 
 the character of the answer received from you, and which the 
 President hopes may not be wholly uninfluenced by the consider- 
 ations which by his direction have been thus presented to you. 
 
 " To put a stop in the mean time to the course of insubordina- 
 tion in which you have deemed fit to indulge, the President di- 
 rects that from the receipt of this letter, you will consider your- 
 self as suspended from the command of the Western Department 
 of the Army until his further pleasure shall be made known to you.' 
 General Scott transferred his command to General Atkinson, 
 repaired to Washington and memorialized both houses of Con- 
 gress on the subject in which be had been so long and so deeply 
 interested. 
 
 As shown by the following reports the military committees 
 failed to adopt liis views : — 
 
 Twentieth Congress.] No. 394. {Second Session. 
 " On the relative force or effect of lineal and brevet rank, as 
 
Il8 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 presented in the memorial of Brevet Major-General Winfield 
 Scott. 
 
 " Communicated to the Senate, January 7th, 1829. Mr. Ben- 
 ton, from the committee on military afifairs, to whom was refer- 
 red the memorial of Major-General Scott, reported : 
 
 " The memorialist sets forth that he received the brevet rank 
 of major general in the army of the United States on the 25th of 
 July, 18 1 4, and has retained the same ever since— that General 
 Macomb was appointed a major-geaeral in the line of the army 
 on the 24th of May, 1828 : and immediately thereafter by an 
 order of the President of the United States, placed in command 
 of the army, and all officers and soldiers required to obey him. 
 This order, as it affected himself, the memorialist sets forth that 
 he considered to be illegal and refused to obey it, upon the be- 
 lief that his own rank was superior to that of Major-General Ma- 
 comb, and, of course, that he was not subject to be commanded 
 by him ; and therefore prays that a declaratory statute may be 
 passed determining the rights and duties of brevet rank. 
 
 " The committee, after duly considering the facts set forth by 
 the memorialist and the questions growing out of them, are of 
 opinion that there is no illegality in the order of the President 
 placing Major-General Macomb in command of the army and re- 
 quiring all officers and soldiers to obey him, and that there is no 
 case set forth in the memorial which requires the rights and du- 
 ties of brevet rank to be determined by a declaratory act. 
 
 They therefore recommend that the prayer of the memorialist 
 be not granted." 
 
 Twentieth Congress.] No. 396. [Second Session. 
 
 " On the memorial of Brevet Major-General Winfield Scott, 
 and the distinction between lineal and brevet rank in the army. 
 
 " Communicated to the House of Representatives, January 27, 
 1829. Mr. Drayton from the committee on military affairs, to 
 •whom was referred the memorial of Major-General Winfield Scott, 
 reported : 
 
 " That the memorialist states that he was appointed a brigadier- 
 general on March 9, 1814, and a major-general by brevet on July 
 25 of the same year, for services set forth in the body of his com- 
 mission ; that General Brown, by virtue of his seniority in the 
 highest grade in our service, that of a major-general, commanded 
 the army from June, 182 1, to the time of his decease, in February, 
 1828 ; that after General Brown's death. General Macomb being 
 appointed to fill his vacancy, with the rank of major general, from 
 May 24, 1828, the President placed him in command over the 
 army, requiring all officers, &c., to obey his orders, without any 
 
OF BREVETS. I I-Q 
 
 exception as to the memorialist, who was an older major-general, 
 and therefore, according to law and military usage, could not be 
 subjected to the command of his inferior in rank ; that he pre- 
 tested against this order, believing it to be equally repugnant to 
 his rights and to his honor, and prayed to be sent before a court- 
 martial, on the charge of disobeying the orders of General Ma- 
 comb, that his case might be judicially settled ; that he also 
 suggested an arrangement by which he would be exempt from the 
 command of his inferior officer ; that his application and sugges- 
 tion have been rejected ; and that finally he has been suspended 
 from all command in the army. Under these circumstances, the 
 memorialist prays that Congress, by a declaratory statute, would 
 fix and determine the rights and duties appertaining to brevet 
 rank. 
 
 " Your committee believe that everything relating to brevet 
 rank in the United States is to be found in the 6ist and 62d of the 
 rules and articles of war, and in two acts of Congress of July 
 6, 1812, and April 16, 1818. In the 6ist article it is enacted 'that 
 officers having brevets or commissions of a prior date to those of 
 the regiment in which they serve may take place in courts-mar- 
 tial and on detachments, when composed of different corps, ac- 
 cording to the rank given in their brevets or dates of their former 
 commissions ; but in the regiment, troop or company to which 
 such officers belong, they shall do duty, and take, both in courts- 
 martial and on detachments, which shall be composed only of 
 their own corps, according to the commissions by which they are 
 mustered in the said corps.' The act of July 6, 1812, authorizes 
 the President to confer brevet rank upon officers of the army who 
 ' shall distinguish themselves by gallant actions, &c., or who shall 
 have served ten years in any one grade : Provided, That such 
 officers shall not receive additional pay or emoluments, except 
 when commanding separate posts, districts, &c., &c.' The act of 
 April i6, 1818, declares that brevet officers shall receive the pay, 
 &c., of their brevet rank only when their command corresponds 
 with that rank ; and that, thereafter, no brevet commission shall 
 be conferred but by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
 ate. In the opinion of your committee, the word ' corps ' (which 
 has various senses, both in its military and ordinary acceptation) 
 IS intended, in the 6ist article of war, to mean a regiment or reg- 
 iments. The article refers to ' officers having brevets or commis- 
 sions of a prior date to those of the regiment ' in which they 
 serve; and in enumeratingwhat may be comprehended in 'corps ' 
 the expressions are ' regiment, troop, or company.' This inter- 
 pretation of the word is corroborated by a decision of the Presi- 
 dent of the United States on the ist of July, 1816, in the follow- 
 
I20 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 ing words : ' The terms regiment, and corps, as used in the 6ist 
 article of war will be considered as synonymous.'" (General 
 Regulations of the Arjny, No. i8.) 
 
 " In the 62d article of war it is said : If, upon marches, guards, 
 or in quarters, different corps of the army shall happen to join or 
 do duty together, the officer highest in rank of the line of the army, 
 marine corps or militia, by commission there, on duty or in quar- 
 ters, shall command the whole, and give orders for what is need- 
 ful to the service, ' unless otherwise specially directed by the 
 President of the United States, according to the nature of the 
 case.' Upon reading these two articles, immediately connected 
 with each other, the inference is irresistible that Congress pur- 
 posed to comprise in them all the positions in which officers, of 
 whatever rank, might be placed; in the 6ist article, on courts 
 martial and in detachments composed of regiments or parts of 
 regiments ; and, in the 62d article, in all other military bodies, 
 however large and however situated. 
 
 " To ascertain what officer, by the 62d article, is entitled to the 
 command, it is only necessary that the meaning of the technical 
 term ' rank in the line of the army ' should be clearly understood. 
 ' Rank in the line of the army ' is conceived to be rank in a mili- 
 tary body specially organized for the exertion of physical force, 
 or, in other words, for combating an enemy, and an officer in such 
 a body has a direct and permanent command over the troops 
 which compose it. The expressions ' rank in the line,' ' lineal 
 rank,' are generally used in contradistinction to staff appoint- 
 ments, and to rank which confers upon officers only an occasional 
 right to command, including brevet officers and officers having 
 commissions of a prior date to their lineal commissions. It can- 
 not be predicated of staff officers, brevet officers, or officers with 
 prior commissions, that they have a direct ■ajci^ permanent command 
 over a division, brigade, regiment, &c. Staff officers have no 
 direct command over the troops ; they are the organs through which 
 commands or instructions are communicated, or by which various 
 duties necessary for the operations of an army are performed, such 
 as providing subsistence, clothing, arms, &c. They are some- 
 times taken from the line and sometimes not. ' It is at all times 
 competent for the commander, when he shall judge that the good 
 of the service requires it, to put an individual . of the staff tempo- 
 rarily on lineal duties, that is when the individual holds rank in 
 the line. ^ (General Regulations of the Army, No. 125.) 
 
 " Officers of the staff having lineal rank, or rank assimilated 
 thereto, and officers of the line without troops, may be assigned 
 to temporary or separate command, correspondent to rank, by the 
 general-in-chief." (lb. No. 444.) 
 
OF BREVETS. 121 
 
 " A brevet officer, as a brevet officer, has no direct ox permanent 
 command over troops ; he may'have z. direct temporary commancl 
 over them in a mixed, detached body, as described in the 6ist 
 article ; but as soon as the parts of which the detachment is com- 
 posed join the regiments to which they belong, the command of 
 brevet officers ceases. A brevet officer, also, has direct command 
 over troops so long as he is in the situation specified in Ihe acts of 
 Congress which have been cited. When not in these situations, 
 he has no other command than that which is attached to his lineal 
 rank. An officer in the line having a prior commission, which he 
 may have held, can have no command corresponding with that 
 prior commission excepting temporarily. The meaning of 'rank in 
 the line of the army' the committee trusts, has been sufficiently 
 explained and illustrated. The only officers in the line of the army, 
 according to its existing organization, are one major-general, two 
 brigadier-generals, and a fixed number of colonels, lieutenant- 
 colonels, majors, captains, and subalterns. There are, neverthe- 
 less, two major-generals, and several brigadiers, colonels, lieu- 
 tenant-colonels, majors, &c., &c., by brevet, who are not of the 
 line, for the reasons already stated, and who could not be so, in- 
 asmuch as the act of 2d March, 182 1, authorizes no greater num- 
 ber of officers than as above enumerated, whereas the number of 
 brevet officers is frequently changing. 
 
 "Where a detachment amounts to a regiment, composed of 
 companies from different regiments, the highest officer of the line 
 present would be a captain ; when composed of battalions, the 
 highest officer of the same description would be a major ; where 
 the detachment amounts to a brigade, consisting of two regiments, 
 the highest lineal officer would be a colonel. In all these in- 
 stances, supposing the grades of the officers to be no more than 
 adequate to their commands, there would be no officer on duty 
 whose lineal rank would give him the command of the regiment 
 m the one case or of the brigade in the' other. Under these cir- 
 cumstances, therefore, the object of the 6ist article is to give the 
 command of the detachment to the oldest officer present, whether 
 of the line or otherwise. But in every situation in which the 
 troops of the United States, as they are now organized, could be 
 placed, the command of a major-general of the line of the army 
 would extend over the whole. 
 
 " Where a detachment is composed of brigades, the 6ist,article 
 does not apply ; the 62d article then prescribes the rule, and its 
 language is, that ' if, upon marches, guards, &c., different corps 
 ot the army (which comprehends brigades, divisions, corps 
 d armies, &c.), shall happen to join, &c., the officer highest in rank 
 of the line of the army, marine corps or militia, by commission, 
 
122 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 there on dut}', &c., shall command the whole, unless otherwise 
 specially directed by the President. A brevet officer not being of 
 the line of the army, the command, by this article, could not devolve 
 upon him, and could not be assumed by him, unless by the special 
 appointment of the President. The inference drawn by the com- 
 mittee from the language of the 62d article is not at all affected 
 by the acts of 1812 and 1818, which merely provide that brevet 
 officers shall receive the pay and emoluments of their brevet rank 
 when on duty, and having a command according to their brevet 
 rank, and ' at no other time.' 
 
 " Should the committee have erred in its construction of the 
 62d article of war, and should it be considered that, under it, 
 brevet officers, in common with officers of the line, may exercise 
 the commands which are therein mentioned, it would not therefore 
 follow that the oldest major-general, whether by brevet or other- 
 wise, must command the army. That article vests the power of 
 selecting the commanding officer in the President. If a right of 
 the command necessarily devolves upon the officer highest in rank, 
 the power of selection, which the law has expressly given to the 
 President, would be unmeaning and inoperative. 
 
 " Taking a general view of brevet rank, the committee neither 
 regards it as merely honorary, or as equal to and identical with 
 lineal rank. It is not merely honorary ; for where the contin- 
 gencies occur which are adverted to in the 6ist article, a brevet 
 officer has, of right, the commands which are there given to him ; 
 he is also, of right, entitled to the pay and emoluments which are 
 allowed to him by the acts of 1812 and 1818 ; and under the 62d 
 article he is as eligible to the highest command in the army as a 
 lineal officer. Brevet rank is not equal to or identical with lineal 
 rank, because the existence of it is not necessary to the formation 
 of any corps ; for when a brevet officer dies or resigns, or is pro- 
 moted, only the vacancy left by his lineal rank is supplied ; and 
 because an officer of higher rank by his brevet than a lineal 
 officer in the regular and permanent organization of the army 
 would be commanded by the latter if superior to him in lineal 
 rank. So long as the corps of the army are not broken into de- 
 tachments, so long as they preserve their entire formation, a bre- 
 vet officer, by the rules and articles of war, has no military func- 
 tions to perform ; and under the acts of 1812 and i8i8, except- 
 ing in the situations therein described, he is equally without com- 
 mand by virtue of his brevet commission. 
 
 " It seems to the committee to be a corollary, deducible from 
 what they have premised, that, without any interference of the 
 Executive, the regular army of the Union would at this time be 
 subject to the command of Major-General Macomb, he being the 
 
OF BREVETS. 12^3 
 
 officer highest in rank in the line of the army ; and even were 
 this proposition questionable, the committee entertains no doubt 
 of his being entitled to that command, having been specially ap- 
 pointed to it by the President of the United States, under the 
 authority conferred upon him in the 62d of the Rules and Articles 
 of War. 
 
 " The committee being of opinion that our legislation is clear 
 and explicit upon the subject under its consideration, has there- 
 fore altogether refrained from any inquiries into the military regu- 
 lations or usages of other nations. 
 
 " For the reasons submitted by it, the committee recommends 
 the adoption of the following resolution : 
 
 " ' Resolved. — That it is inexpedient; for Congress to pass any law 
 relating to the rights and duties of officers of brevet rank.' " 
 
 In the meantime a new administration had come in. Jackson 
 had succeeded Adams as President; and Eaton had replaced Porter 
 as secretary of war. 
 
 Although all branches of the Government, competent to deal 
 with the subject, had decided against General Scott's claims, the 
 deep interest felt by the new President in the distinguished sol- 
 dier, who had shared with him the perils and glories of the late 
 war, led to an early consideration of his case. One of President 
 Jackson's first acts was to relieve Scott from his suspension from 
 command and grant him, ia April, 1829, a leave of absence for 
 six months with permission to go abroad. Scott left the country 
 with every indication of an intention to return to private life 
 when he came back. It is reported that while in France, he con- 
 ferred with the venerable and honored Lafayette, and received ad- 
 vice in the following terms : — 
 
 " A sordid man would, in your position, return to duty from the 
 paltry consideration of pounds and pence. A second-rate man, 
 superior to so low a motive, but of limited understanding, would 
 lay down his commission from mere misapprehension of what was 
 fit and proper ; and even a magnanimous man. General, equally 
 free from the imputations of imbecility and meanness, might in 
 the first moment of feeling, determine in favor of the last course 
 but would ultimately be governed by the first. Accustomed to 
 venerate the laws of his country, he would yield up his particular 
 judgment of their scope and effect, to that of those who must be 
 admitted to be their legitimate interpreters. -However pure the 
 teelmgs that prompted him to discharge himself from his official 
 trust, he would soon perceive that the act might admit of great 
 and dangerous misconstruction— that it involved no less a respon- 
 sibility than the extinction of subordination, that vital principle of 
 all armies. 
 
124 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 " If such have been your determinations, consider, I beseech 
 you. General, consider it maturely. Be assured that your great 
 services and your high rank have put it out of your power to fol- 
 low, in this matter, the bent of your inclinations. Who so proper, 
 in fact, to set the example of obedience, that great virtue of the 
 soldier, as he who has purchased fame and station with his blood ? 
 Who so fit, by a contrary course, to become an instrument of evil, 
 as he whose acts take an irresistible degree of moral authority 
 from their past unexceptional tenor." 
 
 On the 13th of August, 1829, the following general order was 
 published, confirming the views of the President and the commit- 
 tees of Congress which practically settled the controversy concern- 
 ing brevet rank that had so long disturbed the harmony of the 
 service : — 
 
 Adjutant-General's Office, 
 
 "Washington, 13th Augi'ft, 1829. 
 " Order No. 54. 
 
 " The subjoined regulation, approved by the Pres-ident of the 
 United States, has been received from the war department, and 
 is published for the information and government of all concerned : 
 
 " Regulation concerning Rank and Command. 
 
 " I. Brevet rank will give no command, except on detachments 
 composed of different corps, and within the meaning of the 6ist 
 article of war. 
 
 "2. Detachment means a body of troops sent out from the 
 main body to perform a particular service, and to be absent for a 
 limited time ; when such a detachment is composed of different 
 corps brevet rank will take effect in conformity with the 6ist arti- 
 cle of war. 
 
 " 3. Under the same article of war, brevet rank will take place 
 on courts-martial, when composed of officers of different corps. 
 
 " 4. In regularly constituted commands, such as garrisons, 
 posts, departments, regiments, corps, companies, battalions, bri- 
 gades, divisions, corps a'armee, or the army itself, Brevet rank is 
 not to be exercised except by special assignment. 
 
 "5. Officers having rank in the line of the army, the staff, or 
 by brevet, though eligible to command, will not assume the com- 
 mand, unless specially put on duty with that intention. 
 
 " 6. An officer intrusted with the command of a post, detachment, 
 guard, or separate command, will not surrender it to another, un- 
 less regularly relieved from the duty assigned him, except in case 
 of sickness or inability to perform his duty, when the officer next 
 
OF BREVETS. 125 
 
 in rank, present and on duty with such command, will succeed as 
 a matter of course. 
 
 " 7. An officer not on duty with, nor belonging to any of the 
 companies, battalions, regiments or corps composing a command, 
 cannot assume the command. He must first have been put on 
 duty by some competent authority to make him a part of the com- 
 mand, before he can assume or exercise the command. 
 
 " 8. If different corps happen to join and do duty together, the 
 officer highest in rank by his commission in the line of the army, 
 present on duty, has the right to command the whole and to give 
 the orders needful to the service : brevet officers or officers hav- 
 ing brevets or commissions of a prior date to those of the regi- 
 ment in which they serve, cannot by virtue of such brevets or 
 commissions of a prior date assume the command. 
 " By command of the President. 
 
 "JOHN H. EATON, 
 
 " Secretary of War. 
 " By order of Alexander Macomb, commanding the Army : 
 
 " R. Jones, 
 
 " Adjt.-General." 
 
 On his return to the United States, General Scott decided to 
 accept the situation and wrote the following letter : — 
 
 " New York, November 10, 1829. 
 
 " Sir,— I have seen the President's order of 13th August last, 
 which gives a construction of the 6ist and 62d articles of war 
 relative to rank and command. 
 
 "Humbly protesting that this order deprives me of rights 
 guaranteed by these articles and the uniform practice of the army 
 under them from the commencement of the Government down to 
 the year 1828, when the new construction was first adopted 
 agamst me ; in obedience to the universal advice of my friends 
 who deem it incumbent on me to sacrifice my own conviction and 
 feelings to what may, by an apt error, be considered the repeated 
 decision of the civil authority of iny country, I have brought my- 
 self to make that sacrifice, and therefore withdraw the tender of 
 my resignation now on file in your department. 
 
 " I also beg leave to surrender the remainder of the furlough 
 the department was kind enough to extend to me in April last 
 and to report myself for duty. 
 
 " Very respectfully, &c., &c., 
 
 „T, „ ^ „ ^ "WINFIELD SCOTT. 
 
 To Hon. J. H. Eaton, . 
 
 " Secretary of War." 
 
126 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 In response to this he received the following letter and 
 order : — 
 
 "War Department, 
 
 " Nov. 13, 1829. 
 
 "Sir, — Your letter of the loth instant is received, and I take 
 pleasure in saying to you that it affords the department much satis- 
 faction to perceive the conclusion to which you have arrived as to 
 your brevet rights. None will do you the injustice to suppose 
 that the opinions declared by you upon this subject are not the 
 result of reflection and conviction ; but since the constituted 
 authorities of the government have, with the best feelings enter- 
 tained, come to a conclusion adverse to your own, no other 
 opinion was cherished, or was hoped for, but that on your return 
 to the United States, you would adopt the course your letter 
 indicates, and with good feeling resume those duties to your 
 country, of which she has so long had the benefit." 
 
 " Agreeably to your request, the furlough, heretofore granted 
 you, is revoked from and after the 20th instant. You will accord- 
 ingly report to the commanding general, Alexander Macomb, for 
 duty, &c., &c. 
 
 "J. H. EATON. 
 
 "To Major General Winfield Scott." 
 
 " Adjutant-General's Office, 
 
 "Washington, 20th November, 1829. 
 " Orders, No. 74. 
 
 " Brevet Major-General Gaines will assume command of the 
 Western Department." 
 
 " Brevet Major-General Scott will assume command of the 
 Eastern Department." 
 
 " Brevet_ Major-General Gaines will continue the inspection in 
 which he is now engaged, and when completed will make his 
 report thereof to the general-in-chief for his information. 
 " By order of Alexander Macomb, 
 
 " Major General, Comdg. the Army. 
 " ROGER JONES, 
 
 "Adjt.-General." 
 
 In his annual report, November 30, 1829, the secretary of war, 
 J. H. Eaton, said : " the long controverted question respecting 
 brevet rank in the army has been decided in a n anner which is 
 believed to be in conformity with existing laws on the subject. I 
 am happy to add that as far as opinions have been ascertained, 
 
OF BREVETS. 12/ 
 
 the officers of the army are disposed to acquiesce in the decision, 
 because of the certainty which has been arrived at, and the ip- 
 creased harmony which it is expected will be consequent upon 
 that certainty." 
 
 Scott and Gaines. 
 
 As General Scott did not rank Gaines otherwise than by brevet, 
 any more than he did Macomb, the final decision adverse to his 
 brevet claims, in the latter case governed in like manner in the 
 former, and he was arranged as the second brigadier, instead of 
 the first major-general in the service, and the brevet struggle at 
 the head of the army subsided and did not appear again until 
 1841, when it attained for a brief period a ludicrous prominence. 
 On the 25th June, 1841, Macomb died, and Brigadier-General 
 Winfield Scott was appointed "the Major-General of the army of 
 the United States," {vice Macomb), to date from June 25, 1841, 
 and by the following general orders, was announced and assumed 
 command. 
 
 "War Department, Adjutant-General's Office, 
 
 "Washington, July 5th, 1841. 
 
 " General orders : 
 
 " Brevet Major-General Winfield Scott having been appointed 
 by the President, by and with the consent and advice of the Sen- 
 ate, the Major-General of the army of the United States, he is 
 directed to assume the command, and enter upon his duties 
 accordingly." 
 " By command of the President of the United States. 
 
 " R. JONES. 
 
 " Adjt.-Genl." 
 
 " Headquarters of the Army, 
 
 "Washington, July sth, 1841. 
 " General Orders, No. 37. 
 
 " Conformably to the order of the President of the United States, 
 in the case, Major-General Scott assumes the command of the 
 Army." 
 
 " His aides-de-camp are First Lieutenant B. R. Alden, 4th In- 
 fantry, and First Lieutenant E. D. Keyes, 3d Artillery." 
 
 " Until a successor in his late commission be appointed, the 
 reports, returns, and applications, made to the headquarters of 
 the Eastern Division will be addressed to the assistant adjutant 
 
128 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 general at Elizabethtown, N. J., whence they will be forwarded 
 to general headquarters, Washington, for consideration. 
 
 "WINFIELD SCOTT. 
 " By command of the major-general, 
 
 " R. Jones, 
 
 " Adjutant General." 
 
 He accepted the appointment with the date named, and enter- 
 ed on duty under it, notwithstanding all of his previous allegations 
 and proofs in support of the older and better rank of major- 
 general by brevet, which he now abandoned. But he had no 
 sooner been tempted away from his powerful brevet guns, than 
 they were seized with all their ammunition by his old enemy, and 
 the fiery bolts he had forged for others were poured into his own 
 camp. The position of major-general-in-chief which he now oc- 
 cupied, had, however, been so strongly intrenched by the govern- 
 ment, against his attacks while it was held by another, that he 
 could occupy it in a state of security. The situation was comical 
 but not critical. 
 
 The facts in more detail are as follows : — Gaines and Scott, 
 both brigadier-generals and brevet major-generals, held, under 
 considerate arrangements of government, the command, and con- 
 sequently drew the pay and emoluments of major-generals, nearly 
 all of the twenty-seven years from 1815 to 1842. Scott had 
 become general-in-chief in 1841, and in 1842, a general order — 
 No. 40 — was issued from his headquarters, discontinuing the two 
 military geographical divisions in which the country was divided, 
 and substituting nine separate and distinct military departments. 
 Gaines, who had commanded, one of the divisions, now fell to one 
 of the departments, which not only limited his authority, but 
 he thought would reduce his pay and emoluments to those 
 of brigadier-general. This order, although promulgated by 
 General Scott, bore upon its face the fact that it was made by 
 the President ; but it followed closely upon the heels of General 
 Scott's advancement to the chief command in the army, and, ever 
 mindful of the bitter hostility which existed between these two 
 generals, Gaines' friends evidently considered the order as 
 prompted by Scott, and through malice. They therefore seized 
 upon it as the pretext for attacking General Scott with his own 
 weapons. The inconsistency of Scott's different positions was 
 how one of the telling charges against him. Gaines escaped the 
 direct effect of a like charge against himself, to which he was 
 equally exposed, by not appearing personally in the dexterous 
 manoeuvre. His grievance was presented by his friends. William 
 Wallace Whitney, in March, 1844, presented to Congress a memo- 
 
OF BREVETS. 1 29 
 
 rial praying that a bill be passed dividing the United States into two 
 military districts, and requiring that one of the brigadier-generals 
 in the line of the army be assigned to the command of each. He 
 alleged in his memorial that the general order in question (No. 40 
 of 1842) presented the " anomalous and insubordinate proceeding 
 of a junior officer issuing to his senior an order for obedience, 
 while that junior was shielded from responsibility to the army 
 and country." He then presented in detail the points of the old 
 question of rank between Generals Scott and Gaines, and adapted 
 to the present case, in his own way, the arguments General Scott 
 had used to prove that Macomb, as general-in-chief, could not 
 give him (Scott) orders. But he reached in the argument a more 
 remote point than Scott himself had ever attained. He said that 
 Scott " in July, 1841, was promoted from the lineal rank of briga- 
 dier-general to that of major-general, whereby he became shorn of 
 his commission as brigadier, and consequently that of brevet- 
 major-general : for the moment the lineal commission on which 
 the brevet commission is based is taken away, that moment the 
 brevet commission is taken away \ " — that is to say, by going 
 upward he had gone downward. 
 
 Scott, therefore, according to this memorialist, was nothing 
 else than a major-general, ranking as such from 1841. But 
 Gaines was still a major-general by brevet from 1814, and " what," 
 asks the memorialist, " are the rights which flow to Edmund P. 
 Gaines from his brevet commission of major-general } " and he 
 answers, " a// the rights which appertain to a major-general's com- 
 mand, which is 2l division" and he went on to explain that having 
 his proper command, a division, Gaines ranked Scott, and 
 that it was in his endeavor to defeat this that Scott had Order 
 No. 40 published, abolishing divisions. 
 
 Congress was also in this connection memorialized in the in- 
 terest of General Gaines by a number of citizens in Western New 
 York where he fought during the war, and by a public meeting 
 held at Memphis, Tennesee. General Scott was permitted to sub- 
 mit his remarks on the subject, but he confined himself mainly 
 to explanations of the order, and its bearing, and to matters 
 personal to General Gaines. He was not lured into under- 
 taking to answer the powerful arguments in support of brevet 
 rank which he had formerly used in his own behalf, but which 
 were now turned against him. In fact he had, in conformity 
 with the rulings of the government, merely accepted the situ- 
 ation, probably without having changed his opinions on the 
 subject. He held what he desired and deserved— the com- 
 mand of the army — but probably not by the tenure that he 
 preferred. Congress declined, as it had done before, to legis- 
 
 7 
 
130 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 late upon the subject. The matter went so far, however, that 
 the military committee of the House called upon the secretary of 
 war for his views on the subject of "abolishing the office of 
 commanding general-in-chief." 
 
 To this the secretary, Mr. Spencer, replied : " In answering it 
 I beg to submit the views of a former secretary of war, General 
 P. B. Porter, from which the following extract is made : — 
 
 " ' My opinion, therefore, is, that there should be at the head 
 of the army of the United States — ^whether its numbers continue 
 as at present, or whether they be enlarged or diminished — an 
 individual higher in rank than any other officer, and who should 
 have' the immediate command of the whole ; that he should be 
 stationed, in times of peace at least, at the seat of government, 
 where he can most readily receive the advice and orders of the 
 President, and where he can hold the most direct and expeditious 
 communication with every part of his command.' 
 
 " The present organization being in conformity with the preced- 
 ing views, it will readily be perceived that my opinion is against 
 the expediency of abolishing the office of major-general. 
 
 " If it be said that the office of major-general being abolished, 
 the army will then have a head in the President, or the secretary 
 of war, by whom his military functions are discharged, the 
 answer is that the department of war does not form an integral 
 part of the military machine. The numerous civil avocations of 
 the secretary of war would put it wholly out of his power to 
 attend to the daily orders and routine of duties which appertain to 
 the command and discipline of an army ; and the effect of a simi- 
 lar abolition of the office of major-general, would, in the present 
 state of the army, be to divide it into two separate, independent, 
 and probably conflicting commands, under the two brigadiers ; 
 unless they should be connected thrpugh the instrumentality of 
 the adjutant-general, or some other subordinate officer stationed 
 at the seat of government under the secretary of war, and who 
 would in fact perform the appropriate duty of the chief of the 
 army." 
 
 " These views," said Mr. Spencer, " are adopted, and fully and 
 entirely concurred in by me. Their soundness and accuracy, it is . 
 believed, will commend them to the favorable consideration of all. 
 A few of the topics suggested by General Porter are susceptible 
 of some modification, although probably without much addition to 
 their strength. The civil avocations of the secretary of war, 
 which, fourteen years ago, he stated to be so numerous ' as to put 
 it wholly out of his power to attend to the daily orders and com- 
 plicated routine of duties which appertain to the command and 
 discipline of an army,' so far from diminishing since that period, 
 
OF BREVETS. I3I 
 
 have been augmented and multiplied to an extent that renders the 
 argument perfectly conclusive. The functions of a secretary are 
 of a civil and not of a military character, and are administrative 
 rather than executive. His business is more to superintend the 
 general arrangements of the service, regulate its expenditures, and 
 enforce responsibility, than to exercise command. It can rarely 
 happen that he possesses an acquaintance with the details of ser- 
 vice, or experience in the art of war. By associating with him, 
 at the seat of Government, an officer of rank having these quali- 
 fications, the system is rendered complete, and the various talent 
 requisite to the faithful and successful administration of the con- 
 cerns of the army may be brought into operation. To devolve 
 the peculiar duties of a commanding general upon an adjutant- 
 general would be making him in fact the commanding general. 
 All that would be gained would be a change of title, and instead 
 of a major-general commanding the army, an adjutant-general 
 would do so. The nature of the duties of the office of adjutant- 
 general is wholly different from those of a commander ; he is, in 
 fact, the adjutant of the commander; and we might as well abol- 
 ish the office of colonel of a regiment and place its adjutant in 
 command of the lieutenant-colonel and major, as to place the ad- 
 jutant-generals, whose official rank is that of colonel, in com- 
 mand of brigadiers. After the expression of these views it is 
 scarcely necessary to add that, in the opinion of this department, 
 it is impracticable, consistently with the existence of our army, to 
 dispense with the performance of the duties appertaining to a 
 commanding general-in-chief." 
 
 This was practically the end of the most protracted and ex- 
 hausting struggle on the question of brevet rank that has ever oc- 
 curred. On March 7th, 1844, the secretary of war, Mr. Wilkins, 
 in answer to an inquiry from the military committee of the house, 
 reported that Brevet Major-General Gaines, whilst in command of 
 the 3d Military Department, received the pay, &c., of major- 
 general, that having relinquished the command and gone on leave 
 of absence, he was only entitled to pay, &c., of a brigadier, but 
 that as soon as he resumed his command, he would again receive 
 the pay, &c., of a major-general, which compensation, it may be 
 stated, he enjoyed all, or nearly all, the remainder of his life. 
 
132 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 After the re-organization of the army in 182 1-2, the questions 
 growing out of brevet ranli, assumed greater importance than ever 
 before, and letters and pamphlets bearing upon them were writ- 
 ten, not only by officers of the government, but, in some cases, by 
 civilians. 
 
 One writer,, probably General Armstrong, formerly secretary of 
 war, says : — " The care of the government, as abundantly proved 
 by its different acts, has been to make and inculcate a distinction 
 between lineal and brevet rank, and that distinction is — 
 
 " ist. Brevets are in their own na.tuve personal, dying with those 
 who hold them, and are in no case the subjects of transfer or 
 succession ; whereas, lineal rank survives the present incumbent, 
 and is generally coeval with the existence of the corps in which it 
 is exercised. 
 
 " 2d. Brevets become active only for special and temporary 
 purposes, and not even for these, excepting on the designation of 
 the commanding general ; in other words, they possess no inhe- 
 rent right to command, under any circumstances ; whereas, lineal 
 rank is vested with the rights of commanding within its peculiar 
 sphere, under all circumstances. 
 
 " 3d. Certain services, not merely important, but indispensable 
 to the well-being of an army, are forbidden to be exercised by 
 irevet officers." 
 
 " A brevet commission becomes active only on services of a 
 special and temporary character and with the will of the command- 
 ing general. It gives only a limited authority both as to the scope 
 and object of its powers." 
 
 Questions frequently arising as to when brevet rank took effect, 
 an order, as follows, was issued from the war department on the 
 i6th June, 1827. 
 
 " I. Brevet officers on duty, and having a command equal to 
 double the commands which their ordinary or regimental rank ha- 
 bitually authorizes them to exercise or assume, shall be deemed 
 to be on duty, and have command according to their brevet com- 
 missions : — 
 
 " For example — 
 
 " When a brevet major-general commands a division ; 
 
 " A brevet brigadier-general a brigade ; 
 
 " A brevet colonel a regiment ; 
 
OF BREVETS. 1 33 
 
 " A brevet lieut.-colonel a battalion, composed of not less than 
 four companies, or when on duty as lieut.-colonel of a regiment. 
 
 " A brevet major a detachment, composed of not less than two 
 companies, or when on duty as major of a regiment. 
 
 " A brevet captain a company ; 
 
 " II. When any field-officer is on detached service or otherwise 
 absent from his regiment, the senior captain thereof, having a 
 brevet and on duty in the line, may exercise command according 
 to his brevet commission, during the time such .field-officer is 
 absent from regimental duty ; 
 
 " Provided that brevet officers who may come within the pro- 
 visions of this paragraph shall be announced in general orders, 
 before they shall be authorized to exercise such command, or re- 
 ceive the pay and emoluments of their brevet rank. 
 
 III. The captain or other company commander who may be 
 entitled to receive ten dollars per month additional pay, as com- 
 pensation for his duties and responsibilities with respect to the 
 clothing, arms and accoutrements of the company, shall not forfeit 
 his claims to such additional allowance when temporarily absent 
 on duty, for any period less than one month ; or when absent 
 with leave, if not to exceed three days at any one time." 
 
 This order in 1829 went before the attorney-general, Mr. 
 Berrien, and he held it to be " a manifest innovation in prin- 
 ciple of the act of 18 18. The principle on which that act allows 
 brevet pay is, that the command of the officer is according 
 to his brevet rank. The order dispenses with the requisition of 
 the law, and substitutes another and an essentially different prin- 
 ciple, namely, that the command of the officer shall be equal to 
 double his ordinary or regimental command, not according to his 
 brevet rank, but double that of his rank in the line. The act of 
 Congress is thus modified and controlled by the order of the war 
 department." 
 
 Brevet majors and brevet lieutenant-colonels were the only 
 officers affected by the opinion. By the order the former could 
 draw major's pay when commanding two companies, and the lat- 
 ter lieutenant-colonel's pay when commanding four companies, 
 but by the opinion, based on the regulations and laws governing 
 the organization of the army, four and six companies, respectively, 
 were necessary to give these officers brevet pay. 
 
 It appears that prior to August, 1828, general officers by brevet 
 appointed aides-de-camp. On the 4th of that month the President 
 ordered as follows : 
 
 " Officers having the rank of general by brevet, will not here- 
 after appoint aides-de-camp in consequence of holding, such rank, 
 
134 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 without the permission of the war department. Whenever a 
 brevet-general requires an aide-de-cg,mp, he will, through the 
 proper channel; communicate the necessity of such aid, with his 
 reasons for desiring it, that the secretary of war may be enabled 
 to determine on the propriety of granting it." 
 
 It was proposed in Congress in 1829, to abolish brevet rank. 
 On being called upon for his views the secretary of war (Porter) 
 reported as follows : 
 
 " Department of War, January 14, 1829. 
 
 * * * * * # * 
 
 " In relation to the proposition for annulling the power to con- 
 fer brevet rank except in time of actual war, much may be said 
 on both sides of the question. The two principal inducements to 
 the introduction of this species of rank, seem to have been to re- 
 ward gallant and meritorious service on the one hand,, and on the 
 other, to avail the country of its best talents in time of war, with- 
 out a direct violation of the rights of lineal succession to command. 
 The principle of honor and the love of distinction are amongst 
 the most powerful incentives to great and useful military actions ; 
 and it is the policy of the government to cherish these sentiments. 
 To take a subordinate officer from the line of the army and place 
 again in the line over the heads of those whom he has been ac- 
 customed to obey, is a direct degradation of those who are thus 
 superseded, and is calculated to destroy their ambition and useful- 
 ness. To adhere, on the other hand, implicitly to the principal of 
 regular succession, might place the army or an important branch 
 of it, on the most critical occasions, in the hands of an officer 
 wholly incompetent or unfitted for its command. The brevet is a 
 specious and, at the same time, useful device to avoid such a 
 dilemma, and to save the point of honor by doing that indirectly 
 and for temporary purposes which the temper of military men 
 would not permit to be done directly and permanently. The 
 practice of rewarding gallant and meritorious conduct by brevets 
 is too alluring not to meet the approbation of military officers 
 whose objects are rank and fame ; and all are willing to take 
 the chances of reaping its benefits. Even those who fail to ac- 
 quire this distinction have little reason to complain, for if they 
 have been overlooked by the government it is probably only be- 
 cause fortune has overlooked them. The brevets of others re- 
 flect no disgrace on them, and but rarely displace or incommode 
 them in their regular commands in the army. By conferring on 
 meritorious officers brevet rank, corresponding with the various 
 
 rades in the line of the army, a corps of officers of rare and di- 
 
OF BREVETS. 135 
 
 versified talent is placed at the disposal of the commander-in- 
 chief, from which he may select with great advantage to the 
 service, those whom he may wish to employ for great or peculiar 
 occasions." 
 
 WT 'SF "TP * tP tF tF 
 
 On looking, therefore, to the various considerations which the 
 subject presents, I am of opinion that it would be better to sub- 
 mit to the expenditure of some $30,000 or $40,000, which is an- 
 nually disbursed to satisfy the clairns of brevet rank, than to de- 
 prive these officers of this moderate, but, in most cases, hard 
 earned pittance." 
 
 In 1829 and 1830 orders as follows were published : 
 
 " Adjutant General's Office, 
 
 " Washington, 28th July, 1829. 
 " Orders 46. 
 
 " Colonels and captains, when on duty with their respective 
 regiments and companies, although they may hold higher rank by 
 brevet, are not absolved from the responsibility incidental to the 
 regimental commissions, nor from any of the established duties of 
 the rank in which they are mustered, except they be relieved in 
 orders issued by some ' Superior.' 
 
 " Accordingly all regimental and company returns, and other 
 documents will be signed by the colonels and captains respective- 
 ly, when stationed with their regiments and companies, agreeably 
 to regulations." 
 
 " Adjutant General's Office, 
 
 "Washington, 14th June, 1830. 
 " Order. 
 
 " The subjoined order from the war department, is published 
 for general information." 
 
 " Department of War, 
 
 "June i2th, 1830. 
 
 " Payments on account of brevet rank, are prohibited except in 
 cases which, having already been admitted at the department 
 under established regulations, are founded upon settled usage. 
 
 " Experimental receipts intended merely to ascertain the 
 opinion of the department upon doubtful points, are also prohib- 
 ited, and no pay-master, or disbursing officer, will hereafter for- 
 ward any account, or claims for settlement with a receipt attached 
 unless payment has been actually made by him. On matters of 
 doubt, he will, before making payment, lefer the case to the de- 
 partment for decision." 
 
136 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 STAFF BREVETS. 
 
 The act of July 6th, 1812, authorized the President "to confer 
 brevet rank on such officers of the array as shall distinguish them- 
 selves by gallant actions or meritorious conduct, or who shall have 
 served ten years in any one grade." 
 
 Prior to this date no stafE officer had held his position by 
 brevet, and the act clearly designed to furnish means of reward 
 for officers already in service, and not to create staff officers by 
 brevet appointments. On the 3d of March, 18 13, an act was 
 passed for the better organization of the staff of the army. The 
 adjutant-general's department was made to consist of one adjutant 
 ^nd inspector-general, eight adjutant-generals, sixteen assistant 
 adjutant-generals ; the inspector-general's department, of eight 
 inspector-generals, and sixteen assistant inspector-generals ; the 
 quartermaster's department, of one quartermaster-general of prin- 
 cipal army, seven quartermaster-generals, eight deputy quarter- 
 iViaster-generals, and thirty-two assistant deputy quartermaster- 
 generals ; the topographical department, of eight topographical 
 engineers, and eight assistant topographical engineers. 
 
 This act was exceptional in case of the adjutant and inspector- 
 general. It provided that he should have the rank, pay and 
 emoluments of a brigadier, and authorized the President to assign 
 a brigadier-general of the army to that position. It specifically 
 authorized brevet rank for the officers who might be called to the 
 other positions named. The brevet rank of brigadier was pro- 
 vided for the quartermaster-general of the principal army ; the 
 brevet rank of colonel of cavalry for the eight adjutant-generals ; 
 the brevet rank of colonel of infantry for the eight inspector- 
 generals, and seven quartermaster-generals ; the brevet rank of 
 major of cavalry for the sixteen assistant adjutant-generals, the 
 sixteen assistant inspector-generals, the eight deputy quarter- 
 master-generals, the, eight topographical engineers ; and the brevet 
 rank of captain of infantry for the eight assistant topographical en- 
 gineers, and the thirty-two assistant deputy quartermaster-generals. 
 
 The act further provided " that the assistant adjutant-generals, 
 the assistant inspector-generals, and the assistant topographical 
 engineers be taken from the line. The adjutant-generals, inspec- 
 tor-generals, quarterinaster-generals, deputy quartermaster-gen- 
 erals, topographical engineers, and assistant deputy quartermaster- 
 generals, may be taken from the line or not, as the President may 
 deem expedient. And officers taken from the line and transferred 
 
OF BREVETS. 137 
 
 to the staff, shall receive only the pay and emoluments attached 
 to the rank in the staff, but "their transfer shall be without 
 prejudice to their rank and promotion in the line according to 
 their said seniority, which promotion shall take place according 
 to usage, in the same manner as if they had not been thus 
 transferred." 
 
 Although this act required that some of the staff officers for 
 which it provided should be taken from the line, it permitted the 
 remainder to be taken from civil life. 
 
 The brevet was the commission by which all were to hold their 
 positions in the staff. But brevet rank authorized by this act was 
 in fact j-/rtjf-rank, and it was probably not the intention of the law- 
 makers that it should be the same as the brevet rank conferred 
 under the act of July 6, 1812, on officers of the army as a reward 
 for meritorious services. 
 
 This was strikingly exemplified soon after its passage, in the 
 ease of Roger Jones, a captain of artillery, who was appointed an 
 assistant adjutant-general with the brevet (or staff) rank of major 
 on thQjd of Augjist, 181J. On the 5th of July, 1814, Brevet- 
 Major and Assistant Adjutant-General Roger Jones was brevetted 
 major in the army (under the act of July 6, 1812), " for distinguish- 
 ed services at Chippewa." 
 
 With a part of the staff the brevet rank was in the cavalry, and 
 with another part in the infantry, thus indicating that it was 
 limited in its character, these arms of service being mentioned as 
 furnishing the measure for pay and allowance. 
 
 In these cases the staff office conferred the brevet rank. An 
 adjutant-general, for example, was, ex officio, a brevet colonel of 
 cavalry. He was recommended to the Senate and confirmed to 
 the office of adjutant-general with the brevet rank of colonel of 
 cavalry. " In other words, they were not recommended for 
 appointment to two distinct offices, one of adjutant-general and 
 one of brevet colonel ; but to one office only, which office by law 
 confers a certain rank." It followed from this that -"^en the 
 staif office was lost, the brevet rank attached to said office went 
 with it. This state of facts was peculiar to the staff brevets con- 
 ferred under the act of 1813, and did not apply to the brevets 
 conferred upon " officers of the army under the act of July 6, 
 1812." It was for the purpose of marking, in the practical affairs 
 of the army, a distinction between these two classes of brevets 
 that the regulation of 18 13 said : " Brevet rank gives no prece- 
 dence nor command, except on detachments, nor shall persons 
 having such rank only be included in the roster of officers for any 
 duty other than that performed by detachments, and to which 
 they shall be specially assigned." 
 
 7* 
 
138 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 General Scott said that while the brevet rank acquired by 
 distinguished services under the act of July 6, 1812, was held in 
 high esteem, the staff brevets, under the act of 1813, became 
 odious to the army and that the officers of the line clamored 
 against them, and hence the regulation above given forbidding 
 them to assume command and requiring them to await special 
 assignments. 
 
 The distinctive character of these staff brevets is further shown 
 by the action taken in regard to them upon the return of peace 
 in 1815. Richard Rush, attorney-general, on the ist of September, 
 18 1 5, gave the following opinion concerning thein : — 
 
 "I have examined the act of Congress, 3d March, 1813, for 
 the better organization of the general staff of the army of the 
 United States in connection with the act of 3d of March, 1815, 
 fixing the military peace establishment of the United States, 
 and am of opinion that the brevet commissions which may have 
 been issued under the authority of the former, have lost their 
 force, and are no longer of avail to confer either emolument or 
 rank." 
 
 In conformity with this opinion, a gerieral order as follows was 
 issued from the adjutant and inspector-general's office, September 
 7, 181S :— ■ 
 
 " The several laws and articles of war relative to brevet rank 
 having been duly considered by the President of the United 
 States, he is pleased to direct, for the future government of the 
 army, that commissions in the staff shall confer neither rank nor 
 emolument to officers in the line who hold brevets by virtue of 
 appointments in the general staff of the army which are superseded 
 by the act of March 3, 18 15." 
 
 The act of 18 15 here referred to fixed the peace establishment 
 and omitted from it the staff officers created by the act of 1813. 
 The result was that when the staff office ceased to exist, the 
 brevet attached to it ceased also. But the brevets created under 
 the act of 1812 were upon an entirely different basis. They, in 
 each case, conferred office in the army at large, separate and 
 distinct from the office in a particular regiment or corps held by 
 the officer on whom they were bestowed. These brevets were not 
 embraced in the opinion of Attorney-General Rush, nor in the 
 general order, given above, of September 7, 1815. 
 
 Although the act of March 3, 1815, made no provision for the 
 staff officers created by the act of 1813, it authori-zed the President 
 to provisionally retain such of these staff officers as he might 
 deem proper until circumstances would admit of their discharge. 
 Under this authority it was announced in general order of May 17, 
 1815, that the President had decided to retain of the generals and 
 
OF BREVETS. I39 
 
 Staff, two major-generals, four brigadier-generals, an adjutant and 
 inspector-general, two adjutant-generals, four brigade-inspectors, 
 one quartermaster-general, two deputy quartermaster-generals, four 
 brigade quartermasters, an apothecary-general and two assistant 
 apothecaries, five hospital-surgeons, fifteen hospital-surgeon's 
 mates, two garrison-surgeon's mates, a pay-master of the army, 
 two deputy paymaster-generals, and two assistant deputy pay- 
 master-generals. 
 
 Soon afterwards Congress took the matter of the general staff 
 into consideration, and on the 24th of April, 1816, passed an act for 
 its organization which re-established the act of March 3d, 1813, so 
 far as to provide for one adjutant and inspector-general, three 
 topographical engineers, and one quartermaster-general, with one 
 deputy quartermaster-general to a division, and an assistant of 
 each to every brigade, and two assistant apothecaries to the apoth- 
 ecary-general ; these officers of the staff to receive the pay and 
 emoluments and to retain all the privileges secured to the staff of 
 the army by the act of March 3d, 1813. This gave them the staff 
 rank by brevet established by that act. The act of April 14, 18 18, 
 dispensed with several of the staff officers provided for in the act 
 of April 24, 1816, but made no change in the status of the 
 remainder. 
 
 By general order of March 3, 1820, a board of officers- consist- 
 ing of Major-General Brown, Brevet Major-General Scott, and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Arbuckle was directed to meet at Philadelphia 
 to consider the subject of restoring again to the regiments and 
 corps, from which their names had been taken, the several officers 
 of the staff appointed under the act of April 24, 1816, and to 
 report their opinion to the secretary of war. 
 
 The Board, on the 30th of March, 1820, rendered the following 
 opinion : — 
 
 " By the law of March 3, 18 13, for the organization of the staff, 
 it appears that the officers who were transferred from the line of 
 the army to the performance of staff duties were secured in their 
 right of promotion and in their lineal rank ; their promotion was 
 to take place in the same manner as if they had not been thus 
 transferred. The law of April 24, 1816, for the organization of 
 the staff of the peace establishment confirms to officers transferred 
 from lineal to staff duties all the privileges secured to the staff of 
 the army by the act of March 3, 1813. As. the officers who claim 
 the lineal rank on the authority of the preceding laws do not ap- 
 pear to have made a voluntary relinquishment of it ; on the con- 
 trary as they have constantly asserted their claim to it, and as no 
 evidence is adduced to show that they have been formally dis- 
 missed, the Board is of the opinion that those officers who were at, 
 
146 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFF.CTS 
 
 and who have been since, the organization of the peace establish- 
 ment transferred from the line of the army to the staff are entitled 
 and ought to be restored to the lineal rank which they would now 
 hold in their respective corps had they not been thus transferred." 
 
 On the loth of April 1820, a general order was issued approv- 
 ing the report of the board and announcing by name, the officers 
 of the staff whose lineal rank was, under the report, restored to 
 them. The order further intimated that when a new army register 
 was prepared, the officers named would be arranged to their proper 
 places in the line, &c. 
 
 On the 2d of March, 1821, an act was passed reducing and 
 fixing the military peace establishment. It reorganized the staff 
 of the army, but the staff rank by brevet entirely disappeared. 
 There was to be one adjutant-general with the rank, pay, &c., of a 
 colonel of cavalry. 
 
 Staff rank by brevet was not again introduced until the passage 
 of the act of July 5, 1838, which provided for it, to a limited extent 
 however. The act authorized the President to appoint two assist- 
 ant adjutant-generals with the brevet rank, pay and emoluments 
 of major, and four with the brevet rank, pay and emoluments of 
 captain of cavalry ; the officers appointed under the authority to 
 be taken from the line of the army. 
 
 From 1838 to 1861 the assistant adjutant-generals were the 
 only officers whose rank on the staff was by brevet. The act of 
 June 18, 1846, directed that "appointments in the line, and in the 
 general staff which confer equal rank in the army, shall not be 
 held by the same officer at the same time, and when any officer of 
 the staff who may have been taken from the line shall, in virtue of 
 seniority, have obtained or be entitled to a grade in his regiment 
 equal to the commission he may hold in the staff, the said officer 
 shall vacate such staff commission, or he may, at his option, vacate 
 his commission in the line." For instance an assistant adjutant- 
 general with the brevet of captain, who was a first-lieutenant in 
 the line, was, when he attained, or became entitled to, a captaincy 
 in the line, either to resign his position on the staff or in the line. 
 Under this act most of the officers on the staff resigned their com- 
 missions in the line. 
 
 It will be observed that this act of June 18, 1846, speaks of ap- 
 pointments in the line, and in the general staff (some of which 
 gave rank by brevet) as conferring equal rank in the ariny, and the 
 practice under the act, was universal in support of the idea that 
 commissions on the staff by brevet, and commissions in the line 
 were of equal value. 
 
 It has been argued that, on the ground that brevet rank was 
 military rank- in- the army-as distinguished from rank in a par- 
 
OF BREVETS. I4I 
 
 titular corps, and therefore of a larger and more catliolic char- 
 acter, it was, by the act of 18 13, bestowed on the general staff not 
 as an inferior, but as a superior kind of rank as measured by its 
 wider application. But no such purpose on the part of the law- 
 makers has been proved. In fact there was something approach- 
 ing absurdity in giving, these officers brevet rank in the staff, for 
 there they belonged \.o particular corps, and, holding their positions 
 in them only by brevet and the law forbidding the operation of 
 brevet rank in the corps to which an officer belonged, they were 
 ■without the authority which they most needed, that is, authority in 
 their own corps. 
 
 As before mentioned the officers of the adjutant-general's de- 
 partment were, from 1838 to 1861, the only officers of the staff 
 corps left in this condition. In 1861 they sought the change from 
 brevet rank and cheerfully accepted the commissions issued 
 under the act of August 3d of that year, which re-organized the 
 department and gave to all its officers rank in the corps. Staff 
 rank by brevet has not been revived. 
 
 About two years previous to the passage of this latter act, the 
 adjutant-general of the army (in an official report made in 1859), 
 remarked as follows concerning these staff brevets : — 
 
 "Notwithstanding this opinion and this order (which eventually 
 became a standing regulation) the official Army, Register, prepared 
 by the adjutant-general, and published to the army, contained for 
 the years 1815 and' 1816 under the heads 'brevets and former 
 commissions,' evidence of this staff rank opposite to the names 
 of the officers who had formerly held the same. But this practice 
 was discontinued after 1816 and was not revived until 1825, when 
 in the Army Register for that year a list was appended contain- 
 ing the names of certain officers ' who have heretofore held appoint- 
 ments in the staff of the army with brevet rank of a higher grade 
 than that which they lineally hold at present.' This list appears to 
 have been discontinued from the register from that time, probably 
 owing to the decision of a general court-martial at Fort Monroe 
 in December, 1825, when an effort was made on the part of some 
 of the members of the court to take their seats in virtue of their 
 former staff rank, which the court resisted, declaring ' that brevet 
 rank conferred on staff commissions did not take effect." 
 
 An effort was again made in 1842 to give vitality to these old 
 staff commissions by placing a similar list in the Army Register 
 for that year, which list was continued in subsequent Army Reg- 
 isters until February, 1848 ; since which time the question appears 
 to have been given up by the department. 
 
 In April 1843, the question again came up for consideration 
 before a general court-martial, assembled at Fort Columbus, New 
 
142 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 York harbor, when the court decided to reject the claims of the 
 officers to take their seats according to their former staff rank. 
 
 The case was referred to the commanding general who made 
 an argument in favor of this staff rank, notwithstanding which 
 the court adhered to their former decision, whereupon the com- 
 manding general submitted all the papers in the case to the 
 secretary of war, and on their being carried up to the President, 
 the following decision was made thereon. " The rank of the 
 officers composing the court-martial within mentioned having 
 been settled by the Army Registers of 1842 and 1843, and the 
 order detailing the court having conformed to the Register, the 
 President is of opinion that the court should be organized accord- 
 ing to such detail and proceed in the discharge of the duties 
 assigned to them without prejudice to their claims of rank. The 
 President being of opinion that these questions should be settled, 
 if at all, upon a review of the army list, and neither hastily nor 
 without an opportunity for full consultation." No final written 
 decision appeared to have been made on the subject, but from 
 the fact of discontinuing the list in the registers subsequent to 
 the year 1848, as above stated, it may be reasonably inferred that 
 the rank conferred upon staff officers by virtue of appointments 
 which have been taken away by resignation or disbandment is no 
 longer recognized by the Department. 
 
 It may be proper here to state that the practice which pre- 
 vailed in the service, arising from introducing into the army list 
 the claims of these staff appointments to precedence of rank in 
 certain cases, was one of the causes which led the officers of the 
 army assembled at Corpus Christi in 1846* to memorialize the 
 Senate on the subject of staff rank and brevet rank. Pending the 
 consideration of this memorial by the committee to whom it was 
 referred, the President of the United States on the i2th March, 
 1846, published an order directing that the regulation of Presi- 
 dent Jackson of the 13th August, 1829, concerning rank and 
 command, be re-established and confirmed. And on the i8th 
 March, 1846, the committee on military affairs in the Senate to 
 whom was referred the memorial in question made the following 
 report : 
 
 " That they have seen the order of the President of the United 
 States dated the 12th day of this month re-establishing the regu- 
 lation of August 13, 1829, by President Jackson, in relation to 
 brevet and staff rank, and abrogating all subsequent regulations 
 
 * This memorial was made December 12, 1845. The document is given 
 in full, page 166, 167. The latter part of it is referred to in connection with 
 the subject of j'^a^brevets. It is omitted in this chapter to avoid repetition. 
 
OF BREVETS. 1 43 
 
 in relation thereto, and believing the said regulation of August 
 13th, 1829, to be a correct exposition of the rules and articles of 
 war in relation to the subject, and that the re- establishment of' 
 said regulation has applied the adequate and appropriate remedy 
 to the evils complained of in the memorial, and has superseded 
 the necessity for legislation on the subject, the committee bring 
 back into the Senate the memorial committed to them, and pray 
 to be discharged from its further consideration." 
 
 Although neither this order of the President nor the report of 
 the committee touched the question of former commissions or 
 commission of a prior date, further than related to brevets, yet 
 there is no doubt that the memorial and the action of the 
 Executive and the Senate thereon, caused the list of former staff 
 offices to be omitted from the register of the army after February, 
 1848. 
 
 BREVETS IN THE MARINE CORPS. 
 
 The laws concerning brevet rank 'in our service have applied to 
 the marine corps as well as to the army, but they have given rise to' 
 comparatively few questions in that branch, from the fact that all 
 of the officers belong to the same corps, and with the exception of 
 the chief, who is a brigadier-general, there is no higher rank than 
 colonel. 
 
 The act of i6th April, 1814, authorized an increase of the 
 marine corps by one major, fourteen cajDtains, twelve first-lieuten- 
 ants, twenty second-lieutenants, sixty one sergeants, forty-two 
 drums and fifes, and six hundred and ninety-six privates. 
 
 At this time all of the usual regimental grades existed in the 
 corps, and brevets were conferred upon officers holding them. ■ But 
 the act of March 3d, 1817, fixing the peace establishment of the 
 corps, retained no majors, the corps being left to consist of one 
 lieutenant-colonel commandant, nine captains and forty subalterns. 
 
 In this state of the case certain officers claimed that they were 
 still in service as brevet majors and entitled to position and pay 
 accordingly. The subject went twice before the attorney-general. 
 In the first instance he held that " as no such office as that of 
 brevet-major in the marine corps is recognized by any act of 
 Congress now in force, the President cannot confer that rank 
 under the act of 1814." 
 
 In an opinion given in 182 1 he further considered the subject, 
 elaborating and re-affirming his former ruling, saying : " It seems 
 to me a palpable solecism in military language to talk of the 
 existence of brevet rank after the lineal rank by commission (of 
 
144 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 which the brevet is merely the shadow) has been destroyed ; and 
 not less so to talk of pay graduated by a rank which no longer 
 exists, having been abolished by positive law." 
 
 A "brevet" in this opinion was regarded as a more shadowy 
 thing than it had formerly been considered, and far more so than 
 it subsequently proved to be. But it must be borne in mind that 
 the attorney-general was treating of the question of brevets to grades 
 which had no existence in our service. The grade of major in 
 the marine corps did not exist, and therefore brevets in that grade 
 could not exist. 
 
 In a subsequent opinion dated December nth, 1822, in the case 
 of Captain Wainwright of the marine corps, the attorney-general 
 ruled that, while Captain Wainwright could not be brevetted a 
 major in the marine corps, as the grade of major did not exist, he 
 was, if entitled to promotion at all, entitled to the brevet rank of 
 lieutenant-colonel in the marine corps. 
 
 RAZEE. 
 
 The reduction of the array in 18 15 introduced a novel species 
 of brevet, which was then generally known and designated by the 
 term " razee." Several officers were reduced one grade in corps 
 rank, but were, simultaneously with the reduction, brought up by 
 bfevet, so called, to the same grade from which they had been 
 precipitated. For instance, a captain, retained in service as a 
 first lieutenant, had the brevet of captain conferred upon him. 
 This does not seem to have been in unison with the spirit or letter 
 of the act of July 6th, 18 12, wherein alone was then to be found the 
 authority to confer brevets. The 6ist article of war furnishes 
 the more proper term in these cases, and that term is " commission 
 of a prior date. " The Army Register for the year 1815, when the 
 first " razee " took place, did not indicate by any special remarks 
 those who held brevets under this peculiar system, the names of 
 all officers who held brevet rank, no matter for what conferred, 
 being therein exhibited alike and without remark. 
 
 The following are specimens of the way in which this declension 
 of corps rank and elevation by brevet were effected : — 
 
 In the reduction of 1815, Major James Dalliba, of the Ordnance, 
 was arranged as captain of the ist Artillery, to rank as such from 
 August 5th, 1813, with the brevet rank of major from February 
 9th,i8i5 (the date of his appointment as major of Ordnance). 
 
 In the reduction of 182 1, Major William Bradford, of the Rifles, 
 was arranged as captain of the 7th Infantr)-, to rank.as such from 
 July 6th,i8i2, with the brevet rank of major from November loth, 
 i8i8 (the date of his appointment as major of the Rifles);* Brig- 
 
OF BREVETS. 145 
 
 adier General Henry Atkinson (who declined the office of adjutant 
 general) was arranged as colonel of the 6th Infantry, to rank as 
 such from April 15 th, 18 14, with the brevet rank of brigadier 
 general from May 13th, 1820 (the date of his appointment as 
 brigadier general). 
 
 Act of March 3d, 1853, giving to lieutenants of engineers and 
 ordnance promotion for fourteen years' continuous service as 
 lieutenants. 
 
 Sec. 9 directed " that when any lieutenant of the corps of 
 engineers, corps of topographical engineers, or ordnance corps, 
 shall have served fourteen years' continuous service as lieutenant, 
 he shall be promoted to the rank of captain, provided that the 
 whole number of officers in either of said corps shall not be in- 
 creased beyond the number now fixed by law, and provided fur- 
 ther that no officer shall be promoted before those who rank 
 him in his corps." 
 
 This act is somewhat in the nature of the act of July 6th, 181 2, 
 authorizing brevets to be conferred for ten years' faithful service 
 in any one grade, but it only refers to the engineer and ordnance 
 corps. It has this advantage over the act of July 6th, 1812, that 
 whereas the brevet obtained under the latter brought no additional 
 pay or allowances, unless the officer receiving it was assigned to 
 duty according to his brevet, the former gave to the lieutenants of 
 engineers and ordnance coming under its provisions an actual pro- 
 motion, with contingent pay and allowances — a very substantial 
 species of brevet. It is still in force. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 TEN years' service IN ONE GRADE. 
 
 The act of July 6th, 1812, authorized the President to confer 
 brevet rank on such officers of the army " as shall distinguish 
 themselves by gallant actions or meritorious conduct, or who shall 
 have served ten years in any one grade." The act further 
 directed that officers brevetted under it were not to receive any 
 additional pay or emoluments, except when commanding separate 
 posts, districts or detachments, when they were to receive the 
 same pay and emoluments as oflScers of the same grades, etc. 
 
 The act of April, 16, 1818, said that "officers having brevet 
 
146 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 commissions, shall receive the pay and emoluments of their 
 brevet rank when on duty, and having a command according 
 to their brevet rank." 
 
 No case arose in the reduction of 1815 or 182 1, in which an 
 officer who had been brevetted for ten years' service in one grade 
 was arranged to a grade lower than he had been holding. If an 
 officer who had served ten years as captain, and for that reason 
 had been brevetted a major, had, in the reduction, been arranged 
 as a first-lieutenant, it would have a cruel ruling to deprive 
 him of the reward for the ten years' service already rendered 
 as a captain, because he had to surrender that grade for a lower 
 one. The law did not require such action, and it would not have 
 been taken, as may be inferred from Macomb's case. 
 
 On the 5th of April, 1824, Attorney-General Wirt, in response 
 to a question of the secretary of war as to whether the act of July 
 6th, 1812, relating to ten years' service in one grade, applied to 
 brevet officers generally, or more particularly to the officers of the 
 topographical engineers, of the general staff, and such as had been 
 brevetted, under the act, for gallant services, rendered an opinion 
 that the act in question made no distinction of corps, that it 
 operated on all officers of the army, that the evident intention of 
 the act was to enable the President to anticipate a vacancy in the 
 line by conferring a brevet on a commissioned officer, and that 
 there his authority under the act stopped, and that he could not 
 confer a second brevet for length of service on the same officer so 
 long as the latter stood upon the same commission in the line which 
 he held when the first brevet had been conferred. Understanding 
 that the practice, sanctioned by Congress, had been to confer brevet 
 upon brevet, for gallant actions, Attorney-General Wirt was of opin- 
 ion that, while there was nothing in the law forbidding it, there were 
 obvious motives of sound policy to indulge it. He discussed 
 the question, how the principle (of conferring brevet upon brevet) 
 would operate in regard to brevets for ten years' service in any 
 one grade, and gave it as his opinion that "the service actually 
 rendered for ten years in any one grade is the ground of promotion, 
 and every officer who has performed the appropriate duties of any 
 one grade for ten years, whether he holds that grade by commis- 
 sion or by brevet, is entitled to promotion." For example : 
 a captain who was brevet major, and had performed the duties of 
 a captain for ten years, was not entitled to the brevet of a lieu- 
 tenant-colonel, but a captain, who was a brevet major and had for 
 ten years performed the appropriate duties of a major, was 
 entitled to the brevet of a heutenant-colonel. 
 
 On the 6th of December, 1826, the adjutant-general of the army 
 
OF BREVETS. 147 
 
 (Roger Jones) submitted to the secretary of war a list of officers 
 who had been brevetted since 182 1, and with reference to those 
 who had served " ten years in one grade," and who had not been 
 brevetted, made a special report, in which he divided the officers 
 who considered themselves entitled " to this species of promo- 
 tion " into four classes : 
 
 ist. Officers of the line who have " served ten years in one 
 grade." 
 
 2d. Topographical engineers (brevet) who have " served ten 
 years in one grade." 
 
 3d. Officers of the general ' staff ^h.o have " served ten years in 
 one grade," and 
 
 4th. Officers of the line who hold brevets and who have been 
 ten years so " brevetted." 
 
 With reference to the 4th class, Colonel Jones remarked that 
 it included every brevet officer of more than ten years' standing in 
 their respective grades by brevet, but that there were no satisfactory 
 data as to whether any of the officers of this class had " served 
 ten years " according to their brevet commissions, and the presump- 
 tion was that there was no such instance. 
 
 Again, on the 20th of January, 1827, Adjutant-General Jones 
 submitted a list of all officers entitled to " brevets " under the act 
 of July 6t;h, 1812, for " ten years service in one grade." 
 
 On the 20th of February, 1828, Attorne3'-General Wirt rendered 
 an opinion upon a claim made by Major Worth which introduced 
 the question whether the ten years' service in the same grade must 
 be ten consecutive years, or whether the ten years may be made 
 up of irregular and desultory services at different times in the 
 brevet grade, interspersed with service in the lineal grade, the 
 latter not being taken into account, and the former added to- 
 gether so as to make an aggregate of ten years. The attorney- 
 general referred the secretary of war to his opinion of April 5 th, 
 1824, and further stated that " the ten years' service contemplated 
 by Congress was a service for ten consecutive years." He also 
 took occasion, in this opinion, to call attention to the fact that 
 the act of July 6th, 1812, merely authorized Xh& President to con- 
 fer brevet rank, but did not command him to do so, leaving it to 
 his discretion to say whether the gallant actions and meritorious 
 conduct had been sufficiently important to deserve such a mark 
 of distinction, and whether the grade and the ten years' service in 
 that grade had been of sufficient importance to deserve it. 
 
 On the 25th of November, 1829, Adjutant-General Jones sub- 
 mitted to the secretary of war a special report on the claim of 
 certain officers to " brevet on brevet," and to ordinary brevet pro- 
 motion for ten years' faithful service " in one grade," deemed by: 
 
148 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 them to be over due, but not considered by the Executive to be 
 within the established rules of service. In this report, the adjutant- 
 general took occasion to trace the progress of the principle which 
 had governed in the case of brevet promotion on a ten years' brevet. 
 He affirmed that the records of the war department proved that 
 brevets had never been recognized by the President as an uniform 
 basis of further promotion by brevet in time of peace, unless the 
 officer claiming such brevet promotion had actually /^^r»«^^ the 
 appropriate duties of his brevet for ten consecutive years, save on 
 one special occasion. He referred to the opinions of the attor- 
 ney^general of April 5th, 1824, and February 20th, 1828 (already 
 cited), and said that while the practice of the government, in time 
 of peace, for the most part had been in accordance with the lead- 
 ing principles laid down in the attorney-general's official opinion, 
 nevertheless there was no written rule or record for the guidance 
 of the war department whenever the intricacies of the question of 
 brevet promotion might arise. To insure uniform decisions and 
 uniformity of action in this matter, a general regulation, dated 
 May 17th, 1828, was framed, but was not published to the army. 
 This regulation read as follows : 
 
 1. Brevets cannot be conferred for ten years' service in one 
 grade unless such service shall have been performed for ten con- 
 secutive years. If the ten years' service, therefore, " in any one 
 grade " be made up by an union of separate and disjointed pe- 
 riods, it would not entitle the officer to brevet promotion. 
 
 2. Brevet on brevet, for ten years' service in any one brevet 
 grade, maybe conferred when the officer has performed the appro- 
 priate duties of his brevet rank during ten consecutive years. If 
 he should have performed duty, or have been mustered, in any 
 grade inferior to his brevet during any portion of a ten years' 
 service, the additional brevet would not be conferred. 
 
 3. If an officer's rank in the army be suspended by sentence 
 of a general court martial, during any period of a ten years' ser- 
 vice in one grade, he is not eligible to brevet promotion for the 
 ten years' service which may have been interrupted by the suspen- 
 sion of his rank." 
 
 The only exception to the restrictive operation of the foregoing 
 rule relative to " brevet on brevet " was in the case of eighteen 
 officers, nominated in February, 1829, for "brevet promotion on 
 war brevets conferred for gallant actions and meritorious con- 
 duct," and this was the only occasion on which the chief 
 magistrate consented to recognize such brevets as the basis of an 
 additional brevet for ten years' service in one grade. 
 
 In 1829, the Senate confirmed a number of brevets for ten years' 
 service, and then ceased confirming them for a period of three 
 
OF BREVETS. 14^ 
 
 years. The secretary of war, in his annual report, made on the 
 2ist of November, 1831, adverted to the subjects of these brevets, 
 and urged the confirmation of those then before the Senate. He 
 said that, so far as regarded the services and compensation of 
 officers holding these commissions, the regulations then in force 
 were just, and well calculated to prevent any injury to the public 
 service, and that no officer could receive the pay of his brevet 
 rank unless serving in that capacity when on duty, and having a 
 command according to it. He then went on to make the follow- 
 ing argument, showing the wisdom of conferring brevets " for ten 
 years' service in one grade : 
 
 " These brevet commissions presuppose experience in the 
 officer, and are founded upon the presumption that circumstances 
 may arise when his services may be useful in a more extensive 
 sphere than that in which, by his lineal commission, he is required 
 to act, and these circumstances will oftener be found in our ser- 
 vice than in any other. Our regular troops and militia must 
 frequently act together. When thus co-operating, the officers of 
 the regular army take rank of all militia officers of the same 
 grade, whatever may be the date of their respective commissions. 
 This rule is highly beneficial to the public interest, because, with- 
 out creating invidious distinctions, it gives to experience its proper 
 weight. By granting brevet commissions, after ten years' service 
 in one grade, agreeably to the present rule, experienced officers 
 will be provided for command upon detachments, or at posts 
 where the objects are important or the danger is imminent. 
 
 " The construction which has been given to the law upon this 
 subject has restricted the granting of brevet commissions upon 
 prior ones to those cases only where ten years' service have been 
 rendered under such prior commissions." 
 
 " There may be some dOubt respecting the correctness of this 
 view, and also the expediency of the restriction. 
 
 "These commissions, except in the few instances stated, and 
 those very proper, occasion no expense to the government. They 
 are, in their operation, rewards for past good conduct, and incen- 
 tives to future. They cannot be abused, for ten years' services 
 certainly qualify an officer for a higher grade, and to attain by 
 brevet promotion the rank of brigadier general, from the com- 
 mencement of the term of a captain, requires a period of forty 
 years ; and if to this be added the necessary progress through 
 the two lower grades of first and second lieutenant, the prospect 
 of a young man, on entering our service, is not very flattering. 
 Nor has he much to hope for from his pay. It is barely suflicient 
 to enable the officers, with rigid economy, to live respectably ; and 
 few of them leave for their children any inheritance but a g-ooH 
 
150 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 name. It is important that a just pride of character, personal 
 and professional, should be encouraged in a class of men whose 
 usefulness depends essentially upon the cultivation of such a 
 feeling. 
 
 This system of promotion, so useful in war and economical in 
 peace, offers honorable objects of ambition, and cannot fail to 
 stimulate the exertions of officers of the army." 
 
 Notwithstanding this strong representation of the secretary of 
 war, the brevets were not confirmed by the Senate. 
 
 This inaction arose from the fact that the Senate had it then 
 under consideration to revise the entire brevet law ; probably in 
 consequence of Scott's controversies with Gaines and Macomb. 
 
 The law in regard to brevets for " ten years' service," was a 
 peace measure, and that authorizing their bestowal for gallant 
 and meritorious conduct, a war measure. 
 
 In 1832, a bill was introduced into the House of Representa- 
 tives to repeal the law authorizing the conferring of brevets on 
 officers of the army " who shall have serv.ed ten years in any one 
 grade." Several officers conceiving themselves likely to be in- 
 jured thereby, framed and presented, on the 2d of June, 1832, 
 a memorial to the House, expressing a hope that the bill would 
 not become a law. The memorialists stated that, in their opinion, 
 the institution of brevet rank for continuous faithful service was 
 peculiarly adapted to a state of peace, and to a military organi- 
 zation such as that of the United States ; that in time of war the 
 provision would be almost inoperative, but that in time of peace 
 the system (brevet promotion for ten years' service in one grade) 
 supplied a stimulus to exertion, without which, in the military 
 service, as in all other conditions of human life, advancement in 
 knowledge and usefulness could not be expected. 
 
 The memorialists further urged that the additional expense 
 caused by the system, under the law then existing relative to the 
 pay of brevet officers, was very small in comparison with its bene- 
 fits ; that only about one-half of the officers holding brevet rank 
 were in receipt of brevet pay, and that the arrangements and 
 exigencies of the service would prevent any considerable increase 
 in the number. They also, in support of their petition, adverted 
 to the fact that in case of the militia having to be called out, 
 which often happened, " a major of the local militia, elected per- 
 haps yesterday, may be to-day associated with, and would com- 
 mand a captain of" fifteen years' standing, whose whole life had 
 been devoted to the military profession." They expatiated as to 
 the justice of the measure, and contended that, as the law in 
 regard to brevets for ten years' service had been in force since 
 1812, the officers in service had a right to regard the prospect of 
 
OF BREVETS. I5I 
 
 brevet promotion as one of the considerations for their services ; 
 that to snatch the reward from those especially who seemed to 
 have it almost within their grasp, whilst others, not more merito- 
 rious, enjoyed its benefits, seemed excessive hardship and injus- 
 tice ; and that to abolish all brevets (an impracticable measure), 
 and to give the proposed repeal of the ten years' service brevet a 
 distinct prospective operation, seemed to them to be the only 
 alternatives consistent with good faith. 
 
 In his annual report, dated November 29, 1833, the secretary 
 of war again brought up the subject of these brevets. He 
 said, " I have had the honor heretofore to submit to your consid- 
 eration my views in relation' to brevet commissions in the army, 
 and I am induced, as an act of justice to those entitled to them, 
 again to present the subject. If no new legislation is contem- 
 plated, nor any action of the Senate which shall change the 
 principle or practice heretofore prevalent, no objections occur to 
 me to delay any longer these promotions. The officers have 
 earned them by length of service, agreeably to the established 
 usage, and to make a discrimination, without any previous declar- 
 ation, so as to exclude from diis advantage those who at this time 
 are entitled to it, does not seem called for by the exigency of 
 any circumstance connected with this subject, and, in fact, there 
 are no very obvious reasons occurring to me wliy these profes- 
 sional honors, which, in common cases, make no demand upon 
 the treasury, but serve to foster those professional feelings which 
 give elevation to the military character, should not be granted as 
 they have heretofore been. 
 
 " Under ordinary circumstances they would produce no practi- 
 cal operation either with relation to emolument or command. 
 When they should do either it would be precisely when their 
 value would be enhanced by the very state of things producing 
 this change in their operation, and when the greater experience of 
 the brevet officer would entitle him to an enlarged command, and 
 to a corresponding rank over those, whether in the regular army 
 or in the militia, whose qualifications, so far as these depend 
 upon service, are less than his." 
 
 Neither these repeated efforts of the secretary in favor of brevet 
 rank for ten years' service, nor the memorial before referred to, 
 seem to have had the desired effect, as, on the 30th of June, 1834, 
 Congress passed an act repealing so much of the act of July 6, 
 1812, as authorized the President to confer brevet rank "for ten 
 years' service in any one grade," with a proviso, however, that 
 " nothing herein shall affect any right already acquired by ten 
 years' expired service." 
 
 The subject was again brought up, on the 4th of February, 
 
152 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS' 
 
 1835, by Adjutant-General Jones, who submitted to the secretary 
 of war a report urging the repeal of the act of June 30, 1834, in 
 favor of nineteen officers of the army, who, at the date of its 
 passage, held brevets for more than ten years, and asking that, if 
 approved, it be laid before the President for his favorable decision 
 as to conferring upon the officers named a " brevet upon brevet." 
 
 The list comprised the names of nineteen veteran officers of 
 the arm}', of whom five were captains, four of them of more than 
 twenty years' standing, and all of them more than ten years 
 majors by brevet ; and seven majors, all of whom had served 
 more than twenty years, and some more than twenty-five years. 
 The list embraced all the officers of the army who, on the 30th 
 of June, 1834, held brevets for more than ten years, but the rea- 
 son they did not receive their brevet promotion was because the 
 rule, adopted by the Executive in April, 1824, and never 
 departed from (except in the cases of the war brevets before 
 referred to), forbade the granting of brevet on brevet, unless the 
 officer had actually performed the appropriate duties of his brevet 
 rank. Colonel Jones was of opinion that this rule was adopted 
 more to restrict the operation of the system to the narrowest 
 limits — to service only in lineal or staff grades — than to any 
 disability believed to be imposed by the law, and he argued that 
 with the repeal of the law, the inference was that the policy of 
 restriction ceased, and that the system of brevets for ten years' 
 service being at an end, from and after the 30th of June, 1834, 
 there could be no more repetition, — no more like cases, — if the 
 list now submitted by him should be approved by the President. 
 His efforts were fruitless. 
 
 On the 26th of February, 1845, Adjutant-General Jones made 
 another appeal to the secretary of war, in behalf of several officers 
 of the army "who, prior to the repeal of the law (of 18 12) — in 
 June, 1834 — for more than ten years respectively held rank, by 
 brevet, of higher grade than their commissions in the line." In 
 this report, he adverted to the one made by him ten years before, 
 (the report of February 24, 1835, previously mentioned), and 
 urged that the cases now presented for the consideration of the 
 Executive were greatly changed in two important points : first, 
 the number of officers interested was then nineteen — now there 
 were only eight ; second, every one of the number would then 
 have been advanced to a new or higher grade — now only two of 
 the present number would be advanced (General Brady and 
 Major Craig), and the effect of the brevet in the other six cases 
 would only be to give to each ^ prior date of rank in the grade in 
 which they held commissions in their regiments or corps. 
 
 This appeal did not have the desired result, there being, an 
 
OF BREVETS. I S3 
 
 unwillingness on the part of the proper authorities either to 
 repeal the law of June 30, 1834, or to make any exceptions to its 
 provisions. War with Mexico soon afterwards broke out, and, 
 in the competition for honors on the field of battle, the question of 
 brevet rank for " ten years' service " seems to have died a natural 
 death. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 BLACK HAWK WAR. 
 
 The " Black Hawk" War occurred in 1832, in which the regu- 
 lar troops, under Colonel (afterwards President) Zachary Taylor, 
 participated. This war virtually terminated with the battle of 
 the "Bad Axe," fought on the 2d of August, 1832, and, although 
 important services were rendered by the army during its continu- 
 ance, no brevets appear to have been conferred for them. 
 
 FLORIDA WAR. 
 
 The war with the Seminole and Creek Indians in Florida, or the 
 " Florida War," as it is generally called, commenced in August, 
 1835, and lasted until 1842. In this war a large part of the regu- 
 lar army was engaged from time to time, and brevet rank was 
 exercised by various officers in it, especially by the commanding 
 generals. This was done in accordance with regulations issued 
 in 1835, which contained the following paragraphs on the 
 subject of brevet rank : 
 
 " I. Whenever different corps, or regiments, or parts of regi- 
 ments, happen to join and do duty together upon marches, 
 guards, or in quarters, the officer highest in rank of the line of 
 the army, present on duty, has the right to command the whole, 
 and give the orders needful to the service. Brevet officers, or 
 officers having brevets, or commissions of a prior date to those 
 of the corps or regiment in which they serve, cannot, by virtue of 
 such brevets or commissions of a prior date, assume the com- 
 mand." 
 
 " 3. An officer not on duty with, or belonging to, any of the 
 companies, battalions, regiments or corps, composing a command, 
 cannot assume the command thereof." 
 
 An^extension of these regulations was made in 1838 (November 
 
 S 
 
154 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 2d), by Mr. Poinsett, secretary of war, in an order saying, " Brevet 
 rank takes effect on courts-martial and courts of inquiry when 
 composed of officers of different corps." 
 
 So much of the act of 1812 as authorized the President to con- 
 fer brevet rank for ten years' service in one grade was repealed in 
 1834, but those provisions were still in force by which he could 
 brevet officers of the army who might distinguish themselves, ist, 
 by "gallant actions," or, 2d, by "meritorious conduct." Not- 
 withstanding the fact that the Florida war furnished about the 
 only field for " gallant actions " since the war of 1812, the recom- 
 mendations for brevets under the two heads were numerous. The 
 following letters from the secretary of war and general-in-chief 
 show the state of the case in 1845 : — 
 
 " War Department, 
 
 January 31, 1845. 
 
 " Sir : — I refer to you the papers which have accumulated upon 
 my table, presenting the claims of many gallant and meritorious 
 officers of the army to brevet commissions. 
 
 " By adding the transmitted papers to those you have yourself 
 received, my object is to throw the delicate duty upon you of mak- 
 ing out such a list, as may be deemed just and proper to be sub- 
 mitted to the President, of those officers who may have so emi- 
 nently distinguished themselves as to be entitled to the special 
 mark from the government of brevet promotions. 
 
 " I take this course, not for the purpose of avoiding responsi- 
 bility myself ; but because it is proper that those cases should be 
 first submitted to the commanding general of the army, whose long 
 services, experience and knowledge of military affairs will enable 
 him justly to discriminate and judge correctly of those signal acts 
 upon which are founded the claims of officers to the honor of bre- 
 vet rank. 
 
 " It has not been my personal good fortune to have had oppor- 
 tunities — so happily for many years thrown in your way — of wit- 
 nessing the gallant and patriotic acts of officers who have been 
 under your command and immediate inspection. Hence it is, 
 that all the knowledge I possess of the gallant conduct of many 
 of the officers of our army, in the field, and of the high merits of 
 others in their professional pursuits, is derived from public and 
 general reports — a very different knowledge from that which you 
 possess. 
 
 " In subinitting this subject for your consideration and report, 
 t is proper I should invite your grave attention to the policy 
 which in my opinion should govern the Executive in the distribu- 
 tion of those special appointments which beslow, out of the spe- 
 
OF BREVETS. ISS 
 
 cific course of promotion, peculiar honor and privileges upon the 
 military officer who has had the good fortune presented to him, 
 of eminently distinguishing himself in the service of his country. 
 
 " The value of the brevet commission must very much depend 
 upon the use made by the government of the power of conferring 
 it. And whilst that value can be much enhanced by the caution 
 with which the honor is bestowed, it may be rendered so cheap, 
 by its common and lavish distribution, as no longer to be deemed 
 an object of high and noble ambition. 
 
 "You must be well aware of my anxiety to guard the rights, 
 promote the just interests and secure the general welfare of the 
 officer and soldier. But let us take care, that we do not lose sight 
 of and impair those objects, in regard to the whole army, whilst 
 we employ ourselves in the consideration and advancement of 
 the claims of particular members of the body, however meritori- 
 ous and patriotic may have been their public services. 
 
 " I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 
 " Your obedient servant, 
 
 "WILLIAM WILKINS, 
 
 " Secretary of War." 
 
 To Major Gen. W. Scott, commanding, &c., &c. 
 
 " Head-Quarters of the Army, 
 
 Washington, February 6, 1845. 
 
 Sir : — Your instructions of the 31st ult., respecting applications 
 for brevets, together with all the papers in the respective cases, 
 have been duly weighed and considered. 
 
 " I fully concur with you that the subject is one of extreme 
 delicacy, and that the policy of multiplying brevets ought to be 
 most gravely considered. 
 
 " As a proof of that concurrence, I beg leave to state that, al- 
 though an active officer -in the war of 1812, and present, with 
 commanding rank, on many particular occasions, then deemed of 
 interest, I cannot remember having recommended more than 
 twelve, I believe I may say ten, officers for brevets, in that war, 
 although there were hundreds under my immediate orders, who 
 rendered gallant and effective service — services to which I was 
 mainly indebted for any little credit I myself personally obtained. 
 For the immense number of brevets granted at that period, on 
 the recommendations of other high and better commanders, to 
 the great disparagement of that sort of rank, I was, therefore, not 
 in any degree, responsible. 
 
 "The same strict views which then governed me in such mat- 
 ters, will be found embodied in The General Regulations for the 
 Army, originally drawn up by me in i8?o-i (and re-published in 
 
156 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 a second edition, 1825), in these words : (^Battles — general disposi- 
 tion ' for, Art. 53). 
 
 " ' 647. A written report of the day will be made by the several 
 commanders including those of battalions and squadrons, to their 
 respective chiefs, each in what concerns his corps. From the 
 reports of those next below him, corroborated or corrected by 
 his own observations, and those of his staff, the general-in-chief 
 will make his detailed; report to the secretary of war, and put in 
 orders, the name of every individual, without regard to rank, who 
 may have distinguished himself in an extraordinary manner.' 
 
 "'648. As reports and orders relative to battles, and other mil- 
 itary operations, constitute, in the case of subordinates, the found- 
 ation of military fame, and this fame the principal reward of merit 
 [brevets, &c.], too much care cannot be observed by the general- 
 in-chief in collecting information, before he offers the names of 
 his companions in arms to the notice of government, and the ad- 
 miration of the country. Justice and policy equally require that 
 the names of individuals or of corps, failing to do their duty, 
 should be given in like manner. Indeed, reports of military 
 affairs are highly defective, which do not notice faults committed, 
 as well as strokes of extraordinary courage or of genius exhibited.' 
 
 "'649. To enable the general-in-chief to execute, with impar- 
 tiality and fidelity, this high and delicate trust, his first despatch 
 to the government ought, briefly and simply, to state the general 
 and more important results of the affair, making his detailed re- 
 port af terwardSr on full deliberation.' 
 
 " Soon after the declaration of war. Congress gave authority for 
 conferring ' brevet rank on such officers of the army as shall ' — 
 1. 'Distinguish themselves by gallant actions,' or — 2. ' By other 
 meritorious conduct.' Sec. 4, act July 6, 1812. (These provisions 
 are still in force.) 
 
 " To bring any officer within either provision, it was then held, 
 by strict military critics (and I professed myself one), necessary : 
 
 " I. That he should render some signal service — that is per- 
 form some act over and above what government might reason- 
 ably have expected, under the particular circumstances, from a 
 good officer or officer of medium merit. 
 
 " 2. That the officer or the service should be susceptible of iso- 
 lation — that is, easily separated, and not confounded with like 
 services of many on the same occasion, and under the same cir- 
 cumstances. To illustrate : an entire regiment or battalion of 
 ten companies, executes a brilliant and successful charge — or, 
 (thrown into a square), repels a heavy shock of cavalry on every 
 side at once. In such a case, it might be impossible to distin- 
 guish one captain or one lieutenant from another- of the same 
 
OF BREVETS. IS7 
 
 grade. The colonel, however, there being but one, as also^the 
 adjutant, might be isolated and brevetted, and no other officer. 
 (Such is the fortune of war, at which no soldier ever repines), 
 unless, indeed, other regiments in the same line gave way under 
 the same general charge, or unless again the distinguished regi- 
 ment emphatically decided the victory, or saved the army — and 
 then, in either case, government would probably think it no less 
 just than politic to brevet, without exception, every individual offi- 
 cer in the regiment so isolated in distinction ; and 
 
 " 3. The scale of the service — the operation or duty must bear 
 some proportion to the brevet in question. Thus, a lieutenant, at 
 the head of some twenty men, beats or captures a like detach- 
 ment ; or a major with two companies has a like success against 
 about an equal force. Each commander ought clearly to be bre- 
 vetted. Brevets are the cheap and peculiar rewards of military 
 powers or genius. But it does not follow that they are to be 
 cheaply won. Suppose a major, in the first case above, or a colo- 
 nel, in the second, to have been the accidental commander. Ex- 
 cept after a series of disasters, between like parties, I should 
 certainly refuse to recommend the major for the brevet of lieu- 
 tenant-colonel for having beaten twenty men, or the colonel for 
 the brevet of brigadier-general, for having beaten two companies. 
 The proportion between rank and command, on the one hand, 
 and brevets to be conferred on the other, ought always to be ob- 
 served — both in respect to open conflicts, and the other services 
 contemplated by the law. To lose sight of this consideration 
 would be to confound and level all grades of rank and all occa- 
 sions of distinction. 
 
 "During the long period from 1815 to 1841, although at least 
 as actively employed as any other general officer of the army, I 
 do not remember to have recommended more than the following 
 officers : 
 
 1. In 1822 or 23, Brevet Major Thayer, the refounder and 
 superintendent of the military academy (an officer of rare merit), 
 recommended' for lieutenant-colonel by brevet. It was granted. 
 
 2. " In 1840, 0/(?«e/ 7(7//^«, chief of corps of engineers, planner 
 and superintendent of national defence, by fortifications (also an 
 officer of rare merit and services), for brigadier-general by brevet. 
 Not acted upon. 
 
 "3. Same date. Major Z'^/iT/f^/;/, superintendent of the mili- 
 tary academy (an officer of high merit), for lieutenant-colonel by 
 brevet. Not acted upon. 
 
 "Jul}') 1841, I was called to this city as general-in-chief of the 
 army, and in that year recommended to the secretary of war, for 
 brevets, three officers serving in Florida. Their names were not 
 then sent to the Senate. 
 
158 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 " Prior to my coming into this office (July 5, 1841), there had 
 already been nominated to the Senate, for brevets, on account of 
 services in the Florida war, thirty-nine officers, of which nomi- 
 nations, twenty-one had been confirmed. 
 
 " By February, 1842, the number of new applications for 
 brevets on account of the same war, had much accumulated. It 
 was then that I received instructions from Mr. Secretary Spencer, 
 to take the whole correspondence of the several commanders of the 
 Florida army into hand, and to glean therefrom, the name of 
 every officer whose services, in that war, seemed to entitle him to 
 the distinction of a brevet. 
 
 " A list of thirty-seven names was accordingly presented by 
 me, in May, 1842, which was nominated by the President and 
 confirmed at that, and the next session of the Senate. Four 
 brevets, including two marines, were added at the session of 1843-4 
 (not at my suggestion), making, in all, sixty, which have been 
 conferred on account of that war. 
 
 " The new applications having again become numerous, I was 
 a second time required (at the end of May) to report a list, and, 
 accordingly, handed in one, June 5, 1844, embracing thirty-three 
 names, all but five for services in the same war. Six of those 
 names would have been included in the list of 1842, on account 
 of the same war, if General Worth's letters, specially recommend- 
 ing them, had been received in time. 
 
 " It is understood that this second list recommended by me, 
 June 5, 1844, was immediately nominated by the President, and 
 at the same time yet another list, containing perhaps as many 
 names of other officers which had been handed in from some 
 volunteer source, without any agency or knowledge on my part. 
 In my ignorance of the names on this volunteer list, and the 
 grounds on which they were severally recommended for brevets, 
 it is not for me to say that some of these officers may not be as 
 worthy of the reward of merit as any who have been regularly pre- 
 sented through this office. 
 
 " It is understood that the nominations of June, 1844 (the two 
 lists just mentioned), were not taken up, or not acted upon, at 
 the session of the Senate which terminated in that month. Whether 
 they have been renominated by the President at the present ses- 
 sion, I have not learned. 
 
 " Considering the great number of brevets which have been 
 conferred within a few years, and that some sixty nominations yet 
 remain to be acted upon by the Senate ; and considering the 
 strict rules laid down above which ought never to have been de- 
 parted from, rules substantially reproduced and confirmed in the 
 instructions of the department under which I am now acting, I 
 
OF BREVETS. 1 59 
 
 beg leave, at least for the present, to decline presenting any new- 
 list of officers for brevets. 
 
 '• I have the honor to remain, 
 " Sir, with high respect, 
 " Hon. Wm. Wilkins, " Your obedient servant, 
 
 '' Secretary of War. "WINFIELD SCOTT." 
 
 " War Department, 
 "March ist, 1845. 
 
 "To the President of the United States, 
 
 Sir: — "My attentionsince June last has been more particularly 
 called to the subject of brevet appointments. I am now satisfied that 
 the nomination of so large a number as were on the lists presented 
 at that time to the Senate, would, if confirmed, lessen the merit of 
 that distinction and render the honor which should pertain to it 
 too common. Under these circumstances it became necessary, 
 if I made any recommendations, to have the number reduced. 
 For that purpose I referred the whole matter, with some general 
 views of my own, to the general-in-chief of the army. His 
 report, with ray letter — which I have the honor to lay before you 
 — seems drawn up on the most correct military principles. After 
 ofEering all the considerations which should fornt a basis in the 
 selection of the names of officers for the honor of brevet appoint- 
 ments, the major-general declines presenting a new or modified 
 list of officers. He, however, places one name so markedly and 
 prominently forward, as to be isolated from the mass of those 
 under consideration, saying that ' in 1840 (he recommended) Col- 
 onel Totten, chief of the corps of engineers, planner and superinten- 
 dent of national defence by fortifications (also an officer of rare 
 merit and services), for Brigadier General by brevet,' which rec- 
 ommendation was not acted upon. Colonel Totten was recommend- 
 ed to the Senate, in 1836, by President Van Buren for the brevet 
 of brigadier-general. This officer is certainly entitled to the com- 
 mendation , bestowed upon him and to the approbation of his 
 government. The official intercourse between the Bureaux and 
 this Department has thrown me in almost daily intercourse with 
 the gentlemen at the heads of them, for each of whom I have 
 contracted the highest esteem, both officially and personally. 
 Although I cannot have the gratification, under the rule which I 
 have adopted for my action in this respect, to present their names 
 to you, it cannot be long before their merits will draw upon them 
 the honors of brevet appointments. 
 
 "I cannot refuse to concur with what I believe to be the opinion 
 of the army generally, that it is both proper and expedient to put 
 
l60 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 some limit to the bestowal of brevets for services during the Flor- 
 ida war. A number already exceeding one-third of those grant- 
 ed for the many acts of gallantry illustrating the war, which is 
 often and quite properly termed the second war of Independence, 
 has been bestowed. One hundred and fifty brevets only, includ- 
 ing nine officers who received two brevets, were given in the war 
 of 1812, whereas fifty-nine brevets have already been given for 
 services during the Florida war. 
 
 " Were I noW to take up and recommend a list composed of 
 the many officers whose names are pressed upon my consider- 
 ation, it would swell the number to about one hundred and forty- 
 nine. 
 
 " Very respectfully, 
 
 " Your obed't. servant, 
 
 "W. WILKINS." 
 
 The brevets for distinguished services in the Florida war are 
 shown in the Register. 
 
 The following liberal view concerning brevet rank and the 
 rights under commissions generally was expressed by the military 
 committee of the Senate, January 5, 1838 : 
 
 Mr. Wall, from the committee on military affairs, to whom was 
 referred the petition of Mary A. Patrick, widow of Captain Mat- 
 thew Alexander Patrick, late captain ist Regiment U. S. Artillery, 
 reported as follows : 
 
 " The petitioner prays for an act of Congress authorizing the 
 payment to her of the difference between the pay and emoluments 
 of a first lieutenant and a captain, from the nth August, 1830, to 
 the 4th Februaiy, 1833, to which he would have been entitled had 
 he lived until the Senate confirmed his nomination, which had 
 been made for three successive years and not acted on by the 
 Senate. 
 
 " The facts, as stated by the petitioner, are confirmed by the 
 records of the war department. 
 
 " It appears that the attorney-general has given an opinion, 
 that, to entitle an officer to brevet pay, under the law of 1812, the 
 officer must be 'brevetted,' and, under the law of 1818, he must 
 have a ' brevet commission ; ' in other words, that he was not 
 entitled to the pay and emoluments of his brevet rank for the 
 period that he exercised a command equal to the brevet rank, 
 between the time he became entitled to that rank and the date of 
 his confirmation. This opinion conflicted with that of the secre- 
 tary of war, and appears also to be contrary to former military 
 usage, and does not now govern the action of the war depart- 
 ment ; and the attorney-general, while he feels himself bound to 
 
OF BREVETS. l6l 
 
 adhere to tlie opinion before expressed, tliinks it just that Con- 
 gress should allow the increased pay in all cases where the officer 
 had a command agreea.bly to the higher grade, after the brevet 
 rank was actually due. 
 
 " The committee are of opinion that, according to military 
 usage, the commission confers rank, pay, and emoluments from 
 the time of irs date, without reference to the period of its confirm- 
 ation. During the continuance of the law conferring brevet rank, 
 when the length of an officer's service brought him within its pro- 
 visions, he was subject to perform all the duties, and to incur all 
 the responsibilities and expenses, of his advanced grade, and took 
 brevet rank from the dat:; of his commission, which, in all cases, 
 corresponded with the time when he became entitled to such rank, 
 without regard to his confirmation. Had Captain Patrick lived 
 until the Senate acted upon his nomination, which had been duly 
 made by the President from time to time, there is no reason to 
 doubt that it would have been confirmed. The President, on his 
 part, executed the law by making the nomination according to its 
 provisions, and, had the Senate acted, his right would have been 
 perfected by the confirmation of the nomination. The non-action 
 of the Senate ought not, in the opinion of the committee, to deprive 
 a meritorious officer of the right vested in him by law, and deprive 
 him of his brevet, pay, and emoluments.. 
 
 " The committee, therefore, think that the petitioner is entitled 
 to relief, and submit a bill accordingly." 
 
 The rules of 1835, in regard to brevet rank, already mentioned, 
 governed until 1 841, when new regulations were issued, which 
 contained the following on rank and command : — 
 
 " 12. Whenever different corps or regiments happen to join or 
 do duty together upon marches, guards, or in quarters, the officer 
 highest in rank of the line of the army shall command the whole. 
 " 13. Brevet rank, or commission of a prior date to that of the 
 regiment or corps in which an officer serves, can onl)' entitle him 
 to command when on detachments composed of different regi- 
 ments or corps, and takes place in courts-martial and courts 
 of inquiry when similarly composed. 
 
 '' 14. An officer not on duty with, or belonging to, any of the 
 companies, battalions, or regiments or corps, comprising a com- 
 mand, cannot assume the command thereof. 
 
 " 15. An officer intrusted with the command of a post, detach- 
 ment, guard, or separate force, will not surrender it to another 
 officer unless regularly relieved, except in case of sickness or in- 
 ability to perform his duty, when the officer next in rank, of the 
 line of the army, present and on duty with such command, will 
 succeed as a matter of course. 
 
 8* 
 
1 62 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 " i6. Officers having rank in the line of the army in the staflf, 
 or by brevet, though eligible to command, will not assume the 
 command unless specially put on duty with that intention." 
 
 The regulations of 1841 continued in force until 1847, when 
 new regulations were adopted, which, with regard to the subject 
 of rank and command, were substantially the same as the regula- 
 tions of 1835. 
 
 MEXICAN WAR. 
 
 The "Army of Occupation" assembled in Texas in 1845. It 
 was commanded by Brevet Brigadier-General Zachary Taylor, 
 colonel of the ist infantry, on duty according to his brevet, and it 
 contained officers both of the line and staff who held brevets in 
 addition to commissions in tlijeir respective branches of the service. 
 Questions speedily arose as to the rights of brevet rank, which 
 General Taylor decided adversely to the brevets, but submitted 
 the matter to the headquarters of the army in Washington in the 
 following letter : — 
 
 " Headquarters Army of Occupation, 
 
 Corpus Christi, Texas, October gth, '45. 
 The Adjutant-General of the Army, 
 Washington, D.C. 
 
 " Sir : — I respectfully enclose for the consideration and decision 
 of the proper authorities the following papers, viz. : 
 
 "No. I. Letter from Brevet Major Rains, 7th Infantry, claim- 
 ing the command of the zd brigade, Army of Occupation, in vir- 
 tue of his brevet rank. 
 
 " No. 2. Copy of reply to No. i, declining to make any change 
 in the command of the brigade. ■• 
 
 " No. 3. Letter from Brevet-Major Rains appealing to general 
 headquarters. 
 
 " I respectfully solicit a decision in this case, and beg leave at 
 the same time to invite the attention of the general-in-chief to 
 the subject of brevet rank generally, with a view to avoid difficul- 
 ties that may arise in the Army of Occupation. 
 
 " First, the case of Gen. Worth and Col. Twiggs. Is the as- 
 signment of the former to his brevet rank in Florida effective 
 here ? or would he, without such assignment, command Col. 
 Twiggs on the general principles of brevet rank ? This case 
 would become of vast importance in a certain contingency, and 
 I deem it necessary for the good of the service that it should be 
 settled in advance beyond the possibility of cavil. 
 
 " Again the case of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Childs. It will 
 
OF BREVETS. 1 63 
 
 be perceived from my orders that I have assigned him formally to 
 the command of the artillery companies serving as infantry, com- 
 posing the rst battalion of the ist brigade. I have dqne this in 
 pursuance of the suggestions from your office, communicated 
 September ist, but there can. hardly be a doubt that Major Ewing, 
 who is daily expected from St. Joseph's Island, will protest against 
 serving under the orders of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Childs, and 
 I certainly shall not require him to do so, without specific orders 
 from general headquarters. 
 
 " I have cited the two most prominent cases, in addition to the 
 one presented by Major Rains. Others may arise, and at mo- 
 ments when the safety of the army and honor of the service would 
 require the most harmonious action. It is much to be desired 
 that these points should be settled. It is well known that differ- 
 ent views are entertained on the subject of brevet rank by the 
 most intelligent officers. These views cannot, perhaps, be recon- 
 ciled without further legislation, but the recurrence of difficulties 
 may to a considerable extent be avoided by executive assign- 
 ment. 
 
 " I am, sir, very respectfully, 
 
 " Your obedient servant, 
 
 " Z. TAYLOR, 
 "Bvt. Brig.-Genl. U. S. A., comdg." 
 
 To this the following reply was made : 
 
 " Headquarters of the Army, 
 
 " Adjutant-General's Office, 
 "Washington, Nov. 17, 1845. 
 
 " Brevet Brigadier-General Taylor : 
 
 "Sir: — In reference to your letter of the loth October, 
 1845, oil the subject of brevet rank, I am directed by the general- 
 in-chief to say that he promptly laid it before the secretary of 
 war for the consideration of the highest authority. In the mean- 
 time, and by the desire of the secretary of war [he not having 
 leisure at this time fully to examine the question himself], the 
 general-in-chief gives the following as his own general answers 
 to the queries you have presented :— 
 
 "'Paragraphs 11, 14, 15 and 16, in the General Regulations for 
 the Army, are all, more or less, repugnant to the law of the land, 
 and therefore, to that extent, null and void. See the 6 ist and 
 62d of the rules and articles of war, and als(^ " the custom of 
 war in like cases " — a rule of construction given by Congress in 
 the 69th of the same articles. 
 
164 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 " ' But it is further held that the repugnant paragraphs in ques- 
 tion were subsequently rescinded by the heading to the General 
 List in each annual Official Army Register since 1841. See that 
 of the present year, p. 28. That heading, first inserted in the 
 Register of 1842, was the well-considered act of the Executive. 
 By it, and the General List, the rank, precedence and command 
 of every commissioned officer in the army, down to captains in- 
 clusive, " whether by brevet, former commissions, or otherwise," 
 will be found to have been settled, annually, since 1841. 
 
 " ' Any military rank (giving the command of troops) which 
 enables an officer to join in mixed duty with an officer or officers 
 of any other permanently established corps (as a regiment, a corps 
 of engineers, or the marine corps) is, for that precise reason, 
 " rank of the line of the army," in the language of the 62d article 
 of war, as well as in accordance with the express terms of the 
 6 1 St [first part] and the heading oi the General List of the Army 
 Register. Hence brevet and former commissions, as well as 
 militia commissions [on mixed duty] give rank in the line of the 
 army. 
 
 " ' All military rank, derived from law, must be equally valid, 
 except so far, only, as it may be restricted by law. The only legal 
 restrictions on military rank, known in the United States, are to 
 be found in the 6ist, 63d, and g8th articles of war. In the 6ist, 
 brevet and former commissions are restricted in an officer's own 
 unmixed corps, and, but for the 98th, any senior militia officer 
 would, on mixed service, command all junior regular officers of 
 the same grade, " whether by brevet, former commissions, or 
 otherwise." No further restrictions can be imposed except by 
 the same authority — the Congress of the United States. 
 
 " ' The exception at the end of the 62d article — " unless other- 
 wise specially directed by the President of the United States, 
 according to the nature of the case " — evidently does not contem- 
 plate that a junior officer should ever be placed over a senior ; 
 but only that a senior officer may be prohibited from interfering 
 with some special command of a junior. The military academy 
 is an instance. That, although under the rules and articles of 
 war, is, by a valid regulation, carved out of a military department, 
 a division, and the general command of the army. 
 
 " ' President Madison decided, in General Orders of July ist, 
 1816, that "regiment and corps, as used in the 6ist article of the 
 rules and articles of war [are] synonymous terms," — that is, both 
 are permanently "established corps" according to General 
 Washington, in the case of Brevet-Maior McPherson. Rogers' 
 American Biography, p. 325. 
 
 " ' In General Orders, No. 11, of April 15, 1845 (signed by the 
 
OF BREVETS. l6$ 
 
 Secretary of War), a brevet is decided to be, as it is called on its 
 face — a commission. 
 
 " ' If there were a regimental colonel in the present army of 
 occupation, in Texas, senior to Brevet Brigadier-General Taylor's 
 regimental rank, it would not change the command of that army, 
 unless such colonel also held a senior commission as brevet 
 brigadier-general ; and this independent of assignment — a term not 
 more applicable to brevet rank than to any other rank. 
 That army is a detachment from the army of the United States, 
 and is, moreover, composed of different corps, and what is appli- 
 cable to the whole, is equally applicable to- its smaller temporary 
 corps when mixed. 
 
 " ' The formation of such — whether temporary brigades, battal- 
 ions, or smaller detachments — mixed or otherwise — depends on 
 the discretion of the commander of the army of occupation — 
 governed by usage, the actual slate and wants of the service. But 
 when corps become mixed, whether specially or by accident, the 
 senior officer in each " whether by brevet, former commission, or 
 otherwise," becomes entitled to command from the happening of 
 the junction. 
 
 " ' In respect to staff officers, in the presence of seniors, assign- 
 ment, by the common senior, is necessary, because to him it 
 belongs to say whether such officers may, without prejudice to 
 staff duties, and the rights of others, be assigned to the command 
 of troops. In the absence of a senior, a staff officer, with senior 
 military rank, as above, would clearly have the right to decide 
 that question himself. 
 
 " ' In the battalion of eleven artillery companies (of different regi- 
 ments), serving in the army of occupation as infantry, should an 
 additional field officer be deemed necessary with that battalion, by 
 the commander of that army, the second officer of the battalion, 
 whether such by brevet or otherwise, would be entitled to be 
 assigned as major.' 
 
 " I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 "R. JONES, 
 
 " Adjutant-General." 
 
 The foregoing letter was printed as a circular for the informa- 
 tion of the army, and produced the following celebrated "Corpus 
 Christi Memorial," a document remarkable for the ability it 
 displayed, and for the number of its signers as well as the dis- 
 tinction which many of them attained : — 
 
1 66 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 MEMORIAL FOR THE CONSIDERATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 To the President of the Senate :^- 
 
 SiR, — The undersigned officers of the United States Army, feel 
 themselves imperatively called up(5n to present their opinions upon 
 the subject of brevet rank, and respectfully ask that the same may 
 be laid before the Senate of the United States, in order that the 
 subject may be properly brought before Congress, to the end that 
 a question which has more or less agitated the army ever since 
 the war of 1812, may be legally and finally put to rest. 
 
 The immediate occasion we now have for presenting this subject 
 to your attention, may be seen in a letter from the headquarters 
 of the army, under the direction of the major-general command- 
 ing the army, dated "Adjutant-General's Office, Washington, 
 November 17th, 1845," addressed to Brevet Brigadier-General 
 Taylor, and which was printed " as a circular for the information 
 of the army," by order of the major-general commanding, on the 
 igth of November, 1845. Copies of this letter, it is presumed, 
 may be had at the office of the adjutant-general of the army. 
 The letter appears to have been written in reply to certain ques- 
 tions on the subject of brevet rank, submitted by Brevet Brigadier- 
 General Taylor, which seem to have been proposed with a view 
 of obtaining the decision of His Excellency the President of the 
 United States. The general in-chief proceeds to say, that the 
 letter of General Taylor was " promptly laid before the secretary 
 of war, for the consideration of the highest in authority," but 
 that, by desire of the secretary of war (he not having leisure at 
 this time fully to examine the question himself), the general-in- 
 chief gives the following as his own general answers to the 
 queries " proposed by General Taylor, and then follow the answers 
 of the general-in-chief. (See Appendix A.) 
 
 We cannot avoid expressing our regret that the questions sub- 
 mitted by General Taylor, did not reach " the highest in authority," 
 for we are persuaded that the unprejudiced and uncommitted 
 
OF BREVETS. 1 6/ 
 
 mind of that high functionary, would have found ample reason to 
 re-affirm the decisions of his predecessors in office, and which 
 have been, as we believe, invariably adverse to the opinions of 
 Major-General Scott. We know that the opinions of the late Presi- 
 dent Adams were of this character, and that a comprehensive and 
 remarkably lucid report upon this subject was made by General 
 Porter, whilst secretary of war, under the administration of Mr. 
 Adams, adverse to the views of General Scott, which report was 
 printed by order of the Senate or House of Representatives, and 
 may be found among the printed documents of Congress, about 
 the year 1828. We further know that President Jackson, in a 
 formal order, published to the army in the year 1829, decided the 
 question of brevet rank, also adverse to the views of General Scott, 
 the principles of which decision continued for a time to govern 
 the army, but they have been gradually, step by step, undermined 
 and must now be regarded as abrogated, if the principles expressed 
 in the letter of the 17th of November, 1845, are to be considered 
 valid. We repeat that we deeply regret that the peculiar position 
 of Major-General Scott, with respect to the brevet question did 
 not restrain him from acceding to " the desire of the Secretary of 
 War," and prevail with him to withhold from the army the 
 expression of his individual opinion, sustained as it is, by the 
 weight of his authority and high character, upon this much con- 
 troverted subject, in which he had been through a great part of 
 his life an interested controvertialist, which makes it impos- 
 sible to suppose that his opinions can be unbiassed, without 
 regarding him as possessing a nature elevated above that of 
 humanity. We believe that in common with the rest of the army, 
 he might well have been willing to trust the decision of the 
 question to the constitutional commander-in-chief of the army, 
 and that it would have sustained his character for magnanimity, 
 had he carefully and studiously abstained from forestalling and 
 anticipating the decision of the Executive. 
 
 It is not our wish, however, to occupy your time by general 
 reflections upon matters which, however pertinent in themselves, 
 may be regarded as collateral and aside from what we hope to 
 exhibit as a clear argumentative view of the brevet question, and 
 will, therefore, proceed at once to the merits of the question itself. 
 
 In all questions of controversy, where men are divided in 
 opinion, there must be some point where men separate from a 
 common ground of argument ; and, on a close examination, this 
 will always appear to be, among conscientious men, either the 
 misunderstanding of some fact, or the misapprehension or mis- 
 application of some principle. We expect to show, with the 
 utmost clearness, that the real ground of what: we regard as the 
 
1 68 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 erroneous views of Major-General Scott, so far as those views 
 assume the appearance of argumentfounded on law, is the assump- 
 tion of a wrong principle, one of the most erroneous and danger- 
 ous that has ever been discussed among men ; a principle which 
 has been warred against by the intelligence and liberty of nations 
 since the dawn of modern history ; a principle by which King 
 John was brought into conflict with his nobles, who compelled him 
 so far to relinquish it as to sign the great charter regarded as the 
 foundation of English liberty; a principle, in the struggle to 
 support which Charles I. was brought to the block ; a principle, 
 the partial destruction of which, deluged France with the blood 
 of her people, and that is the principle of the despot, claim- 
 ing to rule by divine right, and regarding itself as possessed 
 of all power, except so far as in early ages it was restrained by 
 the blind law of necessity, but which has been in more recent 
 times, put under some restraint by laws, emanating from the 
 wisdom and love of liberty of the people. We find this principle 
 stated in the letter of Major-General Scott, in the following few 
 words, to wit : — "All military rank, derived from law, must be 
 equally valid, except so far only as it may be restricted by law." 
 
 In these few words we see, indeed, that it is implied that 
 military rank must be derived from law, which, in this country, is 
 certainly true ; but we see also that it claims for military rank 
 validity for all purposes, except so far as it may be restricted by 
 law ; and this is the despotic principle upon which General Scott's 
 argument rests ; thus placing in the foreground a false principle 
 instead of that true one, congenial to the genius of our govern- 
 ment, that all military rank is valid so far only as made so by law, 
 and not in so far as it is not restricted by law. 
 
 To see the force of this, we appeal to the Constitution of the 
 United States, an instrument by which the people, or the States, 
 have created, by a grant of powers, what we call the general gov- 
 ernment, the power of which is not valid when not restricted, but 
 valid only so far as granted ; all powers not granted being express- 
 ly reserved to the people or the States ; and this principle apper- 
 tains to every officer, both civil and military, created under the 
 government, not one of whom has, or can have, one particle of 
 power which is not granted by law. 
 
 General Scott infers, upon his principle, that brevet rank 
 is valued to the full extent of lineal rank, except so far as 
 it is restricted by the 6ist, 63d and 98th articles of war; 
 but why he has confined the extension of it to lineal rank he has 
 not explained, which he should have done, since, upon his prin- 
 ciple, brevet rank must be equally valid in all the staff corps of the 
 army, for, in . the articles of war, there is found no restriction 
 
OF BREVETS. I 69 
 
 upon brevet rank forbidding those who hold it from claiming rank 
 and consideration in those staff corps. If this be so, and General 
 Scott's principle be correct, there is no reason why not only 
 brevet ■ officers but line officers also, should not claim rank and 
 consideration in all or any of the staff corps respectively ; for 
 even the 63d article of war does not restrict line officers from 
 assuming rank and consideration in the corps of engineers, 
 but restricts the engineers from being subject to be ordered 
 on any duty beyond the line of their immediate profession, 
 except by special order of the President of the United States. 
 
 What answer can be made to this order than by setting up the 
 true principle in opposition to that of General Scott, to wit, that 
 the officers of the various corps and departments of the army 
 have such power and privileges of rank as are granted to them by 
 law, and not such as those wherein they are not restricted by law ; 
 and how can it be pretended that brevet rank is exempt from the 
 operation of this principle, or how can the assumption be defended 
 that brevet rank is valid for all purposes except wherein it is 
 restricted by law, instead of regarding it as a creation of statute 
 law, and thus looking to the law itself to ascertain its rights and 
 privileges. 
 
 So far then from regarding the 6ist article" of war (as General 
 Scott does), in a negative light, as restrictive in its principle, it 
 can only be considered as positive, and as containing within itself a 
 grant of power and rights to brevet rank, and what is not therein, 
 or in some other law, granted to brevet rank, it neither has, nor 
 can have, under our free institutions. 
 
 In order to show that the design of Congress, in the creation of 
 brevet rank in our service, was entirely in accordance with these, 
 to us, clear principles, we have only to look at the history of the 
 service. We shall see that Congress reserved to the Senate of the 
 United States the power, and made it the duty also of the Senate, 
 to advise and consent to the commissions of officers of the army, 
 and this, too, where officers attained to rank, even by regular 
 succession upon the occurrence of vacancies. But they did not 
 require during a period of many years, this advice and consent in 
 the case of brevet commissions. This peculiarity cannot have 
 originated in a disposition to clothe the President with powers to 
 grant brevet commissions at pleasure, with the intention that 
 brevet rank should be valid, as General Scott supposes, for all 
 purposes except where restricted by law; and it can only be 
 understood as implying the belief, that brevet rank is chiefly an 
 honorable distinction, the .evidence of gallantry, ability or good 
 conduct, and not possessing powers by which it would come into 
 conflict with the advised and consented to commissions of other 
 
I/O HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 officers, except under the direct sanction of law, as under the 6ist 
 article of war. 
 
 When, however, in the course of time it appeared, as we sup- 
 pose, that the distinguishing characteristic of brevet rank was 
 somewhat obscured by the too frequent and indiscriminate grant of 
 it by the President, the Congress of the United States saw fit to 
 require tliat brevet commissions, in common with all others in 
 the army, should be submitted to the Senate of the United States, 
 and that is now the law of the land. 
 
 It cannot escape observation that President Jackson and 
 Secretary Porter, whose opinions have been referred to, had both 
 been distinguished soldiers, and that the former continued for 
 several years a major-general in the army after the close of the 
 war of 1812. President Jackson was intimately acquainted with 
 the question of brevet rank, and no less acquainted with the 
 feelings of the army upon the whole subject ; neither had he ever 
 been brought into collision with brevet rank in his own person, and 
 must thus be supposed to have been in the most desirable condi- 
 tion to form an accurate and unbiassed opinion in relation to that 
 rank. That opinion was, as already observed, the very opposite 
 to that now published to the army by the major-general command- 
 ing. See Appendix " B," which is a copy of the order of 
 President Jackson on the subject of brevet rank. If will be seen 
 at a glance, that the principal portion of it has been almost 
 literally transcribed into the general regulations of T841 for the 
 army, as may be seen by a comparison of it with the 11, 12, 13, 
 14, 15 and i6th paragraphs of those regulations, and of which 
 the II, 14, 15 and i6th paragraphs are now designated for the 
 information of the army by the general-in-chief, as " more or less 
 repugnant to law, and therefore so far null and void." 
 
 The possible contingent alternatives to which officers of the 
 army may feel themselves reduced, by these conflicting opinions 
 and authorities of the highest officers of the government compel- 
 ling officers on both sides of the question to assert their sup- 
 posed rights, at the hazard of their commissions, and if need be, 
 their lives, cannot fail to be of the most dangerous character, 
 " prejudicial to good order and military discipline " if not threat- 
 ening their entire destruction ; and to this allusion the under- 
 signed would, with all solemnity desire to call the serious attention 
 of Congress, as a point of sufficient importance in itself, to show 
 the necessity for legislation upon this subject. 
 
 It is not our design to enter into a minute criticism of the 
 details of the letter of the 17 th of November, believing it 
 to have been sufficient to have shown, as we think we have 
 shown, that its main feature and leading principle, is a false one, 
 
OF BREVETS. I /I 
 
 wholly alien to the genius of all free governments : that it is 
 a despotic principle with which the reason and intelligence 
 of man has been in conflict for ages ; but, nevertheless, we 
 cannot help adverting to a remarkable contradiction on the 
 face of the letter, which shows how completely the general- 
 in-chief was blinded by his preconceptions and determinations. 
 He sets forth that "paragraphs ii, 14, 15 and 16, in the general 
 regulations for the (army) 1841, are all more or less repugnant 
 to the law of the land, and therefore to that extent null and 
 void ; " and he undertakes to show this, by claiming for officers 
 holding staff and brevet rank by virtue of their commissions, 
 positive rights under the 6ist and 62d of the rules and articles 
 of war. These rights, as he supposes, they are restricted in the 
 exercise of, by those paragraphs of the regulations for the army. 
 And yet towards the close of his letter, he says, that " In respect 
 to staff officers in the presence of seniors, assignment by the 
 common senior is necessary, because to him it belongs to say 
 whether such officers may, without prejudice to staff duties and 
 rights of others, be assigned to the command of troops." In 
 other words, the President of the United States, cannot, in General 
 Scott's view, restrict staff officers in the exercise of the rights 
 they hold under the law, but a subordinate commander on a 
 distant station, separated from all immediate appeal to the 
 commander-in-chief, may restrict those officers in the exercise 
 of those same rights, and may determine when they shall or shall 
 not be " assigned to the command of troops." 
 
