§mml\ ^nivmii^ J Abxm^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg W. Sage 1891 A^2>98tr /^/j^BS Cornell University Library QM 535.M14 Atlas of head sections. 3 1924 024 791 844 ...... The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024791844 INTRODUCTION. THI^ Atlas has been prepared from frozen head sections, and the keys, though made to the scale of the plates, have for the most part been drawn directly from the original. The fifty-three sections here represented have been selected from over a hundred specimens. The plates show the relation of the various parts of the brain to the exterior of the skull, thereby affording an aid to cephalic topo- graphy. The form of the brain thus seen /;/ sihi differs in many respects from that presented by the brain removed from the skull and placed upon a flat surface. Even the process of removal of the brain from its accurately- fitting case, in which it is surrounded by a fluid medium, destroys its symmetry ; and when, after removal, the soft cerebral substance is exposed unsupported it sinks by its own weight and becomes flattened and distorted. The main points in each plate are described in the key, and each section is complete in itself though various structures may be traced through a series of sections. The surgeon who is about to perform an operation on the brain has in these cephalic sections a means of refreshing his memory regarding the position of the various structures which he is about to encounter. At any spot which he may select for his operation he has the relations of the various parts of the brain to the outside of the skull exposed in three different series of sections — Coronal, Sagittal, and Horizontal. In both the Coronal and Horizontal series the adult sections are supplemented by those of the child. It is not intended in this introduction to give a separate description of the sectional anatomy of the brain, but the reader's attention is directed to several prominent features. The difference in the size of the brain in the child and adult respectively, relatively to the rest of the head, is well marked, as may be seen on comparing Coronal Sections, series A, with series C. The way in which the frontal lobes dip downwards near the mesial line in vin front, and the thin osseous lamellae dividing them from the ethmoidal cells and nasal cavity, are well illustrated in the Anterior Coronal Sections. The proximity of the nasal recesses to the intracranial structures suggests an easy access for erosive infective processes. For eradication of infective matter extending from the nasal fossae through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, or by way of the frontal sinuses, trephining in the middle line of the brow at the glabella and penetrating the frontal sinuses affords the best means of exposing the seat of disease. It gives free access to the frontal sinuses, to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and to both sides of the falx. The manner in which the basal portion of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe is enclosed on all sides by resisting structures, bone, and dura mater, is well illus- trated by, among others, Plates 6, lo, 42, 45, and 47. The basal portion of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe has osseous walls to the level of the superior ridge of the petrous bone, and extending beyond that point the unyielding tentorium forms a barrier stretching upward toward the mesial line where it joins the falx above. The base of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe is enclosed, as it were, in a box without a lid. Any pressure arising in the basal portion of the temporo- sphenoidal lobe will cause an expansion, chiefly in an upward direction, toward the convolutions of the operculum. The cerebral tissue near the middle line in the vicinity of the internal capsule, having no resisting structure on its inner side, has ample accommodation for displacement toward the lateral ventricle and the opposite side of the brain, and therefore pressure-effects from expansion in the base of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe will affect much less the internal capsule than the upper and outer part of the cerebrum, which is bounded outside and above by the skull, and on the inside by the falx. As a consequence, the bases of the ascending convolutions are more apt to be implicated by pressure exerted from the base of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe. The third nerve as it passes between the posterior clinoid process and the internal aspect of the base of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe is liable to pressure exerted from within the basal portion of this lobe. Its relations to this part of the brain may be seen in Plates 41 and 45. The descending horn of the lateral ventricle dips into the temporo-sphenoidal lobe to the level of the middle of the orbit, about half an inch above the zygoma (see Plate 45). The shape which the cerebellum presents in these sections in various planes differs from that usually delineated, and from that which it assumes when removed from the posterior fossa of the skull. Though the lateral sinus may be regarded as the external boundary delimiting the occipital lobes from the cerebellum, yet in the mesial plane the cerebellum ascends between the cerebral hemispheres to IX near the level of the orbital roof (see Plate 49). Its lower portion is not altogether confined within the posterior fossa, but projects through the foramen magnum, embracing the medulla and even a small part of the cord (see Plates 18, 36, 37). For the points in topographical anatomy, of service in illustrating the subjects of meningitis, abscess of the brain, and thrombosis of the intracranial sinuses, the reader is referred to a chapter on Surgical Anatomy in the volume on Pyogc?in- Lifcctivc Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord, concurrently issued. TABLE OF PLATES. CORONAL SECTIONS. Series A. Male, 6o Years. PLATJ- nu.mbe: I. Section 2 1-3 inches anterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, i II. Section 2 inches anterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from behind, - 2 III. Section i^ inch anterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, 3 IV. Oblique section i J^ inch anterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, 4 V. Section 1 inch anterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from behind, 5 VI. Section ^ inch anterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, 6 VII. Section in auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, 7 VIII. Section yi, inch posterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from behind, 8 IX. Section S/% inch posterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, 9 X. Section \i/z inch posterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from behind, 10 XL Section ij^ inch posterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, 11 XII. Section 2^ inches posterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, 12 XIII. Section 3^ inches posterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from behind, 13 Series B. Male, 40 Years. I. Section i^ inch anterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, 14 II. Section i inch anterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from behind, 15 III. Section in auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from behind, 16 IV. Section ^ inch posterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, - 17 V. Section f^ inch posterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from behind, i8 VI. Section 3^ inch posterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, 19 VII. Section i inch posterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from behind, 20 Series C. Wale, 21^ Years. I. Section i inch anterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from behind, 21 II. Section |^ inch anterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from behind, 22 III. Section % inch posterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, 23 IV. Section i|4 inch posterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, 24 SAGITTAL SECTIONS. Male, 30 Years. I. Section of left side of head, about 2j^ inches external to median plane, viewed from within, 25 II. Section of left side of head, about 2}z inches external to median plane, viewed from within, 26 III. Section of left side of head, about 2 inches external to median plane, viewed from without, 27 IV. Section of left side of head, about i}^ inch external to median plane, viewed from within, 28 V. Section of left side of head, about i|4 inch external to median plane, viewed from without, 29 ^'L Section of right side of head, about j{ inch external to median plane, viewed from within, 30 VII. Section of right side of head, about ^ inch external to median plane, viewed from without, 31 VIII. Section of right side of head, about ^ inch external to median plane, viewed from within, 32 IX. Section of right side of head, about i^ inch external to median plane, viewed from without, :^;^ X. Section of right side of head, about i^ inch external to median plane, viewed from within, 34 XL Section of right side of head, about 2^ inclie.s external to median plane, viewed from without, 35 HORIZONTAL SECTIONS. Slries a. IMale, 35 Years. I. Section i J^ inch below plane