 We cannot close this communication without remarking that 
 we fully appreciate, and believe we understand the real intention 
 and importance of brevet rank, and that the noble emulation it 
 may give rise to in the army, when properly regulated, is of incal- 
 culable value. But when not properly regulated, when rights and 
 privileges are unlawfully added to the honors of that rank, making 
 an unholy conjunction, the rank itself will be sought for under 
 the influence of lowered, not to say degraded impulses. Those 
 have little knowledge of human nature, who do not perceive that 
 just so far as an unworthy object can be sought for under the 
 cloak of a noble one, the means employed in its pursuit, will by a 
 necessary contagion, become adapted to the inferior object and 
 take their character from it ; and it is from this cause, as we 
 believe, that some few have resorted to means and shifts to 
 obtain the advantages of brevet rank, which men of unperverted 
 feelings would not deign to use. By these remarks, we trust you 
 will perceive that we do not aim to destroy brevet rank, but to 
 purify it, by elevating it to an honor possessing only lawful privi- 
 es, and divesting it of those intrinsic advantages which have 
 
1/2 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 gathered around it by an unlawful war upon the proper rights and 
 privileges of the line of the arm)^. 
 
 We believe this object would be fully attained by a declaratory 
 act of Congress, affirming that the rights of brevet rank shall be 
 deemed to be valid, so far only as they exist by positive grants of law, 
 and no farther ; adding that a detachment is a body of troops sent 
 from the main body to perform a particular service and to be absent 
 for a limited time. We therefore submit for your consideration, 
 and through you for the consideration of the Congress of the 
 United States, the propriety and necessity of passing such a dec- 
 laratory act. 
 
 It will be perceived that this communication has thus far a 
 special reference to the unlawful extension of the rights of brevet 
 rank ; but we desire to add that, in regard to the principles of 
 the letter of the 17th of November on the subject of the staff, we 
 feel called upon to express our dissent from the correctness of 
 those principles. We have been accustomed for many years to 
 regard what is called rank, in the organization of the quarter- 
 master's department, as rank in that department, and so also the 
 rank of officers in the commissary and other departments of the 
 army has been regarded as rank in those departments respect- 
 ively ; and we are persuaded it was not designed by Congress to 
 authorize the officers of those departments to exercise command 
 in the line. 
 
 The first encroachment by which the officers of the quarter- 
 master's department, since its establishment under present laws, 
 began to consider themselves possessed of the right of command 
 in the line, was in 1836, when an officer of that department was 
 assigned to the command in the Creek county and subsequently 
 in Florida. It was not until several weeks after the arrival of 
 troops at this place, that an order was received from the major- 
 general commanding the army (see general order No. 44, 1845), 
 assigning several officers of the quarter-master's department to 
 duty with the army of occupation, containing a significant para- 
 graph in the following words : " they will be obeyed and respect- 
 ed according to their rank in the army." This order on the face 
 of it implies the promulgation of a new principle in regard to 
 staff officers, as if their rank in the army had not hitherto been 
 properly respected. The principles of the letter of the 17th 
 of November can leave no doubt as to the origin and purpose of 
 that clause in the order referred to. The order that the officers 
 of the quarter-master's department are to be " respected accord- 
 ing to their rank in the army," is now, by the letter of the 17th of 
 November, to be understood as a command that they are to be 
 respected according to their rank in [the line of] the army. The 
 
OF BREVETS. 173 
 
 senior officer of that department now with us, a colonel in the 
 staff, might declare that if his" seniors in rank were to leave the 
 Army of Occupation, he would assume the command, and this 
 position we have a right to suppose would be sustained by the 
 general-in-chief, notwithstanding the 62 d article of war, which 
 requires that the commanding officer shall have a commission 
 " of the line." What then has become of the distinction between 
 the line and the staff recognized in all our laws, those passed dur- 
 ing the war and subsequently ? See Cross' Laws, 1838. It will 
 be seen that where the legislation is for the " army of the United 
 States,," the act of Congress is so defined as the act of June 29th, 
 1812,* in the 5th section of which, the lines of artillery, light 
 artillery, dragoons, riflemen and infantry are distinctly named. 
 Sometimes the legislation is for " an additional military force," 
 as the act of January 9, 1813. Again the legislation is for the 
 " better organization of the general staff oi the army," — as the act, 
 March 3, 1813, in which there is no legislation for the line, the 
 line not being mentioned, except where authority is given to 
 transfer officers from the line to the staff, as in section 4, &c. 
 
 Occasionally we find acts of Congress for particular branches 
 of the staff, as that of the 2d of August, 1812, and that of Feb- 
 luary 8, 1815. The act of April 14, 1818, like that of March 3, 
 1815, is for "regulating the staff oi the army," and this act is im- 
 mediately followed in Cross' Laws by the act of April 16, 18 18, 
 for "regulating the pay and emoluments of brevet officers," 
 which act is exclusively confined to that distinct class of officers. 
 
 A few years ago, and down to about the 17th of November 
 last, the expressions lineal rank, staff rank, and brevet rank, had 
 each a distinct if not a definite meaning ; and it would have been 
 as irrational to undertake to prove that a man is a man, or a 
 horse a horse, as to attempt to prove that lineal rank was one 
 thing, staff rank another, and brevet rank still another ; — but by 
 the new principles just now communicated by the general-in-chief, 
 "for the information of the arrov," those old distinctions are all 
 broken up, brevet rank now means lineal rank, and staff rank is 
 par excellence lineal rank, while lineal rank is neither staff rank 
 nor brevet rank. 
 
 Whether it is wise to regard the line of the army (we use the 
 expression in its old and familiar sense) as a mere convenience 
 for the staff corps or not, must be decided by the government of 
 the country. Officers of the staff, by the late order, and by the 
 letter of the 17th of November, may exercise command in the 
 
 * Vide, also Sec. 12, act March 30th, 1814. 
 
174 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 line, but in their own departments can elevate themselves and say 
 to the line, " stand aside, we are better than thou, — we can exer- 
 cise command in your branch of the service, but you must not 
 presume to give an order in ours." How many years it will 
 require, under the operation of these principles to break down 
 the line of the army, will be estimated differently, according to 
 men's sensibility to honor ; but the most dull and stupid must 
 see that the usual 'order of military organization is now to be 
 reversed, and the line of the army converted into an appendage 
 to the staff. 
 
 The wisdom of Congress might well consider the probable effect 
 of this state of things upon the efficiency and character of the 
 army, and by timely legislation provide against a consummation 
 of evil in store for the country, under existing pretensions, orders, 
 and the letter of the 17th of November. The major-general com- 
 manding, has in that letter, but just now announced the discovery 
 that the 11, 14, 15, and i6th paragraphs, of the general regulations 
 for the army, published by authority of the President of the United 
 States, are more or less in conflict with law, and so far " null and 
 void." If the general-in-chief is thus forward to declare to the 
 army that the regulations of the President, the constitutional com- 
 mander-in-chief of the army, are null and void, he ought not to be 
 surprised if he should find among his subordinates in the army, 
 not a few who might he both able' and willing to emulate his 
 example and improve under his instruction, until his own orders 
 and letters may be pronounced illegal, null and void. 
 
 To guard against this extremity we would respectfully suggest 
 that the provisions of the 63d article of war, omitting the first 
 paragraph, might be extended beyond the engineers, so as to in- 
 duce the other staff corps and departments of the army ; as the 
 undersigned, cannot entertain a doubt was the intention of Con- 
 gress in the organization of those corps and departments. 
 
 We would, in conclusion, declare, one and all, that there has 
 been no " meeting for discussion " on the subject embraced in 
 this communication, and necessarily no opportunity for arranging 
 the details or the manner of presenting it, so as to guard against 
 the possibility of passages that might seem to be exceptionable ; 
 and we therefore desire it to be distinctly understood, that we 
 disclaim all intention of personality in affixing our signatures to 
 this communication ; and we emphatically declare that our only 
 object is to present the subject in such form, as to awaken atten- 
 tion in the great deliberative and legislative body of the nation, 
 who have the power, and we trust will see the necessity, of legis- 
 lating out of existence the causes of the present discontent in the 
 
OF, BREVETS. I7S 
 
 army, which we are assured is on the increase and rapidly tending 
 to disorganization. 
 
 All of which is respectfully submitted. 
 
 Corpus Christi, December 12 th 1845. 
 
 Copy of Signers' Names. 
 
 D. E. Twiggs, Colonel 2d Dragoons, 
 S. B. Thornton, Captain 2d Dragoons, 
 C. A. May, Captain 2d Dragoons, 
 W. J. Tiardie, Captain 2d Dragoons, 
 H. H. Sibley, Adjutant 2d Dragoons, 
 A. Lowry, ist Lieut. 2d Dragoons, 
 Lewis Neill, 2d Lieut. 2d Dragoons, 
 Geo. T. Mason, 2d Lieut. 2d Dragoons, 
 Croghan Ker, Captain 2d Dragoons, 
 Delos B. Sacket, Brevet 2d Lieut. 2d Dragoons, 
 O. F. Winship, ist Lieut.-2d Dragoons, 
 F. Hamilton, ist Lieut. 2d Dragoons, 
 James S. Woods, Brevet 2d Lieut. 2d Dragoons, 
 Randolph Ridgely, ist Lieut. 3d Artillery, 
 J. P. McCown, ist Lieut. 4th Artillery, 
 C. F. Smith, Captain 2d Artillery, 
 R. C. Smead, Captain 4th Artillery, 
 R. A. Luther, ist Lieut, zd Artillery, 
 J. S. Hatheway, ist Lieut, ist Artillery, 
 C. B. Daniels, ist Lieut. .2d Artillery, 
 Seth Williams, 2d Lieut, ist Artillery, 
 J. Bankhead Magruder, ist Lieut, ist Artillery, 
 R. B. Screven, Captain 8th Infantry, 
 R. S. Garnett, 2d Lieut. 4th Infantry, 
 M. Knowlton, ist Lieut, ist Artillery, 
 W. Sidney Smith, 2d Lieut, ist Artillery, 
 Thomas J. Curd, Brevet 2d Lieut, ist Artillery, 
 H. F. Clarke, Brevet 2d Lieut. 2d Artillery, 
 A. A. Gibson, 2d Lieut. 2d Artillery, 
 Chas. G. Merchant, Brevet 2d Lieut. 8th Infantry, 
 Edward Deas, ist Lieut. 4th Artillery, 
 A. B. Lansing, 2d Lieut. 2d Artillery, 
 ,W. H. Fowler, ist Lieut, ist. Artillery, 
 William Gilham, ist Lieut. 3d Artillery, 
 J. J. Reynolds, Brevet 2d Lieut. Artillery, 
 S. Mackenzie, Captain 2d Artillery, 
 John B. Scott, Captain 4th Artillery, 
 Heniy M. Whiting, 2d Lieut. 4th Artillery, 
 
176 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 D. H. Hill, 2d Lieut. 4th Artillery, 
 
 Thomas W Weld, Brevet 2d Lieut, ist Artillery, 
 
 William Whistler, Colonel 4th Infantry, 
 
 John Garland, Lieut-Colonel 4th Infantry, 
 
 Geo. W. Allen, Captain and Brevet Major 4th Infantry, 
 
 John Page, Captain 4th Infantry, 
 
 Pitcairn Morrison, Captain 4th Infantry, 
 
 J. H. Porter, 2d Lieut. 4th Infantry, 
 
 C. Hoskins, 1st Lieut, and Adjutant 4th Infantry, 
 
 R. E. Cockrane, ist Lieut. 4th Infantry, 
 
 Jenks Beaman, 2d Lieut. 4th Infantry, 
 
 R. H. Graham, ist Lieut. 4th Infantry, 
 
 Sidney Smith, 2d Lieut. 4th Infantry, 
 
 Robert C. Buchanan, Captain 4th Infantry, 
 
 P. A. Farrally, Brevet 2d Lieut. 4th Infantry, 
 
 John A. Richey, Brevet 2d Lieut. 4th Infantry, 
 
 George A. McCall, Captairi 4th Infantry, 
 
 G. O. Huller, 2d Lieut. 4th Infantry, 
 
 C. H. Jamard, Captain 5th Infantry, 
 S. D. Dobbins, ist Lieut. 3d Infantry, 
 George Sykes, 2d Lieut. 3d Infantry, 
 
 E. B. Halloway, 2d Lieut. 8th Infantry, 
 Alexander Hays, Brevet 2d Lieut. 4th Infantry, 
 H. Ridgely, 2d Lieut. 4th Infantry, 
 
 James M. Smith, ist Lieut. 3d Infantrj', 
 
 Henry Bainbridge, Captain 3d Infantry, 
 
 Wm S. Henry, ist Lieut. 3d Infantry, 
 
 L. S. Craig, ist Lieut. 3d Infantry, 
 
 J. Van Home, Captain 3d Infantry, 
 
 P. N. Barbour, Brevet Captain 3d Infantry, 
 
 D. S. Irwin, Brevet ist Lieut, and Adjutant 3d Infantry, 
 A. J. Williamson, 2d Lieut. 3d Infantry, 
 
 W. T. H. Brooks, 2d Lieut. 3d Infantry, 
 
 J. J. C. Bibb, Brevet 2d Lieut. 3d Infantry, 
 
 Robert Hazlitt, 2d Lieut. 3d Infantry, 
 
 Geo. C. McClellan, Brevet 2d Lieut. 3d Infantry, 
 
 D. C. Buell, 2d Lieut. 3d Infantry. 
 
 Barnard E. Bee, Brevet 2d Lieut. 3d Infantry, 
 
 Geo. P. Field, Captain 3d Infantry, 
 
 D. T. Chandler, ist Lieut. 3d Infantry, 
 
 John Munroe, Captain and Brevet Major 4th Artillery, 
 
 John F. Reynolds, 2d Lieut. 3d Artillery, 
 
 James Duncan, ist Lieut. 2d Artillery, 
 
 J. F. Roland, ist Lieut. 2d Artillery, 
 
 J. P. Johnstone, Brevet 2d Lieut. Artillery, 
 
OF BREVETS. 1 7/ 
 
 Braxton Bragg, ist Lieut. 3d, Artillery, 
 
 J. F. Irons, zd Lieut, ist Artillery, 
 
 John J. Peck, Brevet 2d Lieut. 2d Artillery, 
 
 W. Hays, 2d Lieut. 2d Artillery, 
 
 J. C. Pemberton, ist Lieut. 4th Artillery, 
 
 Geo. H. Thomas, ist Lieut. 3d Artillery, 
 
 Arnold Elzey, ist Lieut. 2d Artillery, 
 
 J. S. Mcintosh, Lieut. Colonel 5th Infantry, 
 
 T. Staniford, Major 5th Infantry, 
 
 Martin Scott, Captain sth Infantry, 
 
 M. E. Merrill, Captain sth Infantry, 
 
 E. K. Smith, Captain 5th Infantry, 
 
 A. S. Hooe, Captain 5th Infantry, 
 
 J. Lynde, Captain sth Infantry, 
 
 J. L. Thompson, Captain sth Infantry, 
 
 C. C. Sibley, Captain sth Infantry, 
 
 Wm. Chapman, Captain sth Infantry, 
 
 A. Drane, Captain sth Infantry, 
 
 Daniel Ruggles, ist Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 
 J. H. Whipple, ist Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 
 Wm. Root, ist Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 
 C. L. Stevenson, ist Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 N. B. Russell, ist Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 
 J. A. Whitall, ist Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 George Deas, Adjutant sth Infantry, 
 S. H. Fowler, 2d Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 Robert L. Brooke, 2d Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 Spencer Norvell, 2d Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 John C. Robinson, 2d Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 H. Whitney, 2d Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 Pinkney Lugenbeel, 2d Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 M. Rosecrans, 2d Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 J. Smith, Brevet 2d Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 T. G. Pitcher, Brevet 2d Lieut, sth Infantry, 
 Jacob Brown, Major 7th Infantry, 
 
 E. S. Hawkins, Captain yth Infantry, 
 Francis Lee, Captain 7th Infantry, 
 
 D. S. Miles, Captain 7th Infantry, 
 S. W. Moore, Captain yth Infantry, 
 R. C. Gatlin, Captain 7th Infantry, 
 T. H. Holmes, Captain 7th Infantry, 
 R. H. Ross, Captain 7th Infantry, 
 N. Hopson, ist Lieut. 7th Infantry, 
 J. R. Scott, ist Lieut. 7th Infantry, 
 
 F. N. Page, Adjutant 7th Infantry, 
 
 9 
 
178 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 F. Gardner, 2d Lieut. 7th Infantry, 
 
 W. H. Wood, Brevet 2d Lieut. 7 th Infantry, 
 
 C. L. Kilburn, 2d Lieut. 3d Artillery, 
 S. K. Dawson, 2d Lieut, ist Artillery, 
 
 D. P. Whiting, Captain 7th Infantry, 
 
 A. Crozet, Brevet 2d Lieut. 7'th. Infantry, 
 
 J. H. Potter, 2d Lieut. 7th Infantry, 
 
 C. H. Humber, ist Lieut, 7th Infantry, 
 
 L. Gault, 2d Lieut. 7th Infantry, 
 
 Thomas Jordan, 2d Lieut. 3d Infantry, 
 
 Edmond Bradford, ist Lieut. 4th Artillery, 
 
 S. G. French, Brevet 2d Lieut. Artillery, 
 
 W. H. Shover, ist Lieut. 3d Artillery, 
 
 A. Doubleday, 2d Lieut, ist Artillery, 
 
 L. N. Morris, Captain. 3d Infantry, 
 
 J. C. McFerran, Brevet 2d Lieut. 3d Infantry, 
 
 E. A. Hitchcock, Lieut. Colonel 3d Infantry, 
 M. M. Payne, Lieut. Colonel 4th Artillery, 
 M. McKavett, Captain 8th Infantry, 
 
 J. V. Bomford, Captain 8th Infantry, 
 
 R. P. Maclay, 2d Lieut. 8th Infantry, 
 
 T. L. Chadbourne, 2d Lieut. 8th Infantry, 
 
 Henry M. Judah, Brevet 2d Lieut. 8th Infantry, 
 
 George Lincoln, ist Lieut. 8th Infantry, 
 
 J. Selden, ist Lieut. 8th Infantry, 
 
 A. L. Sheppard, ist Lieut. 8th Infantry. 
 
 ADDENDUM. 
 
 In order to put the question of the complete separation of the 
 quartermaster's department from the line, beyond a doubt, so far 
 as their commissions in that department are valid, reference must 
 be had to the 9th section of the act of July 5, 1838, which is in 
 the following words : " And be it further enacted, that the Presi- 
 dent of the United States be, and he is hereby, authorized, by 
 and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to add to the 
 quartermaster's department, not exceeding two assistant-quarter- 
 master generals, with the rank of colonel, two deputy-quartermas- 
 ter generals, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and eight 
 assistant-quartermasters with the rank of captain ; that the 
 assistant-quartermasters now in service shall have the same rank 
 as is provided by this act for those hereby authorized j and that 
 the pay and emoluments of the officers of the quartermaster's de- 
 partment shall be the same as are allowed to officers of similar 
 
OF BREVETS. 1/9 
 
 rank in the regiments of dragodfis ; Provided, that all appointments 
 in the quartermaster's department shall be made from the army, 
 and when officers taken for such appointments hold rank in the 
 line, they shall thereupon relinquish said rank, and be separated 
 from the line of the army : and that promotion in said department 
 shall ta,ke place as in regiments and corps." 
 
 This section was qualified, so far as relates to captains, by the 
 3d clause of the supplementary act of July 7, 1838, in the follow- 
 ing words : " that so much of said act as requires assistant- 
 quartermasters to be separated from the line, shall be, and the 
 same is hereby, repealed." 
 
 By this clause in the supplementary act, the captains who may 
 be appointed in the quartermaster's department, under the author- 
 ity of the 9th section of the act of July 5th, 1838, are permitted 
 to retain their previous commissions in die line, but the supple- 
 mentary act does not extend the same privilege to the other 
 officers (the colonels and lieutenant-colonels) appointed under 
 the same section of the act of July 5th ; and, therefore, this act 
 being in full force with respect to them, they are required to be 
 taken from the army, and if taken from the line of the ai'my (thus 
 distinguishing the line from the staff corps and departments), 
 they are required to " relinquish " their " rank " in, and be " separ- 
 ated from the line of the army." Be the line, therefore, what it 
 may, the colonels and lieutenant-colonels of the quartermaster's 
 department are absolutely, and without qualification, separated 
 from it, for this is the very language of the law itself. And 
 further, with respect to their rank, as if to guard against the 
 possibility of misconstruction, the colonels of the department are 
 declared, by the 9th section above quoted, to have, not the rank, 
 pay and emoluments of colonels of dragoons, but to have the 
 rank of colonel (in the quartermaster's department of course); 
 and in another part of the section it is provided that they shall 
 have the pay and emoluments of officers of similar rank in the 
 regiments of dragoons ; thus, with the most pointed care, sepa- 
 rating the rank from the pa}' of the dragoons, and it is the same 
 with the lieutenant-colonels of the department. 
 
 On no pretense whatever, therefore, can these officers of the 
 quartermaster's department be assigned to command in the line 
 by a " common senior," as General Scott supposes, and still less, 
 in the absence of a senior, can these officers decide themselves 
 whether they may or may not, " without prejudice to staff duties 
 and the rights of others," assume the " command of troops," for 
 this question is decided absolutely, by the 62d article of war, 
 against them. 
 
 Corpus Christi, December 12 th, 1845. 
 
l80 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 This paper was laid before Congress, as heretofore stated, but 
 no action was taken upon it, for the reason that the President dis- 
 posed of the subject in what the Senate considered a proper way, 
 by republishing the order of President Jackson, of August 13th, 
 1829 : — 
 
 General Orders, No. 5. 
 
 " War Department, 
 ' "Washington, March 12th, 1846. 
 
 " The President of the United States orders that all regula- 
 tions in relation to brevet rank and staff rank, promulgated since 
 the 13th of August, 1829, be annulled and abrogated, and that the 
 regulations made and promulgated on that day by President Jack- 
 son be re established and confirmed, and forthwith communicated 
 to the army in General Orders for its information and government. 
 " (By order of the President), 
 
 "W. L. MARCY, 
 " Secretary of War." 
 
 The following are the regulations promulgated August 13th, 
 1829, referred to above : — 
 
 Regulations concerning Rank and Command. 
 
 I St. Brevet Rank will give no command, except on detachments 
 composed of different corps, and within the meaning of the 6ist 
 article of war. 
 
 2d. Detachment means a body of troops sent out from the 
 main body to perform a particular service, and to be absent for a 
 limited time ; when such a detachment is composed of different 
 corps, brevet rank will take effect in conformity with the 6isl 
 article of war. 
 
 3d. Under the same article of war brevet rank will take place 
 on courts martial, when composed of officers of different corps. 
 
 4th. In regularly constituted commands, such as garrisons, 
 posts, departments, regiments, corps, companies, battalions, bri- 
 gades, divisions, corps d'armie, or the army itself, brevet rank is 
 not to be exercised, except on special assignment. 
 
 5th. Officers having rank in the line of the army, the staff, or 
 by brevet, though eligible to command, will not assume the com- 
 mand, unless specially put on duty with that intention. 
 
 6th. An officer entrusted with the command of a post, detach- 
 ment, guard, or separate command, will not surrender it to an- 
 other, unless regularly relieved from the duty assigned him, except 
 in case of sickness or inability to perform his duty, when the 
 officer next in rank, present and on duty with such command, will 
 succeed as a matter of course. 
 
 7th. An officer not on duty with, nor beloneine to any of the 
 
OF BREVETS. 181 
 
 companies, battalions, regiments or corps composing a command, 
 cannot assume tlie command. He must first have been put on 
 duty by some competent authority to make him a part of the com- 
 mand before he can assume or exercise the command. 
 
 8th. If different corps happen to join and do duty together, the 
 officer highest in rank by his commission in the line of the army, 
 present on duty, has the right to command the whole, and to give 
 the orders needful to the service ; brevet officers, or officers having 
 brevets or commissions of a prior date to those of the regiment in 
 which they serve, cannot, by virtue of such brevets or commis- 
 sions of a prior date, assume command. 
 
 Case of General Worth. 
 
 Prior to this order brevet rank was receiving throughout the 
 army the high consideration which naturally flowed from the favor- 
 able views entertained of it by the General-in-Chief. As the 
 forces — all regulars — constituting the Army of Occupation in 
 Texas came together, the claims in behalf of brevet rank became 
 more difficult to deal with. The general result of the internal 
 conflicts growing out of the questions which arose, is indicated by 
 General Scott's letter of November 17, 1845, the Corpus Christi 
 Memorial of December 12th, 1845, 3-"^ the General Order from 
 the War Department of March 12th, 1846, all of which are given 
 in full above. But, notwithstanding the terms and evident pur- 
 pose of the General Order last mentioned, it failed to secure 
 prompt and cheerful obedience. The Army of Occupation itself 
 was commanded by Zachary Taylor, colonel 6th Infantry, April 
 4th, 1832, and brigadier-general by brevet, December 25th, 1837. 
 One of the brigades in it was commanded by David E. Twiggs, 
 colonel 2d Dragoons, June 8th, 1836, who had no brevet rank. 
 The other brigade was commanded by William J. Worth, colonel 
 8th Infantry, July 7th, 1838, who was also brigadier-general by 
 brevet, March ist, 1842. 
 
 A question of rank arose between Twiggs and Worth, the latter 
 claiming precedence by virtue of his brevet, although the former 
 was the senior colonel. Fortunately, Taylor was the senior, both 
 by corps and brevet commission, so that the dispute did not in- 
 volve him. Worth's claims, based upon his brevet, were known 
 to be in harmony with the views of the general-in-chief of the 
 army, and perhaps they derived some force from the official Army 
 Register. While General Macomb was general-in-chief, the Re- 
 gister contained a set of tables, in which the field-officers and cap- 
 
1 82 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 tains' of artillery, cavalry, and infantry were arranged according to 
 ranlc in their respective arras of service ; also another table, in 
 which the officers of all three of these arms were arranged accord- 
 ing to rank — that is, by the dates of their corps commissions in 
 each grade, tliere being no classification by brevet. 
 
 General Macomb died June 2Sth, 1841, and General Scott suc- 
 ceeded him as general-in-chief. The Army Register for 1842 
 contained the first set of tables just mentioned, but the second 
 was omitted, and in its place there was " A list of the general 
 officers of the army and of the field-officers and captains, arranged 
 so as to designate their relative rank, whether by brevet, former 
 commission, or otherwise, when serving on courts-martial, or on 
 detachments composed of different corps." 
 
 This list contained ofi&cers of the staff as well as line. Prece- 
 dence was accorded to the highest commission held, whether corps 
 commission, former commission, or brevet. This arrangement 
 reappeared in all the Registers up to and including that for 
 1845. I" this table Worth, though still colonel of the 8th In- 
 fantry, and as such, junior to Twiggs, appeared under the head of 
 " Brigadier Generals ;" whereas Twiggs, who had no brevet, was 
 classed under the head of " Colonels." This form, while it could 
 not affect the rights involved, was expressive of the views enter- 
 tained at army head-quarters, and doubtless served as an encour- 
 agement to Worth in the controversy he entered upon. The form 
 disappeared from the Army Register after 1845, probably as a 
 consequence of the Corpus Christi Memorial and War Depart- 
 ment General Order of March 12th, 1846, heretofore given. 
 
 General Taylor directed, on February 24th, 1846, that Twiggs, 
 " senior officer," should take command of the field on a general 
 review of the army. Worth decided to test the matter of rank on 
 this order, declined to yield precedence to Twiggs, and submitted 
 the following letter to General Taylor : — 
 
 ■' Head-quarters First Brigade, Army of Occupation, 
 
 "Corpus Christi, Texas, 24th Feb., 1846. 
 " Sir, — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt this even- 
 ing of your after order of this date, in which it is directed that, on 
 the muster of the army for general review and inspection to-morrow. 
 Colonel Twiggs, 2d Dragoons, as 'senior officer,' is to take com- 
 mand on the field. While I deny that seniority in our respective 
 positions, circumstances, and rank in the army, I am fully aware 
 that my own previous action, %vithin my own b?-igade, in apparently 
 analogous cases, involved apparent inconsistency. That action 
 looked solely to the harmony and real interests of the service in 
 hand, and resulted from a failure to get a decision from superior 
 
OF BREVETS. 1 83 
 
 authority. Nevertheless, instead of discussing these matters in a 
 camp, highly excited, I reserved my own rights, held myself in 
 readiness to resist, under law and military usage, any invasion 
 thereof, and if such be the termination of a long service, to sacri- 
 fice myself on the issue. 
 
 " I have, therefore, in the spirit of subordination and entire 
 personal respect, to say, that I cannot, without surrender of every 
 consideration which gives value to my commission, render myself 
 subject to the appointed authority. 
 
 " The pain I experience in prescribing to myself this course, 
 can be to no one more apparent than the veteran and gallant 
 commander of this army." 
 
 " Copy of indorsements on the above : 
 " Remark, — 
 " This letter was not designed as an argument, much less a 
 protest ; for that I reserve myself when standing upon my rights 
 before a competent authority, or a tribunal of my peers, — but 
 simply as a respectful notice to my commanding general, that I 
 should absent myself from the parade, and encounter the painful 
 consequences, whatever they might be. 
 
 "(Signed,) W. J. WORTH. 
 
 " This paper was furnished me by Genl. Worth, with the request 
 that I would enclose it to Genl. Scott. 
 
 "(Signed,) S.CHURCHILL, 
 
 "Ins. Genl. 
 " This letter will be placed on file. 
 
 "(Signed,) R. JONES." 
 
 Worth had now fully entered upon the course which General 
 Scott had, long before pursued in relation to General Macomb. 
 That is, he insisted that his brevet made him senior to Twiggs, 
 although Twiggs was the senior by corps commission, and he 
 refused to obey the orders of their common commander, requir- 
 ing him to act under Twiggs' direction ; looking for justification 
 to a " tribunal of his peers." As the sequel shows, he shared the 
 fate of his illustrious model. On the 2d of April, he sent — from 
 camp opposite Matamoras — his resignation (addressed to " the 
 Honorable the Secretary of War,") in the following terms : " I 
 have the honor herewith to tender the resignation of my commis- 
 sion as colonel of the 8th Regiment, U. S. Infantry, and my 
 higher commission as brigadier-general by brevet in the U. S. 
 Army." 
 
 The prominence which he gave to his " higher commission " 
 will not escape notice. 
 
184 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 It probably did not occur to him that while he claimed the 
 right to resign both of his commissions, the doubtful point might 
 be disposed of for the time by his giving up the latter one only. 
 In that case, his command, the ist Brigade, would have remained 
 the same, and the government would not have lost his services 
 during important operations. 
 
 At the same time he wrote requesting General Taylor to do 
 him the favor to forward his resignation by the first opportunity, 
 adding, " as the prospect is so slight, and daily diminishing, of 
 active field service, I feel at liberty to ask a leave of absence for 
 sixty days, and to be permitted to withdraw from the army at the 
 earliest moment that the General will be pleased to dispense with 
 my services." General Taylor simply indorsed the resignation 
 " Respectfully submitted," but on the 15th of April, evidently 
 with this case among others in his mind, he said in a letter to the 
 Adjutant-General, " Several resignations of officers have been 
 tendered since our arrival here. While I regret that such has 
 been the case, I have still deemed it my duty to throw no obstacle 
 in the way of their acceptance." 
 
 Later in the day (April 2d) General Worth, with evident mis- 
 givings as to the wisdom of his course, wrote a second letter to 
 General Taylor in which he somewhat modified his request to 
 retire, and at the same time graciously offered to serve General' 
 Taylor " out of authority." His letter is as follows : — 
 
 " Hd. Qrs. 1ST Brigade, Army of Occupation, 
 
 " Camp near Matamoras, 2d April, 1846. 
 " General, 
 
 " The bearer of your despatches having left, I cannot permit a 
 moment to pass before pressing upon your kind consideration 
 the hope that you will be pleased immediately to relieve me from 
 a command which you had the confidence to confer, and in 
 which, with all the ardor of my nature, and to the best of 
 my ability, I have sought to serve you and the country. If 
 there is any form or manner in which, out of authority, I can 
 serve you, it is hardly necessary to say with what alacrity I shall 
 always be at your command. 
 
 " At the earliest moment when you may feel assured that no 
 conflict is at hand, I shall feel much gratified by being allowed to 
 retire, and not before." 
 
 General Taylor acted in the matter with fairness, firmness, and 
 consummate ability. On the 8th of April, he published the 
 following order : — 
 
of brevets. i 85 
 
 " Hd. Qrs. Army of Occupation, 
 " Camp near Matamoras, Texas, April 8th, 1846. 
 " Orders. ) 
 No. 42.) Extract. 
 
 "i. Bvt. Brig.-Genl. Worth, having tendered his resignation 
 has leave of absence until the 31st of May, and will be relieved 
 in the command of the ist Brigade by Bvt. Lt.-Col. Belknap. 
 Lieut. L. Smith, 8th Infantry, A.D.C. to the General, will accom- 
 pany him and receive his orders and instructions. 
 
 "2. In announcing the withdrawal of General Worth from the 
 Army of Occupation, the Commanding General takes occasion to 
 express his thanks for the zeal and ability with which that officer 
 has discharged the important duties confided to him, and his 
 regret that circumstances should deprive the army of his services. 
 
 " By order of Brig.-Genl. Taylor. 
 
 " (Signed,) W. W. S. BLISS, 
 
 " Asst. Adjt. Genl." 
 
 General Worth started north, but was detained some days at 
 Point Isabel by bad weather. On the 13th of April, having left 
 the army, he wrote General Taylor from that place, saying, " my 
 services are entirely at your command at any time, place, or 
 moment." To this General Taylor, on the i4tli April, replied as 
 follows : — 
 
 " Head Qrs. Army of Occupation, 
 "Camp near Matamoras, April 14th, 1846. 
 " General, 
 
 " Your esteemed letter of yesterday's date was duly received, 
 and I sincerely thank you for the offer of your services. Had we 
 been attacked, or there was a decided probability that such would 
 be the case from the other side, I would gladly have availed my- 
 self of them, as I know your head, heart and hand would have 
 been with us even to the death if necessary in such a contingency. 
 
 "When I wrote to Major Monroe the other day. General 
 Ampudia had just reached Matamoras with a small reinforcement 
 of cavalry, assumed command and at once ordered all Americans 
 in the city to leave for Victoria, one hundred and fifty miles in 
 the interior, in twenty-four hours, and the next day, the 12th, 
 notified me to leave for the east bank of the Nueces, also in 24 
 hours, in case of my not doing so, war would be the result. I in- 
 formed him that I had been ordered by my government to take 
 and occupy a position on the left bank of the Rio Grande, which 
 I had done, and from which I could not recede except by an 
 
 9* 
 
1 86 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 order from the same quarter that brought me here ; the movement 
 in question was expected by my government, would have been a 
 peaceful one, and that he was fully at liberty to make it otherwise 
 at any moment he might see fit to do so, in which case he would 
 be responsible for all the consequences resulting from the same. 
 Since when I have heard nothing further from him, and I imagine 
 I will not except in the way of protests, remonstrances, &c. At any 
 rate until ray communication can go to the city of Mexico, be 
 acted on there, the measures to be pursued growing out of it, de- 
 cided upon and received at Matamoras before anything stronger 
 than paper bulletins will be received by us. At the same time I 
 must be if possible fully prepared at all times to meet any event or 
 occurrence which may arise. Under this state of things I could 
 not ask you to return. 
 
 " The weather here since you left has been wretched, and from 
 present appearances will continue so for some time, which has 
 made us all quite miserable ; I presume it was no better at Point 
 Isabel, if so you must have had anything but a comfortable time 
 of it there. We have heard nothing certain as regards the fate of 
 Col. Cross. 
 
 ■' Wishing that matters at Washington may be so arranged as 
 will do away the necessity of your retiring from the service, 
 " I remain with respect and esteem, 
 
 " Your obedient servant. 
 
 "Z. TAYLOR." 
 
 On the i6th of April, with a heavy heart. Worth wrote the fol- 
 lowing letter to General Taylor : — 
 
 " Point Isabel, 20th ult. P.M. 
 
 April i6th, 1846. 
 " General, 
 
 " I am this moment in receipt of your kind and obliging 
 favor of the 14th, and shall, in half an hour, embark with a 
 heart lessened in some degree of its oppressive burden. I con- 
 gratulate you on the turn of events ; the enemy has now fired his 
 gun and will surrender the boundary as submissively as he pro- 
 fessed the determination heroically to resist. Your duties will be 
 those of pacification, the more agreeable, because, more conform- 
 able to the policy of our government. Would to God I could go 
 better assured of the fate of Cross. I strongly incline to the 
 belief that CanaHes' people, acting on the suggestion of Carabahal, 
 may have laid a snare for him in the hope it might provoke you 
 to commence hostilities. Recollect what I reported to you of the 
 language which the latter addressed to me after his parting with 
 
OF BREVETS. 1 8/ 
 
 you at Isabel. It is possible I may go to Washington as you 
 advise. Wishing you all success and honor, I remain, General, 
 very truly." 
 
 Having dispatched this communication, General Worth, in de- 
 ference to his brevet, embarked and unwittingly sailed away from 
 battle-fields upon which half the army would have been under his 
 command. 
 
 His resignation had preceded him to Washington. It was en- 
 dorsed as follows by General Scott on the 7 th of May : — 
 
 " It is with the deepest emotions, arising out of ancient friend- 
 ship and companionship in battle, that I respectfully lay this letter 
 before the secretary of war, hoping that it may be held under 
 advisement until the arrival of Brevet Brigadier-General Worth, 
 who may now soon be expected. It need scarcely be added, that, 
 in my humble opinion, the United States have not had, in ray time, 
 an airmy officer superior, in general merit, according to his re- 
 spective grades, to General Worth, and certainly but very few 
 who are his equals. His loss to the service now, when in the 
 highest usefulness, would be seriously great-^=-nay, irreparable. 
 
 " This letter only got here by the last night's mail, with one 
 from Brevet Brig.-Genl. Taylor, dated April 15th. The accom- 
 panying order oEGenl. T. was transmitted, by him, about the 13th, 
 and was received here the 29th. 
 
 " But Genl. T. has not even yet transmitted another letter to 
 him from Genl. Worth, of the same date (I think) with April 2d. 
 I saw a copy of it in the hands of a third person here, eight days 
 ago. In that letter, also official (like this) Genl. W. distinctly 
 says he does not wish his resignation accepted, or that he does not 
 wish to leave that army, if (of course, in the opinion of Genl. T.) 
 there is any probability of any conflict between it and the Mex- 
 ican forces. Genl. Taylor's order, herewith, relieving Genl. W. 
 of course, negatives that probability, and Genl. T. was the best 
 judge of probabilities. Genl. Worth's second or separate letter 
 is material and ought to have been transmitted. The two were 
 evidently intended by him to go together. I fully concur with 
 both Generals Taylor and Worth, that, without a formal declar- 
 ation of war, published here or at the capital of Mexico, there is 
 no likelihood of a conflict of arms on the Rio Grande del Norte. 
 " Respectfully submitted 
 
 " WINFIELD SCOTT. " 
 
 It did not become necessary for the authorities to consider the 
 partial plea made in the foregoing indorsement by General Scott 
 for General Worth. While he was writing that there was no 
 
1 88 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 likelihood of an early conflict of arms, the guns of Fort Brown, 
 far beyond his hearing, were announcing the impending battle. 
 Palo Alto was fought next day. May 8th, one-half of the victorious 
 army being commanded by General Worth's rival, and the other 
 half by his successor. 
 
 Then he fully realized the position in which the brevet contro- 
 versy placed him, and on the 9th of May, being still in Washing- 
 ton, he wrote to the Adjutant General as follows : 
 
 " Reliable information which I have this moment received from 
 the headquarters of the army in front of Matamoras makes it 
 not only a duty but accords with my inclination to request permis- 
 sion to recall my resignation, and that I be ordered, or permitted, 
 forthwith to return to, and take command of the troops from which 
 I was separated on the 6th of April by Order No. 43, Army of 
 Occupation." This v;as " fully approved " by the secretary of 
 war, and on the nth of May, General Worih started back to 
 Texas, and without securing any concession on the brevet claim, 
 to which he had sacrificed so much, resumed the position he had 
 so unfortunately relinquished. 
 
 In relation to the memorial of the officers from Corpus Christi, 
 General Scott, the ablest and most earnest champion of brevet 
 rank, maintained, in a letter dated February 18, 1846, as he had 
 alwa3'S done, that "rank, in the military acceptance, always 
 implies command." In support of this view, he quoted author- 
 ities, among them, Samuel, who, in commenting on the British 
 articles of war, says that rank and command are " mutative terms," 
 and Washington, who said " Military rank and eligibility to com- 
 mand are ideas which cannot be separated." The quotation from 
 Washington manifestly fails to support the view in favor of which 
 it is adduced, for he does not say rank and command, but rank 
 and eligibility to command, evidently implying the necessity of 
 assignment to make rank effective. That this is his meaning is 
 further shown by the fact that he used the language quoted in 
 relation to an officer holding rank by brevet, but who had no 
 command until assigned by Washington, and the controversy 
 which arose was not upon the officer's rank but upon his assign- 
 ment. Whereupon Washington defended his action upon the 
 ground that the officer's rank rendered him eligible to command, 
 and that the question of the propriety of and necessity for the 
 assignment, according to the rank held, was one which belonged 
 to him. Washington did not pretend that the officer — Major 
 McPherson — had a right to the command, nor did Major McPher- 
 son set up such claim. 
 
 The position held by Scott (the general-in-chief of the army) 
 that rank always implied command=^breye|: rank being rqnk:^ 
 
OF BREVETS. I 89 
 
 though of a special kind — covered so much, that it doubtless had 
 some influence in producing the reaction which finally set in, and 
 overthrew the institution he had so jealously defended. It has 
 now become quite generally accepted, that rank, whether by 
 brevet or otherwise, is but the degree of dignity conferred by a 
 commission, arid that its attributes and privileges depend upon 
 the laws, regulations, and orders which competent authority may 
 make concerning it ; and among them, in the military service are 
 command, pay, emoluments, uniform, etc. The distinction be- 
 tween rank and its incidents is to be observed alike in brevet rank 
 and in all other species of military rank. 
 
 The general-in-chief of the army learned, in 1845, that doubts 
 were entertained by officers — several of them of high rank — 
 whether brevet 2d lieutenants were commissioned officers in tlie 
 meaning of the law, and, at his suggestion, the following order on 
 the subject was issued : — 
 
 " War Department, March 30, 1845. 
 " Under the Act of Congress of the 29th of April, 1812, relative 
 to the Military Academy, etc., the President of the United States 
 is authorized " when any cadet shall receive a regular degree 
 from the Academical Staff after going through all the classes, he 
 shall be considered among the candidates for a commission in 
 any corps, according to the duties he may be judged competent 
 to perform ; and in case there shall not, at the time, be a vacancy 
 in such corps, he may be attached to it at the discretion of the 
 President of the United States by brevet of the lowest grade as a 
 supernumerary officer." Under the act the President is not 
 required either to commission such graduate when there is a 
 vacancy, or to attach him as a supernumerary officer by brevet of 
 the lowest grade when there is no vacancy, but he may do so at 
 his discretion, and having exercised that discretion, such grad 
 uate, so commissioned and attached, becomes an officer of the 
 lowest grade in the corps, and is entitled to all consideration as a 
 commissioned officer. 
 
 " W. L. MARCY. 
 " By Order : 
 
 " R. Jones, 
 
 " Adjutant General." 
 
 A memorandum of March, 1845, from the head-quarters of the 
 army, on this subject, says : 
 
 "It is said that the 65th and 66th articles of war speak of 
 courts-martial as composed of ' commissioned officers,' and 
 although brevets have been proved to be commissions, it has been 
 
1 90 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 agreed that by sec. 4, act of April 29, 1812, any cadet who shall 
 receive a regular degree from the academical staff only becomes 
 a ' candidate for commission.' This is granted ; but the cadet is 
 a '^^^(/zi/flfe for commission ' only from the point of graduation 
 up to the receipt of his commission or brevet, for the President 
 (though not compelled) has always given commissions, by brevet 
 or otherwise, to the members of every graduating class, the ac- 
 ceptance of which renders the recipients no longer candidates but 
 already commissioned ofScers, in the sense of that act, the one 
 containing the articles of war, and [of] every other act touching 
 the army ; and as commissioned officers, the supernumeraries are 
 as liable to every duty, and as much entitled to every right, as 
 other 2d lieutenants of their respective corps." 
 
 Hostilities with Mexico commenced in 1845. At that time, 
 the number of general officers authorized by the existing mil- 
 itary establishment was three, viz: one major-general and two 
 brigadier-generals. Scott was the major-general and Gaines 
 and Wool were the brigadier-generals.- It soon became neces- 
 sary, however, to increase this number, and, to meet the exigency, 
 an act was passed on the i8th of June, 1846, authorizing the 
 President, by and with the consent of the Senate, to appoint an 
 additional major-general and two additional brigadier-generals, 
 with the proviso that, at the termination of the war with Mexico, 
 the number of general officers should be reduced to three, as 
 provided for prior to its commencement. 
 
 Colonel Zachary Taylor, of the 6th Infantry, who had been 
 brevetted a brigadier-general for distinguished services in the 
 Florida war, was appointed major-general, on the 29th of June, 
 1846, agreeably to the provisions of the act just mentioned — a 
 fitting reward for his then recent brilliant services at Palo Alto 
 and Resaca de la Palma ; and Colonels Twiggs and Kearney, of 
 the Dragoons, were appointed the additional brigadier-generals. 
 
 Another addition to the number of general officers was made 
 by the act of March 3, 1847, which authorized the President to 
 appoint two additional major-generals and not to exceed three 
 additional brigadier-generals, who were to be discharged at the 
 close of the war. 
 
 Under this latter act Gideon J. Pillow and John Anthony Quit- 
 man, who were then in service as brigadier-generals of volun- 
 teers, raised under the act of May 13, 1846, hereafter referred to, 
 were appointed major-generals in the army, and Franklin Pierce, 
 who entered the army from civil life as a colonel of Infantry, on 
 the i8th of February, 1847, and George Cadwalader, were ap- 
 pointed brigadier-generals. 
 
 The army was largely increased, and to encourage the rank an^i 
 
OF BREVETS. I9I 
 
 file, it was enacted on the 3d of March, 1847, that "when any 
 non-commissioned officer shall distinguish himself or may have 
 distinguished himself, in the service, the President of the United 
 States shall be and is hereby, authorized, on the recommendation 
 of the commanding officer of the regiment to which such non- 
 commissioned officer belongs, to attach hiin, by brevet of the 
 lowest grade of rank, with the usual pay and emoluments of such 
 grade, to any corps of the army ; provided that there shall not 
 be more than one so attached to any one company at the same 
 time : and when any private soldier shall so distinguish himself, 
 the President may, in like manner, grant him a certificate of merit 
 which shall entitle him to additional pay at the rate of two dollars 
 per month." The provisions of this act were further increased and 
 extended by the act of August 4, 1854. 
 
 Attorney-General Toucey gave an opinion on the 4th of Sep- 
 tember, 1848, that the brevet commissions issued by the President 
 under this act were valid, though the persons upon whom they 
 were bestowed were not non-commissioned officers at the date 
 of their bestowal ; that the act invested the President with au- 
 thority to issue such brevets as a reward for the distinguished 
 services of non-commissioned officers, rendered in that capacit)', 
 upon certain evidence that they had thus served, whether they 
 should retain the same rank when the reward should be bestowed, 
 or should have been transferred elsewhere to act in an humbler 
 capacity. 
 
 At the close of the war, in 1848, the President bestowed brevets 
 with great liberality. Brigadier-Generals Twiggs and Kearney, 
 appointed under the act of June 18, 1846, were brevetted major- 
 generals. Taylor, who was a major-general and could go no 
 higher, soon afterwards rode on his laurels straight into the Pres- 
 idential chair. 
 
 Of the additional general officers appointed under the act of 
 March 3, 1847, Quitman and Cadwalader received the brevets of 
 major-general, that of the former dating from September 23, 
 1846, when he was a brigadier-general of volunteers, and that of 
 the latter from September 13, 1847. 
 
 So liberally were the brevets bestowed,, that, of 964 officers re- 
 maining in service after the termination of the war, no less than 
 224 held brevets higher than their commissions in regiments and 
 corps, and soon the officers of the army began to consider that 
 the liberality had degenerated into an abuse, and a desire was 
 expressed by them that the distinction should be conferred only 
 on the recommendation of a board of officers high in rank. 
 Their desire, however, was never fulfilled. 
 
 Reference has already been made to officers of volunteers in 
 
197 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 the service of the United States. Soon after the commencement 
 of the war, it was deemed necessary to call out the militia and to 
 raise a volunteer force. An act was accordingly passed on the 
 13th of May, 1846, authorizing the President to employ the mili- 
 tia, and to call for 50,000 volunteers, and on the 26th of June, 1846, 
 an act was passed, authorizing him to appoint, by and with the 
 consent of the Senate, such number of major-generals and briga- 
 dier-generals (of volunteers) as the organization of the volunteer 
 forces into brigades and divisions might render necessary. Under 
 this act, four major-generals and seven brigadier-generals appear 
 to have been appointed, two of whom (Pillow and Quitman) were, 
 as has already been stated, appointed general officers in the regular 
 army. There was, at this period, no law authorizing the bestowal of 
 brevets on officers of the volunteer forces, but, notwithstanding 
 that fact, there appear to have been at least two cases where they 
 were so bestowed, viz. : the cases of brigadier-generals Joseph 
 Lane and James Shields. Lane was appointed, from civil life, 
 colonel of Indiana volunteers, on the 2Sth of June, 1846, a briga- 
 dier-general of volunteers, on the ist of July, 1846, and was brevet- 
 ted a major-general in the army, to date from October 9th, 1847, 
 for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Humantla. 
 He was disbanded on the 20th of July, 1848. Shields was ap- 
 pointed, from civil life also, a brigadier-general of volunteers, on 
 the lit of July, 1846, and was brevetted a major-general in the 
 army, to date from April 18, 1847, ^o'' gallant and meritorious 
 conduct in the battle of Cerro Gordo. He was disbanded on 
 the 20th of July, 1848. Neither Lane nor Shields ever appear 
 to have held commissions in the regular array, except those by 
 brevet, as just stated. 
 
 Not long after the close of the war, the question of the rights 
 and privileges of officers holding brevet commissions seems to 
 have been brought to the special attention of the executive and 
 legislative branches of the government. On the 26th of June, 
 1850, Mr. Crawford, secretary of war, made the following report 
 on the subject to the chairman of the' committee on military af- 
 fairs, House of Representatives : — 
 
 " War Department, 
 " Washington, June 26, 1850. 
 " Hon. A. Burt, 
 
 "Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, House of 
 
 Representatives : 
 "Sir: — Referring to the verbal request made by you, I beg 
 leave to submit my views on brevet rank and pay in thear my, in 
 explanation of that part of the annual report from this depart- 
 
OF BREVETS. 193 
 
 ment, accompanying the President's message to Congress whicli 
 refers to this subject. 
 
 " The existing laws on brevet rank and command are the 6ist 
 and 62d articles of war ; and on brevet pay, the law of April 16, 
 1818, in connection with these articles of war. 
 
 " After many years of controversy in the army, the construc- 
 tion of the articles of war in this matter has been settled. The 
 last authoritative exposition of the article, upon the recommenda- 
 tion of the committee on military affairs in the Senate, to whom 
 the subject had come on a memorial from the army at Corpus 
 Christi, in 1846, was made by President Polk, by re-publishing 
 the orders and decisions of President Jackson, and revoking and 
 abrogating all other orders on the subject. 
 
 "This construction of the 6ist article now determines that 
 brevet rank, by direct operation of law, can take effect only on 
 courts-martial and detachments composed of different corps, 
 that detachment means, not any mixed command, but a force de- 
 tached from the main body for a temporary service, and that bre- 
 vet rank does never take effect in the regiment, troop or company 
 to which the brevet officer belongs. 
 
 " And by the construction of the 62d article, it is determined 
 that in all permanent and organized commands in the array (ex- 
 cepting the temporary detachments referred to, in the 61 st article,) 
 brevet rank does not take effect, but the command is in the sen- 
 ior officer of the line ; unless and where different corps join, the 
 President shall otherwise specially direct in the particular case, 
 which exception is construed to authorize the President to con- 
 fer the special comrhand of such mixed corps upon a brevet or 
 staff officer according to his brevet rank or staff rank. 
 
 "This restriction on the exercise of brevet rank has removed a 
 portion of the inconveniences which necessarily resulted from the 
 existence and conflict of different ranks held at the same time by 
 many officers. But the evils of such a system still appear in the 
 occasions and to the extent to which brevet rank is still allowed 
 to operate. 
 
 " In regard to brevet rank and command, I think that the con- 
 struction now given to the a' tide of war is co rect ; but much 
 doubt still exists on the law of 1818 in regard to brevet pay. 
 
 "The law of i8t8 prohibits brevet pay in all cases, except where 
 the officer is on duty, and has a command according to his brevet 
 rank. And the 6ist article of war is equally precise in directing 
 that the brevet officer shall not do duty, or take rank, according to 
 his brevet, in his regiment, troop or company. These laws are 
 pari materia and to be construed together. They use nearly the 
 same terms and in the same sense. It would seem, therefore, 
 
194 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 quite clear that these laws very distinctly forbid brevet pay in the 
 regiment, troop or company. 
 
 " But such has not been the construction. On the 8th May, 
 1818, so soon following the law of April 16, 1818, a regulation, 
 fixing brevet pay, was published from the War Department, as 
 follows: [May 8, 1818. Brevet officers shall receive the pay and 
 emoluments of their brevet commissions when they exercise com- 
 mand equal to their brevet rank ; for example, a brevet captain 
 must command a company ; a brevet major and a brevet lieutenant- 
 colonel, a battalion ; a brevet colonel, a regiment; a brevet brig- 
 adier-general, a brigade ; a brevet major-general, a division.] 
 
 " Standing alone, without reference to the law of 18 18, or any 
 other regulation, this regulation would be read to allow brevet pay 
 to every brevet captain who should command a company, to every 
 brevet major who should command a battalion, &c., &c., and no 
 distinction would be drawn in regard to command in or out of 
 the regiment, &c. It is true that in another part of the same book 
 of regulations was a regulation in regard to brevet rank, which 
 declared ' that brevet rank gives no command, except on detach- 
 ment, and which defined detachment to extend to temporary 
 service only, and not to the regular command of departments, or 
 permanent posts and garrisons.' Still, in determining the question 
 of pay, the regulation in regard to pay only was consulted, and 
 brevet pay came to be allowed whenever the command corre- 
 sponded to the grade of the brevet, whether the brevet rank was 
 allowed to operate or not ; that is to say, whether the command 
 was in the body of an unmixed regiment or otherwise. 
 
 " After such a lapse of time, it is not very easy now to ascertain 
 whether the war department at that day intended the construction 
 which was practically put on the regulations ; whether it was 
 intended to construe the regulation in regard to pay without refer- 
 ence to the regulation in regard to rank, or to construe the law of 
 1818 without reference to the articles of war. But the practice 
 here stated has resulted, and brevet pay has been allowed in the 
 regiments equally as on detachments. 
 
 " In 1829, the subject of brevet pay was referred to the attorney- 
 general by the President. In the opinion then given, Mr. Berrien 
 considered that the law of 18 18 did not allow brevet pay in any 
 case where, by the articles of war, the operation of brevet rank 
 was excluded, and that, if the army regulations allowed brevet 
 pay in the officer's own regiment, troop or company, these regula- 
 tions were in opposition to law. This opinion appears to have 
 produced no change in the practice which prevailed in the allow- 
 ance of brevet pay. 
 
 " Although, if it were a new question, I should now entertain 
 
OF BREVETS. 195 
 
 no doubt as to the construction of the law of iSi8, and should 
 have no difificulty in concludiag that brevet pay cannot, by that 
 law and the articles of war, be allowed in the regiment, troop or 
 company, to which the brevet officer fcelongs, still, I have not 
 felt called upon to reverse, by the mere action of this department, 
 what may claim to have been the contemporaneous interpretation 
 of the law, and what has certainly been the practice under it from 
 that time to the present, the more especially as it appears that the 
 attention of the President was called, by the opinion of the 
 attorney-general, in 1829, to the practice, under the regulation, 
 apparently at variance with the law, and the same practice was 
 nevertheless still continued, and has been to this time. I now 
 lay the question before the appropriate committee of Congress, in 
 view of the enforcement of the existing law ,by further legislative 
 action, if you should agree with me in the opinion which I enter- 
 tain as to what the law now is and what it ought to be. 
 
 " It is in place here to advert to another practice which has 
 existed at intervals in regard to brevet pay. Officers of the staff 
 corps have received brevet pay for commands assimilated to their 
 brevet grades. Mr. Taney was of opinion, in 1832, as Mr. 
 Berrien had been, in 1829, that the ''command' contemplated by 
 the law of 1818, to which brevet pay is restricted, must be the 
 military command of troops. This would confine the benefits of 
 brevet pay to officers of the line, at least, to commands in the 
 line. Subsequently, however, to Mr. Taney's opinion, the practice 
 again obtained of allowing, in certain cases, brevet pay in the 
 staff corps ; when, at length, the rule, as given in the opinions 
 above cited, was revived by Mr. Marcy, in the latter part of his 
 administration of the war department ; and so I found the rule 
 and have continued it, and now no brevet pay is allowed to 
 officers in the engineers, topographical engineers, ordnance or in 
 any sta £f department. Nor does it appear to me necessary to 
 rest thi s decision upon a strict or narrow interpretation of the 
 word ''command' in the act of 1818, because staff officers are 
 excluded from brevet pay while serving in their particular corps in 
 like manner as from the exercise of their brevet rank, and are to 
 do duty, take rank, and receive pay according to the commissions 
 by which they are mustered. 
 
 " But even if the allowance of brevet pay were in all cases 
 strictly confined, with the operation of brevet rank, to actual 
 command on detachments of mixed corps or on assignments by 
 the President, there would yet remain very grave objections to 
 any systein which introduces, or tends to introduce, any confusion 
 or conflict of rank in the military service, by conferring different 
 ranks, each to operate according to circumstances, on the same 
 
196 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 officer. I remain, therefore, of the opinion expressed in my 
 annual report, that brevet rank should not be allowed to operate 
 in any case, directly by law, to confer rank, command, or pay, 
 and only under a provision similar to the construction now placed 
 on the 62d article of war, by which the President is allowed, by a 
 special direction in the particular case, to assign a brevet officer 
 to his rank. This discretion would be rarely exercised, and only 
 on occasions of sufficient importance to the public service. It 
 would enable the government, for high military commands, where 
 seniority by line commission might not afford a suitable com- 
 mander, to select from among the officers who had earned the 
 distinction which the brevet supposes, and to give effect to brevet 
 rank in such case. The provision of law which now limits brevet 
 pay to an actual command equivalent to the rank, might still be 
 applied, and would sufficiently guard against the inducements to 
 seek or confer such rank in reference to pay only. 
 
 " I cannot see any reason to continue the existing operation of 
 brevet rank on detachments, or why the senior and more experi- 
 enced officer, who holds rank and command in his regiment and 
 in all permanent arrangements of the troops, whether in marches, 
 guards or quarters, posts or garrisons, shall, on detachments, give 
 place, and be subjected, to his junior. I do not see that the law 
 offers a single compensating advantage for the many mischiefs 
 which it causes. It confounds military rank, and weakens its 
 effect ajid authority, by alternating the command, and occasionally 
 subjecting the senior officer to the command of his junior. In 
 thus interchanging the command among junior and senior officers, 
 it shifts the responsibility for the execution of military orders, the 
 care and government of the troops, and the preservation of the 
 public property. It produces discontents and controversies, and 
 has, in our army, on several critical occasions, threatened serious 
 consequences. 
 
 " But whatever may be the judgment of Congress as to the 
 continuation of the present brevet law, there is one part of it 
 which now needs legislative interpretation ; to determine whether 
 the officer who has received different grades of brevet appointment 
 continues to retain and hold them all at once ; so that he may 
 elect, or others may elect for him, which shall be operative. In 
 the ordinary commission where an officer is promoted to a higher, 
 he is considered to be removed from the lower, which he held at 
 his promotion, and which another fills in his stead. And he can 
 derive no advantage from claiming to retain the lower, as he 
 takes all the benefits of rank, command and pay, which attach to 
 his promotion. But in brevet commissions it appears to be con- 
 sidered that the lower is not merged in the higher, in respect of 
 
OF BREVETS. I 97 
 
 pay at least, however it may be in respect to rank. The brevet 
 officer can get no pay except he hold the actual equivalent com- 
 mand. A captain of the line may have received three brevets. 
 He could hardly hold the command of a colonel which would con- 
 fer the pay of that grade. But he may have a command equal to 
 that of a major ; and then, if his brevet of major is available, he 
 may receive the pay. Brevet officers, therefore, claim, in com- 
 mands which confer pay, the exercise of their inferior brevets. 
 But the brevet law seems to contemplate only one brevet rank. 
 It defines when the brevet rank shall take effect. It was never 
 doubted that on a court-martial the brevet officer has one, and 
 but one, brevet rank, that he must take his place accordingly, and 
 that he cannot choose among his brevets which to exercise. And 
 in the absence of any provision of law to the contrary, the promo- 
 tion by brevet must follow the analogies and principles of promo- 
 tion by ordinary commission. 
 
 It may appear to Congress that there is an equitable distinction 
 between these cases, and that there ought to be a legal ; that, as 
 in the ordinary promotion, the officer never suffers loss of pay, so 
 he ought not, by any consequence of brevet promotion. In this 
 case, however, a provision by law would be necessary to exclude 
 the obvious legal conclusion to the contrary. 
 " I have the honor to be, 
 " Very respectfully, 
 
 " Your obedient servant, 
 
 "GEO. W. CRAWFORD, 
 " Secretary of War." 
 
 No legislation was effected by this report, the subject being 
 left to executive action. In November, 1850, the President con- 
 vened a Board of officers (of which General Scott was the Pres- 
 ident), to consider the subject of rank generally, including brevet 
 rank. The Board, on the 27th of November, 1850, submitted the 
 following report : — 
 
 Washington, November 27th, 1850. 
 
 To the Hon. C. M. Conrad, 
 
 Secretary of War, 
 Sir : — 
 
 The undersigned officers of the army, constituted by the Presi- 
 dent of the United States a board to consider and report upon a 
 resolution that passed the House of Representatives, July 18, 
 1850, touching rank and command within the army and within 
 the navy, and the order of precedency between the officers of the 
 two arras of the national defence, beg leave, on so much of the 
 
igS HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 resolution as relates exclusively to the army, to offer through you 
 this separate report. 
 
 The parts of the resolution here to be separately considered 
 are all of a kindred nature, and four in number : — 
 
 1 . " The gradations of rank for the officers and non-commis- 
 sioned officers of the military staff and the line of the army. 
 
 2. " The order of succession to command among the officers 
 and non-commissioned officers of the array. 
 
 3. " The order of precedence between the officers of the non- 
 military staff of the army and the officers of the army having 
 staff or lineal rank, etc. 
 
 4 " The extent to which officers and non-commissioned officers 
 of the staff in the army shall be subject to the command of offi- 
 cers and non-commissioned officers of the line of the array." 
 
 It is to be regretted that all these points have not been theo- 
 retically or at least practically, settled with us, as they had been 
 settled, a century before American Independence, in the British 
 service, from which service Congress early borrowed all our titles 
 and descriptions of rank, and at the same time every written rule 
 for the government of rank. But in England, as in the United 
 States, there is no written law solving, in express terms, the rights 
 and duties, except very partially, of regimental rank, brevet rank, 
 oir staff rank, toward each other ; nor has the code of either 
 country any table or scale of rank, to show the regular subordina- 
 tion of titles or grades. Indeed the articles of war in the two 
 countries (almost identical), on the subject of rank, would have 
 been almost unintelligible but for the military common law, viz. : 
 " the custom of war in like cases," applied as a rule of construe - 
 tion or explanation to those articles. This " custom " being in 
 all cases strictly followed in the British army, uniformity of 
 practice therein has been the result. Not so in our service. 
 With substantially the same articles of war, adopted by Congress, 
 September 30, 1776, and again re-enacted April 10, r8o6, it can- 
 not be denied that doubts and difficulties have, in the last thirty 
 odd years, arisen with us on every head of rank and command 
 nov/ under consideration. The resolution of the House of 
 Representatives, before the Board, is the proof and reflection of 
 the fact. 
 
 Whether these doubts and difficulties have arisen in conse- 
 quence of slight differences of organization between our army 
 and that of Great Britain, or from other causes hitherto in opera- 
 tion among us, the board does not feel called upon to express an 
 opinion, but proceeds to offer such modifications of the laws on 
 this subject as it earnestly hopes, if adopted, may in future pre- 
 vent contrariety of construction and practice. 
 
OF BREVETS. 199' 
 
 To accomplish this important object, the board, after much 
 reflection, submits for tlie approbation of the President and 
 Congress the following : — 
 
 SECTIONS PROPOSED FOR AN ACT OF CONGRESS. 
 
 1. Be it enacted, etc.. That under the President as " commander- 
 in-chief of the army and navy of the United States," the follow- 
 ing, until otherwise provided by law, shall be the titles and grades 
 of army rank, or rank in the line of the army ; number one being 
 the highest rank and each succeeding number higher in rank and 
 command than the following number, viz. : — i, major-general ; 
 2, brigadier-general ; 3, colonel ; 4, lieutenant-colonel ; 5, major; 
 6, captain ; 7, first lieutenant ; 8, second lieutenant ; 9, cadet ; 
 10, ordnance sergeant; 11, sergeant-major; 12, quartermaster 
 sergeant; 13, principal musician; 14, orderly or first sergeant; 
 15, sergeant; and 16, corporal, who shall be also entitled to 
 command all private soldiers, including private musicians, artifi- 
 cers and the like; s.r\A provided, that all persons subject to the 
 rules and articles for the government of the army of the United 
 States, and not commissioned, shall be subordinate to any com- 
 missioned officer in the army, though of the civil staff or without 
 array rank. 
 
 2. £e it further enacted. That rank, as laid down and graduated 
 in the foregoing section, shall be considered, in respect to com- 
 mand, alike valid and effective, whether in the army, marine 
 corps, or militia, and whether by ordinary commission, brevet 
 commission, or staff commission, and whether in regiments, corps, 
 or departments of the staff, other than the medical and pay 
 departments, observing differences in grades, and seniority within 
 the same grade ; and with the further restrictions provided in 
 sections three and four of this act, and in article ninety-eight, 
 section one, of an act entitled " an act for establishing rules and 
 articles for the government of the armies of the United States," 
 approved April 10, i?>o6,— provided, that the President of the 
 United States, when in his opinion it may be necessary or proper, 
 specially exempt any officer, military department or station, from 
 such command. 
 
 3. And be it further enacted. That officers having brevet com- 
 missions or staff commissions of a grade or grades higher than those 
 in the regiment, corps, troop, or company, to which such officers 
 belong, shall do duty and take rank, when serving in their own regi- 
 ments, corps, troop, or company, or in courts, detachments, boards 
 and councils, which shall be composed only of their own corps, 
 according to the commissions by which they are mustered in 
 
200 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 said corps. And provided also, that no brevet or staff officer 
 shall assume the command of troops by virtue of such commis- 
 sion, unless assigned thereto by the President of the United 
 States or a general officer commanding in the field ; except, that 
 when different corps join or do duty together, a brevet or staff 
 officer, on duty with the same, may assume the command in cases 
 where he would otherwise fall under the orders of an officer of 
 inferior army rank belonging to another regiment or corps. 
 
 4. And be it further enacted. That accidental vacancies in the 
 command of divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, com- 
 panies, detachinents, departments, or posts, shall, under the 
 restrictions provided in the foregoing section, devolve on the 
 officer or non-commissioned officer next in rank in each particular 
 command, and so continue with him until the vacancy shall be 
 supplied by regular promotion, appointment or detail ; but in the 
 mean time the President of the United States, or a general officer 
 commanding in the field, may assign to the vacant command 
 any staff, brevet or other officer, provided, that the assigned 
 officer may not supersede an actual commander of equal or supe- 
 rior grade, except at the request or by the consent, of the latter. 
 
 5. And be it further enacted. That the rank conferred by section 
 eight, of the act approved February 11, 1847, entitled "an act 
 to raise for a limited time an additional military force, and for 
 other purposes," upon the officers of the medical department, and 
 by section thirteen of an act entitled " an act making provision for 
 an additional number of general officers, and for other purposes," 
 approved March 3, 1847, upon officers of the pay department, 
 shall entitle the officers holding such rank to choice of quarters, 
 and to precedence according to rank on courts, boards and 
 and councils, and to the military honors of their rank ; and when 
 they chance to be at a post, or with a detachment, commanded 
 by a junior officer, they shall not absent themselves from the 
 post or detachment, except in urgent cases, and then not without 
 notifying the commanding officer, though of inferior rank, of 
 their intention so to do. 
 
 6. And be it further enacted. That the non-military staff of the 
 army shall, in respect to precedence and the choice of quarters, 
 be classed as follows : — chaplains, being commissioned officers, 
 with majors ; chaplains and schoolmasters of posts, and also 
 military storekeepers, with captains. 
 
 7. And be it further enacted. That all vacancies occurring in 
 the adjutant-general's, inspector-general's, quartermaster-gener- 
 al's, subsistence and pay departments, shall be filled by selection 
 from the whole axmy,— provided, that no officer shall be advanced 
 more than one grade by such selection. 
 
OF BREVETS. 20I 
 
 8. And he it further enacted^Thiit all commissions conferring 
 rank which shall be vacated by disbandment, resign ition or 
 otherwise, shall cease to be effective for all purposes in the array, 
 —provided, that the question of priority between officers of the 
 same grade and date may be determined by reference to such 
 former commissions. 
 
 9. And be it further enacted, That the following parts or pro- 
 visions of acts be, and the same are hereby repealed, viz. : — 
 articles sixty-one, sixty-two, and sixty-three, section first, of the 
 act entitled " an act for the government of the armies of the 
 United States," approved April 10, 1806 ; also, but without 
 prejudice to the rank of the present officers of the medical and 
 pay departments, so much of the two acts recited in section five 
 -of this act as gives qualified army rank to medical officers and 
 paymasters ; and likewise, but without prejudice to the rank of 
 the present judge-advocate for the army, so much of section four 
 of the act entitled " an act for the increase of the medical staff 
 and for an additional number of chaplains of the army of the 
 United States," approved March "2, 1849, as might give to a suc- 
 cessor of the said judge-advocate the army rank of brevet major ; 
 provided, that nothing contained in this section shall be so con- 
 strued as to affect the pay and emoluments now authorized by 
 law to such officers. 
 
 We have the honor to remain, 
 Sir, with high respect. 
 
 Your most obedient servants, 
 
 WiNFiELD Scott, Major-Genl., and 
 
 President of the Board. 
 Thos. S. Jesup, Bvt. Maj.-Genl. 
 John E. Wool, Maj.-Genl. by brevet. 
 J. B. Crane, Col. ist Regt. Arty. 
 E. A. Hitchcock, Lt.-Col. 3d Inf., Bvt. Col. 
 Benj. F. Larned, Dep. P. M. G. 
 T. S. Mower, Surg. U. S. A. 
 
 This did not result in any legislation, and the vexed question 
 was left to stand where it had stood before the report of the 
 board was made. 
 
 In 1851 the authority of brevet rank was still further extended, 
 as will be seen from the following general order, issued on the 
 i8th of January of that year : — 
 
202 history and legal effects 
 
 General Orders. > War Department, 
 
 No. 4. I Adjutant-General's Office, 
 
 Washington, January 18, igSi- 
 Major P. St. George Cooke, of the 2d Regiment of Dragoons, 
 lieutenant-colonel by brevet, detailed to serve as a member of the 
 military board ordered to assemble in this city, Wednesday, the 
 15th instant, pursuant to "General Orders," No. 48, 1850, 
 having made objection in writing to the order of precedence 
 observed in the arrangement of the names of the officers com- 
 posing the said military board, and the objection having been duly 
 weighed and considered the following is the decision thereon : 
 
 War Department, 
 
 January 15, 1851. 
 
 The question presented by Brevet Lieut.-Colonel Cooke's 
 appeal, was carefully considered in organizing the board which 
 was recently convened to consult on rank in the army, and rela- 
 tive rank between officers of the army and navy. The view then 
 taken on the subject was this : — 
 
 "The 6ist article gives effect to brevet rank on " courts martial 
 and on detachments composed of different corps." A military 
 board is, perhaps, strictly speaking, neither a court martial nor a 
 detachment, but it is strikingly analogous to both ; and it is a well 
 settled principle that where the law has omitted, as in this 
 instance, to provide for a particular case, the rule laid down for 
 analogous cases will be applied to it. The officers on that board 
 having brevet rank were accordingly directed to take precedence 
 according to that rank. After again maturely examining the 
 question, that decision is considered correct and will be adhered 
 to in the organization of all military boards. 
 
 " C. M. CONRAD. 
 
 " Secretary of War." 
 
 The foregoing decision is published for the instruction and 
 guidance of the commissioned officers of the army. 
 By Order, 
 
 R. JONES, 
 
 Adjutant-General. 
 
 The subject was again considered in 1855, when the general 
 order of January i8th, 185 1, was revoked, as will be seen from 
 the following synopsis of a " protest " made by Captain W. S. 
 Ketchum, and the decision of the secretary of war thereon : — 
 
 " Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Hoffman, commanding Fort Lara- 
 mie, having ordered a council of administration, composed of two 
 
OF BREVETS. 303 
 
 officers of the 6th infantry and one of the 9th, and ranged the 
 members thereon according' to their brevets, Captain W. S. 
 Ketchum, the senior of the three by ordinary or regimental com- 
 mission, denies that brevet rank is operative in such a case, 
 and claims that he is rightfully the president of the council. 
 Colonel Hoffman grounds his procedure on Mr. Secretary Con- 
 rad's opinion of January 15th, 1851, published in general orders, 
 No. 4, of that year, prior to the issuing of which order, breves 
 rank, where officers only came together, was restricted to courtt 
 martial and (under Mr. Secretary Poinsett's regulation of October 
 31st, 1838) courts of inquiry, when composed of officers of 
 different regiments or corps. 
 
 " Lieutenant-Colonel Hoffman, referring to the fact that garri- 
 son courts martial can only be ordered at posts where there are 
 different corps, asks ' if the officers of the court happen to be of 
 the same regiment, does brevet rank take effect or not ?' This 
 inquiry seems to be very distinctly answered in the negative by 
 the 6ist article of war. 
 
 " Respectfully submitted to the secretary of war. 
 "S. COOPER, 
 
 " Adjutant-General." 
 
 Decision of the secretary of war on the above : 
 " In the case of the Post Council of Administration assembled 
 at Fort Laramie, it is held that brevet rank could not take effect, 
 the cases specified in the act of April loth, 1806 (rules and 
 articles of war), being those of courts martial and detachments 
 composed of different corps, and the accidental junction of 
 different corps of the army serving temporarily together but 
 not constituting an organized corps. A detail of officers, to 
 constitute a board, or council of administration, to inspect 
 property, or to attend to the fiscal affairs of a military post, 
 cannot be considered as a court martial, or as a detachment 
 from the post at which the officers were serving. General order, 
 No. 4, 1851, will be rescinded. 
 
 "JEFFN. DAVIS, 
 " Secretary of War." 
 
 War Department, 
 
 Oct. loth, 1855. 
 
 A new edition of army regulations was issued in 1857, dated 
 January ist, in which the article concerning brevet rank is as 
 follows : 
 
204 history and legal efffxts 
 
 Article ii. 
 
 Rank and Command. 
 
 5. * * * In case of equality of rank, by virtue of a brevet 
 commission, reference is had to commissions not brevet. 
 
 8. An officer not having orders from competent authority 
 cannot put himself on duty by virtue of his commission alone. 
 
 9. Brevet rank takes effect only in the following cases : ist, by 
 special assignment of the President in commands composed of 
 different corps ; 2d, on courts-martial or detachments composed of 
 different corps. Troops are on detachment only when sent out 
 temporarily to perform a special service. 
 
 II. In regularly constituted commands, as garrisons, posts, 
 departments ; companies, battalions, regiments ; corps, brigades, 
 divisions, army corps, or the army itself; brevet rank cannot 
 be exercised except by special assignment." 
 
 The general-in-chief of the army, Scott, on the 28th of March, , 
 1857, filed objections to these regulations in the following re- 
 marks : — 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 " On the book called General Regulations of the Army, purport- 
 ing on the second page (under the printed signature of the secre- 
 tary of war), to have received the approval of the President of 
 the U. S., January ist, 1857. 
 
 1. The book is posthumous, not having been published until 
 after the approvers were officially defunct, that is to say, replaced 
 by a new President and a new secretary of war. At least, I know 
 it was not received at the head-quarters of the army (New York), 
 till the 7th of March, 1857. 
 
 2. The book is not only spurious, for the reasons stated, but a 
 most extraordinary number of copies (perhaps five times the usual 
 number) were printed, as if to fasten, for the longest possible 
 time, the peculiar and offensive views of the late secretary upon 
 the army, by making the publication (on account of cost) more 
 difficult to suppress with a view to a new and corrected edition. 
 
 3. The constitution gives Congress (not the President) power 
 to make rules for the government of the land forces, which power 
 has been executed (for the time being) in what are usually called 
 
OF BREVETS. 205 
 
 the rules and articles of war. The Executive cannot alter or 
 change one of these ; but it is admitted that he may make rules 
 or standing orders, strictly in subordination to the letter and 
 spirit of the legislative code. The loth and nth paragraphs of 
 the new book violate this principle. They lay a restriction on 
 brevet irank (not in common with any other rank) over and above 
 the guarded restrictions provided in the 6ist article of war ; and 
 hence those paragraphs are void. In other words (and I am 
 obliged, in so plain a case, to use a truism), rank is rank ; that is, 
 all army rank, created by law, is equally valid, except in cases 
 excepted by the law. The 6ist, 63d and 98th of the rules and 
 articles of war contain every exception or restriction, in respect to 
 every sort of army rank, to be found in our statutes at large. The 
 obnoxious paragraphs in question bring up the rear, with a ven- 
 geance, and by the doctrine of 'special assignment,' superadded to 
 the burden of congressional restrictions, nearly annihilate brevet 
 rank, and render it a mere object of Executive favor or dis- 
 pleasure. 
 
 I need scarcely add that, in this instance, I am a disinterested 
 commentator ; for my rank, by brevet, cannot be affected by this 
 interpolation and usurpation upon law. Nevertheless, I trust the 
 paragraphs may be expurgated, and for the additional reasons : 
 the 10th contains a false description of the word 'detachment ;' 
 and the nth falsely places 'garrisons, posts, departments/ also 
 'brigades, divisions, army corps, or the army itself,' in respect to 
 brevet rank, on the same footing, a 'regiment,' independent 
 ' troop,' or ' company,' in which, only, officers are ordinarily 
 ' mustered.' 
 
 There is a great deal of learning connected with these ques- 
 tions—all to the same effect — which I forbear to quote in this 
 place, preferring to rest my conclusions on the plain common 
 sense views I have taken above. 
 
 4. The same doctrine of special assignment by the President is 
 reproduced, in respect to pay, in paragraph 1176, of the same 
 book, against law. See the 'preceding paragraph and the 6ist 
 article of war. 
 
 5. See paragraphs 1283 and 1284, of the same book, 'lieuten- 
 ants to take charge of the recruiting parties,' ' the adjutant- 
 general will detail,' etc., etc. Here again the commanding general 
 is ignored ; and regimental captains are indefinitely banished 
 from civil life. They are in future not to be detailed for recruit- 
 ing purposes. No doubt their presence with companies is im- 
 portant ; but the extreme doctrine of this paragraph degrades it 
 to a mere crotchet. , 
 
 6. There are many other arbitrary and capricious changes in 
 
2o6 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 the new book, some of which affect, very seriously, particular 
 departments of the general staff ; but as they will, it is presumed, 
 be pointed out by the chiefs of those departments respectively, I 
 will here conclude my remarks on the new book, by noticing a 
 very remarkable omission, evidently designed to affect my office 
 and authority in the army." ^^ 
 
 EXTRACT FROM THE ARMY REGULATIONS OF 1847. 
 
 Article X. 
 The Commander of the Army. 
 
 48. . . . The military establishment is placed under the orders 
 of the major-general commanding-in-chief, in all that regards 
 its discipline and military control. Its fiscal arrangements prop- 
 erly belong to the administrative departments of the staff, and to 
 the treasury department, under the direction of the secretary of 
 war. 
 
 49. . . . The general will watch over the economy of the 
 service, in all that relates to the expenditure of money, supply of 
 arms, ordnance and ordnance-stores, clothing, equipments, camp- 
 equipage, medical and hospital stores, barracks, quarters, trans- 
 portation, fortifications, military academy, pay and subsistence, — 
 in short, every thing which enters into the expenses of the mili- 
 tary establishment, whether personal or national. He will also see 
 that the estimates for the military service are based upon proper 
 data, and made for the objects contemplated by law, and neces- 
 sary to the due support and useful employment of the army. In 
 carrying into effect these important duties, he will call to his 
 counsel and assistance the staff, and those officers proper in his 
 opinion to be employed in verifying and inspecting all the objects 
 which may require attention. The rules and regulations estab- 
 lished for the government of the army, and the laws relating to 
 the military establishment, are the guides to the commanding 
 general in the performance of his duties. 
 
 " The whole of the foregoing article, drawn up with care under 
 the eye of Mr. Secretary Marcy, and approved by President Polk, 
 while I was absent in Mexico, has been dropped from the new 
 book ! ! ! 
 
 # * * * * * * 
 
 "WINFIELD SCOTT. 
 " Head-quarters of the Army, ), 
 March 28, 1857." | 
 
OF BREVETS. 20/ 
 
 The views of the general-in-chief, however, produced no change 
 in the code, and the paragraplis concerning brevet rank appeared, 
 without alteration, in the editions of the regulations issued in 
 1861 and 1863. The secretary of war replied to General Scott's 
 remarks as follows : — 
 
 " War Department, 
 
 "Washington, 25 Sept., 1857. 
 
 " Sir : — I have carefully examined the articles of the army 
 regulations now in force under orders from the President of the 
 United States, through the war department, dated January ist, 
 1857, to which you call my attention. 
 
 "I think the articles on rank and command by virtue of brevet 
 commissions stand now as they have stood since 1829, a long 
 period of time ; so long that I do not feel at liberty to 
 alter them. If it were a new question, I should incline 
 to your construction of the articles of war. But the repeat- 
 ed decisions of the Executive Department of the Government 
 construing the law uniformly in one way, acquiesced in by the 
 legislature whenever brought to their attention, must now be 
 taken to settle the law, and in this, as in a matter of public ad- 
 ministration, and not of private right, the doctrine is especially 
 applicable, that it is more important to settle the rule than to 
 consider whether it was well declared in the first instance." 
 
 "The regulations for brevet pay (pars. 1175, 1176) are in ac- 
 cordance with the well considered opinion of the attorney-gener- 
 al of the United States in 1829. This is, in my opinion; the true 
 construction of the law, and is accurately expressed in the terms 
 of the law. 
 
 " The failure to insert in the new regulations a definition of the 
 duties and authority pertaining to the office of commander-in- 
 chief of the army, which was contained in the old regulations, I 
 am satisfied, does not, in any degree, take from it any power, 
 authority, honor or command conferred upon that high office by 
 law. Definitions are always difficult, sometimes impossible. 
 The definitions in the old regulations, attempting to define the 
 duties of the principal officers of the army, are not, in my judg- 
 ment, satisfactory ; and I think the new regulations wisely fol- 
 low the example set by those which you prepared in 1825, in 
 which no definitions were attempted. 
 
 *-* * * * * * 
 
 " With the highest regard and esteem, 
 
 " Very truly, your obedient servant. 
 
 "J. B. FLOYD, 
 
 " Secretary of War." 
 
208 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS. 
 
 During the two or three years following the Mexican War the 
 distinguished services in that contest were generally and liberally 
 rewarded by brevet promotion. 
 
 Scott, the general-in-chief, holding the highest grade then in 
 existence in our service, — that of major-general, — and holding 
 that grade also by brevet dating from July 25, 1814, could receive 
 no additional brevet without further legislation. On the 15th of 
 February, 1855, a joint resolution, as follows, was passed : — ■ 
 
 " Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
 United States of America, in Congress assembled, that the grade 
 of lieutenant-general be, and is hereby, revived in the army of 
 the United States, in order that, when in the opinion of the 
 President and Senate it shall be deemed proper to acknowledge 
 eminent services of a major-general of the army in the late war 
 with Mexico, in the mode already provided for a subordinate grade, 
 the grade of lieutenant-general may be specially conferred by brevet, 
 and by brevet only, to take rank from' the date of such services : Pro- 
 vided, however, that when the said grade of lieutenant-general by 
 brevet shall have once been filled, and have become vacant, this 
 joint resolution shall thereafter expire and be of no effect." 
 
 The resolution was manifestly for the promotion of General 
 Scott, and he was, in accordance therewith, brevetted a lieutenant- 
 general, to date from March 29, 1847. On the 8th of March, 
 1855, General Scott presented accounts for the difference of com- 
 pensation between the grades of major-general and lieutenant- 
 general for a period of about seven years, beginning with the date 
 of his brevet and oimitting the time when he was not on duty. 
 This claim was opposed by the secretary of war, Jefferson Davis, 
 who at the prior date, when chairman of the military committee in 
 the Senate, had opposed the resolution for General Scott's pro- 
 motion. Mr. Davis held that "the purpose was for eminent ser- 
 vices in the war with Mexico, to confer a complimentary distinc- 
 tion, not to grant a pecuniary reward." A bitter and protracted 
 correspondence between Mr. Davis and General Scott grew out 
 of the subject. 
 
 General Scott submitted the question to the following named 
 eminent lawyers, Henry D. Gilpin, Reverdy Johnson, James W. 
 Gerard, Hiram Ketchum, Ogden Hoffman, and George Wood; 
 and the opinion of all was to the effect that the law entitled him 
 to the compensation he sought. The claim was submitted to 
 Attorney-General Gushing, who decided, August 24, 1855. that 
 General Scott held "by lawful appointment and commission the 
 office of lieutenant-general by brevet in the army of the United 
 
OF BREVETS. 209 
 
 States, and that he was entitled to the pay and emoluments of 
 the office," under the act of May 28, 1798, "fixing the pay 
 of the grade of lieutenant-general." On the 12th of October, 
 1855, the secretary of war laid the subject before the President 
 of the United States, with an elaborate report, in which he says : 
 " the attorney general has given an opinion differing from the views 
 held by me. His reasoning does not carry convicti on to my 
 mind, nor do I see clearly IwwJtJ-'^.-sonclifeJas'-src-nr'ofe^ppUed 
 to-Li'ib-"^,a3e, ortrjg^'^HneFal doctrines advanced be conceded, 
 without involviilgquestions detrimental to the service. I have, 
 therefore, concluded to submit the case to you," etc. In a letter 
 to the secretary, dated October 29, 1855, the President confirmed, 
 substantially, the views of the attorney-general, and said : " Bre- 
 vet Lieutenant-General Scott is entitled to the pay and allowances 
 of his brevet rank since March 29, 1847, during such period of 
 time in peace as he may have been on duty as commanding-gen- 
 eral of the army, and at all times in the field with a command not 
 less than eight regiments." 
 
 The secretary of war endorsed the President's letter as follows : 
 " To be filed in the war office, and a copy to be furnished to the 
 paymaster-general. The opinion' of the department, as hereto- 
 fore expressed, remains unchanged. See files of the office. 
 
 (Signed) Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War." 
 
 The joint resolution to appoint a lieutenant-general by brevet 
 was of far greater value to General Scott than one would have 
 been creating the grade of lieutenant-general. This, Mr. Davis 
 did not fail to observe and point otit. In one of his letters to 
 General Scott, he says : " Had the grade of lieutenant-general 
 been revived, to be held by ordinary .commission, you could not, 
 under any construction, have had back pay, for the pay of such 
 commission was only from date of acceptaqce ; hence the advan- 
 tage of the provision that it should be held by brevet only, an 
 advantage which members of Congress could hardly appreciate, 
 for few besides army officers would know that, by the construction 
 given to the law regulating brevet pay, you might be allowed, by 
 virtue of that brevet, for additional services, long before per- 
 formed and paid for under another commission." To this. Gen- 
 eral Scott replied : " True ; hence the advantage of holding it by 
 brevet only. No doubt such was the patriotic liberality of Con- 
 gress." 
 
 The back pay accruing to General Scott from his promotion 
 amounted to thirty-two thousand seven hundred and forty-six 
 dollars and seventy-six cents. The brevet in this instance was 
 certainly the " full " rank. 
 
 10* 
 
210 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 Andrews and Johnston. 
 
 On the Tith of February, 1847, ^" ^^t was passed authorizing 
 ten regiments to "be raised for and during the war with Mexico. ' 
 Major T. P. Andrews, paymaster, was appointed colonel, and 
 Captain Joseph E. Johnston, topographical engineer, lieutenant- 
 colonel, of one of these regiments, and several other officers were 
 ^^^appoiTTt5a~TiT^triTOra;-i£ jjOjiAvons in them^ _0n^ entering the 
 new regiments, all of these officers vacatea aisj,^ ^JSi'nons'm tile" 
 old regiments and corps, and their places were filled by ordinary 
 promotions. Several of them were brevetted for gallant services 
 in the war, notably Colonel Andrews to the grade of brigadier- 
 general, and Lieutenant-Colonel Johnston to the grade of colonel. 
 When the war with Mexico closed, and the " ten regiments " 
 were disbanded as required by the act creating them, these 
 officers, if no saving act had been passed, would have ceased to 
 be officers of the army, both by brevet and regimental commis- 
 sion. But instead of permitting this, a law was made continuing 
 them in the army, with the rank in their former regiments 
 that they would have had if they had not left them. They still 
 held their brevet rank in the army at large. The brevets were 
 conferred upon these officers in exact conformity to law, for what 
 they actually did in the higher grades in which the government 
 had placed them. The nature and value of the services- rendered 
 were set forth, in the commissions bestowed as a lawful, just, and 
 proper reward for them. The department ruled, without a shadow 
 of law for it, that these commissions should be taken away, and, 
 in lieu of them, subordinate "ones should be given, based upon 
 services which, it was assumed, the officers would have rendered, 
 if they had served in the lower grades which they had once oc- 
 cupied in other regiments and corps to which they were restored 
 at the close of the war. 
 
 In his letter of January 31, 1849, to the President, submitting 
 the names of these officers, the secretary of war says : " It hav- 
 ing been determined by the department that the brevet commis- 
 sions, conferred on them while officers of the ten regiments, 
 ceased to be effective when they ceased to be officers of those 
 regiments by reason of the expiration of the term for which they 
 were commissioned to serve in that corps, and as, by the act of 
 CongreiS referred to, they received commissions in the regular 
 army reaching back beyond the time when they performed ser- 
 vices for which they were brevetted as officers of the ten 
 regiments, it is respectfully recommended that they be promoted 
 by brevet as follows," &c. 
 
 Andrews and Johnston protested against being deprived of the 
 
OF BREVETS. 2 1 1 
 
 brevets they had already earned and received. Adjutant-Generil 
 Jones, in resisting their protest, made the argument, and it was 
 subsequently used by his successors, that the Senate had given 
 its approval to the ruling of the war department, because, in con- 
 firming the subordinate brevets, it had used the precise language 
 used by the department in making the nominations given above 
 in the letter from the secretary of war. 
 
 It was quite natural for the Senate to confirm the lower brevets, 
 as that was the only measure of justice it could contribute in the 
 case. In adopting, for the confirmation, the precise language 
 used in the nomination, the Senate followed a custom which is 
 general, if not invariable. In fact it could not well have clone 
 otherwise. It " consents," or not, to what the President pro- 
 poses, and the way to give that consent in the most unquestion- 
 able terms is to adopt the President's terms. But the " advice 
 and consent '' of the Senate applies only to the proposed appoint- 
 ment — not to the manner in which the vacancy was created, that 
 being a matter in which the facts are not before the Senate, and 
 over which it has no jurisdiction. If the President says, " I nom- 
 inate Captain A. to be Major, vice Major B. dismissed," and the 
 Senate uses this precise language in the confirmation, it cannot be 
 said that the Senate has confirmed the justice and legality of 
 Major B.'s dismissal. 
 
 Yet, in an official letter to Colonel Johnston, dated March 24, 
 1849, the adjutant-general told him that, because the Senate in con- 
 firming him for a subordinate brevet adopted the precise language 
 in which he was nominated, the action of the war department, in 
 depriving him of another and higher brevet, had been " confirmed 
 by the senate in its executive session." 
 
 Although the other offioers concerned dropped the subject. 
 Colonel Johnston persistently urged his rights, and the following 
 report shows how the case was regarded when brought up by him 
 in 1859 :— 
 
 Report on the claim {April 75, 185S) of Lieutenant-Colonel John- 
 ston, 1st Cavalry, to the rank of brevet colonel. 
 
 " This case is settled by the previous decisions. When Mr. 
 Marcy was secretary of war, the department decided against this 
 case, with other like cases, and that decision was confirmed by 
 the Senate on the 2d of March, 1849. On the 13th of March, 
 this case was again presented to the department by Colonel 
 Johnston, and on the 24th, Secretary Crawford decided that the 
 previous decision was '■final.' On the nth of July, 1855, 
 Colonel Johnston presented it to Secretary Davis, who decided 
 
2 12 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 that the case '■ had been settled by his predecessors and could not be 
 opened.' A decision was also made by Secretary Davis, i8th 
 Januar}', 1856, against Colonel Johnston's claim to the benefit of 
 his/ormer commission of lieutenant-colonel of voltigeurs. 
 
 "As the law (April 16, 1818) provides that no brevet com- 
 missions shall be conferred without the consent of the Seriate, 
 and as the Senate has confirmed the decision of the department 
 against Colonel Johnston's claira to this brevet, it cannot now be 
 conferred on him without their consent. 
 
 " If the department desires now to consider whether the case 
 ought again to be submitted to the Senate, the following are the 
 facts in regard to it : 
 
 " On the 19th of April, 1848, Colonel Johnston, then a 
 lieutenant-colonel of the regiment of voltigeurs, raised by the act 
 of February 11, 1847, to serve 'during the war with Mexico' 
 was brevetted a colonel ^for gallant and meritorious conduct, to 
 date from the 12th of April, 184J, when he was severely wounded 
 under the enemy's works at Cerro Gordo, Mexico, whilst on recon- 
 noitering duty.' This ' reconnoitering duty,' spoken of in the 
 brevet, was performed in the commission he then held of captain 
 of topographical engineers, and for the gallant service then ren- 
 dered he was entitled, by the usage of service, to receive, and 
 doubtless would have received, had he remained in that corps, a 
 brevet of the next higher grade, that is to say, a brevet of major. 
 But at the time of conferring the brevet he was a lieutenant- 
 colonel in the temporary regiment of voltigeurs, and was advanced 
 one grade on that commission, which expired at the end of the 
 war, and with it the brevet founded on it, as the government then 
 decided in this case, and the other cases similar to it. The 
 principle of these decisions will be found in an opinion of the 
 attorney-general, Mr. Wirt, August, 1821. At the end of the 
 war, however, the act of July 19, 1848, was passed, which pro- 
 vided that all the officers of the old army who had taken com- 
 ' missions in the temporary regiments should be restored to their old 
 corps, and have the benefit of any promotion in them, to which 
 they would have succeeded, if they had remained in them. The 
 same liberal principle, though there was no provision in the law 
 for it, was extended to them in regard to brevet commissions, 
 which were conferred on them for their war services, as if they 
 liad in fact retained throughout the war their old regimental com- 
 missions. Two brevets, as his gallant services well deserved, 
 were thus conferred on Colonel Johnston, then a captain of 
 topographical engineers — one of major for Cerro Gordo, and one 
 of lieutenant-colonel for Chapultepec. 
 
 " Would it be equitable to give these officers the double benefit 
 of restoring; their commissions in the old armv. and of eivino' 
 
OF BREVETS. 213 
 
 them rank in it by brevet according to their brevets founded on 
 their temporary commissions ? It cannot be done without the con- 
 sent of the Senate ; and is it lil^ely the Senate will consent to it ? 
 If it is done in Colonel Johnston's case, it must be done in the 
 other cases. Captains Walker, ist Cavalry, and Tracy, loth In- 
 fantry, to be captains ; Captain Archer, gth Infantry, to be major ; 
 Major Woods, pay department, to be lieutenant-colonel ; and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Andrews, same department, to be brigadier- 
 general, according to their dates of respective brevets in the 
 Mexicaii war. 
 
 " I would remark, also, as proof of the temporary character of 
 these brevets, that they were conferred, in like manner,_orL,tlae - 
 officers of volunteers; for...example, -Brigadier-Generals Joseph 
 Lane, John A. Quitman, and James Shields, of the Volunteers, 
 had brevets of major-general in the army. 
 
 " During the war of 1812, certain officers of the line were ap- 
 pointed in staff departments with increased rank by b7'evet, at the 
 same time retaining their line commissions, agreeably to the act 
 of March 3, 1813. After the reduction of the army in 1815, when 
 these staff appointments were abrogated, these officers returned 
 to their former positions in the line ; and it was claimed that 
 they carried with them the brevets which attached to their ap- 
 pointments in the staff. Although this claim was often urged, it 
 was never recognized by the department, nor was such brevet 
 rank exercised after the reduction of 1815. 
 
 " S. COOPER, 
 A. G. Office, Apr. 1859. " Adjutant-General." 
 
 There is an oversight in the last paragraph of the foregoing 
 report which is the foundation of serious misapprehension concern- 
 ing the stability of brevet rank. It has already been pointed out 
 in the chapter on staff brevets. It consists in treating brevets 
 conferred, under the act of 1812, for distinguished services, in the 
 same manner as the brevet rank of staff officers conferred under 
 the act of 1813. Tliey were entirely different. The brevet rank 
 in the latter was staff rank. The staff office conferred the brevet 
 rank. The officer was nominated and confirmed, to the one 
 office of assistant adjutant-general, for example, with the brevet 
 of captain. It followed from this that the two parts of the one 
 office fell together. The breVet was in this case " based " upon the 
 staff office, and ceased when the office ceased. But an entirely 
 different state of facts existed in relation to brevets under the act 
 of 1812. There, the brevet conferred an additional and distinct 
 office, the only condition being that this second office should be 
 bestowed upon an officer of the army, and for gallant conduct or 
 meritorious services. To ingraft the limitations and conditions of 
 
214 HISTORY AND, LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 the staff brevets upon the servitce brevets, as the department did, 
 viras to estabhsh a precedent for error and injustice. 
 
 Adjutant-General Thomas, in 1862, in reporting upon the case 
 of Captain Henshaw, enlarged upon this error and made a closer 
 connection between an officer's commission in his corps and his 
 brevet than any of his predecessors had done. They had held 
 simply that these commissions died together, but General Thomas 
 decided that they not only died together but that they came 
 to life together. He said, " the brevet commission is but a 
 graft on that which the officer already holds in the army ; deriving 
 all its vitality from the latter, it lives and dies with it, and can oniy 
 be~ revived by reviving the latter. Had Captain Henshaw, for 
 example, succeeded in his~efEorts To be re-instated in the army, it 
 would only have been necessary to nominate him to the Senate 
 for restoration as captain in the 7th Infantr)', for, with that com- 
 mission, the brevet which grew out of it would instantly and of itself 
 have revived, being so to speak a part of it." 
 
 These extravagant views were undoubtedly based on the mistaken 
 notion, already adverted to, that the commission in a corps, and 
 the brevet in the army at large under the act of 1812, like the 
 stafF brevets under the act of 1813, formed parts of one office. 
 
 The theory, adopted by one adjutant-general after another, 
 that a brevet for gallant or meritorious services must be based 
 upon a commission of the next lower grade, and that it ceased tr 
 exist if that grade was vacated, has never been consistently observei, 
 by the Bureau itself. The grade, on which a brevet depends 
 under this theory, is vacated as effectually if the officer goes up, as 
 if he goes down, the military scale. The captaincy in a corps 
 serving on this theory as the " basis " for a brevet majority in the 
 army is actually vacated and filled by another as soon as the 
 captain is promoted to major, but the Bureau never disputed the 
 officer's right to all the benefits in date, etc., of his majority by 
 brevet, and the record of it has always been preserved. A similar 
 state of things obtains in relation to transfers. In these, officers 
 have changed regiments, corps, and grades, giving up the grades 
 on which it is said their brevets were based, and taking others, 
 without any question having been raised as to the validity of their 
 brevets. This was the case with Lieutenant R. C. Drum, trans- 
 ferred, in 1848, from the gth Infantry to the 4th Artillery, and also 
 with a number of officers transferred from old to new regiments, in 
 1861. 
 
 Adjutant-General Cooper in his report (heretofore given in 
 extenso), said that " the principle of these decisions will be found 
 in an opinion of the attorney-general, Mr. Wirt, August, 1821." 
 The fact that this opinion of Mr. Wirt should have been so 
 
OF BREVETS. 215 
 
 construed, furnishes a remarkable example of the astonishing 
 results which may follow the constnidion of laws and decisions. 
 The opinion had no relation whatever to such a case as that of 
 Johnston, and announced no principle bearing upon that case. 
 While the grade of major existed in the Marine Corps, during 
 the war of 1812, several officers of that corps received the rank of 
 major by brevet. On the return of peace, the corps was reorgan- 
 ized and the grade of major abolished by act of Congress. After 
 the grade had ceased to exist, captains, who had been brevetted 
 toTrrrtaTfr re ri'ii) - ljl, ■■Tr t -.i^w £Dtitled tq _the position, pay, etc, of major 
 by brevet. It was upon this claim that"ievSraropihi6nJ, liiLi'i!(il(Ji!i*j«" 
 the one in question, were rendered. They held that, as there was 
 no such grade as major, there could be no brevet major, that an 
 officer could not be brevetted to a grade which had not existence. 
 This was so plain, that, in discussing the question, the attorney- 
 general was embarrassed by its very simplicity, and hence he says : 
 " It seems to me a palpable solecism in military language to talk 
 of the existence of a brevet rank, after the lineal rank by commission 
 (of which the brevet is merely the shadow) has been destroyed." 
 When first presented to him, 1820, the attorney-general considered 
 the point so plain, that he disposed of it in a single sentence, 
 saying : " It is my opinion that, as no such office as that of brevet 
 major in the Marine Corps is recognized by aay act of Congress 
 now in force, the President cannot confer that rank under the act 
 of 1814." In 182 1, he said to the secretary of the navy :. 
 
 " Office of the Attorney-General. 
 ■"Sir: I have, in compliance with your request of the 15th instant, 
 reconsidered the question wliich you submitted to me on the 17th 
 of February, 1819, and on which I then gave an opinion adverse 
 to the claims of the officers of the marine corps for brevet pay. 
 With the most perfect willingness to retract that opinion if I 
 should find it wrong, I have been the more confirmed in it, and 
 can see nothing even like legal plausibility for the claim. 
 
 "The act of i6th April, 1814, authorizing an augmentation of 
 the Marine Corps, and for other purposes, authorized the President, 
 in the 3d section, to confer brevet rank on such officers as should 
 distinguish themselves, etc., with this proviso, that ' nothing herein 
 contained shall be so construed as to entitle officers so brevetted 
 to any additional pay or emolument, except when commanding 
 separate stations or detachments, when they shall be entitled to 
 and receive the same pay and emoluments which officers of the 
 same grade are now, or hereafter may be, allowed by law.' The 
 President, under the authority of this law, appointed several brevet 
 majors. On the 3d of March, 1817, the act to fix the peace 
 
2l6 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 establishment of the Marine Corps was passed, by which no majors 
 were retained in service ; the only officers that were retained 
 being one lieutenant-colonel commandant, nine captains and 
 subaltern officers. The brevet majors consider themselves as 
 being retained in service still, — at least for the purpose of receiv- 
 ing the pay of brevet major under the proviso of the act of 1814, 
 before quoted. But if they are in service as brevet majors for one 
 purpose, they are so for all purposes. If the act of 1814 be in 
 force for one purpose, it is for all, and the P resid ent may still go 
 on to appoint breoiei^ ma u xs to the m^aa^'^WP^Sf^SiraTJfTr'uie 
 'j|2e^^^8?Si?SssTf!5wrTfi mat corps recognizes no such grade. It 
 seems to me a palpable solecism in military language to talk of 
 the existence of brevet rank after the lineal rank by commission 
 (of which the brevet is merely the shadow) h-as -been destroyed, 
 and not less so to talk of pay graduated by a rank which no longer 
 exists, having been abolished by positive law. On what ground 
 of reason can the brevet major claim to stand on a better footing 
 than he would himself have stood if, instead of holding a brevet, 
 he had held a commission ? Is the brevet more stable, or of 
 higher grade, than the commission ? Or, is there more of contact 
 in the one case than in the other ? I cannot perceive even the 
 shadow of a foundation for the claim. ***** 
 The argument seems to me to be worse, if possible, than the claim 
 which it is adduced to support." 
 
 On the Tith of December, 1822, the same attorney-general 
 (Wirt) gave a third opinion, which makes it perfectly plain that 
 the sole point which he was dealing with was as to the power of 
 the President to brevet an officer to a grade not in the legal organ- 
 ization. It will be observed, too, from the following extract, that 
 he closes his opinion by positively asserting the "propriety of 
 brevetting a captain to the grade of lieutenant-colonel, without 
 the intermediate grade of major. He said : 
 
 Office of the Attoeney-General, 
 
 December 11, 1822. 
 
 " Sir : The question submitted for my opinion on the 22d of April, 
 1820, was, whether the President was authorized to confer the 
 brevet rank of major in the marine corps. The case which pro- 
 duced the question was stated to be this : — Under the 3d section 
 of the act of i6th April, 1814, in relation to the marine corps, the 
 President had conferred the rank of brevet major on several cap- 
 tains of corps, while the rank of major belonged to the organiza- 
 tion of that corps. But one captain, equally meritorious with the 
 rest, and equally entided, had been accidentally pretermitted. 
 
OF BREVETS. 21/ 
 
 On this posture of things came the act of the 30! March, 1817, to 
 fix the peace establishment of the Marine Corps, Avhich abolished 
 the grade of major in that corps ; the single qiiestion therefore was, 
 whether the President could now confer this grade in that corps by 
 brevet, to relate back to the time when it should have been conferred. 
 And my answer, on the 22d of April, 1820, was, that as the rank 
 of major no longer existed in the corps, the President could not 
 confer it by brevet. Captain Wainwright (the same gentleman, I 
 presume, whose case is above stated) has renewed his application 
 for brevet promotion, under the act of i6th April, 1814, on the 
 ground that he has served ten years in the grade of captain ; and 
 the case is again submitted for my opinion' on the question. 
 
 " I. Whether Captain Wainwright is entided to brevet pro- 
 motion ; 
 
 " 2. If he be so entitled, whether it is to the rank of lieutenant- 
 colonel, or that of major. 
 
 " On the first question I think there can be ne' doubt. The act 
 of i6th of April, 1814, is still in force ; and, in the 3d section, it 
 expressly authorizes the President to confer brevet rank on such 
 officers of the marine corps as shall have served ten years in any 
 one grade. Captain Wainwright had served ten years in his 
 present grade ; and, therefore, the brevet rank which the Presi- 
 dent is authorized to confer there can be no propriety in withhold- 
 ing, especially towards an officer so meritorious as, from the doc- 
 uments with which you have accompanied your letter, Captain 
 Wainwright appears to be. 
 
 " The second question is one of more difficulty, and is, I 
 humbly think, rather a military than a legal question. Laws on 
 military subjects, as you know, Sir, seldom fall within the sphere 
 of a lawyer's practice or consideration, and he is, consequently, 
 without that key of experience in the subject-matter which is so 
 essential to their just construction. The origin and nature of 
 brevet rank, for example, the cases in which it is conferred, and 
 the effects which it produces, are purely questions of military 
 experience with regard to which we have no written laws, and all 
 questions in regard to that rank must be, of necessity, beyond 
 the province of the mere jurist, but the question which you have 
 submitted to me demands all this military knowledge, and, 
 although I shall proceed, according to my sense of duty, to give 
 it the best answer in my power, yet I submit it, whether the Presi- 
 dent would not be much more safe in resting on the opinion of 
 military men, in this case, than on mine. 
 
 " I had always supposed that brevet rank was the mere shadow 
 of real, or commission, rank ; that the power of organizing our 
 armies, and all the corps of our armies, belonging to Congress, it 
 
.A«(i^ r_\ 
 
 2l8 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 was theirs alone to say what officers there should be ; that these 
 officers constitute the substantial commission grades or ranks of 
 honor in the army, of which the brevets are the mere reflection ; 
 and, consequently, that the President cannot confer brevet rank, 
 except in relation to a correspondent rank by commission, which 
 has been previously created by Congress. I had supposed that 
 the reason of resorting to brevets (in our service, at least), was 
 because the post to which the brevet pointed was already full, 
 and, therefore, as the President could not promote to the commis- 
 sion, he was authorized to confer the rank by brevet, which, beside 
 the present honor, produced the fiyther effect of giving the brevet 
 officer a priority to the correlative commission, whenever it should 
 become vacant by the death or resignation of the present 
 incumbent. ********* 
 * * * But, in this country, Congress alone has the 
 power to raise and support armies, to provide and maintain a 
 navy, and to make rules for the government and regulation of the 
 land and naval forces. The power to raise armies is a power to 
 decide the quantum of the army that shall be raised ; that is to 
 say, how many officers and privates, and of what grades the offi- 
 cers shall be — a power which Congress has uniforml)' exercised. 
 * * * It was from this view of the subject that I sup- 
 posed that, when Congress had, by the act of 3d March, 1817, an- 
 nihilated the office and rank of major in the marine corps, the 
 President could not restore it by brevet. * * * * 
 
 * * * If the power be not thus limited to the demar- 
 cation of rank, as prescribed by Congress, I do not see what is to 
 affix any limit to this power of conferring brevet rank, nor why 
 the President may not, if he choose, confer by brevet the rank of 
 lieutenant-general or field-marshal. ***** 
 
 * * * It is my opinion, however, that the only brevet 
 rank of major which the President can safely confer, under the 
 law, as it stands, is that of major in the army of the United. States. 
 
 * * * * If this rank cannot be conferred, then 
 my opinion is, that Captain Wainwright should be brevetted as a 
 lieutenant-colonel in the marine corps, be the consequences what 
 they may." 
 
 There is nothing in these opinions as to what grade an officer 
 should hold as " the basis " of a brevet. The law settled that, by 
 requiring simply that he should be an officer of the army. Neither 
 did the opinion nor the law call for any particular sequence or re- 
 lation between the grades to be held respectively in corps and by 
 brevet. As it was the practice to confer a brevet commission 
 upon an officer for each of his gallant deeds, and as those deeds 
 were usually performed at long intervals apart, it is manifest that. 
 
OF BREVETS. 219 
 
 as a rule, the several brevets , of the same officer would be con- 
 ferred in a regular series of ascending grades, the first being one 
 grade higher than that held by him in his corps at the time it was 
 conferred. But this was by no means the necessary course of pro- 
 ceeding. If his services justified it, the officer could be immedi- 
 ately brevetted to any grade which existed in the army, as indi- 
 cated in Mr. Wirt's decision that the captain of marines should 
 be brevetted a lieutenant-colonel. In fact, the brevet was a sys- 
 tem of promotion in the army at large, and it was not required to 
 occur in regular sequence, any more than the promotion among 
 general officers was. When General Taylor gained the battles of 
 Palo Alto and Resaca he was a colonel of infantry. As a reward 
 for his distinguished services he was appointed a major-general in 
 the army without being appointed a brigadier-general. It would 
 be absurd to say, that with no restraining act on the subject, the 
 power which could make an officer a major-general without the 
 intermediate grade, could not make him a brevet major-general 
 without the intermediate grade by brevet. The same applied to 
 the case of Sheridan, who, when a captain, was appointed a briga- 
 dier-general without filling any of the intermediate grades. 
 
 The law demands only that the person on whom the brevet is 
 conferred shall be an officer, and even that was not required until 
 the act of 1812. The construction of the law by Mr. Wirt simply 
 was, that the brevet must be to a grade — any one — existing in the 
 legal military organization. This was the accepted, probably the 
 unquestioned view of the subject, from 1812 down to about 1825, 
 and under it Macomb's brevet of major-general stood entirely in- 
 dependent of the loss of the grade (of brigadier-general) which 
 he held when he received it. 
 
 Allusion has already been made to the dissatisfaction which ex- 
 isted during the war of 1812-14, concerning the rank, &c., of staff 
 officers. Some of the old feeling still existed, though there was 
 not much against which it could be directed. Roger Jones, in 
 1826-27 was about the only subject of it. He entered the service 
 on the 3d of July, 1812, as a lieutenant in the marine corps. Im- 
 mediately after war was declared against Great Britain he was 
 transferred to the army, with the commission of captain of artil- 
 lery. At the close of the war he was brevetted to major, and then 
 to lieutenant-colonel for distinguished services. He had, in the 
 meantime been appointed on the staff in the adjutant-general's 
 department, and in i8i8 was adjutant-general of the northern di- 
 vision, with the rank and pay of colonel. He remained in this 
 staff position until the reduction of 1821, when, no provision being 
 made for adjutant-generals of divisions he reverted to his cap- 
 taincy in the artillery. In 1825 he was appointed adjutant-gen- 
 
220 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 * 
 
 eral, with the rank of colonel, still, however, holding his captaincy 
 in the line. In 1834 he was brevetted brigadier-general. 
 
 Soon after going to Washington, in 1825, to assume the duties 
 of adjutant-general, he was urged to relinquish his captain's com- 
 mission ; but, remembering his experience in the reduction of 
 1821, when, if he had not held the commission of captain of artil- 
 lery — his office of adjutant-general being abolished by law, — he 
 would have been out of service, he felt disinclined to surrender 
 his commission in the line, for fear of being again placed in a like 
 predicament. In the uncertainty of army affairs, especially as it 
 concerned the staff, he naturally desired to hold his commission 
 as captain of artillery as well as the office of adjutant-general. 
 But holding two offices kept some one out of promotion, and offi- 
 cers of the line insisted upon his giving up his captaincy. 
 
 He made every possible effort not to yield this point, and, 
 finally, to magnify the sacrifice he was asked to make, and thus 
 furnish an additional plea against making it, he originated and ad- 
 vanced the argument, that relinquishing his line commission would 
 annihilate the evidences of his gallantry in the field. He said, in 
 a report, dated February 28th, 1827 : — " I will here introduce an 
 extract from the paper I respectfully submitted to the President 
 in 1827: — ' My resignation at this juncture would doubtless be 
 pleasing to some of those who might be benefitted thereby, either 
 immediately or prospectively ; but these individuals should re- 
 member the rights of others' — they should not forget that, in thus 
 ' magnanimously ' throwing away this lineal commission, with its 
 rate would be annihilated two honorary brevet field commis- 
 sions.' " And again, in February, 1834, he made use of the same 
 argument in more specific terms, saying : — " The value of Colonel 
 Jones' commission in the line, it will be seen, is greatly enhanced 
 in consequence of his holding also three honorary and highly 
 prized brevets; the lineal commission being the predicate or basis 
 on which those depend and now stand, according to a decision 
 of the war department." 
 
 There was no such decision of the war department, other than 
 the rulings made by the adjutant-general himself. 
 
 It is perhaps unnecessary to point out the fact, that although 
 the functions of the lower grades which an officer may have held 
 are superseded by his acceptance of higher commissions, he does 
 not thereby lose the honor or advantage conferred by the lower 
 commissions, whether they be in a particular corps or by brevet 
 in the army at large. Adjutant-General Jones's argument 
 that he would lose his brevets if he gave up his captaincy in 
 the artillery was unsound. For the sole purpose of justifying 
 himself in holding at the same time both his captaincy in the line 
 
OF BREVETS. 221 
 
 and his colonelcy in the staff, he assumed for brevets an insecurity 
 which did not exist. Probably, without designing to depreciate 
 the value of these commissions, he made a ruling concerning them 
 which has been quoted by all his successors, only to be over 
 thrown by higher authority whenever brought to the test, as was 
 finally done in Johnston's case. 
 
 In i860 that officer obtained a further hearing and a favorable 
 decision, as shown by the following order, which has never been 
 countermanded : — 
 
 General Orders, No. 5. 
 
 "War Department, 
 
 "Adjutant- General's Office, 
 
 " Washington, March 6th, i860. 
 " I. The following orders have been received from the Secre- 
 tary of War : — 
 
 "War Department, March 6th, i860. 
 " My attention having been called to the claim of Lieutenant- 
 Colonel J. E. Johnston to the rank of brevet colonel, I have ma- 
 turely considered the same, and arrived at the conclusions herein 
 set forth : — 
 
 " Lieutenant-Colonel J. E. Johnston, ist cavalry,United States 
 Army, was commissioned brevet colonel, to date from 12th April, 
 1847, commission bearing date 19th of August, 1848. 
 
 " He was subsequently commissioned brevet major and brevet 
 lieutenant-colonel, to date respectively from 12th April, 1847, 
 and 13th September, 1846, commissions bearing date 3d March, 
 
 "On the 12th April, 1847, he was in commission as lieutenant- 
 colonel of the then existing regiment of Voltigeurs, U. S. army, in 
 which he served until he was restored to his original rank and 
 date, in the corps of topographical engineers, in pursuance of the 
 law of Congress, approved July 19th, 1848, — entitled, ' An act to 
 amend an act,' entitled ' An act supplemental to an act,' — entitled 
 ' An act providing for the prosecution of the existing war between 
 the United States and the Republic of Mexico,' and for other 
 purposes." 
 
 Whatever may appear anomalous in the provision of law that 
 authorized and enabled the President, by and with the advice and 
 consent of the Senate, thus to transfer Lieutenant-Colonel John- 
 ton to the corps of topographical engineers, and restore to him 
 the rank and date he held when he was commissioned lieutenant- 
 colonel of Voltigeurs, must be considered as wholly independent 
 of those other provisions of law, in pursuance of which he was com- 
 
222 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 missioned brevet colonel, brevet lieutenant-colonel, and brevet 
 major. 
 
 " The law applicable to brevet commissions is entirely indepen- 
 dent of the particular laws under which lineal commissions are 
 conferred. 
 
 " Lieutenant-Colonel Johnston was commissioned lieutenant- 
 colonel, in pursuance of the law that created the regiment of 
 United States Voltigeurs, and he was subsequently transferred to 
 the corps of topographical engineers, — and commissioned as 
 captain, to date from a day anterior even to the existence or 
 creation of the said regiment of Voltigeurs ; in pursuance of the 
 law specially authorizing such transfer. 
 
 " The commission of brevet colonel conferring rank from 12th 
 April, 1847, was a commission conferred in pursuance of the 
 general provisions of law authorizing brevet commissions, and is 
 perfectly valid in itself, without reference to any question that 
 might arise concerning the commissions held by Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Johnston in the corps of topographical engineers and in the 
 regiment of Voltigeurs." 
 
 " The commissions of brevet lieutenant-colonel and brevet major, 
 subsequently conferred on Lieut.-Col. Johnson, cannot deprive 
 him of his legal right to the commission of brevet colonel, al- 
 though these latter may have been conferred on him by the 
 President and Senate to compensate for the supposed loss of the 
 former. 
 
 " At previous reductions of the army, officers who had received 
 brevet commissions, and who were commissioned anew or trans- 
 ferred to a grade and rank less than that which they held, when 
 the brevet commissions in question were conferred, retained their 
 brevet commissions, notwithstanding the absolute loss of their 
 original lineal commission. 
 
 " In this connection, the cases of the late generals, Macomb 
 and Towson, may be particularly cited. The former, retained on 
 the peace establishment of 1815, as a brigadier and brevet major- 
 general, was reduced, on that of 182 1, to the grade of colonel of 
 engineers [his office of brigadier-general being abolished by law], 
 but his brevet of major-general remained in full force. The latter, 
 when captain of artillery and brevet lieutenant-colonel, was ap- 
 pointed paymaster-general — an office then conferring no military 
 rank. His right to the brevet lieutenant-colonelcy was never 
 questioned, and Gen. Jackson conferred upon him the brevet of 
 brigadier-general, passing over that of colonel, because he had 
 twice been brevetted lieutenant-colonel. 
 
 " The usage and precedents of the service, therefore, as well as 
 the actual law and facts of the case, render it an imperative duty 
 
OF BREVETS. 223 
 
 to recognize the claim of Lieut.-Col. Johnston to the rank of 
 brevet colonel. 
 
 " He will, therefore, be recognized as of that rank from the 
 date of April 12, 1847, according to the terms of his commission. 
 
 "JOHN B. FLOYD, 
 
 " Secretary of War. 
 " II. Brevet Col. J. E. Johnston is assigned to duty as acting 
 inspector-general of the army, according to his brevet rank. 
 " By order of the Secretary of War, 
 
 "S. COOPER, 
 
 " Adjutant-General." 
 
 No specific decision appears to have been made in the case of 
 Andrews, doubtless for the reason that, not a long while after the 
 order deciding the case of Johnston, he was raised to the position 
 of paymaster-general, with rank of colonel. 
 
 The case of J. C. Fremont differs from all others. While 2d 
 lieutenant of topographical engineers, in 1845, he was nominated 
 for the brevet of ist lieutenant, but he was confirmed by the Senate 
 as captain by brevet "for gallant and highly meritorious services " 
 in two expeditions commanded by himself, the first to the Rocky 
 Mountains, which terminated July 31st, 1844, " to take rank from 
 the last mentioned date." The President commissioned him ac- 
 cordingly. Mr. Benton was at this time chairman of the military 
 committee of the Senate. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 
 1861-S. 
 
 Although brevet rank is not limited to the regular army, it finds 
 its legitimate field of operation only in that branch of the public 
 service. 
 
 At the commencement of the rebellion of 1861-5 there were 
 216 officers in the army holding brevet grades higher than the 
 grades they held in their regiments and corps. When the war 
 burst upon the country, suddenly and in huge proportions, the 
 little band of regurlars consisted [January ist, 1861,] of 
 i,og8 commissioned officers, present and absent. 
 15,304 enlisted men. 
 
 Total, 16,402 
 
224 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 This force was scattered over the vast territory of the United 
 States, from the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico to the British 
 possessions, and to the Pacific Ocean. Nothing was more patent 
 to the government, and to the country at large, than that this force 
 was totally inadequate to cope with the insurrection. Although 
 speedily concentrated upon the theatre of action, the regular 
 army, from its limited numbers, was of comparatively little im- 
 portance as a distinct combatant military organization. 
 
 On the 15th of April, 1861 (the third day after the attack upon 
 Fort Sumter), 75,000 three months militia were called into service, 
 and after the disastrous battle of Bull Run, on the 2ist of July, 
 1 86 1, when people began to realize that the rebellion was not 
 going to be so easily crushed, a million of volunteers were called 
 to arms. Officers of every grade, from major-general down to 2d 
 lieutenant, were authorized and provided for, and the brevet rank 
 which then existed in the regular army was totally overwhelmed 
 and lost sight of, officers of almost every grade being called to 
 fill positions higher than they had attained, either by corps com- 
 mission or brevet. The captain of to-day might be a brigadier- 
 general to-morrow. During the war, there was, therefore, no 
 occasion for conferring brevet rank ; but, towards its close, the 
 country was eager to show its gratitude for the eminent and faith- 
 ful services of its gallant defenders. The grades of lieutenant- 
 general and of general were created, and brevet rank was again 
 resorted to as a suitable recognition of military services which 
 there were no other means of acknowledging. The government 
 appeared not to know where to stop in the bestowal of these 
 military honors, and no one who had earned reward, even in the 
 smallest degree, was knowingly overlooked. Brevet shoulder 
 straps were showered down " as thick as leaves in Vallambrosa." 
 
 With a view to the establishment of a proper system in the 
 bestowal of brevets, a board of distinguished officers was con- 
 vened to meet at St. Louis, on the 14th of March, 1866, pursuant 
 to the following order : 
 
 Head-quarters of the Army, 
 
 Adjutant-General's Office, 
 Washington, March i, 1866. 
 # * * * # * * 
 
 10. A board of officers will assemble at St. Louis, Missouri, on 
 March 14, 1866, or as soon thereafter as practicable, to make rec- 
 ommendations for brevet promotion, from any brevet or actual 
 rank for which the appointment is already confirmed, to the grades 
 of brigadier and major-general in the regular army. 
 
 In making recommendations, the Board will be governed by 
 
OF BREVETS. 225 
 
 their personal knowledge of the officers they recommend, and by 
 the otRcer's record of service during the war. The board will 
 make its recommendations either from tli.e list of appointments to 
 these grades already made but not confirmed, or from officers not 
 so appointed. 
 
 The recommendations will be of two classes : 
 
 1st. For " gallant and meritorious services." 
 
 zd. For " faithful service." 
 
 Recommendatio:is of the first class will only be for specific 
 actions and campaigns, in which the officer recommended has 
 been present; and where more than one brevet is recommended, 
 the special action or campaign should be stated for which each 
 brevet is recommended. 
 
 The adjutant-general will at once forward to the senior officer 
 of the board at St. Louis, Missouri, the recommendations for 
 brevet, and other information necessary for the action of the 
 board, in the case of all officers nominated or recommended for 
 brevet promotion to the grades specifi^xl. 
 
 Detail of Board — Maj.-Gen. W. T. Sherman, Maj.-Gen. George 
 G. Meade, Maj.-Gen. P. H. Sheridan, Maj.-Gen. Geo. H. Thomas, 
 Brevet Lieut.-Col. L. M. Dayton, Assistant Adjutant-General, 
 Volunteers, recorder. 
 
 ******* 
 
 By command of Lieut. -Gen. Grant. 
 
 E. D. TOWNSEND, 
 
 Assistant At/jutant- General. 
 
 The board, after much deliberation on the subject laid before 
 it, submitted the following report to the adjutant-general of the 
 army : 
 
 " St. Louis, Mo., Marchj 24, 1866. 
 , " General, — The undersigned, general officers, assembled in 
 the city of St. Louis, Mo., on the 14th of March, 1866, pursuant 
 to paragraph 10, of special orders. No. 92, from the adjutant- 
 general's office, of March i, 1866, respectfully report that, being 
 personally and officially acquainted with nearly all the officers 
 whose names have been submitted to us, and whose most honor- 
 able record is now before us, we feel an embarrassment, from an 
 earnest and sincere desire to do all a full and liberal justice, 
 whilst considerations of duty to the future interests of the regular 
 array lead us to approve of a different course. We are now at 
 the close of a ' four years' war,' in which vast armies have been 
 engaged in more than a hundred great battles, with sieges, con- 
 flicts, and marches innumerable. In all these armies, officers of 
 the old regular army have borne an honorable and conspicuous 
 
226 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 part, either with their appropriate commands, or as general officers 
 of the volunteer organizations, and out of their number we are 
 required to select the names of such only as should receive the 
 brevet commissions of general officers in the new regular, army. 
 This new army, we assume, will consist of about fifty regiments of 
 infantry, twelve of cavalry, and five of artillery, aggregating not 
 more than thirty-five or forty thousand men, and sixteen general 
 officers, exclusive of the staff corps. 
 
 The object of military rank is to clearly determine the right 
 to command with the consequent responsibility to government ; 
 and as in certain contingencies, officers holding brevet rank are 
 entitled to command troops, it is manifest the same care should 
 be exercised in conferring this grade as in selecting general officers 
 for regular commissions ; and, for like reasons, the number of 
 brevet generals should not be in undue proportion to the rank and 
 file, or combatant part of the army itself, — ^apt to produce the very 
 confusion whiclr military rank was designed to prevent. 
 
 If the question were a perfectly new one, we would be inclined 
 to recommend the abolition of the whole system of brevet rank, 
 and to substitute in its place some other mode of reward for 
 special gallantry in action, such as medals commemorative of the 
 event, or to make actual promotions to vacancies without regard 
 to prior rank. But brevet commissions have been conferred in all 
 past wars, and during the present one, so that we are estopped and 
 compelled to regard them as precedents binding on our judgment. 
 
 We have, therefore, limited our action to a strict compliance 
 with the terms of special orders. No. 92, and have selected lists 
 of names for major-generals and brigadier-generals, arranging 
 each in the order of rank by brevet which we think they should 
 hold, specifying clearly the action or campaign for which the 
 brevet should be conferred, but fixing subsequent dates from 
 which the rank should take effect, arranging the dates so that no 
 doubt will exist as to the order of their rank. We have also 
 named the actions and campaigns for prior brevets, to connect 
 their present army rank with maximum rank proposed. It may 
 be superfluous to add, that we are clearly of opinion that brevet 
 rank should never be conferred for any kind of military service 
 but for distinguished services in the field in presence of the 
 enemy ; and that, if meritorious conduct in the discharge of non- 
 combatant duty be entertained, there would be no end to the 
 confusion created by the very great disproportion of officers with 
 high rank in comparison with the limited number of men. CM 
 course, a great number of most meritorious officers will be sadly 
 disappointed ; but, in the present case, these officers have already 
 received brevet rank in the volunteer anny, which, with their 
 
OF BREVETS. 22/ 
 
 honorable record, remains to them as evidence of past service, 
 and forms a just title to future promotion in case of other wars 
 or further increase of the regular army. 
 
 We, at the same time, transmit to you lists of all the names 
 whose claims we have examined for these brevet promotions, and 
 we further state we have also examined all names in the army 
 register of 1865, of the rank of captain and upwards. 
 
 These papers, together with the journals of our sessions, 
 are herewith transmitted and respectfully submitted." 
 
 Another board of officers, to recommend brevet promotion in 
 the infantry, was convened at Washington, by par. 3, special 
 orders. No. 109, Head-Quarters of the Army, A. G. O., March 
 loth, 1866. On the 24th of May ensuing, this board submitted 
 the following report to the Adjutant-General of the Army : 
 
 "Washington, D. C, May 24th, 1866. 
 
 " Gen. E. D. Townsend, 
 
 Asst. Adjt.-Gen., U. S. A. 
 
 "The board of officers, convened by virtue of paragraph 3, 
 special orders, No. 109, from the Head-Quarters of the Army, 
 March loth, 1866, to recommend for brevet promotion in the 
 infantry, report as follows : 
 
 "The board met on the 18th day of March, 1866, and at once 
 entered upon its duties, and have •continued from day to day to 
 the present time. Circulars were sent to every officer whose 
 claims came before it, soliciting narratives of their own services 
 in the war, and that of their comrades. The replies to these 
 circulars, information furnished by the war department, personal 
 knowledge possessed by members of the board, evidence of many 
 officers who have been invited to appear before the board, and 
 other sources, have given very full and complete inforrnation of 
 the military history, during the rebellion, of every officer of the 
 infantry arm of the service. 
 
 " The board has acted deliberately and, in their opinion, justly 
 upon all these cases, and submit the enclosed lists of recom- 
 mendations as the result of their labors. 
 
 " It has not been deemed expedient, in but few cases, to recom- 
 mend brevet promotion, except for service in face of the enemy, 
 and then with the expectation that legislative action will define 
 the relative positions of the two classes of officers so recom- 
 mended. 
 
 " The board have not deemed it expedient to limit their action 
 with reference to the supposed future size of the army, but have 
 in every case recommended such grades as, by fidelity, zeal, and 
 
228 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 actual service in the field, appears to them to have been earned, 
 and express their decided belief that, in no other way, can certain 
 and impartial justice be arrived at. 
 
 " The board is further of the opinion that brevet promotion for 
 special acts of gallantry should take date and rank from such 
 actions, and have so recommended. 
 
 "It has recommended brevets for officers killed in action or died 
 from wounds, and officers who, during the war, rendered dis- 
 tinguished services and have since honorably retired, and respect- 
 fully recommend the same action in their cases as with living 
 officers now in the service. 
 
 " Very respectfully, 
 
 " Your obedient servants, 
 
 "JOHN H. KING, 
 " Col. 9th Inf. and Bvt. Brig.-Genl. 
 "JOHN C. ROBINSON, 
 " Maj. 2d Inf., Bvt. Brig.-Genl. 
 "W. B. HAZEN, 
 " Bvt. Brig.-Genl. 
 "EUGENE CARTER, 
 
 " ist Lieut. 8th U. S. Inf., 
 
 " Recorder.'' 
 
 A similar board of officers, to recommend brevet promotion in 
 the staff, staff corps, cavalry and artillery, was also convened at 
 Washington, by par. 2, special orders. No. log, Head-Quarters of 
 the Army, A. G. O., March loth, i866, and, on the 2ist of June, 
 submitted its report to the Adjutant-General of the Army, as 
 follows : 
 
 "Washington, D. C, 
 
 June 2ist, i866. 
 " To the Adjutant-General, U. S. Army, 
 
 " General : — 
 
 " The undersigned, members of the board convened by par. 2, 
 special orders. No. 109, dated Head-Quarters of the Army, A. G. 
 O., March loth, 1866, have the honor to submit, herewith, their 
 recommendations for brevets in the staff, staff corps, cavalry and 
 artillery. 
 
 "An attempt to make out a list of recommendations for 'faith- 
 ful and meritorious services ' soon led us to the conclusion that a 
 failure to recommend any officer would be equivalent to saying 
 that the officer had not performed his duty, thus making the lack 
 of a brevet a more distinctive mark than the possession of it. 
 We, therefore, submit but one list — that for ' gallant and merit- 
 orious services in action.' 
 
OF BREVETS. 229 
 
 " We recognize, to the fullest extent, the valuable services of a 
 large class of meritorious officers who have performed non-com- 
 batant duties in and out of the field ; but we respectfully submit 
 that a distinction should be made in the rewards given for services 
 so different in their nature from those rendered by the officers 
 embraced in the list herewith submitted. 
 
 " We have not included in our recommendation the names of a 
 large number of highly meritorious officers who served during the 
 war as volunteers, and who have since been appointed in the 
 regular army. 
 
 " As their services were rendered when not in the regular army, 
 and have been, in most cases, recognized by brevets in the volun- 
 teer service, additional legislation would seem to be necessary to 
 secure to them the brevets they desire in the army. 
 
 " Indeed, it is no more than just that the claims of all ofificers, 
 whether confirmed or not in their brevet rank, for services in the 
 late war, should pass through the same ordeal. 
 
 " A few distinguished officers have been confirmed in brevet 
 • rank of low grades, at a date subsequent to their active service in 
 the field, who, in our opinion, merit higher brevets, and they would 
 have been so recommended could we have considered their cases 
 under the order convening the Board. The only remedy for this, 
 in our opinion, is to annul those brevets already confirmed, and 
 subject the claims of the recipients to the same ordeal through 
 which those of their brother officers have been passed. 
 
 "We desired to submit, for such action as the proper authority 
 might deem best, a list of deceased officers who had distinguished 
 themselves during the war, but the large number, concerning 
 whom no information could be obtained, rendered any attempt to 
 prepare a just list of this description abortive. 
 
 " Every effort has been made to obtain cerrect information con- 
 cerning the services of all officers, and if we have failed to make 
 the proper decision in some cases, it has not resulted from the 
 lack of a sincere desire to do justice, nor from a want of earnest 
 search into such material as was placed in our hands. 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 A. J. Smith, 
 
 Lt.-Col., 5th Cavalry. 
 
 Bvt. Maj.-Genl., 
 Jno. G. Parke. 
 
 Maj. U. S. Engrs. 
 
 Bvt. Brig.-Genl., 
 John Gibbon, 
 
 Capt. 4th Arty. 
 
230 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 Although the general subject of conferring brevet rank had 
 been submitted for the consideration of these Boards, the bestowal 
 of brevets which had begun before they were created was not a 
 matter to be controlled by their reports. They may, indeed, have 
 influenced action in particular cases, but certainly did not affect 
 the general practice which had been adopted by the authorities, 
 and the evils which resulted were in no wise removed by them. 
 
 As time progressed, and the regular army settled down into 
 its customary duties in time of peace, the lavish bestowal of 
 brevets began to produce results — ^foreseen indeed by many — ^not 
 conducive to the discipline and welfare of the service. The value 
 of the honor had become depreciated from the lack of practicable 
 means of equalizing it, where so many of every grade had ren- 
 dered conspicuous service. This produced great dissatisfaction. 
 Moreover, confusion, even in the ordinary details of service, 
 resulted. For instance, brevet rank gave precedence oh general 
 courts martial, and almost every officer detailed for that duty 
 held brevet rank. This complicated the preparation of details, 
 and produced discontent, from the fact that it might happen 
 that a captain would sit as president of a court, while his 
 colonel, as a member of the same court, would sit below him ; and 
 from other similar incongruities. 
 
 Such a state of things could not long exist, and brevet rank 
 broke down mainly by its own weight. The result was the pas- 
 sage of the act of March 3, 1869, which directed that "brevet 
 rank shall not entitle an officer to precedence or command, except 
 by special assignment of the President, but such assignment shall 
 not entitle any officer to additional pay or allowances." 
 
 The beneficial effect of this law was soon apparent in the 
 service. 
 
 On March i, 1869, two days prior to the passage of the act just 
 mentioned, an act was passed repealing the 6ist article of war, 
 approved April 10, 1806, and directing that "hereafter commis- 
 sions by brevet shall only be conferred in time of war, and for 
 distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the 
 enemy," and that " all brevet commissions shall bear date from 
 the particular action or service for which the officer was bre- 
 vetted." 
 
 The appearance of this act may be explained as follows : — 
 Prior to its passage, and especially at the close of the rebellion, 
 brevets were freely conferred for meritorious services other than 
 those in " the field." This was particularly the case in relation 
 to the staff officers on duty in Washington in the various bureaux 
 of the war department. The secretary of war and the President, 
 under whose eyes these officers acted, considered that their 
 
OF BREVETS. 23 I 
 
 services were faithful, distinguished and meritorious, and that the 
 act of 1812, in authorizing the President to confer brevet rank on 
 "such officers of the army as shall distinguish themselves b}' gal- 
 lant actions or meritorious conduct" especially pointed to that 
 species of reward in their cases. As the law provided the brevet 
 as the reward for the meritorious services by which these officers 
 were distinguished, its bestowal was inevitable. But complaints 
 very naturally arose when it was found that long, arduous and 
 hazardous field service, accompanied by gallantry in battle, on 
 the one hand, and ability, industry and fidelity in the bureaux on 
 the other, received rewards not only of the same degree but of 
 exactly the same nature. 
 
 It was further enacted, on the isth of July, 1870, that "no 
 officer shall be entitled to wear, while on duty, any uniform, other 
 than that of his actual rank, on account of having been brevetted ; 
 nor shall he be addressed, in orders or official communications, 
 by any title other than that of his actual rank." 
 
 The brevet uniform, title, and right to command except by 
 special assignment, were thus effectually banished from the army. 
 Many officers were, of course, naturally unwilling to part with the 
 last shred of their justly earned honor.s, but the law was impera- 
 tive. A decision from the adjutant-general's office, dated Sep- 
 tember 23, 1870, was however promulgated, that, under the act of 
 July 15, 1870, " officers, if they please, have the right to affix their 
 brevet titles to their signatures,, there being no prohibition in the 
 law." 
 
 Just prior to the close of the war, an act was passed (March 3, 
 1865,) which, though of no special bearing upon the subject in 
 hand at the lime of its passage, yet afterwards gave rise to a dis- 
 cussion which, in the course of its progress, went over almost the 
 whole field of brevet rank. The act in question directed that, 
 from the 1st of March 1865, until the close of the rebellion, the 
 commutation price of officer's subsistence should be fifty cents 
 per ration, with the proviso that such increase should not apply 
 to the commutation price of the rations of any officer above the 
 rank of brevet brigadier-general. Under this act, Henry J. Hunt 
 presented a claim to the war departnlent, stating that he was a 
 brigadier-general of volunteers from March 1, 1865, to Novem- 
 ber, 22, 1865, and maintaining that, " as a matter of law and 
 usage, a brigadier is not above the rank of a brevet brigadier." 
 He claimed therefore the difference between the amount actually 
 received by him for commutation of rations estimated at thirty 
 cents, and the amount (estimated at fifty cents per ration) author- 
 ized by the act. The claim was disallowed by the War Depart- 
 
232 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 ment, and General Hunt then filed a petition in the Court of 
 Claims. To this petition the United States demurred. The 
 Court of Claims, however, gave judgment for the claimant, but 
 the case being appealed to the Supreme Court, this judgment was 
 reversed. (14 Wallace, 550.) 
 
 In his argument before the Court of Claims, General Hunt 
 urged that the question was substantially one of rank, and that 
 there was no difference in the grade of the two officers, there 
 being no intermediate grade known to the law between a colonel 
 and a brigadier, or a brigadier and major-general (Article 2 of 
 Army Regulations, Sections 6, 10, and 11). That our system 
 of army rank, and rules and articles of war, being copied with 
 great exactness from the English, it would be necessary to study 
 the latter, in order more fully to understand the question. Rank 
 was described as of two kinds, rank lineal and rank by brevet, 
 the first being an officer in some particular troop, company, 
 regiment, or corps of the army, and the second, in no particular 
 subdivision of the army, but in the army generally ; so that, if 
 there were any difference in grade of rank between the two offi- 
 cers, it would seem to be in favor of the brevet rank, for the rea- 
 son that an officer in the whole army would be superior to one in 
 2, part of it. General Hunt then referred to Worcester and Web- 
 ster as deriving the word " brevet '' from the French word brevet, 
 and as defining it to mean document, title, or paper. In military 
 parlance, it is descriptive of the " tenure " by which rank is held, 
 as distinct from the rank itself. Rank by brevet being conferred 
 for meritorious services, and giving the persons upon whom it is 
 conferred rank above that which they hold in their own corps (to 
 be exercised on courts martial, or when serving with detachments 
 composed of different corps, or by special assignment of the 
 President), to hold that it is inferior to any other rank of the same 
 grade, would be to degrade the rank earned by meritorious ser- 
 vices, and r.ubordinate it to rank acquired by regular promotion, 
 accidental circumstances, or political favoritism. 
 
 It was further urged, that " if the two offices of brevet briga- 
 dier-general and brigadier-general are equal in rank, no matter 
 what the inferiority may be in other respects, in pay, command, 
 value, or duration, it can have no influence in determining the 
 question at issue, for, by the terms of the statute, the solution of 
 the question turns solely upon the quality of rank, and of rank 
 alone." 
 
 On the part of the government, it was maintained that the 
 words grade and rank, as used in the 4th and 5th paragraphs of 
 the army regulations of 1863, are not synonymous, grade being a 
 step in the series of officers in the army, and relating to a class. 
 
OF BREVETS. 233 
 
 or number, of persons who are in the same situation in, and with 
 respect to, the series ; and rank being tlie relation an individual 
 officer bears to some other officer or officers. Grade is a term 
 applicable to a class ; rank, to an individual. So that two or 
 more persons can be of the same grade, but not'of the same 
 rank. 
 
 Now the grade of an officer depends, it was said, on the title 
 of his office or commission, but his rank depends consecutively 
 on the grade, date of commission, time of appointment, and com- 
 missions /^r se, and, in the case of officers never before in the ser- 
 vice, on lottery. But these rules, being clearly intended to govern 
 the question of rank of officers appointed to a regiment or corps, 
 do not apply to brevet officers, whose services begin by appoint- 
 ment to commands composed of different corps or detachments. 
 In respect to these, the regulations provide that, " in case of equal- 
 ity of rank by virtue of a brevet comrnission, reference is had to 
 commissions not brevet." This, it was held, was the only part of 
 paragraphs 4 and 5, of the regulations, applicable to brevet com- 
 missions, and " consequently the comparison between ordinary 
 and brevet commissions, equal in every respect save that of the 
 quality of the commissions, can be made only by applying the 
 last quoted rule." From these premises it was deduced that " the 
 brevet brigadier-general's commission, inevitably confers the rank 
 of an inferior grade ; while the brigadier-general's commission by 
 its own inherent strength and character, confers on the brigadier- 
 genei al a rank superior to that of the brevet brigadier-general." 
 The opinion of the Supreme Court was as follows : 
 " Our duty in construing acts of Congress is to give the mean- 
 ing to the words which Congress evidently intended. It may be 
 that, in the strict sense of the military term, the rank of brigadier 
 and brevet brigadier is the same ; but it is well known that prac- 
 tically they are by no means identical, and that the position of 
 the former is in many respects better than that of the latter. Bre- 
 vet rank is conferred, in theory at least, for special and merit- 
 orious services, by commissions from the President, under author- 
 ity of an act of Congress. It does not entitle the holder to cor- 
 responding pay or command, except under special circumstances 
 defined by law. When an officer, holding rank by brevet, receives 
 a regular commission of the same grade, he is said to be promo- 
 ted, and to become a full officer of that "rank. These circum- 
 stances make it evident that there is a difference of military posi- 
 tion between an officer by brevet and an officer by regular com- 
 mission, and that the one is less eligible than the other. And 
 Congress seems to have referred to this distinction of position 
 rather than to technical rank, in the provision under consider^- 
 
234 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 tion. If they did not, why employ the word brevet at all ? Why 
 use the term brevet brigadier, when it was so easy to say briga- 
 dier and thus avoid all ambiguity ? We think that Congress had 
 in view the distinction between brevet rank and regular rank to 
 which we have referred, and regarded the latter as above the for- 
 mer. The practice of the department of war, as we understand, 
 and of the accounting officers, has been in accordance with this 
 view, and seems to us correct." 
 
 This case was, therefore, finally decided adversely to General 
 Hunt, not upon the ground of a difference between a brevet brig- 
 adier-general and a brigadier-general, for the Supreme Court avoid- 
 ed expressing any decided opinion upon that point, but upon the 
 ground that there is a difference in position in favor of the latter, 
 and that it was this difference which Congress had in view in 
 using the word " brevet," instead of entirely omitting it, as it is 
 reasonable to presume, it would otherwise have done. 
 
 Volunteer Forces. 
 
 At the commencement of the war of the rebellion, 1861-5, ex- 
 isting laws provided for the conferring of brevets, upon officers of 
 the regular army, but there was no law authorizing their bestowal 
 upon officers of the volunteer forces called into service. The 
 gallant services in the field, rendered by so many of these officers, 
 naturally led to the passage of the act of March 3, 1863, which 
 authorized the President, with the advice and consent of tlie Sen- 
 ate, " to confer brevet rank upon such commissioned officers of 
 the volunteer and other forces in the service of the United States, 
 as have been, or may hereafter be distinguished by gallant actions 
 or meritorious conduct ; which rank shall not entitle them to 
 any increase of pay or emoluments." 
 
 It is extremely probable that this act had its origin in a report 
 made by General D. C. Buell to the war department, soon after 
 the battle of Mill Spring, in the early part of 1862. This report 
 was as follows : 
 
 Head-Quarters, Department of the Ohio, 
 
 Louisville, Feb. 9th, 1862. 
 Adjutant-General Thomas, U. S. A., 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Sir : — I have the hcfhor to transmit Gen. Thomas's report of 
 the battle of Mill Spring, and to commend the services of his 
 troops to the approbation of the general-in-chief for their forti- 
 tude under discomforts and difficulties, and their gallantry in battle. 
 
 The question of rewards to meritorious persons will naturally 
 present itself in this connection. It is one which requires to be 
 
OF BREVETS. 235 
 
 treated with very great caution. It is one which produces jeal- 
 ousies and dissatisfaction in a regular army, and, composed as 
 ours is, may lead to a most injurious condition of things. I would 
 suggest that rewards for services in battle be conferred exclusively 
 by brevets, leaving the full promotion (to the grade of brigadier) 
 to flow exclusively from fitness for office, as shown by service. 
 The advantage of this rule, in fact the necessity for it, I think 
 obvious. ******* 
 I am. Sir, very respectfully, 
 
 Your ob't serv't, 
 
 D. C. BUELL, 
 Brig.-Gen'l Com'dg. 
 
 Under the act mentioned, brevets in the volunteer forces were 
 conferred upon many officers of the volunteers, and also upon 
 many officers of the regular army who had received appointments 
 in the volunteer army, still, however, holding their commissions 
 in the regular array. The Army Registers exhibit, opposite names 
 of officers of the army now in service, the positions and brevets 
 held by them in the volunteer forces ; but as the General Govern- 
 ment has issued no list of the volunteer officers who were mus- 
 tered out at the close of the war, it has not been practicable to 
 pl-epare a register showing who of them held brevets, and for what. 
 
 As speedily as possible after the termination of hostilities, and 
 the surrender of the Confederate armies, the volunteer forces 
 were mustered out of service. Many volunteer officers received 
 commissions in the regular army, but the majority went back to 
 civil life. To keep green in their memories, and the memories 
 of the American people, the heroism displayed in the long and 
 arduous struggle. Congress enacted, on the 28th of July, 1866, 
 that "all officers who have served during the rebellion as 
 volunteers in the armies of the United States, and who have 
 been, or may hereafter be, honorably mustered out of the volun- 
 teer service, shall be entitled to bear the official title, and upon 
 occasions of ceremony, to wear the uniform of the highest grade 
 they have held by brevet, or other commission, in the volunteer 
 service. In case of officers of the regular army, the volunteer 
 rank shall be entered upon the official x^g\^\.&r,— provided, that 
 these privileges shall not entitle any officer to command, pay, or 
 emoluments." 
 
 At the close of the war, many volunteer officers received com- 
 missions in the regular army, and, as a reward for their services 
 during the rebellion, an act was passed on the 2d of March, 1867, 
 authorizing the President, by and with the consent of the Senate, 
 
 to confer brevet rank on officers of the army of the United 
 
236 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS OF BREVETS- 
 
 States, on account of gallant, meritorious and faithful conduct in 
 the volunteer service, prior to appointment in said army of the 
 United States." 
 
 The brevets conferred under this act were made to date from 
 its passage, March 2, 1867. 
 
 Brevets on the officers of the volunteer forces were liberally 
 bestowed, and, as an instance of the latitude in this matter, it is 
 recorded that the brevet of 2d lieutenant was bestowed on 
 Private Frederick W. Stowe, of the ist Connecticut Light 
 Artillery, "for meritorious services," to date from June 12, 1865. 
 
 MEDALS OF HONOR. 
 
 By the acts of July 12, 1862, and March 3, 1863, the President 
 was authorized to bestow "medals of honor" on "such officers, 
 non-commissioned officers and privates as have most distinguish- 
 ed, or who may hereafter most distinguish themselves in action." 
 Medals have been besto\yed, in some cases, under these acts, on 
 enlisted men, but they have not been adopted as a species of 
 reward for commissioned officers. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
JSTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS OF BREVETS. 239 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 A. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 The word " rank " is used in relation to military matters with various 
 significations. 
 
 1. It means a line of soldiers standing side by side. In this sense 
 of the word, we speak of the "front "and "rear" ranks. Rank and 
 file is an expression used to designate collectively the men whose place 
 is in the ranks. Thus we say, " there were so many rank and file." 
 Sergeants do not, apparently, belong to the rank and file, but corporals 
 do. [Duane's Mil. Die, "Rank."] 
 
 2. It is used to indicate the holding of a military commission ; as 
 when we say, " a man has military rank," or " has the rank of captain." 
 In this sense, it is synonymous with grade, and designates a class. 
 
 3. But " rank has also a quite different technical meaning in military 
 language. In every array there is a series of grades, constituting what 
 the French call "Za Hierarchie" There is, in our own service, for 
 example, the grade of major-general, the grade of brigadier-general, 
 the grade of colonel. Every colonel is of the same grade ; but is every 
 colonel of the same rank? Certainly not. In each grade, say our reg- 
 ulations, rank is to be determined by date of commission or appoint- 
 ment. Indeed, much care is taken to establish rules which will sooner 
 or later furnish a test for the rank of officers ; whereas, therefore, 
 a number of officers may be of the same grade, no two can be of the 
 same rank. Rank, in this sense of the word, then applies to the posi- 
 
 ■ tion of the individual in relation to others. 
 
 Under existing laws, it would [in this sense of the word] be, in gen- 
 eral, inaccurate to speak of an officer having brevet rank. It is only 
 when assigned to duty according to his brevet that this expression 
 could be so. used, for in that case alone the brevet would furnish the 
 means of determining his rank as to others. To say that brevet rank 
 does not entitle an officer to command, except when assigned to duty 
 according to his brevet, is to put the cart before the horse. He has no 
 brevet rank until he is so assigned, unless we use the word rank in its 
 more general and loose signification. 
 
 Our laws provide that certain officers shall have the rank of colonels, 
 lieutenant-colonels, and majors, of cavalry. What is the rank of a 
 " colonel of cavalry ? " There is no such rank. There is not even 
 such a grade. The grade is colonel, and the term " colonel of cavalry " 
 designates an office to which the grade of colonel is attached. But 
 the colonel of cavalry has distinct pay and emoluments, and it being 
 the intention of the law to give these, the whole was lumped together 
 as " rank, pay, and emoluments of colonel of. cavalry." Would it not 
 have been more accurate to have said, " grade of colonel, and pay and 
 emoluments of colonel of cavalry ? " 
 
240 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 B. 
 
 [Copy from report of commissioners for inquiring into 
 naval and military promotion and retirement. par- 
 LIAMENTARY PAPERS, 1840, Vol. XXII. to be found in the 
 AsTOR Library, New York City. Evidence of Lt.-Genl., 
 THE Rt. Honble. Sir E. Blakeney, K. C. B., Co.mdr. of the 
 Forces in Ireland, commencing with question 1416, and 
 continuing to the end of his evidence on p. 93.] 
 
 1416. Are you of opinion that a system of brevet promotion, after 
 an officer has acquired the ranlc of lieutenant-colonel, should, as at 
 present, go by seniority, or would you introduce any system of selec- 
 tion, such, for instance, as an officer having greatly distinguished him- 
 self in the field ? I think I should adhere to the present system. I 
 should be afraid of the other creating great dissension and disappoint- 
 ment on the part of the others. I think the circumstance of a man in 
 the field getting promotion upon the spot is very stimulating, but I think 
 the other is very questionable. 
 
 1417. The exception to promotion by selection or by purchase, 
 stopping at the rank of lieutenant-colonel, as in the case of Sovereign's 
 aides-de-camp, would you allow a commander-in-chief in the field to 
 recommend a lieutenant-colonel to the Sovereign for the brevet rank 
 of colonel, as he now does for the two inferior ranks, with a view to 
 obtain active and distinguished major-generals at an earlier age ? I 
 should be afraid of that exciting great dissension among the senior.-^. 
 I should prefer a retired list a great deal. 
 
 1418. Have you ever found that promoting a major to be lieutenant- 
 colonel by brevet, when acquired by service in the field, has on just 
 grounds, given any mortification to others ? I think it very frequently 
 has. 
 
 1419. Has it had that effect in such a proportion of cases as would 
 justify an abolition of the system of giving brevet promotion for merit 
 in the field ? I think for distinguished service in the field it is desirable 
 to do it at the moment, but I do not think I should take out of the list 
 of officers certain officers to promote them. 
 
 1420. That selection at present extends up to the rank of lieutenant- 
 colonel, where is the objection to extend t' is power of the general com- 
 manding an army in the field to recommend a- very distinguished 
 lieutenant-colonel for the rank of full colonel ? I do not see any 
 objection to it, if it be done in service in the field, if the commander- 
 in-chief chooses to promote him to a colonel ; but I think it ought to 
 be for really distinguished conduct in the field, not for anything else. 
 
 1421. You think, with this exception, that any other system than 
 that of promoting colonels by the seniority of a brevet to be general 
 officers would be liable to great objections ? I think it would. 
 
 1422. You are aware that in the French service the system of 
 selection principally begins where ours ends, namely, with the senior 
 officers, and that promotion goes on in a great degree by seniority in 
 the lower ranks, there being no system of purchase in the French 
 army ? Yes. 
 
OF BREVETS. 24I 
 
 1423. Do you conceive that jn a representative government like 
 ours, where, to a cert-.in extent, pohlical influence must prevail, it 
 would be detrimental to the cordial feehng, which at present exists 
 among officers of the army, if officers were promoted by the command- 
 er-in-chief, not for distinguished service, but selected for some supposed 
 merits, to brevet field officers and even major-generals? 1 should 
 think it objectionable, and I think it would be very detrimental. 
 
 1424. Practically you are an instance that, when the government 
 want to employ an officer in a higher command than his rank usually 
 confers, they can do it ; for instance, you were only a major-general 
 when employed as a lieutenant-general commanding the forces in 
 Ireland .'' I was. 
 
 1425. And local rank in our colonies can, when the emergency 
 arises, eqvially be given according to the custom of the service ? It can. 
 
 1426. And also in the field ? Yes. 
 
 1427. The principle of the service is rise by seniority from the rank 
 of lieutenant-colonel ? Yes. 
 
 1428. Up to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, it is a system of selection ? 
 Yes. 
 
 1429. But it has always been, at least as far as we can recollect it, a 
 system of rise by seniority from the rank of lieutenant-colonel, with 
 the only exception of promotion made by the Sovereign of his aides-de- 
 camp ? Yes. 
 
 1430. Would it not be deemed a departure from the usual practice of 
 the service, and from the system of rise by seniority from the rank of 
 lieutenant-colonel, if the commander-in-chief was to promote heutenant- 
 colonels to be colonels ? I think it would be a decided departure 
 from the system of the service. 
 
 1431. Do you not conceive that by the existing system the choice of 
 the commander-in-chief of officers for comtnands is considerably re- 
 stricted ? I do not think it is ; there is a large hst of different ranks. 
 There are a great number of officers of great experience. 
 
 1432. During peace, officers have generally attained a very consider- 
 able age before they arrive at the rank of major-general ? They have. 
 
 1433. Supposing it to be necessary for any particular service to 
 appoint some younger men to be major-generals, according to the exist- 
 ing system, it would be necessary by a general brevet to promote to 
 that rank a large number of persons, many of whom would be unfit for 
 the duties of the situation ? Yes. 
 
 1434. Do not you conceive that this is a system liable to considerable 
 objection ? It depends upon what your object is. If you fix upon a 
 particular portion for the senior rank, you must have a great confidence 
 in them, or it must be partiality on the part of the person selecting. 
 
 1435. Under the existing system, in order to obtain the services of 
 five or six efficient major-generals, it is probably necessary to promote 
 to the rank of major-general 50 or 60 persons who are not efficient for 
 their duties, from age, from ill-health, and from various circumstances ? 
 I think that is a liability that any army is exposed to during peace, 
 when promotion has been very slow. 
 
 1436. It entails a very considerable burden upon the public? It 
 does ; but, then, what I would wish is a retired list between the rank 
 of colonel and general 
 
242 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 1437. Under the existing system, of necessity tlie commander-in-chief 
 fills up the colonelcies of regiments by selection ? He recommends, I 
 believe. 
 
 1438. Those colonelcies are not filled up by any regard to seniority, 
 but by selection, according to what are supposed to be the merits and 
 claims from past service of different general officers ? Certainly. 
 
 1439. Without regard to seniority ? I think the commander-in-chief 
 exercises his judgment very frequently with regard to seniority in some 
 instances. 
 
 1440. In the same manner, by selection, all vacant commands are 
 filled up ? They are. 
 
 1441. Do you conceive it to be impossible that any system should be 
 established by which general officers should be appointed by selection 
 to commands from the whole class of colonels and lieutenant-colonels, 
 when wanted ? I should be afraid of its creating great discussion and 
 disappointment, and that they would be plagued to death by officers 
 making representations, and it would take time to know whether the 
 choice would be incorrect or not ; it would depend upon the opinion of 
 the commander-in-chief of that particular person. 
 
 1442. Assuming the system to be this, that commands were only 
 held by major-generals for a definite period, and that when a vacancy 
 took place in a command it was filled up from the list of colonels and 
 lieutenant-colonels, would that create greater discontent among those 
 passed over in that list than it now creates in the list of major-generals 
 when one particular person is selected for a command ? I fear it would,, 
 because we have so few opportunities of providing for general officers 
 on the staff that they are most of them looking forward to get situations 
 by which they could be employed. There is no possibility of retire- 
 ment ; every man thinks he is capable of serving. 
 
 1443. You would object to any system by which the rank of major 
 general should be permanently retained by a person doing duty as a 
 colonel for a certain definite period ? Yes, I think that a major-general 
 should be a major-general, that he should not be a colonel made a major- 
 general for that particular duty. I believe there have been instances in 
 which colonels have been appointed brigadier-generals. 
 
 1444. Practically, is not tlie difficulty referred to got over by selection 
 at this moment, and at all times when you enter upon campaign ? Yes. 
 
 1445. Are not colonels appointed brigadier-generals? Yes. 
 
 1446. Are not general officers selected from those supposed to be the 
 most efficient for the service when colonels are appointed brigadier- 
 generals ? Yes, they get the rank of brigadier-general only to serve in 
 a particular part of the world. 
 
 1447. So that any inconvenience which may be supposed to arise 
 from officers being promoted by seniority is got over by making that 
 selection ? Yes. 
 
 1448. You consider the British service, in which more than half the 
 officers of the army on full pay are employed in the colonies abroad, to 
 be much more severe than any other service in Europe, owing to the 
 fact that other countries have few or no colonies ? Decidedly. Our 
 army is exposed to much more extensive service than ainy other army 
 in Europe. 
 
OF BREVETS. 243 
 
 1449. Many old officers, by adhering to their regiments for several 
 years in unhealthy climates, may be obliged to retire from ill health, or 
 other cause, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, having efficiently and 
 ably served the public 30 or 40 years — do you conceive it would be just 
 for these officers, having a pride in their profession, and having spent 
 their best years in the service, to exclude them from the rank of major- 
 general upon the occasion of a brevet, and to stop their future pros- 
 pects of reward when no longer able to go on with the active duties of 
 the profession, in a great degree owing to severe colonial service already 
 performed ? The rank of general has a responsibility that requires 
 youth and everything else as much as you can secure it, and therefore I 
 consider that an officer having arrived at a certain age, and having 
 served in the colonies, where his health has been very much affected, 
 can be of no use as a general officer; and if you gave him the rank of 
 colonel and an honorary badge, I dare say he would be satisfied. 
 
 1450. Do not you think that, after that description of service, he has 
 acquired a claim to the rank of major-general ? He may have a claim 
 to the rank, but the country would not benefit by his services, and then 
 you load the list of general officers, and it is said you have 500 or 600 
 general officers, and they have no army to command, and people do not 
 understand that is a retirement almost. 
 
 1451. Your answer is given as meeting a prejudice which may per- 
 vade a part of the public, but the question refers to the justice due to 
 old officers of the army, whether it would be just after these officers 
 have spent their lives in the severest service in the world, even in time 
 of peace, to stop them when they are about to obtain the rank of major- 
 general, because they are no longer able to perform active service ? 
 Yes ; but that is taking up the case at the moment the officer is to be 
 made a. major-general. I take it up long before that period, when he is 
 a lieutenant-colonel with his regiment. I want to give him the rank of 
 colonel, and an honorable badge and a certain pay, and stop him from 
 being a general officer. I want to induce him to accept of that. 
 
 1452. The question had not reference to the mode of inducing officers 
 •'.o leave the service for the sake of making vacancies, but it had refer- 
 ence to the justice of the general system of brevet promotion, whether 
 it would be just after officers had served in the field and in bad climates 
 for 30 or 40 years, and were about to obtain the rank of major-general 
 upon the ancient system of brevet, for the mere purpose of keeping 
 down the list of general officers, the difference of expense to the public 
 not being great between the two modes, whether, under all these circum- 
 stances, you would stop the brevet promotion, as at present carried on, 
 for the sake of adopting any other system ? — I should prefer that the 
 retired list was fixed to colonels. 
 
 1453. How would you make new major-generals ? You come to the 
 general list again. After you have made an opening of a certain num- 
 ber of officers in the highest part of the lieutenant-colonel's list, you 
 then get a younger class of officers. 
 
 1454. You still go on promoting by seniority, after taking out this 
 certain number of colonels, whom you lay aside by providing for them 
 the same pay that they would have as major-generals, ;£4o6 a-year ? 
 Yes. 
 
244 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 1455-6. Then you still would have to select for the service of the 
 regiments, and for the rewards of the service, from this new class ? 
 Yes. 
 
 1457. Would there be any such great advantage from this system as 
 would justify the laying aside of so many old officers who had served 
 30 or 40 years in bad climates ? I am looking forward to the efficiency 
 of the general officers, and I want the rewards to stop at the colonels. 
 
 1458. The general officers are now selected from service abroad in 
 the army, wherever it may be, from the whole list of general officers and 
 colonels of the army, because, if they wanted, the colonels of the army 
 may be taken and employed upon service abroad ? Yes. 
 
 1459. Would any advantage be derived from taking out a certain 
 number from that class and laying them aside ? Would it be worth the 
 expense, which you calculate to be ^100,000 a-year? If the list of 
 generals were by that means reduced to about 250 or 300, then you 
 would not have to provide for the generals you now have, and you would 
 have 100 colonels to provide for with the present promotion for major- 
 general ; and then an officer, seeing that he was likely to stop at 
 colonel, would either sell his commission, or take the advantage of 
 retirement as a full colonel. 
 
 1460. Are you proposing the system as a system to be adopted for 
 one turn, and then to be laid aside, or do you mean it as a permanent 
 system to be adopted in the army ? 1 should say a permanent system ; 
 and that the system should be to adhere to the exact number of general 
 officers, whatever number is fixed. The number I thought of was 
 about 300. 
 
 1461. Is it possible that there ever could be a necessity with the 
 British army for the employment of 300 major-generals ? Certainly 
 not. 
 
 1462. Then why have 300 ? I mentioned that because we have got 
 such a large number now, and we want in the first instance to make 
 the reduction. 
 
 1463. Would it be desirable, in your opinion, to bring them down 
 to the exact number that could be employed ? It is difficult to say. 
 
 1464. Supposing they were brought down to the exact number that 
 could be employed, would you not still have to make a selection from 
 the senior colonels or lieutenant-colonels in the army ? Certainly. I 
 am satisfied of the great difficulty there is in the whole question ; but 
 still I think that in the position the senior officers are in now, it would 
 be a great deal to do something that would improve the system. 
 
 1465. Would not there be the same difficulties under those circum- 
 stances that there are now in making a selection ; would not the only 
 difference be that, instead of having three or four or five hundred 
 major-generals, you would have the same number of colonels placed 
 upon pensions and retired allowances of ;^4oo and ;£3oo a year, and 
 the rest of the army would be in the situation of commanding officers 
 of regiments to pass through this rank of colonel, and then be major- 
 generals ? Yes, it comes to the same thing. 
 
 1466. Would the advantage to be derived from the system be other 
 than that of stopping the clamor upon the subject of the number of 
 major-generals there are in proportion to the size of the army, and the 
 
OF BREVETS. 245 
 
 means of employment tor them? It would lessen it a little ; but I do 
 not suppose it would do it awaf entirely. 
 
 1467. By the present system, when once an officer obtains the rank 
 of lieutenant-colonel, the consideration of whether he is a wealthy man, 
 or whether he is a man of interest with the government of the day, or 
 any other consideration, ceases to operate ; he is sure of rising to the 
 rank of major-general if his health is good and his conduct good ? Yes. 
 
 1468. You say that the advantage you would propose from selecting 
 officers to become major-generals, and placing old officers of the rank 
 of colonel upon the shelf, would be that you would have younger major- 
 generals for service ? I should hope so. 
 
 1469. When you came to select for regiments, how would you deal 
 with the old colonels ? You have placed aside men who have passed 
 their lives and sacrificed their health, perhaps after 30 or 40 years' ser- 
 vice in our colonies ? Then I would consider that they had voluntari- 
 ly accepted of these retirements, having got the honorary badge and 
 the annuity. ^ 
 
 1470. Then you would make the retirement voluntary ? Voluntary. 
 My feeling about an officer of old standing is,, that he does not like to 
 go out a fourth or fifth time to the colonies, and therefore he would 
 accept the rank of colonel for his life and would not look forward to be 
 a general officer. 
 
 1471. Supposing an old officer, so worn out, would not accept the 
 temptation you offer, would you still allow him to become a major- 
 general in his turn ? The custom of the service sometimes now is, 
 that an officer who is inefficient for doing the active duties of the ser- 
 vice gets a letter to be permitted to sell. 
 
 1472. Supposing this officer has got to the rank of colonel before he 
 has become in that state as to be sent away, but still is so old that you 
 think he ought not to be made a major-general, if he was obstinate and 
 thought he could do his duty, you would not force him out ? I think I 
 should. 
 
 1473. How would you decide upon a man's being unfit ? What 
 board or what officer should have the decision of it ? I would not 
 take a step of that kind unless the man was so infirm that he was not 
 equal to the active duties of a regimental officer. 
 
 1474. To whom would you leave it to decide that ? To the com- 
 mander-in-chief, upon the report of a medical board. 
 
 1475. Is there not a power now of having a medical board upon 
 officers ? Yes. 
 
 1476. Therefore that would be no alteration from what now exists ? 
 No. 
 
 1477. You are aware that it has frequently been a subject of discus- 
 sion whether the Guards ought to have the advantage of the increased 
 rank which they now possess. What is your opinion upon that sub- 
 ject ? I think that, as they are the Queen's household troops, I have 
 never heard the army complain of it. 
 
 1478. Do not the larger proportion of officers who rise to the rank of 
 major-general acquire their rank in the Guards, and not in the corps 
 which are subject to all the vicissitudes of colonial service ? I should 
 say, certainly, that a difference is felt ; that is to say, the Guards are 
 
246 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 considered to be favored as compared with the line, in consequence o 
 one being at home getting rank, and the other being abroad and not 
 getting it ; but I do not think the line ever think of complaining of it, 
 as they consider the Guards a body of honorary troops about Her 
 Majesty. I have never heard it complained of. 
 
 1479. There is no wish among the officers of the line that commis- 
 sions in the Guards should be given away as a reward for good ser- 
 vice in the line, or that any other system should be adopted ? We 
 have always been very distinct, the Guards and ourselves. I have 
 never heard it mentioned ; I never heard of officers being jealous or 
 complaining of it. 
 
 1480. Is not it the fact that exchanges between officers of the line 
 and officers of the Guards are going on constantly ? Constantly^ 
 
 1481. And this advanced promotion of the officers of the Guards is, 
 in fact, enjoyed in that way by the line ? It is. 
 
 1482. Was it not the case at the end of the last war, that when there 
 was a promotion in the Guards a considerable number of the commis- 
 sions of that promotion were given to officers of the line who had 
 served with the army abroad ? Yes, a large number. - 
 
 1483. Sir Henry Hardiiige was one ? Yes. 
 
 1484. With regard to the relative proportion of the Guards and of 
 the line, are you aware that the number of the battalions of the Guards 
 at present is exactly the same as it was in Charles the Second's time, 
 whilst the line has been augmented to be about two thirds stronger 
 than it was at that time .' — I am not aware of that. 
 
 1485. Supposing that to be the case, any disproportion that formerly 
 existed is rendered much less now ? Yes. 
 
OF BREVETS. 247 
 
 VICTORIA R. 
 
 Whereas, We have approved the recommendations of the Commis- 
 sion appointed by Our authority to inquire into the several modes of 
 promotion and retirement in Our military forces : Our will and pleas- 
 ure is, that from and after the date hereof [October 6, 1854], the 
 following rules shall be established for the future promotion and retire- 
 ment of officers in the army, and that by these Our rules, Our com- 
 mander-in-chief shall govern himself in recommending officers for 
 promotion and retirement; — 
 
 PROMOTION. 
 
 1. That the rank of field-marshal be given without reference to 
 seniority. 
 
 2. That the general periodical brevets be, for the future, abolished. 
 
 3. That there shall be a fixed establishment for Guards and line of 
 100 general officers upon unattached pay, in addition to the general 
 officers who are colonels of regiments, majcing in all 234, of whom 50 
 shall be generals, 70 lieutenant-generals, and 114 major-generals. 
 
 4. That until the existing establishment of general officers be 
 reduced to 234, the senior colonels on the list shall be promoted, or 
 the supernumerary previously promoted for distinguished service shall 
 be admitted alternately after the third vacancy on the fixed general 
 officers' list, this limitation being observed until the excess is reduced. 
 
 5. That the major-generals hereafter promoted for distinguished 
 service shall, after the number of generals on the fixed establishment 
 has been reduced to 234, be placed on the permanent general officers' 
 list in the proportion of one major-general for two vacancies, the 
 second vacancy being filled by seniority from the colonels' list. 
 
 6. That those general officers in the receipt of half-pay only of their 
 last regimental commissions, be not included in the 234 above men- 
 tioned, but that their names be printed, according to seniority, on the 
 same list with the others as now, but with an asterisk prefixed to them. 
 
 7. That the rank of full colonel be given to officers after serving for 
 three years with the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the actual command 
 of regiments, or for the same period as second lieutenant-colonels of 
 regiments, or as majorand lieutenant-colonel, or major, in the household 
 cavalry, or as mounted officers of the guards, or on the staff in the fol- 
 lowing situations, viz. : assistant adjutant-general, assistant quarter- 
 master-general, military secretary (or assistant military secretary where 
 there shall be no military secretary) to such general officers alone as 
 are exercising the supreme command on a station, or commissioner to 
 the head-quarters of an allied army, or after serving six years as a lieu- 
 tenant-colonel as equerry to the sovereign. 
 
248 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 8. That field officers, commissioned as such before the 20th of June, 
 1854, be allowed to rise, by brevet, as under the regulations then in 
 force ; but no officer promoted to the rank of field officer, on or after 
 that dat'i, is to rise from the rank of lieutenant-colonel to that of a 
 colonel, otherwise than by three years' service in the former rank, as 
 above described, or as a reward for distinguished service or by appoint- 
 ment to be Queen's aide-de-camp. 
 
 9. That in cases where colonels shall be appointed, without regard to 
 seniority, to commands.as majors-generals, their temporary rank, if they 
 shall have conducted themselves to our satisfaction, may be made per- 
 manent, after having held such commands five years in peace, or after 
 any shorter period in war. upon the recommendation of our cowminder- 
 in-chief. That, in like manner, the temporary rank of general and lieu- 
 tenant-general may be given, whenever the convenience of the service 
 requires it, and may be confirmed in a similar manner. 
 
 10. That in addition to the colonels promoted by seniority to be 
 major-generals, colonels shall be eligible for promotion to the rank of 
 major-general, major-generals to the rank of lieutenant-general, and 
 lieutenant-generals to the rank of general, for distinguished service in 
 the field. In the case of officers promoted to the rank of general 
 officers, as a reward for distinguished service in war, the recommenda- 
 tion, on which the service of the officer shall be detailed, shall be pub. 
 lished in the general orders of the army and in the ^'■Gazette" what it 
 view to insure the responsibility attaching to an appointment thus made 
 out of the regular course of army promotion. 
 
 ti. That every vacancy in the fixed establishment of general 
 officers shall be filled by the promotion, where there is no supernumerary, 
 of the senior colonel qualified to succeed to the rank of major-general, 
 and to be placed on the fixed establishment, under the regulations now 
 in force, and that vacancies in the ranks of general and lieutenant-gen- 
 eral be filled in the same manner. If there be more than one super- 
 numerary who has been promoted for distinguished service, the promo- 
 tion of the senior colonel shall take place on every second vacancy 
 only, until the supernumeraries be reduced by the appointment alter- 
 nately of a supernumerary and the promotion of a colonel. 
 
 12. That promotions shall be made in the ranks of fiefd officers, 
 below the rank of colonel, from time to time, or as vacancies occur in 
 the major-general's fixed establishment. 
 
 13. That any captain, major, or lieutenant-colonel, maybe rewarded 
 by promotion for distinguished services in the field. In cases, however, 
 where such promotion would deprive the officer of regimental employ- 
 ment, by which the interest, either of the service or of the officer might 
 be prejudiced, brevet rank may be given, to be converted into regi- 
 mental (or substantial) rank at an early subsequent period. 
 
 14. That the commands of general officers,. and other situations on 
 the staff, both at home and abroad, shall not be held for more than five 
 years, unless by appointment. 
 
 15. That the privilege of selling out of the army, retaining the name 
 of the officer in the army list in italics, which is now confined to full 
 colonels and officers having the Order of the Bath, be extended, with 
 permission of the commander-in-chief in each case,Xo all field officers,. 
 
OF BREVETS. 249 
 
 16. That no officer shall be promoted* to the rank of captain until he 
 shall have been two years an effective subaltern. 
 
 17. That no officer shall be promoted to the rank of major until he 
 shall have been six years effective as subaltern or captain. 
 
 18. No medical candidate, who has not passed his examination at 
 the Royal College of Surgeons of London, Edinburgh, or Dublin, shall 
 be eligible for the commission of assistant surgeon, and he must have 
 served as such on full pay, five years, before he shall be eligible for pro- 
 motion to the rank of staff surgeon of the second class. 
 
 19. Staff surgeons of the second class must have served ten years in 
 the army on full pay, before they shall be eligible for the next step of 
 rank. A staff surgeon of the first class must have served three years 
 at home, or two years abroad, in this rank, before he shall be eligible 
 for promotion. 
 
 20. A deputy inspector-general of hospitals must have served five 
 years at home, or three years abroad, in this rank, before he shall be 
 eligible for promotion to the highest rank of inspector-general. 
 
 UNATTACHED PAY, RETIRED FULL PAY, AND HALF PAY. 
 
 It is our further will and pleasure, that the grants of unattached pay 
 and other rates of pay to general officers not being colonels of regi- 
 ments, and of retired full pay, to officers of our army, shall be regulated 
 by this royal warrant, to be administered and interpreted by our secre- 
 tary at war as the sole and standing authority for regulating such 
 grants. 
 
 UNATTACHED PAY. 
 
 2t. Officers removed from their commissions as field officers in regi- 
 ments of foot guards, in consequence of being promoted to be general 
 officers, shall receive unattached pay according to the following scale, 
 viz. : lieutenant-colonel, 600/. a year ; major, 550/. a year. 
 
 22. Officers promoted to be general officers, from full or half pay 
 commissions in the line, shall, if duly qualified, receive unattached pay 
 of i/. 5j. a day. 
 
 23. The number of general officers upon the establishment of un- 
 attached pay of i/. 5 J. a day, or upwards, not being colonels of regi- 
 ments, shall be limited to 100. 
 
 24. A general officer, not being colonel of a regiment, in the event 
 of his regiment being reduced, may be placed in the first instance, as 
 supernumerary upon the sai^ establishment of unattached pay at i/. ss. 
 a day, but shall fall into the vacancy that shall occur therein, until re- 
 appointed colonel of a regiment. 
 
 25. _A colonel promoted to the rank of general officer, as a reward 
 for distinguished service in war, or in consequence of having held a 
 command with temporary rank as general officer, shall be placed, in the 
 first instance, as supernumerary on the said establishment of un- 
 attached pay at 400/. a year, until he shall fall into a vacancy on the 
 fixed establishment of general officers. 
 
 12 
 
250 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 26. An officer now on the list of general officers, •whether on full or 
 half pay at the time of his promotion, but who is in excess of the limited 
 number of 100 entitled to unattached pay of \l. ss. a day or upwards, 
 shall receive, if duly qualified by service, an allowance in lieu of unattach- 
 ed pay at the rate of 400/. a year, or, if lieutenant-colonel of cavalry at 
 the time of his promotion, the next full pay of that rank until elected 
 to the establishment of unattached pay at il. $s. a day, or appointed to 
 be colonel of a regiment. 
 
 27. To entitle an officer to the unattached pay of a general officer, 
 or to the allowance in lieu of such unattached pay, such officer must 
 have ?iCt\i3\\.y served six years with the rank of a regimental field officer, 
 either with a regiment of the line, or in some other substantial military 
 employment in the public service, or as field officer of the Foot Guards, 
 or on the staff appointment of assistant adjutant-general, assistant 
 quartermaster-general, military secretary or assistant military secretary 
 (where there shall be no military secretary) to such general officers alone 
 as are exercising the supreme command on a station, or as commis- 
 sioner to the head-quarters of an allied army ; or, having obtained the 
 rank of regimental field officer, shall have been obliged to go upon half 
 pay on account of reduction, or in consequence of ill health contracted 
 in the service (as estabhshed by the report of a board of medical offi- 
 cers), or in consequence of wounds received in action, before he had 
 served the six years above described. 
 
 28. To the limitations contained in the preceding article, the follow- 
 ing exceptions only will be admitted, viz. : 
 
 Appointment of major-general on the staff ; 
 Appointment to a military government. 
 
 In these cases, the insufficiency of service as a regimental field offi- 
 cer will not render an officer ineligible for the unattached pay. 
 
 29. The benefit of unattached pay shall not be extended to any gen- 
 eral officer who, when he last went on half pay, received the differ- 
 ence ; nor to any officer who went upon half pay at his own request, in 
 time of war, before he had completed an aggregate full-pay service 
 of 30 years, of which period six years shall have been with the rank 
 of regimental field officer, nor to any officer whb went upon half pay, 
 at his own request, in time of peace, before he had served six years with 
 the rank of regimental field officer. Officers thus situated shall continue 
 to receive the half pay only of which they were in receipt at the time 
 of their promotion to be general officers. 
 
 RETIRED FULL PAY. 
 
 30. The retired full pay list of field officers and captains shall be 
 prospectively fixed at 60,000/. a year ; all officers who were on the full 
 pay retirement previously to the Royal Warrant of October, 1840, be- 
 ing considered supernumerary to the establishment of 60,000/. 
 
 31. The colonels, lieutenant-colonels, majors and captains, allowed 
 to retire upon full pay, shall be selected and recommended according 
 to their regimental, and not according to their brevet rank ; but no offi- 
 cer shall be placed on the retired full pay list who has not served on 
 full pay for 2 1 years and upwards, unless he ha.sbeen obliged to go upon 
 
OF BREVETS. 251 
 
 half pay in consequence of ill health contracted in the service (as es- 
 tablished by the report of a board of medical officers), or in conse- 
 quence of wounds received in action, before he had served the 21 years 
 prescribed. 
 
 32. Each officer placed on the retired full pay list shall receive a step 
 of brevet rank, together with the full pay of the rank from which he re- 
 tired ; but such officer cannot be furtlier promoted. 
 
 33. Officers appointed to veteran battalions shall not, on their reduc- 
 tion or retirement therefrom, acquire any claim to retired full pay. 
 
 TEMPORARY ALLOWANCES IN THE NATURE OF HALF PAY. 
 
 34. An officer, having served less than 3 years, will, if reduced, re- 
 ceive only a temporary allowance of half pay, according to the follow- 
 ing scale : 
 
 Services on full pay. Temporary allowance. 
 Under i year For i year. 
 
 1 and under 2 years. .... For 2 years. 
 
 2 and under 3 years For 3 years. 
 
 The temporary allowance ceases at the termination of the above re- 
 cited periods ; or previously, if the officer shall have been previously 
 placed on full pay. 
 
 35. But an officer, who has been placed on temporary half pay, is 
 eligible to be appointed to a full pay commission, either by exchange 
 or otherwise, provided his appointment take place within five years 
 after he has ceased to receive ternporary half pay, in which' case his 
 former service is allowed to reckon. 
 
 36. The exchange to full pay, under the preceding article, may be 
 made with a full pay officer entitled to half pay. 
 
 37. An officer who has been reduced with only a temporary allow- 
 ance, having purchased his commission, may receive the regulated 
 price thereof from the pubhc, through our secretary at war, and the 
 public shall be re-imbursed by the sale of a first full pay commission 
 which would otherwise have been conferred without purchase ; but 
 these sales shall not be required in any greater proportion than one for 
 every two such vacated commissions. 
 
 HALF PAY. 
 
 38. The half pay of the army is granted as a remuneration for past 
 military services, and also as imposing an obligation on the officer to re- 
 turn to his military duties whenever called upon ; therefore, any officer 
 not obeying the call is liable to forfeit his half pay. 
 
 39. An officer shall be entitled to be placed upon the half pay estab- 
 lishment, if compelled to retire in consequence of wounds received in 
 action. 
 
 40. An officer, having served more than three years, shall be enti- 
 tled to be placed upon the half pay establishment, if compelled to re- 
 tire in consequence of ill health contracted on duty, as certified by the 
 medical board, or medical officers, to whom he has been referred for ex- 
 amination. Unless the result of such examination shall be received by 
 
2S2 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 our commander-in-chief and secretary at war, he will be considered to 
 have retired upon half pay for his own convenience. 
 
 41. An officer, having actually done duty in some regiment or corps, 
 or in some other miUtary capacity in the public service, for a period of 
 at least three years, shall be entitled to be placed on the half pay estab- 
 lishment on reduction from full pay. 
 
 42. No officer shall be permitted to retire upon permanent half pay 
 until after a full pay service of 21 years, except on account of unfitness 
 for service from wounds received in action or from certified ill health 
 contracted in and by military service. 
 
 43. No garrison commission or appointment shall give an officer any 
 claim to half pay or retirement. 
 
 44. The residence of the half pay officer is to be stated every quar- 
 ter in his declaration, whether his half pay be received by an agent or 
 by himself. 
 
 45. No officer of haH pay shall, of right, have a claim to sell or com- 
 mute his half pay ; the permission shall be governed by such consider- 
 ation of the individual case as may induce our commander-in-chief and 
 secretary at war to recommend it. 
 
 46. If a subaltern officer, whose service confers a claim to half pay, 
 be desirous of retiring from the army by the sale of his commission, 
 the following rules should be observed : — 
 
 1st. If he purchased his commission, the regulated price may be 
 granted (whether he should be receiving half pay or a temporary allow- 
 ance in the nature of half pay). 
 
 2d. If he did not purchase his commission, and had served less than 
 seven years on full pay in the army, he may be allowed to receive 100/. 
 for each year of service as a commissioned officer, not, however, ex- 
 ceeding the regulated price of the commission he held. 
 
 3d. If a non-commissioned officer shall have been promoted to the 
 rank of an ensign, or cornet, or adjutant, he shall not have a claim to 
 retire by the sale of his commission, unless he shall have served in the 
 army as an officer of full pay upwards of one year, in which case he 
 may be awarded the full price of the commission which he shall have 
 received without purchase, or such portion thereof as, with reference to 
 the length of his actual service, shall be deemed proper by our com- 
 mander-in-chief and secretary at war. 
 
 47. An officer of any of the undermentioned ranks, having entered 
 the service since the termination of the war in 1815, and having been 
 permitted to exchange to half pay, not on account of ill health, but for 
 his private convenience, before he has served seven years on full pay, 
 shall be allowed only the old rate of half pay specified in the following 
 schedule : 
 
OF BREVETS. 
 
 253 
 
 Cavalry. 
 
 New rate. Old rate- 
 
 Colonel - ■ 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel 
 
 Major . . .... 
 
 Captain of infantry having superior 
 brevet rank, and provided he shall 
 have served as captain on full pay 
 for at least two years immediately 
 before retirement oil half pay - 
 
 Captain of cavalry with brevet rank, 
 exchanging to half pay, after two 
 years full pay service, with a cap- 
 tain of infantry - - 
 
 Lieutenant ■ - - .... 
 
 Lieutenant of infantry, if commis- 
 sioned seven years as a lieutenant 
 in the regular army at the date of 
 being placed upon half pay - 
 
 Lieutenant of cavalry of five years 
 standing, if entitled to reckon two 
 years for the battle of Waterloo 
 
 Cornet - - ..... 
 
 Second lieutenant and ensign 
 
 Adjutant, if not commissioned as 
 lieutenant - . - ■ 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 12 6 
 10 
 
 48 
 
 3 6 
 
 New rate. Old rate. 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 13 
 10 
 
 2 6 
 4 
 
 Infantry. 
 
 s. d. 
 14 6 
 II 
 
 96 
 
 76 
 4 
 
 46 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 s. d. 
 12 
 8 6 
 76 
 
 2 4 
 
 I 10 
 4 
 
 If the retirement should be for the public convenience, by reduction 
 or otherwise, or in consequence of ill health certified by a medical board, 
 the officer will be allowed the new rate of half pay. 
 
 48. For every three vacancies occurring by death in the British half 
 pay list, in the ranks of colonel and lieutenant-colonel, one major serv- 
 ing upon full pay may be promoted to the unattached rank and half 
 pay of a lieutenant-colonel of infantry. In like manner, for every three 
 vacancies in the rank of major, one captain may be promoted from the 
 full pay to the unattached rank and half pay of a major ; and for every 
 three vacancies in the rank of captain, one lieutenant may be promoted 
 to the unattached rank and half pay of a captain. The officers so pro- 
 moted under the regulation shall retain their claims for pensions to 
 their widows at the rate accorded to their new rank. The vacancies 
 which these promotions will create on the full pay list shall, in all cases, 
 be filled from the half pay list. 
 
 49. The additional 100/. a year to 20 lieutenant-colonels on the half 
 pay list, established by former Royal Warrants, shall be dismissed, sub- 
 ject to existing interests. 
 
254 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 D. 
 
 Copy of Resolutions of November 24, 1778, giving rules with regard to 
 rank and promotion : — 
 
 Tuesday, November 24, 1778. 
 
 Congress took into consideration the report of the Committee of ar- 
 rangement, and thereupon came to the following resolutions : 
 
 Whereas, the settlement of rank in the army of the United States has 
 been attended with much difficulty and delay, inasmuch as no general 
 principles have been adopted and uniformly pursued : 
 
 Resolved, therefore, That, upon any dispute of rank, the following 
 rules shall be hereafter observed : 
 
 1. For determining rank in the Continental line, between all colonels 
 and inferior officers or different States, between Uke officers of infantry, 
 and those of horse and artillery appointed under the authority of Congress, 
 by virtue of a resolution of September i6th, 1776, or by virtue of any 
 subsequent resolution prior to January ist, 1777, all such officers shall be 
 deemed to have their commissions dated on the day last mentioned, and 
 their relative rank, with respect to each other, in the continental line of the 
 army, shall be determined by their rank prior to the i6th day of Sep- 
 tember, 1776 : this rule shall not be considered to affect the rank of the 
 line within any State, or within the corps of artillery, horse, or among 
 the 16 additional battalions, where the rank hath been settled ; but shall 
 be the rule to determine the relative rank within the particular line of 
 artillery, so far as the rank remains unsettled. 
 
 2. In the second instance, preference shall be given to commissions in 
 the new levies and flying-camp. 
 
 3. In determining rank between continental officers, in other respects 
 equal, proper respect shall be had to their commissions in the militia, 
 where they have served in the continental army for the space of one 
 month. 
 
 4. All colonels and inferior officers appointed to vacancies since the 
 5th day of January, 1 777, shall take rank from the right to succession in 
 such vacancies. 
 
 5. In all cases where the rank between two officers of different States 
 is equal, or between an officer of state troops and one of cavalry, artillery, 
 or of the additional battalions, the precedence is to be determined by lot. 
 
 6. All officers who have been prisoners with the enemy, being ap- 
 pointed by their State, and [who] again into service, shall do it agreeably 
 to the following rule, that is to say : all of the rank of captain, and under, 
 shall enter into the same regiment to which they formerly belonged, and 
 if theregiment is dissolved, or otherwise reduced, they shall be entitled 
 
OF BREVETS. 255 
 
 to the first vacancy in any regiment of the State in their proper rank, 
 after the.officers belonging to such regiment have been provided [for ?]. 
 
 7. The rules of rank above laid down between officers of different 
 States are to govern between officers of the same State, except in cases 
 where the State has laid down a different rule or already settled their rank. 
 
 8. A resignation shall preclude any claim or benefit from former rank 
 under a new appointment. 
 
 Whereas, from the alteration of the establishment and other causes, 
 many valuable officers have been and may be omitted in the new ar- 
 rangement as being supernumerary, who, from their conduct and 
 services, are entitled to the honorable notice of Congress, and to a 
 suitable provision until they can return to civil hfe with advantage : 
 
 Resolved, therefore. That Congress gratefully acknowledge the 
 faithful services of such officers, and that all supernumerary officers be 
 entitled to one year's pay of their commissions respectively, to be 
 computed from the time such officers had leave of absence from the 
 commander-in-chief on this account. And Congress do earnestly 
 recommend to the several States, to which such officers belong, to make 
 such further provision for them as their respective circumstances and 
 merits may entitle them to. 
 
 Resolved, That all officers who have been in the service, and, having 
 been prisoners with the enemy, now are, or hereafter may be, exchanged, 
 or otherwise released, shall, if appointed by the authority of the State, 
 be entitled, in case of vacancy, to enter into the service of their respective 
 States in such rank as they would have had if they had never been 
 captured ; provided always, that every such officer do within'one month 
 after his exchange or release, signify to the authority of the State to 
 which he belongs, his release and his desire to enter again into the 
 military service. 
 
 Resolved, That every officer so released, and giving notice as 
 ' aforesaid, shall until entry into actual service, be allowed half-pay of the 
 commission to which, by the foregoing resolve, he stands entitled ; 
 provided always, that in case of his receiving any civil office of profit, 
 such half-pay shall henceforth cease. 
 
 Whereas, it will be for the benefit of the service that some rule of 
 promotion be established ; therefore. 
 
 Resolved, That it be recommended to the several States to provide, 
 that, in all future promotions, officers rise regimentally to the rank of 
 Captain, and thence into the line of the State to the rank of Colonel, 
 except in cases where a preference may be given on account of distin- 
 guished merit. 
 
 Resolved, That no brevets be, for the future, granted, except to 
 officers in the line, or in case of very eminent services. 
 
 Resolved, That a brigadier, out of brigadiers of the infantry, be ap- 
 pointed by General Washington to command the cavalry. 
 
 Resolved, That paymasters, not being of the rank of Captains, 
 quartermasters and [or ?], adjutants, be entitled to receive 20 dollars per 
 month subsistence-money, in lieu of rations. 
 
 Resolved, That all officers and persons employed on the staff shall 
 receive for subsistence-money one third of a dollar for each extra 
 ration heretofore allowed them. 
 
256 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 Resolved, That Lieutenant-Colonel Stevens, of the artillery, now 
 holding that rank by brevet, be appointed a lieutenant-colonel of artillery ; 
 and that his commission bear date from that of his brevet ; and that he 
 be entitled to take command on the first vacancy that may fall in the 
 artillery. 
 
 Resolved, that adjutants, paymasters and quartermasters, taken from 
 the line, be again admitted into the rank they would have been entitled 
 to, had they continued in the line ; and [that] such adjutants, paymasters 
 and quartermasters, not taken from the line, may be admissible into the 
 line, in such subaltern rank as, by a signed certificate from the field 
 oflScers of their respective corps, they shall be deemed competent to. 
 
 Resolved, That the regiment commanded by Col. Moses Hazen be 
 continued on its original establishment ; and that no new appointments 
 or promotions of officers be made therein until the further order of 
 Congress. 
 
 Ordered, That the committee of arrangement transmit to the board 
 of war lists of the oificers of the army, arranged by them in the several 
 regiments and corps, specifying the time of their respective appoint- 
 ments, or promotions, to their present rank, to be registered in the 
 war office ; and that commissions be issued to the said officers accord- 
 ingly, and the secretary of the board of war is hereby ordered to 
 transmit copies of the said arrangement to the commander-in-chief of 
 the army. 
 
 Resolved, That the board of war be authorized to finish the arrange- 
 ment of the army agreeably to the^resolutions of Congress, and that 
 the committee of arrangement furnish the board with such papers and 
 documents as they are possessed of respecting the same ; and that all 
 disputes about rank in the army be referred to the commander-in-chief, 
 to be determined according to the rules of the army. 
 
 Ordered, That the board of war forthwith lay before Congress a 
 list of the continental brigadiers and battalions, together with the states 
 to which they respectively belong. 
 
 Adjourned to ten o'clock to-morrow. 
 
OF BREVETS. 257 
 
 WASHINGTON'S LETTERS TO CONGRESS. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Heights of Haerlem, 
 
 October 7 .776. 
 Sir:— 
 
 * * * * Before I conclude, I must take the liberty 
 to observe that I am under no small difficulties on account of the 
 French gentlemen that are here in consequence of the commissions 
 they have received — having no means to employ them, or to afford them 
 an opportunity of rendering that service they themselves wish to give, 
 or which perhaps is expected by the public. Their want [of knowledge] 
 of our language is an objection to their being joined to any of the regi- 
 ments here at this time, were there vacancies, and not other obstacles. 
 These considerations induce me to wish that Congress would adopt and 
 point out some particular mode to be observed respecting them. What 
 it should be, they will be best able to determine. But to me it appears 
 that their being here now can be attended with no valuable consequences, 
 and that, as the power of appointing officers for the new army is vested 
 in the conventions, &c., of the several States, it will be necessary for 
 Congress to direct them to be provided for in the regiments to be raised, 
 according to the ranks they would wish them to bear (or I am con- 
 vinced they will never be taken in, let their merit be what it may), or to 
 form them into a distinct corps, which may be increased in time. They 
 seem to be genteel, sensible men; and I have no doubt of , their making 
 good officers, as soon as they can learn as much of our language as to 
 make themselves well understood; but, unless Congress interfere by 
 their particular direction to the States, they will never be incorporated 
 in any of the regiments to be raised, and, without they are, they will be 
 entirely at a loss, and in the most irksome situation, for something to 
 do, as they now are. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c., 
 
 G. W. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Morristown, 
 
 Jany. 20, 1777 
 Sir : — 
 
 I would beg leave to remark here, that, except we can throw the 
 many foreigners, who have commissions in our army, into a corps 
 together, they will be entirely useless, as they can neither converse 
 with officers nor men in any other kind of regiment. ****** 
 
 I am. Sir, &c., 
 
 G. W, 
 
 T O* 
 
258 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 Head- Quarters, Morristown, 
 
 February 20, 1 777. 
 Sir;— 
 
 I have often mentioned to you the distress I am every now and then 
 laid under by the application of French officers for commissions in our 
 service. This evil, if I may call it so, is a growing one ; for, from what 
 I learn, they are coming in swarms from old France and the islands. 
 There will, therefore, be a necessity for providing for them, or discoun- 
 tenancing them. To do the first is difficult ; and the last, disagreeable, 
 arid, perhaps, impolitic, if they are men of merit ; and it is impossible 
 to distinguish these from mere adventurers, of whom, I am convinced, 
 there are the greatest number. They seldom bring more than a com- 
 mission and passport, which, we know, may belong to a bad, as well as 
 to a good, officer. 
 
 Their ignorance of our language, and their inability to recruit men, 
 are insurmountable obstacles to their being ingrafted into our continental 
 battalions ; for our officers, who have raised their men, and have served 
 through the war upon pay that has hitherto not borne their expenses, 
 would be disgusted if foreigners were put over their heads ; and, I as- 
 sure you, few or none of these gentlemen look lower than field-officers' 
 commissions. To give them all brevets, by which they have rank and 
 draw pay without doing any service, is saddling the continent with a 
 vast expense ; and to form them into corps would be only establishing 
 corps of officers, for, as I have said before, they cannot possibly raise 
 any men. 
 
 Some general mode of disposing of them must be adopted, for it is 
 ungenerous to keep them in suspense and at great charge to them- 
 selves ; but I am at a loss how to point out this mode. Suppose they 
 were told, in general, that no man could obtain a commission except 
 he could raise a number of men in proportion to his rank ? This would 
 effectually stop the mouths of common appliers, and would leave us at 
 liberty to make provision for gentlemen of undoubted military character 
 and merit, who would be very useful to us as soon as they acquired our 
 language. 
 
 If you approve of this, or can think of any better method, be pleased 
 to inform me as soon as you possibly can ; for, if 1 had a decisive 
 answer to give them, it would not only save me much trouble, but much 
 time, which I am now obliged to bestow in hearing tlieir different pre- 
 tensions to merit, and their expectations therefrom. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c., 
 
 G. W. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Middlebrook, 
 
 June s, 1777. 
 
 Sir:— 
 
 I had, this morning, the honor of your letter of the fifth with its in- 
 closures. The resolution of the 30th of May, respecting the French 
 gentlemen who came passengers in the Amphitrite, reached me before 
 
OF BREVETS. 259 
 
 your letter, and has excited much uneasiness in the artillery corps. The 
 inclosed copy of a letter from General Knox will convey their anxiety 
 on the subject, which [copy] I think it necessary to transmit, as well 
 from duty as on account of his request. 
 
 The difficulties upon this occasion arise from the peculiar circum- 
 stances of most of the officers composing the artillery regiments at this 
 time. I do not know, for my own part, what operation Congress pre- 
 cisely meant the resolution should have ; but if the commissions which 
 these gentlemen are to receive should give them rank from the date of 
 those they had from the King of France, or from the compact with Mr. 
 Deane, there are but few officers now in the artillery who will not be 
 superseded in their command, unless some method is adopted to prevent 
 it. This, I am persuaded, Congress had not in contemplation, because 
 it is opposed to policy and to justice ; and I am led to believe the reso- 
 lution was come into for want of the information how matters were cir- 
 cumstanced in this instance. 
 
 The officers now in the artillery, I am obliged to consider of great 
 merit. Experience has proved them to be most warmly attached to the 
 rights of their country ; and their conduct in the line of their profes- 
 sion has been such as does the highest honor to themselves and the 
 gentleman who immediately commands them. Without derogating in 
 the least from the character of the French officers who are to be com- 
 missioned and whom I wish to receive every countenance they merit, 
 there is strong reason to doubt (laying aside every consideration of 
 policy) whether they have seen as much real service as our own in the 
 course of two campaigns. It would be hard, not to say unjust, that the 
 latter should lose their command, when they have a claim to every 
 mark of favor, and after they have taken great pains to form their com- 
 panies. The service requires that they should not ; and, I am convinced 
 the event wQjild be attended with the most fatal consequences. 
 
 But what is to be done ? This is a case of difficulty, view it as you 
 will. I am not for rejecting the French gentlemen. Far otherwise. 
 I am for employing them; and public faith and the encouragement 
 given to bring them over demand that it should be done. After much 
 thought and consideration upon the subject, two modes occur to me, as 
 the only possible ones by which it can be effected, and by which the 
 inconveniences I have mentioned can be remedied. One is, that a new 
 corps of artillery should be formed and these gentlemen attached to it. 
 This, we have reason to fear, cannot be done, from the difficulties we 
 have experienced in raising men, and from their having no interest, or 
 connections, with the people. Their situation, in such case, if they are 
 men of sentiment, and active dispositions, would be irksome and dis- 
 tressing. The other is, that our present officers, now under considera- 
 tion, should have their commissions ante-dated to give them prece- 
 dency of rank ; and this may be done with the greatest propriety, as 
 most of them were intended to hold the posts they now sustain before 
 the French gentlemen had any claim upon us. It is true, they were 
 not commissioned, because the old corps existed under the first ar- 
 rangement. Further, it is said — and there is no doubt of the fact — 
 that these gentlemen were promoted by brevet, just before their de- 
 parture from France, merely to give them rank here ; antecedent to 
 
360 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 which, our officers were superior to them in this point; and these 
 brevets only confer local rank, confined to the French-American 
 colonies. 
 
 This latter mode appears the most eligible. If it is adopted, they 
 will be distributed through the corps as assistant officers. Their want 
 of a knowledge in our language incapacitates them for command in the 
 first instance ; and not only so, but to place them at the head of com- 
 panies, over officers that have been at great trouble, pains and expense 
 in raising the men, would be both unmilitary and unjust. 
 
 I shall now quit the subject, wishing that whatever will best conciliate 
 matters, and advance the public good, may be done ; suggesting, at 'the 
 same time, with all deference, as it is much easier to prevent evils 
 than to remedy them after they have happened, it will be well, in all 
 cases of foreign, and, indeed, other, apphcations, that the consequences 
 which granting them will involve, should be maturely weighed and taken 
 in every point of view. In the present case of difficulty, things, I am 
 persuaded, might have been adjusted with the greatest facility, had the 
 committee of foreign applications been fully possessed of all the cir- 
 cumstances respecting the artillery regiments. * * * » 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c., 
 
 G. W. , 
 
 {To the committee of Congress on a visit to the Camp.') 
 
 Camp at the Clove, 
 
 July 19, 1777. 
 Gentlemen : — 
 ** »»***»# 
 
 The consequences of giving rank indiscriminately are much to be 
 dreaded. Great dissatisfaction has already arisen on account of 
 bestowing this on officers in the civil departments of the army, on the 
 inferior staff, wagon-masters, &c., who, by custom, propriety, and every 
 other motive, are excluded from it in all well regulated armies. The 
 too great liberality practised in this respect will destroy the pride of 
 rank where it ought to exist, and will not only render it cheap, but 
 contemptible. It is the policy of all armies to make it valued and' 
 respected, as a stimulus to emulation and an incitement to bold and 
 gallant undertakings. It must be very unadvisable, therefore, in our 
 infant state of war, to adopt novel customs to bring it into discredit, 
 which must and will be the consequence of makihg it too common, 
 besides the disgust it creates in others. * * » * 
 
 **** «»»»* 
 
 I am exceedingly embarrassed how to dispose of the French officers, 
 in general, but more especially the artillery officers who are come out 
 under the sanction of a compact. I tan think of no other way than of 
 forming a separate corps of them, and drafting men from the whole line 
 to compose that corps ; but even this will be attended with many dis- 
 agreeable effects. Among others, this is not the least, that officers will 
 think themselves much injured lo' have -the menlhey have had the 
 
OF BREVETS. 26 1 
 
 trouble of raising taken from them and given to others. There is 
 
 something in tliis which is discouraging and which breaks the spirit 
 
 of a good officer, who prides himself in having a full and complete corps. 
 
 **» *»#*#* 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c., 
 
 G. W. 
 
 Head-Quarters, White Marsh, 
 
 Deer. I, 1777. 
 Sir:— 
 
 In respect to promotions for merit and intrepidity, I would beg leave 
 to observe that though these are proper considerations to found them 
 upon, yet they should be made with the greatest caution and attention, 
 and only in cases of the most eminent and distinguished services. 
 Every promotion, or rise out of the common course, cannot fail to 
 excite uneasiness in a greater or lesser degree ; and nothing will recon- 
 cile them to the army at large, and particularly to the officers more 
 immediately affected by them, but where the causes are known and 
 acknowledged. This I mention, from my wishes to promote the public 
 interest, from my knowing that harmony is essential to this end, and 
 from no other motives whatever. * * » * * 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c., 
 
 G. W. 
 
 Head-Quarters, January 13, 1778. 
 Sir:— 
 
 This will be delivered to you by the Chevalier De Mauduit du Plessis, 
 who was among the first French officers that joined the army of the 
 United States. The gallant conduct of this young gentleman at 
 Brandywine, Germantown, and his distinguished services at Fort Mercer, 
 where he united the offices of engineer and commandant of artillery, 
 entitle him to the particular notice of Congress. He made several 
 judiicous alterations in the works at Red Bank, showed great good con- 
 duct during the action in which the Hessians were repulsed, and was 
 spoken of, in consequence, in terms of the highest applause, by the 
 commandingofficer of the post. After the evacuation was determined 
 upon, he became the means of saving some valuable artillery and stores, 
 and cheerfully undertook, as volunteer, the hazardous operation of 
 blowing up the magazine, &c., without the apparatus usually provided 
 upon such occasions. I must further add in Monsieur Du Plessis' 
 favor, that he possesses a degree of modesty not always found in men 
 who have performed brilliant actions. It is with pleasure, therefore, 
 that I recommend it to Congress to grant him a brevet of lieutenant- 
 colonel — a reward due to his merit, and which will not have the incon- 
 venience of occasioning any dissatisfaction in the corps to which he 
 belongs. 
 
 As. some particular circumstances have prevented Monsieur Du 
 Plessis from waiting upon Congress sooner, I hope there will be no 
 difficulty in antedating the brevet, so that the recompense may more 
 ramediately follow the services which he has done. At the same time, 
 
262 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 that there may not be any uneasines"s on the part of Monsieur Fleury, 
 whom Congress has been pleased to reward in the same way, and as 
 their times of service are nearly equal in France, I would propose that 
 Monsieur Du Plessis' brevet should bear the same date, viz. : the 26th 
 of November. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c., 
 
 G. W. 
 
 Camp near Brunswick, July 7th, 1778. 
 Sir:— 
 
 * * * * I shall be extremelyhappy if the com- 
 
 mittee appointed to arrange the army would repair to it as soon as 
 possible. Congress can form no adequate idea of the discontents 
 prevailing on account of the unsettled state of rank, and the uncertainty 
 in which officers are as to their future situation. The variety of hands 
 in which the power of granting commissions and filling up vacancies is 
 lodged, and other circumstances, have occasioned frequent instances of 
 younger officers commanding theirseniors, from the fact of the former 
 having received their commissions and the latter not; and these not 
 only in the line of the army at large, but in their own brigades and even 
 in their own regiments. This, it will readily be conceived, is neces- 
 sarily productive of much confusion, altercation and complaint, and 
 requires the speediest remedy. 
 
 I have the honor to be, etc., 
 
 G. W. 
 
 Head-Quarters, White Plains, Aug. 3d, 1778. 
 Sir :— 
 
 It is not without reluctance that I am constrained to renew my impor- 
 tunities on the subject of the committee of arrangements. The present 
 unsettled state of the army is productive of so much dissatisfaction and 
 confusion, and of such a variety of disputes, that almost the whole of my 
 time is now employed in finding temporary and inadequate expedients 
 to quiet the minds of the officers, and keep business on a tolerable sort 
 of footing. Not an hour passes without new applications and new com- 
 plaints about rank ; and, for want of a proper adjustment of this and 
 many other essential points, our affairs are in a most irksome and injurious 
 train. We can scarcely form a court-martial, or parade a detachment, 
 in any instance, without a warm discussion on the subject of prece- 
 dence ; and there are several good officers now who are forced to 
 decline duty, to pi-event disputes ; and their being commanded by 
 others who, upon evei-y principle, are their inferiors, unless their 
 having obtained commissions before them (from the opportunities they 
 had of making earlier applications, from local circumstances), should be 
 considered sufficient to give them a superior claim. * * » 
 
 I have the honor to be, etc., 
 
 G. W. 
 
OF BREVETS. 263 
 
 In February, 1751, on the second reading of the mutiny bill, a debate 
 arose on the clause respecting the half-pay officers, in which Sir George 
 Lyttleton (afterwards Lord Lyttleton) made a long speech in support of 
 it. Among the many arguments urged in support of the clause, he 
 observed that the great point, which had been the subject of so much 
 eager altercation, this terrible clause, about which such alarms had 
 been given — alarms that had spread from the army to the navy, as if it 
 threatened no less than the enslaving of both — was in truth no more 
 than saying that an officer is an officer, and not a mere civil man ; that 
 he who receives the king's pay cannot be supposed to be out of his 
 service ; and that he who is in the king's service may be commanded 
 to serve hiin when occasion requires, and cannot be wholly exempt 
 from that military discipline which the necessity of the service de- 
 mands. These are all the propositions contained in this clause, and 
 which of them can be denied ? It is supposing a government to be 
 out of its senses, to suppose that it could give half-pay to officers in the 
 manner we give it, if you do not consider it as a retainer, and as an 
 obligation to serve ; for, had the half-pay been given purely and simply 
 as a reward for past services, it would then have been given only to 
 veterans, or to such officers as had eminent merit to plead. Is this the 
 case ? We know the contrary. We know it is given to many who, in 
 the meritorious sense of the word, have not served at all. It must, 
 therefore, be considered as an obligation to serve, not as an exemption 
 from service, in the general purpose and view with which it was given ; 
 but, if itbenota totalexemption from service, then there can be nothing 
 more absurd than to suppose there is a total exemption from discipline, 
 where there is not a total exemption from service. 
 
 Indeed (continued Sir George Lyttleton) there are some parts of 
 military discipline, from which an officer, when on half-pay, will be 
 exempt, not from any discharge from the service, but by his situation. 
 They cannot have the same operation upon one living retired at his 
 own house in the country, as upon one doing duty in a camp or a 
 garrison ; nor would they have it, though he were in full-pay, so long as 
 he remained in that retreat ; but, so far as discipline can operate upon 
 him in such a situation, it certainly does ; because he is an officer, 
 because he still retains his commission by which he was first subjected 
 to discipUne, and not only receives the wages of government, not only 
 retains the' rank he had, but may be promoted from the degree of a 
 colonel to that of a field-marshal. While he has all these emoluments 
 derived from the service, is it not reasonable, is it not fitting, that he 
 should be bound by its laws ? Where is the hardship of this, where is 
 the injustice, where is the servitude ? It is unaccountable that an 
 officer should complain of the loss of freedom, of being reduced to the 
 condition of a slave and a janizary, because, while he receives but half- 
 
264 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 pay, he still continues subject to 'the same law which he is willing to 
 live under to its utmost extent when he is in full-pay. Is not this, in 
 effect, to declare, that the difference between freedom and slavery may 
 be made up and compensated to him, by the difference between full- 
 pay and half-pay ? But the ofBcers of our army have more generous 
 sentiments. 
 
 Good laws, says Machiavel, must be maintained by good arms, and good 
 arms by good discipline. It is a very just maxim, which no government 
 should forget. Late experience has shown us, that, if we had not had good 
 arms and good discipline, our good laws would have been lost ; and a 
 very different system of laws, both civil and military, would have been 
 dictated to us by. Highland legislators, and renegade Englishmen 
 dressed in their liveries.* It is to this army, it is to this discipline, of 
 which such terrors are conceived, that we owe delivery from slavery in 
 its most abject and loathsome form. Therefore the maintaining this 
 discipline, the not suffering it to be relaxed and corrupted in time of 
 peace, is essentially necessary to the safety of the whole constitution ; 
 and tliey who are friends to the one will be friends to the other. 
 
 The bill was ordered to be committed to a committee of the whole 
 house. 
 
 It appears that the clause had, in many subsequent mutiny acts, been 
 entirely omitted ; and in April, 1785, the court-martial appointed to try 
 General Ross (respecting a letter written by him reflecting on General 
 Boyd) met, agreeably to their adjournment, to receive the opinion of the 
 twelve Judges of England, on the point submitted to them, viz. : — 
 whether General Ross, as an officer on half-pay, was subject to the 
 tribunal of a court-martial .'' The Judges gave an unanimous opinion, 
 that he was not as a half-pay officer subject to military law. They 
 stated their answer on two points, and in both declared it as their 
 opinion, that neither his warrant as a general officer, nor his annuity of 
 half-pay, rendered him obnoxious to military trial. In consequence of 
 this, the general was discharged Irom the custody of the marshal, and 
 the court broke up. 
 
 The decision of the Judges in this case was highly interesting, not 
 only to military men in particular; but to the peojjle of England in 
 general. If it had been the opinion of the Judges, that officers 
 discharged from the army on half-pay were amenable to military law. 
 and that their half-pay was not only a reward for past services, but a 
 retaining fee for future, then the crown would have been invested with 
 a standing army, which, in any contention with the subject, might be 
 called forth without the authority of parliament. 
 
 In March, 1786, an alteration, introduced into the mutiny bill, for 
 the purpose of subjecting officers who held commissions by brevet to 
 military law, was strongly opposed in both Houses of Parliament. The 
 earliest mutiny bills included every officer " mustei'ed or in- pay as an 
 officer or on half-pay;" but, after the year 1751, the latter part of the 
 clause was omitted. In the bill brought in March, 1786, instead of the 
 word mustered, the word commissioned was inserted ; by which altera- 
 
 * This part of Sir George Lyttleton's speech alludes to the fcishion taken up at the period,, 
 by all the Jacobites in England, o£ wearing Scotch plaids for their waistcoats as a party dis- 
 tinction. 
 
OF BREVETS. 265 
 
 tion, all those officers who had commissions by brevet, although out of 
 the service, were made subject to the regulations of this act. 
 
 The general ground on which this alteration was supported by the 
 Secretary at War, and by the Chancellor of the Exchequer (Mr. Pitt), 
 was, that though such officers received no pay from the Crown, yet, as 
 tliey might possibly be invested with command, it was necessary they 
 should be rffede subject to be tried by courts-martial, in case of misbe- 
 havior while in command ; and that there were also many other 
 military officers, who were not mustered, such as governors, lieutenant- 
 governors, etj., who might eventually exercise command ; and that it 
 was highly reasonable that they should, on that account, become 
 accountable to military law ; and, as a proof of the expediency of the 
 measure proposed, an instance which had lately occurred was mentioned. 
 Colonel Stewart, a major-general by brevet in the East Indies, had, in 
 that quality, taken upon himself to command the army in the settlement 
 in which he was upon service ; and had nevertheless not been deemed 
 liable to be tried by a court-martial, had any part of his conduct required 
 that he should be tried. 
 
 General Burgoyne, Colonel Fitzpatrick, and other members in oppo- 
 sition, urged, in objection to the clause, that the whole system of mar- 
 tial law, as it infringed upon the. natural and constitutional rights of the 
 subject, was only defensible upon the strict ground of necessity ; and 
 ought, therefore, in times of peace more especially, to be narrowed, if 
 possible, instead of being extended ; that the general principle, as 
 recognized both in the theory and practice of our Constitution, was that 
 the mihtary law should be confined to actual military service alone ; 
 that, in ancient times, when every man bore arms, and was liable to be 
 called forth, military law was exercised upon every man while he was in 
 actual service, but no longer ; that, in our times, the militia were under 
 mihtary law when embodied in a militia, but were freed from it, after 
 they returned into the mass of the people, and the character of the 
 soldier was sunk in that of the citizen ; that the officers on half-pay, 
 though at first included in the mutiny act, had been exempted from its 
 operation by the dehberate voice of both Houses of Parliament — cir- 
 cumstances which clearly proved that the prevalent idea, in all ages, had 
 been to confine military law to actual military service. 
 
 It was further urged, that there was a peculiar hardship and injustice 
 in subjecting men in civil life, and who derived no emolument from the 
 rank which they held in the army, to be tried by courts-martial, not 
 only for offences at this time known and defined in the articles of war 
 to be military offences, but for offences as yet unknown, which His 
 Majesty had the power hereafter to create ; that the act expressly or- 
 dered that the articles of war should be read twice in every month, at 
 the head of every regiment in the army ; that this measure was doubt- 
 less thought necessary for the purpose of making them familiarly known 
 to all who were liable to be affected by them, and was, therefore, a clear 
 proof that the mutiny act, under which the King derives his authority to 
 make such articles of war as he pleased, was never designed to be ex- 
 tended to brevet officers, or officers on half-pay ; and that, at least, if 
 the innovation proposed should be persisted in, those gentlemen should 
 be apprised of their being about to be made subject to trial by courts- 
 
266 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 martial for a variety of offences, which, at present, in their civil situa- 
 tion, were not offences. 
 
 In addition to these arguments, it was also remarked that the pre- 
 amble to the mutiny act confined the standing army to a limited num- 
 ber of men, to be paid by the public ; and that the proposed alteration 
 would falsify the preamble, by enabling the Executive Government to 
 exercise military authority over an additional body of men, not in the 
 pay of the public. In fine, both Houses were called upon not to allow 
 that jealousy to be laid asleep with which Parliament, ever since a 
 standing army in peace was first suffered to exist, had always regarded 
 it ; and to take care lest, under pretence of providing against fanciful 
 inconveniences, they did not connive at a serious attack upon the most 
 important principles of the Constitution. 
 
 In the House of Lords, the bill was opposed, in two subsequent de- 
 bates, with great eloquence and ability, by the Earl of Carlisle, Lord 
 Stormont, and Lord Loughborough ; the first of whom proposed, in order 
 to obviate the difficulty of a brevet officer's succeeding to command, 
 without being amenable to military law, that a clause should be added, 
 enacting that brevet officers should not take command except by virtue 
 of a letter of service, or some special commission from His Majesty. 
 This proposal not being accepted. Lord Stormont moved that, instead 
 of the word " commissioned," these words should be inserted ; " mus- 
 tered, or called by proper authority, into service." This amendment, 
 he conceived, would do away the objections entertained against the 
 proposed innovation, and would surely comprehend all that the Execu- 
 tive Government could possibly desire. 
 
 The clause, as originally framed, was defended by the Lord Chan- 
 cellor, chiefly on the ground that all the King's forces, however consti- 
 tuted, ought to be subject to the same laws ; that the distinction between 
 an officer by brevet out of service, and an officer in actual service, was 
 an unfair distinction With respect to the latter. If gentlemen chose to 
 have the advantage of military rank, they ought to hold it on the con- 
 dition of being subject to military law ; and, if they disliked that con- 
 dition, they must ease themselves of the grievance, by resigning their 
 commissions. 
 
 This argument introduced another topic of discussion. It was asked 
 whether an officer might not, in actual service, give up his commission 
 whenever he pleased ? It was answered by Lord Lotighborough, that 
 such a resignation was subject to His Majesty's acceptance ; and in 
 this opinion the Lord Chancellor concurred, but added that no minister, 
 under the circumstances described, could advise His Majesty not to 
 accept such a resignation. On the division, there appeared for the 
 original clause, 42 ; against it, 20. Consequently, it is now the estab- 
 lished law, that officers, holding brevet commissions, are amenable to 
 the jurisdiction of military courts-martial.* 
 
 *See P.irliamentary Debates and Annual Re^^ister for 1786. — (From McArthur on Courts- 
 Martial. ) 
 
OF BREVETS. 267 
 
 G. 
 
 War Office, 
 
 1st December, 1871. 
 
 The following Royal Warrant, Regulations, and Instructions are pro- 
 mulgated to the Army by direction of the Secretary of State for War : 
 
 Royal Warrant Regulating First Appoint- \ 30th October, 
 MENTS, Regimental Promotion, Exchanges, &c. | 1871. 
 
 (issued as a special army circular on 1ST NOVEMBER, 187I.) 
 
 Victoria R. 
 
 Whereas, by Our Warrant of the 20th July, 1871, We Clause 207. 
 deemed it expedient to cancel and determine, on and after 
 the 1st day of November in this present year, all Regula- 
 tions made by Us or any of Our Royal predecessors, or any 
 Officers acting under Our authority, regulating or fixing the 
 prices at which any Commissions in Our forces may be 
 purchased, sold, or exchanged, or in any way authorizing 
 the purchase, or sale, or exchange for money of such com- 
 missions ; 
 
 Our Will and Pleasure is that the undermentioned 
 articles of Our Warrant of 27th December, 1870, be can- 
 celled accordingly, viz. : — 
 
 Articles 33 (Paragra!ph a), 36 (Paragraph a), so much of 
 Article 40 as relates to Regimental Promotion, Articles 44, 
 4S, 46, 47, 48. 49> S2, 53, 54. 55, 56, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 
 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 85, 86, 
 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 102, 109, 959, 961, 967, 968, 969, 
 970. 
 
 And whereas it is expedient, pending a more complete 
 revision of that Section of Our said Warrant of the 27th of 
 December, 1870, which now governs the promotion of 
 Combatant Officers, to provide at once for certain neces- 
 sary changes in respect of First Appointments, Regimental 
 Promotion, and Exchanges ; 
 
 Our Will and Pleasure is that this Warrant be 
 established and obeyed from the ist day of November in 
 this present year, in respect of all matters herein contain- 
 ed, and that it be construed, administered, and interpreted 
 with Our said Warrant of 27th December, 1870. 
 
 y^'^ii 
 
268 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 Clause 207. I. FIRST APPOINTMENTS. 
 
 (Continued^ „ ^ 
 
 Sub-Lieutenants. 
 
 Appointment. I. A Commission as Sub-Lieutenant in Our army may 
 be given : — 
 
 (a) To a successful candidate at a Competitive Ex- 
 amination in general subjects to be held under such 
 Regulations as may be issued from time to time by 
 Our Secretary of State. 
 
 (6) To a Student from the University of Oxford, 
 Cambridge, Durham, London, Dublin, Edinburgh, 
 St. Andrew's, Glasgow, Aberdeen, or the Queen's 
 University, Ireland, who has passed "Responsions " 
 at Oxford, the " Previous Examination " at Cam- 
 bridge, or the Corresponding Examination at the 
 other Universities, under .such regulations with re- 
 spect to the age and manner of selection of such can- 
 didates as may be issued from time to time by Our 
 Secretary of State. 
 
 (c) To Our Cadets styled " Queen's Cadets ; " to those 
 styled " Indian Cadets ; " and to Our Pages of Hon- 
 or. These Cadets and Pages of Honor shall pass 
 such a qualifying examination in general subjects 
 as may be fixed from time to time by Our Secretary 
 of State. 
 
 (d) To a Non-Commissioned Officer who is recom- 
 mended for promotion by Our Commander-in-Chief, 
 and who shall pass such a professional examination 
 as may be fixed from time to time by Our Secretary 
 of State. 
 
 Qualification for 2. Sub-Lieutenants, in order to qualify for the rank of 
 rank o£ Lieut. Lieutenant, shall be required to serve satisfactorily for 
 twelve months with one of Our Regiments, and after such 
 service (except in the case of Non-commissioned Officers 
 promoted to be Sub-Lieutenants), to go through such a 
 course of study, and to pass such a professional examina- 
 tion, as may be fixed from time to time by Our Secretary of 
 State. 
 
 Removal from j Sub-Lieutenants shall be removed from Our Service 
 "" ■ for moral or physical unfitness, or if they fail to pass sat- 
 isfactorily through the prescribed course of study. They 
 shall, except in the case of Non-commissioned Officers pro- 
 moted to be Sub-Lieutenants, be required to pass the pro- 
 fessional examination for the rank of Lieutenant within 
 three years, failing to do which they shall be removed 
 
 Service towards from Our Service. Their time for retirement on full or 
 retoement. half-pay shall be reckoned from the date of their Commis- 
 sions as Lieutenants ; and in fixing the date of such Com- 
 missions, such portion of their service as Sub-Lieutenants 
 may be allowed as their conduct and qualifications may 
 
OF BREVETS. 269 
 
 merit, according to Regulations to be issued from time to S^*"!?^°J, 
 time by Our Secretary of State. _ "" """ 
 
 4. Sub-Lieulenants appointed to a Cavalry Regiment Transfer from 
 who are not qualified for service in the Cavalry may be SkntTyl" 
 transferred to the Infantry. 
 
 Appointment from the Militia. 
 
 5. A Commission as Lieutenant in Our Army may be Militia Lleuten- 
 given to a Lieutenant of one of Our Regiments of Militia *°'^' 
 
 under such Regulations as to age or otherwise as may be 
 issued from time to time by Our Secretary of State. The 
 Officer shall pass a profe,ssional examination similar to that 
 which will be required of a Sub-Lieutenant in Our Army 
 before he receives a Commission as Lieutenant. 
 
 IL PROMOTION. 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 6. A Sub-Lieutenant in Our Army may receive a Com- 
 mission as Lieutenant. Lieutenants. 
 
 {a) If he has been promoted to the rank of Sub- 
 Lieutenant from the rank of Non-commissioned 
 Ofiicer, after a satisfactory service of not less than 
 12 months as a Sub-Lieutenant. 
 
 (b) In the case of other Sub-Lieutenants, after a satis- 
 factory service of not less than 12 months with one 
 of Our Regiments, and after having gone through a 
 course of study and passed a professional examina- 
 tion, as laid down in article 2. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 7. A qualified Lieutenant shall be eligible for promotion Promotion to 
 to the rank of Captain after two years service in Our Army. ^^ ^"' 
 
 . In the case of officers entering our army after the 26th 
 August, 1871, this service shall dSte from the date of their 
 Commissions as Lieutenants ; in the case of other Officers 
 from the date of their first Commissions. 
 
 Majors. 
 
 8. A qualified Captain shall be eligible for promotion to Promotion to 
 the rank of Major after six years service in Our Army. In *'^Jo''- 
 the case of Officers entering Our Army after the 26th 
 August, 1871, this service shall date from the date of their 
 Commissions as Lieutenants ; in the case of other Officers 
 
 from the date of their first Commissions. 
 
270 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 Clause 207. LlEUTENANT-COLONELS. 
 
 {Continued-) 
 
 Promotion to 9- A qualified Officer holding the substantive rank of 
 Lieut.-Colonel. Major shall be eligible for promotion to the rank of 
 Lieutenant-Colonel. 
 
 General Rules. 
 
 10. Every promotion shall be made upon the recom- 
 mendation of Our Commander-in-Chief, with the approval 
 of Our Secretary of State. 
 Succession to 1 1- Successiou to Vacancies shall be regulated as 
 
 vacancies. folloWS : — 
 
 (a.) If a vacancy shall arise — 
 
 (i.) By the promotion of an Officer to the rank of 
 
 Major-General, 
 (2.) By the death of an Officer, 
 (3.) By an Officer becoming Supernumerary under 
 
 Article 21, or 
 {4.) By an Officer being promoted to fill a vacan- 
 cy in another Regiment or Corps, 
 the promotions in the several ranks necessary to fill 
 the vacancy shall — unless it be expedient that the 
 vacancies be otherwise filled — ^be given to the senior 
 qualified Officer of each lower rank in the Regiment 
 or Corps, except in case of promotion to be Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel, in which case the vacancy shall be filled 
 by a qualified Officer to be selected by Our Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, with the approval of Our Secretary 
 of State. 
 (b.) If a vacancy shall arise from any other cause, it 
 shall be filled by a qualified Officer of Our Army, 
 who shaU be selected by Our Commander-in-Chief, 
 with the approval of Our Secretary of State. 
 12. No selection shall be made in succession to any 
 vacancy caused by the retirement of an Officer until such 
 retirement shall have been completed and shall have 
 appeared in the London Gazette. 
 Bxamination for 1 3- Officers below the' rank of Field Officer shall not be 
 promotion, recommended to Us for promotion, unless they shall have 
 previously passed such professional examinations as may 
 be fixed from time to time by Our Secretary of State. 
 Officers serving with their Regiments at distant Foreign 
 Stations may be | provisionally promoted to vacancies 
 previous to passing such examination, but such promotion 
 shall be cancelled should the Officer fail in his examina- 
 tion. Captains now in Our Service may be appointed 
 Majors without examination if specially reported to and 
 approved by Our Commander-in-Chief, as having proved 
 their efficiency for the rank of Major. 
 
 14. Lieutenants shall be required to pass the profes- 
 
OF BREVETS. 2/ 1 
 
 sional examination for the rank of Captain within five Clause 207. 
 years from the date of their Commission as Lieutenants, (izantinMd.) 
 failing to do which they shall be removed from Our Ser- 
 vice, and may receive a sum not exceeding one year's pay ; 
 provided, that in cases of exigency Our Secretary of State 
 may enlarge the time allowed for their examination. 
 Officers now in Our Service who received their first com- 
 missions before the 26th day of August, 1871, shall not 
 be liable to the provisions of this article. 
 
 III. TENURE OF APPOINTMENTS OF MAJOR 
 AND LIEUTENANT-COLONELS IN A REGI- 
 MENT. 
 
 I J. The appointment of Major in a regiment or Battal- Major. 
 ion shall, in the case of Officers so appointed after the 
 date of the warrant, be held in the first instance for five 
 years ; the Officer being eligible for re-appointment. If 
 not re-appointed he shall receive half-pay. 
 
 16. The appointment of Lieutenant-Colonel of a Regiment Lieut-Colonel, 
 or Battalion shall in the case of Officers so appointed after 
 the date of this Warrant, be held in the first instance for 
 five years, and may be renewed if it appears to Our Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, with the approval of Our Secretary of 
 State, that such renewal is desirable for the good of Our 
 Service. If the officer be not re-appointed, he shall 
 receive half-pay. 
 
 IV. ROYAL ARTILLERY OF ENGINEERS. 
 
 17. The foregoing Articles of this Warrant, viz.. Articles 
 I to 16, shall not apply to Our Royal Artillery or Royal 
 Engineers. 
 
 V. EXCHANGES. 
 
 18. Subject to the sanction of our Commander-in-Chief Exchanges be- 
 Officers of equal substantive rank on full-pay, serving in tween officers 
 Our Cavalry, Infantry of the Line and Colonial Corps, and °°'""-P^y- 
 Officers (below the substantive rank of Field Officer) in Our 
 
 Indian Staff Corps, may exchange from one Regiment or 
 Corps to another, and Officers of equal substantive rank on 
 full-pay serving in Brigades of Royal Artillery, in Compa- 
 nies of Royal Engineers, or in Regiments of more than one 
 Battalion, may exchange from one Brigade, Company of 
 Royal Engineers, or Battalion, to another ; provided that 
 the Commanding Officers of the Officers exchanging certify 
 that the desired exchange does not originate in any cause 
 affecting the honor, character, or professional efficiency of 
 the Officers, and provided also that a certificate of a Military 
 Medical Officer be transmitted in each case, declaring that 
 
2/2 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 Clause 207. the Officer is in a fit state to serve at the station where the 
 (Continued) Corps, Brigade, Battalion, or Company into which he applies 
 on mue .) ^^ exchange is quartered. Each Officer shall also declare 
 that it is his bona fide intention to join immediately and do 
 duty in the Corps, Brigade, Battalion, or Company to which 
 he proposes to exchange ; and no Officer shall be permitted 
 to retire within six months of the date of his exchange, ex- 
 cepting in the case of ill-health or other emergency, which 
 / shall be specially considered. 
 Expenses of ex- 19- An Officer SO exchanging shall be permitted to defray 
 changes. all fair and reasonable expenses incurred through such ex- 
 change by the officer with whom he exchanges, provided 
 that the sum to be paid be approved by Our Commander- 
 in-Chief before payment is made. 
 Exchanging 20. An Officer exchanging into a Regiment shall be 
 
 ftetottomrf placed, for Regimental seniority, below all Officers holding 
 the list. the same Regimental rank at the time of his exchange. 
 
 VT. SUPERNUMERARY OFFICERS. 
 
 When to here- 21. An Officer may be retained on the strength of his 
 tained super- Regiment Or Corps as a Supernumerary : — 
 numerary. ^^^^ j^ ^^^^ ^j a reduction in the establishment of a 
 
 Regiment or Corps when his retention is author- 
 ized by Our Secretary of State ; 
 2d. If, in the case of a Field Officer belonging to a 
 Regiment or Battalion serving in India, he be ap- 
 pointed to a Brigade command, or to a Staff situa- 
 tion in that country tenable by a Regimental 
 Officer for the usual period of five years ; 
 3d. When appointed to be^ 
 (3.) Assistant-Adjutant and Quartermaster-General, if 
 
 a substantive Major ; 
 (b.) Profe.isor, Instructor, or other Officer on the 
 establishment of Our Royal Military College, 
 Royal Military Academy, or Staff College ; 
 {c.) Garrison ■ Instructor, Deputy Assistant Adjutant- 
 General for Musketry, Captain Instructor or Lieu- 
 tenant instructor of Musketry ; 
 id.) Adjutant in a Regiment or Corps of Our auxiliary 
 
 forces ; 
 Or to hold such other appointments as may be fixed 
 from time to time by Our Secretary of State with 
 the approval of the Lords commissioners of Our 
 Treasury. 
 Position of super- 22. An Officer supernumerary to the establishment of his 
 numeraries. Rg^i^jent or Corps shall retain his military position, and be 
 leigible for promotion precisely as if he had remained on 
 the active list of such Regiment or Corps. 
 Supernumerary 23. A Supernumerary Officer under Article 21, on being 
 
OF BREVETS. 2/3 
 
 - omoted to a Lieutenailt-Coloflelcy or Majority in a Regi- g-omoted to 
 ment or Corps, shall join the Regiment or Corps to which Lt?Sw!cy 
 he may be promoted. or Majority, 
 
 24. A Supernumerary Officer who completes the term of.'Position of Sup- 
 service fixed for his appointment, or resigns it on satisfac- emumerary on 
 tory grounds, shall rejoin his Regiment as Supernumerary ^"^"^ ^resigul' 
 in his rank, except in the case of a substantive Major, who tiooofappoim- 
 shall receive half-pay until absorbed, retaining his regi- ™=,|" °"' '■^"'°- 
 mental position. 
 
 25. A Supernumerary Officer who resigns his appointment 
 on unsatisfactory grounds, or is displaced therefrom for 
 misconduct or incapacity, unless he be removed from Our 
 Army, shall receive a reduced rate of half-pay of such 
 amount and for such period as Our Secretary of State may 
 decide, taking into consideration the length and character 
 of the services rendered by the Officer. 
 
 26. If a Supernumerary Officer shall die, be promoted, orpromotioninsuc- 
 retire, or if an Officer of the rank in which there is a Super- cession to sup- 
 numerary Officer waiting absorption under Article 24 shall cers.'"^'^'^° 
 die, be promoted, or retire, no promotion shall take place 
 
 in succession to such vacancy. 
 
 27. Cases of reduction of establishment shall be specially 
 considered, and such arrangements made for the gradual 
 absorption of Supernumerary Officers as maybe approved 
 by the Lords Commissioners of Our Treasury. 
 
 VII. PROVISIONAL ARRANGEMENTS. 
 
 28. Cornets and Ensigns in Our Army appointed before Provisional 
 the 26th day of August, 1871, and Cornets and Ensigns in arrangements. 
 Our Army appointed after such date who passed from Our 
 
 Royal Military College on the A. list, may be promoted at 
 once to the rank of Lieutenant. No greater number of 
 Lieutenants than that allowed by the establishment, which 
 may be fixed for the year, shall receive Lieutenant's pay; 
 and no Officer shall receive such pay until he shall have 
 passed the examination required by the existing regulations 
 or the rank of Lieutenant. 
 
 29. Other Comets and Ensigns in Our Army, appointed 
 after the 26th day of August, 1871, candidates who have 
 passed the examination for direct commissions before the 
 date of this Our Warrant, candidates for commissions in 
 the Household Cavalry and Foot Guards, who are nomi- 
 nated to fill the vacancies which occur in such regiments 
 previous to the date of the first competitive examination 
 for Sub-Lieutenancies and who pass a quahfying examina- 
 tion, and candidates from the Universities now on the list 
 of Our Commander-in-Chief, may receive commissions as 
 Sub-Lieutenants. 
 
 30. Such Sub-Lieutenants as have passed satisfactorily 
 through a course of study at Our Royal Military College may 
 
 13 
 
274 HISTORY AND LEGAL EFFECTS 
 
 Clause 207. be promoted to the rank of Lieutenant after twelve months' 
 (Catuhttud.) satisfactory service with one of Our Regiments. 
 
 Given at Our Court at Balmoral this 30th day of October, 
 1871, in the 3Sth year of Our Reign. 
 
 By Her Majesty's Command, 
 
 Edward Cardwell. 
 
 ClAU!>E 20S. 
 
 EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM TO ACCOM- 
 PANY THE ROYAL WARRANT OF 30th 
 OCTOBER, 1871. 
 
 (ISSUED IN A SPECIAL ARMY CIRCULAR ON 1ST NOVEM- 
 BER, 1871.) 
 
 1. The scope of the piresent Warrant is confined to mak- 
 ing those changes which are rendered immediately neces- 
 sary by the abolition of Purchase, and it therefore deals 
 only with the subjects of First Appointments, Regimental 
 Promotion in the Cavalry and Infantry of the Line, and Ex- 
 changes, 
 
 2. Questions affecting the Household Cavalry and Foot 
 Guards are under the consideration of Her Majesty's Gov- 
 ernment, and the promotions which have heretofore car- 
 ried superior Army rank are for the time to be suspended. 
 
 3. The Regnlations which are required for the purpose 
 of carrying into effect the provisions of the Warrant are 
 either pnblisbed along with it, or are in course of prepara- 
 tion, and wilt be issued shortly. 
 
 4. In the mean time, the following explanatory statement 
 has been drawn ijp for general information. 
 
 5. Commissions as Lieutenants will be given to all Cor- 
 nets and Ensigns appointed before 26th August, 1 871, and 
 to Cornets and Ensigns appointed since that date from the 
 A. List at Sandhurst, their Commissions to date from ist 
 November. 
 
 6. Commissions as Sub-Lieutenants wHI be given to — 
 {m) All other Comets and Ensigns appointed after 
 
 26th August, 1871, the rank of Comet and Ensign 
 being abolished ; 
 
 (^) Candidates who have passed the examination for 
 Direct Commissions, in their torn as vacancies occur ; 
 
 («■) Candidates for Commissions in the Household 
 Cavalry and Foot Guards who are nominated to fill 
 the vacancies which occur in those regiments before 
 the date of the first competitive examination for Sub- 
 Lieutenancies, and who pass a qualifying examina- 
 tion; 
 
 {d\ Candidates from the Universities now on the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief's list. 
 
OF BREVETS. 2/5 
 
 7. Sub-Lieutenants will be attached for a year to regi- Clause 208. 
 ments at home. They will then be required to go through {cimtimud^ 
 a course of instruction, and on passing a practical profes- 
 sional examination, be commissioned to Regiments as Lieu- 
 tenants. They will be under strict discipline, and will be 
 
 liable to be removed for unfitness, either moral or physical, 
 and for misconduct. Those unsuited to the Cavalry may 
 be transferred to the Infantry. 
 
 8. In dating their commissions they will be allowed a 
 portion, not exceeding one year, of their service as sub- 
 lieutenants ; the time allowed being determined by the 
 class of certificate they receive after their year's regimental 
 training, their conduct while under instruction, and their 
 position at the final examination. Their service for re- 
 tirement will reckon from the date of their commissions as 
 lieutenants. 
 
 9. Candidates who have passed the examination for di- 
 rect commissions, and have also passed satisfactorily 
 through a year's course of study at the Royal Military 
 College before being appointed to be sub-lieutenants, and 
 Sandhurst Cadets from the B. list, will be commissioned to 
 regiments as lieutenants on serving satisfactorily for twelve 
 months with a regiment as sub-lieutenants. 
 
 10. There are now a large number of supernumerary 
 officers, and also a large number of candidates who have 
 passed for commissions. 
 
 11. The absorption of supernumerary officers will prob- 
 ably be completed, and the candidates who have passed 
 for commissions have received their appointments, in 
 about two years from the present time, and first appoint- 
 ments in the army will then only be given as follows : — 
 
 (a) To successful candidates at a competitive examina- 
 tion; 
 
 (b) To non-commissioned officers recommended for 
 promotion by the field marshal commanding-in-chief ; 
 
 {c) To candidates from the universities ; 
 
 (d) To Queen's Cadets, Indian Cadets, and Pages of 
 
 Honor ; 
 (/) To lieutenants of Militia. 
 
 12. The competitive examination will be carried out 
 by the civil service commissions ; the standard qualifica- 
 tion being that recommended by the Royal commission on 
 military education. Ample notice will be given of the first 
 examination, and there will be no advantage in anv appli- 
 cations being made for admission to be examined' before 
 the publication of such notice. 
 
 13. Non-commissioned officers, on being selected for 
 promotion, will pass an examination in certain professional 
 subjects ; and then after 12 months' satisfactory service 
 as sub-lieutenants, will receive commissions as lieutenants. 
 
 14- A certain number of sub-lieutenancies a year will 
 
2/6 HISTORY And legal effects 
 
 Clause zo8. be allotted to candidates who have passed the university 
 (Continued) examination specified in the regulations. If they also 
 pass the examination for the degree of B. A., they will be 
 allowed two years' extension of the limit of age. Univer- 
 sity candidates will be required to give at least six months' 
 notice of their desire to be admitted into the army. If in 
 any year there should be more candidates than appoint- 
 ments, the requisite number will be chosen by competition 
 between the candidates; after their appointment they will go 
 through the same course as other sub-lieutenants. 
 
 15. There will be no vacancies for two years for any 
 candidates from the universities whose names are not now 
 on the commander-in-chief's list. 
 
 16. Queen's and Indian Cadets and Queen's Pages will 
 be required to pass a qualifying examination, which for the 
 present will be the same as that recommended by the royal 
 commission on military education. The nominations will 
 remain as heretofore. When appointed, cadets and 
 pages will go through the same course as other sub-lieu- 
 tenants. 
 
 17. First appointments as subalterns in the militia will 
 be made on the recommendation of the lieutenants of 
 counties. Candidates, before receiving their commissions 
 as heutenants in the militia, will be required to pass a 
 qualifying examination in general subjects equal to the 
 standard fixed as necessary for a candidate for a sub- 
 lieutenancy. They will next be required to be attached to 
 a regiment of the line for three months, or such time as 
 may be necessary to teach them their drill. After serving 
 with their militia regiments for two annual trainings, they 
 will be eligible for the appointment of lieutenants in the 
 army. In order to obtain such an appointment, they must 
 be recommended by the commanding officer of their mihtia 
 regiment, this recommendation being confirmed by the 
 general officer commanding the district, and they will be 
 required to pass an examination in professional subjects 
 of the same kind as that which will be required of a sub- 
 lieutenant before he receives his commission as lieuten- 
 ant. 
 
 18. The limits of age, except for non-commissioned 
 officers, will be fixed at from 17 to 20 for sub-lieutenants, 
 the limit being raised to 22 in the case of candidates who 
 have passed their examination for the degree of B. A. at the 
 Universities, and from 19 to 22 for lieutenants from the 
 militia. 
 
 19. So far as it is possible to calculate beforehand, 
 the vacancies on the present establishment of officers in 
 the army will provide for about 200 admissions a year by 
 competition, and for one commission a year for each 
 militia regiment of 10 companies, and for the smaller regi- 
 ments in proportion, besides the number allowed for 
 
OF BREVETS. 277 
 
 candidates from the universi^es, non-commissioned offi- Clause 208. 
 
 cers, &C. {Continued.) 
 