of middle of external auditory osseous meatus, viewed from below, 36 II. Section i}i inch below plane of middle of external auditory osseous meatus, viewed from below, 37 NT.MBEl III. Section ^ inch below plane of middle of external auditory osseous meatus, viewed from above, 38 IV. Section in plane of middle of external auditory osseous meatus, viewed from above, 39 V. Section ^ inch above plane of middle of external auditory osseous meatus, viewed from below, 40 VI. Section somewhat obliquely cut 3b inch above plane of middle of external auditory osseous meatus, viewed from below, - 41 VII. Section ^ inch above plane of middle of external auditory osseous meatus, viewed from below, 42 VIII. Section i}( inch above plane of middle of external auditory osseous meatus, viewed from below, . 43 Series B. Male, 50 Year.s. I. Section cut obliquely about plane of external auditory osseous meatus, seen from below, 44 II. Section cut obliquely }^ inch above plane of external auditory osseous meatus, seen from above, 45 Series C. Male, 5 Years. I. Section in plane of middle of external auditory osseous meatus, seen from above, 46 II. Section cut obliquely in plane of external occipital protuberance, seen from below, 47 III. Section in plane of middle of orbits, seen from above, 48 IV. Section in plane of upper third of orbits, seen from above, 49 V. Section in plane of superior margins of orbits, seen from below, 50 VI. Section }4 inch above plane of superior margins of orbits, seen from above, 51 VII. Section i inch above plane of superior margins of orbits, seen from above, 52 VIII. Section }^ inch below plane of parietal eminence, seen from below, 53 Coronal Sections. ERRATA. Key Plate 7 — For ''saggittal" read "sagittal." „ 21 — For " Occular '" read "Ocular." ,, 23 — For "Odontoid process of Atlas" read "Odontoid process of Axis." ,, 37 — For "Basilar artery" read " N'ertebral artery.' ,, 49 — For "Inferior longitudinal sinus" read "Superior longitudinal sinus." Coronal Section. Series A. I. VIEWED FROM BEFORE. PLATE NO. I CORONAL SECTION, Series A. I. Falx cerebri.. Frontal lobe. Posterior segment of eye. Inferior rectus, Perpendicular pLite of ^ 1^ ethmoid. ) // y- Temporal muscle. Lower jaw. Dental vessels and nerve Mylo-hyoid muscle, Submaxillary gland. Male^ 60 years. Superior longitudinal sinus. Crista galli of ethmoid. Internal rectus. Ethmoidal cells. Malar bone. Inferior turbinal bone. .\ntrum of Highmore. Oral cavity. Buccinator muscle. .Genio-glosfii muscles. Hyo-glossus. Lingual artery. Scale %^ = \Approx. I. Coronal Section, viewed from before, passing through frontal lobes, posterior aspects of eyeballs, the ethmoidal cells, antrum of Highmore, turbinated bones, buccal cavity and tongue. The proximity of the upper part of the nasal cavity and the ethmoidal cells to the brain, is clearly brought out. Coronal Section. Series A. II. VIEIVED FROM BEHIND, HALF AN INCH POSTERIOR TO SECTION I PLATE NO. 2. CORONAL SECTION. Series A. 11. Sup. longitudinal sinus. First frontal convolution Calloso -marginal fissure. First frontal convolution. Superior rectus i-^ Olfactory fissure. Orbital fa.t. Optic nerve. Inferior rectus. Infra-orbital nerve. Temporal fascia. Nasal septum. Zygoma, Antrum of Highmore. Genio-glossi, Lingual artery. Hyo-glossus. Digastric tendon. Genio-hyoid. Falx cerebri. Male, 60 years. Internal rectus. .Temporal muscle. Ethmoidal cells. Middle turbiiiated bone, .Inferior turbinated bone. Oral cavity. Buccal cavity. Lower jaw. Dental nerve and vessels. Submaxillary gland, Hyoid bone. Scale f^^lApprox. II. Coronal Section, viewed from behind, half an inch posterior to section I., passing through frontal lobes, orbital cavity, turbinated bones, antrum of Highmore, tongue and hyoid bone. The relation of the ethmoidal cells to the orbital and cranial cavities : the thin supra orbital, cribriform, and ethmoidal plates : the marked mesial dip of the frontal lobes : and the nasal cavity, with its spongy turbinals, are all well brought out in the section. Rrte N°2. Coronal Section. Series A. III. VIEWED FROM BEFORE, ONE-EiqHTH OF AN INCH POSTERIOR TO SECTION II. PLATE NO. 3. CORONAL SECTION. Series A. III. Calloso -marginal fissure. Falx cerebri. Calloso marginal fissure. Olfactory fissure. Superior rectus. External rectus. Inferior rectus. Temporal muscle. Sup. maxillary nerve. Coronoid process. Hyoid bone. Sup. longitudinal sinus. Gyrus fornicatus. Superior rectus. ( Optic nerve with inferior br.nnch ( of third 10 inner side. Ethmoidal cells. IVIiddle turbinated bone, Zygoma. Antrum of Highmore. Vomer and mes-ethmoid. Male, 60 years. .Submaxillary gland. — Facial artery. Scale f^ = \ Approx. III. Coronal Section, viewed