 20. In addition to tlie examinations hitherto required 
 from regimental officers, those who are promoted to the 
 ranlc of captain after the 1st of November will, before 
 being promoted to the rank of Major, be required to pass a 
 professional examination. 
 
 21. The necessary alterations in the Queen's regula- 
 tions, with respect to this and other examinations, will be 
 made public as soon as possible. 
 
 22. Adjutancies of the auxiliary forces will in future be 
 filled by half-pay officers, or by officers belonging to regi- 
 ments who will be made supernumerary to their regiments 
 while so serving. The appointments will be held in the 
 first instance for a term of five years ; but if the officer's 
 service prove unsatisfactory, they will be liable to be sent 
 back to their regiments, or put on a reduced rate of half- 
 pay, under Article 25 of the warrant, at any time ; if 
 satisfactory, they will be eligible for reappointment after 
 the expiration of their first period. 
 
 23. It is not intended to interpose any obstacle in the 
 way of exchanges between officers on full-pay, which are 
 made to suit the reasonable convenience of officers. It is 
 therefore provided that an officer wishing to exchange, 
 shall be permitted to defray the fair and reasonable 
 expenses of the officer with whom he exchanges, provided 
 that the sum to be paid is approved by the commander-in- 
 chief. Precautions have been taken in the Queen's reg- 
 ulations for the army, to guard against any abuse of such 
 arrangements. 
 
REGISTER. 
 
BREVETS 
 
 CONFERRED FROM 1776 TO 1812. 
 
 3Sr ^A.3VtES. 
 
 ALLAIN. 
 
 January 13, 1779. The Board of Wa.t report, that the following named 
 French gentlemen, having served as volunteers in Col. Armand's corps, with 
 much reputation, as appears by the certificate of Col. Arraand, and tho rec- 
 ommendations of the Marquis de la Fayette and others, are about to return 
 to France, and therefore recommend that brevets be granted them, under the 
 exceptions in the Resolution against granting brevets, except to officers in the 
 line, or in cases of merit, viz., to Monsieur AUain * * « * the brevet of 
 Lieutenant. 
 
 Resolved. That Congress agree to said report. 
 
 Resolved. That the sum of 400 dollars be paid to each of these gentlemen to 
 enable them to prosecute their voyage to France. 
 
 ALLEN, ETHAN. 
 
 May 14, 1778. Resolved, That a brevet commission of colonel be granted 
 to Ethan Allen, in reward of his firmness, fortitude and zeal in the cause of 
 his country, manifested during the course of his long and cruel captivity, as 
 well as on former occasions. 
 
 September 24, 1778. Wherez^s Congress did, on the 14th of May last, grant 
 to Ethan Allen the rank of colonel by brevet in the army of the United States 
 of America, in reward of his fortitude, firmness and zeal in the cause of his 
 country, manifested during the course of his long and cruel captivity, as well 
 as on former occasions ; and whereas, on the i6th day of the same month, all 
 the benefits and privileges of lieutenant-colonel in the service of these States 
 were granted to the said Ethan Allen during the time of his late captivity ; and 
 whereas it is represented to Congress that Colonel E. Allen's circumstances 
 have been greatly reduced by his late long and cruel confinement, and his bre- 
 vet commission does not entitle him to pay. 
 
 Resolved, That 75 dollars per month be allowed to Colonel E. Allen from 
 
280 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 
 
 the date of his brevet, during the pleasure of Congress, or until he shall be 
 called into active service. 
 
 ARCHER, JOHN. 
 
 June 26, 1779. Resolved, That the brevet of captain be given to Mr. 
 Archer, the bearer of the general's letter, and volunteer aid to Brig.-Gen'l. 
 Wayne. 
 
 BEAULIEU. 
 
 September 30, 1783. Resolved, That Lieutenant Beaulieu be promoted to 
 the rank of captain by brevet in the army of the U. S. 
 
 BRICE. 
 
 October 27, 1778. Resolved, That Mr. Brice, A.D.C. to the Marquis de la 
 Fayette, be promoted to the rank of lieutenant -colonel by brevet in the service 
 of the U. S. 
 
 BRIFFAULT. 
 
 January 13, 1779. Resolved, That Congress agree to said report (cited in 
 the case of Allain, and which recommends that the brevet of lieutenant be also 
 granted to Monsieur Briffault). 
 
 Resolved, That the sum of 400 dollars be paid to each of these (French) 
 gentlemen to enable them to prosecute their voyage to France. 
 
 January 15, 1786. Resolved, That Mgnsieur Briffault, who, on the 13th of 
 January, 1779, was appointed to the brevet rank of lieutenant in the army of 
 the U. S., receive a commission of lieutenant in Col. Armand's corps, to bear 
 the date of his brevet. 
 
 CAMBRAY. 
 
 May 2, 1783. Resolved, That Lieutenant-Colonel Cambray, of the corps of 
 engineers, be promoted to the rank of colonel by brevet. 
 
 CAPITAINE. 
 
 November 5, 1778. Resolved, That the commission of major by brevet be 
 granted to Monsieur Capitaine, a captain in the service of the U. S., and that a 
 bill of exchange for 2400 "livres tournois " be drawn on the muster of the 
 United States in favor of Monsieur Capitaine, for his expenses in coming to 
 and returning from America. 
 
 DE BEDAUX, FREDERICK. 
 
 September 15, 1777. Resolved, That Monsieur Frederick de Bedaux be, 
 appointed a captain by brevet, and receive the pay and rations annexed to that 
 rank, from the loth of May last. 
 
 DE BERT. 
 
 February 6, 1784. Resolved, That the commission of major by brevet be 
 issued to Captain de Bert. 
 
17/6 TO 1812. 281 
 
 DE BOIS, PIERRE FRANCOIS. 
 
 October 7, 1776. Resolved, That Monsieur Pierre Franfois de Bois be 
 commissioned a major by brevet, and sent to General Mercer to be employed 
 in such way as he shall think proper. 
 
 DE BRAHM. 
 
 1 Februarv 6, 1784. Resolved, That a brevet commission of lieutenant- 
 colonel be issued to Major de Brahm, of the late corps of engineers, and that 
 he be informed that his further services are dispensed with. 
 
 DE COLERUS, CHRISTIAN. 
 
 September 19, 1776. Resolved, That Monsieur Christian de Colerus be 
 appointed to the rank and pay of a major by brevet, and that his commission 
 be forthwith given him. 
 
 DE CORNEY, LOUIS ETHIS. 
 
 June 5, 1780. Resolved, That a brevet commission of lieutenant-colonel of 
 cavalry be granted to Monsieur Louis Ethis de Corney, and that the President 
 furnish him with letters to the State Executives requesting their aid and advice 
 in procuring provisions, &c., for French forces expected to arrive. 
 
 Resolved, That a brevet commission of colonel of cavalry be granted to 
 Monsieur Louis Ethis De Corney. 
 
 DE CREMIS. 
 
 November 9, 1778. A petition from the Chevalier de Cremis was read ; 
 whereupon 
 
 Resolved, That a brevet commission of lieutenant-colonel be granted to the 
 Chevalier de Cremis. 
 
 DE FONTEVIEU. 
 
 January 13, 1779. Resolved, That Congress agree to said report (cited in the 
 case of Allain, and which recommends that the brevet of lieutenant be also grant- 
 ed to Monsieur de Fontevieu). 
 
 Resolved, That the sum of 400 dollars be paid to each of these (French) gen- 
 tlemen to enable them to prosecute their voyage to France. 
 
 DE FRANCHESSIN, JACQUES ANTOINE. 
 
 July 20, 1776. The Board of War brought in a report which was taken into 
 consideration ; whereupon. 
 
 Resolved, That a brevet commission of lieutenant-colonel be granted to 
 Monsieur- Jacques Antoine de Franchessin, a Knight of the Order of St. Louis, 
 an experienced officer in the French service, and who is well recommended in 
 letters from abroad, and that he be ordered to join the flying camp. 
 
 July 25, 1776. It was ordered that two months' pay be advanced to Monsieur 
 Jacques Antoine de Franchessin. 
 
 DE GLASHEECH. 
 
 March 9, 1781. Resolved, That Baron de Glasheech, who served with Brig,T 
 
 13* 
 
282 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 
 
 Gen'l. Morgan as a volunteer, have the brevet commission of a captain in the 
 army of the U S. in consideration of his merit and services. 
 
 DE LAMNO. 
 
 January 13, 1779. Resolved, That Congress agree to said report (cited in the 
 case of Allain, and which recommends that the brevet of lieutenant be also 
 granted to Monsieur de Lamno). 
 
 Resolved, That the sum of 400 dollars be paid to each of these (French) 
 gentlemen to enable them to prosecute their voyage to France. 
 
 DE LA NEUVILLE, JR., NOIRMONT. 
 
 July 29, 1778. The Board of War report that Monsieur Noirmont de La 
 Neuville, since the month of December, has acted as A. D. C. to Major-Gen'l. 
 Conway, &c. ; whereupon, 
 
 Resolved, That Monsieur Noirmont de La Neuville have the rank of major 
 by brevet in the American army. 
 
 October 18, 1779. Resolved, That Major de La Neuville, who has served 
 two campaigns in the American army, and has obtained very honorable testi- 
 monials of his merit, valor and services in the several capacities in which he 
 has been employed, be appointed a lieutenant-colonel by brevet in the army of 
 the U. S., and that Lieutenant-Colonel N. de La Neuville have permission to 
 return to France. 
 
 DE LA NEUVILLE, SR. 
 
 October 4, 1778. Resolved, That a brevet commission of brigadier be 
 granted to Monsieur de La Neuville, the elder, in the army of the U. S. of 
 America, to date August 14, 1778. 
 
 DE MAFASTRAM. 
 
 January 13, 1779. Resolved, That Congress agree to said report (cited in 
 the case of Allain, and which recommends that the brevet of lieutenant be also 
 granted to Monsieur de Mafastram). 
 
 Resolved, That the sum of 400 dollars be paid to each of these (French) 
 gentlemen to enable them to prosecute their voyage to France. 
 
 DE MALMADY. 
 
 September ig, 1779. Resolved, That Monsieur Marquis de Malmady be 
 appointed to the rank and pay of a major by brevet in the Continental army, 
 and receive a commission accordingly. 
 
 DE MONTFORT. 
 
 March 21, 1777. Resolved, That the Count de Montfort be recommended 
 to General Washington for the brevet of lieutenant. 
 
 DE PONCEAUX. 
 
 February 18, 1778. Resolved, That ***** Monsieur de Ponceaux, 
 Secretary to Baron Steuben, have the brevet rank of captain in the army of 
 
 the y, S, ' 
 
1776 TO 1812. 283 
 
 DE PONTIERE. 
 
 February i8, 1778. Resolved, That Monsieur de Pontiere be appointed a 
 captain of horse by brevet » « * *. 
 
 September 13, 1783. Resolved, That Captain de Pontiere, late of Pulaski's 
 Legion, be promoted to the ranlc of major by brevet in the army of the U. S., 
 his relative rank to be settled by the date of his present commission. 
 
 DERICK. 
 
 November 6, 1778. Resolved, That Major Derick be permitted to return to 
 the U. S. of the Netherlands, and that he be promoted to the rank of lieutenant- 
 colonel by brevet, as a testimony of his merit and services in the army of the U. S. 
 
 December 29, 1779. Resolved, That in consideration of the peculiar cir- 
 cumstances attending the case of Lieutenant-Colonel Derick, that gentleman 
 receive the pay and subsistence of a lieutenant-colonel in the army of the U. S. 
 from the date of his brevet until the further order of Congress. 
 
 DE TREUSON. 
 
 January 13, 1779. Resolved, That Congress agree to said report (cited in 
 the case of Allain, and which recommends that the brevet of captain be 
 granted to Monsieur de Treuson). 
 
 Resolved, That the sum of 400 dollars be paid to each of these (French) 
 gentlemen to enable them to prosecute their voyage to France. 
 
 DE VALCOUR, JOHN SIMONET. 
 
 December i, 1778. A letter of November 1 1, f rom Elisha Sheldon, Colonel, 
 Samuel Blackden, Lieutenant-Colonel, Benjamin Talmud, Major, and Josiah 
 Stoddard, Captain, of the 2d Regiment of Light Dragoons, was read, represent- 
 ing that Lieutenant John Simonet De Valcour has served with reputation in 
 the 2d regiment of cavalry since its first establishment ; that the rupture be- 
 tween France and England beginning to grow serious and interesting, Lieu- 
 tenant Simonet is desirous of rejoining the army of His most Christian Ma- 
 jesty, and therefore requesting that Congress would promote Lieutenant Sim- 
 onet to a captaincy in the ■ cavalry, on condition of his leaving his present 
 service, as an honorary compensation of his attachment and fidelity, with a 
 saving to all his present senior officers, their superiority of rank and command, 
 whereupon, 
 
 Resolved, That Lieutenant John Simonet de Valcour be promoted to the 
 rank of captain by brevet, on the condition and with the saving in the above 
 letter. 
 
 DE VIENNE. 
 
 July 1 5, 1778. The Marquis de Vienne, a major in the service of the King 
 of France, having served with reputation as a volunteer in the American army 
 during the present campaign, and having requested Congress to honor him 
 with the brevet commission of a colonel, without any pay annexed to the said 
 rank. 
 
 Resolved, That the request of the Marquis de Vienne be complied with, 
 and that a brevet commission of a colone^n the service of the U. S. be con- 
 ferred on him. 
 
284 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 
 
 DE VERNEJOUX, JEAN LOUIS. 
 
 September 19, 1776, Resolved, That Jean Louis de Vernejouxbe appointed 
 o the rank and pay of a captain by brevet, and commissioned accordingly.- 
 
 DU PLESSIS, DE MAUDUIT. 
 
 January 19, 1778. Resolved, That a brevet of lieutenant-colonel be granted 
 to the Chevalier De Mauduit Du Plessis, as a reward for his services and an 
 encouragement to merit ; and that his commission bear date the 26th of Novem- 
 ber, 1777, in order that the recompense may more immediately follow the ser- 
 vices which he has done. 
 
 (Mem. On the 3d of November, 1778, a resolution was introduced giving 
 Du Plessis a brevet of colonel of artillery, but it was negatived.) 
 
 ELBERT, SAMUEL. 
 
 November 3, 1783. Resolved, That Colonel Samuel Elbert be promoted to 
 the rank of brigadier by brevet. 
 
 FANEUIL. 
 
 March 24, 1777. Resolved, That Monsieur Faneuil have the rank of a col- 
 onel by brevet in the Continental army without pay or rations. 
 
 FONTIVIEUX. 
 
 February 6, 1784. Resolved, That the commission of "captain by brevet be 
 issued to Lieutenant Fontivieux. 
 
 FOUQUET. 
 
 FOUQUET, MARK. 
 
 i 
 
 January 15, 1778. Resolved, That in compliance with the ' said agreement 
 (made by the Board engaging these persons in the service), Mr. Fouqiiet; the 
 father, have the brevet rank of captain, and Mark Fouquet, the son, the brevet 
 rank of lieutenant of artillery, .iri'the army of the U. S. 
 
 FULLERTON, RICHARD. 
 
 November i, 1783. Lieutenant JRJchard Fullerton, having acted as a volun- 
 teer at an early period of the war, particularly in the action on Long Island, 
 and at the battles of Trenton and Princeton, and having discharged the several 
 extra appointments of adjutant, major of brigade, ancl the important one of 
 assistant adjutant-general to the southern army, highly to the satisfaction of 
 his general officers, . - . . •, ^, 
 
 Resolved, That the Secretary of War issue to Lieutenant Fullerton the brevet 
 oibmmission of ca,ptain. 
 
 GERARD. 
 
 September 3, 1778. Resolved, ThaJ, Mr. Gerard be appointed. to the rank of 
 a lieutenant of dragoons by brevet, and he permitted to join the army Ulider 
 
1776 TO 1812. 285 
 
 General Washington, he having agreed to serve in that capacity at his own 
 expense. 
 
 GIBBONS. 
 
 July 26, 1779. Resolved, unanimously, That Congress warmly approve and 
 applaud the cool, determined spirit with which Lieutenant Gibbons and » * * 
 led on the forlorn hope (at Stony Point), braving danger and death in the 
 cause of their country. ... ■, ■ . ^ 
 
 Resolved, unanimously, That brevets of captam be given to Lieutenant 
 Gibbons and * * * *. 
 
 GILES, EDWARD. 
 
 March 9, 1781. Resolved, That Major Edward Giles, A. D. C. of Brigadier- 
 General Morgan, have the brevet commission of major in the army of the U. S. 
 in consideration of his merit arid services. 
 
 GONVION. 
 
 November 16, 1781. Resolved, That Lieutenant-Colonel Gonvion, of the 
 corps of engineers, receive the brevet of colonel. 
 
 GOODALE. 
 
 . October 16, 1783. Whereas it appears that Captain Goodale, lately promo- 
 ted to the rank of major by brevet, has distinguished himself by extraordinary 
 military services. 
 
 Resolved, That the Secretary of War issue to Captain Goodale a major's : 
 commission in the line of the army. 
 
 HARMAR^ JOSIAH. 
 
 Lieut.-Col.-Comdt. Revol. Army. Lieut.-Col.-Comdt. Inf'y reg't, Sept. 29, 
 1789. General-in-chief of the army. 
 
 July 31, 1787. Resolved, That the Secretary of War.transmitto Lieutenant- 
 Colonel-Commandant Harmar, a brevet commission of brigadier-general, and 
 that he be allowed the emoluments but not the pay of the said rank. The 
 allowance to commence with, and continue during, his command on the frontier. 
 
 HASKELL. 
 
 September 30, 1783. Resolved, That the Iwevet commission of major in the 
 army of the U. S- issue to Captain Haskell, A. D. C. to Major-General R. 
 Howe. 
 
 HAY, UDNEY. 
 
 January 9, 1777. Resolved, That Udney Hay, Esq:, be appointed a lieuten- 
 ant-colonel by brevet, and Asst. Dep. Q. M. General, and stationed at Ticon- 
 deroga. 
 
 May 29, 1778. Resolved, That Udney Hay, Esq., who, under the former 
 arrangement of the said (Q. M. Genl's) department was appointed Asst. Dep. 
 Q. M. General, ajid a lieutenant-colonel by brevet, cannot now hold that office 
 by virtue of gaid appointment,- nor be entitled to any privilege or emolument, 
 
286 ' BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 
 
 which either does at present, or may hereafter, accrue to any officer of the 
 same rank in the line. 
 
 HAZEN, MOSES. 
 
 June 29, 1781. Resolved, That Colonel Moses Hazen be, and he hereby is, 
 appointed a brigadier in the army of the U. S. by brevet. 
 
 HOUDIN, M. G. 
 
 February 6, 1784. Resolved, That the commission of major by brevet be 
 issued to Captain M. G. Houdin. 
 
 KNOX, HENRY. 
 
 July 26, 1779, Resolved, unanimously, That Congress virarmly approve and 
 applaud the cool, determined spirit with which Lieutenant Knox and * * * * 
 led on the forlorn hope (at Ston^ Point), braving danger and death in the cause 
 of their country. 
 
 Resolved, unanimously, That brevets of captain be given to Lieutenant 
 Knox and * * • *. 
 
 KOSCIUSKO, THADDEUS. 
 
 'October 13, 1783. Resolved, That the Secretary of War transmit to Colonel 
 Kosciusko the brevet commission of brigadier-general, and signify to that 
 officer that Congress entertain a high sense of his long, faithful and meritor- 
 ious services. 
 
 LAUGHBURN, WILLIAM. 
 
 October 6, 1783. Whereas William Laughburn hath sei ved tromthe com- 
 mencement of the war with equal disinterestedness and reputation. 
 
 Resolved, That a brevet commission, of lieutenant-colonel be granted to the 
 said William Laughburn. 
 
 LE BRUN. 
 
 February 6, 1784. Resolved, That the commission of major by brevet be 
 issued to Captain Le Brun. 
 
 LE FIEVRE. 
 
 January 13, 1779. Resolved, That Congress agree to said report (cited in 
 the case of AUain, and which recommends that the brevet of lieutenant be 
 also granted to Monsieur Le Fievre). 
 
 Resolved. That the sum of 400 dollars be paid to each of these (French) 
 gentlemen to enable them to prosecute their voyage to France. 
 
 L'ENFANT, PIERRE CHARLES. 
 
 May 2, 1783, Resolved, » * * That Captain L'Enfant, of the engineer corps, 
 be promoted to the rank of major by brevet. 
 
1776 TO I812. 287 
 
 LE ROY. 
 
 February 6, 1784. Resolved, That the commission of captain by brevet be 
 issued to Lieutenant Le Roy. 
 
 LE TOURNEAU. 
 
 January 13, 1779, Resolved, That Congress agree to said report (cited in 
 the case of Allain, and which recommends that the brevet of lieutenant be also 
 granted to Monsieur Le Tourneau.) 
 
 Resolved, That the sum of 40D dollars be paid to each of these (French) 
 gentlemen to enable them to prosecute their voyage to France. 
 
 MAC PHERSON, WILLIAM. 
 
 (Brig.-Gen'l. Mar. 11, 1799.) 
 
 September 16, 1779. Resolved, That a brevet of major in the army of the 
 U. S. be granted to -William Mac Pherson, and that while in actual service he 
 receive the pay and subsistence of major. 
 
 MARCELLIN. 
 
 February 6, 1784. Resolved, That the commission of captain by brevet be 
 issued to Lieutenant Marcellin. 
 
 McCALLISTER. 
 
 September 24, 1779. Resolved, that Congress justly esteem the military 
 caution so happily combined with daring activity by Lieutenant McCallister 
 and * * *, in leading the forlorn hope (at Powle's Hook). 
 
 Resolved, That the brevet and pay and subsistence of captain be given to 
 Lieutenant McCallister and * * • 
 
 MORRIS. 
 
 September 9, 1778. Resolved, That Major Morris, A. D. C to Major-General 
 Sullivan, who brought forward to Congress the account of the repulse of the 
 British forces on Rhode Island, on the 29th of August, and who, on the late 
 expedition, as well as on several other occasions, behaved with great spirit and 
 good conduct, be promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel by brevet. 
 
 MOYLAN, STEPHEN. 
 
 November 3, 1783. Resolved. That Colonel Stephen Moylan be promoted 
 to the rank of brigadier by brevet. 
 
 MULLENS, THOMAS. 
 
 June II, 1778. The Board of War report that Major Thomas Mullens, late 
 an A.D.C to Major-General Coudray, is an -old officer in the French service ; 
 that he served the last campaign in the itiain army, and for his bravery and 
 good conduct at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown was honored with 
 psrticular marks of approbation by the Commander-in-chief in General Orders 
 and that he means to accompany General Coudray to France. 
 
288 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 
 
 Resolved, That Major Thomas Mullens, who served with honor in the last 
 campaign, have a brevet commission of lieutenant-colonel in the armies of the 
 U.S.. 
 
 MURNAND, J. B. 
 
 September 15, 1783. Resolved, That the commission of lieutenant-colonel 
 by brevet in the army of the U. S. be issued to Major Murnand. 
 
 NEVILLE. 
 
 1 October 27, 1778. Resolved, That Mr. Neville, A. D. C. to the Marquis de 
 la Fayette, be promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the service of the 
 U. S. by brevet. 
 
 NORTH, WILLIAM. 
 
 (Adjt.-Gen'I of the Army (B. G.) July 19, 1798.) 
 
 ■ September 11, 1783, Resolved, Thatthe Secretary of War be, and he is hereby, 
 directed to issue to Captain North, A. D. C. to Major-General Steuben, the ' 
 brevet commission of major in the army of the U. S. 
 
 OTTENDORF, N. D. 
 
 ■ November 8, 1776. Resolved, That Mynheer N. D. Ottendorf be appoint- 
 ed a brevet captain in the service of the U. S. 
 
 November 9, 1776. Two months pay advanced to Capt. Ottendorf, and 
 ordered to repair to Head-quarters and put himself under command of General 
 Washington. 
 
 December 5, 1776. Resolved, That Captain Ottendorf be directed to raise 
 an independent corps, consisting of 150 men (to be divided into three compa- 
 nies, &c.,) ; that Captain Ottendorf have the rank of Major, (and that he) be 
 captain of the light infantry, and command. 
 
 PENET, P. 
 
 October 14, 1776. Resolved, That General Washington be informed the 
 Congress approves of his appointing P. Penet his aid-de-camp by brevet, and 
 that a commission of aid-de-carap be accordingly transmitted to him. 
 
 PINCKNEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH. 
 
 (Col. in the Revol. Army. Major-General July i, 1798.) 
 
 . November 3, 1783. Resolved, That Colonel Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 
 be promoted to the rank of brigadier by brevet. 
 
 ROCHEFONTAINE. 
 
 November 16, 1781. Resolved, That Captain Rochefontaine, of the corps 
 of engineers, receive the brevet of major. 
 
 ROGERS, NICHOLAS. 
 
 December 10, 1778. Resolved, That Major Nicholas Rogers, who came 
 
1776 TO 1812. 289 
 
 from France with Monsieur de Coudray, has served as A. D. C. to Major-Gen- 
 eral De Kalb, and has obtained honorable testimonies of his conduct, but from 
 the situation of his present affairs is obliged to leave the army, be promoted 
 to the rank of lieutenant-colonel by brevet, as a reward for his services. 
 
 RUDOLPH, MICHAEL. 
 (Adjt. and Insp. of the Army, February 22d, 1793.) 
 
 September 24, 1779. Resolved, That Congress justly esteem the military 
 caution so happily combined with daring activity by Lieutenants * * * Ru- 
 dolph, in leading the forlorn hope (at Powle's Hook.) 
 
 Resolved, That the brevet, and pay and subsistence of a captain be given to 
 * * * * Lieutenant Rudolph. 
 
 RUSSELL, WILLIAM. 
 
 (Colonel 7th Infantry, March 3d, 1808.) 
 
 ■ November 3, 1783. Resolved, That Colonel William Russell be promoted to 
 the rank of brigadier by brevet. 
 
 SARGENT, WINTHROP. 
 
 (Adjt-Gen'l of the Army under Maj.-Gen'l St. Clair, 1791.) 
 
 August 28, 1783. Resolved. That Captain Winthrop Sargent be, and he is 
 hereby, promoted to the rank of major by brevet in the army of the U. S. 
 
 SECOND. 
 
 September 30, 1783. Resolved, That Captain Second, late of Pulaski's Le- 
 gion, be promoted to the rank of major by blevet in the army of the U. S., his 
 relative rank to be settled by the date of his commission. 
 
 SMITH, FRANCIS J. 
 
 July 29, 1778. Whereas Monsieur Francis Joseph Smith has requested a 
 commission, to be made use of in case of his being made a prisoner while 
 serving as a volunteer in the American Army. 
 
 Resolved, That Monsieur F. J. Smith have the commission of ensign Ijy 
 brevet in the array of the U. S. 
 
 ST. ELMO, GERARD DE. 
 
 February 13, 1779. The Board of War, to whom was referred the letter of 
 February 3, from Monsieur Gerard de St. lElmo, having reported specially 
 thereon. Congress took into consideration the said report, and thereupon came 
 to the following Resolution: That Monsieur Gerard de St. Elmo, having man- ■ 
 ifested great zeal and encountered many difficulties to distinguish himself in 
 the service of these States, (and) having also made a campaign here and be- 
 haved with bravery, and being about to return to France, 
 
 ■ Resolved, That he be appointed to the rank of major by brevet, as a testi- 
 mony of the approbation of Congress of his zeal and services. 
 
290 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 
 
 STEVENS, EBENEZER. 
 
 May 27, 1777. Resolved, That Captain Stevens of the artillery have the 
 brevet of a major, he having had that rank before his present appointment as a 
 captain, and being a worthy, good officer, as General Schuyler represents. 
 
 April 30, 1778. Resolved, That Major Ebenezer Stevens, in consideration 
 of his services, and the strict attention with which he discharged his duty as 
 commanding officer of artillery in the Northern Department during two cam- 
 paigns, take rank by brevet as a lieutenant-colonel of Foot, and that he be 
 commissioned accordingly. 
 
 STEWART. 
 
 November 19, 1777. ^wo&^i/. That Major Stewart, who brought the late 
 intelligence from General Gates, and who is recommended as a deserving officer, 
 have the rank of lieutenant-colonel by brevet, and be presented with a sword 
 of the value of ^100. 
 
 STRUBING, PHILIP. 
 
 April 15, 1784. Resolved, That a brevet commission of captain in tlie army 
 of the U. S. be issued to Lieutenant Philip Strubing, late of Van Heer's Corps. 
 
 TERNANT. 
 
 October 13, 1783. Resolved, That the Secretary of War issue to Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Ternant the brevet commission of colonel. 
 
 TOUSARD, LEWIS. 
 
 (Lieut -Col.-Comdt. Arty, and Engrs. May 26, 1800.) 
 
 October 27 1778. Resolved, That the gallantry of Monsieur Tousard in the 
 late action on Rhode Island is deserving of the highest applause, and that 
 Congress, in consideration of his zeal and misfortune, do promote the said 
 Monsieur Tousard to the rank of lieutenant-colonel by brevet, and that he do 
 receive a pension of 30 dollars per month out of the Treasury of the U. S, 
 during his life. ^J 
 
 VERDI. 
 
 January 18, 1799- Resolved, That Congress agree to said report (cited in 
 the case of Allain, and which recommends that the brevet of lieutenant be also 
 granted to Monsieur Verdi). 
 
 Resolved, That the sum of 400 dollars be paid to each of these (French) 
 gentlemen to enable them to prosecute their voyage to France. 
 
 VERDIER. 
 
 February 6, 1784. Resolved, That the commission of captain by brevet be 
 issued to Lieutenant Verdier. 
 
 VERMONET. 
 
 September 18, \-,-j6. Resolved, That Monsieur Vermonet have rank and pay of 
 a major by brevet, he being a gentleman of considerable military abilities. 
 
1776 TO I812. 291 
 
 VILLEFRANCHE. 
 
 May 2, 1783. Resolved, That Major Villefranche, of the corps of engineers, 
 be promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel by brevet. 
 
 WILKINSON, JAMES. 
 
 Adjt.-Gen*l. of Gates' Army, afterwards Lieut.-Col.-Comdt. 2d Inf., Nov. 7, 
 1791. Brig.-Gen'l. Mar. 5, 1792. Gen'1-in-chief of the army Dec. 1796. Major- 
 Gen'l Mar. 2, 1813. 
 
 November 6, 1777. Resolved, That Colonel James Wilkinson, Adjt.-General 
 in the Northern army, in consideration of his services in that Department and 
 being strongly recommended by General Gates as a gallant officer and a prom- 
 ising military genius, and having brought the despatches to Congress giving an 
 account of the surrender of Lieut.-Gen'l . Burgoyne and his army' on the 17th of 
 October last, be continued in his present employment with a brevet of brigadier- 
 general in the army of the U. S. 
 
 March 6, 1778. On account of dissatisfaction in the army James Wilkinson 
 relinquished his brevet of brigadier. Resignation accepted. Brevet major- 
 general, July 10, 1812 (No record for what service). 
 
BREVETS 
 
 CONFERRED FROM 1812 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 Oiig, Ent. into Service. Hig't. S'nk. Beg't. or Corps. 
 
 ABADIE, EUGENE H. 
 
 {AsstSurg., July 4, '36.) (Surg. [Major), July 24, '53.) 
 
 Brevet Lt. Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 ABBOTT, ASA T. 
 
 [id Lt. 2%th Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) {\st. Lieut, yi. Arty., June 20, 'j6.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., March 7, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Signal Corps during the war. 
 
 ABBOTT, ED"WARD S. 
 
 (2dLt. \-]th Inf., Nmi. 10, '62.) {\st. Lt., lyt/i Inf.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 ABBOTT, HENRY L. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Top. Engrs., July I, '54.) [Maj. Engrs.,Nov. 11, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 21, i86i,for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Bull Run, Va. Brevet Maj., May 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices at the siege of Yorktown, Va. Brevet Lt. Col., March 13, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services during the siege of Petersburgh. Va. Brevet 
 Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 Brevet Brig. Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 field during the war. 
 
 ABBOTT, ROBERT O. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., JVorv. 23, '49.) [Surg. [Major), Apl 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt Col. and Brevet Col., March, 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious, 
 services during the war. 
 
294 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 ABEEL, JAMES S. 
 
 (ZdLt. lyllnf.. May 3, '13.) [ist. Lt. 2yl Inf. Oct. i, '14.) 
 
 Retained, January, i8i6 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 
 2d Lt. of artillery, with Brevet of ist Lt. from October i, 1814. Brevet Capt., 
 April 20, 1828, for lo years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 ABERCROMBIE, JOHN J. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st. Inf., July 1, '22.) [Col. ith Inf., Feb. 25, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 25, 1837, for gallant and meritorious conduct in 
 Florida, Brevet Lt. Col., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct at Monterey. Brevet Brig. Genl., March 13, 1865, for long and faith- 
 ful services in the army. 
 
 ABERT, JAMES T. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. t^tk Inf., July i, '42.) {Maj. ofEngrs., Mar. 3, 'b},.) 
 
 Brevet Lt. Col., June 25, 1864, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 valley of the Shenandoah from June, 1861, to September, 1862. 
 
 ABERT, JOHN J. 
 
 [Maj. Top. Engrs., Aov. 22, '14.) [Col. Top. Engrs., July 7, '38.) 
 
 Bre-«et Lt.-Col., November 22, 1824, for 10 years faithful service in one 
 grade. 
 
 ABERT, "WILLIAM S. 
 
 (2d Lt. ^h Arty., June 18, '55.) [Maj. yth Cav., June 8, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Hanover C. H., Va. Brevet Lt. Col., September 17, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. 
 
 ACKER, WILLIAM H. 
 
 (Capt. idth Inf., May 14, '61.) ( Cap. i6th Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. 
 
 ADAIR, JOHN J. 
 
 [2d Lt. i8tA Inf., July 14, '62.) [\st Lt. \'ith Inf., Mar. 22, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign and at the battle of 
 Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 ADAMS, GEORGE F. 
 
 [2d Lt. I7tk Inf., June 30, '64.) [\st Lt. lyth Inf., June 30, '64.), 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i8th, 1864, for gallant services at the battle on the 
 Weldon R. R., Va. 
 
 ADAMS, JOHN. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. xst Drgs., July I, '46.) [Capt. 1st Drgs., N'ov. 30, '56.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 16, 1848, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Santa 
 Cruz de Rosales, Mex. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 295 
 
 ADAMS, JOHN Q. 
 
 (■2d Lt. isi Cav., Aug. 17, '67.) {\st Lt. 1st Cav., Sep. 14, '69.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., August 17, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 signal corps at the battle of Alatoona, Ga. Brevet Capt., August 17, 1867, for 
 gallant and meritorious services in the signal corps at the capture of Fort Mc- 
 Allister and Savannah, Ga., and during the war. 
 
 ADAMS, SAMUEL. 
 (Asst. Surg., Apl. 16, "62.) (Asst. Surg., Apl. 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 operations in front of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1S65, for faith- 
 ful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 ADAMS, 'WrUJAM B. 
 
 (\st Lt.-T^. Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Cap. -yl Inf., May 13, '13.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1816 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 181 5), as ist 
 Lt Jth Infantry, with Brevet of Capt from May 13, 1813.) 
 
 ALBEE, aEORGI! E. 
 
 (zdLt. 4irf Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist Lt. 41st Inf., Nov. 4, '67.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 ALBURTIS, WILLIAM. 
 
 (zdLt 2d Inf., Mar. 8, '37.) (\st Lt. 2d Inf., July i, '39.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1841, for gallant and good conduct in war against 
 Florida Indians. 
 
 ALDBN, CHARLES H. 
 (Asst. Surg., June 23, '60.) (Surg., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt. Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 ALDEN, GEORGE E. 
 
 (A.Q.M.(Capt.)Nm.2T,'(,t,.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.) JVin/. 27, '6^.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March z, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Quartermaster's Department during the war. 
 
 ALDRICH, BISHOP. 
 
 (2d Lt. %th Inf., Oct. 31, '63.) (1st Lt. ?,th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt, May 10, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 ALESHIRE, CHARLES C. 
 
 (2dLt. zdArty., May 11, '66.) (1st Lt. 'id Arty., Feb. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Peach Tree Creek, Ga. 
 
 ALEXANDER, ANDREW J. 
 
 (2dLt. M. Rifles, July 26, '61.) (Maj. ?,th Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, July 1, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 
 Peninsular Campaign in Va. Brevet Maj., July 3, 1863J for gallant and meri- 
 
296 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 torious services in the Gettysburg Campaign. Brevet Lt. Col., July 20, 1864, 
 for gallant and meritorious services in the Atlanta Campaign. Brevet Col., 
 April 2, 1865. for gallant and meritorious services at the capture of Selma, Ala. 
 Brevet Brig. General, April 16, 1865, for distinguished skill and gallantry in 
 the cavalry engagements at Ebenezer Church, Ala., and Columbus, Ga., and for 
 steadfast devotion to duty in the iield during the war. 
 
 ALEXANDER, BARTON S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., July I, '42.) {Lt.-Col. Engrs.,, Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 21, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Bull Run, Va. Brevet Lt. Col., May 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the siege of Yorktown, Va. Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig. Geiil.' 
 March 13, 1865, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 ALEXANDER, CHARLES T. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Oct. I, '56.) (Surg., Feb. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Lt. Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the wair. 
 
 ALEXANDER, EDMUND B. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. eth Inf., July i, '23.) (Col. \oth Inf., Mar. 3, '55.). 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 18, 18-47, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Lt Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Brig. Genl , March 13, 1865, for merito- 
 orious services in the recruitment of the armies of the United .States. 
 
 ALEXANDER, RICHARD H. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Dec. 2, '53.) (Surg., June 11, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt. Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 ALEXANDER, THOMAS L. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 6th Inf. July i, '30.) (Lt.-Col. t,tk Inf. July 31, '61.I 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contre-. 
 ras and Churubusco. 
 
 ALLEN, CHARLES J. 
 
 (\st Lt. Engrs., June 13, '64.) (Caft. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 23, 1864, for highly meritorious services at the siege- of 
 Forts Gaines and Morgan, Ala. Brevet Maj., March 26, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the campaign against the city of Mobile and its 
 defenses. 
 
 ALLEN, GEORGE C. 
 
 (Ens. -jth Inf., Dec. 12, '08.) (Capt. -^tk Inf., Apl, 19, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., January 8, 1815, for gallant conduct at the siege of New Or- 
 leans. 
 
 ALLEN GEORGE VT. 
 
 (zdLt. Ztk Inf., Feb. 13, '18.) (Cafit. ifk Inf., Jan. 25, '29.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., January i, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Maj., December 25, 1837, for gallant conduct on several occasions and' 
 general efficiency in the war against Florida Indians. Brevet Lt. Col., May 9, 
 1846, for gallant conduct in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 297 
 
 ALLEN, HARRISON. 
 
 (Assi. Surg., July 30, '62.) {Asst. Surg., July 30, '6 2.) 
 
 Brevet Capt,, and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1863, for faithful and meritorious 
 Services during the war. 
 
 ALLEN, HARVE7 A. 
 [zdLt. 2d Arty., July i, '41.) (Maj. id Arty., Aug. i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Molino del Rey. 
 
 ALLEN, ROBERT. 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt., 2d Arty., July 1, '36.) (A. Q. M. G. (Col.), July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Genl., July 4, 1864 (no 
 services recited). Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritori- 
 ous services during the war. 
 
 ALLEN, VANDERBILT. 
 
 (\st Lt. Corps of Engrs., June 13, '64.) (ist Zt. Corps of Kngrs., June I3,''64.) 
 Brevet Capt., and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for distinguished and meri- 
 torious services and great gallantry in action. 
 
 ALLSWORTH EDWARD. 
 
 (2d Lt. ifitk Inf., July 28, '66.) ( ist Lt. 2tfk Inf., Jan. 25, '72. 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 ALLYN, ARTHUR "W. 
 
 Xist Lt. idth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i6t& Inf., June 24, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 ALSTON, THOMAS L. 
 
 (2dZt. \2th Inf., June i, '63.) (\st Lt. 12th Inf., Sept. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of Spottsyl- 
 vania, and during the campaign before Richmond. 
 
 ALVORD, BENJAMIN. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 4*5 Inf., July i, '33.) (Paymaster Genl. (Brig.-Genl.), July 22, '76. ) 
 Brevet Capt., May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto 
 and Resaca de la Palma. Brevet Maj., August 15, 1847, for gallant and meri- 
 torious conduct at Paso Ovejas, National Bridge, and Cerro Gordo. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Genl., April 9, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious services during the Rebellion. 
 
 AMES, ADELBERT. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Arty., May 6, '61.) (Lt.-Col. 2^h. Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 21, 1861, for gallant and.meritorious services at the battle 
 oE Bull Run, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Col., July i, 1863, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Brig.- 
 Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the capture of 
 Fort Fisher, N. C. Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the field during the war. 
 
 14 
 
298 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 1 8 12 
 
 AMES, JOHN "W. 
 
 (Caft. wth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Ca/A l\th Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 ANDERSON, AT.TiEN Ii. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Inf., July i, '59.) {Capt. Kfh Inf., Dec. 3, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 21, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Valverde, N. M. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 ANDERSON, JAMES W. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Li. 2d Inf., July i, '33. ) ( Capt. 2d Inf., Fib. 16, '47. 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 23, 1841, for gallant and successful conduct in war 
 against Florida Indians. 
 
 ANDERSON, JOHN. 
 {2d Lt. Arty., Dec. 9, '07.) ( Top. Engrs. [Major], Apl. 12, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., April 12, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 ANDERSON, RICHARD H. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Drags., July i, '42.) {Capt. 2d Drags., Mar. 3, '55.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at San 
 Augustin, Mex. 
 
 ANDERSON, ROBERT. 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '25.) {Brig.-Genl., May 15, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 2, 1838, for gallant and successful conduct in war against 
 Florida Indians. Brevet Maj., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct at the battle of Molino del Rey. Brevet Maj.-Genl., February 3, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious conduct in the Harbor of Charleston, S. C.; in the 
 defense of Fort Sumter. 
 
 ANDERSON, SAMUEL S. 
 
 {Bvt.2dLt.2dArty.,July\,'i,\.) . (Capt. 2d Arty., Mar. %,' ^e,.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Molino del Rey. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant conduct at Cha- 
 pultepec. 
 
 ANDERSON, THOMAS M. 
 2dLt. 2d Cam., May 7, '61.) {Maj. 10th Inf., Mar. 26^ '68.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August I, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness. Brevet Lt.-Col., August i, 1864, for gallant services at Spottsylvania, 
 Va. 
 
 ANDREWS, ALBERT H. 
 
 (irf Lt. igth Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt. igth Inf., Jan. 30, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 ANDREWS, GEORGKB. 
 
 {2d Lt. 6tk Inf., July i, '33.) , {Lt.-Col. 6tk Inf., Octr. 18, '55.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 25, 1837, for gallant attd good conduct in war agains 
 Florida Indians. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 299 
 
 ANDREWS, OEORai! L. 
 
 {Maj. x-jth Inf., May 14, '61.) [Col. 2^tA Inf., Jan. i, '71.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 30, 1862, for gallant arid meritorious services at the 
 battle of Bull Run (2d) Va. Brevet Col., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at the battle of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 ANDREWS, OEORGE F. 
 
 [Bvt. zdLt. T^Arty., July i, '45.) [Maj. t^th Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Molino del Key. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 ANDREWS, JOHN N. 
 
 [Bvt. idLt. 4lA Inf., July I, '60.) [Capt. Zth Inf., June 21, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 9, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. Brevet Maj., November 29, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Franklin, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 ANDREWS, TIMOTHY P. 
 
 [Paymaster, May 22, '22.) [Paymaster-Genl. [Colonel), Sept. 6, '62.) 
 
 Prevet Brig.-Genl., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 in the battle of Chapultepec. (See narrative. Chap. 10.) 
 
 ANDRTJSS, E. VAN A. . 
 
 [idU. XstArty., June 13, '64.) [ist It. 1st Arty., May 10, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the cap- 
 ture of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Capt., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services in the campaign terminating with the surrender of the rebel army 
 of Northern Virginia. 
 
 ANSART, FELIX. 
 
 (2d Lieut. 2d Arty., July 2d, 1812.) ( Capt. yl Arty., Nov. 28, '19.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November 28, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 AFFLING, DANIEL. 
 
 [2dLt. Rifles, May 3, '08.) [Maj. -jth Inf., Apl. 15, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., May 30, 1814, for gallant conduct at Sandy Creek, N. Y. 
 Brevet Col., September 11, 1814, for distinguished services at Plattsburg. 
 
 ARBUCKLE, MATTHEW. 
 
 [Ens. zdlnf. Mar. 3, '99.) [Col. -jth Inf., Mar. 10, '20.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 10, 1830, for 10 'years' faithful service in one 
 grade. 
 
 ARCHER, JAMES J. 
 
 [Capt. Voltigeurs, Fib. 23, '47.) [Capt. VolHgeurs, Feb. 23, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 13, '1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battle of Chapultepec. 
 
 ARCHER, SAMUEL B. 
 
 [Capt. 2d Arty., Mar. 12, '12.) [Inspector Genl. [Col.), Nov. 10, '21.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 27, 1813, for meritorious services in the bombardment of 
 Fort George, U. C. 
 
300 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 ARMES, GEORGE A. 
 
 (zdLt. zd Cav., Apl. 19, '66.) (,Capt. xoth Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action at 
 Hatcher's Run, Va., December 9, 1864. 
 
 ARMISTEAD GEORGE. 
 
 (2rfZ;. -jth Inf., Jan. 8, '99.) ' {Maj. ^d Arty., Mar. 3, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 12, 1814, for gallant conduct in defense of Fort 
 
 McHenry. 
 
 ARMISTEAD, LEWIS A. 
 
 (zdLt. 6tk Inf., July 10, '39.) (CaJ>t. 6th Inf., Mar. 3, '55.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 8, 1847, for gallant and mer- 
 
 jtorious conduct at Molino del Rey. 
 
 ARMISTEAD, VT ALTER K. 
 
 (zdLt. Engrs., Mar. 5, '03.) {Chief of Engrs. {Col), Nov. 12, '18.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Genl., November 12, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one 
 
 grade, 
 
 ARMSTRONG, FRANCIS W. 
 
 {Caft. 2^th Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) {Maj. 24th Inf., June 26, '13.) 
 
 Retained, December, 1815 (in reorganization underact of March 3, 1815), 
 
 as Captain, 7th Infantry, with Brevet of Maj. from June 26, 1813. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, ROBERT L. 
 
 {yl Lt. Light Arty., July 21, '14.) {\st Lt. Arty., July 2, '18. 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 ARNOLD, ABRAHAM K. 
 {Bvt.zdLt. 2d Cav., July i,' 59.) {Maj. 6 Cav., June 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services atthe battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., May 6, 1864, for gallantand meritorious 
 services at the battle of Todd's Tavern, Va. 
 
 ARNOLD, ISAAC. 
 
 {2d Lt. 2d Arty., June 17, '62.) {Capt. Ordnance, Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faitliful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 ARNOLD, LEVriS G. 
 {2d Lt. 2d Arty., Jily 1, '37.) {Lt.-Col. 2d Arty., Aug-, i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco, Mex. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant 
 conduct at Chapultepec. Brevet Lt.-Col., November 22, 1861, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the bombardment of Fort Pickens, Fla. 
 
 ARNOLD, RICHARD. ' ' 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. Jst Arty., July i, '50) {Maj. <^h Arty., May I, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Major, June 29, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Savage Station, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July, 8, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services during the siege of Port Hudson, La. Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Genl. 
 and Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 the field during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 301 
 
 ARNOLD, RIPLEY A., 
 
 (2//ZA zd Drags., July l, '38.) [Capt. id Drags., Aug. 18, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April ig, 1842, for gallant conduct in war against Florida In- 
 dians. Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo 
 Alto and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 ARNOLD, WILBUR F. 
 
 (zdLt. \%th Inf., Nov. 21, '62.) ( Caft. i,\st Inf., yuly 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 ARTHUR, WILLIAM. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Arty., Feb. 23, '66.) {Paymaster (Major),yuly 26, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Ream's Station, Va. 
 
 ASBURY, HENRY. 
 
 [idLt. 3d Inf., Aug. s, '61.) {Capt. ^dlnf. Dec. 31, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1S63, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj. March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 ASCH, MORRIS J. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Aug. S,'6i.) {Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 ASH, JOSEPH P. 
 
 {2d Lt. tfh Cav., Apl. 30, '61.) {Capt. tfh Cav., Sept. 25, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November 8, 1862, for conspicuous gallantry at Warrenton, Va. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., May 8, 1864, for conspicuous gallantry at the battle of Spott- 
 sylvania, Va. ^ 
 
 ASHBY, JAMES A. 
 ( Capt. 2d Drags., June 8, '36. ) ( Capt. 2d Drags., Juru 8, '36. ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 19, 1836, for gallant and good conduct in the affair at 
 Welika, Fla. 
 
 ASPINWALL, THOMAS. 
 
 {Maj. Cith Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) [Lt.-Col. itfh Inf., Mar. 12, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Col., September 17, 1814, for distinguished and meritorious services 
 in sortie f irom Fort Erie. 
 
 ATCHESON, GEORGE, 
 
 {2dLt. 6^h Inf., Feb. 19, '(13) ( 1st Lt. ifh Inf., Jan. 20, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July i, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 ATCHISON, CHARLES B. 
 
 {zdLt. zdlnf, Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. lifh Inf Mar. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July i, J862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 
 of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 
303 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 services during the operations resulting in the fall of Richmond. Brevet Maj., 
 April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Lt.- 
 Col., October 28, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 ATKINSON, HENRY. 
 
 (Capt. yi/nf., July i, '08.) (Brig.-Genl., May 13, '20.) 
 
 Retained, August, 1821 (in reorganization under act of March 2, 1821 ), as 
 Colonel, 6th Infantry, with Brevet of Brig.-Genl. from May 13, 1820. 
 
 ATWBLL.I'WILLIAM P. 
 
 (zdLt. i,yllnf., Jan. 22, '67.) [zdLt. Ajd Inf., yaK.22,'67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 assault on Petersburgh, July 30, 1864. Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 ATWOOD, EDWIN B. 
 
 (zdLt. 16th Inf., May 11, '65.) ^ (A. Q. M (Cipt), Apl. 24, '75.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Chicamauga, Ga. Brevet Maj., March 2, 
 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Mission Ridge, 
 Tenn. 
 
 AUDBNRIED.^JOSEPH C. 
 
 {id Lt. 1st Cmi.ljunezi,, '61.) (Capt. 6th Cav., jMy i, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the Atlanta Campaign. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 AUGUR, CHRISTOPHER C. 
 
 {Bvt.2dLt.2dInf.,yulyi,'^T,.') (Brig.-Genl., Mar. 4, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Col., August 9, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Cedar Mountain, Va. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the capture of Port Hudson, La.. Brevet Maj.- 
 Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field during 
 the war. 
 
 AUSTIN, LORING. 
 
 (2dLt. \st Light Drags., Sept. 28, '12.) (Capt. 1,6th Inf.,Apl. 21, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 5, 1814, for gallant and distinguished conduct at the battle 
 of Chippewa. 
 
 AUSTIN, WILLIAM M. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Feb. 28, '66.) (Asst. Surg., Feb. 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 18, 1866, for meritorious and distinguished services 
 at San Antonio, Texas, when cholera prevailed. 
 
 AUSTINE, WILLIAM. 
 
 (zd Lt. 2d Drags., July i, '38.) (Maj. ^d Arty., July 23, '6i.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contre- 
 ras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., September 28, 1865, for 
 long and faithful services. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 3O3 
 
 AVERBLL, WILLIAM "WT. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dZt. Mtd. Rifles, July \, 55.) (Capt. -^d Cav., July I-;, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 17, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Kelly's Ford, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., November 6, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in action at Droop Mountain, Va. Brevet Col., December 
 15, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the Salem expedition in 
 Virginia. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices ill the field during the war. Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services at the battle of Moorfield, Va. 
 
 AVERY, ROBERT. 
 
 ( \st Lt. 44tA Inf., July 28, '66. ) {\st Lt. i^h Inf., July 28, '65. ) 
 
 Brevet CapL, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Look-out Mountain, Tenn. 
 
 ATERS, GEORGE TV. 
 
 \zdLt.-idArty., yuly\,'s,\.) {1st Lt. ^d Arty., Dec. 20, '45.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 23, 1846, for gallant conduct in the several confl.cts 
 at Monterey, Mex. 
 
 AYRES, ROBERT. 
 
 (zdLt. \ofk Inf., Nov. 29, '62.) (Capt. \^th Inf., Feb. 19, '66.) 
 
 Brevet C^pt., November 25, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 AYRES, ROMBYN B. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt. ifh Arty., July i, '47.) {Lt.-Col. yl Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant aird meritorious services at the battle of 
 Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Col., August 18, 1864, for 
 gallant and meritorious services in battle on the Weldon R. R., Va. Brevet 
 Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Five Forks, Va. Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services in the field during the war. 
 
 BABBITT, EDWIN B. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt. yl Inf., July i, '26.) (A. Q. M. G. (Col.), July 29, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct while serving in the 
 enemy's country. Brevet Col. March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious services in the Quartermaster's Department during the war. 
 
 BABBITT, LAWRENCE S. 
 
 {2dLt ylArty., June24,'6l.) (Capt. Ordn. Dept, Dec. 22, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 21, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Bull Run, Va. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, f""^ faithful and meritori- 
 ous services in the Ordnance Department during the war. 
 
 BABCOCK, JOHNB. 
 
 (2d Lt rfh Cav., Jan. 22, '67.) {\st Lt. tfh Cav., Feb. 14, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., Brevet Capt., and Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battles of Sabine Cross Roads, Pleasant Hill, and 
 Cane River Crossing, La. 
 
304 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 BABCOCK, OKVILLE E. 
 
 (Bvt. 2 Lt. Engrs., May 6, '6i.) (Maj. Engrs., Mar. 21, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 4, 1862, "for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Yorktown, Va. Brevet Maj., November 29, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the siege of Knoxville, Tenn. Brevet lA-CoI., 
 May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 during the war. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services in the field during the war. 
 
 BACHE, DAT.T.AS. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) {Surg., Aug. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March;i3, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BACHE, FRAirCIS M. 
 
 {ist Lt. i6iA Inf., May 14, '6l.) (Capt. \eth Inf., Oct. 25, '6l.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 2, 1864, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 field. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 during the operation resulting in the fall of Richmond and surrender of Gen- 
 eral Lee. 
 
 BACHE, HARTMAN, 
 
 (Asst. Top. Engrs. {Capt.), July 24, '18.) ( Col. Corps of Engrs., Mar. 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 24, 1828, for ten years faithful service in one grade. Bre- 
 vet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for long, faithful and meritorious services. 
 
 BACHE, RICHARD. 
 
 (\st U. Tfld Inf., Apl.\T,'\i.) (Capt. Ordn.,May yi,^i2.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1815 (in re-organization under act of March 3, 1815), as 2d 
 Lt. of Artillery, with Brevet of 1st Lt. from April 17, 1813. 
 
 BACKENSTOS, JACOB B., 
 
 (Capt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) (Capt.Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 trerasand Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant an^ 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 BACKUS, EI.ECTUS. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Inf., July i, '24.) ( Col. 6ti InflFeb. 20, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. 
 
 BACON, CYRUS. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Apl. 16, '62.) (Asst.-Surg., Apl. 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BACON, JOHN M. 
 
 . [Capt. ^A Cav., July 28, '66.) (Capt. gti Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the siege 
 of Resaca, Ga. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 3O5 
 
 BADEAU, ADAM. 
 
 {idLt ifh Inf.'Mar. 22, '66.) (\st Lt. ijlh Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.- 
 Genl., March 2,, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BADEN NEHEMIAH. 
 
 \\st Lt. Ordn., Aug. 6, '13.) (Capt. 2d Arty., Afl. i, '24.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 6, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Maj., April i, 1834, for lo years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 BADGER, NICHOLAS D. 
 
 {id Lt. \oth Cav., July 28, '66.) ( \st Lt. zzd Inf., May 29, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 29, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 BADGER, ■WILLIAM. 
 
 {idLt. 6tk Inf., May 19, '66.) (1st Lt. 6th Inf., Feb. 9, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 BAILEY, EDWARD L. 
 
 (2dLt. 4h Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) (i.U Lt. ifh Inf., Feb. 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, November 6, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Williamsburg, Va. Brevet Capt., November 6, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Maj., November 
 6, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Bnll Run, {2d,) Va. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., November 6, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BAILEV, JAMES. 
 
 (1st Lt. (sth Inf., Jan. 3, '12.) (Capt, 6th Inf., Mar. 27, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1816 (in reorganization tmder act of March 3, 1815), as 1st 
 Lt. 2d Infantry, with brevet of Capt. from March 27, 1814. 
 
 BAILEY, T. C. J. 
 
 (\st Lt. \-jth Inf.,. May 14, '61.) (Capt. i-]th Inf., Dec. 14, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in battle 
 ontheWeldonR. R., Va. 
 
 BAILEY, "WILLIAM. 
 
 '(1st Lt. lothlnf. Mar. 12, '12.) (Capt., loth Inf., Julyi% '14). 
 
 Retained, December, 1815 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), 
 as istLt., 7th Infantry, with Brevet of Capt. from July 19, 1814. 
 
 BAILY, ELISHA J. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Feb. 16, '47.) (Surg. (Lt.-Col.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 BAILY, JOSEPH C. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Oct. 27, '57.) [Surg., Dec. 1, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 14* 
 
306 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 BAINBRIDGIi, AUGUSTUS H. 
 
 {idLt. I4ti Inf., July 14, '62.) (Capt. \ifh Inf., Aug. 11, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 18, 1864, for gallant services during operations on 
 Weldon R. R., Va. 
 
 BAUTBRIDGE, EDMUND C. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. :idArty., July I, '56.) ( Capt. tfh Arty., Aug. 30, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-CoL, March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BAINBRIDGB, HENRY. 
 
 Bvt. 2dLt 2d Inf., July i, '21.) (Lt.-Col. 1st Inf., July 11, '51.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 BAINBRIDGE, WIIiLIAM P. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. id Arty., July i, '24.) (Capt a,th Arty., Mar. 19, '42.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 18, 1847, forgallant and meritorious conduct in the battle 
 of Cerro Gordo. 
 
 BAIRD, ABSALOM. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt 2d Arty., July i, '49.) (Asst.-Inspr.-Genl. (I.t.-Col.), June 13, '67.) 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet. Col., November 24, 1863, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Chattanooga, Tenn. Brevet Brig.- 
 Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the capture of 
 Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the field during the war. 
 
 BAKER, DANIEL. 
 
 (Ens. and 2d Lt 16th Inf., Jany 8, '99.) (Lt.- Col. 6th Inf., May I, '29.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 9, 181 2, for gallant conduct at the battle of Brownstown. 
 
 BAKER, EUGENE M. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Drags., July i, '59.) (Maj. 2d Cav., Apl. 8, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May '5, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Williamsburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 19, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Wmchester, Va. Brevet Col., December 
 I, 1868, for zeal and energy while in command of troops operating against hos- 
 tile Indians in 1866-7-8. 
 
 BAKER, ISAAC L. 
 
 (Ens. 2d Inf., July 6, '12.) (Capt 44th Inf., Apl. 5, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. December 23, 1814, for gallant conduct at the siege of New 
 Orleans. 
 
 BAKER, JOHN P. 
 
 (2dLt 1st Cav., Mar. 23, '61.) (Capt 1st Cav., July 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 9, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Pleasant Hill, La. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 30/ 
 
 BAKER. RUFTTS L. 
 
 [Asst. Dip. Com. Ord. (1st Lt), Afar. 12, '13.) (Lt.-Col. Ordn., July 10, '51.) 
 Brevet Maj., May 21, 1827, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Brevet 
 Lt.-Col., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct, particularly in performing 
 his duties, In prosecuting war with Mexico. 
 
 BAIiCH, GEORGE T. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Ordn., July i, '51.) (Capt. Ordn., Nov. i, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services in the Ordnance Department. 
 
 BALDEir, GEORGE. 
 
 ( 1st Lt. 29th Inf., July 28, '66. ) ( Capt. y^th Inf., July 20, '68. ) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in New 
 Mexico, Colorado, and on the plains; while Adjutant of the 3d Colorado Vol- 
 unteers. 
 
 BALDWIN, HOMER H. 
 
 {zd Lt. 5*4 Arty., May 14, '61.) (ist Lt. <fh Arty., Dec. 2, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt., April 8, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the Red River Campaign. 
 
 BAIJi, JAMES V. 
 
 (Cornet Cav., May i, '94.) (Lt.-Col. 1st Inf., Mar. 31, '17.) 
 
 Brevet Lt-Col., December 18, 1812, for gallant conduct at the battle of Mis- 
 sissinewa. 
 
 BANCROFT, EUGENE A. 
 
 (id Lt. ijtk Arty., Oct. 2^,^(11.) (Capt. Afh Arty., Apl 2(i,'Ti,.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, June 25, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 nea.r Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Capt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BANKHEAD HENRY C. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt.cfh Inf., July i,'50.) (Maj. ifh Cas)., Jan. 15, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 8, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Spottsvylvania, Va. Brevet Col., April 2, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services in action in front of Petersburg, Va. Brevet 
 Brig.-Genl., October i, i863, for the prompt, energetic and meritorious services 
 rendered by him during the present campaigns against Indians, and especially 
 in the prompt relief of Colonel Forsyth's beleaguered party, on the Republi- 
 can, in September, 1868. 
 
 BANEHEAD, JAMES. 
 
 (Capt. tfh Inf., June 18, '08.) (Col. 2d Arty., Sept. 16, '38.) 
 
 Retained, May, 181 5, (in reorganization under act of March 3, 181 5,) as 
 Capt 4th Infantry, with Brevet of Maj. from August 15, 1813, (the date of his 
 appointment as Major 4th Infantry.) Brevet Lt.-Col., August 15, 1823, for lo 
 years' faithful service in one grade. Brevet Col., July 7, 1838, for meritorious 
 conduct in campaigns in Florida. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 29, 1847, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious conduct at the siege of Vera Cruz. 
 
308 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 BANNISTER, JOHN. 
 
 (2rf Lt. i,yl Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) ( ^st Lt. 20th Inf., July 12, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Petersburg, Va., July 8, 1864. 
 
 BARBER MERRITT. 
 
 {zdLt. i6tk Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (ist Lt. i6ih Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services in the battle of Cedar Creek, Va. ^, 
 
 BARBER AMAZIAH J. 
 
 (2dLt. llth Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (2d Lt. iitk Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BARBOUR, PHILIP N. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. yllnf, July i, '34.) (Capt. yl Inf., Nm. 26, '45.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 15, 1842, for active and highly meritorious services in 
 war against Florida Indians. Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant and distin- 
 guished services at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 BARLOW, JOHN "W. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Arty., May 6, '61.) (Maj. Engrs., Apt. 23, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, May 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Hanover C. H., Va. Brevet Maj., July 22, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 .-ervices in the Atlanta Campaign. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 ;ind meritorious services in the battles before Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 BARNARD, ISAAC D. 
 
 (Capt \ifh Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Maj. \^h Inf., June 26, '13.) 
 
 Retained, in 1815 (in reorganization under act'of March?3, of that year), as 
 Capt., 4th Infantry, with Brevet of Maj., from June 26, 1813. 
 
 BARNARD, JOHN G. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt Engrs., July i, '33.) (Col. Engrs., Dec. 28, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct while serving in the ene- 
 my's country. Brevet Col., June 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 'n the campaign of the Peninsula, Va. Brevet IJrig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for 
 rallant and meritorious services in the campaign terminating with the surren- 
 der of General Lee. Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the field during the war. 
 
 BARNARD, MOSES J. 
 
 [Capt. Voltigeurs, Feb. 16, '47.) (Capt Voltigeurs, Feb. 16, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Sept 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle 
 of Chapultepec. 
 
 BARNARD, PHINEAS P. 
 
 ( -,d Lt 6fh Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) (\st Lt <fh Cav., June 4, '75.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt, March 7, 1867, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 3O9 
 
 BARNARD,' ROBERT 'W. 
 
 {isiZi. I9i/i Inf., May \\, '61.) (Caft. i^th' Inf., Jtdy 16, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1S65, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services during the war. 
 
 BARNES, JOSEPH E. 
 
 [Asst. Surg., June 15, '40.) [Siirg.-Genl. [Brig.-Genl), Aug. 22, '64.) 
 
 Brevet -Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 BARNITZ, ALBERT. 
 
 (Capt. ytk Cav., July 28, '66.) [Capt. yth Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action at 
 Ashland Station, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merito- 
 ous services in the battle of Sailor's Creek, Va. Brevet Col., November 27, 
 186S, for distinguished gallantry at the battle of the Washita, I. T., November 
 27, 1868, in which engagement he was severely wounded. 
 
 BARNUM, EPHRAIM K. 
 
 [2d Lt. tfh Inf., June 11, '17.) {Maj. ^d Inf., Feb. 16, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1830, for 10 years faithful service in one grade. 
 BARRETT, WALLACE W. 
 [\st Lt. yifh Inf., July 28, '66.) [\st Lt. \(ith Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Stone River, Temi. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Peach Tree Creek, Ga. 
 
 BARRI, THOMAS O. 
 
 {Capt. nth Inf., May. 14, '61.) {Capt. nth Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BARRIGER, JOHN W. 
 
 {idLt. 2d Arty., July i, '56.) {Cmn. of Sabs. {Maj.), Nov. 21, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 21, 1861, tor gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Bull Run, Va. Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.- 
 Genl., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BARRY, JOHN. 
 
 {zdLt. 1st Cav., Feb. 19, '63.) {Capt. 1st Cav., July 1, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. 
 
 BARRY, ROBERT P. 
 
 (Capt. leth Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt. 16M Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 BARRY, WHiLIAM F. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. ijth Arty., July I, '38. ) ( Col. zd Arty., Dec. 1 1 , '65. ) 
 
 Brevet Col., September, i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 
 capture of Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 
3IO BREVETS CONEERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 meritorious services in the campaign terminating with the surrender of General 
 Lee. Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 in the field during the war. 
 
 BARSTOW, GEORGE F. 
 
 [id Lt. yl Arty., Nov. 30, '61.) {Capt. yl Arty., Dec. 20, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., August 25, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in action at Kearneysville, Va. 
 
 BARSTOW, SIMON F. 
 
 [Asst. Q. M. [Capt.), May 11, '65.) (Asst. Q. M. [Capt.), May 11, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the fall of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW, WILLIAM H. 
 
 [2d Lt. i6th Inf., May 14, '6i.) [Capt. l6th Inf., Jan. 4, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, and Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 BARTLETT, CHARLES G. 
 
 [Capt. I2th Inf., Aug. 5, '6i.) [Maj. lUJi Inf., Jan. 10, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 14, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Resaca, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BARTLETT, WILLIAM C. 
 
 [id Lt. id Arty., June 17, '62.) [ist Lt. yl Inf., Oct. 14, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Capt., November i6, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in action at Campbell's Station, Tenn. Brevet Maj., Sep- 
 tember I, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during the Atlanta cam- 
 paign. 
 
 BASCOM, GEORGE N. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. Oith Inf., July i, '58.) [Capt. i6tk Inf., Oct., 24, '6i.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 21, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Valverde, N. M. 
 
 BASCOM, GTJSTAVtrS M. 
 
 [istLt. i-]th Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) (Capt. i^h Inf., Die. 11, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle o£ Resaca, Ga. 
 
 BASSPORD, ABRAHAM. 
 
 [Capt. ?>th Cav., July 28, '66.) (Capt. %th Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action at 
 Morganza, La. 
 
 BATCHELDER, R. W. 
 
 [A Q. M.(Capt.) Feb. 16, '65.) (Q. M. [Maj.), Jan. 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 3II 
 
 BATES, DORUS E. 
 
 [idLt. \jfh Inf., Feb. 19, '62.) {1st Lt. \yth Inf., May 14, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 BATES, FRANCIS H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Inf., July i, '50.) {Capt. 4iA Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. 
 
 BATES, JAIVTES A. . 
 
 {Capt. Ayllnf, July 28, '66.) {Capt. 43d Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Malvern Hill, Va. 
 
 BATES, JOHN C. 
 
 {\stLt. wth Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt. 20th Inf., May I, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for faithful and meritorious services in the field 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 operations resulting in the fall of Richmond and surrender of General Lee. 
 
 BATES, EINZIE. 
 
 {2dLt. 1st Inf., Aug. S, '61.) (Capt. 1st Inf., Mar. 15, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. October 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Corinth, Miss. Brevet Maj., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 BATES, ROBERT F. 
 
 {2dLt. litklnf, Mar. 7, '67.) {istLt. i8tA Inf., Mar. 28, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BAXTER, JEDEDIAH. 
 
 {Asst. Med Purv. {Lt.-Col.), July 21a, '67.) {Chf. Md. Purv. {Col), June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Col., July 20, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 BAYARD, WILLIAM. 
 
 {idLt. ifh Cav., Oct. 31, '63.) {Capt. ^th Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December 16, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services if 
 pursuit of rebel forces under General Hood. Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the capture of Selma, Ala. Brevet Maj., 
 April 2, 1865, for -gallantry during the pursuit of Hood after the battle on 
 Nashville, and in the charge of his regiment against the earthworks at Selma, 
 Ala. 
 
 BAYLOR, THOMAS G. 
 
 {Bvt 2dLt. Ordn., July 1, '57.) {Maj. Ordn., Mar. 7, '67.)' 
 
 Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant services in the capture of Atlanta, 
 Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 21, 1864, for gallant services in the capture of 
 Savannah, Ga. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services during 
 the campaign of Atlanta, Savannah and the Carolinas. 
 
312 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 BAYNB, ANDREW C. 
 
 (2d Lt. i,2d Inf., July 28, '66.) (^d Lt. i,idlnf., July 28, '(A.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Marye's Heights, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BEACH, FRANCIS. 
 (Bvt. idLt. 2,dAriy., July i, '57.) [Caft. ifk Arty., Aug. 14, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 20, 1864, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services during the siege of Plymouth, N. C. 
 
 BEACH, SAMUEL E. 
 
 (id Lf. \ffh Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (u^ Lt. 15A4 Inf., Feb. — , '48.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, f*"" gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 BE ALL, BENJAMIN L. 
 
 ( Caft. 2d Drags., June 8, '36. ) ( Col. 1st Brags., May — , '61 . ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 1 5, 1S37, for gallant and successful service in war against 
 Florida Indians. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 16, 1848, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct in the battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales. 
 
 BBALL, LLOYD. 
 
 {Caft. <^/i Inf., Jan. 8, '99.) (Maj. Arty., Apl. 21, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 10, 1812. No record. 
 
 BEALL, THOMAS J. 
 
 {2dLt. Arty.. Mar. i, '11.) [Capt. ifh Rifles, Mar. 17, '14.) 
 
 Retained, January, 1816, (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815,) as 
 1st Lt. Artillery, with Brevet of Capt. from March 17, 1814. Brevet Maj., 
 September 26, 1828, for ten years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 BEAN, JOHN "W. 
 
 {2d Lt. 35//2 Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) (1st Lt. itfk Inf., Dec. 13, '71.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the battle of Cold Harbor, Va, 
 
 BEARD, WILLIAM C. 
 
 (2d Lt. Rifles, May 19, '12.) (Capt. 1st Rifles, Aug. 20, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1816, (in reorganization under Act of March 3, 1815,) as ist 
 Lt. 1st Infantry, with Brevet of Capt, from August 20, 1814. 
 
 BEARD SLEY, JOHN. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. %th Inf., July i, '41.) (Capt. 8t/i Inf., June 28, '49.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battle of Molino del Rey,.,Mex. 
 
 BEAUMONT, EUGENE B. 
 
 (2d Lt. ifh Cav., May 6, '61.) (Capt. i,th Cav., July 25, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., November 7, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Rappahannock Station, Va. Brevet Maj., April 2, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritoriour services at the capture of Selma, Ala. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 
 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. • 3I3 
 
 BEAUREGARD, P. G-. T. 
 
 (2 Lt. 1st Arty., July I, '38.) (Copt. Engrs., Mar. 3, '53.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Cliurubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 BECK, HENRY L. 
 
 [2dLt. iTfh Inf., Nov. 26, '62.) (Capt. 22d Inf., July 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., January 10, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Arkansas Post, Ark. Brevet Capt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 BECK, "WILLIAM B. 
 
 (zdLt. tfh Arty., Mar. 14, '61.) (Capt. tfh Arty,, Oct. 30, '76.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 10, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle at the crossing of Po River, Va. Brevet Capt., October 27, 1864, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services in the battle of Boydton Plank Road, Va. Bre- 
 vet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the siege of 
 Petersburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BECKETT, FRANCIS O. 
 
 (zdLt. \tfh Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (1st Lt. \tfh Inf., May —, '48.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 BECK-WITH, AMOS. 
 
 (Bvt id Lt. ist Arty., July i, '50.) (Asst. Com. Genl. Subs. (Lt.-Col.), June 23, '74.) 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services 
 during the Atlanta Campaign. Brevet Col., September 1, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the campaign against Atlanta, Ga. Brevet ]3rig.-Genl., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the campaign termina- 
 ting with the surrender of General J. E. Johnston. Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 
 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the Subsistence Department 
 during the war. 
 
 BECKA?7ITH, ED-WARD G. 
 
 (2dLt. id Arty., July i, '42.) (Maj. 2d Arty., Feb. 8, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BEE, BARNARD E. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. zdlnf, July I, '45.) (Capt. \oth Inf., Mar. 3,|'S5.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April 18, 1847, foi" gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Chapultepec. 
 
 BEEBE, "WILLIAM M. 
 
 {Capt. lith Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) (Capt. i%th Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Stone River, Tenn. 
 
 BEEBE, WILLIAM S. 
 
 (2d Lt. Ordn., June li,'6z.) . (ist Lt. Ordn.,''July jo, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services, and for in- 
 
314 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM I 8 12 
 
 trepidity, daring and skill in handling men, in the face of .the enemy. Brevet 
 Maj., August 23, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the siege of Fort 
 Morgan, Ala. 
 
 BEECHBR, HENRY B. 
 {zdLt. 4//; Arty., Nm. 30, '61.) {,\st-Lt. /^h Arty., Aug. 11, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 3, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Cold Harbor, Va. Brevet Maj., November I, 1865, for faithful and merito- 
 rious services during the war. 
 
 BELCHER, JOHN H. 
 
 (A. Q. M. (Capt), yune 16, '66.) (^. Q. M. (Capt.), June 16, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for meritorious services in the Quartermaster's 
 Department during the war. 
 
 BELGER, EDWARD A. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Inf., Mar. 12, '65.) (ist Lt. ^d /n/., Apl. 2^,'$^.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant services at the battle of Chancellors- 
 ville, Va., May 3, 1863. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallantry at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863. 
 
 BELGER, JAMES. 
 (2d Lt.l6t/i Inf., Oct. I S, '38. ) ( Q. M. (Maj. ), Aug. 3, '61 . ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct in the war with Mexico. 
 
 BELKNAP, WILLIAM G. 
 
 (■idLt. 22dlnf., Apl. 5, '13.) , (Lt.-Col. tfh Inf., Sept. 26, '47-) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February i, 1S32,, for 10 years faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 15, 1842, for general good conduct in war against 
 Florida Indians, and for securing bv military operations and negotiations a 
 great number of prisoners. Brevet Col., May 9, 1846, for gallant and distin- 
 guished services at Palto Alto and Resaca de la Palma. Brevet Brig.-Genl., 
 February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Buena Vista. 
 
 BELL, GEORGE. 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. ifh Arty., July i, '53.) (Com. Subs. (Maj.), Apl. 25, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 (Bvt. Brig.-General, April 9, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Subsistence Department during the war. 
 
 BELL, JACOB B. 
 
 (Capt. it^th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. \tfh Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 pBrevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 31, 1862, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Stone River, Tenn. (where he was killed.) 
 
 BELL, JAMES M. 
 
 (zd Lt. -jth Cav., July 28, '66.) (Capt. -jth Cav., June 25, '76.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Ream's Station, Va. 
 
 BELL, JOHN. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 26, '61.) (Asst. Surg., Aug. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March '13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 315 
 
 BELIi, JOHN R. 
 
 (zdLt. Light Arty., Jan. 3, '12.) {Capt. Arty., Oct. 10, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Oct. 10, 1824, for 10 years faithful service in one grade. 
 BELL, WILLIAM H. 
 [Bvt. idLt. yllnf., July I, '58.) [Com. Subs. {Capt.), June 11, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in New 
 Mexico. 
 
 HELTON, FRANCIS S. 
 (zd Lt. Light Drags., Mar. 27, '12.) ( Col. ijth Arty., June 10, '57.) 
 
 Brevet Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 BENDER, GEORGE. 
 (irf Lt. <^h Inf., May IJ, '12.) {M«j- if^ Lnf., Apl. 23, '30.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 13, 1823, for 10 years faithful service in one grade. 
 BENDIRE, CHARLES. 
 [idLt. 2d Inf., May 18, '64.) {Capt. \st Cav., Feb. 21, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, June 11, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Trevillian Station, Va. 
 
 BENEDICT, ABNEB R. 
 (2dU nth Inf., Aug. s, '61.) (Capt. 4th Inf., June 8, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 BENET, STEPHEN V. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. Ordn., July I, '49.) {Chf Ord. {Brig.-Genl.), June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services in the Ordnance Department. 
 
 BENHAM, DANIEL W. 
 
 (2dLt. i&th Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) {Capt. 7th Inf., Feb. 8, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt^ December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 BENHAM, HENRY W. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. Engrs., July I, '37.) {Col. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. Brevet Col., July 13, i86i, for gallant and meritorious services 
 at the battle of Carrick's Ford, Va. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1S65, for 
 gallant and meritorious services in the campaign terminating in the surrender 
 of the insurgent army under General Lee. Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the Rebellion. 
 
 BENJAMIN, SAMUEL N. 
 
 {2dU. 2d Arty., May 6, '61.) {A. A. G. [Maj.), Mar. 3, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for distinguished and gallant conduct at the 
 battle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for good conduct 
 and gallant services during the war. 
 
3l6 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 BENNETT, ALBERT G. 
 
 (Addl. Paymaster, Aug. 14, '46.) (Paymaster [Maj.], Mar. 2, '49.) 
 
 Brevet Lt. Col., Juneau, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in affair 
 
 with guerillas at National Bridge, Mex. 
 
 BENNETT, FRANK T. 
 
 (2d. Lt. i&th Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. gtA Cavalry, Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 26, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action: 
 
 at Hoover's pap, Tenn. Brevet Capt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 BENNETT, JOHN^E. 
 
 (2d Lt. \'}th Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (\st Lt. 2%th Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Marchj2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Lookout Mountain, Tenn. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant| and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Franklin, Tenn. Brevet Lt;-Col. March 
 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 BENNETT, JOHN R. 
 
 {2dLt. \'^h Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (2 Lt. \tfh Inf., Afl. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 BENTEEN, FREDERICK W. 
 
 (Capt. 1th Cav., yuly\2%, '66.) (Capt. yth Carv., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of the Osage. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices in the charge at Columbus, Ga. Brevet Col., August 13, 1868, for gallant 
 and meritorious, conduct in an engagement with hostile Indians on the Saline 
 River, Kansas, August 13, 1868. 
 
 BENTON, JAMES G. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Ordn., July I, '42.) (Lt.-Col. Ordn., June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services in the_Ordnance Department. 
 
 BENTZONI, CHARI.es. 
 
 (2d Lt. I ith Inf., Nm). 20, '61.) ( Capt 2tfh Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 30, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Poplar Spring Church, Va. Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 
 13, i865,Jfor gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BENYATJRD, VTILLIAM H. H. 
 
 (1st Lt. Engrs., June 11, '63.) (Capt. Engrs., May I, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 campaign before Richmond, Va. Brevet Maj., April i, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious serv)ces_at,the battle of Five Forks, Va. 
 
 BERNARD, REUBEN F. 
 
 (2dLt. 1st Cav., July 17, '62.) (Capt. 1st Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. Brevet Maj , August 28, 1864, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services in action at Smithfield, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col,, 
 March 13, 1865, fo"^ gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME 317 
 
 BERRY, MATHEW. 
 
 {isl Lt. ^th Cav., July 28, '66.) [ist Lt. ytk Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Antietam, Va. 
 
 BEST,i;CLERMONT L. 
 
 [Bvt. idLt. 1st Arty., yiily I, '47.) (Maj. 1st Arty., Feb. J, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 3, 1863, for gallant andjmerito- 
 rious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for good conduct and gallant services during the war. 
 
 iBICKER, WALTER, jr. 
 
 (Ens. 6th Inf., July 29, '13.) (\st Lt. 6 Inf., Sept. I,'l4.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1824, for 10 years faithful service in one grade. 
 
 BIDDLE, CHARLES J. 
 
 (Capt. Voltigeurs, Apt. 9, '47.) (Capt. Voltigeurs, Apl. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 BIDDLE, JAMES. 
 
 [Capt. 16th Inf., Aug.'i, '61.) (Capt. i6f/i Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services 'during 
 the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 BIDDLE, JAMES. 
 
 (Capt. \tfh Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Maj. 6th Cav.,'Feb.'2i;'72-) 
 
 Brevet Mai., September i, 1862, for'gallant and meritorious services Jat the 
 battle of [Richmond, ^Ky. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 16, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 BIDDLE, THOMAS, Jr. 
 
 (Capt. of Arty., July 6, '12.) (Paymaster (Major), Rifles, Aug. 7, '20.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort 
 Erie. 
 
 BIGGS, HERMAN. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. loth Inf., July i, '56.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Aug 3, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BILL, JOSEPH H. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Apl. 13, '60.) (Surg., July 28, '66.) 
 
 ^ Brevt Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BILLINGS, JOHN S. 
 
 (Asst. Surg, Apl. 16, '62.) (Asst. Surg, Apl. 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BINGHAM, JTJDSON D. 
 
 (2 Lt. idA^-ty., July i, '54.) (Dep. Q.M. Genl. (Lt. Col.), Mar. 3, '75.) 
 
 Brevet-Major., Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 
3l8 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Genl., April 9, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 BIRCH, GEORGZi. 
 
 {Cornet Light Drags., Dec. 12, '08.) . (Maj. ifh Inf., June 8, '36.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 31, 1826, for 10 years faithful service in one grade. 
 BIRD, CHARLES. 
 ( 2d Lt. I4t& -Inf., May 1 1, '66. ) (ist Lt 2jd Inf., May 23, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 
 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Petersburg, Va., June 
 20, 1864. 
 
 BIRDSALL, BENJAMIN. 
 
 (Capt ifh Rifles, Mar. 17, '14.) (Capt. 4*4 Rifles, Mar. 17, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct at the defense of Fort 
 Erie. 
 
 BIRNET, JAMES G. 
 
 {zdLt. <jth Cav., July 28, '66.) (Capt. <jth Cam., Dec. i, '69.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BISBEE, WILLIAM H. 
 
 (2d Lt. iZtk Inf., June %'(>z.) (Capt. ifh Inf., Dec. 2\,'(A.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services during the Atlanta Campaign and at the battle of 
 Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 BISSELL, CHARLES T. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Arty., Apl. 9, '65.) (ist Lt. zd Arty., JVov. 21 , '6^.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., April 9, 1865, for good conduct and gallant 
 services during the war. 
 
 BISSELL, DANIEL. 
 
 (.Ens. 1st Inf., Apl. 11, '92.) (Brig.-Genl., Mar. 9, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1815, (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815,) as 
 Colonel, 1st Infantry, with Brevet of Brig.-Genl. from March 9, 1814. 
 
 BLACK, HENRT M. 
 
 (Bvt 2d Lt ^h Inf., July i, '47.) (Lt.-Col. \%th Inf., Oct 7, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Lt-Col., and Brevet Col. March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BLACKBURN, JAMES. 
 
 ( \st Lt li^h Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) ( Capt. \6fk Inf., Oct. —, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 BLAIR, WILLIAM B. 
 
 (2dLt 2d Arty., July i, '38.) (Com. Subs. (Capt), Sep. 27, '50.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 3ig 
 
 BLAEB, GEORGE A. H. 
 
 {\stLt 2d Drags., June II, '36.) ' [Col. 1st Cav., Feb. 15, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 17, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 affair at San Augustine, Mex. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and efficient services during the Gettysburg Campaign. 
 
 BLANEY, GEORGE. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. Engrs. Mar. 4, '15.) {Capt. Engrs., July i, '24.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July i, 1834, for 10 years faithful service in one grade. 
 BLISS, ALEXANDER. 
 
 [A. Q. M. (Capt), Mar. 13, '63.) (A. Q. M. (Capt), Mar. 13, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BLISS, JOHN. 
 
 (\st Lt wth Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) " (Lt-Col. 6th Inf., Sept 30, '^d.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 13, 1823, for 10 years faithful service in one grade. 
 
 BLISS, WILLIAM "W. S. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt ifh Inf. July i, '33.) (A. A. G. (Bvt Major), July 7, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto 
 and Resaca de la Palma. Brevet Lt. Col., February'23, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at..Buena Vista. 
 
 BLISS, ZENAS R. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt istlnf, July I, '54.) (Maj. z^th Inf., Aug. 6, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 7, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of the Wilderness.jVa. 
 
 BLODGETT, GARDNER S. 
 
 ( A. Q. M. (Capt), July 2, '64.) (A. Q. M. (Capt), July 2, '64,) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col. March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BLOODGOOD, EDWARD. 
 
 (Capt 2Stk Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt._^t/t Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Resaca, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the Savannah Campaign. 
 
 BLUE, URIAH. 
 
 (2d Lt %th Inf., July, 'oo.) . (Maj. y^h Inf., Mar. 13, '14.) 
 
 Retained, December, 1815 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), 
 as Captain, 8th Infantry, with Brevet of Maj. from March 13, 1814. 
 
 BLUNT, ASA P. 
 
 _ (A. Q. M. (Capt), Mar. 28, '67.) (A. Q. M. (Capt), Mar: 28, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 28, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Lee's Mills, Va., April 16, 1862. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 28, 1867, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Savage's Station, Va., June 29, 
 1862. Brevet Col., March 28, 1867, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
320 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 BLUNT, CHARLES E. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., July i, '46.) (Lt.-Col. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., June 30, i865, for long and faithful services during the war. 
 Brevet Col., June 30, 1866, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BLUNT, MATTHEW M. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Arty., July 1, '53.) (Lt.-Col. 2^th Inf., Oct. 7, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 13, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Col., June 
 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in action in front of Petersburg, 
 Va. 
 
 BOARDMAN, ELIJAH. 
 
 ^(Cornet Light Drags., June 13, 'oS.) (Capt. Light Drags., Aug. i, '13.) 
 
 Retained, December, 1815 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), 
 as 1st Lieutenant, 6th Infantry, with Brevet of Capt. from August i 1813. 
 Brevet Maj., March 31, 1827, for 10 years faithful service in one grade 
 
 BODPISH, CHARLES N. 
 
 (Capt. <)th Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) ( Capt. <)th Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, f'"' gallant and meritorious conduct at Contre- 
 ras and Churubusco. 
 
 BOGLE, ARCHIBALD. 
 
 {\st Lt. y)th Inf., May 21, '67.) (ist Lt. yjth Inf., May 21, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 21, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Olustee, Fla. 
 
 BOIES, JUSTUS W. 
 
 (\stLt ijth Inf., May 14, '61.) {ist Lt. 13M Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 28, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action in 
 front of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 BOMFORD, GEOROE. 
 
 {2d Lt. Engr., July i, -05.) (Col. Ordn., May 30, '32.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., December 22, 1814, for distinguished services in the Ord- 
 nance Department. Brevet Col., February 9, 1825, for 10 years faithful ser- 
 vice in one grade. 
 
 BOMFORD, GEORGE N. 
 
 (2d Lt ^th Inf., Nov. 12, '64.) ( \st Lt. \Zth Inf., Nov. 12, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 BOMFORD, JAMBS V. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Inf., July i , '32.) ( Col. %th Inf., May 18, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Aug. 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contreras 
 and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 8, 1847, for gallant and merito- 
 rious conduct atMolino del Key. Brevet Col., October 8, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Perryville, Ky. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 
 13, 1865, for faithful and efficient services. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 321 
 
 BONNEVILLE, BENJAMIN L. E. 
 
 [fivt. 2d Lt. Light Arty., Dec. 1 1, ' i S- ) {Col. -^d Inf., Feb. 3, '55. ) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Cliurubusco. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for long and 
 faithful services in the army. 
 
 BOOTES, LEVI C. 
 
 (Bvt. idLt. 6th Inf., June 28, '48.) (Lt.-Col. ztjth Inf., Jan. i, '71.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July i, 1S62, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Balvern Hill, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 13, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Col., July 2, 
 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BOSWELL, BENJAMIN D. 
 
 [idLt. 2i)th Inf., June 18, '67.) (2d Lt. wth Inf., June 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, June 18, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Capt., June 18, 1867, for meritorious servi- 
 ces during the war. 
 
 BOURNE, WILLIAM R. 
 
 (idLt. i,2dlnf., July 28, '66.) (\st Lt. ^2d Inf., Sept. 10, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BOWEN, ISAAC. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. ifh Arty., July I, '42.) (Com. Subs. (Capt.), Sept. 27, 50.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Capt, February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Buena Vista. 
 
 BOWEN, NICOLAS. 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Top. Engrs., Jidy. i, '60.) (Maj. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 24, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 reconnoissance near New Bridge, Va. Brevet Maj., November 25, 1863, for 
 gallant and meritorious services during the siege of Knoxville, Tenn. Brevet 
 Lt-Col., June 3, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Cold 
 Harbor, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 BOWERS, GEORGE. 
 (istLt. ^th Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (Capt. gth Inf., Dec. '47.) 
 
 . Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 BOWTiRS, THEODORE S. 
 
 (A. Q. M. (Capt.), July 29, '64.) (A. A. G. (Maf), Jan. 6, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Genl., April 9, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 BOWIE, GEORGE W. 
 
 (ist Lt. lyA Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (Capt. itfh Inf., July, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 IS 
 
322 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 BOWivcAigr, andhew. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Inf., July i, '41.) [Lt.-Col. t,\H Inf., June 6, '67. ) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
 BOTVMAN, CHARLES S. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. sfh Cav., July i, '60.) (Capt. 6fh Cav., July 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 20, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services on the 
 cavalry expedition into Mississippi. 
 
 BOYD, ATTGUSTUS. 
 
 (\st Lt. igth Inf., May 14, '61.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), May 30, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 10, 1864, for faithful and valuable services during the 
 war. Brevet Lieut-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and valuable services 
 during the war. 
 
 BOYD, CARULE. 
 (Capt. 44tA Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. ijtk Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Lieut. -Col.,' March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Groveton, Va. 
 
 BOYU!, JAMES H. 
 
 (2dLt. Marines, June 28, '09.) (Capt. of Arty., July 6, '12.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 5, 1814, for gallant conduct in defence of Fort Oswego, 
 N. Y. 
 
 BOYNTON, BENJAMIN A. 
 
 (2 Lt. 2<)tk Inf., Apl. 30, '13.) (Capt. 2d Inf., Jan. 8, '23.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., January 8, 1833, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 BOYNTON, EDV?'ARD C. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '46w) ( Capt. 2<^h Inf., Sept. 23, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful services 
 
 during the war. 
 
 BRACEETT, ALBERT G. 
 
 (Capt. 2d Cav., Mar. 3, '55.) {Lt.-Col. 2d Cav., June 9, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 28, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in the cam- 
 paign of 1862 in Arkansas. Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign. Brevet Col., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BRADFORD, JAMES H. 
 
 (2dLt. 17M Inf., Nov. 18, '62.) (Capt. 19 Inf., Dec. I, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August l, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of Spottsyl- 
 vania and during the campaign before Richmond, Va. 
 
 BRADFORD, THOMAS C. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. Ordn., June 24, '61.) (Capt. Ordn., Mar. 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Ordnance Department. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 323 
 
 BHADFORD, WILLIAM. 
 
 (Capt. \-]th Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) [Maj. 21st Inf., Aug. 20, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1815 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as cap- 
 tain, Rifles, with Brevet of Maj. from August 20, 1814. 
 
 BRADLEir, HBZBKIAH. 
 
 [Em. 2d Inf., Dec. 12, '08.) (Capt. 2 Inf., Apl. 19, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 19, 1824, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade 
 BRADLET, JOHN. 
 
 {i.dLt. dth Inf., Jatw 20, '20.) (\st Lt. 2d Inf., Oct. 2, '22.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 2, 1832, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 BRADLEY, LUTHER P. 
 
 (Lt.-Col 2yth Inf., July 28, '66.) [Lt.-Col. <)th Inf., July 28, '(&.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Resaca, Ga. 
 
 BRADLEY, THOMAS H. 
 
 (2dLt. ut/i Inf., May 11, '66.) • (\st Lt. 2\th Inf., Aug. 12, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BRADLEY, "WILLIAM A. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Oct. 22, '61.) {Asst. Surg., Oct. 22, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BRADY, GEORGE K. 
 
 (istU. \ifh Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i-^d Inf., June 10, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 18, 1864, for gallant services during the operations on 
 the Weldon R. R., Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services during the war. 
 
 BRADY, HUGH. 
 
 [Ens. Inf., '92.) [Col. 22d Inf., July 6, '12.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Genl., July 6, 1822, for 10 years' faithful service in one'grade. 
 Brevet Maj.-Genl., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct. 
 
 BRADY, JOHN. 
 
 [Em. 22d Inf., Mar. 31, '14.) (2d Lt. 22d Inf., Sept. '14.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., February 5, 1815, for gallant conduct. 
 BRAGG, BRAXTON. 
 [2dLt. 3d Arty., July 1, '37.) (Capt. 3d Arty., June 18, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 9, 1846, for gallant and distinguished conduct in defense 
 of Fort Brown, Tex. Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Lt.-Col., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct at Buena Vista. 
 
 BRAINARD, THOMAS C. 
 
 [Asst. Surg, Aug 5, '61.) (Asst. Surg, Aug 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
324 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 BRANAGAN, PATRICK. 
 
 {2dLt. 1st Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (1st Lt. 1st Inf., Dec. 29, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 BRAND, THOMAS T. 
 
 (1st Lt. i%th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. iZth Inf., Sept. 11, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battles of Stone River, Tenn., and Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 BRANNAN, JOHN M. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Arty., July i, '41.) (Maj. 1st Arty., Aug. I, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 25, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at Jacksonville, Fla. Brevet Col., September 20, 1863, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet 
 Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the cam- 
 paign against Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 BRANT, JOSHUA B. 
 
 (Ens. zyllnf., July 15, '14.) (Dep. Q. M. Genl. (Lt.-Col.), July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 17, 1814, for gallant conduct in the sortie from 
 Fort Erie. 
 
 BRAYTON, GBORGB M. 
 
 (istLt. itfh Inf., May 14, '6i.) (Capt. %th Inf., Jan. 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Missionary Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 BRBARLEY, DAVID. 
 
 (Capt. Light Drags., May 3, '08.) (Col. 15M Inf., Mar. 12, '13.) 
 
 Retained, January I, 1816 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 
 Lt.-Col., 7th Infantry, with Brevet of Col. from March 12, 1813. 
 
 BRBCE, SAMUEI.. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt 1st Arty., July i, '55.) (A. A. G. (Maj.), July 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 24, 1864, for faithful and meritorious services 
 during the war. Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for dili- 
 gent, faithful and meritorious services in the Adjutant-General's Department 
 during the war. 
 
 BRBCKINRIDGB, JOSEPH C. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Arty., Apl. 14, '62.) (Capt. 2d Arty., June 17, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, July 22, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 in front of Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services during the war. 
 
 BRENEMAN, EDWARD DE W. 
 
 (Asst. Surg-., Apl. 16, '62.) (Asst. Surg., Apl. 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 31, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 32$ 
 
 BKENT, THOMAS L. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. M Inf., July i, '35.) {A. Q. M. (Capt), Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. 
 
 BRERETON, THOMAS J. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. ^th Arty., July i, '43.) {Capt. Ordn., July i, '57.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto 
 
 and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 BREWER, JOHN W. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Nov. 22, '62.) • {Asst. Surg., Nov. 22, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 services during the war. 
 
 BREWERTON, HENRY. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. Engrs., July i, 'ig.) {Col. Engrs , Apl. 22, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for long, faithful and meritorious ser- 
 vices. 
 
 BREWERTON, HENRY P. 
 {2dLt. tfh Arty., May 14, '61.) {Capt. tfh Arty., Sept. 18, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, October ig, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Cedar Creek, Va. 
 
 BRE"V7STER, CHARLES. 
 
 {2dLt. ^th Cav., July 28, '66.) {1st Lt. ^th Cav., Feb. 24, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 BREYPOGLB, ROLAND C. 
 
 {2dLt. 12th Inf., July 28, '66.) {2d Lt. 12th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 BRICE, BENJAMIN W. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt. yilnf., July i, '29.) {Paymaster Genl. (Brig.-Genl.), July 28, '66.) 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Genl., December z, 1864. 
 No service Stated. Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for meritorious and 
 distmguished services in the Pay Department during the war. 
 
 BRIGHAM, ELIJAH D. 
 
 (Capt Subs.Dept., Feb. g, '63.) (Capt. Subs. Dept, Feb. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BRIGHTLY, CHARLES H. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt. Afh Inf., June 24, '61.) (Capt; sfk Inf., Sept. 16, '62.) 
 
 ■ Brevet Maj., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 5, 1864, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 BRIMHALL, ELISHA. 
 
 (Ens. cfhinf., Dec. 4, '13.) {xst Lt. <)th Inf., Sept. I, '14.) 
 
 •^Retained, January, 1816 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 
 2Q Lt. Artillery, with Brevet of ist Lt. from September i, 1814. 
 
326 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 BRINCE:L£!, JOHN R. 
 
 (zd Lt. lih Arty., May 14, '61.) (Capt. yih Arty., Oct. 7, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 6, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat 
 tie of Sailor's Creek, Va. Brevet Maj., April 9, 1865, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services in the campaign terminating with the surrender of General Lee. 
 
 BRUTDLBY, RICHARD. 
 
 (zif Lt. zd Inf., May 3, '61.) (,Capt. 2d Inf., — , — .) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. 
 
 ERINTON, JEREMIAH B. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Apl. 16, '62.) (Asst. Surg., Apl. 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj. March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BRISBIN, JAIOES S. 
 
 (2dLt. 1st Brags., Apl. 26, '61.) {Maj. zd Cav., Jan. i, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Beverly Ford, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 19, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in action at Marion, Tenn. Brevet Col., March 13,1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BRISTOL, HENRTB. 
 
 (zd Lt. ifh Inf., May 1 5, '57.) (Capt. tfh Inf., June r, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in New 
 Mexico. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13 1865, for faithful and meritorious services 
 in New Mexico, and particularly for his untiring zeal and energy in controlling 
 the Navajoe tribe of Indians at the Bosque Redondo, and for his praiseworthy 
 efforts in advancing their condition from that of savages to that of civilized 
 men. ' 
 
 BRITTON, THOMAS. 
 
 (zd Lt. 6th Inf., Nov. 18, '62.) ' (Capt. 6th Inf., Mar. i, '72.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BROATCH, "WILLIAM J. 
 
 (zdLt. lothlnf, May 18, '64.) (Capt. 40th Inf., July 28, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., October i, 1S64, for gallant services at the battle of Chapel 
 House, Va. 
 
 BRODHEAD, DANIEL M. 
 
 (1st Lt. 14th Inf., May 14, '61.) (1st Lt. lifh Inf. May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 BRODHEAD, THORNTON P. 
 
 (1st Lt. iith Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (Capt. itfh Inf., Dec. — , '47-) 
 
 Brevet Capt, August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 •^i 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 327 
 
 BHONAUGH, JOHN M. 
 
 {idLt. I2th Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (2d Lt. \2th Inf., Apt. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 BROOKE, GEORGE M. 
 
 (irf Lt. StA Inf., Mar. 3, '08.) {Col. tjtk Inf., July 15, '31.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort 
 Erie. Brevet Col., September 17, 1814, for distinguished and meritorious ser- 
 vices in the sortie from Fort Erie. Brevet Brig.-Genl., September 17, 1824, 
 for 10 years faithful service in one grade. Brevet Maj.-Genl., May 30, 1848, 
 for meritorious conduct in the war with Mexico. 
 
 BROOKE, JOHN. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Nov. 22, '62.) M-f-f'- Surg., Nov. 22, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BROOKE, JOHN R. 
 
 (,Lt.-Col. nth Inf., July 28, ''65.) (Lt.-Col. 3d Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritor- 
 ious services at the battle of Spottsylvania, C. H., Va. 
 
 BROOKS, ALEXANDER S. 
 
 {ut Lt Light Arty., May 3, '08.) {Lt.-Col. ifh Arty., Apl. 6, '35.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September ii, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Platts- 
 
 burg. 
 
 BROOKS, EDWARD. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Aug. 19, '62.) ■ (Asst. Surg., Aug. -19, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 services during the war. 
 
 BROOKS, HORACE. 
 
 {Bvt. td Lt. 2d. Arty., July I, '35.) {Col. ifh Arty., Aug. i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December 31, 1835, for gallant and good conduct in war against 
 Florida Indians. Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct at Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 8, 1847, 
 for gallant and meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey. Brevet Brig.-Genl., 
 March 13, 1865, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BROOKS, WILLIAM T. H. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. 3d. Inf., July I, '41.) {Maj. iBth Inf., Mar. 12, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 BROTHERTON, DAVID H. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. tfh Inf., July i, '54.) {Capt. tfh Inf., Sept. 25, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 21, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Valverde, N. M. 
 
328 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 BRO'WKr, A. BENSON. 
 
 (irf Lt. 43d Inf., July 28, '66.) (^st. Lt. 43d Inf., July 28,3*66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Drury's Bluff, Va. 
 
 BRO'VTN, FREDERICK H. 
 (2dLt. \?,th Inf., Oct. 30, '61.) (Capt. i%th Inf., May 15, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta Campaign. 
 
 BROWN, HACHALIAH. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. 4tk Arty., July i, '42.) {\st Lt. ^d Arty., Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 25, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 affair at Medelin, Mex. 
 
 BROWN, HARVEY. 
 
 (2dLt. Light Arty., July 24, '18.) (Col. tfh Arty., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 23, 1831, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Maj., November 21, 1836, for gallant conduct on several occasions, and 
 general efficiency in the war against Florida Indians. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 
 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Contreras. Bre- 
 vet Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant conduct at the gate of Belen, City of 
 Mexico. Brevet Brig.-Genl., November 23, 1861, for gallant and good conduct 
 during the engagement of Nov. 22 and 23, 1861, between Fort Pickens and the 
 rebel batteries. Brevet Maj.-Genl., August 2, 1866, for distinguished services 
 in the suppression of riot in New York City. 
 
 BROAATN, HARVEY E. 
 
 (As^t. Surg., Apt. 13, '63.) (Asst. Surg., Apt. 13, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 services during the war. 
 
 BROWN, HUGH G. 
 
 (T.dLt. iZth Inf., May 2, '66.) (\st Lt. 11th Inf., Nov. 25, '66. 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the siege 
 
 of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 services in the capture of Fort Harrison, Va. 
 
 BROWN, JAMES D. 
 
 (Ens. 2t)th Inf., Jan. 22, '13.) (ist Lt z^th Inf., May 2, '14.) 
 
 Retained, December, 181 5 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), 
 as 2d Lt. Artillery, with Brevet of 1st Lt. from May 2, 1814. 
 
 BROWN, JAMES P. 
 
 (2dLt. it^th Inf., Aug. 10, '63.) (Capt. 15/^ Inf., Aug. 15, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 BROWN, JOSEPH B. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., June 29, '49.) (Surg. (Major), July 4, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt. Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Genl., September 28, 1866, for meritori- 
 ous and distinguished services at Fort Columbus where cholera prevailed. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 329 
 
 BROWN, JUSTUS M. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., July 11, '62.) {Asst. Surg., July 11, '62.) 
 
 - Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 BROWN, LUCIUS F. 
 
 {idLt \%th Inf., June 9, '62.) {\st Lt. lith Inf., Jan. 14, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 19, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 BROWN, NATHAN W. 
 
 (Paymaster (Maj.), Sept. 5, '49.) (Asst. Paymaster-Genl. (Col), July 28, '66.) 
 
 ■ Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war. Brevet Brig.-Genl., October 15, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 BROW^N, W^ILLIAM H. 
 
 (Capt. li^h Inf., May 14, '61.) (Maj. \%th Inf., Aug. 16, '71.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BROWN, WILLIAM H. 
 
 (zd Lt. nth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. tfh Cav., April i, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 18, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 Piedmont and Lynchburg expedition. Brevet Maj., April I, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. 
 
 BROWNING, W^ILLIAM. 
 
 (Ens. <)th Inf., Mar. 12, 'i2.) (Capt. t)th Inf., Oct. 31, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1815 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 1st 
 Lt., 2d Infantry, with Brevet of Capt. from October 31, 1814. 
 
 BROWNSON, HENRY F. 
 
 (2d Lt. 3rf Arty., Dec. i, '61.) (Capt. 43d Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Maj., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 BRUA, JOHN P. 
 
 (Paymaster (Maj.), Feb. 23, '64.) (Paymaster (Maj.), Feb. 23, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 BRUNTON, WILLIAM B. 
 
 (zdLt. ^th. Cav., June 18, '67.) (ist Lt. <jth Cav., Sept. 13, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 18, 1867, for gallant conduct at the battle of Corinth, 
 Miss., October 2, 1862. Brevet Capt., June 18, 1867, for gallant conduct at the 
 battle of Nashville, Tenn., December 14, 1864. 
 
 BRYAN, FRANCIS T. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Top. Engrs., July i, '46.) (Capt. Top. Engrs., July i, '60.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., February 23, 1847, f°i' gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. 
 
 IS* 
 
330 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 BRYANT, MONTGOMERY. 
 
 {2dLt. 6th Inf., Feb. 21, '57.) (Maj. l^th Inf., Oct. 7, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 BUCEAKAN, ROBERT C. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. 4th Inf., July I, '30.) (Col', ist Inf., Feb. 8, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant and distinguished services at Palo AUo 
 and Resaca de la PaJma. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 8, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey. Brevet Col., June 27, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Brig.- 
 Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Maj-.Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and distin- 
 guished services at the battles of Manassas and Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 BUCHANAN, WILLIAM P. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Mar. 30, '64.) (Asst. Surg., Mar. 30, '64.) 
 
 Bi-evet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 
 BUCKNER, SIMON B. * 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. 2d Inf., July I, '44.) (Com. of Subs. (Capt.), Nov. 3, '52.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant conduct at Churubusco. Brevet 
 Capt., September 8, 1847, for gallant conduct at Molino del Rey. 
 
 BUEL, DAVID H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. \st Drags., June 24, '61.) (Capt. Ordn., July 30, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 22, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in action in 
 
 front of Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious and 
 
 distinguished services in the campaign from Atlanta, Ga., to Goldsboro, N. C. 
 
 BUELL, DON CARLOS. 
 
 (2dLt. ^Inf, July I, '41.) (A. A. G. (Col.), July 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 BTTELL, GEORGE P. 
 
 (Lt.-Col. 2^th Inf., July 28, '66.) (Lt.-Col. nth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Missionary Ridge, Tenn. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 2, 1867, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BUPPINGTON, ADELBERT R. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Ordn., May 6, '61.) (Maj. Ordn., June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March, 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Ordnance Department. 
 
 BTTPPUM, MARTIN P. 
 
 (2 Lt \tfh Inf., Mar. 16, '66.) (\st Lt icfh Inf., May. 11, '67.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt. and Brevet Capt., March, 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the assault after the explosion of the mine in front of Petersburg, 
 Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 33 1 
 
 BUPORD, ABRAHAM. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Drags., July i, '41.) {Capt. ist Drags., July 15, '53.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 
 Buena Vista. 
 
 BURBANK, JAMES B. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Arty., Mar. 12, '65.) (ist Lt. ^d Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 
 the war. 
 
 BURBANE, NATHANIBIi. 
 
 (2d Lt. yjth Inf., yan. 22, '67.) (2dLt. 37M Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Bristow Station, Va. 
 
 BURBANK, SIDNEY. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Inf., July i, '29.) [Col. 2d Inf., Sept. 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BURBANE, SULLIVAN. 
 
 (\stLt. zistlnf.. Mar. 12, '12.) (Lt.-Col. <fh Inf., Sept. 21, '36.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 BT7RBECK, HENRY. 
 (Capt. Arty., Sept. 29, '89.) (Co/. Arty., April I, '02.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Genl., July 10, 1812. No record. 
 BURD, JOHN A. 
 {Capt. Light Drags., July 6, '12.) {Capt. Light Drags., July 6, 'l2.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Oct. 31, 1814, for gallant conduct. 
 
 BURKE, DANIEL W. 
 (2d Lt. 2d Inf., July 18, '62.) (Capt. 14th Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., Jan. 22, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BURKE, MARTIN. 
 
 (2dLt. %th Inf., Jan. 28, '20.) (Lt.Col yl Arty., Aug. 28, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 8, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey. Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Genl., 
 March 13, 1865, for faithful services to his country. 
 
 BURKE, PATRICK E. 
 
 (\stLt. \T,th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 14th Inf., Oct. 24, '6t.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 14, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 
 of Resaca, Ga. 
 
 BURNETT, LEVI F. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2,(>th Inf., May 25, '67.) (ist Lt. ith Inf., May 10, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 25, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 
 of Antietam, Md. Brevet Capt., May 25, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 services during the war. 
 
332 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 BURNETT, ROBERT L. 
 
 {is( Lt. \2th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 12th Inf., Dec. 24, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., July 2„i863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BURNHAM, ARTHUR H. 
 
 (istLt. ofEngrs.,.yune 13, '64.) {Capt. Engrs., Mar. 6, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt,, August 23, 1864, for highly meritorious services at the sieges 
 of Forts Gaines and Mprgan, Ala. Brevet Maj., March 26, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the campaign against the city of Mobile and 
 its defences. 
 
 BURNS, GEORGE H. 
 
 {id Lt. \lth Inf., Nov. 12, '61.) (irf Lt. \tfh Inf., Dec. 22, 'di.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 BURNS, WILLIAM. 
 
 (ist Lt. 44t& Inf., July 28, '66.) (\st Lt. /^tfh Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of White Oak Swamp, Va. 
 
 BURNS, WILLIAM W. 
 
 t^Brev. 2dLt. t^ Inf., July I, '46.) i,Asst. Com. Gen. Subs. {Lt.-Col.), June 23, '74.) 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., June 29, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Savage Station. Brevet Col., June 30, 1862, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Glendale, Va. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BURROUGHS, GEORGE. 
 
 (2d Lt. Engrs., June 17, '62.) (Capt. Engrs., June 5, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt , September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the Vfar. 
 
 BURRO WES, THOMAS B. 
 
 (is/. Lt. iSt/i Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. <)th Inf., Nov. 13, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 BURT, ANDREW S. 
 
 (\st Lt. \%th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. gth Inf., May 30, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, June 19, 1862, for gallant at d meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Mill Springs, Ky. Brevet Maj., September I, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign and at the battle of Jones- 
 borough, Ga. 
 
 BURTON, HENRY S. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2id Arty., July I, '39.) (Col. ^th Arty., Aug. 11, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the capture of Petersburg, Va. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 333 
 
 BUSH, EDWARD G. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. 6th Inf., July i, '59.) [Capt. lath Inf., Mar. 13, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BUSH, JOSEPH. 
 
 (Cap. iTfh Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. zzd Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburgh, Miss. 
 
 BUTLER, JAMES. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Inf., Nov. 26, '62.) (ist Lt. zd Inf., JVov. 16, '63.) 
 
 . Brevet ist Lt., May, 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallan', and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 BUTLER, JOHN G. 
 
 (2d Lt. ifh Arty., June 11, '63.) (Capt. Ordn., June 23, '74. 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 BUTLER, JOHN H. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Arty., M.iy 22, '61.) (Capt. \2d Inf., Ji.n. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Glendale, Va. Brevet Maj., November 8, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in action near Culpeper C. H., Va. 
 
 BUTLER, ROBERT. 
 
 (Capt. 2ifh Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Adjt. Genl. (Col.), March 5, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., December 23, 1814, for gallant conduct at the siege of New 
 Orleans. 
 
 BUTLER, THOMAS L. 
 
 (2d Lt. Light Arty., April 13, '09.) (Capt. 2%th Inf., May 20, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , January 8, i8i5,for gallant conduct at the siege of New Orleans. 
 
 BUTLER, WILLIAM O. 
 
 (Ens. 2d Inf., Sept. 28, '12.) (Capt. 4^h Inf., Apl. $th, '13.) 
 
 - Brevet Maj., December 13, 1814, for gallant coiWuct at the siege of New 
 Orleans. 
 
 BUTTERFIELD, DANIEL. 
 
 {Lt.-Col. 12th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Col. ^th Inf., July i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 ■during the war. Brevet Maj. -Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the field during the war. 
 
 BUTTERFIELD, SHUBAEL. 
 
 (Ens. ifh Inf., Jan. 3, '12.) [ist. Lt. ifh Inf., Feb. 21, '14.) 
 
 Retained, January, 18 16 .(in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 
 2dLt. 5th Infantry, with Brevet of ist Lt. from February 21, 1814. 
 
334 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 BYBRS, JOSEPH K. 
 
 (ist. Lt. i,zdliif.. Mar. 7, '67.) {\st. Lt. ^2d Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle oE Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Maj., March 7, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 BYRD, FRANCIS O. 
 
 {zd Lt. zd Arty., July 2, '12.) (\st. Lt. of Arty., Aug. 30, '16.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. February zo, 1815, for distinguished and meritorious services. 
 
 BYRNE, CHARLES C. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., June 23, '60.) {.Stirg., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meri- 
 torious services during the war. 
 
 BYRNE, THOMAS. 
 
 {2d Lt 2d Inf., July l8, '62.) (Capt. 12th Inf., Aug. 15, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 CADWALADER, GEORGE. 
 
 (Brig.-Genl, Mar. 3, '47.) (Brig.-Genl., Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Genl., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at ChapuUepec. 
 
 CADY, ALBEMARLE. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 6th Inf., July i, '29.) (Col. Sth Inf., Oct. 20, 63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Molino del Rey. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful 
 services in the army. 
 
 CAHILL, JAMES. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Cav., Aug. 10, '63.) (Capt. 2d Cav. .) 
 
 Brevet ist. Lt. May, 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Todd's Tavern, Va. 
 
 CAIN, AVERY B. 
 
 (2d Lt. ^h Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. ifh Inf., Oct. ig, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj., May 24, 1864, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of North Anna River, Va. 
 
 CAIN, WILLIAM J. 
 
 (2dLt. id Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (\st Lt. 3d Cav., Oct. 9, '65.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt, November 15, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 action near Tuscumbia, Ala. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Mission Ridge and in the Atlanta cam- 
 paign. 
 
 CALD-WELL, GEORGE A. 
 
 (Q. M. M.ij.), June 26, '46.) (Q. M. (Maj.), June z6, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 335 
 
 CALDWELIi, JAMES N. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d /J. 2d/n/., July i, '40.) (Miy. \Wi Inf., Feb. 27, '62. ) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 CALBP, JOHN H. 
 
 {id Lt. Ith Arty., June 17, '62.) (Capt. 2d. Arty., Mir. 16, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 6, 1864, for gallant and good conduct at Gettysburgh, and 
 in the Campaign from the Rapidan to Petersburg. Brevet Maj., March 13, 
 1865, for good conduct and gallant services during the war. 
 
 CALHOUN, JAMES T. 
 
 (AssL Sursf., Apl. 13, '63.) [Asst. Surg., Apt. 13, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services? during the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., July i9i '866, for distinguished and 
 meritorious services at Hart's Island, N. Y., where cholera prevailed. 
 
 CALL, RICHARD K. 
 
 (\stLt. i,ijthlnf., July 15, '14.) [Capt. 1st Inf., July I, 'l8.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, November 7, 18 14, for gallant conduct at Pensacola and New 
 Orleans. 
 
 CALLAHAN, CHARLES M. 
 
 (2dLt yi Arty., Feb. 23, '66.) [ist It. ifh Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Bentonville, N. C. 
 
 CALLEHAN, JAMES. 
 
 [2d Lt. Afh Cav., Aug. 10, '63.) {1st Lt. ^th Cav., July 25, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. December i6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 pursuit of rebel forces under General Hood. Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the capture of Selma, Ala. Brevet Maj., 
 April 2, 1865, for gallantry during the pursuit of Hood after the battle of 
 Nashville, and in the charge of his regiment against the earthworks at Selma, 
 Ala. 
 
 CALLENDER, FRANKLIN D. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. Ordn., July I, '39.) [Col. Ordn., Jidy 3, '71.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May i, 1842, for active and highly meritorious services in 
 war against Florida Indians. Brevet Capt., August 20. 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj , April 14, 
 1862, for faithful and meritorious services in his department. Brevet Lt.-Col , 
 March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the siege of 
 Corinth, Miss. Brevet Col, March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services in the Ordnance Department at St. Louis, Mo. Brevet Brig.-Genl., 
 April 9, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the Ordnance Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 CALLIS, JOHN P. 
 
 {Capt. i,tfhlnf.. Mar. 7, '67.) [Capt 45^// Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
336, BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 CAMP, ELISHA B. 
 
 (^2dU. ^tJi Inf;, May 14, '57.) (A. Q. M. (Capt), Aug. 3, '6r.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful services during the 
 war. 
 
 CAMP, ERSEINE M. 
 
 (ist Lt. Aflth Inf., June 10, '67.) [\st Lt. ipth Inf., June 10, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 10, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Cedar Mountain, Va. 
 
 CAMPBELL, CHARLES H. 
 
 (zdLt. et/i Cav., July 25, '66.) [Capt. dth Cav., Sept. 20, '74-) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 CAMPBELL, HENRV M. 
 
 (id Lt. of Arty., July 19, '13.) (2d Lt. of Arty., Oct. 12, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Ist Lt,, July 5, 1814, for distinguished services at the battle of Chip- 
 pewa. Brevet Capt., July 25, 1814, for distinguished services at the battle of 
 Niagara Falls. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JOHN. 
 (Asst. Surg., Dec. 13, '47.) (Surg. (Maj.), May 21, '61.) 
 
 Breevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 strvices during the war. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JOHN A. 
 zd Lt. tfh Arty., Oct. 10, '67.) (2d Lt tfh Arty., Oct. 10, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., October 10, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the war, especially in the battle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Captain, Oct. 10, 
 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the war, especially in the 
 battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Maj., October to, 1867, for gallant and 
 metritorious Services during the war, especially in the battle of Resaca, Ga. 
 Brevet Lt-Col., October 10, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the war, especially in the battle of Franklin, Tenn. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JOHN B. 
 
 (Lt.-Col. igth Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Col. wth Inf., April<), '14.) 
 
 Brevet Col., December iS, 1812, for gallant conduct at the battle of Mis- 
 
 sissinewa. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JOSEPH B. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. ^th Arty., June2S„ '61.) (Capt. ifh Art, Feb. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Captain, August 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Bull Run (2d) Va. Brevet Maj., September 17, 1862, for gallant 
 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. 
 
 CAMPBELL, REUBEN P. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Drags., July 1, '40.) (Capt. 2d Drags., Aug 8, '51.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Feb. 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Buena 
 
 Vista. 
 
 CANBY, ED'WARD R. S. 
 
 (2d Lt 2d Inf., July I, '39.) (Brig.-Genl., July 28, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Centre- 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 337 
 
 ras and Churubiisco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant conduct 
 at Belen Gate of the city of Mexico. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Valverde, N. M. Brevet Maj. 
 Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the capture of 
 Fort Blakely and Mobile, Ala. 
 
 CANBY, SAMUEL. 
 
 {id Lt. Afh Arty., Oct. 21, '6l.) [ist Lt. ifh Arty., Aug. J, '62.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Capt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., Mar. 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Franklin, Tenn. 
 
 CANTON, THOMAS M. 
 
 {idLt. 2^k Inf., July 28, '66.) (2d Lt. z^th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Reams' Station, Va. 
 
 CAPRON, ADIN B. 
 
 (\st Lt Sig. Corp, Mar. 3, '63.) [\st Lt. Sig. Corp, Mar. 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 5, 1864, for faithful and meritorious services. " 
 CARAHER, ANDREW P. 
 {,\stLt. ^z<ilnf., July 28, '66.) [Capt. 8t/i Cav.,Jan. 15, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Mar. 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 CARD, BENJAMIN C. 
 
 {istLt 12th Inf., Sep. 27, '6i.) (Q. M. (Maj.), June 6, '72.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 
 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 CAREY, ASA B. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. bth Inf., July I, '58.) (Paymaster (Maj.), Oct. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 28, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Apache Canon, N. M. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, tor gallant 
 and meritorious services in the wrar against the Navajoe Indians. 
 
 CARI.ETON, JAMES H. 
 
 (2.dLt. 1st Drags., Oct. 18, '39.) (Lt.-Col. Afh Cav., July 31, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Buena 
 Vista. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for services in New Mexico. Brevet 
 Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services in New Mexico. Brevet Brig.- 
 Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in New Mexico. 
 Brevet Maj. -Genl., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 CARLIN, WILLIAM P. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. dth Inf., July 1, '50.) (Lt.-Col. ijtA Inf, July i, '72.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., November 24, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chattanooga, Tenn. Brevet Col , September i, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. Brevet Brig.-Genl., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Benton- 
 
 '&■ tvi>. 
 
338 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 ville, N.C. Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, £or gallant and meritorious 
 services in the field during the war. 
 
 CARLING, ELIAS B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '59.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Aug. 20, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for valuable and faithful 
 services as Chief Qaartennaster of the Cavalry of the Military Division of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 CARIiISLIi, JOSIAH H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Arty., July I, '45.) {,Capt. 2d Arty., Mar. 3, '57.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July I, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 Peninsular Campaign in Virginia. 
 
 CARLTON, CALEB H. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. yt/i Inf., July i, '59.) (Maj. yl Cav., May 17, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 Peninsular Campaign in Virginia. Brevet Lt.-Col , September 20, 1863, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 CARNCROSS, SEPTIMUS E. 
 
 {2dLt. nth Inf., May 11, '65.) (u/ Lt. 20t& Inf., Oct. 3, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 3, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Hatcher's Run, Va. 
 
 CARNEY, JOSEPH D. 
 
 (\st Lt. 17th Inf., Ally 14, '61.) (Capt. ijt/i Inf., May I, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 CAROLIN, ALEXANDER. 
 
 2d Lt. e^th Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. i,th Inf., June 9, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services. 
 
 CARPENTER, ARTHUR B 
 
 (2d Lt. Vjth Inf., Nov. 29, '62.) (Capt. \tjth Inf., Jan. 29, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Septemljer i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign and at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 CARPENTER, GILBERT S. 
 
 (2d Lt. i%th Inf., Juneg, '62.) (Capt. s^h Inf., Ddc. 2t, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 CARPENTER, LOUIS H. 
 
 (2d Lt. 6t/i Cav., July 17, '62.) (Capt. \otA Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt , September 19, 1864, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Winchester, Va. Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt- 
 Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 Brevet Col., October 18, 1868, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 engagement with Indians on Beaver Creek, Kansas. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 339 
 
 CARPENTER, STEPHEN D . 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. 1st Inf., July i, '40.) (Maj. ig/^ Inf., May 14, '6l.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Apl. 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Col., Decemljer 31, 1862, for gallant and meri- 
 torious conduct at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 CARPENTER, THOMAS H. 
 
 (irf Lt. \-]th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Caft. ijt/i Inf., May 4, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 CARR, CAMILLO C. C. 
 
 (2dLt. istCav., Oct. 31, '63.) (Capt. ist Cav., Apl. 8, '69.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt. May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. Brevet Capt., September 19, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Winchester, Va. 
 
 CARR, EUGENE A. 
 
 {Bvt. ZdLt. Mounted Hifles, July i, '50.) (Lt.-Col., ^th Cav., Jun. 7, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 10, 186 r, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo. Brevet Col., May j;, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the action of Black River Bridge, Miss. Brevet Brig.- 
 Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the capture of 
 Little Rock, Ark. Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the field during the war.- 
 
 CARROIiL, CHARLES H. 
 
 {zd Lt ^tk Arty., Aug. 5, '6 1 . ) (\st Lt. ifh Arty., — . — .) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Sailor's Creek, Va. 
 
 CARROLL, SAMUEL S. 
 
 {Bvt. zdLt. gt/ilnf, July 1, '56.) {Lt.-Col. z\st Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 3, i333, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Col., May 5, 1864, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. Breevt 
 Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1855, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 CARTER, EUGENE. 
 
 {Bvt. ZdLt. %th Inf., June 24, '61.) {Capt. 2^t/i Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 Peninsular campaign in Virginia. Brevet Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 CARTER MASON. 
 
 (zd Lt. tfh Inf., May 12, '62.) {ist Lt. cfh Inf., May 14, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 18, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in an 
 . affair vfith Indians en route from Fort Hays to Fort Harker, Kansas. 
 
34° BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 CASEY, JAMES S. 
 
 (2dLt. tjth Inf., Atig. s, '6i.) (Capt. <fh Inf., Dec. i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 25, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 rebel attack on Fort Stedman, Va. 
 
 CASEY, SII.AS. 
 
 [,Bvt. 2dLt. ^th Inf., July I, '26.) (Col. i^th Inf., Oct. 9, '6i.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. Brevet Brig.-Genl., May 31, 1862, for 
 gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Maj.- 
 Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 CASEY, THOMAS L. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Engrs., July I, '52.) (Lt.-Col. Engrs., Sept. 2, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 CATLIN, ISAAC S. 
 
 (Capt. i,tfh Inf., May 6,!'67.) (Capt. 45M Inf., May 6, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 6, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 6, 1867, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services in the battle of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 CATLIN, LYNDE. 
 
 (Capt. i^A Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) (Capt. wth Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 CATLIN, ROBERT. 
 
 (zd Lt. tfh Arty., June 11, '63.) (Capt. ^^d Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 18, 1864, for gallant services during the operations on 
 the Weldon R. R., Va. Brevet Capt, August 21, 1864, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services in the battle on the Weldon R. R., Va. 
 
 CHAFFEE, ADNA A. R. 
 
 (2dLt. 6tk Cav., Mar. 13, '63.) [Capt. 6th Cav., Oct. 12, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt.,;july 3,1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the Gettysburg 
 campaign. Brevet Capt., March 31, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 at the battle of Dinwiddie C. H., Va. Brevet Maj., March 7, 1868, for gallant 
 and efficient services in the engagement with Comanche Indians at Paint Tree, 
 Tex., March 7, 1868. 
 
 CHAFFEE, CLEMENS C. 
 
 (2d Lt. Ordn., June 17, '62.) [Capt. Ordn., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 CHALFIN, SAMUEL F. 
 
 (2d Lt \st Arty.ljidy i, '47.) \A. A. G. (Maj.), June 17, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 24, 1864, for meritorious and faithful services 
 during the war. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for diligent, faithful and meri- 
 torious services in the Adjutant General's department during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 34I 
 
 CHAIOBIiRLAIN, 'WARREN TV. 
 
 (irf Lt. \Afk Tnf., May 14, '61.) (u/ Lt. 14M Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Bull Run, Va. 
 
 CHAMBERLIN, 'WILIiIAM H. 
 
 {2dLt. l^th Inf., July 19, '62.) (irf Lt. \-]th Inf., Aug. 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 CHAIOBERS, ALEXAITDER. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. e,th Inf., July i, '53.) (MaJ. ^th Inf., Mar. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 19, 1862, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Inka, Miss. Brevet CoL, July 4, 1863, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 CHAItffBERS, JAMES A. 
 
 (2</ Lt. Light Arty., July I, '20.) (Capt. 2d Arty., July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July i, 1830, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 CHAMBERS, TALBOT. 
 
 {ist Lt. tfh Inf., June 18, '08.) (Col. Rifles, Nov. 10, '18.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 17, 1814, for gallant conduct in the sortie from 
 Fort Erie. 
 
 CHAMBLISS, "WILLIAM P. 
 
 (1st Lt. tfh Cav., Mar 3, '55.) (Maj. Afh Cav., Mar 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in action at 
 ■Warvi-ick's Creek, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., June 28, 1862, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Gaines's Mills, Va. 
 
 CHANDLER, DANIEL T. 
 
 (zdLt. Tid Inf., Aug. i, '38.) (Maj. ^th Inf., May, 20, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 CHANDLER, JOHN G. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. zdArty., July r, '53.) (Q. M. (Maj.), Jan. 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 CHANDLER, ROBERT. 
 
 (Capt. I2^h Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. \ith Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Antietam, Md. 
 
 CHAPIN, GURDEN. 
 
 (But. 2dLt. -jth Imf, July i, '51.) (Maj. i/[th Inf., May 18, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 15, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle. 
 
342 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 of Peralta, N. M. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 CHAPIN, KOBBRT H. 
 
 {■zdLt. id Arty., Oct. 24, '61.) (Capt. ?,th Cav., July 28, '(A.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle - 
 of Hanover C. H., Va. Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., March_i3, 
 1865, for good conduct and gallant services during the war. 
 
 CHAFMAIT, ORREN. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. id Drags., July I, '46.) (ist Lt. 1st Drags., Feb. Ij '53. 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 25, 1847, ^°'^ gallant and meritorious conduct at Mede- 
 lin, near Vera Cruz, Mex. 
 
 CHAPMAN, "WILLIAM. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. $th Inf., July i, '31.) (Lt.-Col. ^d Inf., Feb. 20, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con" 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 8, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey. Brevet Col., August 30, 1862, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. 
 
 CHAPMAN, -WILLIAM W. 
 
 (id Lt. id Arty., Jtily, i '37.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), May 11, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Buena 
 Vista. 
 
 CHASE, CONSTANTINE. 
 
 (id Lt. 1st Arty., May 11, '66.) (1st Lt. -J^d Arty., Mar. id, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 CHASE, DANIEL. 
 
 (Capt. i^th Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (Maj. lyA Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 29, 1862, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious services at the battle of Chickasaw Bluffs, Miss. Brevet Col., 
 
 January n, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Arkansas 
 
 Post, Ark. 
 
 CHASE, LESLIE. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. id Arty., July 1, '38.) (A. Q.M. (Capt.), Apl. 10, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto 
 
 and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 CHESTER, JAMES. 
 
 (Bvt. idLt. 1st Arty., Feb. 19, '63.) (1st Lt. yi Arty., Jan. 14, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the Gettys- 
 burg campaign. Brevet Capt., August 25, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in action at Kearneysville, Va. 
 
 CHICKERING, JOHN "W. 
 
 (id Lt. 13M Inf., May II, '66.) (1st Lt. lid Inf., Feb. I, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 343 
 
 CHIIiDS, THOMAS. 
 
 {yl Lt. of Arty., Mar. ii, '14.) [Maj. 1st Arty., Feb. 16, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 21, 1833, for planning the attack on the Indians at Fort 
 Drane, Fla., and good conduct in that affair. Brevet Lt.-Col., February i, 
 1841, for gallant conduct and repeated successes in the virar against Florida In- 
 dians. Brevet Col., May 9, 1845, for gallant conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca 
 de la Palma. 
 
 CHILTON, ROBERT H. 
 
 (2d Lt. ist Drags., July i, '37.) {Paymaster (Ma/.), y«i?)/ 25, '54.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Buena 
 Vista. 
 
 CHIPMAN, HENRY L. 
 
 (Caft. nth Inf., May 14, '6r.) (M.ij. yiinf, Oct. 29, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , May 3, 1863, for gallant and naeritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 2, 1S63, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 CHOISY GEORGE L. 
 
 [idLt. \/ifh Inf., June 9, '62.) (Capt. nth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of North 
 Anna River, Va. Brevet Maj., August 18, 1864, for gallant services at the 
 . battle on the Weldon R. R., Va. 
 
 CHOTARD, HENRY. 
 
 (idLt. yllnf, May 3, 'oS.) (A. A. G. (Mjj.], Oct. 17, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 23, 1814, for gallant conduct at the siege of New 
 Orleans. 
 
 CHRISTOPHER, JOHN. 
 
 (\st Lt. \()th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i6th Inf., Feb. 21, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of C hickamauga, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., Mai-ch 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the war. '^ 
 
 CHUNN, JOHN T. 
 
 (Capt. i(jih Inf., April 14, '12.) (Capt. igth Inf., April 14, '12.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in defense of Fort Erie. 
 
 CHURCHILL, SYLVESTER. 
 
 (1st Lt. of Arty., Mar. 12, '12.) (Inspector Gen (Col), Jun: 25, '41.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 15, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 *Brevet Brig.-Gen., "February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. 
 
 CHURCHILL, -WILLIAM H. 
 (zdLt. ylArty.,July i, '40.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.], Mar. 3, '47O 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 9, 1846, for gallant and distinguished services at Palo 
 Alto and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 CHURCHILL, -WILLIAM H. 
 (2dLt. ^h Cav., June y, '64.) (i-f/ Lt. ^th Cav., Aug. 3, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., .\pril 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 
344 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 conduct during the campaign terminating with the surrender of General Lee's 
 army. 
 
 CILLEY, GREENLEAF. 
 
 {isi Lt. isi Cav., Feb. 23, '66.) (^st Lt. 1st Cav., Apl. II, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 serrvices at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 CISSNA, CHARLES. 
 
 I^Etis. i(sth Inf., May 20, '13.) (zd Lt. 19M Inf., Oct. —, '14.) 
 
 Brevet 2d Lt., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in defense of Fort Erie. 
 
 CLAPLIN, IRA •W. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. Mtd. Rifles, July i, '57.) {.Capt. (sth Cav., Dec. 23, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Feburary 21, 1862. for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Valverde, N. M. Brevet Maj., July 7, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services, during the Gettysburg campaign. 
 
 CLAIBORNE, THOMAS, Jr. 
 
 (2d Lt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, 46.) (,Capt. Mtd. Rifles, Aug. 30, '53.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 9, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the 
 battle of Huamantla. 
 
 CLARE, HOMER H. 
 
 2dLt. \(sth Inf., Nov. 20, '61.) (\st Lt. \(,th Inf., Feb. 21, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 19, 1863, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 CLARE, ISAAC, Jr. 
 
 {Ens. wth Inf., Dec. 31, '12.) (Q. M. [Maj.) Ju'y 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 7, 1832, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 CLARK, JOHN D. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Inf., July I, '42.) [ist Lt. Zth Inf., July 21, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, ^°^ gallant and meritorious conduct at Mo- 
 lino del Rey. 1 
 
 CLARK, JOSEPH C, Jr. 
 [Bvt id Lt T,d Arty., July i, '48.) [Capt. i,th Arty., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 9, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in the cam- 
 paign of 1862 in the Shenandoah Valley. Brevet Lt-Col, September 17, 1862, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet 
 Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 CLARK, NATHAN. 
 
 [2d Lt. 2i7ih Inf., May 19, '13.) (Capt t^th Inf., June 29, '24.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 29, 1834, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 CLARK, NEWMAN S. 
 
 [Ens. lUh Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) [Col. (sth Inf., June.z"], '46.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 25, 1824, for 10 year.s' faithful service in one grade. Brevet 
 
 Brig.-Gen. March 29, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct atthe siege of 
 
 Vera Cruz. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 345 
 
 glare; SIDNEY E. 
 
 {idLt. i6t/i Inf. Julyz%, '65.) (\st U. id Inf. Aug. i, '75.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and n\eritor.ious services at the bat- 
 tle of Winchester, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, i867,forgallantandrneritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 CLARK, -WILLIAM J. 
 
 {Capt. xzth Inf., ApL 9, '47.) (Capt. 12th Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Mai., August 15, 1847, fo'' gallant and meritorious conduct in several 
 affairs with Guerillas at Paso Ovejas, National Bridge, and Cerro Gordo. 
 
 CLARKE, ALEXANDER S. 
 {zd I.t. id Arty., June 13, '64.) (Capt. i^h Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritoirious services at the battle 
 of Five Forks,. Va. 
 
 CLARKE, CHARLES E. 
 
 (Capt. ■^%th Inf., July i%,'(i(>.) (Capt.\-]th Inf., July 1%,'fA.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant arid meritorious services in the siege 
 of Port Hudson, La. 
 
 CLARKE, FRANCIS. 
 
 {id Lt. lyk Inf., May 14, '6i.J (Capt. lid Inf. Oct. 10, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss.- Brevet Maj., November 25, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 CLARKE, FRANCIS N. 
 
 {id Lt. /^h Arty., July i, '40.) {Maj. tfh Arty., Aug. 5, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt-Col. and Brevet Col., February i, 1865. (Services not specified.) 
 
 CLARKE, GEORGE J. 
 
 {ist Lt. Sig. Corps, Mar. 3, '63.) (1st Lt. Sig. Corps Mar. 3, '(>y) 
 
 Brevet Capt, December 5, 1864, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 
 CLARKE, HENRY F. 
 
 {Bvt. id Lt. id Arty., July \,''^y)(Asst.Cam..-Genl.Subs. (Lf.Col.),June 2% '64.) 
 ' Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapiiltepec. Brevet Col., September ir, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the campaign in Maryland. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of . Gettysburg, Pa. 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful, and meritorious services in the 
 Subsistence Department during the war. 
 
 CLARY, ROBERT B. 
 
 (Bvt. IdLt. 5^4 Inf., July i, '28.) (A. Q. M.-Cenl. (Col.), July 29, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritori- 
 ous services during the war- 
 
 CLAY, JOHN K. 
 {id Lt. ntk Inf., June 30, '62.) (1st Lt. l^h Inf., May 14, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 16 
 
34^ BREVETS CONFEEKED FROM l8l2 
 
 CLEGHORN, JOHN F. 
 
 ( 1st Lt. 4^tA Inf., July 28, '66. ) ( i J' Lt. ^tfh Inf^ July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet C.apt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the cap- 
 ture of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 CTLEMENS, WTLLIAM "W. 
 
 (2dLt. \-]th Inf., Feb. 23 , '66.) [1st Lt. 35*4 Inf., Feb. 1, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the cap- 
 ture of Fort Fisher, N. C. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for meritorious services 
 in the Signal Corps during the war. 
 
 CLEMIilTTS, BENNETT A. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Nm. 4, '56.) {Surg: (Maj.), Feb. 27, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful nnd meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 CLIFFORD, WALTBE. 
 
 (2dlJ. idth Inf., Aug. 10, '63.) {Capt. Jth Inf., July 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 19, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 CLINCH, DUNCAN L. 
 
 (1st Lt. Jdlnf, July I, '08.) ( Col. Zth Inf., Apl. 2P, '19.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., April 20, i829> for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 CMNTON, WILEJAM. 
 
 {ist Lt. loth Inf., Mar. 3, '55.) ^Maj. i^h Inf., Feb. 17, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of GettysburgjjPa. 
 
 CLITZ, HENRY B. 
 (Bvt. 2.dLt. 1th Inf., July 1, '45.) (Cel. icth Inf., Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., Apl. 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Lt.-Col., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for galJant and 
 meritorious services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and distinguished services in the field. 
 
 CLITZ, JOHN. 
 [Ens. 12th Inf., Mar. 30, '14.) ( Capt. zd Inf., Apl, 4, '32.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., September 17, 1814, for distinguished services at Brown's sor. 
 tie from Fort Erie. Brevet Capt., December 31, i829,for loyears' faithful ser- 
 vice in one grade. 
 
 CLOSSON, HENRY W. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Arty., July 1, '54.) (Major $th Arty., Nov. 1, '76.) 
 
 BrevetMaj., July 8, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the capture 
 of Port Hudson, La. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 23,1864, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the capture of Fort Morgan, Ala. 
 
 CLOUS, JOHN W. 
 
 (2d Lt. 6th Inf., Nov. 29, '62.) ( Capt. 2^h Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious seri'ices at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt, March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 347 
 
 COATES, EDWIN M. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Cm)., Aug. 5, '61.) {.Caft. Afh Inf., Apt. 11, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, Va., and during the campaign before Richmond. 
 
 COATS, ALBERT. 
 
 [zdLt. 6th Cav., Oct. 26, '6i.) (ist. Lt. 6th Cav., Dec. 23, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 COBBS, WADDY V. 
 
 (Ens. j/i Inf., Aug. 4, '13.) (Maj. e^h Inf., Apl. 26, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 31, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 COCHRAN, MELVILLE A. 
 
 (Capt. 16th Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. 2d Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 30, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 GOENZLER, PETER J, 
 
 (2d Lt. i6th Inf., — , '63.) (2d Lt. \6ih Inf.,—, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, November 25, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 COFFEE, ANDREVr J. 
 
 (Addtl. Paymaster, June 24, '46.) (Paymaster (Maj.), Feb. 23, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Lt. Col., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Buena Vista. 
 
 COFFIE, WILLIAM, 
 
 (Ens. iffh Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (\st Lt. \tfh Inf., Sept. 21, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, l8i6 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 2d 
 Lt., Artillery, with Brevet of ist Lt. from September 21, 1814. 
 
 COGSWELL, MILTON. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 4th Inf., July i, '49.) (Maj. Zth Inf., Oct. 8, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 21, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Ball's Bluff, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col. July 30, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in front of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 COLE, ALONZO A. 
 
 (2d Lt.yth Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) .(Capt. Jth Inf., May ^, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 COLEMAN, FREDERICK W. 
 
 (2dLt. i^h Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (Capt. lifh Inf., Oct. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the battle of Cold Harbor, Va 
 
348 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 COLLIER, -WILLIAM S. 
 
 (2dLt. ifh Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. ifk Inf., June 29, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj. April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in front of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 COLLINS, FRANCIS. 
 
 (Bvt.2dLt.ith Arty., July I, '^e,.) (\st. Lt. \th Arty., Sept. it,,^'].) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at ■ 
 Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 COLLINS, JOSEPH B. 
 
 (2d Lt. ifk Inf., Mar. 29, '48.) (Maj. 2d Inf., Jan. 20, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 30, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. Brevet (Col., April 9, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the operations resulting in the fall 
 of Richmond and the surrender cf General Lee. 
 
 COLLINS, PATRICK. 
 
 (2dLt. \ifh Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 21st Inf., July 22, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. Brevet Maj., September 17, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Antietara, Md. 
 
 COMBA, RICHARD. 
 
 (2d It. yfklnf, Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. -jth Inf., Mar. 14, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 2, 1863, for gallant an-d meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Va. 
 
 ' COMLY, CLIFTON. 
 
 (2d Lt, 1st. Cav., June 17, '62.) (Capt. Ordn., Dec. 15, '67. 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Ordnance Department. 
 
 COMPTON, CHARLES E. 
 
 (Maj. ifith Inf., July 28, '66.) (Maj. 6th Cav., July 2%, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 campaign against Mobile, Ala. 
 
 COMSTOCK, CYRUS B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., July i, '55.) (Maj. Engrs., Dec. 28, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburgh, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 6, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Col., Jan- 
 uary 15, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the capture pf Fort Fisher, 
 N. C. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 in the campaign ending with the capture of Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 CONNER, PHINEASS. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Apr. 16, '62.) [Asst. Surg., Apr. 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 349 
 
 CONNOLLY, THOMAS. 
 
 {2d Lt. 2yth Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) (\stLt. 2jth Inf. July i, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Port Hudson, La. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the siege of Port Hudson, La. 
 
 CONRAD, JOSEPH. 
 
 (Capt. 2<)th Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. lUh Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1S67, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 Atlanta campaign.. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of Franklin, Tenn. Brevet CoI„ March 2, 1867, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services in the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 CONRAD, JOSEPH S. 
 
 (Bvt 2d Lt ifh Inf., July I, '57.) [Capt. 2d Inf., Nmi. i, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle 
 of North Anna River, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the campaign under General W. S. Hancock in 1864. 
 
 CONWAY, EDVTIN J. 
 
 (2dLt. 4tA Cav., Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt ifh Cav., July i, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, April 2, 1865,'^for gallant aijd meritorious services at the 
 capture of Selma, Ala. 
 
 CONYNGHAM, JOHN B. 
 
 (Capt. r^th Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) (Capt ■^Sth Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the siege 
 of Yorktown, Va. Brevet Lt. Col., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Fair Oaks, Va. 
 
 CONYNGHAM, JOHN F. 
 
 (2dLt li,tk Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (T-st. Lt 2i,th Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 vvar. 
 
 COOK, HENRY C. 
 
 (\st Lt. i&h Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt 2d Inf., Sept 24, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign, and at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 COOKE, PHILIP ST. GEORGE. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt Inf., July i, '27.) (Brig.-Gen., Nov. 12, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt-Col., February 20, 1847, for meritorious conduct in Califorriia. 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 COOKE, "WILLIAM W. 
 
 (2dLt ytk Cav., July 28, '66.) (ut Lt. -jtfiCav., July 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Petersburg, Va., June 17, 1864. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for 
 gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Dinwiddle C. H., Va., March 
 29, 1865. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services 
 in the battle of Sailor's Creek, Va., April 6, 1865. 
 
3 so BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 COOI.BY, rRANCIS. 
 
 {Capt. lith Inf., May. 14, '61.) [Capt nth Inf., May 14, '6i.j 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at Spottsylvania, Va. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August i, 1864, for gallant services in battle before Peters- 
 burg, Va. 
 
 COOLEY, JAMES C. 
 
 (2dLt. tfh Cav. May 3, '65.) ("' Lt. tfh Cav., —', — .) 
 
 Brevet ist U. and Brevet Capt, May 3, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 services during the war. 
 
 COOLIDGE, RICHARD H. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 16, '41.) {Surg. {Maj.), June 23, '60.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 
 the war. 
 
 COOLIDGB, SIDNEY "W. 
 
 (Maj. xdth Inf., May 14, '61.) {Maj. \(>th Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt. Col., September 19, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 COOPER, GEORGE E. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 28, '47.) {Surg. (Maj.), May 21, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt. Col., to date from September i, 1864, the date upon which the 
 campaign against Atlanta, Ga., terminated. Brevet Col., March. 13, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 COOPER, SAMUEL. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. Light Arty., Dec. 11, '15.) (Adjt. Gen. (Col), July 15, '52.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, July 6, 1831, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Breve* 
 Col., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct in the war with Mexico. 
 
 COOPER, ■WICKLITFE. 
 
 (Maj. ith Cav., , 1866.) (Maj.yth Cav., , 1866.) 
 
 Brevet Lt. Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Resaca, Ga. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the capture of Montgomery, Ala. 
 
 COPPEE, HENRY. 
 
 (Bvt. idLt. id Arty., July i, '45.) (\st Lt. 1st Arty., Aug. ■2a, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., .August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 COPPINGER, JOHN J. 
 
 (Capt. \ifh Inf., Sept. 30, '61.) (Capt. zyl Inf., Sept. 30, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 12, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 
 of Trevilliau Station, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., October 19, 1864, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious services at the battle of Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet Col., December 
 
 I, i868, for zeal and energy while in command of troops operating against 
 
 hostile Indians, in 1866-7-8. 
 
 CORBALY, JOHN R. 
 
 (idLt. tfh Inf., Jan. 3, '12.) (Capt., t;h Inf., June 28, '14.) 
 
 Retained, December, 1815 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), 
 as 1st Lt., 7th Infantry, with Brevet of Capt. from June 28, 1814. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 351 
 
 CORBIN, HENRY C. 
 
 {2d Lt. lytk Inf., May 11, '66.) {Cap. 2^/1 Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet MaJ., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action at 
 Decatur, Ala. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices in the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 COSTER, JOHN H. 
 
 {\st Lt. lath Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) {Capf. ?,th Ca^., Mar. 29, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 action at Glendale, Va. 
 
 COT7CH, DARIUS N. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ^th Arty., July i, '46.) {\st Lt. ifh Arty., Dec. 4, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. 
 
 COUES, ELLIOTT. 
 
 {Asst. Stcrg,, Mar. 30, '64.) (Asst. Smg., Mar. 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., .March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 
 the war. ° 
 
 COULTER, "WILL. A. 
 
 (2dLt. I2t& Inf., May ii, '66.) (ist Lt. 12th Inf., Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 COUNSEUMAN, JACOB H. 
 
 {zd Lt. 1st Arty., June 1 1, '63.) (\st Lt. ist Arty., Aug. 16, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August i, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Brandy Station, Va. Brevet Capt., August 14, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in action at Deep Bottom, Va. Brevet Maj. and Brevet 
 Lt.-C61., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 COURTNEY, MICHAEL L. 
 
 {zdLt 39*4 Inf., July 2?,, '66.) {Capt. 2tfh Inf., Mar. 3, '75.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in action at Pulaski, Ga. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 COWLES, EDWARD. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., June 13, '63.) {Asst. Surg., June 13, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 
 COX, CHARLES G. 
 
 {2d Lt -jth Cav., Mar. 7, '67.) {Capt. lotA Cav., June 12, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 12, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
 CRABB, GEORGE ^V. 
 
 {2d Lt. tfh Arty., May 14, '61.) {\st Lt y:h Arty., Feb. 22, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services during the siege of Petersburg, Va.* 
 
352 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 CROFT, DAVID L. 
 
 {zd Lt. 6th Inf., Aug. 24, '67.) (i-s^ Zi._6th Inf., Ocfr.31, '76.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 24, 1867, for gallantry in maintaining his position 
 under great exposure on the Appomattox Signal Tower during the siege of 
 Petersburg in the late war, while his station was for some time deliberately 
 cannonaded by the enemy. Brevet Capt., August 24, 1867, for faithful and 
 meritorious services in the Signal Corps during the war. 
 
 CRAFT, EUJAH R. 
 (2(/ ZJ. ^h Arty., May 14, '61 .) {ist Lt. xfh Arty., Sept. 22, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and highly meritorious services at 
 Port Hudson, La. Brevet Maj., March 13^1865, for gallant and highly merit- 
 orious services at Foit Morgan, Ala. 
 
 CRAFTS, WELCOME A. 
 
 (2fl» Lt. TjtA Inf., Apl. 6i '66.) (Capt. zfitk Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, fot gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 CRAIG, HENRY K. 
 
 (\sf Lt. id Arty., Mar. 17, '12.) (Col. Ordn., July \o, '51.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 23, 1823, for 10 years faithful service in one grade- 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 23, T846, for gallant and meritorious conduct in 
 several conflicts at Monterey. Brevet Brig.-GSen., March 13,1865, for long 
 and faithful services in the army. 
 
 CRAIG, JOHN IT. 
 
 (Caft. ^ti Itrf., July 28, '6&) (Capt. JOtA Inf., Jidy 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and distinguished services at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa., and for good conduct and meritorious services during the 
 operations resulting in the fall of Richmond and in the surrender of the insur- 
 gent army under General Lee. 
 
 CRAIG, IJTWIS S. 
 (zdLt. zdlhngj., Octr. 14, '37.) (Capt. yS Inf., June 18, '461.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 27, 1846^ for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 201, 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Coutreras and Churubusco. 
 
 CRAIGHHOii, "WTUJAM P. 
 
 {JBvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., July i , '53.) (Maj. Engrs., Nov. 23, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful, ant! meritorious services during 
 the war, and particularly for his services in the defense of Cumberland Gap 
 and the ulterior operations of General Morgan's forces- Brevet CoL, March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services dining the war. 
 
 CRAIGIE, DAVID, J. 
 
 (2dLt. 12th Inf., May 1 1, '66.) (irf Lt. \2tk Inf., Octr. 17, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of luka. Miss. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 353 
 
 CRAM, GEORGE C. 
 
 {Capt. (nth Cav., May 14, '6l.) (Maj. i^h Cav., Octr. 12, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Beverly Ford, Va. 
 
 CRAM, GEORGE H. 
 
 {?.dLt. 17th Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (Capt. 17th Inf., Octr. 8, '67.) 
 
 1 ^r'"i'c.?.*P*'' '^^'■'^^ ^' '^^7. for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Shiloh Tenn. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services m the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2 1867 
 for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 CRAM, THOMAS J. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. 2d Arty., July 1, '26.) (Co/. ^«^j-., W'ot,. 23, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen. and Brevet Maj.-Gen., January 13, 1866, for faithful and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 CRANDAL, FREDERICK M. 
 
 (i.f/ It. 38M Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. z^tA Inf., June 12, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt and Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services m the battle of Arkansas Post, Ark. Brevet Lt.-Col , March 2, 1867, 
 for gallant and meritorious-services in the capture of Fort Blakely, Ala. 
 
 CRANE, CHARLES H. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Feb. 2, '48.) (Asst. Surg. Gen. {Cot.), July 28, '66.) . 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., January i, 1865. (Services not specified ) 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 CRANE, ICHABOD B. 
 
 (2</ It. Marine Corps. Jan. — , '09.) (Col. 1st Arty., June 27, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November 13, 1813, for meritorious services. 
 
 CRANE, JOSEPH G. 
 
 (Capt. Subs. Dept., Apl. 25, '65.) (Capt. Subs. Dept., Apl. 25, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 25, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the Sub- 
 sistence Department during the war. 
 
 CRAWFORD, RICHARD R. 
 
 (2d It. ith Inf., Nov. 29, '61.) (\st It. yth Inf. — , — .) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 CRA"WFORD, SAMUEL W. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Mar. 10, '51.). (Col i6th Inf., Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 CREANOR, CHARLES M. 
 
 (2d It. 1 2t/i Inf., Apl. 9, '47. ) (1st It. 1 2th Inf., June 27, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., for gallant and' meritorious conduct in several affairs with 
 
 guerillas, at Paso Ovejas, National Bridge, and Cerro Gordo, August 10, n 
 
 and :5, 1847. 
 
 16* 
 
354 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 CRESSON, CHARLES C. 
 
 (2dLt. \^th Inf.,May\\, '66.) (ist Lt.ist Cav., Octr. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Mill Creek, Ga. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of Resaca, Ga. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant 
 and meritorious services in the battle of Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. 
 
 CRESSY, EDWARD P. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. yi Cav., July i, '58.) (Ca*/. yl Cav., July 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, or faithful services during 
 the war. 
 
 CRE-WS, HANSON H. 
 (\st Lt. 2&th Inf., July 28, '66.) (1st Lt. Afh Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 <S Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. 
 
 CRILLEY, TRANCIS J. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. tfh Inf., July i, '59.) (A. Q.M. (Capt.), Feb. 19, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Mkj., Brevet tt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 CRISPIN, SILAS. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Ordn., July I, '50.) (Lt.-Col Ordn., Apl. 14, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col. March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services in the Ordnance Department. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faith- 
 ful and meritorious services in the Ordnance Department durmg the war. 
 
 CRITTENDEN, GEORGE B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 4t/i Inf., July i, '32.) (Lt.-Col. Mtd. Rifles, Dec. 30, '56.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contreras 
 
 and Churubusco. 
 
 CRITTENDEN, THOMAS L. 
 
 (Col. 32a' Inf., July 28, '66.) , (Col. ijth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Brig,-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Stone River, Tenn. 
 
 CROFTON, ROBERT E. A. 
 
 (Capt. i6th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Maj. l^th Inf., Sept. 25, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., November 25, 1863, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at the battles of Chickamauga, Ga., and Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 CROGHAN, GEORGE. 
 
 (Capt. \-]tTi Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Inspector Gen. (Col.), Dec. 21, '25.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 2, 1813, for gallant conduct in defense of Fort San- 
 dusky. 
 
 CROMWELL, JOHN J. 
 
 (2d Lt. -^ Arty., Nov. 23,'i2.) (2d Lt.T,d Arty., Nav.2l,H2.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., Sejjtember 11, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Platts- 
 
 burg. 
 
 CROOK, GEORGE. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. ijth /«/, July i, '52.) (Brig.-Gen., Octr. 29, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 23, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 355 
 
 of Lewisburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 17, 1862, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of-Antietam, Md. Brevet Col., October 7, 1863, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Farmington, Tenn. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1S65, for gallant and meritorious services in the campaign 
 in 1864 in West Virginia. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Fisher's Hill, Va. 
 
 CROOEER, TURNER. 
 
 (Capt. 9M Inf., May 14, '12.) [MaJ. gtk Inf., Sept. I, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 4, 1814, for gallant conduct on the plains of Chippewa. 
 CROSBY, JOHN S. 
 (2d Lt. 1st Arty., Aug. 3, '61.) (u/ Lt. 1st Arty., Aug 28, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 12, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action at 
 Fort Bisland, La. Brevet Maj., April 9, 1864, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices at the battle of Pleasant Hill, La. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 CROSBY, THOMPSON H. 
 
 (2d Lt. gth Inf., Apl. %\t.) (istLt.gthInf.,Dec.—, 1847.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Ghapultepec. 
 
 CROSMAN, FREDERICK E. 
 
 (istLt. l-]th Inf., Orf.26,'61.) (1st Lt. lytk Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battles on the Weldon R. R., August 17, 18 and 19, 1864. Brevet Maj. and 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 19, 1S64, for gallant conduct in the battles on the Wel- 
 don R. R., August 17, 18 and 19, 1864. 
 
 CROSMAN, GEORGE H. 
 
 (B-vt. zdLt. Tiilnf, Julyi, '23.) {A. Q.M. Cen. (Col.), Fed._26,'63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , May 8, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto. , 
 Brevet Brig.-Gan. and Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 CROSMAN, GEORGE H. 
 
 (2dLt. lotk Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. loth Inf., Nmj. 4, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 3, 1S63, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 CROSS, CHARLES E. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. Engrs., May 6, '61.) (Capt. Engrs., Mar. 3, '63.) 
 
 • Brevet Maj., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in the Virginia 
 Peninsular campaign. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 17, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Col., June 5, 1863, 
 for gallant and meritorious services while assisting to throw a bridge across the 
 Rappahannock at Fredericksburg in the face of the enemy, when he was 
 killed. , 
 
 CROSS, OSBORN. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt 1st Inf., July i,'2S.) (A. Q. M. Gen. (Co/.), ^futy 2g,'66.) 
 
 Brevet Brig. Gen., March 13, 1865, for fgiithful and meritorious services in 
 the Quartermaster's Department during the war. 
 
356 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 CRO"Wl.EY, SAMUXn:. T. 
 
 (2dLt. \ifh Inf., Feb. \o, '62.) (ijA Lt. itfh Inf, June%, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorioiis services at the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Capt., August 30, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Bull Run, (2d) Va. 
 
 COLBBRTSON, SAMUEL S. 
 
 (2dLt. Vjtk Inf, Nov. 20, 'Sil) {Capt. i&th Inf., Sept. z(s, '65.) , 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Selma, Ala. Brevet Maj., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices during the war. 
 
 CTTIJ^EN, JAJMBS. 
 
 (2d Lt. yt& Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. yth Inf., Dec. 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 18O3, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 CULLUm GEORGE "W. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Engrs., July i,'33.) (Col.Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritori- 
 ous services during the war. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful, 
 meritorious and distinguished services during the war. 
 
 CUBIMINGS, ARTHUR C. 
 
 [Capt. wth Inf.,Apl. 9, '47.) [Capt. wth Inf, Apt. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 15, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in sev- 
 eral affairs with guerillas at Paso Ovejas, National Bridge, and Cerro Gordo. 
 
 CUMMINGS, THOMAS. 
 
 (^st Lt. T^th Inf, May 14, '61.) ( Capt, igtA Inf., Feb. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 CURRIER, JOHir C. 
 
 (id Lt. 21st Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) (zd Lt. zist Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., March 2, 1S67, for gallant and meritorious services in the' 
 battle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 merito'rious services in-the battle of Poplar Grove Church, Va. 
 
 CXJRTENIUS, EDWAED A. 
 
 {isl Lt x^th Inf., May 14, '61.) (\st Lt. itfh Inf., May 14, '61.), 
 
 ; Brevet Capt., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. 
 
 CURTIS, ALFRED. 
 
 {2d Lt i^th Inf., Feb. ig,''62.) ' (Capt igih Inf ., jfany. g, '(£.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign and at the battle of jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 CURTIS, CHARLES A. 
 
 (2d Lt. jth Inf., Apl. .14, '62.) ( \st Lt <fk Inf., Mar. 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 27, 1865, for meritorious s,qrvices during the war. ■ 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 357 
 
 CURTIS, EDWARD. 
 (jfsst. Surg., Mar. 30, '64.) [Asst, Surg., Mar. 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 1 
 
 CURTIS, JAMES. 
 
 (irf Lt. 15/* Inf., May 14, '6l.) (AlaJ. loth Cav., May 31, '7.5.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at-thfe 
 battle of Shiloh, Tenn., and during the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 CUSACK, JOHN. 
 
 {2dLt. 1st Inf., Octr. 24, '6l.) {^Capt. 1st Inf., Sept. 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., October 28, 1865, for faithful and meritoriovjs 
 services. 
 
 CUSACK, PATRICK. 
 
 {id Lt. <)th Cav., Mar. 7, '67.) (ij^ Lt. gih Cav., July 31, '67.)' 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 12, 1868, for conspicuous gallantry in an engage-] 
 
 ment with Indians at Horse Head Hills, Tex., September 12, 1868. •; 
 
 CUSHING, ALONZO H. 
 
 (2dLt. ifh Arty., June 24, '61.) (1st Lt. e^h Arty., '^nezi,, '61. )~ 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Maj., May 2, 1863, for gallant and merit-, 
 orious services at the battle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July i, 
 1863, for conspicuous gallantry at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 CUSHING, HARRY C. 
 
 (idLt. ifh Arty., Oa. 24, '61.) (Capt. i^h Arty., Aug. 22, '71.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, August 9, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. Brevet Capt., September 20, 1863, for gallant 
 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Maj., 
 
 August 28, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Smithfield, 
 
 Va. 
 
 CUSHING, SAMUEL T. 
 
 [;Bvt. 2d Lt. \oth Inf., July i, '60.) ( Capt Subs. Dept., Feb. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 
 the war. 
 
 CUSTER, BETHEL M. 
 
 (zdLt. ■^th Inf., July2S, '65.) (\st Lt. 2^/1 Inf., Mar. i, '71.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at James 
 Island, S. C. 
 
 CUSTER, GEORGE A. 
 
 (2d Li. 2d Cav., June 24, '61.) (Lt.-Col. ytk Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 11, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Yellow Tavern, Val Brevet Col., September 19, 1864, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at this baitle of Winchester, Va. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March, 13, 1865, for gallant and 'meritorious services at the battle 
 of Five Forks, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services during the campaign endijjg3v<itfcthe surrender of the insurgent 
 army of Northern Virginia. 
 
358 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 CUSTER, THOMAS W. 
 
 {idLt. 1st Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (Capt. Jth Cav., Dec. 2, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and distinguished conduct in the 
 engagement with the enemy at Waynesboro, Va., March 2, 1865. Brevet Maj., 
 March 2, 1867, for distinguished conduct in the engagement with the enemy 
 near Namozine Church, Va., April 3, 1865. Brevet Lt -Col., March 2, 1867, 
 for distinguished courage and services at the battle of Sailor's Creek, Va. 
 
 CUTLER, ENOS. 
 
 (ist Lt. yth Inf., May z, '08.) (Col. 4/// Inf., Sept. 21, '36.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1815 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, 1815), as 
 Capt. 4th Infantry, with Brevet of Maj. from May i, 1814 (the date of his ap- 
 pointment as Major of the 38th Infantry). 
 
 CUTTS, JAMES M. JR. 
 
 (Capt. \Uh Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. nth Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at Spottsylvania, and during 
 the present campaign before Richmond, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., August I, 1864, 
 for distinguished services in the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 CUYLER JAMES VT. 
 
 ( 1st Lt Engrs., June 13, '64.) (Capt. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and efficient services during the 
 war. 
 
 CUYLER, JOHN M. 
 (Asst. Surg., Apt. I, '34.) (Surg. (Col), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Col., November 29, 1864. (Services not specified.) Brevet Brig.- 
 Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 CUYLER, WILLIAM C. 
 
 (2dLt yi Arty., Feb. 19, '62.) (1st Lt yl Arty.,ApL 17, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 18, 1864, for gallant and distinguished services in the 
 battles of Winchester and Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, 
 for good conduct and gallant services during the war. 
 
 DADE, FRANCIS L. 
 
 (ylLt. 12th Inf., Mar. 29, '13.) (Capt. ifh Inf., Feb. 24, '18.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 24, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 DAGGETT, AARON S. 
 
 (Capt 16M Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. 2d Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 
 of Rappahannock Station Va., November 7, 1863. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 
 
 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 DAKIN, GEORGE K. 
 
 (2d Lt yl Arty., Feb. 23, '66.) (ist Lt yd Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Southerland Station, May 2, 1865. 
 
 DALLAS, ALEXANDER J. 
 
 (Capt. 12th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Maj. 2yl Inf., Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Ma)., July 3, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in front of 
 Petersburg, Va. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 359 
 
 DALIiIBA, JAMES. 
 
 (2d Lt. Arty., Afar, i, 'ii.) (^a/ Ordn., Feb. 9, '15.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1821, (in reorganization under act o£ March 2, 1821 ) as 
 Capt., 1st Artillery, with Brevet of Maj. from February 9, 1815. 
 
 DAMRELL, ANDREW^ N. 
 
 (\st Lt. Engrs., June 13, '64.) [Capt. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 13, 1865, for meritorious services at the battle of Franklin 
 Tenn. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services in the battles 
 before Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 DANA, JAMES J. 
 
 (2dLt. ifh Arty., June 18, '55.) (Q.M. (Maj.), Jan. 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, i8()5, 
 for faithful and meritorious services in the Quartermaster's Department during 
 the war. 
 
 DANA, NAPOLEON J. T. 
 
 (zdLt. yth Inf., July i, '42.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Mar. 3, '48.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April i8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
 DANA, SAMUEI.. 
 
 (Capt. ijth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Paymaster (Maj), Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services connected with the organization of the volunteer armies of the United 
 States during the war. 
 
 DANDY, GEORGE B. 
 
 (2d Lt. yl Arty., Feb. 21, '57.) (Q. M. (Maj.), Mar. 3, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 6, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 siege of Fort Wagner, S. C. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 14, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in action at Deep Bottom, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the capture of Fort Gregg, Va. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 field during the war. 
 
 DANIELS, JOSEPH. 
 
 (A. Q. M. (Capt.), June 26, '46.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Jutie 26, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, i°^ gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 DARKEN, EDVTARD J. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Apl. 13, '63.) (Asst. Surg., Apl. 13, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 DARLING, JOHN A. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Arty., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. 2d Arty., Dec. 9, '67.) 
 
 . Brevet Capt., and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
360 BREVETS CONFERRED JFROM l8l2 
 
 DAVENPORT, WILLIAM. 
 
 (Capt. i6ih Inf., Sept. 28, '12.) (Col. (>th Inf., June 14, '42.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September, 28, 1822, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Col., July 7, 1838, for meritorious services in Florida. 
 
 DAVIDSON, DELpZIER. 
 
 (2dLt. 24 Inf., July 31, '38.) [Maj. ^th Inf., Nffv.. I, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, fo"" gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco.- 
 
 DAVIDSON, JOHN W. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. 1st Drags., July i, '45.) (Lt. Col. \oth Cav., Dec. I, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Col., June 28, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Golding's Farm, Va. Brevet Brig-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the capture of Little Rock, Ark. 
 Brevet Maj., -Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 field during the war. 
 
 DAVIBS, FRANCIS A. 
 
 (■idLt. 2d Arty., May 6, '61.) (Capt idth Inf., Sept. 27, '6l.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. 
 
 DAVIS, BENJAMIN P. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d It. tfh Inf., July i, '54.) (Capt. 1st Cav., July. 30, '6l.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 15, 1862, for meritorious services in the withdrawal 
 of the cavalry force from Harper's Ferry at the surrender of that place. 
 
 DAVIS, CHARLES L. 
 
 (2dZt. loth Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (1st Lt. loth Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the cam- 
 paign from the Rapidan to the James. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant 
 and meritorious services in the siege of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 DAVIS, EDV7ARD. 
 
 (2d Lt. ^d Arty., June 17, '67.) (ist Lt. yl Arty., Apl. 14, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 17, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the tat- 
 tle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 DAVIS, HENRY T. 
 
 (Capt. 10th Cav., July 28, '66.)' {Capt. 10th Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 DAVIS, JEFFERSON C. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Arty., June 17, '48.) ( Col. 2->,d Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March g, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Pea Ridge, Ark. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 15, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Resaca, Ga. Brevet Col., May 20, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the capture of Rome, Ga. Brevet Brig. -Gen., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Kenesaw 
 Mountain, Ga. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME 36 1 
 
 DAVIS, JOHN M. 
 
 {£ns. 2d Inf., Feb.. 27, '07.) (Asst. Insfector-Gen. (Maj.), Oct. i, '14.) 
 
 Brevet IVJaj., December 23, 1814, for gallant conduct at the siege of New 
 Orleans. 
 
 DAVIS, IVIURRAY. 
 
 (2d it. 1st Cav., Mar. IT, '66.) (Capt. Sth Cav:, July 2?,,'6(,.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Guntdwii, Miss. 
 
 DAVIS, NELSON H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2,d Inf., July i, '46.) [Inspector-Gen. [Col.), Mar. 23, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conductat Contre- 
 ras and Churubusco. Brevet X.t.-Col., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorioiis 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Col. May 29, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services in action with Apache Indians; Arizona. Brevet Brig.- 
 •Gen. March 13, 1865, for meritorious and efficient services during the war. 
 
 DAVIS, PHILIP C. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) (Surg., Oct. 17, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 DAVIS, ROBERT. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Inf., July 18, '62.) (\st Lt. 2d Inf., Oct. 20, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant services at Spottsylvania and du- 
 ring the campaign before Richmond. ' 
 
 DAVIS, SAMXTELB. 
 
 (2dLt, 14IA Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (ist Lt. i4tA Inf., Dec. —, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 DAVIS, VriRT. 
 (2dZf. ifh Cav. Apt. 22, '63.) (Capt. Afh Cav., June 19, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, September 19, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Capt, February 20, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the cavalry expedition in Mississippi. Brevet Maj., 
 April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the capture of Selma, 
 Ala. 
 
 DAVISON, JAMBS. 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. ylArty., Oct. 22, '62.) (2d Lt. tfh Arty., Oct. 22, '62.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December 13, 1862; for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Capt, July 2, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 DA"WSON, SAMUEL K. 
 
 (2d Li. \stArty., Julyi, '39.) (Col. igih Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Col., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services 
 at the battle or Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 f aithf ul^and meritorious services during the war. ^ 
 
362 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 1 8 12 
 
 DAY, HANNIBAI.. 
 
 {idLt. 2d Inf., July i, '23.) (Cot. 6th Inf., June 7, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful services in the 
 army. 
 
 DAY, SELDEN A. 
 
 (zdLt S^A Arty., Apl. 7, '64.) (\st Lt. $t& Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., June 3, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Cold Harbor, Va. Brevet Capt, March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services during the war. 
 
 DAYTON, LEWIS M. 
 
 {2d_Lt. id Inf., July 24, '66.) {Capt. ph Cau., Mar. 6, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the Atlanta Campaign. . Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867,, 
 for gallant and meritorious services in the campaign throughthe Carolinas. 
 
 DEAN, -WILLIAM. 
 
 {2dZf. 1st Cav., July 17, '62.) (Capt. \st Cav., Feb. 6, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 11, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 ■ tie of Trevillian Station, Va. Brevet Maj., April i, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. 
 
 DEANE, W^ILLIAM W. 
 
 (2dLt. 12th Inf., July 28, '66.) (2d XJ. I2tk Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March ^, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 siege of Port Hudson, La. Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for faithful and meri- 
 torious services during the war. 
 
 DEARBORN, GBEENLEAF. 
 
 (2d Lt. yl Arty., Mar. 12, '12.) (Lt.-Col. ytk Inf., Nov. 26, '45.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 30, 1829, for ten years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 DEAS, GEORGE. 
 
 (2d Lt. ith Inf., Aug. i, '38.) (A. A. G. (Bvt. Maj.), Dec. 13, '55.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Cliurubusco. 
 
 DE GRAW, CHARLES S. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., July 11, '62.) (Asst.Surg., July II, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 DE GRESS,. JACOB C. 
 
 (1st Lt. ijth Cav., July 2S, '66.) (Capt. gtA Cav., July 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services in the Siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, 
 for gallant and|meritorious services at the battle of Bayou de Glaize. 
 
 DE HART, WILLIAM C. 
 
 (3d It. Ordn., July I, '20.) (Capt. 2d Arty., Apl. 3, '38.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July l, 1830, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. '~ 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 363 
 
 DE EA7, DRAKE. 
 
 {istLt. I4ti Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. \^h Inf., May 14, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of 
 Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 DKLAFIELD, RICHARD. 
 
 {id Lt. Engrs., July 24, '18.) \chf. ofEngrs. (Brig.-Gen.), Apl. 22, '64. 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for faithful, meritorious and distinguished 
 services in the Engineer Department during the war. 
 
 DELANY, HAYDEN. 
 
 {id Lt. <^k Inf., May 11, '67.) {idLt. <)tk Inf., May 11, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May i, 1868, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 with the P.ih Ute Indians in Warner Valley, Oregon, May i, 186S. 
 
 DENNY, JEREMIAH C. 
 
 (zdLt. tfk Coll., July 17, '62.) (Caft. cfh Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October ig, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Cedar Creek, Va. 
 
 DENNISON, CHARLES E. 
 
 {Capt. T.%th Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt. l8tA Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 DENNISON, 'WILLIAM N. 
 
 {zd Lt. zd Arty., Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. 2d Arty., Jan. 3, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 6, 1864, for gallant and good conduct in the battle of An- 
 tietam and tie Maryland campaign of^ September, 1862. Brevet Maj., Julv 6, 
 1864, for gallant and good conduct in the battles of Gaines's Mills and Mal- 
 vern Hill, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for good conduct and gallant 
 services during the war. 
 
 DENT, FREDERICK T. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt dth Inf., July i, '43.) {Lt.-Col. tfh Art., Dec. 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Ist Lt. August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meri- 
 torious conduct at Molino del Rey. Brevet Lt.-Col., Mav 7, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious conduct at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Col., July 
 30, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in action in front of Petersburg, 
 Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 in the field during the war. 
 
 DENTON, THOMAS "W. 
 
 {Ens. \Tfh Inf., June i, '12.) {^st. Lt s.Tfh Inf., June 30, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1816 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 2d 
 Lt. Artillery, with Brevet of ist Lt. from June 30, 1814. 
 
 DERBY, GEORGE H. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. Ordn., July r, '46.) {Capt Top. Engr., July i, '60.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
364 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 DE RUSSY, GUSTAVUS A. 
 
 (zdLt.ifh Arty., Mar. %,'i,T.) ■ ^ t,Maj.j,d Arty., July zdy'dd.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Qapt.,, September 13, 1847, for gallant conduct 
 at Chapultepec. Brevet Maj., June 25, 1862, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices in action near Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col. July i, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 DE RUSSir, ISAAC D. 
 
 (zdLt. 1st Inf., Apl. 26, '61.) {Caft. 1st Inf., Feb. 27, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 DE HUSSY, RENE E. 
 
 (2dLt. Engrs., June 10, '12.) (Cff/. Engrs., Mar. 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 11, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Platts- 
 burg. Brevet Maj., September 11, 1824, for 10 years faithful service in one 
 grade. Brevet Lt.-Col., June 30, 1834, for faitliful service and meritorious 
 conduct. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful services to 
 his country. 
 
 DESHA, ROBERT. 
 
 (Ca//. \/^th Inf., July 6, '12.) (Brig.-Maj., October—. 1814.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 4, 1814, for gallant conduct in the attack on Fort 
 Michilimacinac. 
 
 DE TROBRIAND, PHILIP R. 
 
 (Col. ■iist Inf., July 28, '66.) (Col. l-^h Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., Marchj 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services dur- 
 ing the war. 
 
 DEVIN, JOHN D. 
 
 (2</ Lt. <jth Inf. Apl. 26, '61.) (Capt. <^h Inf., Mar. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 DEVIN, THOMAS C. 
 
 (Lt.-Col. Zth Cav., July 28, '66.) (Lt.-Col. %th Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Fisher's Hill, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Sailor's Creek, Va. 
 
 DEW^EES, THOMAS B. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Cav., Oct. 2^h, '61.) (Capt. id Cav., July 10, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Beverly Ford, Va. 
 
 DICKBRSON, FRANK "W. 
 
 (zd Lt. e,th Cav., Feb. 19, '62.) (ist Lt tfh Cav., July 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 365 
 
 DICKERSON, JOHN H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Arty., July i, '47.) (A. Q. M. (Capt), June l8, '56.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for efficient and meritorious services in tlie 
 Department of the Ohio. 
 
 DICKEY, CHARLES J. 
 
 (\stLt. \2fh Inf.,May 14, '61.) (Capt. 22d Inf., Nov. 5, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign, and at the battle of Jones- 
 boro, Ga. 
 
 DICkllTSON, ■WILLIAM. 
 
 [,zdLt. zdlnf., Feb. 21, '57.) (Capt. -i^ Inf., July 31, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 21, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Bull Run, Va. 
 
 DIETERICH, JOHN P. 
 
 (yl Lt. 2T,d Inf., May 10, '13.) [2d Lt. 2yl Inf., June 14, '14.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., February 5, 1815, for distinguished and meritorious services. 
 
 SIMICK, JUSTIN. 
 
 (-id Lt. Light Arty., July I, '19.) [Col. ist Arty., Oct. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May i, 1834, for 10 years faithful service in one grade, Brevet 
 Maj., May 8, 1836, f9r gallant and meritorious conduct in war against Florida 
 Indians. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet CoL, September' 13, 1847, for gallant 
 and meritorious conduct at 'Chapultepec. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for long, gallant and faithful services to his country. 
 
 DINKIN, JAMES. 
 
 (1st Lt. ■id Inf., July i, '08.) (Maj. ^h Inf., May 15, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1815 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 
 Capt."4th Infantry, with Brevet of Maj. from May 15, 1814. 
 
 DIX, ROGER S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 1th Inf., July I, '32,) [Paymaster (Maj.), Sept. 30, '45.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. 
 
 DIXON, JAMES "W. 
 
 (2d Lt. yl Cm;., Mayy, '66.) [ist Lt. i,th Arty., Dec. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the capture of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 DODD, ALBERT. 
 
 (Capt. lyth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt.iyth Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, 1852, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. 
 
 DODGE, HENRY C. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Arty., Jutte 11, '63.) (istLt. zd Arty., Juneli, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
366 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 DODGE, SICHAHD I. 
 
 {Bvt. zdLt. Sa Inf., July i, '48.) (Lt. Col. 2yl Inf., Oct. 29, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 30, 1865, for meritorious and faith- 
 ful services in the recruitment of the armies of the United States during the 
 war. 
 
 DODGE, THEODORE A. 
 
 {Capt.j^thlnf.,yuly2^,'ei6.) (Capt. n^k Inf., July 2%,'66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services during the war. 
 
 DODT, HELENUS. 
 
 (2dLt. is^k Inf., May 11, '66.) {ut Lt. 2ifh Inf., Aug. 24, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Southerland Station, Va. 
 
 DOEBIiER, THOMAS S. 
 
 {2d Lt. lifh Inf., June 30, '62.) (irf Lt. \ifh Inf., July 31, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Snicker's Gap, Va. 
 
 DONALDSON, JAMES Ii. 
 
 (2d Lt. id Arty., July I, '36.) {A. Q. M. Genl. (Col.), July 28, '66,) 
 
 Brevet Capt. September 23. 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Maj., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Buena Vista. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 14, i86i (services not specified). 
 Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., September 17, 1864, for distinguished and 
 important services in the Quartermasters Department in the campaign termin- 
 ating in the capture of Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious services in the Quartermasters Department during the 
 war. 
 
 DONOHO, SANDERS. 
 
 (Capt. 2d Arty., July 6, '12.) {Maj. ifh Inf., May I, '24.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 6, 1822, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 [DONOVAN, JOHN H. 
 
 (Capt. e^h Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. i-jtk Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the picket 
 
 attack near Fair Uaks, Va., June, 1862. 
 
 DORMAN, JAMES. 
 
 (1st Lt. ^h Inf., July I, '08.) {Maj. 34//! Inf., June 28, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1815 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 
 Capt. 8th Infantry, with Brevet of Maj. from June 28, 1814. 
 
 DOST, GEORGE W. 
 
 {2d Lt. ifh Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) ( Capt. ijth Inf., May 1 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in front of 
 Petersburg, Va. 
 
 DOXJBLEDAY, ABNER, 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. id Arty., July i, '42.) (Col. ^^fk Inf., Sept. 15, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 367 
 
 the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Brig.-Gen. and 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services durine 
 the war. ° 
 
 DOTTGHERTY, VTILLIAM B. 
 
 [2.dLt. rat Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (irf Lt. 1st Inf., Apl. 9, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 DOUGLASS, DAVID B. 
 
 (2dLt. Engr.'!., Oct. 1, '13.) (Professor M. A., Aug. 29, '20.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, September 17, 1814, for gallant conduct in the sortie from 
 Fort Erie. 
 
 DOUGIiASS, HENRY. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. -jth Inf., July 1, '52.) [Lt.-Col. lifh Inf., Jan. 10, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 DOTTGIlASS, "WIUJAM O. 
 
 (2d Lt. 14AS Inf., June 30, '62.) (\st Lt. \/\fh Inf., May 14, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 DO"WTJNG, JOHN T. 
 
 (2dLt. ijth Inf., Oct. 31, '63.) (istLt. l^th Inf., — , — .) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 DOWUEY, GEORGE M. 
 
 (ist Lt. I4t& Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) (Capt. lAfh Inf., Oct. 5, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 DOWNING, DENIS J. 
 
 (istLt. /^hlnf,july 28, '66.) [\st Lt. i^h Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Bull Run (2d), Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 DRAKE, ALEXANDER E. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Inf., Feb. 21, '57.) (Capt. 2d Inf., Oct. 9, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt-Col and Brevet Col., May 31, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious services. 
 
 DRANE, GXJSTAVUS S. 
 
 (T/iLt. Light Arty., Apl. 15, '14.) (Capt. 2d Arty., Mayyi, '32.) 
 
 Bvt. Capt, November 15; 1827, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 DRESSER, GEORGE W. 
 
 (2d Lt. ifh Arty., May 6, '61.) (ist Lt i,th Arty., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 18. 1864, for gallant services during the operations on 
 the Weldon R. R., Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for good conduct and 
 gallant services during the war. 
 
368 SREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 DRE-W, GEORGS A. 
 
 (2(/ Lt. \oth Inf., May 1 5, '66. ) ( \st Lt. yl Ccca., Mar. 26, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 campaign in the Shenandoah valley in 1864. Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for 
 gallant an,d meritorious services in the campaign against Richmond in 1865. 
 
 DRUM, RICHARD C. 
 
 (zd Lt. f)tk Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (A. A. G. (Col.), Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. Brevet Col., September 24, 1864, for meritorious and faithful 
 services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious services in the Adjutant General's Department during the war. 
 
 DRUM, "WILLIAM F. 
 
 (zd Lt. 2d Inf., Aug, 5, '61.) {Capt. zd Inf., May I, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 2, 1864, for gallant services during the campaign be- 
 fore Richmond, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col.; April I, 1865, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. 
 
 DRURY, THOMAS. 
 
 ( 2d Lt. 2d Inf., Aug 10, '63.) {ist Lt. 2d Inf., Feb 2%,'(i().) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 DRYER, HIRAM. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Inf., June 28, '48.) {Maj. l^tJi Inf., Feb. 2, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 3, 1863, for gallant and mer- 
 torious services at the battle of Chancellorsville, Va. ^ 
 
 DUAHE, JAMES C. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., July i, '48.) (Lt.-Col. Engrs., Mar 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., July 6, 1864, for meritorious arid faithful 
 services in the field in the campaign from the Rapidan to the James, and par- 
 ticularly for distinguished professsional services before Petersburg. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Petersburg and the campaign terminating with the surrender of Gen- 
 
 £r3.1 XjC6. 
 
 DTJ BARRY, BEEKMAN. 
 
 (Bvt 2d Lt. 1st Arty., July I, '49.) (Com. Subs. (Maj.), Feb. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 
 war. 
 
 DU BOIS, HENRY A, 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Aug. 26, '61.) (Asst. Surg., Aug. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 services during the war. 
 
 DU BOIS, JOHN V. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. T,d Cav., July 1, '55.) (Maj. yl Cg.v. May 6, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, August 10, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo. Brevet Maj., October 4, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Corinth, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 369 
 
 DUDLIIY,!JAMES S. 
 
 (2a Lt. 2d Arty., Oct. 24, '61.) (1st Lt. 2d Arty., May 23, '63.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., June 30, 1862; for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Glendale, Va. Brevet Capt., July i, 1862, for gallant and distinguished 
 services at the battle of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Mai., March 13, i86<,lfor 
 gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 DUDLEY, NATHAN A. M. 
 
 (1st Lt. 10th Inf., Mar. 10, '55.) (Lt.-Col. ^th Cav., July i, -76.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 5, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Baton Rouge, La. Brevet Lt.-Col., June 14, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the siege of Port Hudson, La. Brevet Col., March 13, i86s, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 DUER, EDWARD A. 
 
 (2dLt. 1st Arty.,. Oct. 24, '61.) [ist Lt. 1st Arty., Oct. 11, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 3, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Cold Harbor, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 DUFF, GEORGE. 
 
 (2dLt. ^yilnf., July 28, '66.) [ist Lt. 1st Inf., Feb: 13, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2,'i867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 DUNCAN, JAMES. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '34.) (Inspector- Genl. { Col.), Jan. 26, '49.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 8, 1846, for gallant and distinguished services at Palo Alto. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., May 9, 1846, for gallant and highly distinguished conduct 
 at Resaca de la Palma. Brevet Col., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meri- 
 torious conduct at Monterey. 
 
 DUNCAN, THOMAS. 
 
 (1st Lt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) (Lt.-Col. tfh Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., April 8, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 near Albuquerque, N.M. Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 DUNKELBERGER, ISAAC R. 
 
 (2dLt. 1st Cav., Afl. 26, '61.) (Capt. 1st Cccv., June 9,^'63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June II, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Trevillian Station, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 DUNN, THOMAS S. 
 
 (Capt. 12th Inf., May 14, '6l.) (Maj. %th Inf., Feb. ig, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, Va., &c. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices during the war. 
 
 DUNN, WILLIAM McK. 
 
 (Asst. Judge Adv. CI. (Col.), June 22, '6^.)(Judge Ad. Gl. (Bg.-GL), Dec. 1, '75.) 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful, meritorious and distinguished 
 services in his Department. 
 
 17 
 
370 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 DUNN, WILLIAM McK., Jr. 
 
 ( is( Lt. loth Inf., Nov. 29, '65.) ( Capt. 2nd Arty., July z8, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the cam.; 
 paign and battles of Vicksburg, Chattanooga, Richmond and Petersburg. 
 
 DTJNSTBA, EDWARD S. 
 
 (Asst.-Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) (Asst.-Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 DUNTON, WARREN R. 
 (id Lt. zd Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) (ist It. igtA Inf., Dec. 31, '72.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 DTJPONT, HENRY A. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. Engrs., May 6, '61.) (Capt. ^th Arty., Mar. 24, '64.; 
 
 Brevet Maj., September ig, 1864, for gallant services at Opequan and Fish- 
 er's Hill, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., October ig, 1864, for distinguished services at 
 Cedar Creek, Va. 
 
 DTJRNIN, THOMAS J. 
 (2dLt. 16th Inf.,May 14, '61.) (Capt. 25M Inf., Dec. 8, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September ig, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 DURYEA, RICHARD C. 
 
 (Bvt. idLt. afh Arty., Julyi, '53.) [Capt. 1st Arty., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 8, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the cap- 
 ture of Port Hudson, La. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 DUTTON, ARTHUR H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Engrs., June 24, '61.) (Capt. Engrs., Oct. 2, '63.) 
 
 Brevet. Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 3, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in defense of Suffolk, Va. Brevet Col., May 26, 1864, for 
 gallant and meritorious services while reconnoitering the enemy's works near 
 Bermuda Hundred, Va., where he was wounded. 
 
 DWYER, PHILIP. 
 
 (2d Lt. ith Cav., July 17, '62.) ( Capt. t,th Cav., July 31, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 11, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Trevillian Station, Va. 
 
 DYE, WILLIAM Mc. E. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 4th Inf., July i, '53.) (Maj. 4th Inf., Jan. 14, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 28, 1864, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services during the Red River Campaign. Brevet Col., April g, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the campaign against Mobile, Ala. 
 
 DYER, ALEXANDER B. 
 
 (2dLt. zdArty., July i, '37.) (Chief of Ordn. (Brig.-Cen.), Sept. 12, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 16, 1848, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Santa 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 37 1 
 
 Cruz de Rosales, Mex Brevet Maj.-Gen, March 13. 1865, for faithful meri- 
 torious and distinguished services In the Ordnance Department during the 
 
 DYKEMAN, NEWTON L. 
 
 (utLt. i6th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i6tt Inf., Feb. 15, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murireesboro, Tenn. 
 
 EAKIN, CHANDLER P. 
 
 (idLt. 1st Arty., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. \st Arty., Oct. i, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Williamsburg, Va. Brevet Maj., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 EARLE, MADISON. 
 
 (2dLt. 12th Inf., Ncrv. 6, '62.) (Capt 21st Inf. , Mar. 26, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, August 18, 1864, for gallant services during the operations on 
 the Weldon R. R., Va. 
 
 EARNEST, CYRUS A. 
 (2dLt. zyilnf., July 28, '66.) {\st Lt %th Inf., Aug. i, '72.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services during the Atlanta Campaign. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, 
 for gallant and meritorious services in the capture of Fort McAllister, Ga. 
 
 EASTMAN, ROBERT 
 
 (2dLt 6th Inf., May 6, '61.) {Capt. 6tA Inf., Feb. 8, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Malvern Hill, Va. 
 
 EASTMAN, SETH. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Inf., July 1, '29.) (Lt.-Col., 1st Inf., Sept 9, '61.)- 
 
 Brevet Col., April 9, 1865, for meritorious services during the war. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., August 9, 1866, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 EASTON, LANGDON C. 
 
 (2dU. 6th Inf., July I, '38.) {A. Q. M. Genl. {Col.), June 6, '72.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., September 17, 1864, for 
 
 distinguished and important services in the Quartermaster's Department in the 
 
 campaign of Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for meritorious 
 
 services during the war. 
 
 EATON, AMOS B. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt ^h Inf., July I, '26.) (Com.-Gl. of Subs. [Brig.-Gl.], June 29, '64.) 
 Brevet Maj., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 
 Buena Vista. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful, meritorious and 
 
 distinguished services in the Subsistence Department during the war. 
 
 EATON, JOHN B. 
 
 {2dLt 3d Arty., May 27, '67.) (1st Lt. yl Arty., Apl. 7, '70.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 27, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 before Petersburg, June 17, 1864. Brevet Capt., Majr 27, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in action before Petersburg, April 2, 1865. 
 
3/2 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 EATON, JOSEPH H. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. T^ Inf., July l, '35.) (Paymaster (Ma/.), Afl. 21, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Lt.-Col., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct at Buena Vista. Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for meritorious and valuable services in the Pay Department during the war. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Pay Department. 
 
 (Major Eaton's second brevet of Lt.-Col. was conferred after his return to the army, from 
 which he had resigned, Dec. 31, '56.) 
 
 ECEZiRTON', THEODORE J. 
 
 (M. S. K. ofOrdn., Sept. 16, '53.) (^. Q. M. (Capt), Mar. 21, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 21, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Quartermaster's Department. 
 
 ECKLES, JOHN W. 
 
 (2dLt. lyth Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (Capt. lyh Inf., Mar. 3, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 EDDY, ASHER R. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt 1st Arty., July i, '44.) (Uep. Q. M. Gen. (Lt.-Col.), June 6, '72.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 EDGERTON, WILLIAM G. 
 
 (Capt nth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt nth Inf., Aug: 5, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in front of 
 Petersburg, Va. 
 
 EDIE, JOHN R. 
 
 (Maj. \tfh Inf., May 14, '61.) (Lt.-Col. 8th Inf., Sept. 13, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., November 25, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. Brevet Col., September i, 1864, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign and at the battle of 
 Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 EDIE, JOHN R., Jr. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Cav., June 24, '6r.) (Capt. Ordn., Sept 12, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, August i, 1864, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 field. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in 
 the Ordnance Department and in the field. 
 
 EDSON, THEODORE. 
 
 (Biit. zdLt Ordn., July i, '60.) {^Maj. Ordn., Dec. 15, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious services in the Ordnance Department during the war. 
 
 EDWARDS, DOUGLAS. 
 
 (2dLt i(jtk Inf., Nov. 29, '62.) (ist Lt. i^h Inf., Nm. 7, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 13, 1865, for meritorious services at the battle of 
 Atlanta, Ga. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 373 
 
 ED'WARDS, GEORGE. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '45.) ( ist Lt. 2d Arty., Oct. 19, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., October 12, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in de- 
 fense of Puebla, Mex. 
 
 EDWARDS, JOHN, Jr. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. yl Arty., July i, '51.) (Caft. 3d Arty., July 23, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 17, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. 
 
 EDWARDS, LEWIS A. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 27, '46.) (Surg. (Lt.-Col.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., and Brevet Col. March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 EDWARDS, OSCAR E. 
 
 (Capt. Voltigeurs, Feh. 23, '47.) (Capt. Voltigeurs, Feb. 23, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 EGAN, JAMES. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Cav., Aug. 10, '63.) (Capt. id Cav.,Feb. 5, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 31, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
 EGAN, JOHN. 
 
 (2dLt. \st Arty., June 17, '62.) (Capt. 6,th Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Capt, July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., June 1, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
 EGAN, WILLIAM. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. ^h Arty., Feb. 27, '63.) (1st Lt. 2d Arty., June 11, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, June 11, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Trevillian Station, Va. 
 
 EGBERT, HARRY C. 
 
 (\st Lt. \2th Inf., Sept. 23, '61.) (Capt. \2th Inf., Apl. I, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August l, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of North Anna 
 Va. Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of Beth- 
 esda Church, Va. 
 
 EGGEME7ER, AUGUSTUS. 
 
 (2dLt. 12th Inf., Oct. 31, '63.) (ist Lt. 12th Inf., —, '—.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, August 29, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Bethesda Church, Va. 
 
 EEIN, JAMES A. 
 
 (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Mar. 13, '63.) (Dep. Q. M. Gen. (Lt.-Col), July 29, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 
 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
374 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 ELDER, MATTHEW. 
 
 (isi Lt. lUh Inf., Aug. 5, '6i.) (istLt. iith Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 ELDER, SAMTTEL S. 
 {zdLt. 1st Arty., Mar. 23, '61.) (Capt. isi Arty., Aug 1, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., February 20, 1864, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Olustee, Fla. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 15, 1864, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Drury's Bluff, Va. 
 
 ELDEREIir, 'WILLIAM A. 
 (zdLt. 1st Arty., May 6, '61.) (Com. of Subs. {Capt.), July 4, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 ELLENWOOD, RALPH E. 
 {2dLt. 2d Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) (istLt. 2d Inf., , — .) 
 
 Brevet Capt. Aiigust 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Bull Run (2d), Va. 
 
 ELLIOT, &EORGE H. 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Arty., July i, '55.) (Maj. Engrs., Mar.-j, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 ELLIOTT, JOHN. 
 
 (zdLt. 2d Arty., June 11, '64.) {Capt. i^zd Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 21, 1864, for gallant services during the campaign 
 before Richinond, Va. 
 
 ELLIOTT, WASHINGTON L. 
 
 {2d Lt. Mtd. Rifles,May 27, '46.) {Lt.-Col., 1st Cav., Aug. 31, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 capture of Island No. 10 on the Mississippi River. Brevet Col., May 30, 1862, 
 for gallant and meritorious services in the raid on the Mississippi and Ohio 
 R. R., and in the siege of Corinth, Miss. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Nashville, Tenn. Brevet 
 Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field 
 during the war. 
 
 ELLIS, HENRY A. 
 {Capt. i-jth Inf., Nov. 30, '61.) {Capt. I'jth Inf., Nov. 30, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., November 24, 1865, for gallant and merito 
 rious services during the war. 
 
 ELLSWORTH, EDWARD A. 
 
 (2dLt. lltA Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) (1st Lt. 11th Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, and during the campaign before Richmond, Va. 
 
 ELZEy, ARNOLD. 
 
 {2dLt. 2d Arty., July 1, '37.) {Capt. 2d Arty., Feb. 14, '49.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contre- 
 ras and Churubusco. 
 
-*0 THE PRESENT TIME. 375 
 
 UMERSON, JAMES J. 
 
 (idLt. \Tth fnf^, Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. zdtk Inf., Jan. 8, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August I, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of North 
 Anna River, and during the campaign before Richmond, Va. 
 
 EMORY, CAMPBELL D. 
 
 (2d Lt eth Inf., May 6, '61.) (Capt. <^h Inf., Dec; 29, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in front of 
 Petersburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 9, 1865, for faithful and distinguished 
 services in the field during the war. 
 
 EMORY, WILLIAM H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ijth Arty., July I, '31.) (Col. t^h Cav., Oct. 27, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 6, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the 
 battle of San Pasqual, Cal. . Brevet Maj., January 9, 1847, for gallant and meri- 
 torious conduct at the battles of San Gabi'iel and Plains of Mesa. Brevet Lt- 
 Col., October 19, 1857, for valuable and distinguished services as Commission- 
 er for running the boundary line between the United States and the Republic 
 of Mexico. Brevet Col., May 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Hanover C. H., Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services at the battle of Fisher's Hill, and in the cam- 
 paign in the Shenandoah Valley, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Cedar Creek, Va, 
 
 ENGLE, ARCHIBALD H. 
 
 (\stLt. iy& Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. l^A Inf., —. — , '— .) 
 
 Brevet Maj.,May 14, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Resaca, Ga. 
 
 ENGLISH, THOMAS C. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Inf., July i, '49.) (Lt.-Col. 2d Inf., Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 ENNIS, "WILLIAM. 
 
 (2d Lt. 4*4 Arty., June 13, '64.) (\st Lt. i^h Arty., May. 8, '66 ) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., Nov. 30, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Franklin, Tenn. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant services at Nash- 
 ville, Tenn. December 15 and 16, 1864. 
 
 ENOS, HERBERT M. 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Mtd. Riflfs, July i, '56.) (Q. M. (Maj.), Jutte 7, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during tlie war. 
 
 ERNSTi OSWALD H. 
 (ist Lt. Engrs., June 13, '64.) (Capt. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 ERVING, JOHN. 
 (2d Lt. Arty., Jan. 9, '09.) (Col. 1st Arty., Oct. 5, '57.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 25, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 ESKRIDGE, RICHARD I. 
 (2d Lt. i4i& Inf., Feb 23, '66.) (Capt. 2yl Inf., Sept. i, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 26, 1867, for conspicuous gallantry in charging a 
 
3/6 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 large band of Indians, strongly fortified in the " Infernal Caverns, Pitt River 
 Cal.," September 26, 1867. 
 
 ESTBS, CHARI.es A. M. 
 
 (2dLt. i6th Inf., Aug. 13, '62.) i,Capt. i^h Inf., Oct. 20, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign, and at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga.^ 
 
 EtrSTIS, ABRAHAM. 
 
 (Capt. Light Arty., May 3, '08.) (Col. 1st Arty., Nov. 17, '34.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 10, 1813, for meritorious services. Brevet Col., 
 September 10, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Brevet Brig.- 
 Gen., June 30, 1834. 
 
 EVANS, ANDREW W. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. ytk Inf., July i, '52.) (Maj. 31/ Cav., May 10, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Feb. 21, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Valverde, N. M. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the cavalry action at Appomattox C. H., Va. Brevet Col., Decem- 
 ber 25, 1868, for gallant and meritorious services resulting in the capture and 
 destruction of a Comanche Indian Village at the western base of thp Wichita 
 Mountains. 
 
 EVANS, COLUMBITS P. 
 
 (2d Lt. wth Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) {istZt. nth Inf., July 29, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 EVANS, GEORGE P. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. 1st Drags., July i, '46.) (2d Lt. 1st Drags., Oct. 18, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. 
 
 EVANS, GEORGE "W. 
 
 (2d Lt izdlnf, Jan. 22, '67.) (\st Lt. 2T.st Inf., Dec. 9, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 EWELL, RICHARD S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Drags., July 1, '40.) (Capt. 1st Drags., Aug. 4, '49.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 EWERS, EZRA P. 
 
 (2dLt. lo^h Inf., Oct. 31, '63.) (Capt. tjthlnf, Sept. 12, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. June 26, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Hoover's Gap, Tenn. Brevet Capt., November 25, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 EWING, CHARIiES. 
 
 (Capt. i-^th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 13^ Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign. Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 3/7 
 
 EWINO, EVARTS S. 
 
 (zdLt. idthlnf., Feb. 23, '66.) ( \st Lt. j6ik Inf., Mar. 19, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 E7KE, MANUEL, JR. 
 
 (ist Lt. i4tA Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist Lt. lifh Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Cold Harbor, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in front of Petersburg, Va., June 18, 1864. .Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 
 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Hatcher's Run, Va. 
 Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 EZEKIBL, DAVID I. 
 
 {\st Lt. 2^th Inf., July 28, '66.) ' (1st Lt. 4« Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Harper's Ferry, Va., July 7, 1864. 
 
 FALCK, WILLIAM. 
 
 (zd Lt. 2d Inf., July 18, '62.) (Capt. 2d Inf., Apl. 18, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of Spottsyl- 
 Vania, and during the campaign before Richmond, Va. Brevet Maj., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Chancellorsville, 
 Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 the battle of Spottsylvania C. H., Va. 
 
 FALVEY, JOHN. 
 
 (2d Lt. T,d Cav., July 17, '62.) (Capt. ^d Cav., — . — , — .) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., November 15, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 action near Tuscumbia, Ala. 
 
 FANNING, ALEXANDER C. W. 
 
 (ist Lt. ■id Arty., Mar. 12, '12.) (Lt.-Col. ^h Arty., Sept. i6, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 15, i8i4,,for gallant conduct in defense of Fort Erie. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 15, 1824, for ten years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Col., December 31, 1835, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battle of the Withlacoochee, Fla., &c. 
 
 PARLEY, JOSEPH P. 
 
 (But zdLt. 2d Arty., June 24, '61.) (Maj. Ordn., Mar. 25, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services in the Ordnance De- 
 partment during the war. 
 
 FARNSWORTH, HENRY J. 
 
 (\st Lt. T^h Inf., June 14, '67.) (Capt. ?,th Cav., May 17, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 14, 1867, for faithful and efficient services during the 
 war. 
 
 FARQUHAR, FRANCIS U. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., June 24, '61.) (Maj. Engrs., July ii, '71.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., May 5, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Williamsburg, Va. Brevet Maj., June i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 17* 
 
378 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 FARRAND, DAVID O. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Feb. 15, '65) {.Asst, Surg., Feb. 15, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 FARRELLY, PATRICK A. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. ifh Inf., July i, '45.) {\st Lt. tfh Inf., Dec. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 FEBIGER, GEORGE L. 
 
 (Paymaster (Maj.), May 3, '61.) (Paymaster (Ma/.), May 3, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 
 the war. 
 
 FECHET, BDMOND G. 
 
 (idLt. Zth Cav., July 28, '66.) (Capt. 8tA Cav., May 26, '70.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at the battle of Antietam, Md. 
 
 FELL, ADALBERT. 
 
 (2dLt. 2ist Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) (zd Lt. 2.1st Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 FENW^IOK, JOHN R. 
 
 (2d Lt. Marine Corps, Nov. 10, '99.) (Col. ifh Arty., May 8, '22.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 18, 1813, for gallant conduct on the Niagara Frontier. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 18, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 FERRIS, SAMUEL P. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. %th Inf., June 24, '61.) ( Capt. ifh Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 14, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the cam- 
 paign against Port Hudson, La. Brevet Maj., October, 28, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Hatcher's Run, Va. 
 
 FESSENDEN, FRANCIS. 
 
 (Capt. igtii Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. iglh Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 6, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of Shiloh, Tenn. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., July 6, 1864, for gallant services at Montell's Bluff on Red 
 River. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious servi- 
 ces in the field during the war. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 FESSENDEN, JOSHUA A. 
 
 (2d Lt. ifh Arty., Sept. 6, '62.) (ist Lt. tfh Arty., Nov. 30, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Capt., September 20, 1863, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 PBTTERMAN, GEORGE W. 
 
 (ist Lt. \tfh Inf., Aug. 5, '6l.) (Capt. \^h Inf., Feb. 25, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 16, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at thq 
 battle of Nashville, Tenn. Brevet Maj., April 12, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the capture of Mobile, Ala. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 379 
 
 PBTTERMAN, "WIIilAM J. 
 
 (irfZA 18/-4 Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. iZth Inf., Oct. 25, '61 ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the Atlanta Campaign, and in the battle of 
 Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 FIELD, EDWARD. 
 
 (Zd Lt. i^h Arty., Feb. 19, '67.) (Capt. ifh Arty., Apt. 29, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of White Oak Swamp, Va. Brevet Capt., May 12, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in action at Meadow Bridge, Va. 
 
 FIELD, FRANCIS A. 
 
 {2ti U. nth Inf., May 14, '62.) (Capit. nth Inf., Nov. 23, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 FIELD, HORACE B. 
 
 (id Lt. 3(/ Arty., July 1, '40.) (ist Lt. yl Arty., June 27, '44.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 9, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Hua- 
 mantla, Mex. 
 
 FINLEY, CLEMENT A. 
 
 (Surgeon's M. 1st Inf., Aug. 10, '18.) (Surgeon-Gen. (Col.), May 15, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Geji., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful service in the army. 
 FISHER, BENJAMIN F. 
 
 (Maj. Signal Corps, Mar. 3, ''63.) (Col. Signal Corps, Dec. 3, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August i, 1864, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 
 field. 
 
 FISHER, OTIS. 
 
 (zdLt. %th Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (\st Lt. ?,th Inf., Sept. 19, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 9, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the,bat- 
 
 tle of Cedsff Mountain, Va. Brevet Maj., September 30, 1864, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious services at the battle of Poplar Spring Church, Va. 
 
 FISHER, THOMAS H. 
 
 (istLt. lid Inf., July 28, '66.) (\st Lt. 22d Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Deep Bottom, Va. 
 
 FISHER, TVILLIAM J. 
 (2dLt. 10th Inf., Aug. 5, '6i.) (ist Lt. loth Inf., — . — , — .) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 FITZGERALD, EDWARD H. 
 
 (zdLt. 6th Inf., Oct. 26, '39.) (Capt. \st Drags., Aug. I, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapul tepee. 
 
 FITZGERALD, JOHN. 
 
 (zdLt. 2d Arty., Oct. 31, '63.) (1st Lt. 2d Arty., Aug. 12, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Winchester, Va. 
 
380 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 FITZHUGH, CHARLES L. 
 
 {isf Lt. ifh Arty., Oct. 24, '6l.) ^\st Lt. ifh Arty., Oct. 24, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Maj., August 28, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Sinithfield, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. Brevet Col., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field 
 during the war. 
 
 FITZHUGH, HENRY W. 
 
 (2d Lt. Arty., July 21, '14.) (ist. Lt. Arty., Apt. 20, '18.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, April 20, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 FLAGLBR, DANTBI. VT. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Ordn., June 24, '61.) (Maj. Ordn., June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 14, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Newbern, N. C. Brevet Maj., April 26, 1862, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at the siege of Fort Macon, N. C. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 
 1865, for distinguished services in the field, and faithful and meritorious ser- 
 vi ces m the Ordnance Department during the war. 
 
 FIiEXCHER, BIRD L. 
 
 (2d Lt. Afh Cav., Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. a^h Cav., Aug. 25, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 10, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the cav- 
 alry action at Franklin, Tenn. 
 
 FLETCHER, CHARLES H. 
 
 (2d Lt. ut. Inf., Aug. s, '61.) (Capt. \st Inf., Aug. i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 18, 1865, for meritorious services in the recruitment of 
 the armies of the United States. 
 
 FLETCHER, JOSHUA S., Jr. 
 
 (\st Lt. wth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i6t& Inf., Mar. 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 18, 1864, for gallant services at the battle 
 on the Weldon R. R., Va. 
 
 FLETCHER, WILLIAM. 
 
 (2dLt. nth Inf., Oct. 29, '61.) (Capt. 20th Inf., Nov. 2, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. 
 
 FLOYD-JONES, DE LANCEY. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. -jth Inf., July i, '46. ) (Col. 3d Inf., June 25, '67.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Molino del Rey. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices during the Peninsular campaign in Virginia. Brevet Col., July 2, 1863, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 FLYNN, DANIEL. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Cav., July 17, '62.) (2d Lt. 2d Cav., July 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Beverly Ford, Va. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 38 1 
 
 FOGARTV, MICHAEL B. 
 
 (ij/ Lt. 19M Inf., May 14, '61.) (xst Lt. v^th Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, September 19, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 FRLLBTT, FREDERICK M. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. yl Inf., July I, '50. ) {Capt. ifh Arty., Sept. 3, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., January 30, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 siege of Suffolk, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services during the war. 
 
 FOOTE, ALFRED. 
 
 (irf Lt. \i,th Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt. \i^h Inf., Jan. 18, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Maj., November 8, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services during the war. 
 
 FOOTE, GEORGE F. 
 
 (■id Lt. gtA Inf., July 28, '66.) {\st Lt. ?,th Cav., Apl. 21, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Jonesboro, Ga. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the battle of Bentonville, N. C. 
 
 FOOTE, RENSSELAER W. 
 
 {7.d Lt. 6th Inf., Nov. i, '38.) {Capt. Zth Cav., June 9. '53.) ■ 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. 
 
 FORBES, JOSEPH C. 
 
 {2dLt. \tfh Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) {zd Lt. \tfh Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 31, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of New Hope Church, Ga. 
 
 FORBES, THEODORE F. 
 
 {2dLt. ^2d Inf., July 28, '66.) {ist Lt. <,th Inf., Aug. 31, '75.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March j., 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. 
 
 FORD, LEMUEL. 
 
 {Capt. yi Drags., Mar. 2, '47.) {Capt. yi Drags., Mar. 2, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 19, 1847, foi^ gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 affair at Atlixco, Mex. 
 
 FORSYTH, BENJAMIN. 
 
 {2d Lt. bth Inf., Apl. 24, '00.) {Maj. Rifles, Jan. 20, ' 13.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., February 6, 1814, for distinguished services. 
 
 FORSYTH, GEORGE A. 
 
 {Maj. <jth Cav., July 28, '66.) {Maj. t^th Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Dinwiddle C. H., Va. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., Sep- 
 tember 17, 1868, for gallant conduct and meritorious services in an engagement 
 ■with hostile Indians on the Arickaree fork of the Repu'olican Riifer, Septem- 
 tier 17, 18, 19, and 20, 1868. 
 
382 , BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 FORSYTH, JAJVIBS "W. 
 
 {2d Zt-gtA Inf., July i, '56.) W^j. \oth Cav., July 2S, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Mai., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., October 19, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet Col., 
 April I, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, 
 Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in. 
 the field during the war. 
 
 FORSYTH, LEWIS C. 
 
 {A. Q. M. (Caft), Mar. 11, '67.) {A. Q. M. (Capt), Mar. 11, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 11, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 
 the war. 
 
 FORSYTH, ROBERT C. 
 
 (2dLt. Voltigeurs, Mar. 6, '47.) (1st Lt. Voltigeurs, Sept. 17, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 FOR'WOOD, -WILLIAM H. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) (Surg. (Maj), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 FOSTER CHARLES W. 
 
 (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Nov. 4, '65.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Nov. 4, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., and Brevet Col., November 4, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services ;in the Adjutant General's Department during the 
 war. 
 
 FOSTER, JOHN G. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt Engrs., July i, '46.) (Lt.-Col. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey. Brevet Maj., December 26, j86o, for 
 distinguished part taken in the transfer of the garrison of Fort Moultrie to 
 Fort Sumter, S. C. Brevet Lt-Col., February 8, 1862, for gallant and meri-' 
 torious services in the capture of Roanoke Island, N. C. Brevet Col. March 
 12, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in the capture of Newbern, N. C. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., Mirch 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 the capture of Savannah, Ga. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 FOSTER, SAMUEL A. 
 
 (Bvt. idLt. 1st Inf., July i, '60.) (Com. of Subs. (Capt), Feb. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., March, 13, 1865, for faithful and meri- 
 torious services during the war. 
 
 FOSTER, WILLIAM S. 
 
 (i.r/ Lt. lUh Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Lt.-Col. ifh Inf., June 8, '36.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 1 5, 1814, for gallant -onduct in the defense of Fort Erie • 
 
 Brevet Col., December 25, 1837, ......aguished services in Florida,, and 
 
 particularly in the battle of_Okee-cho-kee. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 383 
 
 POWLE, JOHN, Jr. 
 
 {2d Lt. ^th Inf., Apl. 9, '12.) (Lt.-Col. 6th Inf., Dec. 25, '37.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 10, 1824, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 FO"WLER, STERNE H. 
 
 (zd Lt. tfh Inf., Nov. 12, '38.) {Capt. tfh Inf., Dec. 9, '47. 
 
 Brevet Capt, August 20, 1847, fo"" gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 8, 1847, for gallant conduct 
 
 at Molino del Rey. 
 
 PO"V«rLER, "WILLIAM H. 
 
 (2d Lt. \stArty., July i, '37.) {Capt. ist Arty., Oct. 29, '48.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., January 1 5, 1838, for gallant and good conduct in the war 
 against the Florida Indians. 
 
 frank:, royal t. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. tfh Inf., July i, '58.) {Capt. 1st Arty., Feb. 27, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 3, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 Peninsular campaign in Virginia. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 13, 1862, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 FRANKLIN, WALTER S. 
 
 {\st Lt. I2th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 12th Inf., Feb. 6, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October ig, 1864, for faithful and 'meritorious services in the 
 field during the campaign before Richmond and in the Shenandoah Valley. . 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., April 2, 1865, for meritorious services at the capture pf 
 Petersburg, Va. , 
 
 FRANKLIN, -WILLIAM B. 
 
 {Bvt. zdLt. Top. Engrs., July i, '43.) - {Col. 12th Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Buena 
 Vista. Brevet Brig.-Genl., June 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 in the battle before Richmond, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 FRANTZ, JOHN H. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) {Surg. {Maj.), Dec. 19, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 FRASER, DONALD. 
 
 (Ens. itfh Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) {Paymaster, Oct. 29, '36.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 
 Brevet Mij., September 17, 1814, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 
 sortie from Fort Erie. 
 
 FRASER, "WILLIAM D. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Engrs., July i, '34.) (Capt. Engrs., July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 30, 1848, for gallant and meritorious conduct while serving 
 
 in the enemy's country. 
 
 FREDERICK, CALVIN H. 
 
 {1st Lt. 4S(A Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist Lt. 4<,th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 
 of Pea Ridge, Ark. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 services in the battle of Stone River, Tenn. 
 
384 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 FREEDLE'Sr, HENRY W. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. (jtk Inf., July I, '55.) (Maj. \ifh Inf., Dec. 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet. Maj. May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., Julys, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 FREELON, THOMAS H. 
 
 (\st. Lt. \tfh Inf., Mar. 2, '47.) (Capt. itfh Inf., Dec. — , '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 FREEMAN, ALEXANDER H. 
 
 (2d Lt. 6th Inf., Aug. s,'6i.) (ist Lt. &h Inf., June 2^ , '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 FREEMAN, CHARLES M. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. 2d Inf., Oct. 20, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 13, 1865, for faithful services. 
 
 FREEMAN, CONSTANT. 
 
 (Maj. \stArty. <Sr= Engrs., Feb. 28, '95.) [Lt.-Col. ist Arty., Apl. i, '02.) 
 
 Brevet Col., July 10, 1812. (For what services no record.) 
 FREEMAN, HENRY B. 
 
 (2dLt.i%thInf.,Oct.Tp,'6i.) ' (Capt. yt/i Inf., July 28, '66:) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious' services at the 
 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gallant 
 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 FREEMAN, NEHEMIAH. 
 
 (Lt. Arty., &= Engrs., June 2, '94.) (District Paymaster, March 16, '12.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 10, 1812. (For what services no record.) 
 FREEMAN, W^ILLIAM G. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. i^h Arty., July i, '34.) (A. A. G. (Bvt. Maj.), Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., November 21, 1836, for gallant services in the war againstthe 
 
 Florida Indians. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct in the 
 
 war with Mexico. 
 
 FREMONT, JOHN C. 
 
 (2dLt. Top. Engrs., July 7, '38.) (Maj.-Gen., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 31, 1844, for gallant and highly meritorious* services in two 
 expeditions commanded by himself— the first to the Rocky Mountains, which 
 terminated October 17, 1842, — the second, beyond those mountains, which ter- 
 minated July 31, 1844. 
 
 FRENCH, DANIEL. 
 
 (2dLt. itfk Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (\stLt. 15//Z Inf., July —, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 FRENCH, FRANK S. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Arty., Sept. 27, '61.) (jst Lt. 1st Arty., Feb. 20, '62 ) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and good conduct at the battle of 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 385 
 
 Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and good conduct at 
 the battle o£ Antietam, Md. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 good conduct at the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
 FRENCH, JOHN W. 
 (2d Lt. %tk Inf., Oct. 24, '6l.) ( Capt. z^th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle on the Weldon R. R., Va. Brevet Capt., October 28, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Hatcher's Run, Va. 
 
 FRENCH, SAMUEL G. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. yl. Arty., July i, '43.) - (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Jan. 12, '48. 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Capt., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Buena Vista. 
 
 FRENCH, THOMAS H. 
 
 (2dLt. \oth Inf., May 18, '64.) (Capt. yth Cav., Mar. 26, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 18, 1864, for gallant services during the operations on 
 the Weldon.R. R., Va. 
 
 FRENCH, WHJiIAM H. 
 (2dLt. 1st Arty., July, i, '37.) (Lt.-Col. 2d Arty., Feb. 8, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, foi^ gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., June l, 1862, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Col., September 17, 
 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. Bre- 
 vet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 FRENCH, WILLIAM H., Jr. 
 
 (2dLt. igth Inf., July z8, '66.) (ist Lt. Vjth Inf., May 6, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
 FREUDENBERG, CHARLES G. 
 
 (Capt. i,$th Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. i^^th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 PROHOCK, WILLIAM T. 
 
 (1st Lt. itfk Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. gth Cav., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services in the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 FROST, DANIEL M. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Arty., July I, '44.) (1st Lt. Mtd. Rifles, Nov. 1, '50 ) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April 18, 1847, fo'' gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
 FRY, CARY H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. id Inf., July 1, '34.) (Dep. Paymaster Gen. (Lt.-Col), July 28, '66. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, TS65, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 
386 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 war. Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., October 15, 1867 for faithful and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 PRY, JAMES B. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. ^d Arty., July I, '47.) (A. A. G. (Colonel), Mar. 3, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Bull Run (ist), Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Shiloh, Tenn., and Perryville, Ky. Bre- 
 vet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful, meritorious, and distinguished ser- 
 vices in the Provost Marshal General's Department during the war. 
 
 FRYER, BLBNCO"WB E. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) {Surg. (Maj.), Oct. 30, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj. March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 FUGBR, FREDERICK. 
 
 {2dLt. 4th. Arty., Oct. 31, '63.) (ist Lt. tfh Arty., Dec. 21, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 11, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Yellow Tavern, Va. Brevet Capt, March 31, 1865, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Dinwiddle C. H., Va. 
 
 FULLER, WILLIAM D. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. ylArty., June 24, '61.) (Capt. 2^ Arty., Nov. I, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Williamsburg, Va. Brevet Maj., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 FULMER, JESSE. 
 
 {Capt. itfk Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 15 Inf., May 14, '6i.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 7, 1865, for gallant services at the battle of Stone River, 
 Tenn. 
 
 PUNK, AUGUSTUS. 
 
 (\st Lt. i,\st Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist Lt. 41^ Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for 
 gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 GAEBFiL, FREDERICK A. H. 
 
 (\st. Lt. i,tfh Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist. Lt. ^tfh Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritori 
 ous services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 GAGEBY, JAMES H. * 
 
 (2dLt. i^h Inf., June I, '63.) (Capt. 3d Inf., July ?8, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. June 2^ 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action at 
 Hoover s Gap, Tenn. Brevet Capt., November 25, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 GAINES, EDMUND P. 
 
 (2dLt. 6th Inf., Jan. 10, '99.) (Brig.-Gen., Mar. 9, '14.) 
 
 thP enlm '^^Jl".^^"' ^VF"" 'S. t8i4,for gallant and good conduct in deefating 
 the enemy in the assault upon Fort Erie, U.C. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 387 
 
 GALBREATH, ALVIN S. 
 
 ^2dLt, i8li Inf., May 11, '66.) {\st Lt. \%th Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the action 
 at Brown's Ferry, Tenn., October 27, 1863. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 G-ALIiAG-HER, FRANK M. 
 
 (2<sf Lt. i6iA Inf., May 1 1, '66.) (2d Lt. \(>th Inf., May 11, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for distinguished gallantry 
 and good services during the war. 
 
 GALLOWAY, WILLIAM. 
 
 IfidLt. lefhlnf., Mar. 24, '62.) (Capt. \t,tk Inf., Apl. 23, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 GALLXTFE, GEORGE S. 
 
 (Capt. i,yllnf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. ist Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in .the battle of Charles City Cross Roads, Va. 
 
 GALT, PATRICK H. 
 
 (■^d Lt. Arty., Sept. 16, '14.) (Maj. 2.d Arty., Feb. 16, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 26, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contre- 
 ras and Churubusco. 
 
 GANSEVOORT, HENRY L. 
 
 (2d Lt. ^th Arty., May. 14, '61.) (Capt. tfh Arty., Aug. 13, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., October 14, 1864, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services in action near Manassas Gap, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 GARDINER, GEORGE W. 
 
 (yl Lt. Arty., Mar. 11, '14.) (Capt. 2d Arty., Nov. 3, '32.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 20, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 GARDINER, JOHN W. T. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Drags., July i, '40.) (Maj. 2d Cav., Oct. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 GARDNER, CHARLES K. 
 
 (Ens. 6th Inf., May 3, '08.) (Adjt.-Gen., (Col.), Apr. 12, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., February j, 1815, for distinguished and meritorious ser- 
 vices. 
 
 GARDNER, FRANKLIN. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt.']th Inf., July I, '43.) (Capt. \oth Inf., Mar. 3, '55.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Cerro Gordo. 
 
388 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 GARDNER, HUZEKIAH. 
 
 (Caft. 44tA Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. 44/A Inf., July 28, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 
 of Missionary Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 GARDNER, JOHN L. 
 
 (id Lt. ifh Inf., May 20, '13.) (Col. 2d Arty., July —, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November i, 1833, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 
 Gordo. Brevet Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 
 Contreras. Brevet. Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful services 
 
 in the army. 
 
 GARDNER, WILLIAM H. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Nov. 22, '62.) (Asst. Surg., Nov. 22, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 GARDNER, W^ILLIAM M. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Inf., July i, '46.) (Capt. 2d Inf., Mar. 3, '55.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 GARLAND, JOHN. 
 
 (\st Lt. nth Inf., Mar. 31, '13.) (Col. 8t& Inf., May 7, '49.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 7, 1827, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Brevet 
 Col., May 9, 1846, for gallant conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., August 20, 1847, .for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 GARNETT, ROBERT S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 4tA Arty., July 1, '41.) (Maj. <)th Inf., Mar. 27, '55.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 23, 1846, for gallant conduct at Monterey. Brevet 
 Maj., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Buena Vista. 
 
 GARRARD, EIENNER. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. ifh Arty., j^uly I, '51.) (Maj. 3d Cav., Nov 2, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Col., July 22, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the expedition to Covington, Ga. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 field during the war. 
 
 GARRETTY, FRANK D. 
 
 (2dLt. i,-},dlnf., July 28, '66.) (\st Lt. lyth. Inf., Jan. 11, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist|Lt. March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the' 
 war. 
 
 GARVIN, ED"WIN L. 
 
 (2dLt. 1st Arty., Feb. 19, '62.) (ist Lt. 1st Arty., July 4, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for good conduct and gallant services during 
 the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 389 
 
 GASKILL, CHARLES B. 
 
 (Capt. i,oth Inf., July 28, '66.) (,Capt. ipth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 13, 1862. 
 
 GATES, COLLINSON R. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. ^h Inf., July i, '36.) (Capt. ?>th Inf., June 18, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 9, 1846, for gallant conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca de la 
 
 Palma. Brevet Maj., September 8, 1847, for gallant conduct at Molino del 
 
 Rey. 
 
 GATES, WILLIAM. 
 
 ( 2d Lt. Arty., Mar. 6, '06. ) ( Col. yl Arty., Oct. 13, '45.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 3, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful services in the army. 
 
 GATLIN, RICHARD C. 
 
 {Bvt. zdLt nth Inf., July i, '32.) {Maj. tfh Inf., Feb. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 
 Monterey. 
 
 GAV, EBENEZER. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. ist Drags., July i, '55.) (.Maj. I7ih Inf., Sept. 16, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 8, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Perryville, Ky. Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1864, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 GEDDES, ANDREW. 
 
 (jstZt. ipth Inf., June 12, '67.) (irf Lt. ztfh Inf., June 12, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 12, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the siege 
 of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Maj., June 12, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the capture of Spanish Fort, Ala. 
 
 GBLRAY, JOSEPH W. 
 
 {Capt. A,tfhlnf., July 28, '66.) {Capt. i,lth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Cedar Mountain, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 GBNSEL, IRA F. 
 
 {idLt. ifh Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) {\st Lt. ^h Inf., —. — , — .) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorieus services at the 
 batrie of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 GENTRY, WILLIAM T. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 4th Inf., July I, '56.) {Capt igth Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 6, 1864, for gallant services at the crossing of the North 
 Anna, and during the campaign before Richmond, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 
 I, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. 
 
 GETTY, GEORGE W. 
 
 {2d Lt i^h Arty., Jily i, '40.) {Col. -^ Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., April ig, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 
390 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 1 8 12 
 
 torious services during the siege of Suffolk, Va. Brevet Col., March 5, 1864, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the capture 
 of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the field during the war. 
 
 GETTY, THOMAS M. 
 
 {Asst. Surg-., Nov. 23, '49.) '^Surg. (Maj.), Apl. 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 GHISBLnr, JAMES T. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., June I, '55.) {Surg. {Maj'.), June 14, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. Brevet Col., April 9, 1865, for meritorious services during the cam- 
 paign from Winchester to Appomattox C. H., Va. 
 
 GIBBOK, JOHN. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Arty., July i, '47.) {Col. Jth/nf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 13, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Col., July 
 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the capture of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 GIBBS, ALFRED. 
 
 (Bvt 2d Lt Mtd. Rifles, July i, '46.) (Maj. ^th Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro- 
 Gordo. Brevet Capt, September 13, 1847, for gallant conduct at Garita de 
 Belen, City of Mexico. Brevet Maj., June 11, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Trevillian Station, Va. Brevet Lt -Col., September 
 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Winchester, Va. 
 Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Five Forks, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., and Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 GIBBS, THEODORE K. 
 
 (zd Lt. \st Arty., Oct. 24, '61.) [ist Lt. 1st Arty., Feb. 20, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, February 20, 1864, for gallarit and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Olustee, Fla. Brevet Maj., June 3, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
 GIBBS, VriLLIAM. 
 
 (1st Lt. 44tA Inf., Mar. 11, '14.) (Regtl. Paymaster, July IJ, '16.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 23, 1814, for gallant conduct at the siege of New 
 Orleans. 
 
 GIBSON, GEORGE. 
 
 (Capt. tfk Inf., May 3, '08.) (Qr.-M.-Genl. (Col.), Apl. 29, '16.)* 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., April 29, 1826, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct, particularly in per- 
 forming his duties in prosecuting the war with Mexico. 
 
 * Was made'Com.-Genl. of Subsce. with rank of Col. April 18, 1818. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 39I 
 
 GIBSON, GEORGE. 
 
 [M. S. K., Q. M. Deft., April 9, '53.) {Maj. t,th Inf., Jan. 22, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant conduct at the battle of Gettysburg, 
 Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services dur- 
 ing the operations resulting in the fall of Richmond, Va., and the surrender of 
 the insurgent army under General Lee. 
 
 GIBSON, HORATIO G. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Arty., Jalyi, '47.) (Maj. yl Arty., Feb. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 5, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Williamsburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for galldnt and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 GIBSON, JOHN B. 
 
 (2dLt. lit Arty., Mar. 8, '47.) {ist Zt. 1st Arty., yim. 12, '48.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 GIBSON, JOSEPH R. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., April 16, '62.) (Asst. Surg., April 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 28, 1866, for meritorious 
 and distinguished services at Hart's Island, New York Harbor, where cholera 
 prevailed. 
 
 GIDDINAS, GROTIUS R. 
 
 (Maj. 14th Inf., May I4,'6i.) (Lt.-Col. \(>ih Inf., May 18, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Chancellorsville, Va., and Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 GILBERT, CHARLES C. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. ■},<> Inf., July i, '46.) (Lt.-Col. yth Inf., July 8,'68.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1862, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Richmond, Va. Brevet Col., October 8, 1862, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Perryville, Ky. 
 
 GILE, GEORGE "W. 
 
 (ist Lt. 4St/i Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. 4zfh Inf., Feb. 4, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Bull Run (2d), Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 rious services in the battle of South Mountain, Md. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 
 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Antietam, Md. 
 
 GILES, VriLLIAM B. 
 
 (1st Lt. I2tk Inf., April %' 4"].) (1st Lt. 12th Inf., April % 47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, f°r gallant and meritorious conduct at Cen- 
 tre ras and Churubusco. 
 
 GILL, JOHN U. 
 
 (2d Lt. -Ath Inf., Oct. 31, '63.) ( \st Lt. 2,(>th Inf., July 28, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign, and at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
392 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 GILIiEM, ALVAN C. 
 
 {Bvt. zd Lt. 1st Arty., July i, '51.) (Col. 1st Cav., July 28, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Januirv 19, 1862, for gallant and msritorious services at the 
 battle of Mill Spring, Ky. Brevet Lt.-Co1., December 16, 1864, for gallant and 
 maritoriOus services in action at Marion, Va. Brevet Cnl., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Brig. -Gen., March. 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. Brevet 
 Mij.-Gen., April 12, 1865, for gallant conduct at the battle of Salisbury, N. C. 
 
 GILLSSPIS, GEORGE L. 
 
 {■id Lt. Engrs., yum 17, '62.) {Maj. Eiigrs., Sept. 5, '71.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 campaign before Richmond, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 9, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the campaign from Winchester to Appomattox C. H., 
 Va. 
 
 GILLBTrB, JAMBS. 
 
 {Capt. i^th Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) {Capt. \tfh Inf., Mar. 7. '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 GILLISS, JAMES. 
 
 [2d Lt. tfh Arty., May 14, '61.) [A. Q. M. [Capt.], Aug. lo, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 1, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Capt., May 12, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Spottsylvania C. H., Va. 
 
 GILLMORB, QUINCY A. 
 
 {Bvt. zd Lt. Engrs., July i, '49.) (Lt.-Col. Engrs., Jan. 13, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., April 11, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 capture of Fort Pulaski, Ga. Brevet Col., March 30, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Somerset, Ky. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the capture of Fort Wagner, 
 S. C. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 in the assault on Morris Island, S. C. 
 
 GILMAN, JEREMIAH H. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. 1st Arty, July, l, '56.) {Com. of Subs. (Capt), Feb. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 31, 1862, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 GILMORB, JOHN C. 
 
 {zd IJ. \zth Inf., May 11, '65.) (Capt. zdfh Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Antietam, Md. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 GITTINGS, ERSKINE. 
 
 {zd Lt. 3d Arty, May 6, '61.) (Capt. yl Arty., Feb. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 22, 186:, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Pocotaligo River, S. C. Brevet Maj., November 29, 1863, for gajlant and 
 meritorious services at the siege of Knoxville, Tenn. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 393 
 
 GIVENS, NEWTON C. 
 
 (Bvt.2dLl. -istDrags^ July i, '46.) (Capt. 2d Drags., Feb. 28, '57.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt, February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. 
 
 GLACKIN, JOHN. 
 
 (2ar Lt. <)th Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (^st Lt. ^h Inf., Dec. — , '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec 
 
 GLASSEUi, JAMES M. 
 
 {.Ens. 2Qth Inf., May i, '12.) [Maj. (>th Inf., Sept. 6, '37.) 
 
 Brevet Maj, February io, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 GLEASON, JOSEPH. 
 (Ens. <^k Inf., Jan. 22, '13.) {Asst. Com. Subs., Mar. — , '19.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in defense of Fort Erie. 
 GLENN, THOMAS. 
 (Capt. ll^h luf, Apl. 9, '47.) (Capt. ij^tk Inf., Apl. 9, '47-) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 GODSARD, CHARLES E. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) (Surg. (Maj.), Jan. 6, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 GOOD ALT!, GREEWLEAF A. 
 
 (istLt. zylluf, July 28, '66.) (\st Lt. 2^ Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 GOODHUE, JOHN M. 
 (Capt. wtk Inf., May 14, '61.) (Maj. wth Inf., Nov. 23, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 GOODING, GEORGE. 
 (Em. ^h Inf., Dec. 12, '08.) (Capt. 4th Inf., June 15, '14.) 
 
 Retained, January, 1816 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 
 1st Lt. 5th Infantry with Brevet of Capt. from June 15, 1814. 
 
 GOODRICH, FRANK. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (1st Lt. 2d Inf., Nov. 19, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 GOODWIN, WILLIAM P. 
 
 (\st Lt \(tth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. \6th Inf., May 14, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickaraauga, Ga. 
 
 GORDON, DAVID S. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Can., Apl. 26, '61.) (Capt. 2d Caro., Apl. 25, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the Gettys- 
 burg campaign. 
 
 18 
 
394 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 G-ORDOIT, GEORGE A. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. yl Arty., July i, '54.) '\Maj. <fh Cav., Nov, I, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , March 24, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services on the 
 reconnoissance near New Bridge, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., June 11, 1864, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services at the battle of Trevillian Station, Va. 
 
 GORDON, GEORGE H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Mtd. Rifles, July i, '46.) ( \st Lt. Mtd. Rifles, Aug. 30, '53.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
 GORDON, S. W. 
 
 {istLt. 44ti/n/., Mar. 11, '14.) (ist Lt. n^tk Inf., Mar. ii, '14.) 
 
 Retained, January, i8i5 (ih reorganization under act of March 3, 1815J, as 
 2d Lt. Artillery, with Brevet of ist Lt. from March 11, 1814. 
 
 GORDON, -WTLLIAM H. 
 
 (2</ Lt. yiJnf., July 31, '38.> {^Maj. Zth Inf., Jul'» 31, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant conduct at Churubusco. 
 GORE, JOHN H. 
 
 {2dLt. 4M Inf., Aug. I, '38.) (Capt. 4tk Inf., Dee. 26, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 8, 1847, for gallant conduct 
 
 at Molino del Rey. 
 
 GOUVERNEUR, SAMUEL L. 
 
 (zd Lt. sfh Arty., Mar. 8, '47.) (2d Lt. i,th Arty., Mar. 8, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 GEA?TON, BENJAMIN F. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2o,th Inf., May 6, '67.) (2d Lt. 2gtk Inf., May 6, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 6, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Capt., May 6, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services 
 m the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 GRAFTON, HENRY D. 
 
 (2d Lt: 1st Arty, July i, '39.) i^Caft. jd Arty., Sept. 4, '51.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 GRAHAM, CAMPBELL. 
 
 {2dLt. 2d Arty., July i, '22.) (Maj. Top. Engrs., Dec. 9, '57.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1835, for gallant and good conduct in the affair 
 of the Withlacoochee, Fla. 
 
 GRAHAM, GEORGE -W. 
 
 (is; Lt lotk Cav., July 28, '66.) (Capt. lotk Cav., May 29, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 17, 1868, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 affair with Indians on the Big Sandy, C. T., September 17, 1868. 
 
 GRAHAM, JAMES D. 
 
 ylLt. Arty., July ^T,' IT.) (Col. Engrs. Jiine i,'6z-) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., January i, 1847, for valuable and highly distinguished ser- 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 395 
 
 vices, particularly on the boundary line between the United States and British 
 Provinces, &c. 
 
 GRAHAM, LA'WHENCE P. 
 
 (■idLt. 2d Drags., Oct. 13, '37.) . (Co/, ifh Cav., May 9, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May, 9, 1846, for gallant conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca de la 
 Palma. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 GRAHAM, LORIMERi 
 
 {idLt. loth Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (zd Lt. loti Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet, ist Lt., August 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 affair at Mira Flores. Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous conduct at Churubusco. 
 
 GRAHAM, •WILLIAM M. 
 
 {ylLt. Arty., July \-],'\T.) {Lt. Col. nth Inf., Mar. 2,' AT.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 11, 1829, for 10 years' fai'hful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1835, for gallant and good conduct in the affair of 
 the Withlacoochee, Fla. 
 
 GRAHAM, WILLIAM M. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Arty., Jicne 7, '55.) (Capt. 1st Arty., Oct. 26, '6l.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in the Penin- 
 sular campaign in Virginia. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 17, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Col., July 3, 
 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 field during the war. 
 
 GRANGER, GORDON. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d. Lt. 2d Inf., July 1, '45.) (Col. 2t,th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, fo'' gallant and meritorious conduct at Contre- 
 ras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meri- 
 torious conduct at Chapultepec. Brevet Maj. .August 10, 1861, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo. Brevet Lt.-Col., Sep- 
 tember 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Chickamau- 
 ga, Ga. Brevet Col, November 24, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chattanooga, Tenn. Brevet Brig.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services at the capture of Mobile, Ala. Brevet Maj.- 
 Gen., March 13, 1865, for distinguished gallantry and good conduct at the 
 capture of Forts Gaines and Morgan, Ala. 
 
 GRANGER, LOUIS E. 
 
 (2d Lt. iflth Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) (2d Lt. 40th Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Capt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the siege of Port Hudson, La. 
 
 GRANGER, ROBERT S. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Inf., July I, '38.) (Col. 21st Inf., Aug. 16, '71.) 
 
 Brevet Col., October 9, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Lawrenceburg, Ky. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in defense of Decatur, Ala. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
396 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 GRANT, ULYSSES S. 
 
 {Bv(. 2d Lt. 4th Inf., July I, '43.) (General of the Army, July 25, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Molino del Key. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant cdnduct at 
 Chapul tepee. 
 
 GRATIOT, CHARLES. 
 
 {2d Lt. Engrs., Oct. 30, '06.) ( Chf. Engrs. (Col.), May 24, '28.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., May 24, 1828, for meritorious services and general good 
 conduct. 
 
 GRAVES, CHARLES H. 
 
 (\st Lt. i^k Inf., Nov. 29, '65.) ( Capt. ^^th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services in the assault on Fort Fisher, N. C. 
 
 GRAVES, WILLIAM P. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Arty., Mar. 24, '62.) (Capt. 2d Arty., Mar. 25, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, July I, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Capt., August 29, 1862, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at the battle of Manassas, Va. Brevet Maj., November 29, 1863, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the defense of Fort Sanders, Tenn. 
 
 GRAY, CHARLES C. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) [Stirg. (Maj.), July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 GRAY, ROBERT. 
 
 (\st Lt. Cav., Jan. 8, '99.) (Maj. i6tk Inf., Aug. 15, '13.) 
 
 Retained, January i, 1816 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 
 Capt. 2d Infantry, with Brevet of Maj. from August 15, 1813. 
 
 GRAY, ROMAN H. 
 
 (2d Lt. itfhlnf, Apl. 7, '62.) (Capt. 2^h Inf., Sept. 30, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 GRAYSON, JOHN B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. zdArty., July i, '26.) (Com. Subs. (Maj.), Oct. 21, '52.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 GREBLE, JOHN T. 
 
 (Bvt 2d Lt. 2d Arty., July I, '54.) (\st Lt. 2d Arty., Mar. 3, '57.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., June 10, i86i,for conspicuous 
 gallantry and meritorious conduct in the battle of Big Bethel, Va. 
 
 GREEN, GEORGE W. 
 
 (1st Lt. I'jtk Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. lytk Inf., Oct. 11, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 397 
 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services d!liring the war. 
 
 GREEN, JOHN. 
 
 (2(/ Lt. 2d Drags., June 18, '55. ) (Maj. ist Cav., June 9, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Maj, July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the Gettys- 
 burg campaign. B'revet Lt.-Col., April 15, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the vf ar. 
 
 GREEN, TIMOTHY. 
 
 {Z^Lt. ^th Inf., May 20, '13.) (1st Lt. Arty., Apl. 20, '18.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 20, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 GREEN, "WILLIAM C. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Inf., Sept. 27, '61.) (Capt. 1st Inf., Jan. I, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 GREENE, CHARLES T. 
 
 (Capt i,2dlnf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. A2d Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 \ Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 
 of Ringgold, Ga. 
 
 GREENE, JAMES D. 
 
 (Lt.-Col lyih Inf., May 14, '61.) (Col dth Inf., Sept. 20, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services dur- 
 ing the war. 
 
 GREENE, JOHN. 
 
 (2dLt 22d Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Lt.-Col 6th Inf., Apl. 26, 38.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 25, 1824, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 GREENE, OLIVER D. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt Arty., July 1, '54.) (A. A. G. (Maj.), July 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July, 21, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Bull Run, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13,(1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of Crampton's Gap, Md. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. *■ ' 
 
 GREENE, SAMUEL C. 
 (istLt I'ifh Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt 2ifh Inf., Dec. 21, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services in the Subsistence De- 
 partment during the war. 
 
 GREENLEAF, CHARLES R. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '6l.) (Surg. (Maj.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865,- for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 GREGG, JOHN I. 
 
 ( 1st Lt I \tk Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (CoL ?,th Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 17, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 
398 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 at Kelly's Ford, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., October 12, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious' services in action at Sulphur Springs, Va. Brevet Col., October 7, 
 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Deep Bottom, Va. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 field during the war. 
 
 GRE&G, THOMAS J. 
 
 {2d Lt. 2d Cav., Feb. 23, '66.) {ist Lt. 2d Cav., Sept. i, '66. ) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 GREY, THOMAS. 
 
 (idLt. <^h Inf., Dec. 30, '47.) [Capt. 2d Arty., Nov. 4, 63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services. 
 
 GRIER, 'WILLIAM N. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Drags., July 1, '35.) ( Col. ^d Cav., Aug. 31, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 16, 1848, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Santa 
 Cruz de Resales, Mex. Brevet Col., May 5, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Williamsburg, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 GRIERSON, BENJAMIN H. 
 
 {Col. loih Cav., July 2%, '66;) {Col. lOth Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 raid through Mississippi in 1863. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services in the raid through Mississippi, December, 1864. 
 
 GRIFFIN, CHARLES. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. ^th Arty., July i, '47.) j (Col. 35/^ Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 21, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Bull Run, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Col., August 18, 1864, 
 for fgallant and meritorious services at the battle on the Weldon R. R,, Va. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Five Forks, ATa. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 GRIMES, EDWARD B. 
 
 {A. Q. M. {Capt.), May 26, '65.) {A. Q. M. {Capt.), May 26, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 26, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the Quar- 
 termaster's Department during the war. 
 
 GRIMES, JAMES F. 
 
 (Capt. lyth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. ijth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August I, 1864, for gallant services at Spottsylvania and during 
 the campaign before Richmond, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 GRISWOLD, HENRY W. 
 
 (yl Lt. Arty., Mar. z, '15.) {Capt. 1st Arty., Apl. 26, '32.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 12, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade- 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 399 
 
 GROSSMAN, FREDSRICE E. 
 
 (2(/ /./. -jtK Tnf., Afl. 22, '63.) {Capt. -jth Inf., Oct. 12, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July, 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 GROVER, CUVIER. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Arty., July I, '50.) (Col. 1st Cav., Dec. 2, '75-) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., May 5, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Williamsburg, Va. Brevet Col., May 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen.. March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Cedar Creek, and in the 
 campaign of the Shenandoah Valley, Va. Brevet Maj -Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 GUENTHER, FRANCIS L. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Arty., July I, '59.) (Capt. tfh Arty , Jidy 2, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 GUNTHBR, SEBASTIAN. 
 
 {fid Lt. 6fh Cav., Aug. 10, '63.) (Capt. ifk Cav., Feb. 10, '70.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December [6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 pursuit of rebel forces under General Hood. Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for 
 gallant and merito'rious services at the capture of Selma, Ala. 
 
 GUTHRIE, PRESLEY N. 
 
 (Capt. nth Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (Capt. \Uh Inf., ApL 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 HAGEN, OSCAR. 
 
 (2d Lt nth Inf., Nov. 20, '61.) (Capt. ()th Cav., Jan. 12, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for'gallant and meritorious conduct in the field 
 during the war. 
 