from before, one-eighth of an inch posterior to section II., passing through frontal lobes, orbital, nasal, and oral cavities, antrum of Highmore, tongue, and hyoid bone. The superior maxillary nerve is seen in the spheno-maxillar)- fossa. The inferior branch of third nerve is seen on either side, to the inner side of the optic ucrxL-. Plate No. 4. Coronal Section (Oblique). Series A. IV. VIEWED FROM BEFORE, THREE-EIGHTHS OF A A INCH POSTERIOR TO SECTION III. PLATE NO. 4, CORONAL SECTION. Series A. IV. Falx cerebri Ascending limb of) Sylvian fissure. } Fissure of Sylvius. Lesser wing of sphenoid Optic nerve in optic foramen. Temporal fascia. Sphenoidal cells. Temporal muscle. Zygoma External pterygoid. External pterygoid plate- Internal pterygoid. Lingual nerve. Masse ten Inferior dental nerve. Ramus of jaw. Ton.sil, Epiglottis. Male, 60 years. Sup. longitudinal sinus. First frontal convolution. Second frontal convolution. Third frontal convolution. f Tipoftemporo-sphenoidal \ lobe. _ j Sphenoidal fissure with ( veins and ocular nerves. .Rostrum of sphenoid. Internal maxillary artery. ( Opening of Eustachian \ tube. Naso-pharyn.x . Soft palate. .Uvula. Sub-maxillary gland. Tonsil. Scale g = -g Approx. IV. Coronal (oblique) Section, viewed from before, three- eighths of an inch posterior to section III., passing through frontal and tips of temporo-sphenoidal lobes, sphenoidal cells, naso- pharynx, and epiglottis. On left side of section, the superior maxillary nerve is seen, just below the sphenoidal fissure on cranial side of foramen rotundum. The fronto-sphenoidal osseous ring surrounding the tip of the temporal lobe is complete on the left side, and almost so on the right. The trumpet shaped opening of the Eustachian tube is better seen in the section than in the plate. A very thin osseous plate separates the cranial cavity from the sphenoidal cells. Plate No. 5. Coronal Section. Series A. V. VIEWED FROM BEHIND, HALF AN INCH POSTERIOR TO SECTION IV. PLATE NO. 5. CORONAL SECTION. Series A. V. Anterior horn of ventricle. Fissure of Sylvius. Optic chiasma. Anterior clmoid process. In cavern- j 3rd, 4th, and 6th nerves ous sinus— I j^^d carotid artery. Sphenoidal cell. Zygoma. External pterygoid. Eustachian tube. Parotid gland. Tensor palati. Ramus of jaw Internal pterygoid. Submaxillary gland. Sup. longitudinal sinus. Corpus callosum. Fissure of Sylvius. Corpus striatum. j Middle cerebral artery in I fissure of Sylvius. j Terminal portion of carotid I artery. Pituitary body. f Carotid artery in cavern- \ ous sinus. ) Inferior maxillary ner\'e '( in foramen ovale. I Synovial sac of temporo- \ maxillary articulation. External pterygoid. Posterior wall of pharynx. Ramus of jaw. Male^ 60 years. Scale %- Approx. V. Coronal Section^ viewed from behind, half an inch posterior to section iv., passing through corpus callosum, anterior part of basal ganglia, fissure of Sylvius, temporo-sphenoidal lobes, cavernous sinus with carotid artery and nerves, sphenoidal cell and posterior wall of pharynx. On the right side the middle cerebral artery is seen in oblique section in the Sylvian fissure. At the right cavernous sinus the carotid artery rests with its inner and under aspects upon the carotid groove, on the body of the sphenoid, the cavernous plexus being situated chiefly above the artery and between it and the pituitary body, while the nerves are situated at the upper and outer aspects of the sinus : the third being nearest the middle line, the fourth to the outer side of the third, and the sixth being also to the outer side, below the third and between the latter and the artery. Below the artery, and to its outer side, is the anterior extremity of the Gasserian ganglion between the two layers of the dura mater, while the inferior maxillary nerve is seen in section in the foramen ovale. The internal maxillary artery is divided twice in the section, first external, and second internal to the e\:ternal pterygoid muscle. Plate No. 6. Coronal Section, Series A. VI. VIEWED FROM BEFORE, ONE-EIGHTH OF AN INCH POSTERIOR TO SECTION V. PLATE NO. 6. CORONAL SECTION. Series A. VI. Lateral ventricle.- Sylvian fissure- Optic chiasma.. Posterior clinoid process.^ Pituitary bady._ Third nerve with cavern- } _ ous sinus to inner side, f Internal carotid artery._ Gasserian ganglion. _ Cartilaginous plate of \ Eustachian tube, J - Tensor palati.. Auricle.