 HAGNER, PETER V. 
 f^Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Arty., July 1, -36.) (Col Ordn., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, fo"" gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Chapultepec. Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen. March 13, 1865, for faith- 
 ful and meritorious services in the Ordnance Department. 
 
 HAIGHT, EDWARD. 
 
 (\st Lt. 16th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 16th Inf., Juite 16, 64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., May 5, 1865, for meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 HAINES, THOMAS J. 
 
 (Bvt 2d Lt 1st Arty., July 1, '49 ) ; ( Com. Subs. (Maj.), Feb. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faith- 
 ful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
400 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 HAINS, PETER C. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Arty., June 24, '61.) (Maj. Engrs., Sept. Z2, '70.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Hanover C. H., Va. Brevet Maj., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services during the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 TTAT.T! , CLAYTON. 
 
 (2dLt. 16M Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (Capt. \6lh Inf., Sep. 24, '71.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 
 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Franklin, Tenn. 
 
 HAIiL, CHABLES B. 
 
 (2dU. 28tA Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) {yst. Lt. igrt Inf., Dec. 28, '68.) 
 
 I' Brevet 1st Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallamt and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Sabine Cross Roads, La. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Pleasant Hill, La. 
 
 HALL, JAIVIES A. 
 
 {2d Lt. \st Arty., Oct. 24, '6i.) {Capl. 1st Cav., June 3, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. Brevet Maj., April i, 18&5, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle erf Five Forks, Va, 
 
 HALL, NATHACriEL N. 
 
 (Ens. 21st Inf., Mar. 12, '12,) iCapt.'2ist Inf., Sept. —, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort 
 
 Erie. 
 
 TT AT.T. NORMAN J. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Arty., July i, '59) (Capt. tfh Arty., Aug. i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Antietaro. Md. Brevet Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant, and 
 
 meritorious services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt. Col., 
 
 July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 HALL, ROBERT H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Itk Inf., July 7, '60.) (Capl. loth Inf., Aug. 31, 'dz.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.. November 24, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Lookout Mountain, Temi. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 19, 1864, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services in the battle on the Weldon R. R., Va. 
 
 HALL, ROBERT M. 
 
 (2d Lt. \st Arty., Oct. 24, '61.) (\st Lt. 1st A; ty., Feb. 20, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 28, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in action at 
 Bermuda Hundred, Va. Brevet Maj., October 7, 1864, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in action on the Darbytown Road, near Richmond, Va. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 4OI 
 
 HALLECK, HENRY W. 
 
 (2d Lt. Engrs., July I, '35.) (Maj. Gen., Aug. 19, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May i, 1847, for gallant conduct in affairs with the enemy, 
 November 19 and 20, 1847, and for meritorious services in California. 
 
 HALLER, GRANVILLE O. 
 
 {zd Lt. 4iA Inf., Nw. 17, '39.) {Maj. -jth Inf., Sept. 25, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Molino del Rey. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 HAMBRICK, PAUL R. 
 
 (zd Lt. 45^/4 Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist Lt. i,tfh Inf., Feb. 4, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Salem Church, Va. 
 
 HAMBRIGHT, HENRY A. 
 
 [Capt. iitk Inf, May 14, '61.) (Maj. v^th Inf., Jan. 27, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 20, 1863, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Col., 
 September l, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during the Atlanta 
 Campaign. , 
 
 HAMILTON, CHARLES S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Inf., July i, '43.) (1st Lt. t,t/i Inf .June yi, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847,- for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 HAMILTON, FRANK B. 
 
 { 2d Lt. yi Arty., June 1 7, '62. ) ( Capt. 2d Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Capt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 HAMILTON, JOHN. 
 
 (2dLt. yl Arty., July i, '47.) (Maj. \<)th Arty., Aug. 13, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , April 11, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 investment of Fort Pulaski, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., June 17, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious services in action at Secessionville, James Island, S. C. Bre- 
 vet Col., February 20, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Olustee, Fla. 
 
 HAMILTON, JOHN. 
 (zdLt. 1st Inf., May 12, '63.) ( 1st Lt. 1st Inf., Mar. IJ, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 HAMILTON, LOUIS M. 
 
 {2d Lt. T^Inf, Sept. 27, '62.) (Capt "jth Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Jst Lt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous' services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., November 27, 1868, 
 for gallant and meritorious services in engagements with the Indians, particu- 
 
 18* 
 
402 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 larly in the batt" e with the Cheyennes on the Washita River, November 27, 
 1868, where he fell while gallantly leading his command. 
 
 HAMILTON, SCHUYLER. 
 
 (idtt. 1st Inf., July I, '41.) (A. D. C. to Gen.-in-Chf. [Col.), Aug. 7, '61.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September. 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Capt., August 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Mil Flores, Mexico. 
 
 ham:ilton,;;thom:as. 
 
 (Ens. \st Inf., Mar. 6, '06.) (Capt. t^h Inf., Feb. 21, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 21, 1824, for lo'years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 HAMMOND, JOHN F. 
 
 [Asst. Surg., Feb. 16, '47.) [Surg. [Lt.-Col.), Junezd, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 HAMMOND, RICHARD P. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt 2(1 Arty., July i, '41.) (istLt. ^d Arty., May 28, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and iheritorious services at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 HAMPSON, JESSE A. P. 
 
 (2d Lt \ath Inf., Feb. 19, '62.) (Capt. 10th Inf., Feb. 3, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj, March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 HANCOCK, DAVID P. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. •jthlnf, July i, '54.) (Maj. 2d Inf., Oct. 24, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 HANCOCK, 'WINFIBLD S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt dth Inf., July i, '44.) (Maj.-Gen.,July26,'(A.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churuhusco. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 HANSON, -WEIGHTMAN K. 
 
 (Bvt 2d Lt. -jth Inf., July I, '35.) (\st Lt -jth Inf., Ji'yy, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 3, 1839, for meritorious conduct and gallantry in the 
 war in Florida. 
 
 HAPPERSETT, J. C. G. 
 
 (AsstStrg., Aug. 26, '61.) (Surg. (Afaj.), June 26, 'yd,) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 ^ervices during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 403 
 
 HARBACH, ABRAM A, 
 
 (zd Lt. nth Inf., June II, '62.) {Capt. zoth Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 HARDCASTLE, EDMUND L. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. Top. Engrs., July i, '46.) (\st Lt. Top. Engrs., July i, '53.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey. 
 
 HARDEE, "WILLIAM J. 
 
 (zd Lt. zd Drags., July i, '38.) (Lt.-Col. \st Cav., June 28, '60.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 25, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Medelin, 
 near Vera Cruz, Mex. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and merito- 
 rious conduct at San Augustine, Mex. 
 
 HARDIE, JAMES A. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt \st Arty., July i, '43 ) (Inspector-Gen. (Col), Mar. zi„ '64) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 3, 1865, for diligent and faithful services during the 
 war. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful, meritoripus and distin- 
 guished services in the Inspector-General's Department. 
 
 HARDIN, MARTIN D. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. ^d Arty., July i, '59.) (J.<i,. ^j/t inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 29, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Groveton, Va. Brevet Maj-, August 30, 1862, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 
 14, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in an encounter with a band 
 of guerrillas. Brevet Col., May 23, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services 
 at the battle of North Anna, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 HARDING, EBENEZER D. 
 
 (zdLt. i8tA Inf., June 9, '62.) [Capt. zjth Inf., Jan. 7, '67. ) 
 
 Brevet Capt., November 25, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 HARGOUS, CHARLES E. 
 
 (zd Lt. ifith Inf., July 28, '66.) (zd Lt. ^h Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious' services at Sedg- 
 wick's Crossing, Va., May i, 1863. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HARLEY, BENJAMIN F. 
 
 (zd Lt. I ith Inf., Apl- 9, '47-) ( "' -^'- ' ''^ W-> ^"g- 12, '47- ) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 HARNEY, WILLIAM S. 
 
 (zdLt. 1st Inf., Feb. 3, '18.) _ (Brig.-Gen.. June 14, '58.) 
 
 Brevet Col., December 7, 1840, for gallaiit and nferitqrious conduct in several 
 
404 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 enga^rements with hostile Indians in Florida. Brevet Brig.-Gen., April 18, 1847, 
 for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro Gordo. Brevet Maj,-Gen., March 
 13, 1865, for long and faithful services. 
 
 HARPER, "WILIiIAM, Jr. 
 (2dLt. (,th dm., Oct. 18, '66.) [Capt. &k Cat/., Jan. 27, '75.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HARRIS, BD"WARD. 
 
 (id Lt. t,th Cav., June 7, '64.) (irf Lt. tfk Cav., Sept. 29, '64-) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. Brevet Capt., September 19, i864,for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Winchester, Va. 
 
 HARRIS, MOSES. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Cav., May 18, '64.) (Capt. 1st. Cav., June 20, '72-) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Winchester, Va. 
 
 HARRIS, SAMUEL D. 
 
 (Capt. Light Drags., Mar. 21, '12.) (Paymaster -Jih Jnf., Feb. 7, '21.) 
 
 Brevet Mii , July 5, 18 14, for gallant conduct at the battle of Chippewa. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., July 25, 1814, for distinguished services at the battle of Ni- 
 agara. 
 
 HARRIS, WILLIAM H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Ordn , June 24, '6t.) (Capt. Ordn , June i, '63.) . 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., August i, i864,for gallant and efficient ser- 
 vices in the battles from tlie Ripidan to Peteriljurg, Va 
 
 HARRISON, JAMES E. 
 
 (zdLt. ith Cav., June 27, '56.) (Capt. ^th Cav., May 30, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Hanover C. H., Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 17, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. 
 
 HARRISON, ROBERT. 
 
 (2d Lt i^th Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. i^d Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 1, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 
 the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 HARRISON, THOMAS. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2\st Inf., May 15, '12.) (Capt. Ofth Inf., Aug. 15, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 5, 18 14, for gallant conduct at the battle of Chippewa. 
 HARRISON, -WILLIAM H. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Cav., Nov. 30, '61.) (Capt. 2d Cav., — , '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va.* Brevet Maj., September 19, 1864, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious services at the battle of Winchester, Va. 
 
 HART, DANIEL. 
 
 (\st Lt. i,ath Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) (Capt. 2tfh Inf., N(w. 30, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 4O5 
 
 tie of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 HART, VERLING K. 
 
 {Capt. \r)th Inf., Oct. 30, '6t.) [Mij. %th Ow., Dec. 2, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 30, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., Marph 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HARTSUFP, ALBERT. 
 
 [Asst. Stirg., Aug. 5, '61.) (Surg. [Maj.\ June 26, '76-) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., November 26, 1866, for meritoriou.= 
 and distinguished services during the outbreak and continuance of cholera in 
 New Orleans, La. 
 
 HARTSUFP, GEORGE L. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 4//i A ty., July i, '52.) (A. A. C. (Lt.-Col.), June t, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Col., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the campaign terminating in the surrender of Lee's 
 army. Brevet Maj.-Gcn., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 in the field during the war. 
 
 HARTWBIjL, CHARLB.g A. 
 
 [ist Lt. iit/i Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. nth Inf., 0:1. 4, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet iVIaj., June 14, 1863, for gallant and merit 
 orious .services at the siege of Port Hudson, La. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HARTZ, -WILSON T. 
 
 {2d Lt ie,th Inf.,May II, '66.) (ist Lt ic^t/i Inf., June 17, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gill nt and meritorious 
 services in the battle of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 106;, for ga.- 
 lant and meritorious services in the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 HARVrOOD, FRANKLIN. 
 
 (2d Lt. T,d Arty., May 6, '61.) (Maj. Engrs., Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 campaign before Richmond, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 9, 1865, for fauhful 
 and meritorious services during the operations resulting in the fall of Richmond 
 and surrender of General Lee. 
 
 HASBROTJCS:, HENRY C. 
 
 {2d Lt. ^th Arty., May 6, '61. 1 {Cipt. ^fh Arty.. July 2'). '66 ) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 25, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in ac- 
 tion at Blackwater Bridge, near Suffolk, Va. Brevet Maj., April ^, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services during the siege of Petersburg. Va. 
 
 HASCALL, HERBERT A. 
 
 (2d Lt. s,th Arty., July I, '56.) {Capt ^t'l Arty.. July 13, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, fur I'ai.h.ul and meritoriou.-j 
 services during the war. 
 
406 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 HASKIN, JOSEPH A. 
 
 (zdLt. 1st Arty., July i, '39.) (Zi.-Col. ist Arty., July 26, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Chapultepec. Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 
 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HASKIN, ^VILLIAM L. 
 (2dLt. isf Arty., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. 1st Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 8, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the capture 
 of Port Hudson, La. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for good conduct and gal- 
 lant services during the war. 
 
 HASSLER, JOHN J. S. 
 
 (id Lt. Afh Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (1st Lt. ifh Inf., Aug. 25, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in front of 
 Petersburg, Va. 
 
 HASSON, ALEXANDER B. \ 
 
 [Asst.Surg., June 29, '49.) [Surg. (Maj.), Aug. 17, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 HASTINGS, JAMES. 
 
 (2d Lt. tfh Cav., July 17, '62.) (Caft. $tk Cav., Aug. 11, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, September 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Winchester, Va. Brevet Maj., March 31, 1861;, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Dinwiddle C. H., Va. 
 
 HATCH, EDWARD. 
 
 (Col. <)th Cav., July 28, '66.) (Col. C)tk Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Franklin, Tenn. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Nashville, Tenn., December, 1864. 
 
 HATCH, JOHN P. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt Zdlnf, July 1, '45.) (Lt.-Col. 4/A Cav., Jan. 15, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. Brevet Maj., August 30, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious conduct at Manassas, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 14, 
 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of South Mountain, Md. 
 Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 in the field during the war. 
 
 HATHAWAY, FORREST H. 
 
 (2d Lt. s,ut Inf., Mar. 7, '67 ) (2d Lt. ffh Inf., Mar. 7 '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Capt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of New Market, Va. 
 
 HATHEWAY, JOHN S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Arty, July 1, '36.) (Capt. 1st Arty., Mar^ 3, '47 ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras aid Churubusco. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. '407 
 
 HAWES, JAMES M. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. zd Dm^., July I, '45.) (Cipt. 2d Drains , Dec. 13, '55.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August i, 1847, fo"^ gallant and meritorious conduct at San 
 Juan de los Llanos, Mex. 
 
 HAWKINS, EDG-AR S. 
 
 \zdLt. id Inf., July i, '20.) (Maj. \st Inf., Feb. 16, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant and distinguished services in defense 
 of Fort Brown. 
 
 HAWKINS, HAMILTON S. 
 {p.d Lt. 6th Inf., Apl. 26, '61.) [Capt. 6th Inf., Sept. 20, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., October 1 1, 1865, for meritorious services. 
 
 HAWKINS, JOHN P. 
 
 (Bvt2d Lt. 6th Inf., July i, '52.) [Com. Subs. (Mij.), June 23, '74) 
 
 Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the siege of Mobile, Ala. Brevet Col., March 13, i86s,.for 
 gallant and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen. and Brevet 
 Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious .services in the field 
 during the war. 
 
 HAir, CHARLES E. 
 (2d U. 3d C.W., Au^. 5, '6i.) (1st Lt 3d Cav., Nov. 5, '6i.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 22, 1865, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HAY, THOMAS H. 
 
 (ist Lt. ^zd Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) (xst Lt. ^2d Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 HAYDBN, HORACE J. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Arty., Aug. t„ '61.) (ist Lt. ^d Arty., Aug. ^,'61. ) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for good conduct and 
 gallant services during the war. 
 
 HAYDBN, JEREMIAH D. 
 
 (ist Lt. i^th Inf., Mar. 12, 'j2.) (Capt \$th Inf., Mar. 13, '13.) 
 
 Retained, December, 1815 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815)^ 
 as ist Lt. Artillery, with Brevet of Capt. from March 13, 1813. 
 
 HAYDEN, JULIXIS. 
 
 (2d Lt 2d Inf., Jan. 16,' 2,<j.) (Lt.-Col. le^th Inf., July 2%, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusto. Brevet Lt.-Col., August i, 1864, for faithful and meri- 
 torious services. Brevet Col , January 23, 1865, for faithful services in action 
 at Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 distinguished services in the field. 
 
 HAYMAN, SAMUEL B. 
 
 (Bvt.'zd Lt 1st Inf, July i, '42.) {Lt.-Col. l-jth Inf., Sept. 15, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
408 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 battle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Col., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 HAYMOND, HBNHY. 
 
 (Capt. iZt/i Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) (Capt. \%th Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., and Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the vfar. 
 
 HAYNE, ARTHUR P. 
 
 {\st Lt. Light Drags., May 3,j'oS.) (Inspector-Gen. (Col.), Apt. 12, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., December 23, 1814, for gallant conduct at New Orleans. 
 HAYS, AIiEXANDER. 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. 4tA Inf., July I, '44.) (Capt. \(sth Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 9, 1846, for gallant conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca de 
 la Palma. Brevet Maj., June 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battles of Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard, and Glendale, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col. 
 July I, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Malvern Hill, 
 Va. I3revet Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 HAYS, JOHN B. 
 (zd Lt. \<)th Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) (Capt. \t)th Inf., Apt. 28, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 8, 1865, for faithful services during the war. 
 
 HAYS, JOSEPH H. 
 
 (zd Lt. I zth Inf., Feb. 23, '65 ) (ist Lt. -tpth Inf., July 28, '(£.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Drury's P'arm, Va. 
 
 HAYS, WILLIAM. 
 
 (zd Lt. zd Arty., July i, '40.) [M.ij. t^tk Arty., Aug. i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt,, August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. Brevet Lt.-Col., July i, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the Peninsular campaign in Virginia. Brevet 
 Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 field during the war. 
 
 HAZELTON, JAMES B. 
 
 (zd Lt ifh Arty., May 1 1, '65 ) (\st Lt. ^ti Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 HAZBN, HENRY E. 
 
 (zdLt. %th Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt., unassigtted, — . — .) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 Peninsular campaign in Virginia. Brevet Capt, December 13, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 HAZEN, WILLIAM B. 
 
 (Bvt. ZdLt. 4ti Inf., July i, '55.) (Col. 6th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 16, 1859, for gallant conduct in two several engagements 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 40g 
 
 with the Indians in Texas. ■ Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., Nov- 
 ember 24, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Chatta- 
 nooga, Tenn. Brevet Col., September I, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the capture of Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services in the capture of Fort McAllister, Ga. Brevet 
 Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field 
 during the war. 
 
 HAZZARD, DAVID B. 
 (idLt. lUh Inf., Feb. 19, '63,) [\stLt. wth Inf., July 12, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October I, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wild- 
 erness- and during the campaign before Richmond, Va. 
 
 HEAD, GEORGE E. 
 
 (\stLt. Mth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. ^d Inf., July 12, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August :, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of Spottsyl- 
 
 vania, Va. 
 
 HEAD, JOHN F. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Aug. 6, '46.) [Surg. (Lt.-Col), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 
 the war. 
 
 HEAP, DAVID P. 
 
 (ij-; Lt. Engrs., June 13, '64.) ( Capt. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 HEARN, JAMES A. 
 
 (2dLt. \6th Inf., Feb. 27, '63. J (Capt. l6iA Inf., Apt. 2, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 HEBERT, PAUL O. 
 
 (zd Lt. Engrs., July 1, '40.) (Lt.-Col 14M Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Col., September 8, 1847, foi" gallant and meritorious conduct at Moli- 
 no del Rey. 
 
 HEDGES, JOSEPH. 
 
 (2d Lt.M^ Cav., Aug. e„ '61.) > [Capt. ifh Cav., — , — .) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 10, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in cavalry 
 action at Franklin, Tenn. Brevet Capt., December 16, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the pursuit of the rebel forces under General Hood. 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 HEGER, ANTHONY. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 29, '56.) (Surg. (Maj.), Sept. 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 HEILEMAN, JULIUS F. 
 
 (zd Lt. Arty., Mar. 6, '06.) (Maj. 2d Arty., Nov. 17, '34.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , May 5, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Brevet 
 
4IO BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 Lt.-Col., June 9, 1836, for gallant and good conduct in the affair of Micanopyi 
 Fla. 
 
 HBILMAN, -WILLIAM H. 
 [2dLt. \ith Inf., Aug. 13, '62.) (.Capf. \tfh Inf., May 11, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 HEINTZELMAN, SAMUEL P. 
 {Bvt. zdLt. -id Inf., July i, '26.) [Col. lyth Inf., Slay 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 9, .1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Hua- 
 mantla, Mex. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 19, 1851 (Services not specified). 
 Brevet Brig. -Gen., May 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the 
 battle of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., Marcti 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Williamsburg, Va. 
 
 HBLM, ISAAC A. 
 
 [zd Lt. yl Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) l,iU Lt. yl Inf., Sept. 11, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 HBNDERSHOTT, HENRY B. 
 
 i,Bvt. zdLt. tfh Inf., July i, '47.) [Capt. zd Arty., Apl. 27, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services, connected with the recruitment and organization of 
 the volunteer armies of the United States during the war. 
 
 HENDRICESON, THOMAS. 
 
 {zdLt. dth Inf., July 31, '38.) {Maj. yl Inf., June 27, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, foi- gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., July i, 1862, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious conduct during the war. 
 
 HENRY, GUY V. 
 
 {zd Lt. 1st Arty., May 6, '61.) {Capt. yl Cav., Dec. 1, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 22, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 near Pocotaligo River, S. C. Brevet Maj., February 20, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at-the battle of Olustee, Fla. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 
 29, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in front of Petersburg, Va. 
 Brevet Col., March I3;i865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HENRY, THOMAS. 
 
 {zd Lt. -jtk Inf., May 20, '47.) {1st Lt. "jth Inf., Oct. 24, '53.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 HENRY, ■WILLIAM S. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. yl Inf., July i, '35.) {Capt. zd Inf., May i8, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct in 
 
 several conflicts at Monterey. 
 
 HENSHAW, JOHN C. 
 
 {zd Lt. -jth Tnf, July i, '39.) {Capt. -jth Inf, Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 4II 
 
 HENTON, JAMES. 
 
 {,2dLt. -i^th Inf., Oct. 5, '61.) {^Capt. 2;^ Inf., Nov. 4, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 HICKS, JOHN W. 
 
 (ist Lt. 2ath Inf., July 28, '66.) (irf Lt. 2otk Inf., July 28, '(A.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 assault on Fort Wagner, S. C. 
 
 HIGBEE, GEORGE H. 
 
 {\st Lt. nth Inf., May 1:4, '6i.) (Capt. nth Inf., Feb. 19, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services in front of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 meritorious services in the battles before Petersburg and on the Weldon R. R., 
 Va. ■ ' • 
 
 HIGGS, AUGUSTUS P. 
 
 (2dLt. iSth Inf., June 18, '67.) (2d Lt. 16th Inf., June 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 18, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 HH.DEBURN, SAMUEL. 
 
 {2d Lt. id Call., Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. yl Cav., Jan. 3, '69.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., November 15, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 action near Tuscumbia, Ala. 
 
 HILDT, JOHN MC. L. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 6th Inf., July i, '56.) (Capt. yl Inf., May 30, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battles 
 of Gaines's Mills and Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HILL, BENNETT H. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Arty., July i, '37.) (Lt.-Col. <^th Arty., Aug. i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Col., January 31, 1865. (Services not specified.) Brevet, Brig.-Gen.i 
 January 31, 1865. (Services not specified.) 
 
 HILL, DANIEL H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Arty., July i, '42.) (u/ Lt. Afh Inf., Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for, gallant and 
 meritorious conduct in the storming of Chapultepec. 
 
 HILL, GEORGE D. 
 
 { \st Lt. 42d Inf., July 28, '66. ) (ist Lt. /^2d Inf., July 28, '66. ) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Appomattox C. H., Va. 
 
 HILL, RICHARD M. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Ordn., June 24, '61.) (Maj. Ordn., June 2^ '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Ordnance Department. 
 
412 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8 12 
 
 HTLLART, MICHAEL. 
 
 (Asst.Surg., Ju1ie\i, '63.) {.Asst. Surg.', June 13, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 HINDMAN, JACOB. 
 (zd Lt. tfh Inf., May 3, '08.) [Maj. 2d Arty., June 26, '13.) 
 
 '" Brevet Lt.-Gol., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in defense of Fort 
 Erie. Brevet Col., May 17, 1815, for distinguished services. 
 
 HINKS, EDWARD "W. 
 
 2d Lt. 2d Cav., Apl. 26, '61.) [Lt.-Col. ipth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Antietam, Md. Brevet Brig.-G'en., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services in the assault on Petersburg, Va. 
 
 HITCHCOCK, ETHAN A. 
 
 [,T,dLt. Arty., July 17, '17.) (Col. 2d Inf., Apl. 15, '51.) 
 
 Brevet Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious co nduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Brig.-Gen., September 8, 1.847, for .gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey. 
 
 HITCHCOCK, JOHN P. 
 
 (,2dLt. i8tA Inf., June, '1862.) [zd Lt. iSiA Inf., —June, '62.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt„ December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 HOAG, JOHN M. 
 
 (irf Lt. 44M Inf., July 28, '66.) (\st Lt. i^h Inf., July 28, 'b(>.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Chapin's Farm, Va. 
 
 HOAQLAND, MOSES. 
 
 (Capt. \tfh Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (Caft. itfh Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 HOBBS, CHARLES W. 
 
 (zd Lt. 2,d Arty., Sept. 21, '67.) (ist Lt. yl Arty., Dec. 20, '1875.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 21, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Capt., September 21, 1867, for gallant 
 and meritorious services in the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
 HODGES, HENRY C. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. /[thlnf, July i, '51.) (Dep. Q. M. Gen. (Lt.-Col), May 29, '76.) 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 HOFFMAN, WILLIAM. 
 
 (IJ^ Lt. 4irf Inf., Nov. II, '^g.) (Lt.-Col. -jth Inf., July 15, '45.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May i, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 HOFFMAN, WILLIAM. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt.6th Inf., July i, '29.) (Col. t^ Inf., Apl. 25, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 413 
 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 8, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey. Brevet Brig.-Gen., October 7, 1864, 
 for faithful and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 
 13, 1865, for faithful, meritorious and distiinguished services as Commissary 
 General of Prisoners during the war. 
 
 HOGARTY, WILLIAM P. 
 
 (2</Z/. 45//S' Inf., July 28, '66.) (2d Lt. 45/^ Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 HOGE, SOLOMON L. 
 
 {zd Lt. 6th Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (ist Lt. 6th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and m eritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Bull Run (2d), Va. 
 
 HOLABIRD, SAMUEL B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Inf., July I, '49.) (Dep. Q. M. Gen. [Li. Col.), July 29, '66.) 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HOLBROOK, SAMUEL S. 
 
 (2dLt. itfh Inf., Oct. 13, '61.), (\st Lt. lyh Inf., Jan. 3, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 HOLCOMB, PYTHAGORAS E. 
 
 (■zd Lt. \6th Inf., Dec. 30, '47.) (Capt. lyth Inf., Jan. 26, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 14, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action at 
 Port Hudson, La. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. i 
 
 HOLDEN, LEVI H. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., June 15, '40.) [Surg. (Maj.), Apl. 23, '60.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 HOLDEN, NATHANIEL B. 
 
 (Capt. I2th Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (Capt. 12th Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 HOLDING, JOHN "W. 
 
 (Ens. 2ist Inf., Aug. 5, '13.) (\st Lt. 21st Inf., July 31, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 
 HOLGATE, ASA H. 
 
 (ist Lt. Engrs., June II, '63.) (Capt. Engrs., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services during the war. 
 HOLLOW AY, EDMUNDS B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. i[th Inf., Jvly i, '43.) ( Capt. %th Inf., Dec. 31, '53.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
414 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 HOLMES, ANDREW H. 
 
 (Capt. zi,th Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Maj. yd Inf., Apl. 18, '14;) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 4, 1814, for gallant conduct. 
 
 HOLMES, THEOPHILUS H. 
 
 {,Bvt. id Lt. 1th Inf., July i, '29.) [Maj. Mi Inf., Mar. 3, '55.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant conduct at Monterey. 
 
 HOLT, JOSEPH. 
 
 {Judge Adv.-Gen^{Col.), Sept. 3, '62.) [fudge Adv.-Gen.[Brig.-Gen.),yune 22, '64.) 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful, meritorious and distinguished 
 services in the Bureau of Military Justice during the war. 
 
 HONEY, SAMUEL R. 
 
 (2d Lt. i^th Inf., Aug. 13, '62.) [Capt. 2zd Inf., Nov. 1, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September I, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign, and at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 HOOE, ALEXANDER S. 
 
 [Bvt. id Lt. <^th Inf., July i,'27.) [Capt. tfh Inf., July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant and distinguished conduct at Palo Alto 
 and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 HOOK, JAMES H. 
 
 {^Ens. tjth Inf., Apl. 30, '12.) [Asst. Com. Gen. Subs. (Lt.-Col.), July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 20, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one glade. 
 
 HOOKER, JOSEPH, 
 
 (idLt. isf Arty., July I, '37.) [Brig.-Gen., Sept. 20, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 23, 1846, for gallant conduct at Monterey. Brevet 
 Maj., June 11, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the National 
 Bridge, Mex. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct at Chapultepec. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Chattanooga. Tenn. 
 
 HOOVER, GEORGE "W. 
 
 (id Lt. \ifh Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) (id Lt. utA Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. 
 
 HOPKINS, EDWARD R. 
 
 (Bvt. idLt. id Inf., July i, '60.) [Com. Subs. (Capt.), Feb. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 HOPKINS, JAMES A. 
 
 (idLt. \lth Inf., Oct. 31, '63.) (Capt. \ith Inf., Mar. I, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle on the Weldon R. R., Va. 
 
 HOPPY, EDWARD. 
 
 (idLt. 44tA Inf., July 28, '66.) (\st Lt. <^h Inf., Sept. 15, '71.) 
 
 Brevet i.st Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Bull Run, Va. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 415 
 
 HORNER, SAMUEL H. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Apl. 16, '62.) (Asst. Surg., Apl. 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 HORR, JOSEPH L. 
 {zd Lt. 13M Inf,, Aug. 29, '62.) [Capt. 13M Inf., Oct. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., January 10, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Arkansas Post, Ark. Brevet Maj. July 4, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services during the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 HORRIGAN, PATRICK W. 
 
 (zdLt. 2d Cav., Oct. 31, '63.) (1st. Lt. i},th Inf., Jan. 5, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 11, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Trevillian Station, Va. 
 
 HORTON, SAMUEL M. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 26, '61.) (Surg. (Maj.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 services during the war. 
 
 4 HOSEA, LOUIS M. 
 
 (ist Lt. 16th Inf., May :4, '6i.) (Capt. i6t/i Inf., Oct. 19, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the cap- 
 ture of Selma, Ala. 
 
 HOSMER, CHARLES H. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Inf., Aug s, '61.) (Capt. 1st Inf., Apl. 19, '66.) 
 
 ■Brevet Capt., October 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Corinth, Miss. Brevet Maj., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 conduct during the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 HOTSENPILLER, CHARLES 'VT. 
 
 (2dLt. i6th Inf., Aug. 10, '63.) (Capt. igth. Inf., Sept. 25, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign, and at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 HOUGH, ALFRED L. 
 
 (Capt. i^thlnf, May 14, '61.) (Maj. 22d Inf., Feb. i8, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 services in connection with the mustering of troops." Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HOULIHAN, PATRICK W. 
 
 (2dLt. l6tk Inf., Apl 7, '62.) (Capt. idth Inf., Oct. 19, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 HOUSE, JAMES. 
 
 (Lt. Arty, and Engrs., Feb. 22, '99.) (Col. 1st Arty., May 8, '22.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., May 8, 1832, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 HOUSTON, David c. 
 
 (Svt. 2dLt. Engrs., July I, '56.) (Maj. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 10, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
41 6 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. Brevet Maj., September 17, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the Maryland campaign. Brevet Lt -CoJ,, June 
 17, 186 J, for gallant and meritorious services in action before Port Hudson, 
 La. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 HOWARD, CHARLES O. 
 (Capt. \%th Inf., May 12, '62.) {Caft. \%th Inf., May 12, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for most gallant and valuable services. 
 HOTVARD, JOHN EAGER. 
 {Capt. Voltigeurs, Apl. 9, '47.) (Capt. Voltigmrs, Apl. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 HOWARD, JOSHUA. 
 
 (■id Lt. gth Inf., Apl. 3, '13.) (It.-Col. ie,th Inf., Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., November i, 1833, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cha- 
 pultepec. 
 
 HOVTARD, OCRAN H. 
 
 (zdLt. ^h Arty., Sept. 3, '67.) (\st Lt. tfh Arty., Sept. i, '71.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 3, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 Signal Corps in the Cavalry campaign from Winchester to Petersburg and in 
 the battles of Dinwiddle C. H. and Appomattox C. H., Va. Brevet Capt., 
 September 3, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the Signal Corps, 
 at the battle of Five Forks, Va., and during the war. Brevet Maj., September 
 3, 1867, for meritorious services in the Signal Corps during the war at the bat- 
 tle of Port Royal Ferry, S. C, and while Chief Signal Officer of the IJepart- 
 ment and Army of the Tennessee, Middle Military Division and Military Divi- 
 sion of the Gulf. 
 
 HOWARD, OLIVER O. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. Ordn., July 1, '54 ) (Brig.-Gen. Dec. 21, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865. for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Ezra Church, and during the campaign against Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 HOW^ARD ROBERT V. W. 
 
 (Bvt. idLt. 4//j Arty., June 28, '48.) (Maj. yl Arty., Apl. 4, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October, 22, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Blackwater Bridge, near Suffolk, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HOW^E, ALBION. 
 
 (2dLt. ifh Arty., Dec. i, '66.) (\st Lt. ifh Arty., Nov. 18, '69.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and distinguished services in the 
 battle of Cold Harbor, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and dis- 
 tinguished services in the battle of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 H0W:E, ALBION P. 
 
 (2d Lt. ifh Arty., July i, '41.) (Maj. i,th Arty., Aug. 11, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., July I,'i862, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 services at thebattle of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 3, 1863, for 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 417 
 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet 
 Col., November 7, 1863, for gsiUant and meritorious services at thei^battle_of 
 Rappahannock Station, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen. and Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HOTVE, EDW^IN. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. ith Inf., July i, '43.) i.zd Lt. 6th Inf., Nov. 7, '45,) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 
 Molino del Rey. 
 
 HOWELL, CHARLES W 
 
 {isf L(. Engrs., June 11, '63.) [Capt. Engrs., July 10, ''(A.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August I, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 
 campaign before Richmond, Va. Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious services during the campaign from the Rapidan,to the James and 
 
 in front of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 HOWELL, WILLIAM T. 
 
 {A. Q. M. [Capt.), Oct. 26, '65.) [A. Q. M. (Capt.), Oct. 26, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services in the Quar- 
 termaster's Department during the war. 
 
 HOW^GATE, HENRY W. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2otk Inf., Oct. 22, '67.) (ist Lt. 20th Inf., Aug. 4, '75.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., October 22, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga. Brevet Capt, October 22, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 HOW^LAND, GEORGE B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. id Cav., July i, '48.) (Maj. 2d Cav., Dec. i, '66. ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 21, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Valverde, N. M. 
 
 HUBBARD, VAN BUREN. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., July II, '62.) (Asit, Surg., July ii, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 services during the war. 
 
 HUDSON, CHARLES L. 
 
 (2d Lt. i^tk Inf., Ncrv. 19, '67.) (\st. Lt. \tfh Inf., Jan. 14, '69.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., November 19, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 
 battle of Tupelo, Miss. Brevet Capt., November 19, 1867, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious services in the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 HUDSON, EDW^ARD McK. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. yl Arty., July i, '49.) (Maj. itfh Inf., Nmi. 4, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Augus.t i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 HUGER, BENJAMIN. 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. yl Arty., July I, '25.) (Maj. Ordn., Feb. 15, '55.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 29, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the siege 
 of Vera Cruz. Brevet Lt.-Co!., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct at Molino del Rey. Brevet Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 19 
 
41 8 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 HUGHES GEORGE W. 
 
 [Capt. Top. Engrs., July i, '38.) (Capt. Top. Engrs., July i, '38.) 
 
 ' Brevet Maj., April 18,. 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct while serving 
 in the enemy's country. 
 
 HUGHES, ROBERT P. 
 
 ( Capt. \?>th Inf., July 28, '66. ) { Capt' -id Inf., Jidy 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the as- 
 sault on Fort Gregg. 
 
 HULL, 5ROBERT B. 
 
 (\st Lt. i%th Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt. iSth Inf., Oct. 25, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of MurfreesBoro, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign, and in the battle of 
 Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 HUMBER, CHARLES H. 
 
 (2dLt. ytk Inf., July i, '40.) (Capt. -jth Inf., July 16, '50.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
 HUMPHREY, BALLARD S. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Arty., Oct. 22, '62.) (ist Lt. 1st Arty., June 4, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 26, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during an 
 assault upon Port Hudson, La. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for good con- 
 duct and gallant services during the war. 
 
 .. HUMPHREYS, ANDREW A. 
 
 (Bvt zd Lt. 2d Arty , July i, '31.) (C/if. of Engrs. (Brig.-Gen),Aug. 8, '66.) 
 Brevet Col., December 13 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Bri.?.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj.-Geii., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Sailor's 
 Creek, Va. 
 
 HUMPHREYS, ENOCH. 
 
 (Lt. Art. and Engrs., May 3, 'oS.) (Capt. Arty., Jan. 9, '09.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 23, 1814, for gallant conduct at the siege of New 
 Orleans. 
 
 HUMPHREYS, GAD. 
 
 (\stLt. eth Inf., May 3, '08.) (Lt.-Col. 2d Inf., May 13, '20.) 
 
 Retained, December, 1815 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), 
 as Capt., 6th Infantry, with Brevet of Maj. from April 18, 1814 (the date of his 
 appointment as Maj. 4th Inf.) 
 
 HUMPHREYS, HENRY H. 
 
 (2dLt. lyth Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (Capt. i-jth Inf., Jan. 15, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt -Col., March 2, 1867, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the fall of Petersburg, Va., and'in the 
 pursuit o£ the rebel army under General Lee. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 4I9 
 
 HUNT, FRANKLIN E. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. nth Arty., July 1, '29.) (Paymaster (Ma/.), Mar. 2, '55.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 HUNT, HENRY J. 
 
 (2d I.t. id Arty., July I, '39.) (Col. ^th Arty., Apt. 4, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, f°'' gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. Brevet Col., July 3, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the siege of Petersburg, Va., &c. 
 Brevet ■Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 field during the war. 
 
 HUNT, JAMES C. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Caw., Feb. 19, '62.) (Capt. 1st Cav., June 28, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. Brevet Maj., April, i, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., January 29, 1867, 
 for gallantry in an engagement with a band of Indians at Steer's Mountain, 
 Oregon, January 29, 1867. 
 
 HUNT, LEWIS C. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. 2^ Inf., July i, '47.) (Lt.-Col. 20th Inf., Mar. 29, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 14, 1862, for gxUant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Kinston, N. C. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 HUNT, THOMAS B. "" " 
 
 (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Jan. 18, '67.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Jan. 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., January 18, 1867, for faithful and efficient 
 services in the Quartermaster's Department during the war. 
 
 HUNT, THOMAS F. 
 
 (id Lt' Light Drags., July 2, '13.) (A. Q.M. Gen. (Col), Sept. 16, '51.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 16, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Col., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct during the war with 
 Mexico. 
 
 HUNTER, DAVID. 
 
 (2d Lt. tfh Inf., July I, '22.) (Col. dth Cav., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Piedmont, and during the campaign in the Valley of Virginia. 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 HUNTER, JOHN. 
 
 (2dLt. 10th Inf., May :8, '64.) (1st Lt. \oth Inf., Mar. 20, '65.) 
 Brevet ist Lt., October i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of Chapel 
 House, Va. 
 
420 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 HUNTER, JOHN F. 
 
 i,Capt. 11th Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (Maj. 11th Inf., Apl. 9, '47-) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, f°f gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, DAVID L. 
 
 [Asst. Surg., yuly 1 1, '62.) (^•'■f'- Surg., July 1 1, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 services during the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, ED"WARD S. 
 
 (zdLt. 11th Inf. Apl. 14, '62.) ^Capt. z<)th Inf., yune 25, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, HENRY A. 
 
 (2dLt. ifh Arty., Oct. 24, '61.) {1st Lt. ifh Arty., May 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Maj., March 13 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HURST, JOSEPH H. 
 
 ffld Lt. 12th Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) {.1st Lt. 12th Inf., Jan. 31, '74.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Capt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 HUSTON, DANIEL, Jr. 
 
 (Bvt 2d Lt %th Inf., July 1, '48.) {Lt.-Col. (>th Inf., Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 10, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 4, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Col., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 HUTCHINS, BENJAMIN T. 
 
 {1st Lt. 6th Cav., May 14, '61.) {Capt 6th Cav., Ncv. 19, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, MERRILL N. 
 
 {2dLt i%th Inf., June 9, '62.) {1st Lt. 18th Inf., Jan. 14, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 HUXFORD, WILLIAM P. 
 
 {Capt A,2dlnf., July 28, '66.) [Capt. ifld Inf., July 2%, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 assault of Port Hudson, La. 
 
 HYDE, RUSSEL B. 
 
 {2d Lt. loth Inf., Apl. 30, '13.) {Capt. 8th Inf., Oct 31, '18.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 31, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 421 
 
 IDE, WILLIAM C. 
 
 {ist Li. lyA Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt. i2tA Inf., May 14, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 IHBIE, GEORGE F. 
 
 (zd Lt. 2iclArty., June i, '55.) [Paymaster (Maj.), Apl. 14, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services during the war, at the siege of Corinth, at luka, 
 battle of Corinth, Tallahatchie, advance on Grenada, Jackson, Humboldt, and 
 siege of Vicksburg. 
 
 ILGES, GUIDO. 
 
 (Capt. 14M Inf., May 14, '61.) (MaJ. -jth Inf., Dec. 10, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 1, 1864, for gallant services at the battles of the Wilder- 
 ness and Spottsylvania, and during the campaign before Richmond, Va. Bre- 
 vet Lt.-Col., August I, 1864, for gallant services at Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 ILSLEY, CHARLES S. 
 
 {2dLt. xdth Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (Capt. "jth Cav., July 11, '71.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March_,2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 INGALLS, RUFUS. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Rifles, July 1, '43.) (A. Q. M. Gen. [Col.), July 29, 'i^.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., February 4, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Em- 
 budo and Taos, N. M. Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., July 
 6, 1864, for meritorious and distinguished services during the war. Brevet Maj. 
 Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 INGERTON, WILLIAM H. 
 
 (2dLt. idth Inf., May 14, '61.) [Capt. 16th Inf., — , — .) 
 
 Brevet Capt, April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 INGHAM, GEORGE T. 
 
 [ist Lt. iltk Inf., May 14, '6l.) (istLt. iitk Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services. 
 
 INMAN, HENRY. 
 
 [2d Lt. lytk Inf., May 14, '6l.) [A. Q. M. [Capt.), Mar. 18, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., November 27, 1866, for faithful and meri- 
 torious services in the Quartermaster's Department. Brevet Lt.-Col., February 
 II, i86g, for meritorious services during the campaign against Indians. 
 
 IRELAND, DAVID. 
 
 (Capt. itfhlnf, Aug. 5, '61.) [Capt. i^tA Inf., Aug. 5, '61. 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign. 
 
422 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l3 
 
 IRISH, DALLAS C, 
 
 (Capt. iith Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. i^tA Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., January lo, 1863, for 'gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Arkansas Post, Ark. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 4, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 IRWIN, BERNARD J. D. 
 
 {Asst. Surg, Aug 28, '66.) {.Surg. (Maj.), Sept 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 IRVriN, DOUGLASS S. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. dth Inf., fuly i, '40.) {\st Lt. yl Inf., May 18, '46.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 7, 1841, for gallant and good conduct in vfar 
 against Florida Indians. 
 
 IRWIN, JAMES R. 
 
 {Bvt. zd Lt. zd Arty., July i, '25.) (Capt, \st Arty., May 16, '42.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 21, 1836, for gallant and good conduct in war against 
 Florida Indians. 
 
 IRWIN, JOHN A. 
 
 (2dLt. 6th Cav., July 17, '62.) [Capt. 6th Cav. June 8, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 30, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 on the White Oak Road, Va. 
 
 ISAACS, ANDREW J. 
 
 (2dLt. lifh Inf., Mar 18, '47.) (id Lt. 14th Inf., Mar. 18, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. September 13, 1847, ^°^ gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 JACKSON, ALLAN H. 
 
 {2dLt. ith Inf., May 11, '66.) (ist Lt. -jth Inf., Jan. i, '71.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867. for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 2, 
 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Chattanooga Tenn. 
 
 JACKSON, JAMES. 
 
 {idLt. I2th Inf.. Apl. 22, '63.) (Capt. 1st Cav., Feb. 17, '68.) 
 
 \. Brevet Capt., August 18, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the North 
 Anna River, Va. Brevet Maj., August 18, 1864, for gallant services at the 
 battle on the Weldon R. R., Va. 
 
 JACKSON, JOHN. 
 
 (2dLt ^th Inf., Oct 31, '61.) (Capt. yth Inf., May 18, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of.Gettysburg, Pa. . • ». 
 
 JACKSON, JOHN H. 
 
 (\st Lt. <)th Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (Capt. <)th Inf., Dec. —, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. ^23 
 
 JACKSON, MASON. 
 
 {2d Lt. isrt Inf., Nov. 24, '63.) [Capt. nth Inf., Sept. 14, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services du- 
 ring the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 JACKSON, RICHARD H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Arty., Sept. 13, '59.) [Capt. 1st Arty., Feb. 20, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May i c, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Drury's Bluff, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., October 7, 1864, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services in action at New Market Heights, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the 
 war. 
 
 JACKSON, THOMAS J. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Arty., July t, '46.) {ist Lt. -ist Arty., Aug. 20, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 JANES, HENRY W. 
 
 [A. Q. M. (Capt.), Oct. 30, '63.) (A. Q. M. {Capt.), Oct. 30, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 JANETVAY, JOHN H. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Aug. 26, '61.! {Surg. (Maj.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., February 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Olustee, Fla. Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 JAQUETT, GEORGE P. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Oct. 23, '61.) (Asst. Surg., Oct. 23, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 JARVIS, CHARLES E. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt yl Inf., July 1, '43.) {ist Lt. 2d Inf., Jan. 12, '48.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contre- 
 ras and Churubusco. 
 
 JBNNI GS, GILBERT S. 
 
 (2dLt. i,zdlnf., Jan. 22, '67.) {\st Lt. 1st Inf., May 4, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Groveton, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 JEROME, AARON B. 
 
 {2d Lt. &t/i Cav., June r8, '67.) {\st Lt. %th Cav., Aug. 10, '69.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 18, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. Brevet Capt., June 18, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 Signal Corps during the war. 
 
424 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 JESUP, THOMAS S. 
 
 (2dLt. jth Inf., May 3, '08.) (& ^- G^«»- [Brig.-Gen.), May 8, '18.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., July 5, 1814, for distinguished and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chippevfa. Brevet Col., July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the bat- 
 tle of Niagara. Brevet Maj.-Gen., May 8, 1828, for loyears' faithful service in 
 one grade. 
 
 JE-WETT, CHARLES E. 
 (2dLt. loth Inf.,Feb. 23, '66.) i,\st Lt. \oth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 JEWUTT, HORACE. 
 
 (istLt. 15M Inf., May 14, '61.) [Capt. 15M Inf., Dec. 31, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battles of Shiloh and Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Maj., September r, 1864, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the Atlanta Campaign, and at the 
 battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 JOHNS, WILLIAM B. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. %th Inf., July i, '40. ) ( Capt yl. Inf., Dec. 4, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
 JOHNSON, ED\7ARD. 
 
 (2d Lt. 6th Inf., July 1, '38.) (Capt. dtk Itif, Apl. 15, '51.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Moli- 
 no del Rey. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant conduct at Chapul- 
 tepec. 
 
 JOHNSON, JOHN B. 
 
 (ut Lt. 6th. Cav., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 6th Cav., Feb. 3, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services 
 during the wrar. 
 
 JOHNSON, LEWIS. 
 
 (xst Lt. i,ist Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. z^th Inf., Dec. 12, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Mill Spring, Ky. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the siege of Corinth, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services in the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 JOHNSON, RICHARD W. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt 6th Inf., July i, '49.) (Maj. \th Cav., July 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet 'Lt.-Col., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Col., November 24, 1863, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Chattanooga, Tenn. Brevet Brig.- 
 Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field during 
 the war. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices in the field during the war. 
 
 JOHNSON, BETH. 
 
 (Ens. XTfh Inf., Oct. 27, '13.) (Capt. 2d Inf., Sept. 13, '31 .) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May i, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade.- 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 42$ 
 
 JOHNSTON, JOHN L. 
 
 {ut Lt. 2ut Inf., July, 28, '66.) [Capt. 21st Inf., May 29, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the first 
 assault at Petersburg, Va. 
 
 JOHNSTON, JOSEPH E. 
 
 (2dLt. s,th Arty., July i, '29,) [Q M. Gen. [Brig.-Gen.), June 28, '60 ) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 7, 1838, for gallantry on several occasions in war with the 
 P'lorida Indians. Brevet Maj. and Brevet Col., April 12, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Cerro Gordo. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 13, 1847, for 
 gallant and meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. (For particulars of this case, 
 see narrative, chapter to.) 
 
 JOHNSTON, ROBERT E. 
 
 {Capt. i^yi Inf., July 28, '66.) {Capt. 1st Inf., July 28, '(A.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 JOHNSTON, -WILLIAM H. 
 
 (Paymaster (Maj.), July 28, '66.) , (Paymaster (Maj.), July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Fay Department during the war. 
 
 JONES DAVID R. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Inf., July, i, '46.) (A. A. G. (Bvt. Capt.), Mar. 16, '53.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 JONES, JACOB D. 
 
 (\st Lt. igth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i<jtli Inf., July i, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 JONES, JAMES A. 
 
 (Capt 15M Inf.,ApL 9, '47.) [Capt. xtfh Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contre- 
 ras and Churubusco. 
 
 JONES, JOHN. 
 
 (Capt. y)th Inf., July 29, '13.) (Capt. y)th Inf., July 29, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 29, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 JONES, LLEWELLYN. 
 
 (\st Lt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) (Maj. \st Cav., Sept. 28, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services 
 during the war. , ,_ 
 
 JONES, ROGER. '^ 
 
 (Capt. id Arty., July 12, '12.) (A. G. (Col.), Mar. 7, '25.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 5, 1814, for distinguished services at the battle of Chippewa. 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 17, 18 14, for gallant and good conduct in the sortie 
 
 from Fort Erie. Brevet Col., September 17, 1824, for 10 years' faithful service 
 
 19* 
 
426 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2. 
 
 in one grade. Brevet Brig.-Gen., June 7, 1832, for 10 years' faithful service in 
 one grade. Brevet Maj.-Gen., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct during 
 tlie war with Mexico. 
 
 JORDAN, CHARLES D. 
 {,Bvt. zdLt. ?,th Inf., July i, '42.) [Maj. tfh Inf., Feb. 27, '62.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo 
 Alto and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 JORDAN, WILLIAM H. 
 
 i,Bvt. 2d It. 2d Inf., July i, '60.) ( Capt. gth Inf., Dec. 31, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Gaines's Mills, Va. 
 
 JUDAH, HENRY M. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. Ztk Inf., July i, '43.) \,Maj. ifh Inf., June 30, '62.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Molino del Rey. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 JUDD, HENRY B. 
 
 (2d Lt. -yl Arty., July i, '39.) (Maj. i^h Arty., Nov. i, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 25, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Mede- 
 lin, near Vera Cruz, Mex. Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., November 13, 
 1865, for faithful and meritorious services connected with the mustering and 
 disbanding of the volunteer armies o£ the United States. 
 
 KANE, JOHN H. 
 
 (2d Lt. tfh Cav., Feb. ig, '63.) (Capt. yth Cav., Dec. 22, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tles terminating with the surrender of General Lee's Army. 
 
 KARNEY, THOMAS. 
 
 (1st Lt. nth Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Capt. \^h Inf., May 13, '13.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1816 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, 1815), as 
 1st Lt. 4th Infantry, with Brevet of Capt., from May 13, 1813. 
 
 KAUTZ, AUGUST V. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. i^h Inf., July i, '52.) (Col. St/i Inf., June 8, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action at 
 Monticello, Ky. Brevet Lt.-Col. June 9, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in an attack on Petersburg, Va. Brevet Co)., October 7, 1864, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services in action on the Darbytown Road, Va. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen. and Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the field during the war. 
 
 KEARNEY, JAMES. 
 
 (zdLt. ith Inf., Apt. 12, '13.) (Lt.-Col. Top. Engrs., July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., April 29, 1826, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 KEARNEY, PHILIP, Jr. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Drags., Mar. 8, '37.) (Capt. 1st Drags., Dec. 6, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 42/ 
 
 KEARNEY, STEPHEN "W. 
 
 (1st Lt. iT,th Inf., Mar. 12,' 12.) , (Brig.-Gen.,'jfuneTp,'\(>.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April i, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade Brevet 
 Maj.-Gen., December 6. 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct in New Mex- 
 ico and California, to date from the battle of San Pasqual. 
 
 KEARSLEY, JONATHAN. 
 
 (irf Lt. 2d Arty., Mar. 12, '12.) [A. A. G, [Maj), Aug. 20, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in defense of Fort Erie. 
 
 KEEFFE, JOSEPH. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Arty., Oct. 22, '62.) [\st Lt. t,th Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., November 29, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 
 the defense of Fort Sanders, Tenn. Brevet Capt., September 23, 1864, for 
 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Fisher's Hill, Va. 
 
 KEELER, BIRNEY B. 
 
 [\stLt. T,gth Inf, July 28, '66.) [Capt. iWi Inf., June 5, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., IMarch 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the ac- 
 tion at Chapin's Farm, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the assault on Fort Fisher, N. C. 
 
 KEENEY, CHARLES C. 
 
 [Asst. Surg., July 12, '42.) [Surg. [Lt.-CoL), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 KELLIHER, JOHN. 
 ( 1st Lt. i,2d Inf., July 28, '66. ) ( ist Lt. i,2d Inf, July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services iii the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 KELLOGG, EDGAR R. 
 
 (2d Lt. 16M Inf.. April T, '62.) (Capt. i6th Inf., Feb. 16, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign and at the battle 
 of Tonesboro, Ga. 
 
 KELLOGG, JOSIAH H. 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. ist Drags., July i, '60.) (Capt. Ist Cav., May 20, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the Gettys- 
 burg campaign. 
 
 KELLOGG, LYMAN H. 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Inf., July t, '52.) (Capt. l%th Inf., May 14, '61 ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September I, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign, and at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 KELLOGG, SANFORD C. 
 
 (zd. Lt. iZth Inf., Feby. 23, '65.) [Capt. <fh Cav., Jan. 11, '71.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Chattanooga, Tenn. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 
 1867, for gal' ant and meritorious services in the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
428 BREVETS CONFEKKED FROM l8l2 
 
 KBLIiOGG, "WILLIAM G. 
 
 (2d Lt. loth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) [Capt. loth Inf., Jan. I, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and mer- 
 itorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj,, March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 KELLY, JAMBS R. 
 
 (2d Lt. yl Arty., Nov. 29, '61.) (Capt. yl Arty., Dec. 20, '72.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, '62, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Fredericltsburg, Va. 
 
 KELLY, MICHAEL J. 
 
 (2dLt. ifh Cav., May 8, '61.) (Capt. i,th Cav , April 2i,''e(>.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 KELLY, PATRICK. 
 
 (Capt. 16th Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) (Capt. 16th Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. 
 
 KELLY, WILLIAM. 
 
 (Capt. &th Cav., July 28, '66.) (Capt Wi C'av., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 5, 1868, for gallantry in an engagement with a large band 
 of Indians on Malheur River, Oregon, April 5, 1868. 
 
 KELTON, JOHN C. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dU. 6th Inf., July i, '51.) (A. A. G. (Lt.-CoL), Mar. 23, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt. -Col., and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for most valuable and 
 arduous services both in the field and at Head-quarters. Brevet Brig.-Gen., 
 March 13, 1865, for most valuable and arduous services during the war, both 
 in the field and at Head-quarters. 
 
 KEMBLE, JAMES R. 
 
 (2d Lt. yi Cav., Aug: 5, '61.) (Capt. ^d Cav., Jan. 7, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 30, 1865, for meritorious and faithful services in the 
 recruitment of the armies of the United States. 
 
 KENASTON, HERBERT. 
 
 (ist Lt. nth Inf., May 14, '6r.) (ist Lt. wth Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt , July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 KENDALL, FREDERICK A. 
 
 (2dLt. ifith Inf., July 28, '66.) (\st Lt. 2'^th Inf., July i\,'(y].) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at Fort Harrison, Va. 
 
 KENDALL, THEODORE. 
 
 (2dLt. icfh Inf., May 12, '63.) (\st Lt. zzdinf, June 11, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 429 
 
 KENDALL, "WILLIAM. 
 
 {£ns. 45M /n/., April — , '14.) (tst Lt. 4^tA Inf., Jan. i, '15.) 
 
 Retained, in 1815, (in reorganization under act o£ March 3 of that year), as 
 2d Lt. 2d Infantry, with Brevet of ist Lt. from Januaiy i, 1815. 
 
 KENDRICK, HENRY L. 
 
 (,Bvt. id Lt. T.st Inf., July 1, '35.) [Prof Mil. Acad., Mar. 3, '57.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 12, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in defense 
 of Puebia, Mex. 
 
 KBNNBRLY, GEORGE H. 
 
 [\st Lt. ir)th Inf., April 6, '13.) [A. Q. M. (Capt.), jfime 26, '46.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1816 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 2d 
 Lt. 8th Infantry, with Brevet of 1st Lt. from May 17, 18:4 (the date of his 
 appointment as ist Lt. 26th Inf.) 
 
 KBNNINGTON, JAMBS. 
 
 (2d Lt. nth Inf., Nov. 26, '62.) (Capt. \i,th Inf., Dec. 10, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December 13, i86'?, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for general 
 good conduct in the field. 
 
 KENSEL, GEORGE A. 
 
 {Bvt. id Lt. 4rt Arty., July i, '57.) (Capt. 5M Arty., Oct 8, '62.)' 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious 
 services while serving as Chief of Artillery of the Departments of the Gulf 
 and of Virginia nnd North Carolina, and for gallant conduct in action before 
 Drury's Bluff, Va. 
 
 KENT, JACOB P. 
 
 ( zd Lt. id Inf., May 6, '61 . ) ( Capt. ^d Inf., Jan. 8, '64. ) 
 
 Brevet Maj,, May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 12, 1864, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 KBOGH, MYLES "W. 
 
 (id Lt. ifh Cav., May 4, '66.) (Capt. -jth Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the battle of Dallas, Ga. 
 
 KBRIN, JOSEPH. 
 
 (zd Lt. 6th Cav., Oct. 26, '61.) (Capt. 6th Cav., Julyii, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Hanover C. H., Va. Brevet Capt., April i, 1805, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. 
 
 KETCHUM, DANIEL. 
 
 (2dLt. 2<,th Inf., J-Jy 6, 'I2.) (Capt. ztfh Inf., Sept. 30, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 25, 1814, for distinguished services and gallant conduct at 
 the battle of Niagara. 
 
430 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 KBTCHUM, WILLIAM S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 6th Inf., July i, '34.) (C"'- ^-^f^ M-< ^"^ 6, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Col., February i, 1863, for meritorious services in Missouri in the 
 line of the army. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meri- 
 torious services during the war. Brevet Maj.-Gen,, March 13, 1865, for dili- 
 gent, faithful and meritorious services in the War Department. 
 
 KETELTAS, HENRY. 
 
 (Capt. itfh Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. \'^h Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., November 25, 1863, for gallant and^ meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga., and Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 KBYBS, ALEXANDER S. B. 
 
 (2d Lt. 12th Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (Capt. loth Cav., Dec. 6, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 KBYBS, CHARLES W. 
 
 (2d Lt. 44th Inf., July 28, '66.) (2d. Lt. 44th /nf, July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Fort Butler, La. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of Spottsylvania C. H. Va. 
 
 t^BYES, ERASMUS D. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d. Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '32.) (Col. nth Inf, May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., May 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the 
 battle of Fair Oaks, Va. 
 
 KBYE3, HAMLIN W. 
 
 (Capt. nth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 14th Inf., May' 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 KIDD, WILLIAM. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Inf., Nov. 26, '61.) (2d Lt. 2d Inf., JVov. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Capt., August 30, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. 
 
 KIDDOO, JOSEPH B. 
 
 (Lt.-Col. 4ZdInf., July 28, '66.) (Lt.-Col. 43,/ Inf, July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 assault on Petersburg, Va., June 15, 1864. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 2, 1867, 
 for gallant and meritorious services in action near Fair Oaks, Va., October 
 27, 1864. 
 
 KtLBURN, CHARLES L. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Arty., July i, '42.) (Asst. Coin.-Gen. Subs. (Col.), June 2g,'64.) 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Capt., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Buena Vista. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 43 1 
 
 KILGOXTR, WILLIAM M. 
 
 (Capt. i,ist Inf., July 28, '66.) ( Capt. i,\st Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Co]., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867 , 
 for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 KILPATRICK, JUDSON 
 
 {■2d Inf., 1st Arty., May 6, '61.) {Capt. 1st Arty., Nw. 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 17, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Aldie, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Col., May 13, 1864, foi' gal- 
 lant and meritorious services at the battle of Resaca, Ga. Brevet Brig.-Gen., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the capture of Fayette- 
 ville. N. C. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the campaign in the Carolinas. 
 
 KILPATRICK, ROBERT L. 
 ( Capt. i,2d Inf., July 28, '66.) ( Capt. 420' Inf., July 28, '66. ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, i8()7, for gallantry at the battle of Port Republic, 
 Va., June 9, 1862. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallantry at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 KIMBALL, B. A. 
 {Capt. ^th Inf., Mar. 8, '47.) {Capt. <}th Inf., Mar. 8, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 KING, CORNELIUS L. 
 (istLt. ntk Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt 12th Inf., Feb. 19, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., August I, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of 
 Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 KING, JOHN H. 
 {2dLL 1st Inf., Dec. z, '37.) {Col. ()th Inf., July 30, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Col., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamaugua, Ga. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Ruff's Station, Va. Brevet Maj.- 
 Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field during 
 the war. 
 
 KING, RUFUS, Jr. 
 {2d Lt Afh Arty. Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. ifh Arty., April 4, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of White Oak Swamp, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for good conduct 
 and gallant services during the war. 
 
 KING, WILLIAM H. 
 {2dLt. 10th Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) {1st Lt. 10th Inf., Mar. 14, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Fair Oaks, Va., in May, 1862. 
 
 KING, WILLIAM R. 
 
 {1st Lt Engrs., Jane 11, '6:i.) ' {Capt Engrs., Dec.2^,'6s-) 
 
 Brevet Capt, December i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the campaign of 1864 in North Carolina. Brevet Maj., April 9, 1865, for gal- 
 lant conduct in the field. 
 
432 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 KING, "WILLIAM S. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., July 29, '37.) (Surg. (Lt.-Col.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and merit- 
 orious services during the war. 
 
 KINGSBURY, CHARLES P. 
 (zd Lt. Ordn., July i, '40.) (Lt.-Col. Ordn., Dec. 22, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 KINGSBURY, GEORGB W. 
 
 (2dLt. 43(//«/, May 31, '67.) [ut Lt. 12th Inf., July 3, '74.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 31, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 KINGSBURY, JULIUS J. B. 
 
 (id Lt. 2d Inf., July I, '23.) (Maj. (>th Inf., May],'if).) 
 
 Brevet Maj , August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 KINNEY, ERNEST L. 
 
 {2d Lt. 1st Cav., Jan. i, '65.) (ist Lt. 1st Cav., July i, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April I, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Kive Forks, Va. Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., October 25, 1865, 
 for meritorious services. 
 
 KINNEY, NATHANIEL C. 
 (\stLt. \%th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i8tA Inf., Nov. 25, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., October 25, 1865, for merit- 
 orious services during the war. 
 
 KINNEY, SAMUEL H. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Arty., June 13, '64.) (\st Lt 2d Arty., Oct 6, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April g, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Appomattox C H., Va. Brevet Capt., April 9, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services. 
 
 KINSMAN, JOHN H. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Mar. 30, '64.) (Asst Surg., Mar. 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 KINZIB, DAVID H. 
 
 (2d Lt yth Arty., May 14, '61.) {Capt. <^th Arty., April 12, 71.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of White Oak Swamp, Va. Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., 
 March 13, 1865, for good conduct and gallant services during the war. 
 
 KINZIE, ROBERT A. 
 
 (Paymaster (Maj), May 2, '61.) (Paymaster (Maj.), May 2, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 433 
 
 KIP, LAWRENCE. 
 
 {2d Lt. i,th Arty., Jtme 30, '57.) [Capt. J,d Arty., Aug. 13, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 11, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Trevillian Station, Va. Brevet Maj., March 31, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the cavalry campaign from Winchester to Petersburg, and 
 at the battle of Dinwiddie C. H., Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., April i, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. 
 
 KIRBY, BYRON. 
 
 {2dLt. 6th Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) (ist Lt. 6th Inf., Feb. 23, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Murfreesboro, Teun. Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 
 1865, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 KIRBY, DENNIS T. 
 
 ( Capt y)th Inf., July 28, '66.) {Capt. 2,9th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Chickasaw Bayou, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the assault of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, 
 for gallant and meritorious services in the battles of Chickamauga, Mission 
 Ridge, and River's Bridge. 
 
 KIRBY, EDMUND. 
 
 (Ens. ^h Inf., July 6, '12.) [Paymaster, Aug. 5, '24.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 KIRBY, REYNOLD M. 
 
 {•i,d Lt. yl Arty., July 9, '13.) [A. A .G. [Major), April 29, '16.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in defense of Fort Erie. 
 Brevet Capt., September 17, 1814, for gallant and good conduct in the sortie 
 from Fort Erie. 
 
 KIRKHAM, RALPH W. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Inf., July I, '42.) (Dep. Q. M. Gen. (Lt.-Col), July 29, '66.) 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, f°r gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 
 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Brig.- 
 Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the Quarter- 
 master's Department during the war. 
 
 KLINE, JACOB. 
 
 (\st Lt. \6th Inf., Sept. 9, '61.) (Capt. 18th Inf., Sept. 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 KNAPP, ORSON C. 
 
 (2d Lt. it,th Inf., Aug. 10, '63.) (Capt. T,T,d Inf., Aug. 24, '67.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., September 1, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Mission Ridge and during the Atlanta campaign. Brevet Capt., 
 March 13, 1861;, for meritorious service at the battle of Mission Uidge, Tenn. 
 
434 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 ENS ASS, CHARLES L. 
 
 {1st Lt. i8M Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt. l%th Inf., —, —, —■) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 KNICKERBOCKER, BOLIVAR. 
 {Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) {Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the vrar. 
 
 KNIGHT, JOHN H. 
 [Capt. \%th Inf Feb. 19, '62.) (Capt. \%th Inf, Feb. 19, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services 
 connected with the organization of the volunteer armies of the United States 
 during the war. 
 
 KNO^WBR, EDWARD C. 
 (2d Lt. i,lth Inf., July 28, '66.) (1st Lt. yd Art' y, Mar. 25, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in front of Petersburg, Va., July 18, 1864. 
 
 KNOX, EDWARD B. 
 (zd Lt. I2tk Inf., yu?ie 12, '65.) (1st Lt. 12th Inf., June 16, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Hanover C. H., Va. Brevet Mai., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 
 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Spottsylvania 
 C. H., Va. 
 
 KNOX, KILBURN. 
 (1st Lt. i^th Inf., May 14, '61. J (Capt. 22d Inf., May 14, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 22, 1864, for gallant and efficient services in the attack on 
 Atlanta. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 
 KOBBE, W^ILLIAM A., Jr. 
 
 (2d Lt. i<jth Inf., Mar. ly, '(>(>.) (ist Lt.yd Art'y, Feb. 2,'6t.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Nashville, Tenn. Brevet Maj , March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the capture of Fort Blakely, Ala. 
 KRA0SE, DAVID. 
 ( 1st Lt. nth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. \i,th Inf., July 31, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 KRESS, JOHN A. 
 (2d Lt. Ordn., Nov. 24, '63.) (Capt. Ordn. June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 sieges of Richmond and Petersburg, Va. Brevet Maj , April 3, 1865, for gal- 
 lant, meritorious and distinguished services as Chief of Ordnance to the 25th 
 Army Corps, during the siege of, and final attack upon, Richmond, Va. 
 
 KROUTINGER, ADOLPH W^. 
 (2d Lt. 2d Inf , Oct. 24, '61.) (Capt. 2d Inf., April \i, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 435 
 
 KURTZ, JOHN D. 
 
 [zdLt. Engrs., July i, '42.) (Lt.-Col. Engrs., Aug. 8, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Engineer Department. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 LACEY, FRANCIS E. 
 
 {2.d Lt. 2d Inf., July 18, '62.) (Capt. 10th Inf., Aug. 8, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 I/AGNEL, JULIUS A. D. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. tfh Inf., July i, '21.) [Capt. Ordn., Nov. i, '36.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July i, 1831, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 LAIDLEY, THEODORE T. S. 
 
 {Bvt. zd Lt. Ordn., July i, '42.) (Col. Ordn., April 14, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, foi" gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Maj., October 12, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 in the defense of Puebla, Mex. Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the Ordnance Department. 
 
 LALLY, FOLLIOT T. 
 
 (Capt. <)th Inf., Mar. 3, '47.) (Maj. <)th Inf., Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., for gallant and meritorious conduct in several affairs at Paso 
 Ovejas, National Bridge, and Cerro Gordo, August 10, 12, and 15 1847. 
 
 LAMBERT, LOUIS J. 
 
 (\stLt. lyth Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist Lt \-]th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the battle of Chattanooga, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 
 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Pocotaligo River, S.C. 
 
 LAMOTTB, JOSEPH H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Inf., July i, '27.) (Maj. ^h Inf., May i, '52.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. 
 
 LANCASTER, JAMES M. 
 
 (2dLt. ylArty., June 17, '62.) (1st Lt -^d Arty., June 24, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for good conduct and gallant services during 
 the war. 
 
 LANE, JOHN. 
 
 (2dLt i8tA Inf., June i, '63.) (2d Lt \%th Inf., June i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 19, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 LANE, JOSEPH. 
 (Brg.-Gen. Vols., July i, '46.) (Brig Gen. Vols., July i, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Genl, U. S. A., October 9, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct in the battle of Huamantla. For particulars of this case see Narra- 
 tive, chapter 10. 
 
436 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 LANE, VriLLIAM B. 
 
 i.Bvt. 2d. Li. Mtd. Rifles, June 28, '48.) (Maj. 3d Cav., Nov. 9, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 30, 1865, for meritorious and faithful services in the 
 recruitment of the armies of the United States. Brevet Lt.-Col., November 
 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in connection vfith the mustering 
 out and the disbanding of the volunteer armies of the United States. 
 
 LANGDON, LOOMIS L. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. i^h Arty., July i, '54.) (Capt. 1st Arty., Aug. 28, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 20, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Olustee, Fla. Brevet Lt.-Col., September. 29, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the attack on Fort Gilmer, Va. 
 
 LANGHAM, A. L. 
 
 (Ens. Rifles, May. 3, '08.) (Maj. \oth Inf., Aug. 15, '13.) 
 
 Retained, December, 1815, (in reorganization under act of March 3 of that 
 year), as Capt. 7th Infantry, with Brevet of Maj. from August 15, 1813. 
 
 LARNARD, CHARLES H.. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. A^h Inf., July I, '31.) {Caft. /^h Inf., Feb. 25, '41.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto 
 and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 LARKED, BENJAMIN F. 
 
 (Ens. 2lstlnf., Oct. i, '13.) (Paymaster-Gen. (Col.), July 20, '54.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in defence of Fort Erie. 
 LARNED, CHARLES T. 
 (Paymaster (Ma/.), Aug. 30, '61.) (Paymaster (Maj.), Aug., 30, '6l.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious sevices during 
 the vcar. 
 
 LARRABEE, CHARLES. 
 
 (2dLt. Lt. Drags., June 13, '08.) (AssH Ins. Gen. (Major), Nov. 9, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 9, 18 12, for gallant conduct in the battle of Brownstovm. 
 
 LARRABEE, CHARLES F. 
 
 (2dLt. -jth Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (ist. Lt. -jth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Pleasant Hill, La. 
 
 LATIMER, ALFRED E. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt 4M Inf., July i, '53.) (Maj ifh Cav., June 25, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services. 
 LATTIMORE, WALTER O. 
 
 ( \st Lt. \Oith Inf., Atig. 5, '61.) (Capt i^th Inf., Mar. 18, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 
 the Atlanta campaign, and at the Ijattle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 LATTB, CHARLES H. 
 
 (Asst Surg., Nov. 30, '36.) (Asst Med. Purveyor (Lt.-Col.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 437 
 
 LAVAL, "WILLIAM. 
 
 {Ens. 2d Inf., Dec. 12, '08.) [Capt. yl Inf., Feb. 15, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November 7, 1814, for gallant conduct during the siege of New 
 
 Orleans. 
 
 LAWRENCE, JAMES K. 
 
 \Capt. nth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. llt/t Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 LAWRENCE, SAMUEL B. 
 
 (1st Lt. i6tk Inf., May 14, '6i.) (Capt. i6tA Inf., May 3, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 LAWRENCE, WILLIAM. 
 
 (zd Lt. ifh Inf., April 30, '01.) [Col. ith Inf., Aug. 20, '28.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September ij, 1814, for gallant conduct in the attack on 
 Fort Bowyer. Brevet Col., September 15, 1824, for lo years' faithful service 
 in one grade. 
 
 LAWRENCE, WILLIAM H. 
 
 {\st Lt. \afh Inf., May 14, '6i.) (Capt. nth Inf., Oct. 25, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 LAWSON, GAINES. 
 
 (Capt. y^h Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. 2tfh Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for faithful 
 and meritorious services. 
 
 LAWSON, THOMAS. 
 
 (Gar. Surg. Mate., Feb. 8, '11.) (Surg.-Gen. (Col.), Nmj. 30, '36.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct in the Mexican war. 
 
 LAY, GEORGE W^. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 6th Inf., July i, '42.) (Capt. 6th Inf., Dec. 24, '56.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 LAY, RICHARD G. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2,d Inf., June 20, '59.) (Capt. yl Inf., Mar. 12, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 LAYTON, CALEB R. 
 
 (Capt. nth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. 16th Inf., Aug. 5, '6i.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
438 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 1 8 12 
 
 LAZELLE, HENRY M. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Inf., July i, '55.) [Maj. \st Inf., Dec. 15, '74. ) 
 
 Brevet Maj, September 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 action near Culpepper, Va. 
 
 LEACH, JOSEPH. 
 (Ens. -jih Inf., Sept. 16. '14.) (■^d Lt. ytk Inf., Sept. 16, '14.) 
 
 Brevet 2d Lt., December 23, 1814, for gallant conduct at siege of New 
 Orleans, La. 
 
 LEAHY, MICHAEL. 
 
 IfidLt. xst Arty., Oct. 31, 'di-) {ist Lt. \?,th Inf., Oct.. 14, ,'64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., February 20th, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services 
 at the battle of Olustee, Fla. Brevet Capt., October 7th, 1864, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services in action on the Darbytown Road, near Rich- 
 mond, Va. 
 
 LEAR, CLINTON "W. 
 
 [2d Lt. tfh Inf., Mar. 3, '47.) [ist Lt. efh Inf., April 30, '49.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, August 15th, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Paso Ovejas, National Bridge, and Cerro Gordo. 
 
 LEAR, WILLIAM W. 
 
 (2dLt. Afh Inf., Feb. 13, '18.) (Maj. ^d Inf., June nth, '42.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May ist, 1834, for ten years' faithful service in one grade. 
 LEAVENWORTH, HENRY. 
 [Capt. 2^th Inf., April 2^, '12.) {Col. yl Inf., Dec. 16, '25.) 
 
 Brevet Lt-Col., July 15th, 1814, for distinguished and meritorious services 
 at the battle of Chippewa. Brevet Col., July 25, 1814, for distinguished ser- 
 vices at Niagara Falls. Brevet Brig.-Gen., July 25, 1824, for ten years' faithful 
 service in one grade. 
 
 LEAVY, JAMES T. 
 
 (2d Lt. -jth Cav., Jan. 22, '67.) (\st Lt. yth Cav., July 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 battle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merito- 
 rious service in the capture of Savannah, Ga. 
 
 LE CONTE, JOHN. 
 
 (Asst. Top. Engr. (Capt.), Apl. 18, '18.) (Asst. Top. Engr. ( Capt. ), Apl. 18, '18.) 
 Brevet Maj., April 18, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 LEE, ARTHUR T. 
 (2dLt. tfh Inf., Oct. 8, '38.) (Maj. 2d Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 LEE, CHARLES C. 
 (Asst. Surg., Nov. 22, '62.) (Asst. Surg.. Nov. 22, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 LEE, DANIEL S. 
 (1st Lt. iitA Inf., Feb. 24, '47.) (ist Lt. nth Inf., Feb. 24, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, ^°'^ gallant and meritorious conduct in 
 battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 439 
 
 LEE, FRANCIS. 
 
 {2d Lt. Jth Inf., July 1st, '22.) ( Col. 2d Inf., Oct. 18, '55.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Col., Sept. 8, 1847, for gallant and meri- 
 torious conduct at Molino del Ray. 
 
 LEE, GEORGE. 
 (irf Lt. 2 ut Inf., July 28, '66.) ( \st Lt. 2\st Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallantry at battles of New Madrid, Boone- 
 ville, and Perrysville. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallantry at battles of 
 Stone River and Chickamauga. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for faithful 
 service in the field during the war. 
 
 LEE, JAMES G. C. 
 
 (A. Q. M. (Capt), July 2, '64.) (A. Q. M.{Capt.), July 2, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Lt.-Col., July 31, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service 
 during the war. 
 
 LEE, JOHN. 
 [zd Lt.ifh Cav., July 17, '62.) (Capt. 4/A Cav., July 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service at the cap- 
 ture of Selma, Ala. 
 
 LEE, JOHN P. 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. 1st Arty., July I, '34.) (J. A. of the Army (Bvt. Maj.), Mar. 2, '49.) 
 Brevet Capt., Jan. 27, 1837, for gallant and good conduct in the war against 
 the Florida Indians. 
 
 LEE, RICHARD B. 
 
 (■^d Lt. of Arty., July 17, '17.} (Com. of Sub. (Maj.), Nov. 30, '41.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Oqt. 31, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade,,, 
 Brevet Maj., June 9, 1836, for gallant and good conduct in the affair of Mican- 
 opy, Fla. 
 
 LEE, RICHARD H. 
 
 (Ens. 36M Inf., April 30, '13.) (\st Lt. of Arty., April 20, '18.) 
 
 Brevet 2d Lt., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in defense of Fort Erie. 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 17, 1814, for gallant conduct in sortie from Fort 
 
 Erie. 
 
 LEE, ROBERT E. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., July i,'2g.) (Col. 1st Cav., Mar. 16, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 18, 1847, f°'' gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 
 Gordo. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 
 at Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant 
 
 and meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 LEE, SAMUEL P. 
 
 (Capt. 45M Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. 4$tA Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt..-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious service in the battle of Gettysburg, Va. 
 
 LEEPE, JOHN G. 
 
 (2d Lt. ir^th Inf., May :i, '66.) (ist Lt. i^th Inf., Nov. 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 battle of Opequan. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 service in the battle of Fishers' Hill, Va. 
 
44° BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 LBET, GEORGE K. 
 
 (A.Q.M. (Capt.), Mar. 23, '66.) {A. A. Gen. (Maj.), Mar. 23, 66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt-CoL, March 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious service during 
 the war. 
 
 LEGATE, THOMAS C. 
 
 (20? Lt. ^d Arty., April 30, '12.) (Capt. 2(1 Arty., May 13, '20.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 13, 1830, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 LEGGETT, HENRY F. 
 (id Lt. i%th Inf., July 17, '67.) (\st Lt. 2^h Inf., Sept. 14, '72.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 17, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle 
 of Mission Ridge, Tenn. Brevet Capt., July 17, 1867, for gallant and meritor- 
 ious service in the battle of Peach Tree Creek, Ga. 
 
 LEIB, ED-WARD H. 
 
 {2.d Lt. ith Cav., April 26, '61.) (Capt. ^h Cav., April 13, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service in the cavalry 
 action at Old Church, Va. Brevet Major, April i, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col. April i, '65, for 
 gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 LEIGH, JOHN W. 
 {1st Lt. Voltigeurs, Feb. 25, '47.) {ist Lt. Voltigeurs, Feb. 25, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., for gallant and meritorious conduct in several affairs with 
 guerilleros at PasoOvejas, National Bridge, and Cerro Gordo, on the loth, I2th 
 and 15th August, 1847. 
 
 LEWES, JOHN R. 
 (Maj. 44tk Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) (Maj. 44M Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Lt-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 battle of White Oak Swamp, Va. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious service in'the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 LENDRUM, JOHN H. 
 (2d Lt. 2d Arty., Mar. 8, '47.) (Capt. T,d Arty., Dec. 3, '58.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Sept. 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cha- 
 pultepec. 
 
 LEONARD, HIRAM. 
 (Add. P. M., Nov. 24, '46.) (Dep. P. M. Gen. (Li.-Col.), Sept. 6, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service during the 
 war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service 
 in the Pay Department during the war. 
 
 LEONARD, JOHN. 
 (\st Lt. 43(/ Inf., July 28, '66.) (\st Lt. i,yl Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battle of Frederickburg, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious service in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 LESLIE, THOMAS J. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., Mar. 4, '15.) (Paymaster (Maj.), July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 31, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faith- 
 ful and meritorious performance of duty in the Pay Department during (o 
 years' service. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 441 
 
 I>E5T£R, CHARLES H. 
 
 {idLt. ziiCav., June ii, '63.) {Capt. Mt Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. Brevet Capt., July 27, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 service in action at Deep Bottom, Va. 
 
 LEWIS, WILLIAM H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Inf., July i, '49.) (Lt -Col. \^k Inf., Dec. 10, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 28. 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Apache Canon, N. M. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 15, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious service at the battle of Peralta, New Mexico. 
 
 LIEBER, GTJIDO N. 
 
 [\st Lt. wth Inf., May 14, '61.) [Juage Advocate {Maj.), Nov. 13, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., May 28, 1864, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices during the Red River Campaign. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 LINCOLN, ABRAM B. 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Inf., July i, '45.) (ist Lt. ifh Inf., Nov. 24, '47 ) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in 
 the battle of Molino del Rey, Mexico. 
 
 LINCOLN, GEORGE. 
 
 (2d Lt. ifh Inf., Sept. 14, '37.) (Capt. %th Inf., Feb. — , '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 9, 1846, for gallant conduct in battles of Palo Alto and 
 Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 LINDSAY, WILLIAM. 
 
 (Maj. of Arty., May 14, '12.) (Col. 2d Arty., April 26, '32.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 12, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 LINDSLEY, WEBSTER. 
 
 (Asst. Surg. May 2S, '60.) (Asst.Surg. May 28, '60.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faitliful and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 LINNARD, THOMAS B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Arty., July 1, '30.) (Capt. Top. Engrs., Mar. 31, '42.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 30, 1836, for gallant conduct, activity, and enter- 
 prise in the war against the Florida Indians. Brevet Maj., February 23, 1847, 
 for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Buena Vista. 
 
 LINNARD, W^ILLIAM. 
 
 (Dep. Q. M. Gen., April 3, '12.) (Q. M. Gen. (Col.), April 12, '13.)* 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., June 15, 1825, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 (•Retained in reorganization of 1815 as Dep. Qr. Mr. Gen. with rank of Major.) 
 
 LISCUM, EMERSON H. 
 
 (2d Lt. 12th Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. 19M Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant service at the battle of Bethesda 
 Church, and during campaign before Richmond, Va. 
 
 20 
 
442 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 » 
 
 LITCHFIELD, HENRY G. 
 
 {2d Li. iSiA Inf., July 14, '62.) ( Capt. 2d Arty. Sept. 21, '(A.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 20, 7?63, for gallant and meritorious service at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious service during the Atlanta Campaign, and at the battle of 
 Jonesboro, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Bentonville, N. C. 
 
 LITTLE, HENRY. 
 
 {zdLt. ifh Inf., July i, '39.) {Capt. -jth Inf., Aug. 20, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt,, September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. 
 
 LITTLE, THOMAS. 
 
 (zd Lt. \-^h Inf., May 31, '62.) {Capt. loth Cav., Nov. i, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Maj., November 25, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious service at the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, JOHN P. 
 
 (zd Lt. zyl Inf., Sept. 25, '12.) {Capt. 6th Inf., Aug. 18, '19.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, LA RHETT L. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. utArty., July i, '53.) {Capt. ^d Arty., Oct. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 28,1864, for gallant and merito- 
 rious service at the battle of Smithfield, Va. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, MANNING. 
 
 (zd Lt. 3d Arty., Feb. 19, '62.) (zd Lt. T^d Arty., Feb. 19, '62.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa., where he was killed. 
 
 V'^ LOCKE, JOSEPH M. 
 
 (Capt. 14th Inf., Sept. 19, '61.) (Capt. 14th Inf., Sept. 19, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious conduct at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 LODOR, RICHARD. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. 4th Arty., July i, 't,6.) (Capt. 4th Arty., Nov. 29, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious service during the war. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 LOGAN, THOMAS H. 
 
 (1st Lt. 40th Inf., July 28, '66.) ( ist Lt. t,fh Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 service in the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 443 
 
 LOMAX, MANN F. 
 
 (2d Lt. Arty., June 10, ^OT .) . (Maj. of Ordn., July-],''^^ 
 
 Brevet Maj., Nov. 17, 1824, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 LONG, ANDREW K. 
 
 (2d Lt. 6th Inf., Nffv. 20, '65.) (Com. of Subs. (Capt.), Feb. 25, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 service during the v^ar. 
 
 LONG, ELI. 
 
 (zd Lt. 1st Cav., June 27, '56.) (Capt. 1st Cav., May 24, '6l.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , October 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Farmington, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 3, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious service during the defence of Knoxville, Tenn. Brevet Col., 
 August 21, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at battle of Lovejoy's 
 Station, Ga. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle and capture of Selma, Ala. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the war. 
 
 LONG, JAMES VT. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. 2d Inf., Feb. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., May 5, 1864, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 LONG, STEPHBilNr A. 
 
 (2d Lt. Engrs., Dec. 12, '14.) (Maj. Top. Engrs., July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., April 29, 1826, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 LONG, WALTER S. 
 
 (2dLt. 40th Inf., July 28, '66.) (1st Lt. i,oth Inf., July 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 service in the battle of Antietam, Md. 
 
 LONGSTREET, JAMES. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Inf., July i, '42.) (Paymaster (Maj.), July 19, '58.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 8, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey. 
 
 LOOMIS, GUSTAVtTS. 
 
 (2d Lt. of Arty., Mar. I, 'll.) (Col. ^th Inf., Mar. 9, '51.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 7, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful service in the army. 
 
 LOOSLEir, DALIEN. 
 
 (2d Lt. nth Inf., Nov. 20, '61.) (Capt ntk Inf., May 31, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 
 battle of Antietam, Md. 
 
 LORAIN, LORENZO. 
 
 (2dLt. yl Arty., July I, '56.) (Capt. yi Arty., Feb. 28, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 18, 1861, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 
 of Blackburn's Ford, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for good conduct and 
 
 gallant service during the war. 
 
444 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 I.ORD, JAMBS H. 
 
 {Bvt. idtt. -id Arty., June 17, '62.) i,Acst. Qr. Mr. [Capt.], April 24, '75.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious service at the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet JWaj., April 9, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in action at Appomattox Court 
 House, Va. 
 
 LORD, RICHARD S. C. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. -jth Inf., July i, '56.) (,Capt. 1st Cav., Oct. 26, '6l.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 7, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 Gettysburg campaign. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 1, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battle of Five Forks, Va. 
 
 LORD, THOMAS "W. 
 
 {2d Lt. 43(f Inf., July 28, '66.) (xst Lt. zoth Inf., Oct. 1, '71.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 battle of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 LQRING, ALONZO. 
 
 (2d Lt. nth Inf., Mar. 8, '47.) (ist Lt. nth Inf., Dec. — , '47.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt, for gallant and meritorious conduct in several affairs with 
 Guerilleros at Paso Ovejas, National Bridge and Cerro Gordo on the loth, 
 I2th, and 15th of August, 1847. 
 
 LORING, HENRY H. 
 
 (2d Lt. 6th Inf., July 24, '18.) (Capt. zd Inf., July 15, '31.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 17, 1830, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 LORING, "WILLIAM W. 
 
 (Capt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) (Col. Mtd. Rifles, Dec. 30, '56.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col , August 20, 1847, ^°"'- gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 LOTHROP, "WARREN L. 
 
 (2d Lt. ifh Arty., Feb. 21, '57.) (Asst. Qr. Mr. (Capt), Aug. 3, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 14, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service in actional 
 New Madrid, Mo. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merito- 
 rious service during the war. 
 
 LOUD, JOHN S. 
 
 (2d Lt. ^h Cav., Jan. 22, '67.) (ist Lt. <)th Cav., July 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for meritorious service dur- 
 ing the war. 
 
 LOVE, GEORGE M. 
 
 (2dLt. nth Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) (1st Lt. 16th Inf., Mar. i, '75.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in action at 
 Plains' Store. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant andjmeritorious service 
 in the assault on Port Hudson, La. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious service in battle of Cedar Creek, Va. .; 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 445 
 
 LOVE, JOHN. 
 
 {Bvt 2(/ Lt. Drags., July i, '41.) (1st Lt. \st Drags., June 30, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 16, 184S, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battle of San Cruz de Resales, Mexicp. 
 
 LOVEIiL, CHARIiSS S. 
 
 (2dLt. (>th Inf., Oct. 13, '37.) (Col. l^th Inf., Feb. 16, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Col., July i, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at battle of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant services at the battle of Antietam, Md. 
 
 LOVELL, CHRISTOPHER S 
 
 (zdLt. id Inf., July-ii, '38.) (Maj. yi Inf., Nm. 23, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 LOVELL, MANSFIELD. 
 
 (id Lt. ifh Arty., July i, '42.) (\st ht. ifh Arty., Feb. 16, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 LOVTD, ALLEN. 
 
 (yi Lt. of Arty., May i, '14.) (Capt. 2.d Arty., New. 30, '36.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 20, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant conduct in defence of Fort Brown. 
 
 LO'WE, WILLIAM R. 
 
 (2d Lt. jgtA Inf., Nov. 20, '61.) [Caft. igth Inf., Sept. 19, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service during 
 the Atlanta Campaign and at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. Brevet Maj., 
 March 13, 1865, for long and meritorious service. 
 
 LOWE, "WILLIAM W. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. of Drags., July i, '53.) (Maj. 6th Cav., July 31, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , Oclober 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 Cavalry engagement near Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 15, 
 1863, for gallant and meritorious service in the cavalry action near Huntsville, 
 Ala. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during 
 the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vice in the field during the war. 
 
 LOWRY, ALBERT. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Drags., Oct. 19, '39.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Mar. 10, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 25, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in affair at 
 Medelin. 
 
 LTTDINGTON, ELISHA H. 
 
 (Capt. lytA Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Asst. Ins. Gen. (Maj.), April 20, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at battle of 
 Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious service 
 during the war. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service in his department. 
 
446 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 LUDINGTON, M. I. 
 
 {Q. M. (Maj.), Jan. 18, '67.) (C- M- W<y.), Jan.!?,, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious service in the 
 Q.-M. Dept. during the war. 
 
 LUDLOW, ISRAEL. 
 
 {2dLt. tfh Arty., May 14, '61.) (\st Lt. efh Arty., Mar. 24, '64.) 
 
 Brevet C'apt., March 13, 1865, for good, conduct and gallant service during 
 the war. 
 
 LUDLOW, WILLIAM. 
 
 (istLt. Engrs., June 13, '64.) (Capt. Engrs., May 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 20, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 defence of Allatoona Pass, Ga. Brevet Maj., December 21, 1864, for merit- 
 orious service in the campaign through Georgia in 1864. Brevet Lt.-Col., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the campaign of the 
 Carolinas. 
 
 LUGENBEEL, PINCKNEY. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. tfh Inf., July i, '40.) (Lt.-Col. \st Inf., June 25, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, fo"" gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 LUHN, GERHARD L. 
 
 {,zd Lt. 4th Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. 4th Inf., Dec. 31, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in front of 
 Petersburg, Va. 
 
 LTDECEER, GARRETT J. 
 
 (\st Lt. Engrs., June 13, '64.) (Capt. Engrs., Aug. 8, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 LYPORD, STEPHEN C. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. 1st Drags., June 24, '61.) (Maj. of Ordn., June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 siege of Vicksburp, Miss. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and mer- 
 itorious service in the Ordnance Dept., and in the field during the war. Brevet 
 Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 LYMAN, WYLLYS. 
 
 (Capt. 40th Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. ifh Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat- 
 tle of the Opequan, Va. 
 
 LYNCH, WILLIAM F. 
 
 (\st Lt. 42d Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. 42^ Inf., Mar. 20, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., and Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritoriims 
 service in the battle of Plea,sant Hill, La. }3revet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for 
 gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Yellow Bayou, La. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 447 
 
 LYNN, DANIEL D. 
 
 [.Bvt. zdLt. 3</ Inf., July l, '60.) (Ca/if. (>th Inf., July 14, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious servic? at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 LYON, ELIJAH. 
 
 (31/ Lt. Lt. Arty., May 20, '13. ) (Capt. 2d Arty., Feb. 20, '27.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., January i, 1827, for to years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 LYON, NATHANIEL. 
 
 (2d Lt. zd Inf., July i, '41.) (Caft. 2d Inf., June 11, '51.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 LYSTBR, -WILLIAM J. 
 
 (\st Lt. \c)th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. igtk Inf., Aug. 9, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1864, 
 for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn., and 
 during the Atlanta Campaign. 
 
 Mac CONNELL, CHAKLES C. 
 
 (2d Lt. ith Arty., May 14. '61.) (Capt. c^A Arty., May 14, '75.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 Peninsula campaign in Va. Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet JMaj., March 25, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious service during the rebel attack on Fort Stedman, 
 Va. 
 
 MACFEELY, ROBERT. 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. i^h Inf., July I, '50.) (Com.-Gen. of Subs. (Brig.-Cen.), Apl. 14, '75.) 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and merit- 
 orious service during the war. 
 
 MACHESNEY, JOHN. 
 
 (\st Lt. 6th Inf., May 3, 'oS.) (Maf dth Inf., Mar. 21, '14.) 
 
 Retained, M.iy i3ii; (in reorganization under, act of March 3, 1815), as 
 Capt. 7th Inf., with brevet of Maj., from March 21, 1814. 
 
 MACKAY, AENEAS. 
 
 (Asst. Dep. Com. Ordn., Mar. 12, '13.) (Dep. Q. M. Gen. (Lt.-Col.) Apl. 21, '46.) 
 Retained, May, 1816 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, 1815), as 2d 
 
 Lt. of Artillery, with Brevet of ist Lt., from March 12, 1813. Brevet Maj., 
 
 December 31, 1832, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Brevet Col., 
 
 May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct, particularly in performing his duties in 
 prosecuting war with Mexico. 
 
 MACK OSCAR A. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. T,d Arty., July r, '50.) (Lt.-Col. zist Inf., Dec. 15, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 10, l86i, for gallant service at the battle of Carnifex 
 Ferry, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 31, 1862, for gallant and distinguished 
 service at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious service during the war. 
 
448 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 MACKALL, ■Wm. AW. 
 
 (idLt. 1st Arty., July i, '37.) (^- ^- ^- '^^'"- ^«/)' ^«*"- S. '53-) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterev. Brevet Maj., August 20, r847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER. 
 
 {1st Lt. £ngrs., June 13, '64.) (Caft. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 MACKENZIE, RANALD S. 
 
 (id Lt. Engrs, June 17, '62.) (Col. Afh Cav., Mar. 6, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 28, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Manassas, Va. Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at the battle of Chancellorsville, Pa. Brevet Maj., July 4, 1863, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet 
 Lt.-Col., June 18, 1864, for gallantand meritorious service before Petersburg, 
 Va. Brevet Co)., Oct. ig, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at battle 
 of Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the field during the war. 
 
 MACKEY, JOHN T. 
 
 (2d Lt. l6th Inf., June i, '63.) (Caft. i^th Inf., Sept. 21, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 19, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 MAC IVrURRAY, JUNIUS W. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Arty., Feb. 23, '66.) (1st I.t. 1st Arty., Mar. 20, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the siege 
 of Corinth, Miss. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the siegf. of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 MACOMB, ALEXANDER. 
 
 (Cornet Cav., Jan. 10, '99.) (Maj.-Gen., and Gen.-in-Chief, May 24, '28.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen , Septemljer it, 1814, for distinguished and gallant conduct 
 in defeating the enemy at Plattsburg. 
 
 MACOMB, JOHN N. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. i,th Arty., July 1, '32.) (Col. of Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 MACRAE, NATHANIEL C. 
 
 (Bvt 2d Lt. 1st Inf, July i, '26.) (Maj. ^d Inf., May 31, '57.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful ser- 
 vice. 
 
 MACRAE, -WILLIAM. 
 
 (Caft. Arty, and Engis , June 1, '98.) (Lt.-Col. Arty., April 19, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Co) , July 10, 1812. No record for what service. Brevet Col, 
 April 19, 1824, (or 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 449 
 
 MADDEN, DANIEL. 
 
 (2d Lt. dth Cav., A'ov. i, '6l.) [Capt. dth Cav., May 10, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Beverley Ford, Va. Brevet Capt., April 9, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the campaign terminating with the surrender of Gen. Lee's 
 army. 
 
 MADIGAN, JOHN. 
 
 {2.d Lt. \st Cav., Feb. 23, '66.) (\st Lt. 1st Cav., April 25, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 27, 1867, for conspicuous gallantry in charging a 
 
 large band of Indians, strongly fortified in the Infernal Caverns, Pitt River, 
 Cal., Vfhere killed. 
 
 MAGBE, MATTHEW J. 
 
 (Capt. ifh Rifles, Mar. 17, '14.) {.Capt. i^h Rifles, Mar. 17, '14.) 
 
 Retained January, 1816 (in re-organization under Act of March 3, 1815), as 
 1st Lt. of Ordnance, with brevet of Capt., from March 17, 1814. 
 
 MAGILTON, ALBERT L. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. 4h Arty., July i, '46.) {Capt. ifh Arty., June 10, '57.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 MAGNITZKY, GTJSTAVE. % 
 
 (2d Lt. y)th Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) (2d Lt. yjth Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Gettysburg, Pa: Brevet Capt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the battle of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 MAGRUDBR, DAVID L. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Feb. 1, '50.) (Surgeon (Maj.), April 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 MAGRUDER, JOHN B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. yth Inf., July i, '30.) (Capt. 1st Arty., June 18, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Chapultepec. 
 
 MAHNKEN, JOHN H. 
 
 (\st Lt. Zth Cav., Aug. 7, '67.) (1st Lt. %th Cav., Aug. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 battle of Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet Maj., August 7, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Five Forks, Va. 
 
 MAHON, STEPHEN K. 
 
 (2d Lt. iitk Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (1st Lt. idth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 defence of Helena, Ark. 
 
 MAITLAND, "WM. S. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Inf., July 1, '20.) (1st Lt. jd Arty., Dec. 31, '28. ) 
 
 Brevet Capt.. December 31, 1835, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 affair of the Withlacoochee and Welika, Fla. 
 
 20* 
 
450 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 1 8 12 
 
 MAIZE, W. R. 
 
 [,zdLt. 2d In/, April zz, '66) (ist Lt. 20tk Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle 
 of Stone River, Tenn. 
 
 MALE, "WILLIAM H. 
 (irf Lt. -idth Inf., July 28, '66.) [\st. Lt. ■^fitk Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 MALBY, THOMAS E. 
 
 (zdLt. tfh Cav., April 14, '62.) (Capt. tfh Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious service at the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., July 28, 
 
 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Deep Bottom, Va. 
 
 MALLERY, G-ARRICE. 
 ( Capt. 43d Inf., July 28, '66.) ( Capt. 1st Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in a 
 skirmish at Garnett's Farm. Brevet Lt.-Col, March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious service in the battle of Peach Orchard, Va. 
 
 MALLORY, HENRY S. 
 
 (Ens. \-]th Inf., Dec. 12, '14.) (Capt. zd Arty., Dec. 31, '36.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 31, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 MALLOY, ADAM G. 
 (zdLt. lyth Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (\st Lt. lytk Inf., Feb. 23, '(,(,,) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the siege 
 of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. Brevet Lt-Col., March 2, 
 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Atlanta, Ga. Brevet 
 Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Nash- 
 ville, Tenn. 
 
 MALONEY, MAURICE. 
 (zdLt. tfh Inf., Nov. 27, '46.) (Lt.-Col. i6th Inf., June 21, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Molino del Key. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, ^""^ gallant and meritorious 
 conduct at Chapultepec. Brevet Lieut.-Col., July 4, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious service during the siege of Vicksburg. Brevet Col., March 13, 
 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 MANSFIELD, JOSEPH E. F. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. Engrs., July i, '22.) \Brig.-Gen., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant and distinguished service in defence of 
 Fort Brown. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct at Monterey. Brevet Col.. February 23, 1847, for gallant and merit- 
 orious conduct at the battle of Biiena Vista. Brevet Brig.-Geu., May 6, i86l. 
 No service specified. 
 
 MANSFIELD, SAMUEL M. 
 (zdlJ. Engrs., June 17, '62.) [Maj. Engrs.. Sept 2, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 14, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service in action at 
 Port Hudson, La. Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious service during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 451 
 
 MANY, J A -VIES B. 
 
 [Li. Arty, and Engrs. ), June 4, '98.) [Col. ^d Inf., July 21, '34.) 
 
 Brevet Col., June i, 1831, for 10 years' faithtul service in one grade. 
 MARCOTTE, HENRY. 
 
 (2^ Lt. 4iiA Inf., July 28, '65.) (1st Lt. i-jth Inf., June 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 service in the battle of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 MARCY, RANDOLPH B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. tfk Inf., July 1, '32.) (Insp.-Gen. [Col.), Aug. 9, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 field during the war. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and merit- 
 orious service during the war. 
 
 MARKLEY, JOHN H. 
 
 {,2dLt. 2d Inf., Nov. 26, '61.) (ist Li. 2d Inf., Jm. 8, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Capt., August 30, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. 
 
 MARSH, ELIAS J. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61.} (Assi. Surg, Aug. 5, '6t.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 MARSH, SALEM S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Li. ^ih Inf., July i, '60.) {Cafii. 2d Inf., Nov. 12, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 3, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 MARSHALL, ED"WARD C. 
 
 {\st Lt. \tfh Inf., April 9, '47.) {Capi. i^th Inf., May 6, '48.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 MARSHALL, ELISHA G. 
 (Bvt. 2d Li. ifh Inf., July i, '50.) [Maj. lih Inf., June 12, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 13. 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Col., July 
 30, 1864, for gallant "and meritorious services in the action- that succeeded the 
 explosion of the Petersburg mine, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 MARSHALL, LOUIS H 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. -id Inf., July'i, '49.) (Maj. \/\tk Inf., Oct. 16, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 
 the war. 
 
 MARSTON, MORRELL. 
 
 (1st Lt. 21st Inf. , Mar. 12, '12.) (Capt. 2 ist Inf., June 26, 'i3.)__ 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in defence of F jrt 
 
 Erie. 
 
452 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 MARSTON, MATTHEW R. 
 
 {2d Lt. ist Inf., April 26, '6 1 .) ( Capt. ist Inf., Jan. 10, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 MARTIN, JAMES G. 
 
 {zd Lt. \st Arty., July i, '40) (^- Q- ^- {Cnpf.), Au^. 5, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 MARTIN, JAMES P. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. etk Inf., July i, '60.) (A. A. G. [Maj.), April 10, "69.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 22, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 services. 
 
 MARTIN, JOHNW. 
 
 {fid l.t. 2d Inf., July 7, '39.) . (2d Lt. T,d Dragoons, July 21, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., October 19, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Atlixco. 
 
 MARTIN, OLIPHANT. 
 (Ens. 22d Inf., May 20, '13.) (\st Lt. 22d Inf., Sept. 25, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1816 (in re-organization under Act of March 3, 1815) as 2d 
 Lt., 5th Inf., with brevet of ist Lt., from September 25, 1814. 
 
 MARTIN, "WriLLIAM J. 
 
 (2d Lt. Voltigeurs, April t),\T.) (2d Lt. Voltigeurs, April <),'i-j.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 MASON, ED-WIN C. 
 
 (Capt.\7thInf.,MayH,'6i.) (Maj. 21st Inf., Sept t„'Ti.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , IJecember 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Fredericl<sburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 6, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious service at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Col., May 10, 
 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 MASON, JULIUS W. 
 
 {2d Lt. yh Cav., April 26, '6i.) [Maj. yi Cav., July I, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Beverley Ford, Va. Brevet Lt.Col., August i, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Brandy Station, Va. 
 
 MASON, JAMES I>. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., July i, '36.) (Capt. Engrs., April 24, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , August 20, 1847, for gnllant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churul-usco. Brevet Lt -Col , September 8, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorioui conduct at Molino del Rey. 
 
 MASON, JOHN S. 
 
 (2d Lt. T,d Ar/y., July I, '47.) (Lt.-Col. ^th Inf., Dec. II, '73.) 
 
 Mrevet Mij., Heptemlier 17, 186?, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of .-\iuietam, Md. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 13, 1862, for gallant and 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 453 
 
 meritorious services at the battle of Fredericltsburg, Va. Brevet Col., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Brig.- 
 Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field during 
 the war. 
 
 MASON, MILO. 
 
 {£ns. 4t& Inf., June 18, '08.) [Capt Arty., May 17, '16.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 17, 1826, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 MASON, RICHARD B. 
 
 (2d Lt. S/A Inf., Sept. 2, '17.) (Col. \st Dragoons, June 30, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 31, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Brevet 
 
 Brig.-Gen., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct. 
 
 MAUCK, CLARENCE. 
 
 (2d Lt. iifh Cav., Mar. 27, '61.) (Capt. ifh Cav., Nov. 5, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Dec. 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Maj., October 11, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 MAURICE, THEODORE W. 
 
 (2d Lt. Engrs., Aug. i, '13.) (Capt. Engrs., Nov. 12, '18.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November 12, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one 
 grade. 
 
 MAURY, DABNEY H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Mtd. Rifles, July I, '46.) (A. A. G. (Bvt. Capt.], April 17, '60.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
 MAXEY, SAMUEL B. 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. nth Inf., July i, '46.) (2d Lt. %th Inf., Feb. 23, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 MAY, CHARLES A. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Dragoons, June 8, '36.) (Maj. 2d Dragoons, Mar. 3, 'S5- ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 8, 1846, for gallant and distinguished services in the battle 
 of Palo Alto. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 9, 1846, for gallant and highly distinguished 
 conduct at the battle of Resaca de la Palma. Brevet Col., February 23, 1847, 
 for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of Buena Vista. 
 
 MAY, JAMES H. 
 
 (2dLt. \2th Inf., Aug. 10, '63.) (\st Lt. \2th Inf., Dec. 31, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 MAY, JULIAN. 
 
 (zd Lt. Mtd Rifles, May 27, '46.) (\st Lt. Mtd. Rifles, Oct. 31, '48.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 MAYNADIER, HENRY E. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Arty., July 1, '51.) (Maj. \2th Inf., N'crv. 4, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
4S4 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 MAY?IADIBR, VTILLIAM. 
 
 {Bvf. 2d Lt. of Arty., July I, '27.) (C^)/. of Ordnance, June i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in 
 the Ordnance Department. 
 
 MAYNADIER, "WILLIAM M. 
 
 (2dLt. 1st Arty., May i, '6i.) (Paymaster (Ma/.), Afril 26, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antletam, Md. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for good conduct and 
 gallant services during the war. 
 
 McALESTER, MILES D. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt Engrs., July I, '56.) (Maj. of Engrs, Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., July l, 1862, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices in Peninsula Campaign of 1862. Brevet Col., August 23, 1864, for highly 
 meritorious services as Chief Engineer of Mil. Div.of West Miss., &:c. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the siege of 
 Mobile, Ala. 
 
 McAllister, julian. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '47.) (Lt.-Col. Ord. Dept., June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Ordnance Department. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 m;ritoriou3 services in the Ordance Departmsnt. Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1S55, for zeal, ability, an J faithfulness in the discharge of his duties as senior 
 Ordnance Officer in the Department of the I'acific. 
 
 McBRIDE, JOSEPH C. 
 
 (\st Lt. ^%th Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) (\st Lt. ^th Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 McCABE, ROBERT O. 
 
 (Ens. 1st Inf., Jan. 3, '12.) (Capt. tfh Inf., May i, '24.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1816 (in re-organization under Act of March 3, 18 15), as 2d 
 Lt., 5th Inf., with brevet of 1st Lt., from May i, 1814. 
 
 McCAFPERTY, NEIL J. 
 
 (2dLt. 4//5 Cav., Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. ifh Cav., Jan. 13, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 10, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in cavalry 
 action at Franklin, Tenn. 
 
 McCALL, CHARLES A. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) (Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '6l.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 McCALL, GEORGE A. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Inf., July 1, '22.) (I„s. Gen. (Col.), June 10, '50.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-CJ., May 9, 1846, for gallant conduct at Palo 
 Alto and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 McCALL, HUGH. 
 
 (Ens., May 12, '94.) f^Capt. 2d Inf., Aug. 19, '00.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 10, 1812. No record. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 455 
 
 McCLEARY, JOHN. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. Zdlnf., July l, '54.) {Capt. 6tk Inf., May 17, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, i85j, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 McCLEERY, JAMES. 
 
 (Capt. 45«'/5 Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. ^t,th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 McCLEERY, "WILLIAM P. 
 
 (zd Lt \%th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i8tA Inf., Dec. 31, '64 ) 
 
 Brevet Capt, December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 McCLELLAN, ELY. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) (Surg. (Ma/.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 McCLELLAN, &EORGE B. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Li. Engrs., July i, '46.) (Maj.-Gen., May 14, '6t.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultupec. 
 
 McCLELLAN, JOHN. 
 
 (Bvt. ZdLt. ■id Arty., July i, '26.) (Capt. Top. Engrs., July 7, '38.) 
 
 . Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contre- 
 ras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct in military operations before the city of Mexico. 
 
 McCLINTOCK, JOHN. 
 
 (\st Lt. \ifh Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. lifh Inf., April 30, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and m'eritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 McCLINTOCK, "WILLIAM L. 
 
 (yl Lt. yl Arty., May 20, '13.) (Maj. zd Arty., June 27, '43.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 1 1, 1833, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 McCLURE, CHARLES. 
 
 (Covi. of Subs. (Capt), Aug. 17, '66.) (Com. of Subs. (Capt.), Aug. 17, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 17, 1866, for faithful service in the Subsistence Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 McCLURE, DANIEL. 
 
 (Bvt ZdLt. Mtd. Rifles, July I, '49.) (AssL P. M. G. (Col.), July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service during 
 the war. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in 
 the Pay Department. 
 
45 6 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 McCONIHE, SAMUEL. 
 
 (2d Lt. \i,th Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) [Capt. li,th Inf., Feb. 25, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., 
 March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 McCONNBLL, EDWARD. 
 
 {\stLt. i6th Inf., Aug. 31, '6i.) {Capt. idth Inf., Sept. 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 
 the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for 
 
 gallant and meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign, and at the 
 
 battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 McCONNELIi, JOSEPH. 
 
 (2dLt iZth Inf., Oct. 30, '61.) [ist Lt iSth Inf., . — .) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 
 the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 McCONNELL, THOMAS R. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. zdinf, July i, '46.) {Capt. ifh Inf., Feb. 3, '55.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Molino del Rey. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and merito- 
 rious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 MoCOOK, ALEXANDER D. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ■id Inf., July i, '52.) (Lt.-Col. lotk Inf., Mar. 5, '67,) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 21, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Bull Run, Va. , Brevet Lt.-Col., March 3, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at 'the capture of Nashville, Tenn. Brevet Col., April 7, 1862, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Brig.- 
 Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Per- 
 ryville, Ky. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the field during the war. 
 
 MoCOOK, EDWARD M. 
 
 (2d Lt ^kCav.,May%,'6i.) • (-ist Lt. d,th Cav., July \T,'(i2.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Capt., October 8, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Perryville, Ky. Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet 
 Lt.-Col., January 27, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 cavalry operations in East Tennessee. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the capture of Selma, Ala. Brevet Brig.-Gen., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 Mccormick, charles. 
 
 (Asst Surg, Aug. 30, '36.) (Asst Med. Pur. [Lt.-Col.), June. 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 McCOW^N, JOHN P. 
 
 (2dLt i^h Arty., July i, '40.) (Capt. i,th Arty., Jan, 9, '51.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and maritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 457 
 
 McCOY, JAMES C. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Inf., July 24, '66.) ( ist Lt. 2d Inf., Dec. 29, '68.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Capt., March ^, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, 
 for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Lt.- 
 Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Ben- 
 tonville, N. C. 
 
 McCOY, JOHN. 
 
 IjstLt. nth Inf., yan. 22, '67.) (ist Li. \\t!i Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious conduct in action 
 at Morristown, 1'enn. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct at the capture of Saltville, Va., December 22, 1864. 
 
 McCOY, THOMAS F. 
 
 (1st Lt. wth Inf., April 9, '47.) (\st Lt. nth Inf., April 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, August 20, 1847, for gallant^and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 McCREA, TULLY. 
 
 (2dLt. \st Arty., June 17, '62.) (Capt. \st Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Capt , July 3, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., February 20, 
 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Olustee, Fla. 
 
 McDONAIiD, ALEXANDER J. 
 
 (2d Lt. tfh Arty., Oct. 22, '62.) (ist Lt. <,th Arty., Jan. 17, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 Mcdonald, bedney f. 
 
 (2d Lt. T^ Arty., May 22, '47.) (2d Lt. yl Arty., May 22, '47,) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., October 9, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the 
 battle of Huamantla. 
 
 McDonald, james. 
 
 (Capt. Rifles, May 3, '08.) (Col. 4th Rifles, Sept. 17, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Col., Seiitember 17, 1814, for distinguished and meritorious conduct 
 in the sortie from Fort Erie. 
 
 Mcdonald, philip -w. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Drags., July 1, '41.) (ist Lt. 2d Drags., Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, ^o"^ gallant conduct 
 at Chapultepec. 
 
 Mcdonald, ■william. 
 
 (1st Lt. 26th Inf., May 20, '13.) (Asst. Ins. Gen. (Maj.), Apiil 29, '16.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 
45 8 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 McDOUGAI.1., CHARLES. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., July 13, '32.) (Asst. Med. Pur. (Lt.-Col.), July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Col., November 29, 1864. (No service given in appointment, nomi- 
 nation or commission.) Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 McDOtTGALI., THOMAS M. 
 
 (zd Lt. i^h Inf., May 10, '66.) [Capt. yth Cav., Dec. IJ, '75-) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 
 McDowell, irvin. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. ist Arty., July I, '38.) (Miij.-Gen. Nov. 25, '72.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. 
 
 MoELHONB, JAMES P. 
 
 (ist Lt. lifh Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i^h Inf, June 18, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., j une 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 McELRATH, T. P. 
 
 (id Lt. <,th Arty., May 14, '61.) [Capt. tfh Arty., Sept. 24, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle, 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful services. 
 
 Mcelroy, james n. 
 
 (id Lt. 2d Cav., April 23, '66.) (Capt. Zth Cav., Mar. 6, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., Brevet Capt., and Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant 
 and rarritorious services in the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., 
 March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 McEWEN, JOHN S. 
 
 (zd Lt. i^h Arty., Aug. 17, '67.) - (zd Lt. ifh Arty., Aug. 17, '67.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., August 17, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Capt , August 17, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
 McPARLAND, WALTER. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. Engrs., July i, '60.) (Maj. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., November 23, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the bombardment of Fort Pickens, Fla. Brevet Maj., April ir, 1865, for able, 
 zealous, and efficient services in the operations undertaken against Charleston 
 in 1863. 
 
 McPERRAN. JOHN C. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. yllnf, July i, '43.) (Dep. Qr. Mr. Gen. (Lt-Col.), July 29, '66 ) 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 459 
 
 MoGILL, GEORGE M. 
 
 {Jsst. Surg., April i6, '62.) {Asst. Surg., April 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Mav 12, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Meadow Bridge, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and merit- 
 orious services during the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 28, i866, for 
 meritorious and distinguished services at Hart's Island, whei-e cholera pre- 
 vailed. Brevet Col., July 20, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Medical Department during the prevalence of cholera near Fort Ilarker, Kas. 
 
 MoGILVRAY, JOHN. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Arty., Feb. 19, '63.) (ij-^ Lt. 2d Arty., May 6, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt , Septem.ber 22, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Fisher's Hill, Va. 
 
 McGINNESS, JOHN R. 
 
 {tst Lt. Ordn., June II, '63.) [Capt. Ordn., Feb. 10, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege oE Morris Island, S. C. Brevet Maj., March-13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the operations before Charleston, S. C. 
 
 McGLASSIN, GEORGE. 
 
 (Irf Lt. \ith Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Capt. itfh Inf., Aug. 15, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 11, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Platts- 
 burg. 
 
 McGONNIGLE, A. J. 
 
 (Asst. Qr. Mr. (Capt.), May 19, '65.) (Asst Qr. Mr. [Capt.), May 19, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallantry at the battles of Winchester, 
 Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gal- 
 lantry at the battles of Five Forks, Sailor's Creek, and Appomattox Court 
 House, Va. Brevet Col., February 11, 1869, for meritorious services during 
 the Indian campaign. 
 
 McGOWN, GEORGE. 
 
 (2d Lt. 7th Inf., Nm. 29, '61. J (Capt. yth Inf., Sept 19, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services. Brevet 
 Lt.-Col., November 15, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services connected 
 with the mustering out and disbanding of the volunteer armies of the United 
 States. 
 
 McGregor, thomas. 
 
 (2d Lt. \st Cav., July 17, '62.) (Capt 1st Cav., Oct. 15, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Mav 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. 
 
 McGINNESS, JAMES T. 
 
 (2d Lt. lyh Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (Capt. \T,th Inf., Aug. 31, '71.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1S67, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 McGUIRE, "WOODS. 
 
 (2d Lt. 24 Inf, Aug. 5, '61 .) (istLt. T,d Inf., , — .) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious seivices at the battle 
 of Malvern Hill, Va. 
 
460 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 McILVAIJTB, TRANCIS E. 
 
 {.Capt. \^th Inf., Nffv. 18, '61.) (Capt. i<)th Inf., Nffv. 18, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign. Brevet Lt.-Cpl., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious services. 
 
 McINTOSH, JAMBS S. 
 
 (zdLt. Rips, Nffv. 13, '12.) (Lt.-Col. tfh Inf., July 1, '39.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 8, 1827, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Col., Mayg, 1846, for gallant and distinguished services in the battles 
 of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 McINTOSH, JOHN. 
 
 (2dLt. nth Inf. Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. 20th Inf., Oct. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant services in the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, Va. 
 
 McINTOSH, JOHN B. 
 
 (zd Lt. 2d Cav., Juve 8, '61.) (Lt.-Col. ifld Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 5, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of White Oak Swamp. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 3, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Gettysburg, I'a. Brevet Col., June i, 1864, for 
 gallant and meritorious .services at. the battle of Ashland, Va. Brevet Brig.- 
 Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Winchester, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the field during the war. 
 
 McINTYRB, JAMBS B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. jth Inf., July i, '53.) [Maj. 3d Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 10, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the cav- 
 alry action at Franklin, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 25, 1863, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services in action near Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 McINTYRE, SAMUBL B. 
 
 (2d It. ith Arty., June 17, '62.) (\stLt. 2d Arty., Mar. 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. Brevet Capt., September 19, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Winchester, Va. 
 
 McKBB, JAMBS C. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Oct. 2, '58.) (Surgeon (Maj), Dec. 22, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 
 the war. ° 
 
 McKBE, GEORGE W. 
 
 (ist Lt. Ordn. Dept., June 1 1, '63.) ( Capt. Ordn. Defit, June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for efficient and valuable ser- 
 vices durmg the war. 
 
 McKBE, SAMUBL A. 
 
 (zdLt. 2d Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) [Capt. 2d Inf., Sept. 12, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 46I 
 
 McKEEVER, CHAUNCEY." 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. 1st Arty., July i, '49.) {A. A Gen. {Lt.-Col.), Mar. 3, 75.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 24, 1864, for faithful and meritorious services 
 during the war. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865. for diligent, faithful, and merit- 
 orious services in the Adjutant-General's Department during the war. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen.,. March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 McKEEVER, SAMUEL. 
 
 (2d Lt. i6ih Inf., Feb. 23, '66. ) (\st Lt. 2d. Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 Mckenzie, kenneth. 
 
 (Capt. \ifh Inf., July 6, '12.) [Capt. 14th Inf., July 6, '12.) 
 
 Retained in 18 15 (in reorganization under Act of March 3 of that year) as 
 1st Lt., 4th Infantry, with Brevet of Capt. from July 6, 1812. 
 
 Mckenzie, thom s g. 
 
 (Asst Surg., April 16, '62,) [Asst Surg., April 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, i865,''for faithful and meritorious 
 services during .the war. 
 
 McKIBBIN, CHAMBERS. 
 
 (2d Lt. \ifh Inf., Sept. 22, '62.) (Capt. itfh Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 18, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of North Anna River, and during the operations on the Weldon R. R. 
 
 McKIBBIN, DAVID B. 
 
 (2d Lt.^tk Inf., Mar. Zt'SS-) {Mqf. loth. Inf., Sept. it,, '6y.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August I, 1864, for gallant services at the battle on the North 
 Anna, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle 
 of Bethesda Church, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 McKIBBIN, ROBERT P. 
 
 (2d Lt. 4tk Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. i^th Inf., Jan. 20, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in front of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 McKIM, JAMES. 
 
 {2dLt. 6tk Inf., July 18, '62.) (Capt. jjth Inf., , — .) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 McKIM, "WltLIAM W. 
 
 (A. Q. M. (Capt.), July 2, '64.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), July 2, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
462 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 McKINSTRY, JUSTUS. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Inf., July i, '38.) (6- ^- Waj^, ^«g- 3> '6l-) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 Mcknight, james. 
 
 (Capt. 1st Arty., May 14, '61.) (Crt//. \st Arty., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 19, 1S64, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battles of Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, and Cedar Creek, Va. 
 
 McLANDBURG, HENRY J. 
 
 Ifiapt. lyt/i Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. lyth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 14, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 McLANE, GEORGE. 
 
 (2d Lt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) (Capt. Mtd. Rifles, Dec. 30, '56.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, ^^^ gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 McLaren, adam n. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Mar. 2, '33.) (Surg. [Maj.), June 30, '39.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 McLAUGHLEN, NAPOLEON B. 
 
 (2d Lt. ifk Cav., Mar. 27, '61.) (Ma/, loth Cav., May 17, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Cbancellorsville, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the rebel attack upon Fort Sted- 
 man, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices in the field during the war. 
 
 McLELLAN, CURVTEN B. 
 
 (2dLt. 6th Call., May 14, '61.) (Capt. dth Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 5, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Williamsburg, Va. Brevet Capt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the Gettysburg campaign. Brevet Maj., March 31, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Dinwiddle C. H., Va. 
 
 McLOUGHLIN, GEORGE H. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) (Capt. 2d Inf., Dec. I, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the North 
 Anna River, Va., and during the campaign before Richmond. 
 
 McMAHON, T. P. 
 
 (id Lt. 16th Inf., April 16, '13.) (\st Lt. i&k Inf., Jan. i, '14.) 
 
 Retained May, 1816 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, 1815), as 2d 
 Lt. of Ordnance, with Brevet of Capt. from January i, 1814. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 463 
 
 MoMANUS, WILLIAM S. 
 
 (Capt. \tfh Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. \i,th Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September r, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn., and during the Atlanta campaign and the bat- 
 tle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 McMICHAEL, CLAYTON. 
 
 (2rfZ/. f)th Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. f)th Inf., Mar 4, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the cap- 
 ture of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 McMillan, james. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Inf., July i, '56.) \Capt. yl Arty., Aug. 10, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 30, 1865, for meritorious and faithful services in the re- 
 cruitment of the armies of the United States. 
 
 McMillan thomas. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 19, '62.) [Asst. Surg., Aug. ig, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1867, for meritorious and 
 distinguished services during the outbreak of cholera among a detachment of 
 recruits for the 8th Infantry, en route from New York to San Francisco. 
 
 McMULLIN, GEOR&I! O. 
 
 (2«" Lt. yl Cav., Feb. 19, '63.) {Capt. ^d Cav., July 28, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., November 15, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 action near Tuscumbia, Ala. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for meritorious 
 services. 
 
 McNALLY, CHRISTOPHER H. 
 {2d Lt. Mtd. Rifles, May 23, '55.) {Capt. Mtd. Rifles, Sept. 28, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 25, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 near Mesilla, A. T. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 McNAUGHT, J. S. 
 {zdLt. \ith Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) {Capt. 20th Inf., Oct. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August I, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 McNEIL, JOHN, Jr. 
 {Capt. wth Inf., Mar: 12, '12.) {Col. \st Inf., April 28, '26.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., July 5, 1814, for distinguished and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chippewa. Brevet Col., July 25, 1814, for gallant and distin- 
 guished conduct at the battle of Niagara. Brevet Brig.-Gen., July 25, 1824, 
 for 10 years' faithful services in one grade. 
 
 McNEILL, WILLIAM GIBBS. 
 
 (■^ Lt. Arty., July 17, '17.) ( Top. Engr. \Bvt. Maj.), Jan. 28, '34.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., January 27, 1833, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 McNETT, ANDREW J. 
 {Capt. 442'/5 Inf., July 28, '66.) • {Capt. 44tA Inf., July 28, '(£) 
 
 Brevet Major, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services m the 
 battle of Resaca, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col.. March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the battle of Peach Tree Creek, Ga. 
 
464 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 McNUTT, JOHN. 
 
 (Bvt. 2.d Lt. of Ordn., July I, '40.) (Lt.-Col. of Ordn., June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful services in the Ordnance De- 
 partment. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful services in his Department 
 during the war. 
 
 McPARLIN, THOMAS A. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Mar. 2, '49.) {Surg. (Afaj.), May 2T, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August i, 1864, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 field. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., November 26, 1866, for meritorious and distin- 
 guished services at New Orleans, La., where cholera and yellow fever prevailed. 
 
 McFHAIL, DANIEL H. 
 
 {2d Li. tfh Inf., Mar. 8, '37.) {Capt. ffh Inf., July 10, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, f*"^ gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churuijusco. 
 
 McFHBRSON, R H. 
 
 {\st Lt. Light Arty., Dec. 12, '08.) {^Maj. Lt. Arty. Aug. 31, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November 11, 1813, for services in the campaign on the St. 
 Lawrence in 1813. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 30, 1814, for distinguished gallantry 
 in the battle of LacoUe Mill, Lower Canada, etc. 
 
 MoQUISTON, HENRY. 
 
 {2dLt. 6th Cav., July 17, '62.) (2d Lt. 6th Cav., July lf,''62.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Beverly Ford, Va. Brevet Capt., June 21, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in action at Upperville, Va. • 
 
 McRXHi, SAMUEIi. 
 
 (2dLt. %th Inf., July i, '20.) {Qr. M. {Maj.), New. 8, '39.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct while serving in the 
 enemy's country. 
 
 McREB, "WILLIAM. 
 
 {2d Lt. Engrs., July I, '05.) (Lt.-Col. Engrs., Nov. 12, '18.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col, July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 Brevet Col., August 15, 1814, for distinguished and meritorious services in de- 
 fence of Fort Erie. 
 
 McREYNOLDS, ANDREW. 
 
 (Capt. 2d Drags., April % '47.) (Capt. -^d Drags., April g, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant! and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 McTAGGART,. CALVIN P. 
 
 {2dLt. 44ih Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) {ist Lt. \-]th Inf., Mar. 4, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Fair Oaks, Va. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 465 
 
 MEADE, GEORGE. 
 
 {ut Lt. qth Inf., Nov. 29, '65) (Ccipt. ist Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Cul., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the campaign ending in the surrender of tlie Army of Northern 
 Virginia. 
 
 MEADE, GEORGE G. 
 
 {Bvt. zd Lt. yi Arty., July I, '35.) [Maj.-Gen., Aug. 18, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 23, 1846, for gallant conduct at Monterey. 
 
 MTIAGHBR, PATRICK. 
 
 (zd Lt. \-^th Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) (ij-^ Lt. i^t/i Inf., Jan. 4, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 MEARS, FREDERICK. 
 
 {2d Lt. gt/i Inf., April 26, '61.) {Capt. <^h Inf., Aug. Tj, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 MBCHEM, ABEL P. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Oct. II, '60.) {Surg. {Maj.), June 16, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 MEIGS, JOHN R. 
 
 ( iJif Lt. Corps Engrs., June 1 1, '63.) ( \st Lt. Corps Engrs., June 1 1, ^(si^S 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of the Opequan, Va. Brevet Maj., September 22, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Fisher's Hil 1, Va. 
 
 MBIGS, MONTGOMERY C. 
 
 {2dLt. 1st Arty., ^ly i, '36.) {Q. M. Gen. {B. G.), May 15, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., July 5, 1864, for distinguished and meritorious services 
 
 during the war. 
 
 MEINELIi, HENRY. 
 
 (zd Lt. 2d Arty., Oct. 24, '61.) {\st Lt. ^d Arty., Nm>. i, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 MBINHOIiD, CHARLES. 
 
 {zd Lt. yl Cav., July 17, '62.) , {Capt. 31/ Cav., Dec. I, '66.) 
 
 JBrevet ist Lt., May I, 1863, for. gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Blackwater Bridge, Miss. Brevet Capt., May 22, 1863; for gallant and 
 meritorious services in an assault on Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 MELLON, CHARLES. 
 
 (2dLt. Arty., Mar. 17, '14.) . . {Capt. zd Arty., Dec. 28, '35.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 20, 1828, for 10 years' faithful services in one grade. 
 
 MENDELL, GEORGE H. 
 
 {Bvt. zd.Lt. Top. Engrs., July i, '52.) . {Maf. Engrs., Aug. 15, '64.): 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 15, 1864, fbr gallalit arid meritorious services diifing 
 
 21 
 
466 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 the present campaign before Richmond. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 MENDElTHAIiI., JOHN. 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Drags., July i, '51.) (Capt. ifk Arty., July 3, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 20, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 MERCHANT, CHAKUiS G. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. StA Inf., July i, '43.) \,ist Lt. St/t Inf., Aug. 2, '48.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Molino del Key. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and merit- 
 orious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 lOERCHANT, CHARLES S. 
 
 (3</ U. Arty., Mar. 11, '14.) (Col. ^h Arty., Aug. 28, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 20, 1828, for 10 years' faithful services in one grade. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful service in the army. 
 
 IVTEREDITH, DAVHJ W. 
 
 (ist Lt. itfh Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i^iA Inf., May 27, 62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 MERKTiTi, CHRISTOPHER F. 
 
 {2dLt. 4tA Arty., Oct. 22, '62.) {\st Lt. i^th Arty., May 11, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt., November 30, 1864, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Franklin, Tenn. 
 
 MERREI.L, "WrLLIAM H. 
 
 (\st Lt. nzdlnf, July 28, '66.) (Capt. ifldinf, Sept. 10, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Bull Run (ist), Va. 
 
 MERRIAM, HENRT C. 
 (Maj. -^th Inf., July 28, '66 ) (Lt.-Col. 2d Inf., June 10, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-CoI., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for conspicuous gallantry 
 at the capture or Fort Blakely, Ala. 
 
 MERRILL, HAMILTON W. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Drags., July i, '38.) (Capt. 2d Drags., Mar. 31, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious services at Mo- 
 lino del Rey. 
 
 MERRILL, LEWIS. 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. \st Drags., July i, '55.) (Maj. -jth Cav., Nov. 27, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 10, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services against 
 the Rebel forces in North Missouri. Brevet Lt.-Col, September lo, 1863, for 
 gallant and meritorious services in the capture of Little Rock, Ark. Brevet 
 Col., March 5, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services against the Rebel 
 forces in North-Western Georgia, under the command of the rebel General 
 Wofford, and which terminated in his surrender. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 467 
 
 MERRILL, WILLIAM E. ^ ^ 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. Engrs., July i, '59.) {Maj. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 16, 1862, for gallant and meritorious con_uct before 
 Yorktown, Va. Brevet Maj., September 19, 1863, for faithful and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for faithful and meritorious services at the battles of Lookout Mountain and 
 Mission Ridge, Tenn. Brevet Ccl., March 13, 1865, for faithful and merit- 
 orious services at the battles of Resaca and New Hope Church, Ga. 
 
 MERRITT, "WESLEY. 
 
 {Bvt. zdLt. 2d Drags., July i, '60.) (Col. <,tk Cav., July I, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July i, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 11, 1864, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Yellow Tavern, Va. Brevet Col., May 28, 1864, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Hawes' Shop, Va. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Five Forks, Va. Brevet Maj. -Gen., March 1.3, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services during the campaign ending with the surrender of the insurgent 
 army of Northern Virginia. 
 
 MEYER, EDWARD S. 
 
 (Capt. 35M Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. ^th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, ftr gallant and meritorious | 
 services in the battle of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 MICHAELIS, OTHO E. 
 
 (2d Lt. of Ordn., Nov. 24, '63.) (Capt. of Ordn..,June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 
 MICHIE, PETER S. 
 
 (\st Lt. Engrs., June 11, '63.) [Prof M. A., Feb. 14, '71.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., October 28, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the campaign of 1864 against Richmond, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., 
 ■ April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the campaign termi- 
 nating at Appomattox C. H., Va. 
 
 MICHLER, NATHANIEL. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Top. Engrs., July i, '48.) (Maj. Engrs., April 22, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August i, 1864, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 field. Brevet Col , April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the siege of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., April 2, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the Rebellion. 
 
 MIDDLETON, J. V. D. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) (Surgeon (Maj.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 MIDDLETON, PASSMORE. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Feb. IJ. '65.) (Asst. Surg., Feb. 15, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
468 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 MILES, DIXON S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. ifk Inf., July i, '24.) (C»/. -id Inf., Jan. 19, '59.) 
 
 Brevet Mai., May 9, 1846, for gallant and distinguished conduct in defense 
 
 of Fort Brown, Texas. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 23, 1846, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious conduct at Monterey. 
 
 MILES, EVAN. 
 
 (\st Lt. I2tk Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) [Capt. 2.1st Inf., fan. 20, '65.) 
 
 Brevet apt., August 18, 1864, for gallant services during operations on 
 
 Weldon R. R. 
 
 MILES, NELSON A. 
 
 {Col. ifith Inf., July 28, '66.) (Col. $th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant 
 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 MILHAIT, JOHN J. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., April 30, '51-) [Surg. {Ma/.), April 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., December 2, 1864, for gallant service during the campaign 
 before Richmond. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., September 28, 1866, for merit- 
 orious and distinguished services at Hart's Island, N. Y. H., where cholera pre- 
 vailed. 
 
 MILLAR, JAMES P. 
 
 {1st Lt. I4i/i Inf., May 14, '61.) {^Capt. lifh Inf., Sept. 14, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Will 
 derness, &c. 
 
 MILLER, ALBERT S. 
 
 {Bvt. zdLt. itk Inf., July i, '23.) {Maj. 2d Inf., Mar. 15, '48.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. 
 
 MILLER, CHARLES F. 
 
 {2dLt. i^th Inf., May i, '62.) (2d Lt. 19^/2 Inf., May i, '62.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, September 19, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 MILLER, JAMES. 
 
 {Maj. 4th Inf., July?,, 'o^.) (Col.2\st Inf., Mar.t),'\i,.) 
 
 Brevet Col., August g, 1812, for distinguished services at Brownstown. Bre- 
 vet Brig.-Gen., July 25, 1814, for distinguished services at Niagara. 
 
 MILLER, JOHN. 
 
 {2d Lt. ifh Inf., July 18, '62.) (Capt. i,th Inf., July 18, '66.) 
 
 Breret 1st Lt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 MILLER, JOHN H. "^. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Arty., July l, '33.) (Capt. 4th Arty., Max. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 12, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in defense 
 of Puebla, Mex. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 469 
 
 MILLER, MARCUS P. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. e,th Arty., July i, '58.) (Caft. 6fh Arty., May 1 1, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13; 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the cavalry campaign from Winchester to Richmond, Va. Brevet 
 Lt.-Col., March 31, 1865, for pallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Dinwiddle C. H., Va. 
 
 MILLER, MORRIS S. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. id Arty., July i, '34.) {ITep. Q. M. G. (Lt.-Col.), July 29, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious services in the Quartermaster's Department during 
 the war. 
 
 MILLliR, SILAS A. 
 
 (2dLt. I2th Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (2d Lt. \zth Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 MILLER, -WESLEY F. 
 
 (zdLt. -jtk Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (\st Lt. ^th Inf., Sept. 9, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 MILLS, ANSON. 
 
 (\st Lt. \%th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. ^d Cav., April 27, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Maj., September i, i834, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Chickamauga and during the Atlanta 
 campaign. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 16, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Nashville, Temi. 
 
 MILLS, MADISON. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., April 1, '34.) (Surg. (Maj.), Feb. i6, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Col., November 29, 1864, for meritorious services during the cam- 
 paign and siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 MILLS, -WILLIAM. 
 
 (2d Lt. 16th Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. 2d Inf., Feb. 13, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign and at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 MILLS, -WILLIAM H. 
 
 (istLt. 14th Inf., Mar. 6, '62.) (Capt. -y^d Inf., Dec. 23, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the battles 
 of ChancellorsviUe and Gettysburg. Brevet Maj., April g, 1865, for merit- 
 orious services in the campaign terminating with the surrender of the insurgent 
 army of Northern Virginia. 
 
 MIMMACK, BERNARD. P. 
 
 (2d Lt. 12th Inf., Sept. 16, '6t.) (Capt. Tpth Inf., May 3, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
470 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 MINN, JOHN G. 
 
 (Ens. 35M Inf., Mar. 12, 'I2.) (.1st Lt. of Inf., Aug. 15, '13.) 
 
 Retained in 1815 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, of that year), as 
 2d Lt., 2d Inf., with Brevet of ist Lt. from August 15, 1813. 
 
 MINOR, WILLIAM C. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Feb. 28, '66.) (Asst. Surg., Feb. 28, %(,.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 28, 18^, for meritorious and distinguished service 
 at Fort Columbus, N. Y. H., where Cholera prevailed. 
 
 MISHLBR, L7MAN. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. -jth Inf., July I, '60.) (\st Lt. tfh Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., February 21, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Valverde, N. M. 
 
 MITCHELL, EDWARD L. 
 
 (1st Lt. i6tk Inf., May 14, '61.) (ist Lt. 16th Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 7, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Shiloh, Tenn. 
 
 MITCHELL, GEORGE E. 
 
 (Maj. of Arty., May i, '12.) (Lt.-Col. of Arty., Mar. 3, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Col., May 5, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Otswego. 
 
 IVTITCHELL, JOHN. 
 
 (2dLt. ifh Arty., Aug. 11, '63.) (Capt. ^^d Inf., July 28, '(6.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 18, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in bat- 
 tle on the Weldon R. R., Va. Brevet Capt., March 29, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious service during the operations against Petersburg, Va. 
 
 MITCHELL, WILLIAM. 
 
 (2dLt. yllnf., Aprilii, '63.) (\st Lt. ^d Inf., /Vov. 10, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt, March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 MITCHELL, WILLIAM G. 
 
 (Cap. 27th Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. tfhlnf, July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj-, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious service in the battle of Boydton Road, Va. Brevet Col., March 
 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Spottsylvania, Va., 
 May 12, 1864. 
 
 MITCHELL, WILLIAM W. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Inf., Oct. 31, '63.) (ist Lt. 2d Inf., April 18, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May J, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Capt, May 24, 1864, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battle of North Anna River, Va. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 4/1 
 
 MIZNSR, HEITR7 R. 
 
 (Capt. i8rt Inf., May 14, '6r.) (MaJ. \ith Inf., Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious service during the Atlanta campaign, and in the battle of 
 Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 MIZNER, JOHN K. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. zd Drags., July I, '56.) (Maj. i,1h Cav., Jan. 26, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Corinth, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col., June 12, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service in action at Panolo, Miss. 
 
 MOALE, EDWARB. 
 
 (\st Lt. V)th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. yilnf, Sept. 13, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 2, 1864, for gallant and distinguished service at 
 
 Spottsylvania and during the campaign before Richmond. Brevet Lt.-Col.. 
 
 April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in front of Petersburg, Va, 
 
 MOPFATT, ISAAC P. 
 
 (istLt. (jtk Cav., July 28, '66.) (Capt. <^h Cav., July 16, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service during 
 the war. 
 
 MONAHAN, DEANS. 
 
 (2d Lt. 3d Cav., July 17 '62.) (Capt. 3</ Cav., Jtdy 9, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., November 15, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service in 
 action near Tuscumbia, Ala. 
 
 MONROE, JAMES. 
 
 (T,d Lt. Arty., Mar. 2, '15.) (\st Lt. Arty., Dec. 31, '18.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 MONTOOMBRY, DAVID L. 
 
 (\stLt. \-jth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. lyth Inf. Nov. 28, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services. 
 
 MONTGOMER7, ELIJAH. 
 
 (Ens. ^th Inf., Dec. 12, 'o3.) (Capt. jtA Inf., May i, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., January 8, 181 5, for gallant conduct at the siege of New 
 Orleans. 
 
 MONTG-OMERT, ROBERT H. 
 
 (2dLt. t^tk Cav., Nov. 29, '62.) (Capt. ^t/i Cav., Jan. 3, '70.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 9, 1863, f""" gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Beverly Ford, Va. Brevet Capt., August r, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 crlous service at the battle of Brandy Station, Va. 
 
472 brev;ets conferred from 1812 
 
 montgomery, 'wiliiiam r. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. id Inf., July i, '25.) W<V- ^'i W-> ^'<^- 7. 'S^O 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant'conduct at Palo Alto, and Resaca de la 
 Palma. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Molino del Key. 
 
 MOORE, ALEXANDER. 
 
 {Cap. 38//i liif; Jan. 22, '67.) (dipt. 31/ Cav., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 MOORE, JOHN. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Jtme 29, 'S3-) (Surgeon (Major), June 11, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service 
 during the Atlanta campaign. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious service during the war. 
 
 MOORE, JAMES M. 
 
 (A. Q. M. (Capt.), July 2, '64.) (Q. M. (Major), June 13, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, i865,for fa'thful and meritorious service during the 
 war. Brevet Lt.-Col., November 24, 1865, for faithful and meritorious ser- 
 vices. 
 
 MOORE, ORLANDO H. 
 
 (zd Lt. 6th Inf., June 27, '56.) (Maj. 6th Inf., June 8, '72.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service in action at 
 Tibbs' Bend, Ky. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merito- 
 rious service during the war. 
 
 MOORE, TRED"WEI.L. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 8th Inf, Jtily i, '47.) (Dep. Q. M. Gen. (Lt.-Col.), Jiine 6, '72.) 
 Brevet Maj., March n, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service during the 
 war. Brevet Lt.-Col., Miirch 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service in 
 Nevada in 1861. Brevet Co!., March 13, 1865, for meritorious service during 
 Morgan's raid into Ohio in 1863. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 MOORE, THOMAS "SV. C. 
 
 (zd Lt. lUh /«/, May IX, '66.) (Capt. ipth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, T867, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. Brevet Lt.'-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service in the battle of Cedar Creek, Va. 
 
 MOORE, "WILLIAM G. 
 
 (Paymaster (Maj.), Nov. 14, '66.) (Paymaster (Maj.\, Nov. 14, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col.,March 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 
 MOORHEAD, -WTILLIAM J. 
 
 (1st Lt. lyth Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt. lyth Inf., June 27, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 6, 1864, for gallant service during the war, especially at the 
 battles of Fredericksburg, Va., and Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. ^73 
 
 MORDECAI, ALFRED. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., July i, '23.) {MajoY ofOrdn., Dec. 31, '54..) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct, particularly in perform- 
 ance of his duties in the prosecution of the war with Mexico. 
 
 MORDECAI, ALFRED. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Top Engrs., June 24, '61.) [Major ofOrdn., June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 7, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service during 
 the siege of Fort Wagner, S. C. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for distin- 
 guished service in the field, and faithful and meritorious service in the 
 Ordnance Department. 
 
 MORGAN, CHARLES H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. of Arty., July i, '57.) (Major i,th Arty., Feb. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., October 14, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious seivice in action at Bristow Station, Va. Brevet Col., May 12, 1864, 
 for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet 
 Brig. -Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the field 
 during the war. 
 
 MORGAN, GEORGE W. 
 
 (Col. i^th Inf., April g, '47.) ( Col. \tfh Inf., April 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 MORGAN, HENRY C. 
 
 (\stLt. \2th Inf., May 14, '61.) [Capt. \2th Inf., June 16, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 MORGAN, JAMES N. 
 
 (zdLt. -^th Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. 2i,th Inf., Jmie 20, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct in the battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for 
 gallant and meritorious service in the battle of New Hope Church, Va. 
 
 MORGAN, MICHAEL R. 
 
 (2d Lt. yl Arty., July i, '54.) (Com. of Subs. (Maj.), Nov. 17, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., and Brevet Col., July 6, 1864, for distinguished 
 services as Chief Commissary of Subsistence of the armies operating in the cam- 
 paign of 1864, before Richmond, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., April g, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious service during the campaign terminating with the surren- 
 der of the insurgent army under Gen. Lee. 
 
 MORGAN, -WILLOUGHBY. 
 
 (^Capt. \2th Inf., April 2^, '12.) (Col. 1st Inf., April 2^, '30.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1815 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, 1815), as 
 Capt. Rifles, with Brevet of Maj., from June 26, 1813, date of his appointment 
 as Maj: 12th Inf. Brevet Col., November 10, 1828, for 10 years' faithful ser- 
 vice in one grade. 
 
 21* 
 
474 BREVETS COI^fFERRED FROM 1 8 12 
 
 MORONEY, PATRICK H. 
 
 {2ii Lt. li^h Inf., yum 27, '62.) (ist Lt. \^h Inf., July 1 1, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during 
 the war. 
 
 MORRIS, ARTHUR. 
 
 {2d Lt. 4th Arty., Mar. 24, '62.) [\st Lt. ifk Arty., Nvb. 12, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorioiis service at the battle 
 of White Oak Swamp, Va. Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious service at the battle of Antietam, Md. 
 
 MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR. 
 
 (2d Lt. d,th Inf., May 24, '24.) (Lt.-Col. 1st Inf., May 31, '57.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto 
 and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 MORRIS, LOUIS M. 
 
 (2d Lt. 20th Inf., July 28, '66.) ( \st Lt. 20th Inf., Oct. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet istLt., and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 MORRIS, LEWIS N. 
 
 (zd Lt. Corps of Arty., July \, '20.) (Capt. ^d Inf., Oct. 31, '33.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant and distinguished conduct at Palo Alto, 
 and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 MORRIS, LOUIS T. 
 
 (ist Lt. igth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. %thCav., Feb. 15, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 1,1864, ^or gallant and meritorious service during 
 the Atlanta campaign. Brevet Maj., December 16, 1864, for gallant and mer- 
 itorious service at the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 MORRIS, RICHARD L. Jr. 
 
 (\st Lt. l&th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. \%th Inf., Dec. 31, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 MORRIS, ROBERT M. 
 
 (2d Lt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) (Maj. 6th Cav., Mar. 1 1, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras. Brevet Capt, September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Chapultepec. Brevet Maj., February 21, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at Valverde, N. M. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 31, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious service at the battle of Dinwiddie Court House, Va. 
 
 MORRIS, THOMPSON. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Inf., July i, '22.) (Lt.-Col. ^th. Inf., Mar. 3, '55.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 MORRIS, "V7ILLIAM W. 1 
 
 (2d Lt. 6th Inf., July i, 20.) (Col. 2d Arty., Nov. I, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., January 27, 1837, for gallant conduct, &c., in war against 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 475 
 
 Florida Indians. Brevet Brig.-Gen , June 9, 1862, for faithful and merit- 
 orious service. Brevet Maj.-Gen., December 10, 1865, for faithful and merit- 
 orious service during tlie rebellion. 
 
 MORRISON, PITCAIRN. 
 
 (2d Lt. Arty., Oct. 27, '20.) {Col.. Ztk Inf., June 6, '61.) 
 
 Brevet. Maj., May g, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo 
 Alto, and Resaca de la Palma. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for long 
 and faithful service in the army, 
 
 MORROW, ALEXANDER. 
 
 (1st Lt. <)th Inf., April 9, '47.) (\st Lt. <jtk Inf., April 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 MORROW, HENRY A. 
 
 (Lt.-Col. idth Inf., July 28, '66.) (Lt.-Col. i^tli Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Hatcher's Run, Va., February 6, 1865. 
 
 MORTON, JAMES S. C. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. Enp-s., July 1, '51.) (Major Engrs., July 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet I.,t.-Col., January 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Col., September 20. 1863, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Brig- 
 Gen., June 17, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the assault of 
 Petersburg, Va., where he was killed. 
 
 MOTZ, JOHN. 
 
 (\st Lt. wth Inf., Apt. 9, '47.) (Capt. iifk Inf., Aug. 2, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, f""^ gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 MOTTLTON, CHARLES VT. 
 
 (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Mar. 13, '63.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Mar. 13, '63 ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., an! Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 MOTTLTON, HARRISON. 
 
 (2dLt. 1st Cav., Julylj, '62.) (Capt. ist Cav., Apt. 11, '67. 1 
 
 Brevet Ist Lt., June 21, 1863, for gallant arid meritorious services in action 
 at Upperville, Va. 
 
 MOUNT, JOHN F. 
 
 (zd Lt. yl Arty., Feb. 23, '66. ) (ist Lt. ^d Arty., J dy 28 . '66. 1 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for meritorious services during the war. 
 
 MOUNTFORT, JOHN. 
 
 (2d Lt. of Arty., Mar. 24, '12.) (Capt. Arty.. Aug. 1 1, "19.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Seotember 11, 18:4, for gallant conduct at the battle of Plafis- 
 burg. Brevet Maj., August 11, 1829, for 10 years' faithful siervice in one 
 erade. 
 
476 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 MO"V7EH, JOSEPH A. 
 
 {2ii Lt. 1st Inf., June i8, '55.) [.Col. yjth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 9, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Farmiiigton, Miss. Brevet LL-Col., September 19, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of luka, Miss. Brevet Col., May 14, 1863, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the capture of Jackson, Miss. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Fort de Russy, La. Brevet Maj-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the passage of the Salkehatchie, Ga. 
 
 MUHENBERG, CHARLES P. 
 
 (irfZA 5*4 Arty., May 14, '61.) (\st Lt. cfh Arty., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 3, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Cool Arbor, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for good conduct and gal- 
 lant service during the war. 
 
 MUHLENBERG, FRANK P. 
 
 (1st Lt. iT^li Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i^th Inf., Jan. 4, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 21, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services connected 
 with the recruitment of the armies cf the United States. 
 
 SOTTHIiENBERG, PETER. 
 
 (\st Lt. 6tA Inf., Die. \z, 'o3.) (M>j. y.st Inf., May i, '14.) 
 
 Retained, in 181 5 (in re-organization under Act of March 3 of that year), as 
 Capt. 4th Inf., with brevet of Major, from May i, 1814. 
 MULLIGAN, JAMES B. 
 (Capt. \^th Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) (Capt. igth Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battles of Murfreesboro, Tenn., and Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Lt -Col., Sep- 
 tember i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during the Atlanta cam- 
 paign and in the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 MUNROE, JOHN. 
 (yl Lt. of Arty., Mar. II, '14.) (Lieut.-Col. i^h Arty., Nov. 11, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 15, 1838, for faithful and meritorious conduct, &c. 
 during three campaigns against Florida Indians. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 
 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Monterey, Mexico. Brevet 
 Col., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of 
 Buena Vesta. 
 
 MURDOCS, JOHN B. 
 (1st Lt zffh Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Capt. 2.tfh Inf., Apl. 16, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 MURPHY, EDV7ARD. 
 (2d Lt. ^th Cav., Feb. 19, '63.) (1st Lt. tfh Cav., Dec. 7, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. Brevet Maj., September 19, 1864, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Winchester, Va. 
 
 MURRAY, ALBERT M. 
 (id Lt. st/t Arty., Ju,ie 17, '62.) ( ist Lt 2d Arty., Mar. 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 16, 1862. for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., July 22, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct before Atlanta, Ga. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 477 
 
 MURRAY, ROB£RT. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., June 29, '46.) (Surgeon [Col.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 MUSSEY, REUBEN B. 
 
 {Capt. 19//* Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt. if)th Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious conduct during the war. 
 
 MYER, ALBERT J. 
 
 (Asst. Surg, Sept. 18, '54.) (C&iefSig. Off. {Col.) July 28, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., May 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Hanover Court House, Va. Brevet Col., July 2, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen.,March 
 13, 1865, for distinguished services in organizing, instructing, and commanding 
 the Signal Corps of ihe Army, and for its especial service on October 5th, 1864 
 the day on .which " the post and garrison at AUatoona, Ga., and a most valuable 
 depository of provisions there, attacked by the rebel army, were saved by troops 
 brought up by signal, just in time to defend it ; the messages being sent over 
 the heads of the enemy, and when communication in any other way was im- 
 possible." 
 
 MYERS, ABRAHAM C. 
 (Bvt 2dLt. Afh Inf., July i, '33.) [A. Q. M., (Capt) N<rv. 21, '39.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto 
 and Resaca de la Palma. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant con- 
 duct at Churubusco. 
 
 MYERS, EDWARD. 
 (idLt. xst Cav., July 17, '62.) (Capt. ^th Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 6th, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. Brevet Maj., April i, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., April i, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 MYERS, FREDERICK. 
 
 (Bvt. T.dLt. tjth Inf., July I, '46.) \Dep. Q. M. Gen. (Lt.-Col.), Mar. 4, '67.) 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 
 faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 MYERS, JASPER. 
 
 (zd Lt. Ordn., June. 17, '62.) (Capt Ordn., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 
 Ordnance Department. 
 
 MYERS, "WILLIAM. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt tfh Inf., July i, '52.) (Q. M. (Major), Jan. 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.. Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 
 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 MYRICK, JOHN D. 
 
 (ist tt. iptk Cav., Mar. 7, '67.) (1st Lt. lOt/i Cav., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Dinwiddle C. H., Va. 
 
4/8 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 MYRICK, JOHN R. 
 
 {zdLt. id Arty., Nov. i8, '6i.) (Capt.yl Arty., Dec. i, '72.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., February '20, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Olustee, Fla. Brevet Maj., October 7, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in action on the New Market Road, near Richmond, Va. 
 
 NASH, -WILLIAM H. 
 
 (Com. of Subs. (Capt.), Nov. 17, '65.) (Com. of Subs. (Capt.), Nop. 17, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November 17, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Subsistence Department during the war, 
 
 NAUMAN, GSORGXi. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Arty., July i, '23.) (Lt.-Col. 1st Arty., July 23, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet U. Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 NEAL-S-, OSCAR H. 
 
 (idLt. nth Inf., Sept. 25, '62.) (\st Lt. nth Inf., Jan. 6, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 ITEIDE, HORACE. 
 
 (\st Lt. 44th Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist Lt. 4ih Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in action at Glendale, Va. 
 
 NEIL, ADRIAN. 
 
 (\st Lt. Arty., July 6, '12.) (Capt. of Arty., Dec, 1, '16.) 
 
 Retainer!, January i, 1816 (in re-organization under Act of March 3, 1815), 
 as 2d Lt. of Infantry, with brevet of ist Lt., from July 6, 1812. 
 
 N EILL, JAMES P. "W. 
 
 (\st Lt. \%th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. ^dth Inf., Dec. 12, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 20, 1S63, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 NEILL, LE-VTIS. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Drags., July i, '43.) (\st Lt. 2d Drags., Dec. 20, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 25, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 affair at Medelin. 
 
 NEILL, THOMAS H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. ifh Inf., July I, '47.) (Lt.-Col. 6th Cav., Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at the battle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Col., May 12, 1864, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gan., March 13, 1865, for gallant and maritorious ser^rices in the field 
 during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 479 
 
 NELSON, ANDERSON D. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. (sth Inf., July i, '4*.) (Lt.-Col. 12th Inf., Jan. 12, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful ^"<^ meritorious services during 
 the war. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and efficient service during 
 the war. 
 
 NELSON, JOSEPH S. 
 
 [1st Lt. Ht& Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) {Major \st Inf., July i, '39.) 
 
 Retained, May, iSt6 (in re-organiration, under Act of March 3, 1815), as ist 
 Lt. of Ordnance, with brevet of Capt., from April 30, 1813 (date of appoint- 
 ment as Capt. 36th Inf.) 
 
 NELSON, T. M. 
 
 (Capt. \oth Inf., Mar. 12, 'i2.) (Major Tpth Inf., July 19, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1815 (in reor^ranizatinn under Act of March 3, 1815), as Capt 
 4th Inf., with brevet of Major, from July 19, 1814. 
 
 NELSON, WILLIAM. 
 
 (id Lt. iTfh Inf., May 31, '62.) (Capt. 22d Inf., July 9, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., January 10, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Arkansas Post, Ark. Brevet Maj., Jul\ 4, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious service during the seige of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 NETTERVILLE, WILLIAM McC. 
 
 (zd Lt. \2th Inf., May 25, '62.) (Capt. \2th Inf., Feb. 19, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of 
 the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 ITEWBOLD, CHARLES. 
 
 (zdLt. 3</ Cav., Nov. 16, '61.) (Capt. igtA Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., January 30, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 action with Navajo Indians. 
 
 NEWBURY, SAMUEL L. 
 
 (utLt. I2th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 12th Inf., July 21, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 18, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle on the Weldon R. R., Va. 
 
 NBWLIN, CHARLES S. 
 
 (2dLt. i^th Inf., April 22, '63.) (ist Lt. i^A Inf., Jan. 10, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 14, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Capt., November 25, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 NEWMAN, WILLIAM A. 
 
 (2dLt. gtA Inf., Aprt'lg, '47.) (2dLt. gtA Inf., April g, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 NEWTON, JOHN. 
 
 (2dLt. Engrs., July i, '42.) (Lt.-Col. Engrs., Dec. 28, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services a} 
 the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Col., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 
480 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Peach Tree Creek, 
 and in the campaign against Atlanta. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 NEWTON, ■WILLIAM S. 
 
 (2cl Lt. Lt. Arty., July 24, '18.) ( i J/ Lt. T,d Arty., Dec. 31, '22.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1833, for 10 years' faithful service in one 
 grade. 
 
 NICHOLS, WILLIAM A. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '38.) {A. A. Gen. [Col.], June i, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 23, 1846, for gallant conduct at Monterey. Brevet 
 Maj., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Molino del 
 Key. Brevet Brig.-Gen., September 24, 1864, for meritorious and faithful ser- 
 vices during the war. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for meritorious and 
 faithful services during the war. 
 
 NICKS, JOHN. 
 
 {Capt. 3d Inf., July I, '08.) (Lt.-Col. yt/i Inf., June :, '19.) 
 
 Retained, December, 1815 (in re-organization, under Act of March 3, 1815), 
 as Capt. 8th Inf., with brevet of Maj., from October 9, 1813 (date of appoint- 
 ment as Maj. 7th Inf.). 
 
 NICODBMUS, W. J. L. 
 
 (Bvt.2dLt. tfh Inf., July i, '58.) (Capt. 12th Inf., 0^.24, '6i.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 21, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Valverde, N. M. 
 
 NILES, ALANS ON E. 
 
 {2d Lt. ifld Inf, July 28, '66.) [xst Lt. 42^ Inf., Jan. 4, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March z, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 NOBLE, HENRY B. 
 
 (2d Lt. %th Inf., May 6, '61.) ( Capt 8M Inf., Feb. 13, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 9, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. 
 
 NOEL, THOMAS. 
 
 {2d Lt. 6th Inf., July i, '20.) {Maj. yth Inf., May 9, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 25, 1837, for gallant conduct in the battle of Kissimme, 
 Fla. 
 
 NOLAN, NICHOLAS. 
 
 {2d Lt. 6t/i Cav., July 17, '62.) {Capt. loth Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August i, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Brandy Station, Va. Brevet Capt., March 31, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Dinwiddle C. II., Va. 
 
 NOERIS, BASIL. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Oct. II, '52.) {Surgeon (Maj.), April 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet I.t.-Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services in the campaign and 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. ISrevet Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious and 
 diligent discharge of duties during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 48 1 
 
 NORRIS, CHARI.es S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Drags., July i, '51.) (MaJ. ut Cav., Aug. 31, "66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.. July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service in the Get- 
 tysburg campaign. 
 
 NORRIS, HARDMAN P. 
 
 (2dLt. 1st Arty., Aug. 5, '61.) (i.f/ Lt. 1st Arty., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 27, 1865. No service given. This officer received a 
 letter of appointment March 27, 1865, but, his name was not submitted to the 
 Senate. 
 
 NORRIS, "WILLIAM F. 
 
 [Asst. Surg., June 13, '63.) (Asst. Surg., June 13, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 NORTHRUP, EDWARD B. 
 
 [2dLt. 44/A Inf., July 28, '66.) (\st Lt. ijth Inf., Jan. i, '71.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Malvern Hill, Va. 
 
 NORTON, HENRY. 
 
 (zdLt. lyth Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist Lt. l-jth Inf., Sept. 29, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. 
 
 NORTON, LEMUEL B. 
 
 i2dLt. 30//2 Inf., July 28, '66.) (1st Lt. y:>th Inf., Sept. i, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services during the war. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for meritorious ser- 
 vices in the Signal Corps during the war, especially while Chief Signal Officer 
 of the Army of the Potomac, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, and 
 Department of the Susquehanna. 
 
 NORTON, MARTIN. 
 
 {zdLt. 2d Inf., May 24, '66.) {\st Lt. 2d Inf., May 21, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for faithful and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 NORTON, THOMAS H. 
 
 (Capt. \ith Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. \cfh Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn, and in the Atlanta campaign and battle of 
 Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 NOTSON, "WILLIAM M. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., April \6, '62.) (Asst. Surg., April 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 *of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
482 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM I8l2 
 
 NORVZiLL, JOHN M. 
 
 {isi It. ■x,\st Inf., July 28, '66.) {Capt. I2tk Inf., Jan. 31, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 service in the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 NOUBEXi, CHARLES 3. 
 {1st Lt. 2d Light Drags., May 7, '12.) (A. A. G (Maj) Sept. 14. '14.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 15, 1813, for meritorious services. 
 NOYBS, HENRY E. 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Cav. June 24, '61.) (Capt. 2d Cav., Jan. 25, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Brandy Station, Va. Brevet Maj., April 2, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the capture of Selma, Ala. 
 
 NUGENT, ROBERT. 
 
 (Capt. 13M Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) {Maj. z^th Inf., June 10, 'j6.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, '6^, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Giines's Mills, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 13, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious service at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Col., April 
 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in action in front of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 OAKES, JAMES. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Drags., July i, '46.) ( Col. 6th Cav., July 31, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, March 25, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Med- 
 elin, near Vera Cruz. Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and merit- 
 orious conduct at Molino del Rey. Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 
 30, 1865, for meritorious and faithful service in the recruitment pf the army of 
 the United States. 
 
 O'BEIRNE, RICHARD F. 
 
 (i.f/ Lt. 14th Inf., May 14, '61. {Capt 21st Inf., Oct. 25, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant service at the battle of the North 
 Anna River, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 18, 1864, for gallant service at the 
 battle on the Weldon Rail Road. 
 
 O'BRIEN, JOHN P. J. 
 
 {2d Lt. ifh Arty., July I, '36.) {Capt. ^h Arty., May 16, '49.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct a 
 Buena Vesta. 
 
 OCCIiBSTON, WILLIAM B. 
 
 {2dLt. \t,(h Inf., May 14, '6r.) {Capt., yh Inf., July i, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 O'CONNELL, JOHN D. 
 
 {Bvt.2dLt.2d Jnf, July I, '52.) {Mqf. ijth rnf, Aug. it,'€6.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Lt.-C ol , December 13, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious service at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Col., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 483 
 
 O'CONNELL, \IV-II,LIAM. 
 
 (2(/ Lt. ifh Cav., Oct. 24, '61.) (Capt. 4f/i Cav., Sept. 27, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 22, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service in action at 
 Middleton, Tenn. Brevet Maj. April, 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices at the capture of Selma, Ala. 
 
 ODELL, AZAEIAH ^fT. 
 
 (lit Lt. iyi Inf., April zt^, '12.) (Capt. 2yi Inf., yune 20, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 
 OFFLEY, ROBERT H. 
 
 {2il Lt. 1st Inf.,May 14, '57.) (Capt. 1st Inf., Nmi. 23, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July. 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 O'FLYNG, PATRICK. 
 
 (Ens. ^th Inf., July 31, '14.) [2d Lt. i,(itk Inf., Feb. II, "15.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., September 17, 1814, for gallant conduct in sortie from Fort 
 Erie. 
 
 OGDEN, CORNELIUS A. 
 
 (2dLt. Engrs., July i, '19.) {Maj. Engrs., Dec. 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 30, 1834, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. • 
 
 OGDEN, EDMUND A. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt., 1st Inf., July i, '31.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct. 
 
 OGDEN, MORGAN L. 
 
 (istLt. iStA Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt. i8//5 Inf., Aug. 12, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 OGILBY, FREDERICK D. 
 
 {istLt i^th Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt. ?,th Inf., June 26, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., and Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 O'HARA, THEODORE. 
 
 {A. Q. M. (Capt.), June 26, '46.) [A. Q. M. {Capt.), June 26, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 OLCOTT, EGBERT W. 
 
 {2d Lt. 1st Arty., Oct. 24, '61.) {1st Lt. ist Arty., Feb. 20, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, June 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of New Market Cross Roads, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for good con- 
 duct and gallant service during the war. 
 
 OLMSTEAD, "WILLIAM A. 
 
 {2dLt. \-ith Inf, May 11, '66.) {\st Lt. 22d Inf, Sept. 15, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 15, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 
 battle of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Maj., September 15, 1867, for gallant 
 
484 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 and meritorious service in the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., 
 September 15, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Hatch- 
 er's Run, Va. 
 
 ORD, EDWARD O. C. 
 
 (2dLt. zdArty., July i, '39.) (Brig. Gen. July 26, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., December 20, 1861, for gallant and meritorious service at 
 the battle of Dranesville, Va. Brevet Col., September 19, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious service at the battle of luka. Miss. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle oE theHatchie, Miss. 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 assault of Fort Harrison,. Va. 
 
 ORD, PLACIDUS. 
 
 (zd Lt. 1st Inf., May n, '66.) (ist Lt. 1st Inf., Sept. 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant aid meritorious service in the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious service in the siege of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2,1867, 
 for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Chiipin's Farm, Va. 
 
 O'REILLY, LUKE. 
 
 [\st Lt. Tfyth Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. i^th Inf., Oct. i, '68.) 
 
 ' Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the cap- 
 ture of Savannah, Ga. 
 
 O'RORKE, P. H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., June 24, '61.) (ist Lt Engrs. Mar. 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 15, 1862, for meritorious services with the Port Royal 
 Expeditionary Corps. Brevet Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meri- 
 torious service at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May i, 
 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Chancellorsville; Va. 
 Brevet Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of 
 Gettysburg, Pa., where he was killed. 
 
 ORTON, SAMUEL H. 
 
 (Asst Surg., Nov. 22, '62.) (Asst. Surg., Nov. 22, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 OSBORNE, NATHAN "W. 
 
 (Capt. ijt/i Inf., May 14, '61.) (Maj. l^t/i Inf., Dec. 11, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service during the siege 
 of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 OTIS, ELMER. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt 1st Inf., July i, '53.) (Lt.-Col. Jth Cav., June 25, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., October 19, 1864, for industry, zeal, and faithful services. 
 Brevet Col., April 15, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service during the 
 war. 
 
 OTIS, ELWELL S. 
 
 (Lt.-Col. zzd Inf., July 28, '66.) (Lt.-Col. zzd Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 485 
 
 OTIS, GEORGE A. 
 
 [Assf. Surg., Feb. 28, '66.) {Asst. Surg., Feb. 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., September 29, i865, for faithful and merit- 
 orious service in the Medical Department. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 29, 
 1866, for faithful and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 OVERTON, GILES B. 
 
 {papt. lifh Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. l^th Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 war. 
 
 OVERTON, WALTER H. 
 [\st Lt. fth Inf., May 3 '08.) {Maj. yd Rifles, Feb. 21, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., December 23, 1814, for gallant conduct at siege of New 
 Orleans, La. 
 
 OWENS, WESLEY. 
 [?dLt. tfh Cav., July I, '56.) {Capt. ^th Cav., Jan. 15, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 27, 1S63, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Hanover Court House, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 PAGE, CHARLES. 
 (Asst Surg., Dec. 2, '51.) (Surg., (Maj.) Apl. 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service during 
 ihe war. 
 
 PAGE, JOHN. 
 (2dLt. %thlnf., Feb., 13, '18.) (Capt. ifh Inf., Apl. 30, '31.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., January i, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 PAGE, JOHN H. 
 (2dLt yilnf, Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. -^d Inf., May 6, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December,^i3, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Maj , July 2, 1863, for gallant and mer- 
 itorious service at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 PAGE, FRANCIS N. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt ytk Inf., July i, '41.) (A. A. G. [Bvt. Capt.), May 13, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 9, 1846, for gallant conduct in defence of Fort Brown 
 Tex. Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 PAINE, J. C. 
 (Capt Sig. Corps, Mar. 3, '63.) (Capt Sig. Corps, Mar. 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat- 
 tles of the campaign from Rapidan to Petersburg. 
 
 PALFREY, JOHN C. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt Engrs., July 1, '57.) (Capt. Engrs., Mar. 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 23, 1864, for meritorious and distinguished service dur- 
 ing the sieges of Forts Gaines and Morgan, Ala. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 26, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious service at the siege of Mobile, Ala. Brevet 
 Col., March 26, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the war. 
 Breyet Brig.rGen., March 26, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during 
 the war. . -. ,■ , .... ..-.■. ' 
 
486 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 FAUVtER, ALFHEUS T. 
 
 \zd Lt. 9*4 Inf., April 9, '47.) (\st Lt. i^h Inf., Dec. — , '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, f°r gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 PALMER, EUGENE R. 
 
 (istLt. ityllnf., July 28, '65.) [ist Lt. ^-^d Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the bat- 
 tle of Cedar Mountain, Va. 
 
 FALMER, INNIS N. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt, Mtd. Rifles July I, '46.) (Col. 2.d Cav., June 9, '68.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant 
 conduct at Chapultepec. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 21, i86l, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at Bull Run, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious service during the Rebellion. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the Rebellion. 
 
 PALMER, JAMES. 
 
 {yi Lt. z^k Inf., April 30, ' 13.) (ist Lt. 2^h Inf., Aug. 5, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 181 5, as 2d Lt. 2d Inf. (under reorganization made under 
 Act of March 3, 1815) with Brevet of ist Lt. from August 5, 1814. 
 
 PALMER, WILLIAM R. 
 
 {2dLt. Top Engrs., July 7, '38.) \Ma.j. Top Engrs., Sept. 9, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., October 20, 1861. No service specified in nomination or 
 commission. Brevet Col., May 5, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at 
 the battle of Williamsburg, Va. 
 
 PARKE, JOHN B. 
 
 (\st Lt. \-jth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. loth Inf., July 14, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant service at the battle of Spottsylvania, 
 Va., and during the operations before Richmond. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 2, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Fort Steadman, and in the assault 
 on Fort Sedgwick, Va. 
 
 PARSE, JOHN G. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. Top Engrs., July i, '49.) (Maj. Engrs., June 17. '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., April 26, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 capture of Fort Macon, N. C. Brevet Col., July 12, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious service at the capture of Jackson, Miss. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the defence of Knoxville, Tenn. 
 Bvt. Maj.-Genl., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the re- 
 pulse of Fort Steadman, Va. 
 
 PARKER, CHARLES. 
 
 (zd Lt. <)th Cav., July, 28, '66.) (Capt. <)th Cav.. Jan. 16, '70.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 PARKER, DAINGERFIELD. 
 
 (zd Lt. 3d Inf., Apl. 26, '6i.) (Capt. 3</ Inf., Oct. 20, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Fa. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 487 
 
 PARKER, ELY S. 
 
 {2d Lt. 2d Cav., Mar. 22, '66.) (ist Lt. 2d Cat/., June i, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., Brevet Capt., Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 2, 1867 for faithful and meritorious services during 
 
 the war. 
 
 PARKER, FRANCIS H. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Drags., Jutu 24, '6i.) (Maj. of Ordn., Afr. 14, '7S-) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 service in the Ordnance Department in the field. 
 
 PARKER, RICHARD C. 
 
 (irf Lt. \2th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. \2th Inf., Dec. 31, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service in the field during the war. 
 
 PARKER, THOMAS D. 
 
 (idLt. 2dlnf., Oct. 24, '61.) (2dLt. 2d Inf. Oct. 24, '61.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. 
 
 PARNELL, WILLIAM R. 
 
 (2d Lt. \st Cav., Feb. 23, '66.) ( i j/ Lt. ist Cav., Oct. 1 5, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in action a* 
 Upperville, Va., June, 21, J863. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious service during the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 26, 1867, 
 for conspicuous gallantry in charging a large band of Indians, strongly for- 
 tified in the " Infernal Caverns," Pitt River, Cal., September 26, 1867. 
 
 PARRY, EDVTARD R. 
 
 (ist Lt. wth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. lUh. Inf., Oct. 14, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services. 
 PARRY,.HENRY C. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 26, '61.) (Asst. Surg., Aug. 26, '6l.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 services during the war. 
 
 PARSONS CHARLES C. 
 
 (2dLt. ^h Arty., June 24, '61.) (Capt. ifh Arty , July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, October 8, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Perryville, Ky. Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at thp battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 PATRICK," MARSENA R. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Inf., July i, '35.) (Capt. 2dlnf., Aug 22, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct while serving in the 
 
 enemy's country. 
 
 PATTEN, GEORGE "W. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt. 2d Inf., July i, '30.) (Lt.-Col. 2d Inf., June 7, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 
 Gordo. 
 
488 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 PATTERSON, HENRY W. 
 
 IfidU. i,th inf., Oct. 24, '61.) (Capt. ifh Inf., Afra2i, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt.. July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 PATTERSON, JOHN H. 
 
 ( 1st Lt. I itft Inf., May 14, '61. ) ( Capt. zoth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of Chapel 
 House, Va. 
 
 PAUL, CHARLES R. 
 
 (zd Lt. i(,th Inf., Feb. 23, '66 ) {^st Lt \%th Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 PAUL, FRANK "W. 
 
 {\st Lt. zafh Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist Lt. 2^th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at Peters- 
 burg Mine, \'a. 
 
 PAUL, GABRIEL R. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt -jth Inf., July i, '34.) [Col. uth Inf SeptiT,, 64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 ChapuUepec. Brevet Brig.-Gen., February 23, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 PAULDING, TATNALL. 
 
 (1st Lt. 6t/t Cav., May 14, '61.) (Capt. dth Cav., Oct. 20, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the Get- 
 tysburg campaign, Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., November 11, 1865, for 
 meritorious services during the war. "^ 
 
 PAYNE MATTHEW M. 
 
 (ist Lt zath Inf., Mar. 12,' 12.) (Lt.-Col. i,th Arty., June 27, '43.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1824, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Bre- 
 vet Col., May 9, 1846, for gallant and distinguished services in the battles o£ 
 Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 PEARSON, EDWARD P. 
 
 (1st Lt. lyth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. ijth Inf., Aug. 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 PEASE, -WALTER B. 
 (Capt lyth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i-jth Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Bethesda Church, Va,, in 1864, and subsequent battles of the Army of 
 the Potomac; Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of the Wilderness in 1864, and in subsequent battles ofi 
 the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 PEASE, WILLIAM R. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt. ipt/i Inf., July i, '55.) (Capt. ytk Inf., June 8, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the. siege 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 489 
 
 of Suffolk, Va. Brevet U.-Co!., November 9, 1865, for faithful and 'merit- 
 orious services connected with the mustering out and disbanding of the volun- 
 teer armies of the United States. 
 
 PECK, JOHW J. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '4j.) (u; Lt. 2d Arty., Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battles of Contreras anl Churubusco. Hrevet Maj.. September 8, 1847, for 
 gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Molino del Rev. 
 
 PBBPI.B3, SAMUEL. 
 
 (2dLt. ^th Arty., Oct. 22, '62.) {1st Lt. ifh Arty., April ■^, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Getty.sburg, Pa. Brevet Capt, September 19, 1864, for gallant and merit- 
 orious seiTfices at the battle of Winchester, Va. 
 
 PEIRCE, GEORGE S. 
 
 (Capt. igtk Inf., Feb. 19, '62.) {Capt. l^th lie/., Feb. 19, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 PEIRCS, LUTHER H. 
 
 (A. Q. M. {Capt.), May 18, '64.) {A. Q. M. {Capt.), May 18, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 PELOUZE, LOUIS H. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. ifh Arty., July i, '53.) {A. A. G. {Maj.), Mar. 24, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt -Col., September 24, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 Cedar Mountain, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for diligent, faithful, and 
 meritorious services in the Adjutant-General's Department during the war. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for most valuable and meritorious services 
 both in the field and in the Adjutant-General's Department during the war. 
 
 PBBIBERTON, JOHN C. 
 
 {2dLt. nfh Arty., July i, '37.) {Capt. sfh Arty., Sept. 16, '50.) 
 
 ■ Brevet Capt., September 23, 1846, for gallant conduct at Monterey. Brevet 
 Maj., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Molino del 
 Rey. 
 
 PENNEY, CHARLES G. 
 
 {2dLt. 38M Inf., July 28, '66.) {ist Lt (yth Inf., JVav. 4, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the capture of Fort Blakely, Ala. 
 
 PENNINGTON, A. C. M. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Arty., July i, '60.) {Capt. 2d Arty., Mar. 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Beverljr Ford, Va. Brevet Major, July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services m the Gettysburg campaign. Brevet Lt.-Col., October 19, 1864, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet 
 Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 22 
 
490 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 PENNOCK, WILLIAM T. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Cav., July 17, '62.) (ist Lt. 1st Cav., Sept. 1, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. 
 
 PENNYPACKBR, GALXTSHA. 
 
 (Col. 34//i Inf., July 28, '66.) [Col. 16th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 capture of Fort Fisher, N. C. Brevet Maj.-Gen. March 2, 1867, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 PENROSE, CHARLES B. 
 
 (Com. of Sub. (Capt.), May 13, '65.) (Com. of Sub. (Capt.), May 13, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the Sub- 
 sistence Department during the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., November 11, 1867, for 
 faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 PENROSE, JAMES "W. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Inf., July 1,' 2.%.) . (Capt 2d Inf., June i%,'i,(>.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 18, 1847, fo"^ gallant and meritorious conduct in the bat- 
 tle of Cerro Gordo. 
 
 PENROSE, VTILLIAM H. 
 
 (2dLt. T,d Inf., April 1 3, '6 1 . ) ( Capt. -^d Inf., Sept. tj, '63.) 
 
 ' Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Marye's Heights, Va. Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 5, 1864, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. Bre- 
 vet Col., October 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet Brig-Gen., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the field during the war. 
 
 PENTLAND, JOHN. 
 
 (Capt. 22dlnf., April 2°, '12.) (Capt. 22d Inf., April 2,0, '12.) 
 
 Brevet Major, July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 
 PERIN, GLOVER. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Dec. 4, '47.) (Surg. (Maj.), May 2i, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col, March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war, 
 
 PERKINS, BENJAMIN R. 
 
 (ist Lt. 12th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 12th Inf., July 17, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 9, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. Brevet Major, July i, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 PERRAX7LT, PAUL H. 
 
 ( Top. Engr. [Maj.), April 12, '13. J 
 
 \ Disbanded June 15, 'l2. Top. > (Top. Engr. (Maj.), Feb. 17, '17.) 
 
 ( En^r., Feb. 17, '17. ) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., February 17, 1827, for 10 years' faithful service in one 
 grade. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 49I 
 
 PBHRY, ALEXANDER J. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. id Arty., July i, '51.) {Dep. Q. M. G. (Lt.-Col.), Mar. 3, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865,' for faithful and meritorious services in the Quartermaster's Department 
 during the war. 
 
 PERRY, FRANK "W. 
 
 (2dLt. nth Inf., June 9, '62.) [Capt. \Afh Inf., July g, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wil- 
 derness, Va. Brevet Maj., August 18, 1864, for gallant services at the battle 
 on the Weldon R. R., Va. 
 
 PERRY, DAVID. 
 
 {id Lt. \st Cav., Mar. 24, '62.) (Caft. 1st Cav., Nov. 12, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April I, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Five Forks, Va. Brevet' Lt.-Col., December 26, i866, for gallantry in 
 an engagement vfith a large band of Indians on the Owhyhee River, L T., 
 Dec. 26, 1866. .Brevet Col., April 5, 186S, for gallantry in an engagement 
 with a large band of Indians on the Malheur River, Oregon, April 5, 1868. 
 
 PERRY, ROBERT C. 
 
 (istLt. i2dlnf., Jan. 22, '67.) (ist Lt. ifld Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 PETERNELL, CHARLES. 
 
 [2d Lt.i'tfk Inf., April I), '47.) (ist IJ. itfA Inf., Aug. — , '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, September 13, 1847, ^°'^ gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 the battle of Chapultepec. 
 
 PETERS, DE "WITT C. 
 
 [AssUSurg., Aug. 15, '54.) {Surg. {Maj) July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and merit- 
 orious services during the war. 
 
 PETTEE, LEMUEL. 
 
 {zdLt. nth Inf, Sept. 25, '62.) (Capt. 2!)th Inf., N&v. 2, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Captain, March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 PHELPS, JOHN E. 
 
 (2dLt 2d Cav., June II, '62.) (1st Lt. ^d Cav., Oct. 1, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Fall campaign of 1864 in South-western Missouri. Brevet Maj. and Brevet 
 Lt-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 PHILLIPS, CHARLES B. 
 
 (1st Lt Engrs., June 13, '64.) [Capt. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April g, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 operations resulting in the fall of Richmond, Va., and surrender of the insur- 
 gent army under General Lee. 
 
492 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 PHIPPS, FRANK H. 
 
 {isi Zi. Ordn., yune II, '63.) »* {Capt. OrJn., jfune 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Ordnance Department. 
 
 PHISTERER, FREDERICK. 
 
 (2jLe. iSeA Inf., Oct. 30, '61.) {Caft. \Zth Inf., Feb. 15, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 14, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battles 
 of Mission Ridge, Tenn., and Resaca, Ga. 
 
 • PIATT, BENJAMIN M. 
 
 {2d Lt. AUth Inf., July 2, '67.) (2d Lt. /^h Inf., July 2, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in, the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Capt., July 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 PIATT, WILLIAM, 
 
 (idlA. wth Inf., Mar. 2, 1799.) [Maj. 34i& Inf., Mar. 9, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., December 23, 1814, for gallant conduct at the siege of New 
 Orleans. 
 
 PICKETT, GEORGE E. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. ith. Inf.. July 1, '46.) (Capt. tjtk Inf., Mar. 3, '55.) 
 
 ^ Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant con- 
 duct at Chapultepec. 
 
 PIERCE, BENJAMIN K. 
 
 (\stLt. yl Arty., Mar. 12, '12.) (Lt.-Col. ist Arty., Mar. 19, '42.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October i, 1823, for 10 j'ears' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Lt.:Col.,.August 21, 1836, for distinguished service in the affair at 
 Fort Drane. 
 
 PIERCE, HENRY H. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Inf., Oct. 16, '67.) (ist Lt. 2lst Inf., May 19, '74.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., October 16. 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Petersburg Mine, Va. Brevet Capt., October 16, 1867, for gallant 
 and meritorious services in action at Grave Yard Bend. 
 
 PIERCE, THOMAS P. 
 
 (2d Lt. tjth Inf., April% '47.) (ist Lt. t)t/i Inf., Oct. — . '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, ^o"" gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 FIBRE, HENRY D. 
 
 (Maj. 44ti Inf., Aug. I, '13.) . (Maj. l,ifh Inf., Aug. i, '13." 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., December 23, 1814, for gallant conduct at the siege of Nevi 
 Orleans. 
 
 PIKE, ZEBULON. 
 
 (Capt. id Inf., Mar. 16, '92.) (Maj. 2^ Inf., Mar. 20, 1800.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., July 10, 1812. No record. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 493 
 
 PIPER, ALEXANDER. 
 
 {Bvt.2d Lt. yl Arty., July 3, '51.) [Maj. i^h Arty., Dec. 20, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the campaign in Northern Virginia. Brevet Lt.-Col., June 15, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services in action before Petersburg, Va. 
 
 PIPER, JAMES "W. 
 
 {\stLt. (fh Arty., May 14, '61.) I^Capt. t^th Arty., July 28, '(sd.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 26, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Mechanicsville, Va. 
 
 PITCHER, THOMAS G-. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ^th Inf., July, i, '45.) {Col. \st Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., August g, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at Cedar Mountain, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col. nd Brevet Col., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field 
 during the war. 
 
 PLATT, EDWARD R. 
 
 (Biit. 2dLt. yiArty., July i, '49.) {A. A. G. (Maj.), Mar. 6, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 21, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Bull Run, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 13, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 PLEASANT'ON, ALFRED. 
 
 [Bvt.'2dLt. 1st Drags., July 1, '44.) (Maj. 2d Cav., Feb. 15, '62.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto 
 and Resaca de la Palma. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 17, :862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at Antietam, Md. Brevet Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the campaign against the Rebel 
 General Price in Missouri. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the field duringi^^the war. 
 
 PLEASANTS, CHARLES I. 
 
 (ut Lt. nth. Inf., May 14, '6l.) (ist Lt. wth Inf., May 14, '6l.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 PLYMPTON, JOSEPH. 
 
 (2dLt. 4th Inf., Jan. 3, '12.) (Col. 1st Inf., June 9, '53.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June I, 1831, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Brevet 
 LoL, April i8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
 PLYMPTON, PETER W. L. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. -jth Inf., July I, '47.) {Maj. lyth Inf., Dec. 3. '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 21, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Valverde, N. M. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 15, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Peralta, N. M. 
 
494 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 POE, ORLANDO M. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. Top. Engrs., July i, '56.) [Maj. Engrs. Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 6, 1864, for gallant services in the siege of Knoxville. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1864, for gallant services in the capture of At- 
 lanta, Ga. Brevet Col., December 21, 1864, for gallant services in the capture 
 of Savannah, Ga. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the campaign terminating with the surrender of General 
 J. E. Johnston. 
 
 POLAND, JOHN S. 
 
 {2d Lt. 2d Inf., May 6, '61.) {^Capt. dth Inf., June 27, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 3; 1863, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of ChancellorsvUle, Va. 
 
 POLAND, MARTIN L. 
 
 [2d Lt. Ordn., June 13, '64.) (Capt. Ordn., June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., December 14, 1865, for faithful and meri- 
 torious services. 
 
 POMEROY, CHARLES C. 
 
 (Capt. wth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 11th Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , June 22, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 recruitment of the armies of the United States. Brevet Lt.-Col., November 
 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in connection with the mustering 
 out of service and disbanding of the Volunteer Army of the United States. 
 
 POND, RICHARD H. 
 
 [2d Lt. I2th Inf., May 25, '62.) [Capt. \2th Inf., April 5, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of Bethesda 
 Church, and during the campaign before Richmond. Brevet Maj.., April g, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the campaign terminating 
 with the surrender of General Lee. 
 
 POPE, DOUGLASS. 
 
 [\st Lt. yjth Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist Lt. yjth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Grovetoii, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 POPE, JOHN. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Top. Engrs., July i, '42.) (Brig.-Cen., July 14, '62.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Capt., February 23, 1847, for gallant ^'^^ meritorious con- 
 duct at Buena Vista. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious service in the capture of Island No. 10, on Mississippi River. 
 
 PORTER, ANDREVST. 
 
 (\st Lt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) (Col. idth Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, ^°^ gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 495 
 
 PORTER, A. PARKER. 
 
 (2dlt. 2d Cav., July I, '56.) {Com. of Sub. [Capt], Aug. 3, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 PORTER, DAVID E. 
 
 (2dLt. 1st Arty., Oct. 24, '61.) (1st Lt. \st Arty., July 13, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 9. 1865, for meritorious service in campaign against the 
 
 rebel army in Northern Virginia, commencing in front of Petersburg, March 
 
 29, 1865, and ending April 9, 1865. 
 
 PORTER, FITZJOHN. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. ifh Arty., July 1, '45.) [Col. \t,th Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 
 Molino del Rey. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 conduct at Chapultepec. Brevet Brig.-Gen., June 27, 1862, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious conduct at Chickahominy, Va. 
 
 PORTER, GILES. 
 
 (idLt. Arty., Jtily 24, '18.) (Maj. ifh Arty., Feb. 16, '47) 
 
 Brevet Capt., February i, 1833, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 PORTER, GEORGE L. 
 
 (Asst. Sur^., July 17, '62.) (Asst. Surg.,July 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 services during the war. 
 
 PORTER, HORACE. 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ofOrdn., July i, '60 ) (Maj. Ordn. Dept., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 11, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the siege 
 of Fort Pulaski, Ga. Brevet Maj., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 16, 
 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the action of New Market Heights, 
 Va. Brevet Col., March 13,1865, for gallant and meritorious service.s during' 
 the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the field during the war. 
 
 PORTER. MOSES. 
 
 (Lt. Arty., Sept. 29, 1789.) (Col. Lt. Arty., Mar. 12, '12.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., September 10, 1813, for distinguished services in the 
 
 campaign of 1813. 
 
 PORTER, ROBERT H. 
 
 (istLt. \ifh Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) (Capt. ia,th Inf., Nov. 4, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November 4, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 PORTER, SAMUEL A. 
 
 (2d Lt. \/^h Inf., May 1 1, '66. ) ( \st Lt. 44t/i Inf., Mar. 20, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 20, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Maj., March 20, 1867, for faithful and 
 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 PORTER, IRW^IN "W. 
 
 (\stLt. ie,t/i Inf., Sept. 11, '61.) (Capt. l^tk Inf., April 6, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign. 
 
49^ BREVETS CONFERilED FROM l8l2 
 
 PORTER, JABIES B. M. 
 
 {Paymaster (.Ma/.), July 15, '64.) (Paymaster {Maj.), July 15, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 POTTER, JOSEPH A. 
 
 (istU. -Ltfh Inf., Sept. 27, '61.) (Q. M. (Maj.), Jan. 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col,, Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 POTTER, JOSEPH H. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dX't. 1st Inf., July i, '43.) {Col. zifh Inf., Dec. II, '73:) 
 
 Brevet ist I,t., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Col., May 3, 1863, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the cam- 
 paign terminating with the surrender of Gen. Lee. 
 
 - POUSSIN. W^ILLIAM TELL. 
 
 {Asst. Tap. Engr. (Capt.), Mar. 6, '17.) ( Tsp. Engr. (Maj.), Jan. i;, '29.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 6, 1827, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 POWELL, ALBERT M. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. %th Inf, July I, '60.) (Capt. 13/^ /;;/, Oct. 24, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj,, October 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Corinth, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 4, 1863, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services during the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 PO'WELK JAMES. 
 
 {2dLt. l8tA Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. \Zth Inf., Sept. c, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 20, 1863. for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickaniauga. Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign, and at the battle of Jones- 
 boro, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 2, 1867, for gallant conduct in the fight with 
 the Indians near Fort Philip Kearney, D. T., August 2, 1867. 
 
 POW^ELL, JAMBS B. 
 
 {2d Lt 1st Inf., June 7, '55.) (Capt. \st Inf., Jane 11, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious servi<.«s at the 
 battle of Shiloh, Tenn, ' 
 
 YOVTEUL, WHilAM H. 
 
 {2d Lt. ifh Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) - (Capt. s^h Inf., Feb. 2, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj.,' April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services in front of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 PO"WER, JOHN. 
 
 {xd Lt. \^th Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) {Capt. 34M /«/, Feb. 11, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 497 
 
 PRATT, HENRY C. 
 
 (2d Li. I2,th Inf., May ii, '66.) (Capt. i^i/i Inf., June 20, '76.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the battle of Blackburn Ford, Va. 
 
 PRATT, HENRY C. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Arty., July i, '37.) [Paymaster (Maj.), June 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 19, 1847, for gallant and meritor'ous conduct at Atlix- 
 co, Mexico. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faith. ul and meritorious ser- 
 vices during the war. 
 
 PRATT, JAMES P. 
 
 {2dLt. \itk Inf., Feb. 19, '62.) [ist. Lt. wth Inf., May 10, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 29, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Bethesda Church, Va. 
 
 PRATT, RICHARD H. 
 
 [zd Lt. \ath Cav., Mar. 7, '67.) (1st Lt. loth Cav., July 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 PRENTICE, SARTELL. 
 (\stLt. \2th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. \2th Inf., May lo, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, and during the campaign before Richmond, Va. 
 
 PRESTON, ALBERT "W. 
 
 (2dLt. 8t& Cav., Sept. 10, '67.) (\st Lt. %th Cav., Mar. i, '70.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 10, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 the battle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Capt., September 10, 1867, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services in the battle of Malvern Hill, Va. 
 
 PRICE, WILLIAM R. 
 
 (Maj. Zth Cav., July 28, '66.) (Maj. 8M Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of the Five Forks, Va. Brevet Col., December 10, 1868, for gallant 
 and meritorious service in an engagement with Indians in the vicinity of 
 Walker's Springs, in the Aquarius Range, Arizona Ty.,- on the loth and 13th 
 December, 186S. 
 
 PRIMES, FREDERICK E. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Engrs., July I, '50.) (Maj. of Engrs., June i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Corinth, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services during the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Col., and Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 PRIME, NATHANIEL. 
 
 (\st Lt. \ith Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. loth Inf., Aug. 9, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at Spottsylvania. Brevet 
 Lt.-Col., August I, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wilderness, 
 Va. 
 
 00* 
 
498 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 PRINCE, HENRY. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Inf., Sept. 18, '35.) [^Paymaster {Ma/.), Ma/zj, '55.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 8, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Molino del Rev. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 9, 1862, for 
 gallant and meritorious conduct at Cedar Mountain, Va. Brevet Col., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field 
 during the war. 
 
 PRINCE, "WILLIAM. 
 
 {2d Lt. Ordn.. Jan. 29, '64.) (Capt. Ordn., June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 31, 1865, for gallant and distin- 
 guished services. 
 
 PRINCE, •WILLIAM E. 
 {2d Lt. 1st Inf., Atig. 1, '38.) (Maj. -^d Inf., New. 23, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 16, 184S, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the 
 battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales, Mexico. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 PROCTOR, JOSEPH L. 
 
 (\st Lt \%th Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt iWi Inf., Jan. 15, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 PURINGTON, GEORGE A. 
 (Capt. <)th Cav., July 28, '66.) (Capt. gt/i Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of 'he Wilderness, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services at the battle of Winchester, Va. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Cedar Creek, Va. 
 
 PUTNAM, HENRY R. 
 
 {Capt. \2th Inf., Aug. 5, '6i.) {Capt \zth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 riots in New York city, in July, 1863. 
 
 PUTNAM, HALDIMAND S. 
 
 {Bvt 2d Lt. Top. Engrs., July i, '57.) (Capt. Engrs., Mar. 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 21, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services in the Man- 
 assas campaign. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 10, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the descent upon Morris Island, S. C. Brevet Col., July 18, 1863, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the assault of Fort Wagner, S. C, where 
 he was killed. 
 
 PUTNAM, JAMES E. 
 {zdLt. \2th Inf., Aug. 10, '63.) {Capt. 12th Inf., Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 PYNE. CHARLES M. 
 {2d Lt dth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. ifld Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 tattle of Bull Run (2d), Va. Brevet Capt., January 23, 1865. No service 
 givgn in nomination or commission. 
 
To THE PRESENT TIME. 499 
 
 QUIMBY, WILLIAM M. 
 
 [Caft. \zth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. \zth Inf., Aug, 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August g, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. 
 
 QUINN, THOMAS F. 
 
 {id Lt. ^k Inf., Oct. 31, '63.) Capt. i^Ii Inf., Jan. 10, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in front of 
 Petersburg, Va. 
 
 QUIRK, PAUL. 
 [2dLt. 2d Cav., July 17, '62.) (ist Lt. 2d Cav., Feb, 13, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services 
 during the Maryland campaign, lirevpt Capt., June 9, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Beverley Ford, Va. Brevet Maj., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 QUITMAN, JOHN A. 
 
 [Bri^.-Gen. U. S. Vols., July i, '46.) (Maj.-Gen. U. S. A , April 14, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., U. S. A., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct in the battle of Monterey, Mexico. (See narrative, p. 191.) 
 
 RAINS, G-ABRIEL J. 
 
 {zdLt. Jth Inf., July i, '27.) (Lt.-Col. tfh Inf., June 5, '60.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 28, 1840, for gallant and meritorious conduct in action 
 ■with Seminole Indians, near Fort King, Fla. ^ 
 
 RAINS, GBOR&E W. 
 
 (zdLt. Engrs., July i, '42.) (Capt. ifh Arty., Feb. 14, '56.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras aivi Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant conduct 
 at Chapultepec. 
 
 RAMSAY, GEORGE D. 
 
 (2dLt. Light Arty., July i, '20.) (Chf of Ordn. [B. G.), Sept. 75, '6j. ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct 1, 
 Monterey. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful service 1,1 
 the army. 
 
 RAMSAY, GEORGE D. Jr. 
 
 {2d Lt. \st Arty., June 11, '63.) {Capt. of Ordn., June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for meritorious ^service in the Ordnance 
 Department during the war. 
 
 RAMSAY, JOSEPH G. 
 
 {2dLt. 2d Arty., Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. 2d Arty., Feb. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 RAMSAY, WILLIAM R. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Aug. j, '61.) {Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
500 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 RANDALL, BURTON. 
 
 {Assi. Surg., Oct. ii„ '32.) {Sttrg. (Maj.), July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 RANDALL, GEORGE M. 
 
 (2dLt. 4t/i Inf., Oct. 24, '6i.) {.Capt. zyl Inf., Sept. 23, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., April 2, 1805, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services in front of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 RANDALL, THOMAS. 
 
 [zd It. li^h Itif, Mar. 12, '12.) ^Capt. 14/^ Inf., Dec I, '14 ) 
 
 Retained in the re-organization of 1815, under the act of March 3, 1815, as 
 1st Lt. of Arty., with brevet of Capt., from December i, 1814. 
 
 RANDOL, ALANSON M. 
 
 (Bvt. zd It. 4t/i Arty., July i, '60.) (Capt. ist Arty., Oct. 11, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 action at New Market, Va. Brevet Maj., July 3, 1863, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. Brevet 
 Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 RANDOLPH, EDWARD B. 
 
 {Ens. 20th Inf., May 15, 'i2.) (Paymaster, Mar. 28, '16.) 
 
 Brevet isl Lt., July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 
 RANDOLPH, JOHN F. 
 
 (Assi. Surg., D:c. 24, '55 ) (Surg. (Maj.), Aug. 27, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 RANDOLPH, WALLACE F. 
 (zd It. t,th. Arty., May 14, '61.) (Capt. ifh Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, June 14, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at Win- 
 chester, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for good conduct and gallant ser- 
 vices during the war. 
 
 RANKIN, W^ILLLAM G. 
 (Capt. 13M Inf., May 14, '6:.) (Capt. lyt/i Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful services during 
 the war. 
 
 RANSOM, DUNBAR R. 
 (2d It. 2d Arty., June 7, '55.)., (Capt. yi Arty., AW. i, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 3, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Col., August 25, 
 1S64, for gallant and meritorious services in action at Kearneysville, Va. 
 
 RANSOM, HYATT C. 
 
 (2d It. Mtd. Rifles, July I, '51.) (Dep. Q. M. Gen. (It.-CoL), June 6, '72.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. SOI 
 
 RANSOM, OWEN. 
 
 (Cornet 1st Light Drags., Sept. 14, »i 2.) ( Capt. 2d In/., Jan. 25, '23.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., January 25, 1833, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 RAPHALL, ALFRED M. 
 
 {2dLt. i,ldlnf., Jan. 22, '67.) (\st Lt. \ith Inf., Dec. 30 '71.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 RATHBONE, HENRY R. 
 
 [Capt. \2th Inf., May 14, '61.) [Maj. t,i/t Inf., Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tles of the campaign from the Rapidan to Petersburg. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 
 13, 1865, for meritorious services in the oiBce of the Provost Marshal of the 
 United States. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious ser- 
 vices connected with the organization of the volunteer arniies of the United 
 States during the war. 
 
 RAULSTON, GEORGE F. 
 
 (2dLt. loth Cav., July 28, '66 ) (1st Lt. 10th Cav., July 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., .March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle on the Weldon R. R., Va. 
 
 RAWLBS, JACOB B. 
 
 (2dLt 2d Arty., May 6, '61.) (Capt. ^th Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. July 8. 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the siege of Port Hudson, La. Brevet Maj., April 9, l865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the campaign terminating with the surrender of 
 General Lee. 
 
 RAWLINS, JOHN A 
 
 ( Chief of Staff to Lt.-Gen., (Brig.- I ( Chief of Staff to Lt.-Gen. (Brig.- I 
 
 I Gen), April 9, '65. 1 ( Gen.), April 9, '65. f 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., April g, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 
 campaign terminating with the surrender of the insurgent army under General 
 
 Lee. 
 
 RAYNOLDS, WILLIAM F. 
 
 (BvtzdLt-lth Inf., July \,'6,-i,.] (Lt.-Col. Engrs., Mar. ■], 'St.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and merito- 
 rious services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for merito- 
 rious services in the field during.the. war. - , 
 
 RECTOR, STEPHEN. 
 
 (Zd Lt Rangers, Aug. 1, '13.) (-^d Lt. Rangers, Aug. i, '13.) 
 
 Brevet 2d Lt., July 13, 1814. No service specified in the commission. 
 
 REDMOND, NICHOLAS. 
 
 (2d Lt. ifh Arty., Aug. 10, '63.) (\st Lt. Afh Arty., Aug. 31, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Ist Lt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for good con- 
 duct and gallant services during the war. 
 
502 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 READ, EDWIN VT. H. 
 
 [zdLt. %th Inf., June 27, '56.) [,Capt. %th Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, -for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 READ, JOHN 6. 
 
 {,Capt. \2th Inf, May 14, '61.) [Capt. 12th Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. 
 
 REED, HORATIO B. 
 
 {zd Lt. e,th Arty., May 14, '61.) (ist Lt. tfh Arty., Sept. 19, %i.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 21, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Bull Run, Va. Brevet Capt., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the Peninsula campaign in Virginia. Brevet Maj , October 
 14, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Bristow Station, 
 Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 REESE, CHATJNCEY B. 
 
 {Bvt. id Lt. Engrs., July i, '59.) (Maj. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., and Brevet Col., December 21, 1864, for gal- 
 lant and distinguished services during the campaign through Georgia and end- 
 ing in the capture of Savannah, Ga. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious services during the campaigns in Georgia and the 
 Carolinas. . • 
 
 REEVE, ISAAC V. D. 
 
 {.Bvt. zdLt. i^h Inf., July i, '35.) (Col. lyh Inf, Oct. 14, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant conduct at Contreras and Churu- 
 busco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Molino del Key. BrevSt Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 REEVES, THOMAS H. 
 
 (Capt. 29t/t Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. yjlh Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 REID, JOHN. 
 
 (Ens. 1st Inf., April 21, '06.) (Capt. i,i,th Inf., July 15, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 23, 1814, for gallant conduct at the siege of New 
 Orleans. 
 
 REILLY, JAMES W. 
 
 (\st Lt. Ordn. June II, '63.) (Capt. Ordn. June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 
 campaign of December, 1864, including the battles of Franklin and Nashville. 
 
 REILLY, TERRENCB. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. 2d Arty., Feb. 19, '63.) (xst Lt. ifh Arty., July 18, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 5O3 
 
 RENDLHBROCK, JOSEPH. 
 
 (2ii Zt. i,th Cav., Nov. 29, '62.) (Capt. ifh Cav., Aug. 13, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 10, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the cav- 
 alry action at Franklin, Tenn. Brevet Capt., October 4, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in action at McMinnville, Tenn. Brevet Maj., April 2, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the capture of Selma, Ala. 
 
 RENO, JESSE L. 
 
 [Bvt. zdLt. Ordn., July l, '46.) (Capt. Ordn., July i, '60.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, ^°^ gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Chapultepec. , 
 
 RENO, MARCUS A. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Drags., July i, '57.) (Maj. ytk Cav., Dec. 26, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 17, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Kelly's Ford, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., October 19, 1864, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 REYNOLDS, CHARLES A. 
 
 (2dLt. tjth Inf., Mar. 3, '55.) (Q. M. (Maj.), Mar. 3, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 REYNOLDS, JOHN F. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Arty., July i, '41.) (Col. tfh Inf., June I, '(^t,:) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Maj., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Buena Vista. 
 
 REYNOLDS, JOSEPH J. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Arty., July i, '43.) (Col. 3a' Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Missionary Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 REYNOLDS, THOMAS. 
 
 (2dLt. \%th Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (ist Lt. \%th Inf., Mar. 13, '13.) 
 
 Retained, January 1, 1816 (in reorganization under the Act of March 3, 1815), 
 as 2dLt. of Artillery, with brevet of 1st Lt. from March 13, 1813. 
 
 RHETT, THOMAS G. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Ordn., July i, '35.) (Paymaster (Maj.), April T, '58.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 12, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in de- 
 fense of Puebla. 
 
 RICE, EDMUND. 
 
 (\st Lt. ifith Inf., July 28, '66.) \ist Lt. ^h Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for 
 gallmt and meritorious services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
504 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 1 8 12 
 
 RICE, FRANK R. 
 
 {2d Lt. i,ifh Inf., July 28, '66.) (\st Lt. 44tA Inf., June 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle o£ Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 RICE, JAMES H. 
 
 {id Lt. s,ifh Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) {ut Lt. \lth Inf., Dec. 31, '72.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallantry in action in front of Richmond, 
 June 25, 1862. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 RICHARDS, WILLIAM V. 
 
 {2dLt. iit/i Inf., May 11, '66.) (ist Lt. i6th Inf., June 19, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of South Mountain, Md. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 RICHARDSON, ISRAEL B. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt. yl Inf., July i, '41.) {Capt. idlnf, Mar. 5, '51.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, f°"^ gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 RICKETTS, JAMES B. 
 
 {id Lt 1st Arty., July i, '39.) {Maj. 1st Arty., June i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., July 21, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Bull Run, Va. Brevet Col., June 3, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Cool Arbor, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet 
 Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field 
 during the war. 
 
 RIDDLE, DAVID. 
 
 {id Lt lifh Inf., April 9, '12.) {Capt Zth Inf., Dec. 3, '16.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 25, 18T4, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 Brevet Maj., September 17, 1814, for gallant conduct in the sortie from Fort 
 Erie. 
 
 RIDDLE, SAMUEL. 
 
 (Cornet ist Light Drags., May 20, '13.) (Capt. %th Inf., April 11, '19.) 
 
 Brevet 2d Lt., September 17, 1814, for gallant conduct in the sortie from 
 Fort Erie. 
 
 RIDGBLY, RANDOLPH. 
 
 (Id Lt. zdArty., July 1, '37.) {A. A. G. {Hvt Capt.\ Julyy, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 9, 1846, for gallant and distinguished conduct at Palo 
 Alto and Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 RIDGELY, SAMUEL C. 
 
 (Bvt id Lt ifh Arty., July 1, '31.) (Capt. i,th Arty., Feb. 16, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. SOS 
 
 RIFE, JOSEPH B. 
 
 {2d Lt. (>th Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) » (Capt. 6lh Inf., Nov. 7, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services a 
 the battle of Antietam, Md. 
 
 RIGGS, JOHN. 
 
 [Ens. Rangers, Mar. 26,' n.) , {2t/ Zi. Rangers, yiify 1 2, '14.) 
 
 Brevet 3d Lt., July 13, 1814. No service specified in the commission. 
 
 RILEY, BENNETT. 
 
 (Eiis. Rifles, Jan. 19, '13.) (Col. 1st Inf., Jan. 31, '50.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 6, 1828, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade- 
 Brevet Col., June 2, 1840, for bravery, good conduct, &c., at the battle of Chako- 
 chatta, Fla., &c. Brevet Brig.-Gen., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct in the battle of Cerro Gordo. Brevet Maj. -Gen., August 20, 1847, for 
 gallant conduct at Contreras. 
 
 RINGGOLD, SAMUEL. 
 
 [2dLt. Arty. July 24, '18.) (Capt. yl Arty., Aug. 31, '36.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., M-ay8, 1832, for to years' faithful services in one grade. Brevet 
 Maj., February 15, 1838, for meritorious conduct, and activity and efficiency in 
 war against the Florida Indians. 
 
 RIPLEY, BOSW^ELL S. 
 
 (But. 2dLt. ylArty:, July i, '43.) [ist Lt. ^d Arty., Mar. 3, '47:) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the bat- 
 tle of Cerro Gordo, Mexico. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, ^°^ gallant and 
 meritorious conduct in thg battle of Chapultepec. 
 
 RIPLEY, ELEAZER "W. 
 
 (Lt.-Col. 2istlnf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Brig-Gen. April 15, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., June 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 
 RIPLEY, JAMES "W. 
 
 (idLt. of Arty., June i, '14.) (Chief of Ordn. (Brig.-Gen.), Aug. 3, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct, particularly in per- 
 forming his duty in the prosecution of war with Mexico. Brevet Brig.-Gen. 
 July 2, 1861. No service specified in commission. BrevSt Maj.-Gen., March 
 '3> '865, for long and faithful services in the army. 
 
 RITTENHOUSE, BENJAMIN F. 
 
 (2dLt tfh Arty., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i,th Arty., Jan. 5, '70.) 
 
 _ Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of Bethesda 
 Church, Va., and during the campaign before Richmond, Va. Brevet Maj., 
 March 13, 1865, for good conduct and gallant services during the war. 
 
 RITTER, JOHN F. 
 
 (2dU. 5M Inf., July I, '56.) (Capt. \tfh Inf., Oct 24, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 28, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Apache Canon, N. M. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 10, 1863, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the capture of Little Rock, Ark. 
 
S06 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 RIVES, ■WRIGHT. 
 
 (2d Lt. 6th Inf., May 6, '6i.) (Capt. 6t/i Inf., Feb. 23, '64.) 
 
 Brevet IVTaj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services during the advance upon Corinth and at the siege of Vicksburg, 
 
 Miss. 
 
 ROACH, ISAAC Jr. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Arty., July 2, '12.) (Capt. z-^d Inf., April 13, '13.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 13, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 ROBBINS, KENELM. 
 
 (zd Lt. ifh Cav., yum u, '63.) (Capt. s,tfh Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 . Brevet ist Lt., August i, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Brandy Station, Va. Brevet Capt., September 19, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battleof Winchester, Va. 
 
 ROBBINS, RICHARD. 
 
 (2d Lt. nth Inf., June 27, '62.) (Capt. y)th Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 erevices at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 ROBERDEAIT, ISAAC. 
 
 ( Top. Engr. (MaJ.), April 29, '13.) ( Top. Engr. (M.ij.), April 2% '13.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.- Col., April 29, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 ROBERTS, BENJAMIN S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. \st Drags., July i, '35.) (Lt.-Col. ^d Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and "meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. Brevet Lt.-Col., November 24, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct at Matamoras and the Pass of Gualaxara, Mexico. Brevet Col., Feb. 
 ruary 21', 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at Valverde, N. M. Brevet 
 Brig.-Get(., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at Cedar Moun- 
 tain, Va. 
 
 ROBERTS, CYRUS S. 
 
 (2d Lt. i-]th Inf., May 11, '66.) (\st Lt. lyth Inf., Sept. 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Winchester, Va., September 19, 1864. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Fisher's Hill, Va. 
 
 ROBERTS, JOSEPH. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. ifh Arty., July I, '35.) (Lt.-Col 4th Arty., Aug. 11, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for meritorious and distinguished ser- 
 vices during the war. 
 
 ROBERTSON, JAMES M. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Arty., June 28, '48.) (Maj. 3^ Arty., June 17, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Col., May 31, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., 
 March 13, 1865, for distinguished services while Chief of Horse Artillery 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 507 
 
 attached to the cavalry corps of the Armv of the Potomac during the campaign 
 from May to August, 1864, including the battles of the Wilderness, Cold Har- 
 bor, Hawes' Shop, and Trevilian Station. 
 
 ROBINETT, HENRY C. 
 
 (2dLt. 1st Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. 1st Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Corinth, Miss. Brevet Maj., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 ROBINSON, AUGUSTUS G. 
 
 [,Bvt. 2dLt. 4th Arty., July i, '57.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Feb. 19. '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 ROBINSON, FREDERICK, 
 
 {id Lt. tfh Arty., Oct. 30, '62.) (\st Lt. tfh Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 3, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Cool Arbor, Va. Brevet Capt., October 19, 1864, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Cedar Creek, Va. 
 
 ROBINSON, JOHN C. 
 
 {2d Li. ^th Inf., Oct. 27, '39.) (Col. i,T,d Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., July i, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Col., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 field during the war. 
 
 ROBINSON, SOLOMON S. 
 
 (Capt. idth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 161/1 Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services durin;^ 
 the Atlanta campaign, Ga. 
 
 ROCK"WELL, A. P. 
 
 (A. Q. M. (Capt.) Jan. 18, '67.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Jan. 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, forfaithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 ROCKWELL, CHARLES F. 
 
 (istLt. Ordn. Dep., June 11, %y) (^st Lt. Ordn. Dep., June 11, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services in the Ordnance De- 
 partment. 
 
 RODENBOUGH, T. F. 
 
 ■ (idLt. id Drags., Mar. 27, '61.) (Maj. ifld Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battles of Trevillian Station and Opequan, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 
 1865, f°'' .gallant and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Col., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Todd's Tavern, 
 Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services 
 in the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
5o8 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 RODER, JOHN W. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Arty., Oct. 22, '62.) (ist Lt. ifh Arts., July 11, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 27, 1864, for distinguished services at the battle of 
 Boydton Plank Road, Va. Brevet Maj.. April 6, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Sailor's Creek, Va. 
 
 RODMAN, THOMAS J. 
 
 [Bvt. za Lt. Ordii., July i, '41.) (Lt.-Col. Ordn., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 
 faithful, meritorious, and distinguished services in the Ordnance Department. 
 
 RODNEY, GEORGI! B. 
 
 {zdLt. i,th Arty., Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. i^h Arty., Mar. 4, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services' at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 ROGERS, "WILLIAM W. 
 
 (\st Lt. A,lth Inf., July 28, '66 ) [1st. Lt. gth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 ROLAND, JOHN F. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '36.) (Capt. zd Arty., Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the bat- 
 tles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, 
 for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Monterey, Mexico. 
 
 ROLLINS, JAMES H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. ifh Arty., June 17, '62.) (Capt. Ordn., July 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service in the 
 Ordnance Department. 
 
 ROMEYN, HENRY. 
 
 (1st Lt. yjtli Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) (ist Lt. tfh Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 ROOT, CHESTER. 
 
 (2d Lt. Arty., April 25, '12.) (Capt. Arty., Mar. 5, '19.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, September li, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Platts- 
 burg. 
 
 ROSE, THOMAS E. 
 
 (Capt. 11th Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. 16th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat- 
 tle of Liberty Gap, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious service in the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 ROSECRANS, "W. S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., July i, '42.) (Brig.-Gen., May 16, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and distinguished service at the 
 battle of Stone River, Tenn. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 509 
 
 ROSECSANXS, MORTIMER. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. ifh Inf., July I, \\.f [ist Lt. e,t/i Inf., July 10, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 ROSS, RICHARD H. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. ^th Inf., July i, '30.) [Capt. yt/i Inf., Nov. 26, '41.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battle of Monterey. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and merit- 
 orious conduct in the battle of Contreras. 
 
 ROSS, SAMUEL. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. zd Inf., June 2%, '48.) [Maj. 2%th Inf., JuU 8, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., December 13, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious service during the Atlanta and Savannah campaigns. Brevet Col., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallantry and ability as a brigade commander during the 
 Savannah campaign. 
 
 ROSSELL, NATHAN B. 
 
 [2dLt. tfh Inf., Aug. i, '38.) [Maj. yl Inf., Sept, 25, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Molino del Rev. Brevet Lt.-Col., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Gaines's Mills,' Va. 
 
 ROSSELL, WILLIAM H. 
 
 [2dLt. \Qth Inf., Mar. 3, '55.) [Capt. \atk Inf., Sept. 7, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 21, 1862, for gallant and meritorious .service at the 
 battle of Valverde, N. M. 
 
 ROUSSEAU, LOVELL H. 
 
 [Brig.-Gen., Mar. 28, '67.) [Brig.-Gen., Mar. 28, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 28, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service dur- 
 ing the war. 
 
 ROWE, THEODORE F. 
 
 [Capt. t)tk Inf., April 9, '47.) [Capt <)tk Inf., April 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., for gallant and meritorious conduct in defence of Puebla, Mexi- 
 co, from September 13, to October 12, 1847. 
 
 ROWXEY, GEORGE A. 
 
 [2d Lt 2d Inf., May 12, '62.) ( \st Lt. 2d Inf., April 1 1, '64.) 
 
 MBrevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 ROY ALL, WILLIAM B. 
 
 [ist Lt. 2d Cav., Mar. 3, '55.) [Lt.-Col. ^d Cav., Dec. 2, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Hanover C. H., Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., June 13, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious service in the cavalry action at Old Church, Va. Brevet Col., 
 March 13, 1865, for arduous and faithful service in the recruitment of the 
 armies of the United States. 
 
5IO BREVETS CONFERRED FROM -l8l2 
 
 RUCKER, DANIEL H. 
 
 {T.d Lt. 1st Drags., Oct. 13, '37.) (A. Q. M. G. (Col.), July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., July 5, 1864, 
 for diligent and faithful service during the war. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 
 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 RUFF, CHARLES F. 
 
 (zd Lt. 1st Drags., yuly I, '38.) (Lt.-Col. ^d Cav., June 10, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at San 
 Juan de Ids Llanos, Mexico. Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for faithful and meritorious service in recruiting the armies of the United 
 States. 
 
 RUGER, THOMAS H. 
 
 i Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., July I, '54. ) 
 
 } HesioTted April i, '55, Col. zy^S (Col. iZth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 ( Inf., July 28, '66. ) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March'2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the 
 battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 RUGGLES, DANIEL. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. tfh Inf., July i, '33.) (Capt, ^th Inf., fune l8, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col. September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 RUGGLES, GEORGE D. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. 1st Inf., July i, '55.) " [Asst. Adjt. Genl. (MaJ.),yuly 17, '62.) 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 service during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious service during campaign terminating with surrender of insurgent 
 army of Northern Va. 
 
 RUNKLE, BENJAMIN P. 
 
 (Maj. \^h Inf., July 28, '66.) (Maj. \tjth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, fo^" gallant and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 RUSSELL, CHARLES S. 
 
 (Capt. wth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. nth Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 3, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battle of Chancellorsvil'le, Va. Brevet Col., July 30, 
 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in action that succeeded the ex- 
 plosion of the Petersburg mine, Va. 
 
 RUSSELL, DAVID A. 
 
 (Bvt. idLt. 1st Inf., July i, '45.) (Maj. ith Inf., Aug. 9, '62.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 15, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Paso Ovejas, National Bridge, and Cerro Gordo. Brevet Lt.-Col., July i. 
 1862, for gallant and meritorious service in the Peninsula campaign. Brevet 
 Col., July I, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battlg-Jof Gettys- 
 burg, Pa. Brevet Brig.-Gen., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 5II 
 
 vice at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., September 19.) 
 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Opequan, Va., where 
 killed. 
 
 RUSSELL, EDMUND. 
 (Bvt. id Lt. 6th Inf., July I, '46.) (irf Lt. i,th Inf., Jan. 37, '5c.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt, September 8, 18.(7 [or gallant and meritorious conduct in 
 the battle of Molino del Key. 
 
 RUSSELL, FRANCIS S. K. 
 
 (idLt. Mid. Rifles, M.ty 27, '46.) {ut It. Mid. Rifles, Mar. 15, "48.) 
 
 , Brevet ist Lt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in 
 the battle of Chapultepec. 
 
 RUSSELL, GERALD. 
 
 (2(1 It. Tfl Cav., July 17, '62.) (Capt. yd Cav., Nov. 14, '67,) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the siege 
 of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 RUSSELL, GEORG-B B. 
 
 (Capt. i^h Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. i,\th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the assault 
 on Port Hudson, La. 
 
 RUSSELL,. SAMUEL A. 
 
 (2d It. ^th Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. -jth Inf., Aug. 28. '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 22, 1865, for meritorious service during the war. 
 
 RUSSELL, -WILLIAM Jr. 
 
 (2d It. ifh Cav., Oct. 25, '67.) (2d It. Afh Cav. Oct 25, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., October 25, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Capt., October 25, 1867, for gallant and meri- 
 torious service in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., October 25, 
 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 RUTHERFORD, ALLAN. 
 
 (\stlt. i^h Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. i,i,tk Inf., Mar. 20, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 service in the battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. 
 
 RUTHERFORD, ROBERT G. 
 
 (2d It. i,ith Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) (ist It. 12th Inf., May 24, '73.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat- 
 tle of Rappahannock Station, Va. Brevet Capt, March 7, 1867, for gallant 
 and meiritorious service during the war. 
 
 RZIHA, JOHN. 
 
 KCapt. \()th Inf., Aug. 5. '61.) (Capt. igth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 27, 1865. No service specified in nomination or com- 
 mission. 
 
 SACKET, DELOS B. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. 2d Drags. July I, '45.) (Inst. Genl. (Col), Oct. I, '61.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt. May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto 
 
512 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 and Resaca de la Palma. Brevet Brig-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious service in the field during the war. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for faithful and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 SANBOURNE, MATTSON C. 
 
 (2dLt. -jth Inf., May 25, '66.) (ist I.t. jth Inf., Oct. 11, '71.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 SANDS, RICHARD M. 
 
 (Ens. ^Ztk Inf., May 20, '13.) [Vapt. ifh Inf., Apl. 30, '19.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 30 , 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 SANDERS, JOHN. 
 
 [Bvt. idLt. Engrs. July i, '34.) [Capt. Engrs, Dec, 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey, Mexico. 
 
 SANDERS, "WILLIAM W. 
 
 (2dLt. 6th Inf., June 23, '60.) [Capt. 6th Inf., June 27, '62. ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 2, 1864, for faithful and meritorious service in the 
 field. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in 
 front of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Col., April 9, 1865, for gallant and merito- 
 rious service in campaign terminating with the surrender of General Lee. 
 
 SANDERSON, GEORGE E. 
 
 {zdLt. isth Inf., Oct. 31, '61.) (Capt. xuh Inf., Mar. 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service during the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 SANDERSON, VTINSLOW F. 
 
 (Capt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) (Maj. Mtd. Rifles, Jan. 8, '48.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 SANPORD, GEORGE B. 
 
 (zd Lt. \st Cav., April 26, '61.) (Maj. ist Cav., June 25, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October ig, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services duriiig the war. 
 
 SANGER, JOSEPH P. 
 
 {2dLt. 1st Arty., Aug. 5, '6r.) (Capt. \st Arty., Feb. 7, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 28, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in action at 
 Bermuda Hundred, Va. Brevet Maj , March 13, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious service at the battle of Fussell's Mills, Va., August 16, 1864. 
 
 SANGER, LOUIS H. 
 
 (2d Lt. \-]th Inf., July 19, '62.) (Capt. lyth Inf., July 21, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 513 
 
 SATTBRIiEE, RICHARD S. 
 
 [Asst. Surg-., Feb. 25, '22.) (C/if. Med. Pur. (Lt.-Col.), July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., September 2, 1864, for 
 diligent care and attention in procuring proper army supplies as Medical Pur- 
 veyor, and for economy and fidelity in the disbursement of large sums of 
 money. 
 
 SAUNDERS, HENRY. 
 {t^ Lt. 20th Inf., April 4, '13.) (Caft. \st Arty., Nov. 4, '1823.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November 4, 1833, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 SAWTELLE, CHARLES G. 
 (Bvt 2d Lt. 2d Inf., July i, '54.) [Qr. Mr. (Ma/.), Jan. 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Mij., Brevet Lt.-Col., and Brevet Col., March 13, 1855. for faith- 
 ful and meritorious service during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1S65, for faithful and meritorious service in the Quartermaster's Department 
 during the War. 
 
 SAXTON, RTJFUS. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Arty., July i, '49.) (£>ep. Qr. Gen. (Lt.-Col.), June 6, '72.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the wrar. Brevet Brig.-Gen., April 9, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 SCANTLAND, JAMES M. 
 
 (Capt. 14/^ Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) (Capt. i^th Inf., Apl. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 SCARRITT, JEREMIAH M. 
 
 (2d Lt. 6t& Inf., July I, '38.) ( Capt. Engrs. Mar. 3, '53.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 
 Monterey. 
 
 SCHAFP, MORRIS. 
 
 (2d Lt. ofOrdn., June 17, '62.) (Capt. ofOrdn., Mar.-j, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of 
 the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 SCHAURTE, FREDERICK W. 
 
 (zdLt. 2d Cav., June 1 1, '62.) ( Capt. 2d Cav. ) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 SCHELI., HENRY S. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) (Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, "61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service during the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 28, 1866, for meritorious 
 and distinguished service at Tybee Island, and Savannah, Ga., where cholera 
 prevailed. 
 
 SCHENCK, PETER V. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) (Asst. Sur^., May 28, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 23 
 
514 BKEVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 SCHINDEL, JEREMIAH P. 
 
 l^2dLt. 6tk Inf., Oct. 24, '6i.) {Capt. (,th Inf., Feb. 25, '68,) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meri- 
 torious service at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 SCHOFIELD, GEORGE W. 
 
 (,Maj. i,\st Inf., July 28, '66.) (Maj. lath Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service at; the 
 battle of Champion Hill, Miss. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious service at the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 SCHOFIELD, JOHN M. 
 
 {Bvt. zd Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '53.) {Maj.-Gen., Mar. 4, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Franklin, Tenn. 
 
 SCHMUCK, JACOB. 
 
 {yl Lt. id Arty., Feb. 10, '14.) [Capt. i^h Arty., Apt. 11, '25.) 
 
 ►■ Brevet ist Lt., July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 Brevet Capt., July 25, 1824, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 SCHRIVER, EDMUND. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. 2d Arty., July 1, '33.) (Insp. Genl. (Col.), Mar. 13, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gfen., August i, 1864, for faithful and meritorious service in 
 the field. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for meritorious and distinguished 
 service during the rebellion. 
 
 SCHROEDER, HENRY B. 
 
 (Bvt 2d Lt ■id Inf., July I, '44.) (Capt. -^d Inf., May 31, '57.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 SCHUREMAN, JAMES "W. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. -jth Inf., July I, '42.) (\st Lt 2d Inf., Jan. 12, '48.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 SCHUYLER, PHILIP. 
 
 (ist Lieut, l^h. Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. lifh Inf., July il, '62.) 
 
 y Brevet Maj., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 campaign terminating with the surrender of Gen. Lee. 
 
 SCHWAN, THEODORE. 
 
 (2dLt loth Inf., Oct. 31, '63.) (Capt. nth Inf., Mar. 14, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October r, 1864, for gallant service at the battle of Chapel 
 House, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service 
 during the war. 
 
 SCHWENK, SAMUEL. 
 [istLt 4irf Ittf, July 28, '66.) (Capt. 41^ Inf., Dec. 16, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Spottsylvania. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 service in the battle of Nye River, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for 
 gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 5 IS 
 
 SCOTT, DAVID I. 
 
 'idLt. loih Inf., May i8, '64.) (1st Lt. loth hif., Feb. 3, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
 SCOTT, GEORGE E. 
 
 [Capt, 2i,th Inf., July 28, '66. ) {Capt. 241/1 Inf., 'July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the action 
 of Lawrenceburg, Ky. 
 
 SCOTT, HENRY L. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. 4h Inf., July i, '33.) (Insp. Genl. {Col.), May 24, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 SCOTT, JOHN B. 
 
 [Bvt 2dLt. ifh Arty., July i, '21.) (Maj. -^d Arty., June 10, '57.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca de 
 la Palma. 
 
 * SCOTT, JOHN M. 
 
 (Bvt 2d Lt jst Inf., July i, '35.) (Capt 1st Inf., June 18, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. 
 
 SCOTT, LUTHER. 
 
 (istLf. Arty., Mar. 24, '12.) (Capt Arty., Nov. 24, '17.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., February 20, 1815, for distinguished and meritorious ser- 
 vices. 
 
 SCOTT, MARTIN. 
 
 [2d Lt 2(ith Inf., April 21, '14.) (Maj. c,t/i Inf., June 29, '46.) 
 
 • Brevet Maj., May 9, 1846, for gallant conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca de la 
 Palma. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct in the several conflicts at Monterey. 
 
 SCOTT, ROBERT N. 
 
 (2dLt ifh Inf., Feb. 21, '57.) (Capt. ^d Arty., Sept 25, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious services 
 in connection with the organization of the volunteer army of the United 
 States. 
 
 SCOTT, WILLIAM H. 
 
 {2dLt wth Inf., Aprils '47.) (\st Lt A,th Inf., Aug. I, '52.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 SCOTT, ■WINFIELD. 
 
 [Capt Light Arty., May 3, '08.) (Maj.-Gen., June 25, '41.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., July 25, 1814, for distinguished services in the battles of 
 Chippewa, Niagara, etc. Brevet Lt.-Gen., March 29, 1847, for eminent ser- 
 vices in the war vvith Mexico. 
 
5l6 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 SCREVEN, RICHARD B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Li. 2d Inf., July i, '29.) {Capt. %th Inf., July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Mon- 
 terey. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Molino del Rey. 
 
 SCULLY, JAIMBS W. 
 
 M. Q. M. (Capt.), Sept. 27, '65.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Sept. 27, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 27, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 battle of Mill Springs, Ky. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 27, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious service at the battle of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Col., Septem- 
 ber 27, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Nashville, 
 Tenn. 
 
 SEARLE, FREDERICK. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLf. \stArty., July 1, '23.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November 25, 1839, for gallant and good conduct in the war 
 against the Florida Indians. 
 
 SEARS, HENRY B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '46.) (1st Lt. 2d Arty., Oct. 27, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, August 15, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in 
 several affairs with Guerilleros at Paso Ovejas, National Bridge, and Cerro 
 Gordo, Mexico. 
 
 SEAWBLL, WASHINGTON. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. -jth Inf., July i, '25.) (Col. 6th Inf., Oct. 17, '60.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 18, 1841, for meritorious and successful services in the war 
 against the Florida Indians. Brevet Brig. -Gen., March 13, 1865, for long and 
 faithful services in the army. 
 
 SEDGWICK, JOHN. 
 
 (id Lt. 2d Arty., July I, '37 ) (Col. 1st Cav., April 25, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 SELDEN, JOSEPH. 
 
 (2dLt. Wi Inf., July 7, '38.) (Capt. %th Inf., Jan I, '48.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj^ September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 SELDEN, JOSEPH. 
 
 (Capt. 2d Light Brags., Mar. 12, '12.) (Maj. yl Rifles, Feb. 21, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 21, 1814, for meritorious services. Brevet Lt.-Col., 
 May I, 18:5, for distinguished services. 
 
 SELLERS, EDWIN E. 
 (2d Lt. loth Inf.,. Oct. 24, '6l.) (Capt. loth Inf., Feb. 17, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 5 I / 
 
 SELLMER, CHARLES. 
 
 (zd Lt. 2d Inf., Sept- 2, '67.) (zd Lt. ^d Arty., Seft. 2, '67.) 
 
 ' Brevet ist Lt., September 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 capture of Fort Gregg. Brevet Capt., September 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Appomattox C. H., Va. 
 
 SEMPLB, JAMES Y. 
 
 (t^dLt. \^h Inf., Oct. 30, '61.) (Capt. l^A Inf., Dec. 29, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 SEMPLE, JOSEPH E. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) (Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 SEWARD, AUGUSTUS H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. %th Inf., July 1, '47.) (Paymaster [Ma].), M.ir. 27, '61.) 
 
 .Brevet Lt-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. Brevet Col, November 11, 1865, for faithful and meritorious ser- 
 vices in the Pay Department during the war. 
 
 SEWARD, DUDLEY. 
 
 (Capt %th Cav., July 28, '66.) (Capt. Zth Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action at 
 Monticello, Ky., June 9, 1863. 
 
 SEYMOUR, THOMAS H. 
 
 (Maj. i)tk Inf., April 9, '47.) (Lt.-Col. 12th Inf., Aug. 12, '47.) " 
 
 Brevet Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battle of Chapultepec. 
 
 SEYMOUR, TRUMAN. 
 
 (Bvt 2dLt 1st Arty., July I, '46.) (Maj. tfk Arty., Aug. 13, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, April 18, 1847, ^°'^ gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gbrdo. Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., April 14, 1861, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the defense of Fort Sumter, S. C. Brevet Lt.- 
 Col., September 14, 1S62, for gallant and meritorious services at South Moun- 
 tain, Md. Brevet Col., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices at Antietam, Md. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the capture of Petersbui-g, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the 
 rebellion. 
 
 SHAPTER, WILLIAM R. 
 
 (Lt.-Col 4irf Inf., July 28, '66.) (Lt.-Col. 2i^h Inf., July 28, '(>(>.) 
 
 Brevet Col, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Fair Oaks, Va. 
 
 SHANNON, SAMUEL. 
 
 (Ens. i^hlnf, July, '14.) (Capt. \st Inf., July 28, '31.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. February 23, 1830, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
5 1 8 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM . 1 8 1 3 
 
 SHA"W, RICHARD G. 
 
 {zd Lt 1st Arty., Mar. 27, '66.) (1st Lt. 1st Arty., 'July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services on Morris 
 Island, S. C. 
 
 SHEA, THOMAS. 
 
 {1st Lt, i^h Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) ■ (Capt. i^h Inf., June 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj , March 2, 1867, for gallant and' meritorious- 
 services in action at Rome, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant' 
 and meritorious services in the battle of Peach Tree Creek, Ga. Brevet Col., 
 March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 SHEBTZ, JOSIAH A. 
 
 (istLf. Tpth Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) (1st Lt. jpth Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 7, 1867, for gallant andmeritorious services in the battle 
 of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Maj., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious ' 
 services in the capture of Mobile, Ala. 
 
 SHEILDS, •WILLIAM. 
 
 (2d Lt. i,/^h Inf., July 28, '66.) [ist Lt. 6^h Inf., Jan. 15, '67!) .. 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 SHELDON, ALEXANDER B. 
 
 (zdLt. \th Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. i^h Inf., Aug. 25, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle : 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. .Brevet Maj., April 2, 1865, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the capture of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 SHELDON, H. LAURENCE. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., July 26, '61.) (Asst. Surg., July 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 SHEPHERD, OLIVER L. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. ifh Inf., July 1, '40.) (Col. it,th Inf., Jan. 21, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. Brevet Col., May 17, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the siege of Corinth, Miss. Brevet Brig.-Gen., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Stone 
 River, Tenn. 
 
 SHERBURNE, JOHN P. 
 
 (2dLt. 1st Inf., June 27, '56.) (A. A. G. (Maj.), July 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and merito- 
 rious services during the war. 
 
 SHERIDAN, ANDREW. 
 
 [2d Lt. Z^ Inf., Mar. 23, '61.) (Capt. 2/^th Inf., Feb. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 519 
 
 SHERIDAN, MICHAEL V. 
 
 [zdLt. tfh Cav., Feb. 23, '66.) {Capt. yt/i Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Opequan, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Fisher's Hill, Va. 
 
 3 SHERMAN, THOMAS W 
 
 {?.dLt. yiArty., July i, '36.) [Col. T,d Arty., June i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the capture of Port Hudson. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 SHERMAN, "WILLIAM T. 
 
 [2d Lt. ;^d Arty., July I, '40.) (Gen. of the Army, Mar. 4, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 30, 1848, for meritorious services in California and during 
 the war with Mexico. 
 
 SHIELDS, HAMILTON L. 
 
 [Bvt 2d Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '46.) (ist Lt. T,d Arty., Sept. 22, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, fo'' gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey.' 
 
 SHIELDS, JAMES. 
 
 (B'-ig.-Gen. U. S. Vols., J.ily I, '46.) (Brig.-Gm. U. S. Vols., July I, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., U. S. A., April 18, 1847, foi^ gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct in the battle of Cerro Gordo. (See narrative, p. 197.) 
 
 SHINN, JOHN B. 
 
 (Bvt2dLt.yl Arty., July i,'z,e.) (Capt. T,d Arty., Jjn. 20, '6^.) 
 
 Brevet Maj,, March 13, 1865, for arduous and meritorious services in suc- 
 cessfully bringing his battery across the Yuma and Gila deserts, and for faith- 
 ful services in New Mexico. 
 
 SHIPLEY, ALEXANDER N. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt cfh Inf., June i, '57.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Mar. 24, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 SHIRAS, ALEXANDER E. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt A^h Arty., July i, '33.) (C. G. of Sub. (Brig.-Gen.), May i, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., September 17, 1864, for meritorious and distinguished 
 services in the Subsistence Department, and in supplying the armies during the 
 war. Brevet Maj.-Gsn., March 13, 186'), for faithful', meritorious, and distin- 
 guished services in the Subsistence Department during the war. 
 
 SHORKLBY, GEORGE. 
 
 (2dLt ie,tk Inf., Feb. 23, '65) (Capt. \i,th Inf., Oct. 13, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., March i, i86,-, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services in the engagement at Fort Stedman, Va. 
 
S20 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 SHOVBR, "WILLIAM H. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2id Arty., July i, '38.) {Capt. 31/ Arty., Mar. 22, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 23, 1846, for gallant conduct at Monterey. Brevet 
 
 Maj., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Bueiia 
 
 Vesta. 
 
 SHXJNK, FRAITCIS J. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. of Ordn., July i, '53.) {Maj. of Ordn., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the 
 
 Ordnance Department. 
 
 SHURLY, EDMUND R. P. 
 
 (2rf Lt. ^^th Inf., Mar. 15, '67.) (\st Lt. z-jth Inf., Sept. 29, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 15, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 
 battle of Fredericksburg', Va. Brevet Capt., March 15, 1867, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 SIBLEY, CALEB C. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. tfh Inf., July i, '29.) (Col. \6th Inf., April 20/64.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 SIBLEY, EBENEZER S. 
 
 (Bvi. 2dLt. of Arty., July 1, '27.) (Dep. Q. M. G. (L/.-Col.), Aug: 3, '61.). 
 
 Brevet Maj., Febru-iry 23, 1S47, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Buena 
 Vesta. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 6, 1861, and Brevet Col., June 12, 1861. No 
 service mentioned in commissions. 
 
 SIBLEY, HENRY H. 
 (2d Lt. zd Drags., July i, '38.) (Maj. 1st Drags., May 13, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj, March 25, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Medelin, 
 near Vera Cruz, N. M. 
 
 SICKLES, DANIEL B. 
 
 ( Col. 42d Inf., July 2%, '66.) (Col. ifld Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Mij.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 SIDELL, -WTILLIAM H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Z'. \st Arty., July i, '33:) (Lt.-Col. loth Inf., May 6, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious and faithful services in the 
 recruitment of the armies of the United States. Brevet Brig.-Gen, March 13, 
 lijj, for faithful an;l efficient services during the war. 
 
 SILLIMAN, HENRY R. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Mjy 28, '61.) (Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 SILVBY, "WILLIAM. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. yt Arty., July i, '49) (M.ij. y/i Arty., Feb. 7, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 30, 1865, for meritorious and faithf.il services in the 
 recruitment of the armies of the United States. Brevet Lt.-Col., November 
 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in connection with the muster- 
 ing out of service and disbanding of the volunteer armies of the United 
 States. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 521 
 
 SIIOKINS, JOHN C. 
 
 [ist Lt. \2tk Inf., May. 22, '47.) (ist Lt. \ith Inf., May 22, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 
 Contreras and Cliurubusco. 
 
 SIMON, CHARLES. 
 
 [p.dLt. t,th Arty., Oct. 22, '62.) {,\st Lt. tfh Arty., Mar. 9, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet- Capt., June 3, 1864, for gallant and 
 
 maritorious services at the battle of Cold tiarbor, Va. 
 
 SIMONS, JAMES. 
 
 ^zdLt. i&th Inf., May 14, '6i ) (ist Lt. I'&th Inf., Oct. 24, '6i.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 SIMONS, JAMES. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., July 11, '39.) (Surg. (Lt.-CoL), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col, March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 SIMONSON, JOHN S. 
 
 (Capt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) (Col. yl Cav., May 13, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful services 
 in the army. 
 
 SIMONTON, EDWARD. 
 
 (zdLt. 4tA Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (\st Lt. 4k Inf., April 21, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 SIMPSON, JAMES F. 
 
 (zd Lt. ifOth Inf., Aug. 17, '67.) (zd Lt. id Cav., Aug. 17, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 17, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Capt., August 17, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Ream's Station, Va. 
 
 SIMPSON, JAMES H. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. -^^ Arty., July I, '32.) (Col. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and merito- 
 rious services during the vfar. 
 
 SIMPSON, JOSIAH. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., July 11, '37.) (Surg. (Maj.), Aug 12, '55 ) 
 
 Br«vet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 SIMPSON, MARCUS D. L. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. zdArty., July 1, '46.) (A. C. G. of Subs. (Col.), May i, '74.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., August 20, 1847, f^ gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meri- 
 torious conduct at Chapultepec Brevet Col., Brevet Brig.-Gen., and Brevet 
 Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 ■ 23* 
 
522; BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 SINCLAIR, JAMBS B. 
 
 {isi Lt. 14//1 Inf., Oct. j6, '61.) (.Capt. \i,th Inf., July 25, '65.) ■ 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of Spottsyl- 
 vania. Brevet Maj., October i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of 
 Chapel fiouse, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 SINCLAIR, WILLIAM. 
 
 (Bvt. id Lt. 2d Arty., July I, '57.) [Capt. yl Arty., Dec. 11, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the siege 
 of Yorktown, Va. Brevet Maj., December 13, 1862, for gallant and merito- 
 rious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 SITGREAViES, LORENZO. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt 1st Arty., July i, '32.) [Lt.-Col. Engrs., April 22, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. 
 
 SKINNER, RICHARD. 
 
 [2d Lt. \ath Inf., Sept. 23, '62.) [\st Lt. loth Inf., Oct. 16, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June ig, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in action in 
 front of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 SLADBN, JOSEPH A. 
 
 [2d Lt. iTth Inf., Mar. 27, '66.) [ist Lt. i/^t/i Inf., July 17, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., and Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 SLBMMBR, ADAM J. 
 
 [Bvt. 2ff Lt. 1st Arty., July i, '50.) [Lt.-Col. 4th Inf, Fed. 8, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 SLIDELL, VyiLLIAM J. 
 
 [1st Lt. l6th Inf., May 14, '61.) [Capt. l6t/i Inf., Nm. 19, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November 25, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battles of Murfreesboro and Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 SLOAN, WILLIAM J. 
 
 [Asst. Surg., July 12, '37.) [Surg. (Lt.-Col.), June 26, '76.) , 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., September 28, 1866, for merito- 
 rious and distinguished services at several posts in New York Harbor, where 
 cholera prevailed. 
 
 SLOCUM, JOHN S. 
 
 (istLt. rjth Inf., April 9, '47.) [Capt <)th Inf., Sept. — , '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 SMALL, JOHN P. 
 
 [2d Lt. 1st Cav., May 18, '64.) (1st Lt. 1st Cav., Aug. 29, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 31, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Cold Harbor, Va. Brevet Capt., September 8, 1867, for gallantry in 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 5^3 
 
 charging a band of Indians, killing and capturing more of the enemy than he 
 had men, on Silver Lake, Oregon, September 8, 1867. 
 
 SMALL, MICHAEL P. 
 
 {Sz/t. 2d Lt. T,d Arty., July i, '5S') (Com. of Subs. (Maj.), June 23, '74-) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col, and Brevet Col., IMarch 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services in the Subsistence Department during the war. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen , April 9, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in his 
 department during the war. 
 
 SMART, CHARLES. 
 
 [Asst. Surg., Mar. 30, '64.) [Asst. Surg., Mar. 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 2, 1864, for meritorious services in the field during 
 the campaign before Richmond. 
 
 SMEDBERG, -WILLIAM R. 
 
 [ist Lt. \ifh Inf., May 14, '61.) [Capt. i^t/i Inf., Oct. 25, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 SMITH, ALFRED T. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. i,tli Inf., July i, '60.) {Capt. 8tA Inf., Sept 19, '6;^.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 Peninsular Campaign in Virginia. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 SMITH, ALGERNON E. 
 
 {2d It. ytA Cav., Aug. 9, '67.) {ut Lt. -jih Cav., Dec. 5, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 9, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Drury's Farm. Brevet Capt., August 9, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the capture of Fort Fisher, N. C. 
 
 SMITH, ANDREW^ H. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., July :i, '62.) {Asst. Sur., July 1 1, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and itaeritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 SMITH, ANDREW J. 
 {zdLt. 1st Drags., July I, '38.) {Col. Tt& Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Col, April 10, 1864, for, gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Pleasant Hill, La. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Tupelo, Miss. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 SMITH, ANDREW K. 
 
 [Asst. Surg.,,July 26, '53.) {Surgeon [Maj.], June 11, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 186c, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 SMITH, BENJAMIN F. 
 {Bvt. zdLt. 1st Inf., July i, '53.) {Maj. 2jtk Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in front of Petersburg, Va. 
 
524 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 SMITH, CHARLES F. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Arty., July i, '25.) (Col. ^d Inf., Sept g, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj May 9, 1846, for gallant and distinguished conduct at Palo Alto 
 and Resaca de la'Palma. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 23, 1846, for gallant 
 conduct at Monterey. Brevet Col , August 20, 1847, for gallant and merit- 
 orious conduct at Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 SMITH, CHARLES H. 
 
 (Col. 281/t Inf., July 28, '66.) (Col. \()th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gei., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Sailor's Creek, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 SMITH, EDMUND K. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. c/h Inf., July I, '45.) (Maj. 2d Cav., Jan. 31, '61.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, foi^ gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras. 
 
 SMITH,;_EDMUND L. 
 
 (Capt. igt/i Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. \<jth Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 SMITH, ED"WARD S. 
 
 (2d Lt. ifh Arty.. June i, '65.) (ist Lt. /[th Arty., July 14, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., June i, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 services. 
 
 SMITH, EDWARD W. 
 
 (\st Lt. i$tA Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 18M Inf., Feb. 17, '6^.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 18, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the assault 
 upon Fort Wagner, S. C. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 2, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in front of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 SMITH, FRANK G. 
 
 (2d Lt i,th Arty., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. ifh Arty., Feb. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 SMITH, FREDERICK -W. 
 
 (2d Lt <)ih Cav., July 28, '66 ) (\st Lt <)th Cav., July 12, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the operations before Petersburg, Va. 
 
 SMITH, GERARD D. 
 
 (id Lt 6th Inf., Jan. 3, '12.) (Capt 6th Inf., June 30, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 SMITH, GEORGE W. 
 (2d Lt i-jth Inf., Oct 13, '62.) (Capt I'jth Inf., Oct 19, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., May lo, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 52$ 
 
 SMITH, GEORGE 'W. 
 
 (Caft. iSfA Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) {Caft. \%th Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., September i, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign, and in the battle of 
 Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 SMITH, GUSTAVUS W. 
 
 {Bvt. zd Lt. Engrs., July i, '42. ) (ist Lt. Engrs., Mar. 3, '53.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras. 
 
 SMITH, HENR'S' E. 
 
 (ist Lt. \2thlnf.. May 14, '61.) (Capt. 21st Inf., Aug. 31, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 SMITH, HENRY W. 
 
 (2d Lt. yl Cav., Aug. 9, '67.) (zd Lt. ■^d Cav., Aug. 9, '67.) 
 
 Brevet i.st Lt., Brevet Capt., and Brevet Maj., August 9, 1867, for gallant 
 and meritorious conduct during the war. 
 
 SMITH, JACOB H. 
 
 (Caft. jyA Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) (Capt. \()th Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 7, 1867, for gallant conduct at the battle of Shiloh, Tenn., 
 April 6, 1862. 
 
 SMITH, JAMES. 
 
 (Ens. -^ Inf., Mar. 27, '12.) (\st Lt. yl Inf., April 15, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1816 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 2d 
 Lt. 1st Infantry, with brevet of ist Lt. from April 15, 1814. 
 
 SMITH, JARED A. 
 
 (2d Lt. Engrs., June 17, '62.) (Maj. Engrs., Jan. 13, '74 ) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 9, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the war. 
 
 SMITH, J. L. KIRBY. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Top. Engrs., July i, '57.) (\st Lt. Top. Engrs., Aug. 3, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 25, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 Shenandoah Valley, Va. Brevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the capture of Island No. 10, in the Mississippi river. Bre- 
 vet Lt.-Col., May 28, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the siege of 
 Corinth, Miss., where he repulsed a rebel sortie. Brevet Col., October 4, 1862, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Corinth, Miss., where he 
 was killed. 
 
 SMITH, JOHN E. 
 
 (Col 2-ith Inf., July 2S, '66.) (Col. i/^h Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Brig. -Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in action at Savannah, Ga., in December, 1864. 
 
S26 . BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 SMITH, JOHN H. 
 
 (2d Lt. zd Arty., Aug. lo, '63.) {1st LI. 2d Arty., June 13, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and faithful services during the 
 war. 
 
 SMITH, JOHN L. 
 (2d Lt. Engrs., Oct. 16, '13.) {Maj. of Engrs., July 7, '38,) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 29, 1830, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Lt.-CoL, April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the bat- 
 tle of Cerro Gordo. Brevet Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct at the battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 SMITH, JOSEPH R. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Dec. 15, '54.) (Surg. (M.ij), June 11, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for superior ability and excellent manage- 
 ment of the affairs of his Depar.ment.' Brevet Col., November 22, 1866, for 
 meritoi-ious services and devotion to the sick during the prevalence of cholera 
 at Little Rock, Ark. 
 
 SMITH, JOSEPH R. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Inf., July i, '23.) (Maj. Jt/i Inf., June II, '51.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Col., April g, 1865, for meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for long and 
 faithful services. 
 
 SMITH, JOSEPH S. 
 (Asst. Surg., May 28, '6r.) (Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 SMITH, LARKIN. 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 3i//«/, July I, '35.) (Capt. St/i Inf., July 21, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, fo"^ gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 SMITH, LEMUEL. 
 (zd Lt tjth Arty., Oct. 31, '63.) (1st Lt. tfh Arty., —. — , — .) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 SMITH, LESLIE. 
 
 (zd Lt. 1st Inf., April 30, '61.) (Capt. 1st Inf., April 6, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 SMITH, MARTIN L. 
 (Bvt. zdLt. Top. Engrs., July 1, '42.) (Capt, Top. Engrs., July 1, '56.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., May 30, 184S, for meritorious conduct while serving in the 
 enemy's country. 
 
 SMITH, PERSIFOR P. 
 
 (Col. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) (Brig.-Gen., Dtc. 30, '56.) 
 
 Brevet Brig -Gen., September 23, 1S45, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Monterey. Brevet Maj.-Gen., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 aoii4uct at Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 527' 
 
 SMITH, ROBERT B. 
 
 {istZt. wth Inf., May 14, '6i.) {ist Lt. wth Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October i, 1864, for gallant service at the battle of Chapel 
 House, Va. 
 
 SMITH, SIMEON. 
 
 [P. M. (Maj.), Aug. 29, '61.) ( P. M. [Maj.), Aug. 29, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1S65, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 SMITH, THOMAS A. 
 
 (zd Lt. Arty., Dec.lt,, 'o-^.) (Brig.-Gen., yan. 2^,^14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1S15 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, 1S15), as 
 Colonel Rifle Regiment, with Brevet of Brig -Gen. from January 24, 1814. 
 
 SMITH, THOMAS F. 
 
 (Ens. Rifles. July 2, '13.) (Capt. 1st Inf., April 25, 'ig.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 25, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 SMITH, WILLIAM F. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Top. Engrs., July i, '45.) (Maj. Engrs., Mar. 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., June 28, 1862, for gallant and meritorious sei vices at the 
 battle of White Oak Swamp, Va. Brevet Col., September 17, 1862, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services at Antietam, Md. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 Brevet Maj. -Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 field during the war. 
 
 SMOOT, WILLIAM S. 
 
 (2dLt. Ordn. Dep., Jan. 29, '64.) (\st Lt. Ordn. Dept., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 13, 1865, for faitliful and meritorious service in the 
 Ordnance Department. 
 
 SMYSER, JACOB H. 
 
 (20? Lt. id Arty., May 6, '6l.) (Capt. Ordn. Dept , Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service in the 
 Ordnance Department. 
 
 SMYTH, HAROLD. 
 
 (istLt of Arty., Mar. 6, '12.) (ist Lt. Arty., Mar. 6, '12.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 11, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Platts- 
 burg. 
 
 SMYTH, JOHN L. 
 
 (2dLt. lotA Inf., Aug. 10, '63.) (Capt. loth Inf., Nov. 7, '65.) , 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt., July 30, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in action in front of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 SMYTH, WILLIAM H. 
 
 (ist Lt. 16th Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) (Capt. i(sth Inf., Dec. 26, '64.) 
 
 ■ Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., September 19, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
528 BREVKTS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 SNELLING-, JAMES G. S. 
 
 {JBvt. 2dZt. 8tA Inf., July i, '45.) (Capt. loth Inf., Mar. 3, '55.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey. 
 
 SNELIiING, JOSIAH Jr. 
 
 {\st Lt. 4tk Inf., May 3, '08.) (Col. ^h Inf., June I, '19.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., for gallant conduct at the battle of Brownstown, August 9, 1812. 
 SNYDSR, CHARLES. 
 
 [2d Lt. 8tA Inf., Aus^. 5, '61.) (Caft. %th Inf., Aug. 6, '67.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., August 9, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. Brevet Capt., July 30, 1864, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious services in action in front of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 SNYDER, GEORGE D. 
 
 (Ens. tfh Inf., April 30, '12.) (\st Lt. tjth Inf., June 25, '14.) 
 
 Retained, December, 1815 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, 1815), 
 as 2d Lt. of Artillery, withi Brevet of ist Lt. from June i, 1814. 
 
 SNYDER, GEORGE W. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. Engrs., July i, '56.) (ist Lt. Engrs., July I, '60.) 
 
 Brevet Capt.; April 14, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services in defense 
 
 of Fort Sumter, S. C. ISrevet Maj., July 21, 1861, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 services in the Manassas campaign. 
 
 SNYDER, JAMES A. 
 
 (2d Lt. %dlnf, Aug. s, '61.) (Capt. ^d Inf., Dec. 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 3, 1863, for gallai\t and meritorious services at the battle 
 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 SOMERBY, RUPUS. 
 
 (2d Lt. %th Cav., June 18, '67.) (1.9/ Lt. 8tk Cav. Sept. 7, '69.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., August 30, 186S, for gallant conduct in engagements with the 
 Apache Indians between A,ugust 30, 1868, and September 12, 1868. Brevet 
 Capt., October 7, i863, for gallant and efficient services in laction with the 
 Apache Indians between October 7 and 23, l86S. 
 
 SOMMER, HENRY. 
 
 (2dLt.2dInf.,Feli.i%'(>z) ' (\st Lt. 2d Inf., Fei. 16, '6$-) 
 
 Brevet Ist Lt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Capt., May 12, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Spottsylvania Court House, Va. 
 
 SOUDERS, JACOB A. 
 (2d it. i^tk Inf., May 17, '67.) (2d Lt. ^^th Inf., May 17, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 17, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Fort Sanders, Tenn. Brevet Capt., May 17, 1867, for gallaiit and merit- 
 orious services in the battle of Winchester, Va. 
 
 SF ANGLER, JOHN VT. 
 (2d Lt. 6th Cav., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 6th Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the Get- 
 tysburg campaign. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. S^9 
 
 SPAULDING, EDWARD J. 
 
 {2illt. 2d Cav.„yuly 17, '62.) (Capt. 2d Cav.. Feb. 12, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Beverly Ford, Va. 
 
 SPAULDING, GEORGE S. 
 
 (2d Lt. 33d Inf., July 28, '66.) ( \st Lt. 33,/ Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 
 SPENCER, THOMAS J. 
 
 [idLt. loth Cav., July 28, '66.) (ist Lt. loth Cav., June I, '67.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 SPENCER, "WILLIAM C. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) (Surg. (Maj.), July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 SPOTTS, SAMUEL. 
 
 {2dLt. of Arty., Feb. 10, '12.) {Capt. 3d Arty., May 8, '22.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., January 8, 1815, for gallant conduct at the siege of New Or- 
 leans. 
 
 SPRA6UE, CHARLES J. 
 
 [istLt. ()th Inf., Aprilf), '47.) (Paymaster (Maf.), Jan. 17, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 SPRAGUE, JOHN T. 
 
 [2dLt. tfh Inf., July 3, '37.) (Col. -jth Inf., June 12, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 15, 1842, for meritorious and successful conduct in the 
 war against the Florida Indians. Brevet Maj., May 30, 1848, for meritorious 
 conduct 
 
 SPROUL, JOHN. 
 
 (Capt. 13th Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Maj. 13th Inf., July 25, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 181 5, as Captain 2d Infantry (in reorganization under Act of 
 March 3, 1815), with Brevet of Major from July 25, 1814. 
 
 SPURGIN, "WILLIAM F. 
 
 (irf Lt. 3Zth Inf., July 28, '66.) [Capt. 21st Inf., June 2, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Johnsouville, Tenn. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 STAGE"?, MA"5r H. 
 
 [utLt. I2th Inf., May 14, '6l.) (Capt. I2t/t Inf., Aug. 19, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 18, 1864, for gallant service during oi^erations on the 
 Weldon R. K., Va. Brevet Maj., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 service during campaign terminating with the surrender of the insurgent army 
 under Gen. Lee. Brevet Lt-Col., April 9, 1865, for gallant and efificient service 
 in the engagements on the Weldon R. R., Va., 18, 19, and 21 of August, 1864. 
 
53° BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 STANIFORD, THOMAS. 
 
 {Ens. wfh Inf., Oct. 12, '12.) ^,Col. ^d Inf., Feb. 23, '52.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March i, 1830, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., May 9. 1846, for gallant conduct in the battles of Palg Alto 
 and Resaca de la 'Palma. Brevet Col., September 23, 1846, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Monterey. 
 
 STANHOPE, PHILIP W. 
 
 [Caft. izth Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 12th Inf., May 14, '6i.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 18, 1864, for gallant services during the operations on 
 the Weldon R. R. Brevet Lt.-Col., October 2, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 service in action at Saltville, Va. 
 
 STANLEY, DAVID S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. zd Drags., July i, '53,) {Col. zzd Inf, July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at 
 the battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Col., May 15, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious .service at the battle of Resaca, Ga Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Ruff's Station, Va. 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Franklin, Tenn. 
 
 STANLEY, WILLIAM. 
 
 (2dLt. 10th. Inf., Oct. 31, '63.) (Capt. lot/i Inf, Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., May 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Capt., June 3, 1864, for gallant and merit-, 
 orious service at the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
 STANSBURY, HOWARD E. 
 
 (ist Lt. i^t/t Inf., May 14, '61.) [Capt. 19/// Inf., Nov. 25, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September r, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service during 
 the Atlanta campaign. Brevet Maj., December 16, 1864, for gallant and meri- 
 torious service at the battles of Franklin and Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 STANTON, ALEXANDER H. 
 
 {2d Lt. 1st Cav., May 4, '66.) {\st Lt. 1st Cav., July'i, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 5, i863, for gallantry in an engagement with a large band 
 of Indians on Malheur River, Oregon, April 5, 186S. 
 
 STANTON, HENRY. 
 
 {T,dLl. Lt. Arty., June 29, '13 ) {A. Q. M. G. {Col), July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., May 13, 1830, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., January i, 1847, for meritorious conduct, particularly jn 
 performing his duties in prosecuting the war with Mexico. 
 
 STAN WOOD, FRANK. 
 
 {2d Lt. 2d Cav., Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. ^d Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for coolness, energy, and skill in battle. 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., August I, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 STAPLES, WRIGHT. 
 
 {2d Lt. iit/i Inf., June 30, '62.) {ist Lt. lUh Inf., Nov. 4, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
. TO THE PRESENT ■ TIME. 531 
 
 STARR, SAMUEL H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Drags., June 28, '48.I, [Maj. 6th Cnv., April 25, '62-) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service in action near 
 Williamsburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., June 21, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 service in action at Upperville, Va. Brevet Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious service at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 STEELE, FREDERICK. 
 
 (Evt. 2dLt. 2d Inf., July i, '43.) {Col. 20th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Chapultepec. Brevet Col., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service 
 in the campaign resulting in the capture of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Brig.-Gen., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the cajJture of Little 
 Rock, Ark. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 STEELE, GEORGE G. 
 {Caft. 161A Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Maj. y^th Inf., Sept. 4, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1816 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815J, as Capt. 
 2d Inf. with Brevet of Maj., from September 4, 1814. 
 
 STEELE, WILLIAM. 
 
 {jBvt. 2d Lt. 2d Drags., July i, '40.) (Capt. 2d Drags., Nmi. 10 '51.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cou- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 STEEN, ALEXANDER E. 
 
 (ziLt \2th Inf., April 9, '47.) (\st Lt. 'id Inf., Sept. 28, '57.) 
 
 ' Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con-, 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 STEEN, ENOCH. 
 (liLt. Mtd. Rangers, July 16, '32.) (Lt.-Col., 2d Cav., Sept. 28, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Buena 
 Vista. 
 
 STEVENS, CHARLES. 
 (Ens. yl Inf., June 29, '13.) (ist Lt. -yllnf, yuly 20, '14.) 
 
 Retained, December, 1815, (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 
 2d Lt. 8th Inf., with brevet ist Lt. from July 20, 1814. 
 
 STEPTOE, EDWARD J. 
 
 (2dLt -^d Arty., yuly i, '37.) (Lieut.-Col. \oth Inf., Sept. 9, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious con- 
 duct at Chapultepec. 
 
 STERNBERG, GEORGE M. 
 (Asst Surg, May 28, '61.) (Surgeon (Maj.), Dec. i, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 STEUART, ADAM D. 
 
 f Resigned Feb. I, '55, reappoint- 
 (Paymr. Jan. 14, '23.) \ ed Paymr. (Maj.), May 31, 
 
 { '61.) 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct while serving in the 
 
532 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 1 8 12 
 
 enemy's country. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 STEVENS, ISAAC I. 
 
 {2d Lt. Engrs., July i, '39.) (ist Lt. Engrs., July I, '40.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 STEVENS, PHINEAS. 
 
 (2dLt. Y-]th Inf., Feb. 23, '66 ) (irf Lt lyth Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service during 
 the war. 
 
 STEVENSON, JOHN. 
 
 (Col. ■yith Inf., Jiily 28, '66.) (Col. zath Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen. March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Champion Hill, Miss. 
 
 STEWART, CHARLES S. 
 
 (2d Lt. Engrs., July i, '46.) (Lt.-Col. Engrs. Mafch 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., February 25, 1865, for long, faithful, and efficient services. 
 Brevet Col , March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 war. 
 
 STEWART, JAMES. 
 
 (2d Lt. ifh Arty., Nov. 15, '61.) (Capt. \%th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant service at the battle of Spottsyl- 
 vania Court House, Va. and during the campaign before Richmond. Brevet 
 Maj , August i8, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle on the 
 Welden R. R., Va. 
 
 STICKNEY, AMOS. 
 
 (\st Lt. Engrs., June 13, '64.) (Capt. Engrs., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 21, 1864, for zeal and efficiency in the discharge of his 
 duties with the army of the Tennessee during the campaign of 1864 in Georgia. 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service during the 
 campaign in Georgia and the Carolinas. 
 
 STICKNEY, CLIFPORB. 
 
 (\st Lt. 20tk Inf., July 28, '66.) (\st Lt. 20th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 capture of Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 1864. 
 
 STIMPSON, FRANK E. 
 
 (idLt. x-jth Inf., Mar. 17, '63.) (\st Lt \^th Inf., May 25, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 STIVERS, EDWIN J. 
 
 (2dLt. ipth Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist Lt. 2t,th Inf., Sept. 15, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat- 
 tle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 533 
 
 STOCKTON, HO-WARD. 
 
 (zdLt. ofOrd., May 23, '64.) (ist Lt. of Ord., May 13, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt, September 14, 1866, for meritorious ser- 
 vices. 
 
 STOCKTON, SAMUEL "W. 
 (2dLt. ifh Cav., May 4, '61.) (Caft. i^h Cav. Mar. 14, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, June 18, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 expedition of General Hunter against Lynchburg, Va. Brevet Maj. and Brevet 
 Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 STOCKTON, THOMAS. 
 
 [Capt. of Arty., Sept. 10, 'I2.) [Maj. i,%d Inf., April 15, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1815 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as Capt. 
 6th Inf. with brevet of Maj., from April 15, 1814. 
 
 STODDARD, ASA A. 
 
 (idLt. <)th Inf., AprilC), 47.) (\st Lt. <}th Inf., Sept. — '47.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt, September 13, 1847, f"'' gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 STONE, CHARLES P. 
 
 (Biit. 2dLt. of Ord., July I, '45.) (Col. nth Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Molino del Rey. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and merit- 
 orious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 STONE, EBENEZER "W. 
 
 [2dLt. \zth Inf., May 1 1, '66.) ( \st Lt. 21st Inf., Mar. 26, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Williamsburg, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for 
 gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet 
 Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of 
 Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 STONE, RODERICK. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Inf., July I, '59.) ' [Capt. 14M Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 21, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Valverde, N. M. 
 
 STONE, VALENTINE H. 
 
 [istLt. tfh Arty., May 14, '61.) [Capt cfh Arty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., January 23, 1865. No service given in nomination or com- 
 mission. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service 
 during the war. 
 
 STONEMAN, GEORGE. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Drags., July 1, '46.) [Col. 21st Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Col., December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13,1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious service in the capture of Charlotte, N. C. Brevet Maj.-Gen., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the 
 
534 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 ST. ONGE, SAMUEL E. 
 
 {zdLt. i6th Inf., April 7, '62.) {.Capt. \6th Inf., Aug. 14, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the. 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Maj., September I, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious service during the Atlanta campaign and at the battle of Jones- 
 boro, Ga. 
 
 STORY, HORACE C. 
 
 (2.d Lt. Engrs., Mar. 11, '14.) (u^ Lt. Engrs., April 15, '18.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 17, 1814, for gallant conduct in the defense of 
 Fort Erie. 
 
 STORROW, SAMUEL A. 
 
 {Asst. Surgeon, Aug. J, '61.) {Surgeon {Maj.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 STRANG, EDWARD J. 
 
 {A. Q. M. (Capt.), Jan. i8, '67.) (A. Q. M. [Capt), Jan. 18, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious 
 services in his Department during the war. 
 
 STRICKLAND, LYMAN S. 
 
 {\st Lt. \6th Inf., May 14, '61.) {Capt. l6tk Inf., May 5, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service during 
 the Atlanta campaign and at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 STRONG, RICHARD P. 
 
 {2clLt. yt/i Inf., Feb. 23,- '66.) {istU. /s,th Arty.'' May i, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the cap- 
 ture of Fort Blakely, Ala. 
 
 STRYKER, WILLIAM G. 
 
 {ist Lt. Sig. Corps, Mar. 3, '63.) {\st Lt. Sig. Corps, Mar, 3, ^63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 5, 1864, for faithful and meritorious service. 
 STUART, JAMES. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. Mid. Rifles, July I, '46.) {id Lt. Mtd. Rifles, Oct. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 STURGEON, SHELDON. 
 
 {2.d Lt 1st Inf., May 6, '61.) {Capt. 6tA Cav., Apl. 25, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 war. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service 
 during the war. 
 
 STURGIS SAMUEL D. 
 
 {Bvt..2d Lt. 2d Drags., July i, '46.) {Col yt/i Cav., Mar. 6, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 10, 1861, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 
 battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo. Brevet Col., August 29, 1862, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious service in the battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 535 
 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of South 
 .Mountain and Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious service at the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862. 
 
 SULLIVAN, THOMAS C. 
 
 [2dLt. istArly., "July i, '56.) {Com. of Sub. [Maj.), Afl. 14, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service during the viar. 
 
 SULLY, ALFRED. 
 [zdLt. 2d Inf., July 2, '41.) (Col. 2\st Inf., Decxo, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., June i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Col., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious service in the campaign against the Indians in 
 the .North-west, and at the battle of White Stone Hill, D. T. 
 
 SUMNER, EDWIN V. 
 
 \2dLt. 2d Inf., Mar. 3, '19.) (Brig.-Gen., Mar. 16, '61.) 
 
 ' Brevet Lt.-Col., April iS, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Col., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 ■atMoHno del Rev. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 31, i8fi2, for gallant and merit- 
 orious conduct in the battle of Fair Oaks, Va. 
 
 SUMNER, EDWIN V. 
 
 {2dLt. 1st Can., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. 1st Cav., Sept. 23, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Todds's Tavern, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meri- 
 torious service during the war. 
 
 SUMMERHAYES, J. W. 
 
 (2dLt. ZZdlnf, Jan. 22, '67.) ( \st Lt. Zth Inf., Dec. 15, '74.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Balls Bluff, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
 SUMNER SAMUEL S. 
 
 (2dLt. tfh Cav., June II, '61.) (Capt. tfh Cav., March 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., June i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious' service at the bat- 
 tle of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious service at the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the campaign against Vicks- 
 burg. 
 
 SUTBR, CHARLES R. 
 
 (2dLt. Engrs., ^ne 17, '62.) (Maj. of Engrs., Oct. 10, '71.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 18, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the siege 
 of Morris Island, S. C. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and merit- 
 orious service during the war. 
 
 SUTHERLAND, CHARLES. 
 
 (Asst. Surg-, Aug. 5, '52.) (Surg. (Col.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service during 
 the war. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious and diligent discharge 
 of duties during the war. 
 
536 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 SUTORIOXTS, ALEXANDER. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2<i Cav., April 22, '63.) (Capt. 3/ Cav., May 6, '69.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., November 15, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service in 
 action near Tuscumbia, Ala. 
 
 SUTTON, ALBERT G. 
 
 (isf Lt. it,th Inf., April g, '47.) (1st Lt. l^tA Inf., April % 47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapul tepee. 
 
 SWAIM, DAVID G. 
 
 (zd Lt. li^h Inf., July 28, '66.) (J. A. (Maj.), Dec. 9, '69.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., Brevet Capt., and Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious service during the war. 
 
 SW^AINE, PETER T. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt 1st Inf., July i, '52.) (Lt.-Col. xtfh Inf., Oct. 24, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col , December 31, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1865, for faithful and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 SWAN, WILLIAM W. 
 
 (1st. Lt lyth Inf, May 14, '61.) (Capt. lyth Inf., April 20, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, and during the present campaign before Richmond, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., 
 April I, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at Five Forks, Va. 
 
 SWARTWOUT, HENRY A. 
 
 (1st Lt. i-]th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt lyth Inf., May 26, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battles of Spottsyl- 
 vania and North Anna, and during the present campaign before Richmond, 
 Va. 
 
 SWAYNE, WAGER. 
 
 (Col. 1,1th Inf., July 28, '66.) (Col. i,ith Inf., July 28, '6d) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 action of Rivers Bridge, S. C, February 2, 1865. Brevet Maj. -Gen., March 2, 
 1867, for gallant and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 SWEATMAN, ROBERT. 
 
 (2d Lt. tfh Cav., July 17, '62.) (Capt. t^th Cav., Nmi. 4, '67.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 Gettysburg campaign. Brevet Capt., May 10, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 service in action at Beaver Dam, Va, 
 
 SWEET, WILLIAM E. 
 
 (istLt. i%th Inf., Jan. 22, 67.) (1st Lt. r^th Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Berryville, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the battle of Winchester, Va, 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 537 
 
 S"WEITZBR, NELSON B 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Drags., July i, '53.) [Aft;. 2d Civ., July 28, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 Peninsular campaign in Virginia. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 19, 1864, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Winchester, Va. Brevet Col., 
 March 13, 1865, for distinguished gallantry at the battles of Vellow Tavern and 
 Meadow Bridge, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services during the war. 
 
 SWETT, MOSES. 
 
 (2dLt.\(>th Inf., Jan. 8, 1799.) [Capt. Arty., June yi, 1807.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 30, 1817, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 SWIFT, EBENEZER. 
 (Asst. Surg. Aug. 30, '47.) {Surg. (Maj.), May 21, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., July 20, 1867, for meritorious ser- 
 vices voluntarily rendered during the prevalence of cholera at Fort Harker, 
 Kas. 
 
 SWIFT, JOSEPH. G. 
 (2d Lt. Engrs., Oct. 12, 'oz.) ■ (Col. of Engrs. July 2^, '12.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., February 19, 1814, for meritorious services. 
 SWORDS, THOMAS. 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 4tA Inf., July I, '29.) (A. Q. M. G. (Col.), Aug. 3, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-CoI., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct while serving in the 
 enemy's country. Brevet Brig.-Gen. and Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 faithful and efficient services in the Quartermaster's Department during the 
 war. 
 
 SYKES, GEORGE. 
 (Bvt 2dLt. yilnf, July 1, '42.) [Col. 20th Inf, Jan. 20, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Auril iS, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Col., June 2-1, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Brisi.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 SYMINGTON, JOHN. 
 
 (■^Lt Ord., Mar. 2, '15.) (Col. of Ordn., Aug. 3, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 17, 1830, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 SYMONDS, HENRY C. 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Arty., July i, '53.) (Com. of Subsce. (Maj.), Feb. 9, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and merit- 
 orious services during the war. 
 
 TAGGART, DAVID. 
 
 (Paymaster (M.ij.), May 30, '61.) (Paymaster (Maj.), May 30, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 TALCOTT, ANDREW. 
 (Svt. 2d Lt. Engrs., Jidy 24, 'i&.) (Capt. Engrs., Dec. 22, '20.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October i, 1830, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 34 
 
538 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 TALCOTT, GEORGE. 
 
 (Zdtt. itjth Inf., July 10, '13.) (Col. of Ordn., Mar. 25, '48.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 5, 1823, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Bre- 
 vet Brig.-Gen., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct, particularly in perform- 
 ing his duties in prosecuting the vfar with Mexico. 
 
 TALCOTT, GEORGE H. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. T,d Arty., July i, '31 .) (Capt. of Ordn., Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December 31, 1835, far gallant conduct in the war against 
 the Florida Indians. Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., .September 8, 1847, for 
 gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Molino del Rey. 
 
 TAPLIN, CHARLES. 
 
 (\st Lt. I2th Inf., Apt. 9, '47.) i,Capt., I2tk Inf., Mar. — , '48.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 bafttles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 TARDY, JOHN A, 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., July i, '60.) {.Capt. Engrs., Mar. 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 TARLTON,ELISHA "W. 
 
 {2d Lt. id Cav., Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. 3d Cav., Oct. 27, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November 15, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in ac- 
 tion at Tuseumbia, Ala. 
 
 TASSIN, AUGUSTUS G. 
 
 {Capt. \2th Inf., July 28, '66.) {Capt. 12th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Mission Ridge, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the capture of Atlanta. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for 
 gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Nashville. 
 
 TAYLOR, ALFRED B. 
 
 {2d Lt. tfh Cav., Oct. 31, '63.) {Capt. -ifh Cav., June 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious conduct during the 
 campaign terminating with the surrender of General Lee's army. 
 
 TAYLOR, FRANCIS. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. ifli Arty., July i, '25.) {Major 1st Arty., Mar. 3, '5^.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 18, 1847, for galknt and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Churubusco. 
 
 I TAYLOR, FRANCE B. 
 
 {2d Lt. 1st Arty., Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. 1st Arty., Feb. 1, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 8, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the cap- 
 ture of Port Hudson, La. IBrevet Maj., September 19, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Winchester, Va. 
 
 TAYLOR, GEORGE. 
 
 Asst. Sur., Apl. 1, '56.) {Surgeon (Maj.), Aug. 27, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 he war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 539 
 
 TAYLOR. GEORGE. 
 
 {id Lt. id Arty., July i, '37.) ( Capt. yi Arty., Feb. 16, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 1, 1842, for gallant and meritorious services in the war 
 against the Florida Indians. Brevet Maj., October 9, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct in the battle of Huamantla, Mex. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOSEPH H. 
 
 (Bvt. idLt. 1st Cav., July 1, '56.) (A. A. G. (Maj.), Mar. 30, '66.) 
 
 ■ Brevet Maj., June i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 17, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Col., August 13, i866, 
 for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN McL. 
 
 [2dLt. 2d Arty., Mar. 3, '48.) (Com. of Sub. (Maj.), Feb. 9, '6l.) 
 
 .Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service during 
 the war. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services 
 in his department during the war. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOSEPH P. 
 (ylLt. 2%th Inf., May 20, '13.) (Com. Gen. of Sub. (Brig.-Gen.), Feb. 9, '63.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1816 (in reorganization under the Act of March 3, 1815), as 
 2d Lt. State Artillery, with Brevet of ist Lt., from July 15, 1814 (date of ap- 
 pointment as 1st Lt. 28th Infantry). Brevet Col., May 30, 1848, for meritorious 
 conduct, particularly in performing his duties in prosecuting the war with 
 Mexico. 
 
 TAYLOR, LEWIS. 
 (Asst. Surg., Mar. 3, '57.) (Surgeoti (Maj.), Aug. 14, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 TAYLOR, OLIVER H. P. 
 
 (Bvt 2d Lt. \st Drags., July i,_'46.) (1st Lt. ist Drags., Feb. 21, '53.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., February 4, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Em- 
 budo and Taos, Mex. Brevet Capt., March 16, 1848, for gallant and merit- 
 orious conduct at Santa Cruz de Rosales. 
 
 TAYLOR, ZACHARY. 
 
 (ist Lt. -jth Inf., May 3, '08.) (Major-Gen., June 29, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 5, 1812, for gallant conduct in the defence of Fort 
 Harrison. Brevet Brig.-Gen., December 25, 1837, for distinguished services 
 in the battle of Okeechobee with Stminole Indians. Brevet Maj.-Gen., May 
 28, 1846, for gallant conduct and distinguished services at Palo Alto and Re- 
 saca de la Palma on May 8 and 9, 1846. 
 
 TELFORD, JOHN G. 
 
 (2d Lt. \T,th Inf., Mar. 21, '66.) (ist Lt. J,\st Inf., Nov. I, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Lewisburg, Va., May 23, 1862. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services in the action at Cumberland Gap in 1863. 
 
 TEMPLE, WILLIAM J. 
 
 (Capt. \-]th Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Capt. I'jth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
540 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 TEN BROECE, PETER G. S. 
 
 {Asst. Stirg.,Dec. 13, '47.) (Surgeon (Major), May 21, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 TEN EYCK, TBNODOR. 
 
 (Capf. \%th Inf., Feb. 19, '62.) [Capt. \Wi Inf., Feb. 19, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 
 war. 
 
 TERRY, ALFRED H. 
 
 [Brig.-Gen., Jan. 15, '65.) (Brig.-Gen., Jan. 15, '05.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. -Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 
 the capture of Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 THATCHER, HORACE K. 
 
 (Caft. \ifh Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 14M Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battles of North 
 Anna, Bethesda Church, &c. 
 
 THAYER, SYLVANUS. 
 
 [id Lt. Engrs., Feb. 23, '08.) (Col. of Engrs., Mar. 3, %■>,:) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 20, 1815, for distinguished and meritorious services 
 at Norfolk, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 3, 1823, for distinguished and merit- 
 orious services. Brevet Col., March 3, 1833, for 10 years' faithful service in 
 one grade. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful services. 
 
 THBAKBR, HUGH A. 
 
 (istLt. 16th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i6th Inf,July 28, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., November 25, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn. 
 
 THIBMAN, AUGUST. 
 
 (2d Lt. \2th Inf., Nov. 6, '62.) (ist Zt. \2th Inf., April 10, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of .Spottsyl- 
 
 vania, Va. Brevet Maj., August 18, 1864, for gallant services at the battle on 
 
 the Weldon Rail Road, Va. 
 
 THOM, GEORGE. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Top. Engrs., July \, '39.) (Lt.-Col. Engrs., July 10, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 
 faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 THOMAS, CHARLES. 
 
 (idLt. Ord., Aug. 13, '19.) (A. Q. M. G. (Col.), Aug i, '56.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct while serving in the 
 enemy's country. Brevet Brig.-Gen., July 5, 1864, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Maj. -Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful, merit- 
 orious and distinguished services in the Quartermaster's Department during 
 the war. 
 
 THOMAS, CHARLES "W. 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. itk Inf., July i, '55.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), June 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. S4I 
 
 THOMAS, EVAN. 
 
 (2d Lt. i^h Arty., April g, '61.) (Capt. 6fh Arty., Aug. 31, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 13, 1862, for gallant aud meritorious services at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Maj., July 3, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 THOMAS, GEORGE H. 
 
 [idLt. id Arty., July i, '40.) (Maj.-Gen.., Dec. IJ, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., November 6, 1S41, for gallant and good conduct in the -vizx 
 against the Florida Indians. Brevet Capt., Septemljer 23, 1846, for gallant 
 conduct at Monterey, Mexico. Brevet Maj., February 23, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct in the battle of Buena Vista. 
 
 THOMAS, HENRY G. 
 
 {Capt. wth Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) [Maj. ifh Inf., Oct. 22, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 12, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 30, 1864, for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services in front of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig. -Gen., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 THOMAS, LORENZO. 
 
 {2d Lt. ifh Inf., July i, '23.) [Adjt.-Gen. [Brig. Gen.), Aug. 3, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col.,. September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Brig.-Gen , May 7, 1861. No service mentioned in body 
 of commission. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 THOMAS, LORENZO, Jr. 
 
 {2d Lt. 1st Arty., April 24, '61.) [Capt. 1st Arty., Nov. 4, '(iT,.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 THOMAS, PHILIP K. 
 
 {2dLt. yl Cav., Oct. 24, '61.) {Capt. ^d Cav., July 28, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 THOMPSON, A. B. 
 
 {dipt. i8t/t Inf., Aug. s, '61.) {Capt. i?,t/i Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 3:, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 THOMPSON, ALEXANDER R. 
 
 {2dLt. 6th Inf., Jan. 3, '12.) {Lt.-Col, 6th Inf., Sept. 6, '37.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May i, 1824, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 THOMPSON, HENRY A. 
 
 {2dLt. Arty., July i, '19.) {Capt. ifh Arty., Aug. 31, '36.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1832, for lo years' faithful service in one grade. 
 THOMPS ;N, JAMES. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Arty., July r, '51.) {Capt. 2d Arty., June 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious sei'vices at the battle 
 
 of Glendale, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col, March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 services at the battle of Cliickamau^a, Ga. 
 
542 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 THOMPSO JAMBS. 
 
 {2d Li. 4i/i Arty., Oct. 22, "62.) ( Capt. ^th /nf, Feb. 25, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., January 30, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 siege of Suffolk, Va. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 THOMPSON, JOHN A. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Drags., June 25, '55.) (Capt. ifh Cav., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 26, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Hoover's Gap, Tenn. 
 
 THOMPSON, J. MILTON. 
 
 (2dLt. ■i^th Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist Lt. 24M Inf., Niw. 4, '67!) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at James' 
 
 Island, S. C. ■ ' 
 
 THOMPSON, JOHN W. 
 
 (2d Lt. I4ti Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (ist Lt. lifh Inf., June 26, '13.) 
 
 Retained, May, 181 5 (in reorganization under act of that year), as 2d Lt. of 
 Ordnance, with brevet of ist Lt. from June 26, 1813. 
 
 THOMPSON, LEWIS. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Cav., Fed. i<), '62.) (Capt. 2d Cav., July 2%, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, June 21, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service in action at 
 Upperville, Va. Brevet Maj., September 25, 1865, for meritorious services 
 during the war. 
 
 THOMPSON, PHILIP R. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Drags., July 1, '35.) (Capt. 1st Drags,, June 30, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 28, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the 
 battle of Sacramento, Mexico. 
 
 THOMPSON, "WILLIAM. 
 
 (Capt. -jth Cav., July 28, '66.) (Caft. -jth Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Prairie Grove. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in action at Bayou Meter, Ark. 
 
 THOMSON, WILLIAM. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Aug. S, '60.) (Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '60.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 services during the war. 
 
 THORN, HERMANN. 
 
 \2dLt.2d Inf.,0ct\l.'\6.) (1st Lt. 2d Inf., July— .'i,^.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the 
 
 battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 THORNTON, ARTHUR W. 
 
 ( 2d Lt. ifh Inf., Nmi. 30, ' 19. ) ( Capt. ifh Inf., Nov. 28, 35.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 25, 1833, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 THORNTON, W^ILLIAM A. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Arty., July 1, '25.) (Col. ofOrdn., Sept. 15, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 30, 1848, for- meritorious conduct. Brevet Brig.-Gen,, 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 543 
 
 March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service in the Ordnance Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 THROCKMORTON, CHARLES B. 
 (zdLt. Ath Arty., Mar. 16, '61.) (Capt. i,th Arty., July 18, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious conduct during 
 .the war. 
 
 TIDBALL, JOHN C. 
 
 {Bvt. zdLt. yl Arty., July I, '48.) {Maj. zd Arty., Feb. 5, '67.) 
 
 I Brevet Maj . June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mill, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col , September 17, 1862, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the rebel attack on Fort 
 Steadman, Va. Brevet Brig., Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the field during the war. 
 
 TILFORD, JOSEPH G. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. Mtd. Rifles, July i, '51.) (Maj. yth Cav., Nov. 14, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 21, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Valverde, N. M. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful ser- 
 vices during the war. 
 
 TILSON, JOHN. 
 
 [Caft. i<jth Inf., Oct. 26, '6l.) (Capt. V)th Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 TILTON, HENRY R. 
 
 (Asst.Surg., Aug. 26, '61.) (Surg. (Maj), June 26, '76-) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 »• TIFFIN, ANDREW H. 
 
 (2d Lt \ith Inf., Mar. 5, '47.) (1st Lt. nth Inf., Dec. —, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 TIFTON, JACOB. 
 
 (Ens. Rifles, Dec. 31, '12.) (Capt. Jtk Inf, June i, '17.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1816 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, 181 5), as 
 2d Lt. 7th infantry, with Brevet of ist Lt. from November 7, 1814 (date of 
 appointment as istLt. Rifles). 
 
 TITUS, FLATT S. 
 
 (2dLt. itfh Inf., Mar. 9, '47.) (id Lt. \ifh Inf., Mar. 9, '47.)' 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in 
 the battle of Chapultepec. 
 
 TOLLES, CORNELIUS. 
 
 (1st Lt. iTfh Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. 13M Inf., — . — , — .,) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September ig, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at 
 the battle of Winchester, Va. 
 
544 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 TOMPKINS, CHARLES H 
 
 (2dLt. zdCav., Mar. 23, '61.) (Dep, Q. M. G. (Lt.-Col.), July 29, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , March 13, 1865, for gallant conduct at Fairfax C. H., Va. 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for meritorious service in campaign of Gens. 
 Bmks and McDoA-ell, in 1862 and 1S63. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 meritorious service in Quartermaster's Department, in 1863-4 and 5. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865. for faithful and meritorious service in the Quarter- 
 master's DeiJartment during the war. 
 
 TOMPKINS, DAN EL D. 
 
 {ylLt. Ordn.;Jiily i, '20.) (A. Q. M. G. [Col.), Dec. Z2, '56.) 
 
 r^' Brevet Maj., September 11, 1836, for gallant and meritorious conduct in 
 war against Florida Indians. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 30, 1848, for meritorious 
 conduct in the war with Mexico. 
 
 TORBERT, ALFRED T A. 
 
 (But. zd Lt. of Inf., JMy i, '55.) [Capt. c,t/i Inf., Sept. 25, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet I-t.-Col., May 28, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Hawes' Shop, Va. Brevet Col., September 19, 1864, 
 for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Winchester, Va. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of 
 Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service in the field during the war. 
 
 .TORBETT, FELIX H. 
 
 (2dLt. idt/i-rnf, Feb. 19, '63.) {Capt. i6t/i Inf., Mar. ig, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., SeiJtember i, 1864, for gallant and merito- 
 rious service during the Atlanta campaign, and at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 TOTTBN, JAMES. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 2d Arty., Jtilyi, '41.) [A. I. G. (Lt.-Col.], June 13, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , June 17, i86r, for gallant and meritorious service in action at 
 Booneville, Mo. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 10, 1861, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious service during the siege of Mobile, Ala. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritoiious service in the field dur- 
 ing the war. 
 
 TOTTEN, JOSEPH G. 
 
 (2dLt. Engrs., July i, '05 ) Chief of Engrs. (Brig.-Gen.), Mar. 3, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 6, i8r3, for meritorious services. Brevet Lt.-Col. 
 September ii, 18 14, for gallant conduct at the battle of Plattsburg. Breve' 
 Col., September 11, 1824, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Breve* 
 Brig.-Gen., March 29, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the siege of 
 Vera Cruz. Brevet Maj.-Gen., April 21, 1864, for long, faithful and eminent 
 services. 
 
 TOURTELLO E, J. E. 
 
 (Capt. 2Zth Irf. July 28, '66.) (Caft. y.h Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the siege 
 of Vicksbiirg, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merito- 
 rious service in the battle of Alatoona, Ga. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for 
 gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Bentonville, N. C. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME 5^5 
 
 TOWER, ZEALOUS 
 
 [td Lt. Engrs., July t, '41.) 'Col. of Engrs., Jan. 13, '74.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, fo'' gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13. 1S47, for gallant 
 and meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. Brevet Lt.-Col., November 22, 1861, 
 for gallant and meritorious service during defence of Fort Pickens, Fla. 
 Brevet Col., August g, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of 
 Cedar Mountain, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and mer- 
 itorious .service at the battle of Groveton, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the war. 
 
 TOWLB, GEORGE F. 
 
 {zdLt. \gih Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (ist Lt. \<)th Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service at Fort 
 Wagner, S. C. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vice at Russell's Mill. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service in the capture of Fort Fisher, N. C. 
 
 TOWN, FRANCIS L. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) [Surgeon [Maj.], Oct. 20, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1S65, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 service. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service 
 
 during the war. 
 
 TOWN, FRANKLIN E. 
 
 (2d Lt. xitk Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) {2d Lt. wth Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat 
 
 tie of Boydton Plank Road, Va. 
 
 TOWNSEND, ALFRED. 
 
 (2d Lt. \%th Inf., Nov. 10, 62.) ( !st Lt. iSt/i Inf., May 30, '63. ) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 TOWTTSEND, EDWARD D. 
 
 (zdLt. 2d Arty., July i, '37.) (Adjt.-Gen. (Brig. Gen.], Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., September 24, 1864, for faithful and meritorious service 
 during the war. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful, meritorious, 
 and distinguished services in the Adjutant-General's Department during the 
 war. 
 
 TOWNSEND, EDWIN F. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. yl Arty., July i, '54.) (Maj. (jth Inf., June 2?, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of 
 Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for continued and faithful ser- 
 vice in the Ordnance Department. 
 
 TOW^NSEND, FREDERICK. 
 
 (Maj. lith Inf., May 14, '61.) (Lt.-Col. gth Inf, April 20, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at 
 the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Col., March 30, 1865, for merito- 
 rious and faithful service in the recruitment of the armies of the United States. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 30, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service during 
 the war. 
 
 24* 
 
546 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM- l8l2 
 
 "-^ TO"WSON, NATHAN. 
 
 [dipt, ■zd Arty., July 6, '12.) (Paymaster- Gen., May 8, '22.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 8, 1812, for capturing the Brig Caledonia under the 
 guns of Fort Erie. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 5, 1814, for gallant and distinguished 
 conduct in the battle of Chippewa. Brevet Lt.-Col. Aug. 15, 18 14, for gallant 
 duct in the assault upon Fort Erie. Brevet Brig.-Gen., June 30, 1834. * 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct in the war with Mex- 
 ico. 
 
 * (For explanation of this brevet and the double brevet of Lieut.-Col., see 
 narrative, page 95.) 
 
 TRACBY, ALBERT. 
 [1st Lt. (jth Itt/., April 9, '47.) [MaJ.'iefh'Inf., June 10, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battle of Chapultepec. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, forfaithful and meri- 
 torious service during the war. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, forfaithful and 
 meritorious service during the campaign of 1862, under General Fremont in 
 Virginia. 
 
 TRACY, GBORGB H. ' 
 
 [1st Lt. itfh Inf., May 14, '61.) [Capt. itfh Inf., Aug. 11, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 13, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service during 
 the Atlanta and Savannah campaigns. 
 
 TRASK, IRA "W. 
 
 [2d Lt. gth Cav., June 18, '67.) [ist Lt. <)th Cav., Jan. I, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 18, 1867, for gallantry at the battle of Mechanicsville, 
 Va., June, 1862. Brevet Capt., June i8, 1807, for gallantry at the battle of 
 Gettysburg, July, 1863. 
 
 TRAVIS, JOHN N. 
 
 [2d Lt. i^tk Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) [2d Lt. li^h Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 TREADWELL. THOMAS J. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. ofOrdn., July 1, '54.) [Maj. of Ordn., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service in the 
 Ordnance Department. IBrevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious service in the Ordnance Department. 
 
 TREE, ARTHUR D. 
 [2d Lt. 2d Drags., May 20, '47.) (ist Lt. 2d Drags., Oct. 11, '51.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 TRESCOTT, GEORGE. 
 (2d Lt. Engrs., Oct. 16, '13.) (ist Lt. Engrs., Feb. 9, '15.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 11, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle 0^ 
 Plattsburg.. 
 
 TRIMBLE, JOEL G. 
 (2dLt 1st Cav., Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. 1st Cav., Dec. 26, '68.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 11, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Trevillian Station, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallantry at battles 
 of Trevillian Station and Cedar Creek, Va. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. J 547 
 
 TRIMBLE, "WILLIAM A. 
 
 \Maj. 2(Uh Inf., Mar. i8, '13.) (Lt.-Col. 1st Inf., Nov. 30, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 17, 1814, for gallant conduct in defence of Fort 
 Erie. 
 
 TRIPLER, CHARLES S. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Oct. 30, '30.) (Surg. [Maj.], July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Col, November 29, 1864. No service given in letter of appointment, 
 nomination, or commission. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 TROTTER, FREDERICK E. 
 
 (Capt. i,tfh Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. nth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 TROUSDALE, "WILLIAM. 
 
 (Col. i4iA Inf., Mar. 3, '47.) (Col. \i^h Inf., Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at the battle of Chapultepec. 
 
 TRO"WBRIDGE, CHARLES F. 
 
 (1st Lt.lSth Inf., May n, '61.) (Capt. 2nd Inf., Jan. 1-^, '6^.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 
 . Peninsula campaign in Virginia. Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant 
 
 and meritorious service at the battle of Kelly's Ford, Va., and during the 
 
 Atlanta campaign. 
 
 TRUMAN, CHARLES L, 
 
 (1st Lt. l%th Inf, Mar. 6, '62.) (1st Lt. iWi Inf., Mar. 6, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 19, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 TUCKER, HENRY. 
 
 (1st Lt. yA Cav., Aug. 5, '61.) (1st Lt. yth Cav., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 Gettysburg campaign. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merito- 
 rious conduct. 
 
 TUCKER, STEPHEN S. 
 
 (Capt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46 ) (Capt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj, September 13, .1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battle of Chapultepec. 
 
 TULLY, REDMOND. 
 
 (zdLt. 1st Arty., Nm. 15, '61.) (1st Lt. 1st Arty., June 1, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 7, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in action 
 on the Darbytown Road near Richmond, Va. 
 
 TUPPER, TULLIUS C. 
 
 _ (zdLt. 6th Cav., July 17, '62.) (Capt. 6th Cav., Sept. ly, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious service during the war. 
 
548 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 1 8 12 
 
 TURNBULL, CHARLES N. 
 
 {Bvl. zd Lt. Tof. Engrs., Julv i, '54.) (Capt. Top. Engrs., July 14, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , August i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 campaign before Richmond, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious conduct during the Rebellion. 
 
 TURNBULL, JOHN G. 
 
 {,zd Lt. yl Arty., Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. yi Arty., April 20, '70.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Chancellor.sviile, Va. Brevet Maj , July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 TURNBULL, "WILLIAM. 
 
 {2d Lt. of Arty., July \, '19.) {Maj. Engrs., July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col , August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 TURNER, T. ELWYN. 
 
 {2d Lt. 2d Arty., May 20, '57.) {Capt. i^h Inf., Nmi. 25, '6r.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of G.iines's Mills, Va. 
 
 TURNER, HENRY S. 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Drags., July i, '34.) {Capt. 1st Drags., April 21, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 6, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battles of San I'asqual, San Gabriel, and Plains of Mesa, Cal. 
 
 TURNER, JOHN W. 
 
 {Bvt. 2d Lt. of Arty., July i, '55.) {Com. ofSuhs. {Capt.), Aug. 3, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 6, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 siege of Fort Wagner, S. C. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 30, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious service in the action which followed the explosion of the Peters- 
 burg Mine, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vice at the capture of Fort Gregg, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious service during the war. Brevet Maj. -Gen , March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the war. 
 
 TURPIN, BEVERLY. 
 
 {\s Lt. Drags., July 6, '12.) {\st Lt. Drags., July 6, '12.) 
 
 Retained, 1815 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, of that year), 
 as 2d Lt. 4th Infantry with Brevet of ist Lt. from July 6, 1812. 
 
 T"WIGGS, D. B. 
 
 {Capt. ?ith Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) {Brig.-Gen., June 30, '46.) 
 
 Retained, December, 1815 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, 1815I, 
 as Capt. 7th Infantry, with Brevet of Maj. from September 21, 1814 (date of 
 his appointment as Maj. 28th Infantry). Brevet Maj.-Gen., September 23, 
 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct in several conflicts at Monterey, 
 Mexico. 
 
 TWINING, WILLIAM J. 
 
 {1st Lt. Engrs., June 11, '63.) {Capt. Engrs., Dec. 28, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 16, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in action 
 during the siege of Nashville, Tenn. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious service during the war. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 549 
 
 TYLER, JOHN. 
 
 {ut Lt. 431/ Inf., July 28, '66. ) {\st Lt. 43^? Inf., July 28, '66 ) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of South Mountain, Md. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merito- 
 rious service in the attack at Campbell's Station, Tenn. 
 
 TYLER, ROBERT O. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. of Arty., July i, '53.) (Dep. Q. M. G. (Lt.-Col.\, July 29, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj , December 13, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious service at the battle of Gettysburg. Brevet Col., May 17, 1S64, 
 for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of 
 Cold Harbor, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merito- 
 rious service in the field during the war. 
 
 TYLER, RICHARD "W. 
 
 (ij/ Lt. i,6^h Inf., July 28, '66.) ( ut Lt. 44M Inf, July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat- 
 tle of Deep Bottom, Va. 
 
 TYLER, WILLIAM H. 
 
 {Bvt. id Lt. ith Inf., July i, '46.) (xst Lt. -jth Inf., Aug. 24, '51.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, J847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 UPHAM, JOHN J. 
 
 (Bvt zd Lt. ')th Inf., July I, '59.) {Maj. $th Cav., Aug. i, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1S63, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of 
 Gettysburg, I'a. 
 
 UPTON, EMORY. 
 {zdLt. dfh Arty., May 6, '61.) {Lt.-Col. \st Arty., July 28, '66. 
 
 Brevet Maj., November 8, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Rappahannock Station, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 10, 1864, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious service at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Col., 
 Septeniber 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Win- 
 chester, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle and capture of Selma, Ala. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the war. 
 
 URBAN, GUSTAVUS. 
 
 {idLt. tfh Cav. July 17, '62.) {Capt. t^h Cav.. July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Beverly Ford, Va. iBrevet Maj., July 28, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Deep Bottom, Va. 
 
 URMSTON, THOMAS D. 
 
 {zd Lt I2th Inf., May 25, '62.) ( \st Lt. \2th Inf., Feb. 6, '63.) 
 
 • Brevet Capt., October i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 batrte of Chapel House, Va. 
 
 " VAIL, SAMUEL. 
 
 {Ens. -jth Inf., May 3, '08.) {Capt. yth Inf., April 9, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., January 8, 181 5, for gallant conduct at the siege of .New 
 Orleans. 
 
550 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 VAN BOEKELEN, -WILLIAM K. 
 
 I^Bvt. 2d Lt. ytk Inf., July i, '43.) (A. Q. M. {Caft), July 28, '53.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, fo"^ gallant and meritorious conduct m tne 
 battles o£ Contreras and Churulmsco. 
 
 VAN BUEEN, ABRAHAM. 
 
 [zd Lt. id Inf., July i, '27.) (^Paymaster {Ma/.), June 26, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 VAN BTTREN, MICHAEL E. 
 
 (\st Lt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) (Capt. Mtd. Rifles, Oct. 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 VANCE, DUNCAN M. 
 
 {\st Lt. nth Inf., May 14, '61.) . (Capt. nth Inf., Jan. 6, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., J[uly 3, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 Peninsula campaign in Va. Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 VANDE WBILE, JOHN B. 
 
 {Capt. loth Cav., fan. 22, '67.) {Capt. loth Cav., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle 
 of Ream's Station, Va. 
 
 VAN DERSLICE, JOSEPH H. 
 
 {zd Lt. 14th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. i^th Inf., Mar. 2, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Antietani, Md. 
 
 VAN DORN, EARL. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. ^th Inf., July i, '42.) {Maj. zd Cav., June 28, '60.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 VAN DUZER, CHARLES P. 
 
 (zdLt. izth Inf., Sept. 25, '61.) (zd Lt. izth Inf., Sept. 25, '61.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and mer.to.ious service at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. 
 
 VAN HORN, JAMES J. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. 1st Inf., July i, '58.) {Capt. ith Inf., Feb. 19, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 4, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
 VAN HORNE, JEPPERSON. 
 
 (Bvt. zd Lt. of Inf. , July i, '27.) (Capt. Ttd Inf., Dec. I, '40.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant, and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME.' 551 
 
 VAN];.NBSS, DAVID. 
 
 (ziiLt. of Arty., Mar. 3, 'I'p.) [Maj. T,d Arty., Oct. 29, '48.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., November 4, 1835 ^o*" '° years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 VAN REED, "WILLIAM E. 
 
 {2d Lt. tfh Arty., May 14, '61.) {Caft. tjth Arty., Mar. 17 '5.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 18, 1864, for gallant service during operations on the 
 Weldon Rail Road, Va. 
 
 VANSANT, JOHN. 
 
 [Asst. Surg.,yune '!.-^,''(so.) [Asst. Surg., June 2T,,''(>a.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 ' services during the wrar. 
 
 VANVALZAH, DAVID D. 
 
 [istLt. izth Inf., May 14, '61.) [Capt. i^th Inf., Aug. lo, '64.) 
 
 . Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant service at the battle of the 
 Wilderness, Va., and during the campaign before Richmond. 
 
 VAN VLIET, FREDERICK. 
 
 [idLt yl Cav., Aug. 5, '6i.) [Capt. yl Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat- 
 
 . ties of the campaign from the Rapidan to Petersburg. Brevet Maj., April 8, 
 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the siege of Mobile, Ala. 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 30, 1865, for meritorious service during the war. 
 
 VAN VLIET, STEWART. 
 
 , {2dLt. -id Arty., July I, '40.) (A. Q. M. G. (Col.), June 6, '72.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., October 28, 1864, for 
 faithful and meritorious service during the war. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 
 13, 1865, for faithful and distinguished service in the Quartermaster's Depart- 
 ment during the war. 
 
 VEDDER, SIMON C. 
 \2dLt. 2%th Inf, Mar. 7, '67.) [zd I.t. 2%th Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Gaines's Mills, Va. 
 
 VEIL, CHARLES H. 
 
 (zd Lt. 1st Cav., April 7, '64.) (1st Lt. 1st Cav., July 1, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Todd's Tavern, Va. Brevet Capt., April i, 1865, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services, at the battle of Five Forks, Va. Brevet Maj., April i, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va. 
 
 VBRNAY, JAXvIBS D. 
 
 [zd Lt. l^th Inf., April 28, '66.) ( 1st Lt. i^fh Inf., July 1 2, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 12, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 VERNON, GEORGE R. 
 
 [zdLt. nth Inf., Feb. 27, '63.) (Capt. lifh Inf., May 24, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., October 27, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battles of Popalr Spring Church and Hatcher's Run, Va. 
 
552 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 VBRPLANCK, ABRAM G. 
 
 (2d Lt. yl Arty., Feb. 23, '65.) (ut- Lt. yl Arty., Aug: 13, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 campaign of Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services during Maj. -Gen. Sherman's campaigns in Georgia and North 
 and South Carolina. 
 
 VIBLE, CHARLES D. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) [Capt. lotk Cav., April 22, '6S ) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 VINCENT, ALBERT O. 
 
 [2d Lt. 2d Arty., Oct. 24, '61.) (\st Lt. 2d Arty., Aug. 11, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Maj., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., November 13, 1865, 
 for faithful and meritorious services in connection with the mustering out of 
 service and disbanding of the volunteer army of the United States. 
 
 VINCENT, THOMAS M. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. 2d Arty , July i, '53.) (Asst. Adjt.-Gen. [Maj.], July 17, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., September 24, 1864, for meritorious and 
 faithful services during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faith- 
 ful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 VINTON, DAVID H. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Arty , July i, '22.) {A. Q. M. G. [Col), July 29, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Col., Brevet Brig.-Gen., and Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 VINTON, JOHN R. 
 
 {2d Lt. Arty., July 17, '17.) (Capt. T,d Arty., Dec. z8, '35.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 30, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant conduct at Monterey. 
 
 VIVBN, JOHN L. 
 
 (2d Lt. 12111 Inf., Tvi. 23, '66.) (Capt. \2th Inf., Mar. y,''Ti-] 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 VOGDES, ISRAEL. 
 
 {2d Lt. ut Arty., July i, '37.) (Col. 1st Arty., Aug. 1, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 field during the war. 
 
 VOLLUM, EDTVARD P. 
 (Asst. Surg., M.iy 31, '53.) (Surgeon, {Maj ), May 12, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 VON BLUCHER, GUSTAV. 
 (1st Lt. i6tli Inf., Jin 22, '67.) (ut Lt. i6//« Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 553 
 
 VON HERRMANN, CHARLES J. 
 
 [Caft. 33^/ Inf., July 28, '65.) e [Capt. ^th Inf., July 28, '66. ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the siege 
 of Port Hudson, La. 
 
 VON MICHALQ-WSKI, T. B. 
 
 [2dLt. \st Arty., Oct. 28, '61.) [ist Lt. ut Arty., May 28, '63.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September ly, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Capt., June 24, 1864, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in action near St. Mary's Church, Va. 
 
 VON SCHIRACH, FREDERICK C. 
 
 (utU. Hid Inf., July 28, '66.) [ut Lt. A^d Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Bull Run (2d), Va. 
 
 VON SCHRADER, ALEXANDER. 
 
 {2dLt. nth Inf., July 28, '66.) (Maj. :i<)t/t Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 VORIS, SAMUEL P. 
 
 {zdLt. iph Inf., May II, '66.) (2d Lt. lyth Inf., May 11, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Stone River, Tenn. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Maj>, March 
 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Mission Ridge, 
 Tenn. 
 
 VOSE, JOSIAH H. 
 
 (Capt. 2ist Inf., April 9, '12.) t««) (Col. 4th Inf., Jan. 31, '42.) 
 
 Retained, Mav, 1815 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, 1815), asCapt. 
 5th Infantry, with brevet of Maj. from August 4, 1814 (date of his appointment 
 as Maj. 2ist Infantry). 
 
 VOSE, WILLIAM P. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Arty., June 13, '64.) (ist Lt. 2d Arty., Mar. 8, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 29, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at the siege of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 WADE, HENRY P. 
 
 (idLt. tfh Cav., May 4, '65.) {Capt. %th Cav., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., Brevet Capt, and Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in action at Saltville, Va. 
 
 WADE, JAMES F. 
 
 (utLt. dth Cav., May 14, '61.) (Maj. <)ih Cav., July 28, "66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Beverly Ford, Va. Brevet Maj., December 19, 1864, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in action at Marion, East Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet 
 Col., March 13, 1865,'for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
554 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 "WADE, RICHARD D. A. 
 
 ■ [2d Lt. Arty., Oct. 27, '20.) [Capt. jd Arty., Dec. 26, '40.) 
 
 Brevet Mai., November 6, 1841, for gallant and successful services in the 
 war against the Florida Indians. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 8, 1847, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious conduct at the battle of El Molino del Rey. 
 
 ■WADE, ■WILLIAM. 
 
 {\st Lt. Ordn., Mar. 12, '13.) (Capt. Arty., Feb. 9, '15.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 9, 1825, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. , 
 ■WAGER, PHILIP. 
 
 {.Ens. izt/i Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Capt. ifh Inf., May 8, '18.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 8, 1S28, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 ■WAGGAMAN, GEORGE G. 
 
 [Bvt. zd Lt. 1st Arty., July i, '35.) . [Com. of Sub. (Capt), Dec. A '41.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterey. 
 
 ■WAGNER, CLINTON. 
 
 [Asst. Surg., Oct. II, '60.) (Surg {Maj.), July 28, (>(>.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 
 services during the war. ^ 
 
 ■WAGNER, HENR^Sr. 
 
 (2dLt. nth Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. ist Cav., Jan. 27, '69.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., April 2, 1S65, fur gallant and meritorious 
 services in front of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 ■WAGNER, JEAN P. 
 
 (zdLt. \zth Inf., Mar. 10, '63.) [ist Lt. \zth Inf., July 17, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of the 'Wilderness, Va. 
 
 ■WAGNER, ORLANDO G. 
 
 [Bvt. zd Lt. Top. Engrs., July 1, '59.) (ist Lt. Top. Engrs., Aug. 3, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September ii, 1861, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 the campaign in Western Virginia. Brevet Maj., April 17, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at the siege of Yorktown, Va., where he was mortally 
 wounded while reconnoitering the enemy's works. 
 
 ■WAGONER, JOSEPH J. ^ 
 
 (zd Lt. l^tk Inf., Nov. 20, '61.) [Capt. l^t/ilnf, June 13, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the Atlanta campaign. Brevet Maj., June 13, 1865, f ir meritorious services in 
 the battle before Atlanta, Ga. v 
 
 WAINWRIGHT, ROBERT A. 
 
 [Bvt. zdLt. tfh Inf., July i,' 35.) (Lt.-Col. of Ordn. Sept. 15, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful service in the Ordnance Depart- 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 555 
 
 WAITB, CARLOS A. 
 
 (2dLt.2d/nf.,yan.zS,'20.) i (Col. \st Inf., June t^,'(>o.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Col., September 8, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for long and faithful service in the army. 
 
 WALBACH, JOHN DE B. 
 
 (irfZA Cav., Jan. 8, 1799.) {Col. ifh Arty., Mar. 19, '42.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., November II, 1813, for gallant conduct at the battles of Crys- 
 ler's Farm and Lawrence, U. C. Brevet Lt.-Col., May i, 18 15, for meritorious 
 services. Brevet Col., May i, 1821, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., November 11, 1823, for meritorious services. 
 
 WALCOTT, WILLIAM H. 
 
 (\stLt. \^th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. lyth Inf., Feb. '14, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. - Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col. 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the vfar. ' 
 
 WALES, JOHN P. 
 
 [Caft. Yith Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. \-]th Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 18, 1864, for gallant services during the operations on 
 the Weldon Rail Road, Va. 
 
 WALKER, CHARLES J. 
 
 [Bvt zdLt. id Cav., July i, '57.) (Capt. 2d Cav., Feb. 15, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 15, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 WALKER, FERGUS. 
 [Capt. \id Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. 1st Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 '' Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 WALKER, JOHN G. 
 
 (istLt. Mtd. Rifles, May 27, '46.) (Capt. Mtd. Rifles, June 30, '51.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at San 
 Juan de los Llanos, Mex. 
 
 W^ALKER, JOHN H. 
 
 (ist Lt. \ifh Inf., May iSn'^i-i..) (Capt. 14th. Inf., May 6, 'St,.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj , September 17, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. 
 
 WALKER, LEICESTER. 
 
 {2dLt. (fh Cav., May 28, '61.) , [Capt. tfh .Cav., Nov. i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Beverly Ford, Va. Brevet Maj., May 11, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 jServices at the battle of Yellow Tavern, Va. 
 
 WALKER, MARK. 
 
 \zdZt. i^th Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (ist Lt. i<)th Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for good conduct throughout the wrar. 
 
5S6 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 'WALKER, MOSES B. 
 
 (dipt. 12th Inf., Aug. 23, '61.) {Capt. 12th Tnf., Aug. 23, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 "WALKER, THOMAS "W. 
 
 (2d Lt. yl Inf., ^uly i, '56.) ( Capt. -^d Inf., May 20, '61,) 
 
 Brevet Maj., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gaines's Mills, Va. 
 
 WALKER, AVILLIAM H. T. 
 
 kBvt. 2d Lt. dth Inf., July i, '37.) (Maj. loth Inf. Mar. 3, '55.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December 25, 1837, for gallant and good conduct in the war 
 against the Florida Indians. Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.- 
 Col., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of 
 Molino del Rey. 
 
 "WALKER, "WILLIAM S. 
 
 (1st Lt. Volts., April %'i,-].) (1st Lt. Volts., April <),'\T.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 13, 1S47, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 the battle of Chapultepec. 
 
 "WALL, RICHARD. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Cdv., July 17, '62.) (Capt. yi Cav., Dec. 24, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., November 15, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in 
 action near Tuscumbia, Ala. 
 
 "W ALLEN, HENR"5r D. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Z'ilnf, Jtly^^, '4°-) (Col. 2d Inf., Feb. 19, '73.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col, and Brevet Col., February 23, 1865, for m2ritorious services 
 rendered in New Mexico during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for faithful and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 "WARD, CHARLES. 
 
 (yl Lt. Ordn., May 17, '16.) (Capt. ifh Arty., June '36.) 
 
 B.evet Capt., July 20, 1S32, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 AVARD. HENRY C. 
 
 (2d Lt uth Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (ist Lt. 11th Inf., Feb. 23, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Fort Steadman, Va., March 24, 1865. 
 
 "WARD, JAMES N. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. eth Inf., July 1, '45.) (Capt. yilnf, Sept. 28, '57.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
 "WARD, ROBERT J. 
 
 (2d Lt. 1st Cav., June I, '63.) (\st Lt 1st Cav., June 12, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 6, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. Brevet Capt., June 12, 1864, for gallant and meritorioaj> 
 services at the battle of Trevilliau ation, Va, 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 557 
 
 "WARD, THOMAS. 
 
 (zdLt. 1st Arty., June ir, '63.) {Capt. xst Arty., Nov. i, '76.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 3, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Cold Arbor, Va. Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, tor good conduct and gal- 
 lant services during the war. 
 
 WARNER, CHARLES N. 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. 2d Arty., yniie 17, '62.) (\st Lt. ifh Arty., May n, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the capture of Selma, Ala. 
 
 ■WARNER, ED^WARD H. 
 
 [Bvt. id Lt. 1st Arty., July i, 'S7-) ( C"pt- Z^ '^rty., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the siege of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 good conduct and gallant services during the war. 
 
 ■WARNER, JAMES M. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. lath Inf., July i, '60.) [Capt. Wi Inf., Oct. 8, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Brevet Lt.-Col., and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the war. ' Brevet Brig.-Gen., April 9, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. 
 
 ^WARNER, ■WILLIAM H. 
 
 [2dLt. 1st Arty., July I, '36.) {\st Lt. Top. Engrs., Sept. I, '41.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, December 6, 1846, for gallant and meritorious services in Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 ■WARREN, GOUVERNEUR K. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. Top. Engrs., July I, '50.) (Maj. Engrs., June 25, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Col., July 4, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the .battle of Bristow .Station, Va. 
 Brevet Maj-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 field during the war. 
 
 ■WARREN, LUCIUS H. 
 
 {\st Lt. 29th Inf., July 28, '66.) ( Capt. 39/// Inf., July 31, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., July 31, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the siege of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 ■WARREN, LYMAN H. 
 
 {idLt. i-]tk Inf., Oct. 13, '62.) (Capt. l-]th Inf., Oct. 25, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 "WASHINGTON, ED^WARD C. 
 
 [Capt. \->fh Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. \Tfh Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 before Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
5-58 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 WASHINGTON, JOHN M. 
 
 (ylLt. Arty., July 17, '17.) (Maj. yi Arty., Feb. 16, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 23, 1830, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Bre- 
 vet Lt.-Col., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the bat- 
 tle of Buena Vista. 
 
 WATERS, JOSEPH G. 
 {2dLt. iffh Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) [\st Lt. zyl/nf., Nov. i, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant conduct at the battle of Franklin, 
 Tenn., Nov. 30, 1864. 
 
 WATERS, WILLIAM E. 
 
 {Asst. Surg., April 16, '62.) (Asst. Surg., April 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the vifar. 
 
 W^ ATKINS, LOUIS D. 
 
 (irf Lt. \ifh Inf., May 14, '61.) {Lt.-Col 20th Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., January 8, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the ex- 
 pedition to East Tennessee under Brig.-Gen. Carter, U. S. V. Brevet Lt.-Col., 
 March 5, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Thomp- 
 son's Station, Tenn. Brevet Col,, June 24, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Lafayette, Ga. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious conduct in defence of Resaca, Ga. , 
 
 WATMOUGH, JOHN G. 
 
 (■^d Lt. of Arty., Sept. 22, '\y) (fid Lt. of Arty., April 19, '14.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in defence of Fort Erie. 
 
 WATSON, BENJAMIN. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2t,th Inf., Mar. 12, '12.), (Capt 2tjlh Inf., Aug. 15. '13.) 
 
 Brevet MajT July 25, 18 r4, for gallant conduct at the battle of Niagara. 
 W^ ATS ON, MALE ONE F. 
 {2d Lt. 1st Cav., May 6, '61.) (Capt. yth Arty., Mar. 9, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., July 2, 1863, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 WATTS, GEORGE. 
 
 (%d Lt. Light Drags., Mar. 18, '13.) (2d Lt. Light Drags., Aug. I, '13.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 5, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of Chippewa. 
 
 W^AYNE, HENRY C. 
 
 (2dLt. i^th Arty., July i, '38.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), May 11, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 WEBB, ALEXANDER S. 
 
 (Bvt 2d Lt Arty., July i, '55.) (Lt.-Col 6^h Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of 
 Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Lt.-Col., October 11, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battle of Bristow Station, Va. Brevet Col., May 12, 1864, for 
 gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. " 5_'9 
 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the > — 'pa'gn 
 terminating with the surrender of Gen. Lee. Brevet Maj.-Gen., J ; r.h 13 
 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 'W^EBB, CHARLES A. 
 
 [Capi. 13M Inf., Atig. 5, '61.) (Capt. 22cl Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the siege of 
 Vicksburg; Miss. 
 
 WEBB, NATHANIEL S. 
 
 (Capt. ^h Inf., April 9, '47.) [Capt. gth Inf., April 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the 
 battle of Chapultepec. 
 
 WEBB, ROBERT W. 
 
 (zdLt. 40iA Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) (zd Lt. ipth Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) . 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service during 
 the war. 
 
 WEBB, WILLIAM W. 
 
 (idLt. i,th Caa., May 17, '61.) [Capt. ifh Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the Atlan- 
 ta campaign. 
 
 WEBSTER, AMOS. 
 
 (idLt. tfh Cav., Mar. 7, '67.) {\st Lt. tfh Cav., June 9, '68.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt, Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 7, 1867, for faithful and 
 meritorious service during the war. 
 
 WEBSTER, JOHN G. 
 
 [idU. ifh Can., Feb. 19, '63.) (ij-^ Lt. i,th Cav., —. —, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., December 16, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in 
 pursuit of rebel forces under Gen. Hood. Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious service at the capture of Selma, Ala. Brevet Maj., April 
 2, 1865, for gallantry during pursuit of Hood after the battle of Nashville, and 
 in the charge of his regiment against the earthworks at Selma, Ala. 
 
 WEBSTER, LUCIAN B. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. yl Arty., July i, '23.) (Maj. ifh Arty., Aug. 3, '52.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Lt.-Col., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 qonduct at Buena Vista. 
 
 WEBSTER, WARREN. 
 
 (Assti Surg., June 23, '60.) (Surgeon [Maj.), July 28, ''(£^ 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and merit- 
 orious service during the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 28, 1866, for meri- 
 torious and distinguished service at Hart's Island and David's Island, N. Y. H., 
 where cholera prevailed. 
 
 WEDEMEYER, W. G. '"""^ 
 
 {2dLt. 16th Inf., Aug. 13, '62) [Capt. idth Inf., Nan. 16, '65.) 
 Brevet Capt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
560 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 ■WEEDS, JAMES F. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) [Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service during the war. 
 
 •WEEKS, GEORGE H. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. 1st Arty., July i, 57.) (Qrmr. (Maj), May 29, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Maj. and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 service in the Quartermaster's Department during the war. 
 
 ■WEIR, GULIAN V. 
 
 {zd Lt. tfh Arty., May 14, '61.) (Capt. ^th Arty, Nov. 10, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Tst Lt. . July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service dliring the 
 Peninsula campaign in Virginia. Brevet Capt., December 13, 1862, for gallant 
 and meritorious service at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 
 ■WEIR, JAMES ■W. 
 
 {\st Lt. \ifh Inf., Oct. 26,- '61.) (Capt. ii^th Inf., Aug. 14, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 18, 1864, for gallant service at the battle on the Weldon 
 Rail Road, Va. 
 
 ■WEIR, THOMAS B. 
 
 {ist Lt. -jth Cav., yuly2?,, '66.) (Capt.yth Cav.,JiilyT,\, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 31, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle 
 of Farmington, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 31, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service in the engagement with Forrest near Ripley, Miss., December i, 
 1863. 
 
 ■WEITZEL, GODFRE^y. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Engrs., July I, '55.) {Maj. Etigrs., Aug. 8, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Octolier 27, 1S63, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of Thibodeaux, La. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 8, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the capture of Port Hudson, La. Brevet Ci 1., September 29. 1864, 
 for gallant and meritorious service at the capture of Fort Harrison, Va. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the cam- 
 paign terminating with the surrender of Gen. Lee. Brevet Maj. -Gen., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the war. 
 
 ■WELD, CHARLES T. 
 
 (\st Lt. \-]th Inf., May 14, '61.) (\st Lt. \-]th Inf., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 ■WELDY, SETH. 
 
 (zdLt. 1st Inf, May 12, '62.) (Capt. 2T,d Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 ■WELLS, DANIEL T. 
 
 (zd Lt. Wi Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. %th Inf., Dec. 15, '74.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., September 29, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in 
 the assault upon Fort Harrison, Va. Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious service in front of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Maj., April 2, 1865, 
 for gallant conduct at Fort Harrison, Va., and the succeeding engagements at 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 561 
 
 ■WELLS, ELIJAH R. 
 
 {2J Lt. 2d Cav., July 17, '62.) ( Capt. 2d Cav., May 7, '67. ) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Beverly Ford, Va. Brevet Capt., October 19, 1864, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battle of Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 WELLS, WILLIAM. 
 
 {■>^ Lt. Light Arty., yuly 21, '14.} (1st Lt. Light Arty., Aug. 2Z,'ig.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, August 28, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 WELSH, DAVID T. 
 
 (irf Lt. ■^)th Inf., April 30, '13.) {Capt. yjth Inf., June 20, '14.) 
 
 Retained, January, i8i6 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, 1815), as 
 
 1st Lt. Ordnance, with Brevet of Capt. from June 20, 1814. 
 
 WELSH, WILLIAM. 
 
 (Caft. ifyth Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) (Capt. i,oth Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat- 
 tle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1S67, for gallant and 
 meritorious service in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 WESSBLLS, HENRY W. 
 
 [Bvt 2dLt. 2d Inf., July I, '33.) (Lt.-Col. \%th Inf., Feb. 16, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 31, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battle of Fair Oaks, Va. Brevet Col., April 20, 1864, 
 for gallant and meritorious service during the rebel attack upon Plymouth, 
 N. C. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service 
 during the war. 
 
 WEST, ROBERT M. 
 
 (Capt. -ith Cav., July 28, '66.) (Capt. ^th Cav., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in action at 
 Charles City C. H., Va., December 13, 1863. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, 
 for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of New Market Heights, 
 Va. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 battle of Five Forks, Va. 
 
 WEST, WILLIAM. 
 
 (liLt. 2d Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) (Cipt. 2d Inf., Feb. 16, '65.) 
 
 ^ -BrevetCapt., August.!, 1864, for gallant service at the battle of Spottsvl- 
 vama, and durmg the campaign before Richmond. 
 
 WESTCOTT, GEORGE C. 
 
 (id Lt. 2d Inf., Aug. I, '38.) (Capt. 2d Inf., May 7, '49. ) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in 
 the battle of Chapultepec. 
 
 WETMORE, LEONIDAS. 
 
 (2dLt. m Inf., Dec. 31, '39,) (\st Lt. et/i Inf., May 9, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 Pattle of El Molino del Rev. 
 
 25 
 
562 BREVETS CONFERRED. FROM l8l2 
 
 "WHARTENBY, RICHAHD. 
 
 (irf Lt. tfk Inf., May 3, '08.) (Maj. ipth Inf., May I, '14.) 
 
 Retained, May, 1815 (in reorganization under act of March 3, 1815), as 
 .Capt. 7th Inf. with Brevet of Maj. from May i, 1814. 
 
 WHARTON, JOHN S. 
 
 (\H Lt. xajtk Inf., May 14, '61.) [Capi. zg/i Inf., June 30, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 30^ 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 battle of Bull Run (2d), Va. 
 
 ■WHARTON, HENRT C. 
 
 {2d Lt. Engrs., June 17, '62.) {Capt. Engrs., Nov. 11, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 5, 1864, for meritorious service in his Department 
 in the Department of the Cumberland. 
 
 WHPATON, FRANK. 
 
 {istLt. xstCav , March 3, '$$.) (Col. 2d Inf., Dec., 15, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., May 5, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the bat- 
 tle of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Col., October 19, 1864, for gallant and meri- 
 torious service at the battle of Cedar Creek, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 
 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service at the capture of Petersburg, Va. 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, f™" gallant and meritorious service in the 
 field during the war. 
 
 ■WHEATON, LOTD. 
 
 \Capt. y^h Inf., July 28, '66.) ( Capt. 20th Inf., July :&th, '66.) 
 
 Brevet MaJ., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the siege 
 of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col, March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit-' 
 orious service in the assault on Fort Blakely, Ala. 
 
 WHEEIiBR, D. D. 
 
 \fid Lt. 1st Arty., May II, '66.) (ist Lt. 1st Arty., Feb. 12, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat- 
 tles erf Salem Heights and Cool Arbor, Va. ^ 
 
 WHEBLER, JUNIXTS ^. 
 
 \,zdLt. wtk Inf., Sept. g^ '47.) (Prof Mil. Acdy., Sept. 16, '71.) 
 
 Brevet Maj, April 30^ 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Jenkin's Ferry, Ark. Brevet Lt.-Col. and Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 "WHERRY, WIUJAM M. 
 
 {1st Lt. lyh Inf., Oct. 261 '61.) (Capt. Gth Inf., April S, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service during 
 the Atlanta campaign. Brevet Maj., December i6v 1864, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battles of Franklin and Nashville. Brevet Lt.-Col. and 
 Brevet Coi., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 war. 
 
 ■WHIPPLE, ASHEL "W. 
 
 {zd Li. 1st Arty., ^ly 1, '41.) (Maj. of Engrs^ Sept. g, %.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., July 2r, 1861, for gallant and meritorioos service in the 
 Manassas campaign. Brevet Col, December 13, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious service at the battle si Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Brig.-Gen. May 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. tG^ 
 
 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Chancellorsvi 
 where he was mortally wounded. Brevet Maj.-Geji., May 7, 1863, for gall, nt 
 ami meritorious service during the war. 
 
 ■WHIPPLE, WILLIAM D. 
 
 {Bvt. 2dLt. zdTnf., July i, '51.) {A. A. G. (Lt.-Col.), Mar. 3, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious service in the Atlanta campaign and in battles before Nash- 
 ville. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service 
 in the field during the war. 
 
 WHISTLER, JOHN. 
 
 [Ens. 1st Inf., April II, 1792.) (Capt. 1st Inf., July I, I79>.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July to, 18 1 2. No record. 
 
 WHISTLER, JOSEPH N. G. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. Zth Inf., July i, '46.) (Lt.-Col. t,th Inf., Feb. 18, '74.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., May 24, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at North Anna, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., June 19, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious service in front of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for gallant and meritorious service during the war. 
 
 WHISTLER, WILLIAM. 
 
 [2(1 Lt. 1st Inf., yune 8, '01.) ' {Col. AiA Inf., ^uly li,'4i.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1822, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 WHITALL, JOHN A. 
 
 [zilLt. yh Inf., Aug. I, '38.) (Paymaster (Maf.), Aug. 8, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto 
 andResaca de la Palma. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious, service during the war. 
 
 WHITE, ALEXANDER A. 
 
 (2(1 Lt. ^th Inf., May 3, '08.) (Maj. X2th Inf., June 9, '14.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., December 23, 1814, for gallant conduct at the siege of New 
 Orleans, La. - 
 
 WHITE,. CHARLES B. 
 
 [Asst.Surg., May 28, '61.) [Surg. (Maj.), Oct. 1, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious ser- 
 vice during the war. 
 
 WHITE, QEOROE Q. 
 
 (Capt. /^k Inf., July 2, '67.) (Capt. ^k Inf., July 2, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 2, 1867, for meritorious servicfe during the war. 
 
 WHITE, JOHN C. 
 
 (2rfZ/. iort/«/, jWajrlS, '64.) - (1st Lt.tst Arty, Sept. li,'&4.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June 18, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in action 
 in front of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Capt., August 19, 1864, for gallant and 
 meritorious service in the battle on the Weldon Rail Road, Va. 
 
564 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 "WHITEHEAD, rREDEHICK P. 
 
 {ls( Lt. l%th Inf.i July 28, '66.) (Com. of Sub. (Caft), April 1^, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat- 
 tle of Champion Hill, Miss. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 -WHITEHEAD, WILLIAM E. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., April 13, '63.) (Asst. Surg., April 13, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service during the 
 war. 
 
 WHITBLBY, ROBERT H. K. 
 (Bvt, 2dLt. 2d Arty., July i, '30.) (Col. Ordn. Dept., April 6, '66,) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 19, 1836, for gallant conduct in the war against the Florida 
 Indians. Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and 
 meritorious service in the Ordnance Department. 
 
 ■WHITING-, DANIEL P. , 
 
 (Bvt, zdLt. yth Inf., July i, '32.) (Lt.-Col. (,th Inf., Feb. 15, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
 ■WHITING, PABiaS. 
 (zdLt. Arty., Feb. 10, '12.) (Capt. Arty., Sept. IQ, '19.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 10, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 ■WHITING, HENRY. 
 
 (Cor, Lt. Drags., Oct 20, 'oS.) (A. Q. M. Genl. (Col.), April zi, '46.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 17, 1814, for meritorious services. Brevet Maj , March 
 17, 1824, for 10 years' faithful service. Brevet Lt.-Col., June 30, 1834, for 
 faithful and meritorious service. Brevet Brig.-Gen., February 23, 1847, for 
 gallant and meritorious conduct at battle of Buena Vista. 
 
 ■WHITING, HENRY M. 
 
 (Svt. zdLt. ifh Arty., July i, '42.) (1st Lt., ifh Arty., Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in 
 the battle of Buena Vista. 
 
 ■WHITING, LEONARD J. 
 
 (2d Lt. 4StA Inf., July 28, '66.) (\st Lt. i,tfh Inf., June, 29, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, .1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the 
 
 Peninsula campaign. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 service during the war. 
 
 ■WHITING, LEVI. 
 
 (2d Lt. Arty., Feb. 10, '12.) (Lt.-Col. 1st Arty., April 1, '50.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 21, 1832, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 ■WHITMAN, ROYAL E. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Cav., July 2, '67.) (1st Lt. ^d Cav., Aug. 12, '69.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 2, 1867, for gallantry at the battle of Sabine Cross Roads, 
 
 La. 
 
 ■WHITS IDE, SAMUEL M. 
 
 (2dLt.6thC(ai.,Nav.\,'6\.) (Capt, ^h Cav., Oct. 20,' f&) 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1861;. for faithful and meritorious 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 565 
 
 WHITTELSEY, CHARLES H. 
 
 [Capt. 30M . . _ My 28, '66.) ■> (Capl. ^oth Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service in the bat- 
 tle of Petersburg, Va., April 2, 1865. 
 
 WHITTLESEY, JOSEPH H. 
 
 [Biit. idLt. 2d Drags., JIuJy i, '44.) (Maj. 5//* Cav:., Nov. 12, '61.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. 
 
 WHITTEMORE, EDWARD W^. 
 
 [idLt. \^th Inf., Oct. 24, '61.) (Capt. \i,tli Inf., Mar. 10, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 
 WHITTEMORE, JAMES M. 
 
 (Bvtld Lt. 2d Arty., July i, '60.) {Maj. of Ordn., June 23, '74.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for meritorious service in the Ordnance 
 Department durmg the war. 
 
 WIKOFF, CHARLES A. 
 
 [\.st Lt. l^th Inf., May 14, '61.) (Capt. llih Inf., Aug. i^, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Maj., November 25, '863, for gallant and meritorious 
 service at the battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge; 
 
 WILCOX, CADMUS M. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 4tA Inf., July i, '46.) (Capt. yth Inf., Dec. 20, '60.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. 
 
 WILCOX, DE LAFAYETTE. 
 
 (Ens. 2tfh Inf., Nov. 16, '13.) ( Capt. ^th Inf., April i, '22.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April i, 1832, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 WILCOX, E. N. 
 
 (idLt iStA Inf., Feb. 19, '63.) (Capt. j8tA Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, September i, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the 
 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., and in the Atlanta campaign and battle of 
 
 Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 WILDRICK, ABRAHAM C. 
 
 (BTit. 2d Lt. 3d Arty., July I, '57.) ( Capt. yi Arty., Feb. 8, '64.) 
 
 . Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the 
 
 siege of Petersburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious service during the war. 
 
 WILEY, JAMES W. 
 
 {2d Lt.\^th Inf., 4prU <),\^n.) {\st Lt. \lthInf.,Dec.—,-'i,i.) 
 
 ■ Brevet.ist Lt, August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 
 battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 W^ILHELM, THOMAS. 
 
 {2dLt. %th Inf., May 11, '66.) (xstLt. %th Inf., Aug. 14, '66.) 
 
 . Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 
5 66 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 tie of the Wilderness, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. 
 
 WILKESON, BAYARD. 
 
 (2iiLt. ^h Arty., Oct. 22, '61.) (ut LI. 4iA Arty., Aug. 14, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July i, 1863, for gallantry and skill at the battle of the De- 
 serted House, Va. Brevet Maj,, July i, 1863, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices at tl e battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July i, 1863, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Ga. 
 
 WILKBSON, FRANK. 
 
 (2d Lt. 4/A Arty., June 30, '64.) \zd Lt. i,th Arty., June 30, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services. 
 
 WILKIWS, CHARLES. 
 
 (M. S. K. Ordn. Dep., Feb. 3, '62.) {M. S: K. Ordn. Dep., Feb. 3, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 in front of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 'WILKINS, JOHN D. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. 4ti Inf., July i, '46.) [Lt.-Col. Sth Inf., Feb. 19, '73.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., May 3, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Va. 
 
 'WILKINSON, MELVILLE C. 
 
 (zdLt. /^2dlnf., July 28, '66.) (1st Lt. zdlnf, Jan. i, '71.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Antietam, Md. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merits 
 orious services during the war. 
 
 TVILLARD, GEORGE L. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Stk Inf., June 28, '48.) (Maj. l(^h Inf., Feb. 19, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., July 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 Peninsular campaign in Virginia. Brevet Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Va. 
 
 W^ILLARD, JOHN P. 
 
 (2d Lt. ijth Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (Paymaster (Maj.), Mar. 3, '75.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle cf Chattanooga, Tenn. Brevet Maj., March z, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the capture of Atlanta, Ga. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867," 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 WILLARD, A?7BLLS. 
 
 (2dLt. \<)th Inf., May 11, '66.) (ist Lt. tfh Arty., Nov. 5, '68.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Chantilly, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, fbr gallant and meritorious 
 sei-vices at tlje battle of New Market, Va. 
 
 ■WILLCOX, ORLANDO B. 
 
 ( Col. 2<jth Inf., July 28, '56. ) ( Col. 1 2th Tnf, July 2S, '65. ) 
 
 I Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 2, 1S67, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 567 
 
 bittle o£ Spottsylvania Court House, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March \i, 1867, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the^capture o£ Petersburg, Va. 
 
 WILLIAMS, A. H. D. 
 
 [liLt. Xjlh Cav., Mar. 12, '65.) (1st Lt. t^li Cazi., Jan. 12, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt. and Brevet Capt., April 2, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the capture of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 "WILLIAMS, EFHRAIM. 
 
 (idLt. tfh Inf., Feb. 23, '66.) (ist Lt. ^h Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., September 23, 1867, for coolness, gallantry, and good conduct 
 
 in action with Cheyenne Indians near Pawnee Forts, Kas., September 23, 1867. 
 
 WILLIAMS, GEORGE. 
 
 [id Lt. ^h Inf., April 14, '62.) ( 1st Lt. 4fli Inf., July 14, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 WILLIAMS, GEORGX! A. 
 
 [Bvt 2d Lt 1st laf.,. July i, '52.) (Maj. 6tk Inf., Afar. I s,^' 66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., October 4, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Corinth, Miss. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 WILLIAMS, JAMBS M. 
 
 (Caft. Sl& Cav., July 28, '66.) ( Capt. %th Cav., July 28; -(id.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 9, 1867, for conspicuous gallantry displaved in engagements' 
 with Indians on the Verde, Arizona, April 16 and 17, and Yampai Valley, Ari- 
 zona, June 14, 1867, and near Music Mountains, Arizona, July 9, .1867. - . 
 
 WXLLIAMS, JOHN. 
 
 (tdLt \tfh Inf., June \, '63.) (Capt 24/// Inf, Oct. 5, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Capt., September i, 1864, for gallant; 
 and meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 WILLIAMS, JOHN W. 
 
 (Asst. SurfT., July ll", '62.) [Asst. Surg., July 11, '(62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 18, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 at Berryville, Va. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 WILLIAMS. ROBERT. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. 1st Drags., July i, '51.) (A. A. G. (Lt.-Col.), Feb. 22, '69 ) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 24, 1864, for meritorious and faithful services 
 during the war. Brevet Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 diligent, faithful, and meritorious services, in the Adjutant-General's Depart- 
 ment during the wa,r. . . ' 
 
 WILLIAMS, SETH. 
 
 (Bvt. zdLt. 2d Arty., July i, '42.) (A. A. G. (Lt.-Col.), July 17, '62.) 
 
 : Brevet Capt., April 18, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro 
 Gordo. Brevet Col., July 3, 1863, for gallant and m'eritorious services at Get- 
 tysburg, Pa. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 
S68 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM 1 812 
 
 services in the campaign terminating in General Lee's surrender. Brevet 
 Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorio-us services in the field 
 during the war. 
 
 WILLIAMS, THOMAS. 
 (2d Lt. ifh Arty., July \, '37.) (Maj. cfh Arty., May 14, '6l.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant ^nd meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. Brevet Maj., September 13, 1847, for gallant and 
 meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. 
 
 'WILLIAMS, THOMAS C. 
 
 (Capt. 19M Inf., Aug. 19, '61.) (Capt. \^h Inf., Aug. 19, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., August- 15, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battles of Chickamauga and Mission Ridge, and in the expedi- 
 tion under General L. H. Rousseau. 
 
 WILLIAMS, THOMAS, Jr. 
 
 (\st Lt. stA Arly., May 14, '61 ) ( \st Lt. }fh Arty., May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 30, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Manassas, Va. Brevet Maj , March 13, 1865, for meritorious Services 
 
 during the war. 
 
 "WILLIAMSON, ROBERT S. 
 
 (Bvt. 2dLt. Top. Engrs., July I, '48.) (Lt.-Col. ofEngrs., Feb. 22, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 14, 1862. for gallant and meritorious services in action 
 
 at Newbern, N. C. Brevet Lt.-Col., April 26, 1862, for gallant and meritorious 
 
 services at the siege of Fort Macon, N. C. 
 
 W^ILLIS, IiE"WIS B. 
 (istLt 12th Inf., Mar. 12, '12.) (Capt. izt/i Inf., Jan. 31, '14.) 
 
 Retained, December, 15 (in reorganization under Act of March 3, 1815), as 
 1st Lt. 8th Infantry, with brevet of Capt. from January 31, 1814. 
 
 WILLISTON, EDWARD B. 
 (2d Lt. zd Arty., Aug. 5, '61.) ( Capt. 2d Arty., March 8, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Maj., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorions 
 services in the Gettysburg campaign. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 19, 1864, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Winchester, Va. Brevet 
 Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 WILSON, CHARLES I. 
 
 f (designed Jan. I, '67. 
 (Asst. Surg., May 28, '01.) -j Apptd. Capt. i&yS ////, Jan. 22, '67. 
 
 \ and P. M- (Maj.), Mar. 3, '75.) 
 Brevet Capt , March 13, 1865, for meritorious and distinguished services in 
 the battles of Todd's Tavern and Yellow Tavern, Va., and other engagements 
 on the Peninsula. Brtvet Maj., March 13, 1865, for highly meiitorious and 
 . distinguished service in his department in 12 engagements in the Shenandoah 
 Valley, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for meritorious services in the battle 
 of Todd's Tavern, Va. 
 
 WILSON, CLARENDON J. L. 
 (Evt. 2d It \st Drags., July \, '46.) (\st Lt. isi Dra^s., Aug. 4, '49.) 
 
 lir»vet 1st I,t., February 4, 1847. for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
 ( nflicts at Embudo and Taos, N. M. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 569 
 
 "WILSON, FRANCIS H. 
 
 [idLt. ^h Inf., Ncrv. 14, '61.) (Capt. -^ Cav^ A'ov.. 9, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., November 15, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in ac- 
 tion near Tuscumbia, Ala. 
 
 WTLSON, HENRY. 
 
 (^ns. y.d Inf., May 17, '13.) (Col. -jth Inf., June n, 'S'-) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 20, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. Bre- 
 vet C61.,'September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct iii several 
 conflicts at Monterey, Mexico. ' 
 
 WILSON, JAMES H. 
 
 \Bvt. 2dLt. Top. Engrs., July l, '60.) (U.-Coi. -i^tk Inf., July 28, '66v) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 1 1, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the cap- 
 ture of Fort Pnlaski, Ga. Brevet li.-Col., November 24, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Chattanooga, Tenn. Brevet Col., May 5, 
 
 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of the Wilderness, Va. 
 Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Nashville, Tenn'. Brevet Maj. -Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the capture of Selma, Ala. 
 
 ■WILSON, JOHN M. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d It. 1st Arty., July I, '6a) (Maj. of Engrs., June 3, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., June 27, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the bat- 
 tle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Maj., July i, 1862, for gallant and raeritoriousi 
 services at the batde of Malvern Hill, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col, April 8, 1865, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the capture of Spanish Fort, Mobile, Ala. 
 Brevet Col., April 8, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at Spanish Fort 
 and Fort Blakely, Ala. • ' - 
 
 W^ILSON, JOSEPH K. 
 
 (2d Lt. %tk Inf., May 7, '63.) ( ist Lt. 8ti Inf., July 19, '66.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 30, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in an as- 
 sault on Petersburg, Va. 
 
 ■WILSON, RICHARD. 
 
 (id U. yi Arty., Aug. 10, '63.) (ist Lt. ^d Arty., Dec. n, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., June i, 1864, for gallarit and meritorious servipes in action at 
 Ashland, Va. Brevet Capt., September 23, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in action in front of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 ■WILSON, ROBERT P. 
 
 (2dLt. ^h Cav., June I, '63.) {Cipt. ^/t Cm., Jam 12, '69.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt, August i, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 
 battle of Brandy Station, Va. Brevet Capt., May 10, 1864, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious services in action at Beaver Dam, Va. 
 
 ■WILSON, ROBERT P. 
 
 (irf U. i-jtk Inf., Oct. 26, '61.) (Capt. lotk Inf, Jan 7, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and 
 
 meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 ■WILSON, THOMAS. 
 
 [Bvt. 2d Lt. dtk Inf., July i, '53.) (Com. of Subs. [Capt.), Oct. 25, '61.) 
 
 -Brevet Maj, Brevet Lt.-Col. Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.- Gen., March 13, 
 
 1865, fo'' faithful and meritorious service Ju.inj thj .vai 
 
5 70 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 WTLSON, V: I :.LIAM. 
 
 ! f;. VA, -^ f^i '^fZ'Tf. '^^- 1 '^^- ^^ ^"^ ' ^^-^ «. ■"•) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 3, 1818, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 ■WILSON, 'WICJ.IAM P. 
 (Capt. zist Inf., July 28, '66.) (Capt. 2\st Inf., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of the Wilderness, Va. 
 
 WINANS, PRAZEY M. 
 
 (Capt. \ffh Inf., April% '47.) \Capt. -(tfh Inf., April g, '47.)' 
 
 Brevet Maj., August IJ, 1847, for gallant and meritorious, conduct in several 
 affairs with Guerilleras at Paso Ovejas, National Bridge, and Cerro Gordo, 
 Mexico. 
 
 ■WIITDES, JOHN H. 
 
 (2d Lf. i^th Arty., July I, '20.) (Maj. yl Arty., Nov. 22, '60.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contre- 
 ras and Churubueco. Brevet Lt.-Col., Sejjtember 14, 1847, for gallant conduct 
 on entering the city of Mexico. 
 
 "WINDLB, LUCIUS S. 
 
 (2d Lt. \gtA Inf, Mar. 7, '67.) (2d Lt. igdi Inf., Mar. 7, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 7, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Jonesboro, Ga. 
 
 "WINOATE, BENJAMIN. 
 
 (2dLt. tfh Inf., June 14, '48.) (Capt. 5M Inf., Aug. 22, '55.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., February 2r, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Valverde, N. M. 
 
 WINNE, CHARLES K. 
 
 . (Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61.) (Asst. Surg., Aug. 5, '61. 1 
 
 Brevet Capt. and Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. Brevet Lt.-Col., September 28, 1866, for meritorious 
 and distinguished services at Tybee Island, where cholera prevailed. 
 
 ■WINSHIP, OSCAR P. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Drags., July i, '40.) (A. A. G. (Bvt. Maj.,) Dec. 26, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., May 9, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto 
 and Resaca de la Palma. Brevet Maj.. August 20, 1847, for gallant conduct at 
 Churubusco. 
 
 ■WINSTON, THOS. M. 
 
 (2d Lt. idt/i Inf., May 25, '47.) (Paytnaster (Maj.), April J, '60.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. 
 
 ■WIRTZ, HORACE R. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Dec. J, '46.) (Surg. (Maj.), April 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war _ 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 5/1 
 
 "WISE, WILLIAM W. 
 
 [Catt- 1^5 Inf; ^"y I4,'6i.) [Capt. it,th Inf., May 14, '6l.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., April 7, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Shiloh, Tenn. Brevet Lt.-Col., December jr, 1862, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services at the battle of Miirfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 WISHART, ALEXANDSR. 
 
 {id Lt. 27M Inf., Jan. 22, '67.) (1st Lt. zoth Inf., Oct. 19, '67.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for f allant and meritorious services in the 
 battle of Gaines's Mills, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 WISTER, FRANCIS. 
 
 (Capt. 12th Inf., Aug. 5, '6t.) (Capt. \2tk Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meii.- 
 orious services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 WITHERILL, CHARLES T. 
 
 (xst Lt. ■&th Inf., July 28, '66.) (ist fJ. \<^h I .f, July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
 of Marye's Heights, Va. Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, fiir gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the battle at Rappahannock Station, Va. 
 
 ■WOLLSTONECRAFT, CHARLES. 
 
 (Lt. of Arty, and Engrs., June 4, 179S.) (Capt. of Arty., Mar. 15, '05 ) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 15, 1815, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 ■WOLVERTON, WILLIAM D. 
 
 (Asa. Surg., Aug. s, '61.) (Surg. (Maj.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 W^OOD, ALLEN. 
 
 (Capt. xzth Inf., April 9, '47.) (Capt. \ith Inf., April 9, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the bat- 
 tles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 W^OOD, BRADFORD C. JR. 
 
 (td Lt. 22d Inf., July 28, '66.) (2^ Lt. 22d Inf., July 28, '65.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle of Spottsylvania, Va. Brevet Capt., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in the battle of Poplar Grove Church, Va. 
 
 WOOD, CHARLES O. 
 
 [zdLt <)th Inf., April 26, '61.) ( Capt. <jth Inf., May 30, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services. 
 "WOOD, ELEAZER D. 
 
 {2d Lt. Engrs., Oct. ,20, '06.) [Capt. Engrs., July — , 't2.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., May 6, i8i3,for distinguished services in defense of Fort Meigs. 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., July 25, 1814, for gallant conduct in the battle of Niagara. 
 
572 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 "WOOD, GBORGE 'W. F. 
 
 (2a? Lt. isi Inf., Aug. I. '38.) (A. Q. M {CaJ>i.), Mar. 3, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., August 20, 1847, fc'' 'gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco. 
 
 WQpD, HENRY C. 
 
 {2d Lt. 1st /»/., yune27,'s6.) (A. A. G. (Maj.), June n,'6i.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious servjces at the 
 battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo. Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for diligent, faith- 
 ful and meritorious services in the Adjutant-General's Department during the 
 war. 
 
 WOOD, JOSEPH H. 
 
 (zd Lt. 6th Cos., Feb. 25, '63.) (ist Lt. eth Cav., Oct. 20, '64.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg,. Pa. Brevet Capt., July 28, 1864, for gallant and meritorious 
 services in the campaign against the Sioux Indians. 
 
 WOOD, LAFAYETTE B. 
 
 (Bvt 2jLt.Sth Inf., July 1,'^y) ^ {Capt ?,th Inf., July 1%'f,^.) 
 
 Breyet ist Lt., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meiitorious conduct at 
 Monterey. Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Cdhtrei-as and Churubusco. 
 
 WOOD, ROBERT C. 
 
 {Asst Surg, May 28; '25.) (Surg. (Maj.), July 4, '36.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., Brevet Col., and Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 W^OOD, THOMAS J. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. Top. Eiigrs., July i, '45.) (Col. 2d Cav., Nm. 12, '61.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., February 23, 1847, fo^ gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Buena Vista. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant ai.d meritorious 
 services at Chickamauga, Ga. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13; 1865, for gallant 
 and meritorious services at Nashville, Tenn. ' 
 
 W^OOD, WILLIAM H. 
 
 (Btit.2dT.t.ythInf.,j^tlyi,'^S-) (Col. lU/i Inf., Feb. 22, ''6g.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war. 
 
 WOODBRIDGB, FRANCIS. 
 (2d T.,t. 2d Arty., July I, '37.) (Capt. 2d Arty., Dec. 6, '47.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 20, 1847, foi" gallant and meritorious conduct at Con- 
 treras and Churubusco, Brevet Maj., Septembers, 1847, for gallant and merit- 
 orious conduct at Molino del Rey. 
 
 W^OODBURY, DANIEL P. 
 
 (2d Lt. 2d Arty , July i, '36.) {l.t.-Col. Engrs., June i, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Col., July i, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 Virginia Peninsular campaign. Brevet Brig.-Gen., December 13, 1862, for gal- 
 lant and meritorious services at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Brevet 
 Maj.-Gen., August 15, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services during ths 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 573 
 
 ■W-OODHOtrSB, LEVI. 
 
 (21/ Lt. <^h Inf., April 9, '47.) (\st Lt. gtk Inf., Mar. — , '48.) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in 
 the battle o£ Chapultepec. 
 
 WOODHITLL, ALFRED A. 
 
 (Asst-Surg. Sept. 19, '61.) (Surg. {Ma/.), Oct. I, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 ■WOODRUFF, CARLE A. 
 
 {idLt. id Arty., Oct. 22, '61.) (Capt. zd Arty., May d, '69.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Gettysburg, Pa, Brevet Maj., June 11, 1864, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices at the battle of Trevillian Station, Va, Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, 
 for good conduct and gallant services during the virar. 
 
 WOODRUFF, EDWARD C. 
 
 [zdZt.jtA Inf., Mar. 2^, '62) (Capt. izth Inf., Dec. yi,''(>^) 
 
 Brevet 1st Lt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 WOODRUFF, ISRAEL C. , 
 
 (Bvt.2dLt.yI Arty., July 1,' 2,6.). (Col. of Engrs., Feb. 22, '6g.) 
 
 . Brevet Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the En- 
 gineer Department during the war. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for 
 meritorious services during the war. 
 
 WOODS, CHARLES R. 
 
 (Bvt. 2d Lt. isi Inf., July I, '52.) . , (Col. 2d Inf., Feb. l8, '74-) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col.; July 4, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the cap- 
 ture of Vicksburg, Miss. Brevet Col., November 24, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services at the battle of Chattanooga, Tenn. Brevet Brig.-Gen., 
 March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the -battle of Atlanta, Ga. 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and'meritorious services at the 
 battle of Bentonville, N. C. ' 
 
 WOODS, JAMES C. 
 
 (Bvi.-2d Lt. ifh Inf., Julyi, '44-) (2d Lt. zdlnf., June 18, '46.) 
 
 Brevet ist Lt., May 9, 1846, for gallant conduct in the battles of Palo Alto 
 and Kesaca de la Palma. 
 
 WOODS, SAMUEL. 
 
 Maj. I sM Inf., April 9, '47, disbanded 
 Aug. T ,' nS, and restored to commiss- 
 ion as Capt. dth Inf., with Bvt.ofMaj. 
 
 (2dLt. 6t& Inf., July i, '37.) 
 
 from Sept. 13, '47.' 
 Paymaster (Maj.), Dec. 24, '56. 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
 Chapultepec. . Brevet Lt.-Col.; March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
574 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 ■WOODWARD, GEORGE A. 
 
 (f.t.-Col. 6,<^k Inf., July 28, '66.) (Col. \<^h Inf., Jan. 10, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the bat- 
 tle o£ Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 ■WOODWARD, JOSEPH J. 
 
 {Asst. Surg.,' Aug. 5, '61.) - [Surg., {Ma/.), June 26, 'y6.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 J -WOOD^WARD, S. L. 
 
 (2d Lt. lotk Cav., June 18, '67.) (1st Zf. lOtA Cav., Dec. Ti, '67.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 11, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during 
 the raid through Mississippi in April, 1863. Brevet Maj., December 11, 
 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action at Sulphur Springs, Va. 
 
 ■WOOD'WARD, SOLOMON E. 
 
 {\st Lt. xtfh Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) (Caft. \yh Inf., Mar. i, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Brevet Maj., September i, 1864, for gallant 
 and meritorious services during the Atlanta campaign. 
 
 ■WOOL, JOHN E. 
 
 (Capt. \T/lk Inf., April 14, '12.) (Maj.-Gen., May 16, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., September 11, 1814, for gallant conduct at the battle of 
 Plattsburg. Brevet Brig.-Gen., April 29, 1826, for 10 years' faithful service in 
 one grade. Brevet Maj.-Gen., February 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct in the battle of Buena Vista. 
 
 WOOLE7, ABRAM R. 
 
 (Dep. Commiss. Ord. (Capt.), Dec. 4, '12.) (Lt.-CoL, 6th. Inf., Dec. 16, '26.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., February 9, 1825, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade 
 
 ■WOOLFOLK, AUSTIN C. 
 
 (A. Q. M. (Capt), Dec. 5, '63.) (A. Q. M. (Capt.), Dec. J, '63.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the 
 war, 
 
 ■WOOSTER, CHARLES F, 
 
 (2dLt. /ifh Arty., -July i, '37.) (Capt. ijth Arty., Sept. 27, '50.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., February 28, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Sac- 
 ramento, near Chihuahua, Mexico, 
 
 ■WORTH, ■WILLIAM J. 
 
 (ist Lt. 2zdlnf., Mar. 19, '13.) (Col. Ztk Inf., July 7, '38.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 5, 1814, for gallant and distinguished- conduct at the bat- 
 tle of Chippewa. Brevet Maj., July 25, 1814, for gallantry and good conduct 
 at the battle of Niagara. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March I, 1842, for gallant and 
 highly distinguished services in the war against the Florida Indians. Brevet 
 Maj.-Gen., September 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Mon- 
 terey, Mexico. 
 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 575 
 
 ■WORTH, -WILLIAM S. 
 
 (2dLt. Zthlnf., April 26, '6t.) (Cipt. St/i Inf., Jan. 14, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August i, 1864, for gallant and distinguished services at the 
 assault on the enemy's lines before Petersburg, and in the operations in the 
 campaign before Richmond, Va. Brevet Maj., April 9, 1865, for gallant and 
 meritorious services during the campaign terminating with the surrender of 
 General Lee. 
 
 ■WRIGHT, BD-WARD. 
 
 (Paymaster [Maj.), Feb. 23, '64.) (Paymaster {Ma;.)^ Feb. 23, '64.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during 
 the war. Brevet Col., IVIarch 13, 1865, for gallant services at James Island, 
 S. C. 
 
 ■WRIGHT, GEORGE. 
 
 (idU. 2/iInf., July i, 'Z2.) (Col. gtk Inf., Mar. 3, '55.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 15, 1842, for meritorious conduct, zeal, energy, and per- 
 severance in the war against the Florida Indians. Brevet Lt.-Col., August 20, 
 1847, f""- gallant and meritorious conduct at Contreras and Churubusco. Bre- 
 vet Col., September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Molino del 
 Rey. Brevet Brig.-Gen., December 19, 1864, for long, faithful, and meritorious 
 services. 
 
 ■WRIGHT, HORATIO G. 
 
 (zdLt. Engrs. July 1, '41.) (Lt.-Col. Engrs., Nov. 23, '65.) 
 
 Brevet Lt.-Col.j November 8, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at 
 the battle of Rappahannock Station, Va. Brevet Col., May 12, 1864, for 
 gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Spottsylvaiiia, Va. Brevet 
 Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of 
 Cold Harbor, Va. Brevet Maj.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for gallant and merit.- 
 orious services at the capture of Petersburg, Va. 
 
 ■WRIGHT, IR^VTN B. 
 
 (idLt. lUh Inf., Feb. 19, '62.) (Xst Lt. iitk Inf., Dec. 15, '62.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle 
 of Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 ■WRIGHT, JOSEPH J. B. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., Oct. 25, 'j3.) {Surg. (Col.), June 26, '76.) 
 
 Brevet Col., November 23, 1865. No service' given in nomination or com- 
 mission. Brevet Brig.-Gen., March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the war. 
 
 ■WRIGHT, JOSEPH P. 
 
 (Asst. Surg., May 28, '61.) (•'>'«'',r- (^V-), 7"b 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., Brevet Maj., and Brevet Lt.-Col., March 13, 1865, for faithful 
 and meritorious services during the war. 
 
 WYSE, FRANCIS P. 
 
 [Bvt. 2dLt. Zd Arty., July i, '37.) (Lt.-Col. i^h Arty., Nov. 4, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 12, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Calabosa 
 River, Mexico. 
 
5/6 BREVETS CONFERRED FROM l8l2 
 
 YATES, THBO0ORE. 
 
 {Capt. \jfh Inf., Aug. i,'<>i.) (Capt. i^ith Inf., Aug. -Cn'Si.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., July 4, ,1863, for gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 YORK, JOSEPH S. 
 
 (Capt. \tfh Inf., Aug. 29, '61.) (Capt. lt,lk Inf., Aug. 29, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., December 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battles of Shiloh and Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
 
 YORKB, LOiriS E. 
 
 {Capt. 13/A Inf., Aug. 5, '61.) {Capt. 13?^ Inf., Aug. S,.'6i.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., Jiily 4, 1863, fnr gallant and meritorious services during the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Miss, 
 
 YOUNG, JAMES. 
 
 {Ens. 6t/tlnf.,^n. I2,''iz-) (Capt. id Inf., Dec. ■^i,''2'}.) 
 
 Brevet Capt, June 30, 1824, for lo years' faithful service in one grade. 
 
 YOUNG, JOHN H. 
 
 (Capt. 15/* I)if.. May 14, '61.) (Capt. ijii /*/;, May 14, '61.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 20, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Chickamauga, Ga. 
 
 YOUNG, NATHANIEL. 
 
 (Ettsii6tk Inf., Aug. ig, '13.) , (Ma/. %d Iitf., Dec. 25, '3^.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., January r, 1829, for 10 years' faithful service in one grade. 
 YOUNG, SAMUEL B. M. 
 [2dLt. tztk Inf., May 11, '66.) (Capt.,ith Coo., July 28, '66.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in action at 
 Sulphur Springs, Va. Brevet Lt.-Col., March 2, 1867, for gallant and merit- 
 orious services in action at Amelia Springs, Ya. Brevet Col., March 2, 1867, 
 for gallant and meritorious services at the tattle of Sailor's Creelc, Va. 
 
 YOUNGS, WHITE. 
 
 (Capt. \tfh Inf., July 6, '12.) (Capt. i^tA Inf., July 6, 'tz.) 
 
 Brevet Maj., September 11, 18 14, for gallant conduct in the defense of 
 Hattsburg. 
 
 ZANTZINGER, RICHARD A. 
 
 (2dLt. 2d Arty. Mar. 12, '12.) (Capt. of Arty. Dec. 12, '18.) 
 
 Brevet Capt., August 15, 1814, for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort 
 
 Erie. Brevet Maj., August 15, 1824, for lo.yeais'faitiiful service in one grade. 
 
MILITARY BOOKS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 D. VAN NOSTRAND, 
 
 23 Murray Street and 27 Warren Street, 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Any Book in this Catalo^e sent free by mail on receipt of price. 
 
 Benton's Ordnance and Gunnery. 
 
 Fourth Edition, Revised aud Enlarged. 8to. Cloth. $5.00. 
 Ordnance and Gunnery. A Course of Instruction in Ordnance 
 and Gunnery. Compiled for the use of the Cadets of the U. S. Military 
 Academy, by Col. J. G. Benton, Major Ordnance Dep., late Instructor 
 of Ordnance and Gunnery, Military Academy, West Point. Illus- 
 trated. 
 
 Holley's Ordnance and Armor. 
 
 8vo. Half Roan, $10.00. Half Russia, $12.00. 
 A Treatise on Ohdnance and Armoe. With an Appendix^ refer- 
 ring to Gun-Cotton, Hooped Guns, etc., etc. By Alexander L. lloUey, 
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 Military Dictionary. Comprising Technical Definitions; Informa- 
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 Scott, U.S.A. 1vol. Fully illustrated. 
 
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 8vo. Cloth, SG.CO. Half Calf, $7.00. 
 Cavalry : Its History, Management, and Uses in War. By J. 
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 V wood en^ravincs. Beautifully pristt^d oil tinted paper. 
 
26 MILITABY BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Michaelis' Chroiiograph.. 
 
 4to. Illustrated. Cloth. $3.00, 
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 Benet's Chronoscope. 
 
 Second Edition. Tlustrated. 4to. Cloth. $3.00. 
 Electro-Ballistic Machines., and the Schultz Chronoscope. By 
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 Dufour's Principles of strategy and Grand 
 
 Tactics. 
 
 12mo. Cloth. $3.00. 
 The Pkixciples or Strategy and Grand Tactics. Translated 
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 Jomini's Life of tlae Emperor Napoleon. 
 
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 MlilTARY AND POLITICAL LiPE OF THE EmPEROR NaPOLEON. By 
 
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 The Political and Military History or the Campaign oi" Wa- 
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 Treatisk on Grand Military Operations. Illustrated by a Critical 
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 Parou fb Jomini. Ilkistriited by Maps and Plans. Translatsd from 
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D. VAN NOSTUAND. 27 
 
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 History of Brevets. 
 
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 Second Edition, 8vo. Fancy Cloth. 83.C0. 
 History of West Point, and jta Military Importance during the 
 
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28 MILITABY BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
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D. VAN NOSTRAND. 29 
 
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D. VAN NO STRAND. 31 
 
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D. VAN NOSTBAND. 33 
 
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84 MILITABY BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
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2>. VAN NOSTRAND. 35 
 
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36 MILITARY BOOKS PUBLISHED BT 
 
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D. VAN NOSTBAND. 37 
 
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D. VAN NdSTRAND. 89 
 
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D. VAN NOSTBAND. 41 
 
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42 NAVAL BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
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D. VAN NOSTRAND. . . 43 
 
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 THE PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 United States Naval Institute, 
 
 VOLUME 1.-1874. 
 
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The Rebellion Record. 
 
 EDITED BY FRANK MOORE. 
 Complete in. 19 Volumes. 
 
 With 158 Steel Engraved Portraits of Distinguished Generals and Fromiueut Men; 
 together with numerous Maps and Plans of Battles. 
 
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 of Events, from the meeting of the South Carolina Convention in 
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 ■with Official Reports of both Federal and Confederate State Officers, 
 and Narratives of all the Battles and Skirmishes that occurred. 12 
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 half morocco, $78.00 ; half russia, $84.00. 
 
 *^* Single volumes to complete sets furnished at the same rates. 
 
 There are very few men of ordinary intelligence, and possessing an 
 ordinary share of interest in the war which for a long period so entirely 
 engrossed the public attention, who have not very often desired to fix 
 the date of some important battle, some change of commanders, or tha 
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 This work is a compendiam 'Of information, made up of special correspondence, 
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 States and of Europe. Of these latter, over five hundred are used in itg prepata^ 
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