^ Le\-ator palati.. Parotid gland. _ Prevertebral muscles._ Internal carotid artery._ Pneumogastric nerve. _ Internal jugular vein._ _Sup. longitudinal sinus. -Corpus callosum. -Corpus striatum. r Sylvian fissure with - , branches of middle 1, cerebral artery. _ Temporal muscle. _ Third nerve. ^Sphenoidal cell. ( Foramen ovale with in- "" ( ferior maxillary nerve. I Temporo-mnxillary ■» articulation. _ I External pterygoid ( muscle. -Parotid. _Ramus of jaw. Internal pterygoid i Male, 60 years. Scale ^ = \ Appr ox. VI. Coronal Section, viewed from before, one-eighth of an inch posterior to section v., passing through basal gangha, optic chiasma, cavernous sinus, sphenoidal cell, prevertebral muscles, and carti- laginous plate of Eustachian tube. The position of the third nerve relatively to temporo-sphenoidal lobe and to the ridge below the posterior clinoid process is well seen on either side. The third nerve lies here between the temporo-sphenoidal lobe, and the dura covering the posterior clinoid process and the posterior extremity of the cavernous sinus. This section is taken at the plane of the anterior aspect of the condyle of lower jaw, just in front of the auricle. Plate No. 7. Coronal Section. Series A. VII. VIEll'ED FROM BEFORE, SE]'E.\-/:U; HTHS OF A.X IXCH POSTER/OR TO SECTION 17. PLATE NO. 7* CORONAL SECTION. Series A. VII. Lateral ventricle, Island of Reil. Operculum. Fissure of Sylvius, Optic thaiami Claustrum. External capsule. Internal capsule. Parallel fissure. Locus niger. Gj'rus hippocampi Tympanum with ossicles Postcrir.r condyloid vein Occipital condyle^. Twelfth nerv-e in anterior 1 condyloid foramen. / Jugular vein. Lateral odontoid ligament. Vertebral artery and vein. Axis. Dura of spinal cord. Male, 60 years. ,Sup. longitudinal sinus. .Corpus callosum. .Caudate nucleus. Lenticular nucleus. .Third ventricle. Temporal lobe. Tentorium. Tympanum. External auditory meatus. Basilar artery. Jugular vein. ( 9th,ioth,and nth nerves with connective I tissue and veins in jugular foramen. Rectus lateralis. Atlas. .Vertebral artery. Scale f = \Approx. VII. Coronal Section, viewed from before, seven-eighths of an inch posterior to section VI., passing- through frontal and temporo-sphenoidal lobes, operculum, island of Reil, basal ganglia and pons. The mass of resilient connective tissue, in which the nerves issuing from the jugular fossa are embedded, along with a venous plexus, is well seen in the specimen. Parts of the external, middle, and internal, ear are exposed. The tympanum with the attic and ossicles — incus and stapes, and the extremely thin tegmen are well seen on the right side of section. The lateral odontoid or check ligaments are visible in the section. This section is in the plane of the auriculo-bregmatic line. The saggittal suture is synostosed. Plate N°7. Plate No. 8. Coronal Section. Series A. VIII. VIEWED FROM BEHIND, HALF AN INCH POSTERIOR TO SECTION VII. PLATE NO. 8 CORONAL SECTION. Series A. VIII. Lenticular nucleii Third ventricl Optic thalamus. Hippocampus., Gyrus hippocampi.. Sap. petrosal sinus. Sup. semicircular canal. Si^inoiJ sinus. Hypo-yluss.Tl nerve, ^ledulla. Digastric muscle and \ Vertebral artery i. occipital artery. Spinal cord. Sup. longitudinal sinus. Paracentral lobule. Corpus callosum. Caudate nucleus. / Island of Reil and fissure \ of Sylvius with vessels. Parallel fissure. Transverse fissure. Temporal lobe. Flocculus. Pons. Cerebellar peduncle f Ma.';tojd cells with antrum '( above. Sigmoid sinus. Vertebral artery Atlas. Inferior oblique muscle. Male, 60 years. Scale l = \Approx. VIII. C')KONAL Sfxtion, viewed from behind, half an inch posterior to section ^'IL, passing through paracentral lobule, island of Rcil, fissure of Sylvius, temporo-.sphenoidal lobe, basal ganglia, pons, medulla, and cord. The mastoid cells, temporal lobe in its relation to the tegmen antri, and the hypo-glossal nerve as it passes into anterior condyloid foramen, are well seen. The section is in a plane half an inch behind the auriculo-bregmatic line, and passes through the tip of the mastoid process. Plate No. 9. Coronal Section. Series A. IX. VIEWED FROM BEFORE, ONE-EIGHTH OF AN INCH POSTERIOR TO SECTION VIII. PLATE NO. 9. CORONAL SECTION. Series A. IX. Sup. longitudinal sinus. Corpus callosum. Sylvian fissure. Parallel fissure. Iter. Tentorium. Fourth ventricle. Cerebellar hemisphere Lu Cerebellar peduncle. Sigmoid sinus. Occipital artery. Superior oblique. Vertebral artery Inferior oblique. Trachelo mastoid. Splenius. Stemo-mastoid. Male, 60 years. Paracentral lobule. Falx cerebri. Ascending parietal con- volution- Lateral ventricle. Fornix. .Optic thalamus. Island of Reil. .Third ventricle. Dentate fissure. ,Crus cerebri. Pons. Superior petrosal sinus. Mastoid cells. .Sigmoid sinus. Vertebral artery. Scale ?| = \ Approx. IX. Coronal Section, viewed from before one-eighth of an inch posterior to section VIII., passing through parietal and temporo-sphenoidal lobes, basal ganglia, crura cerebri, pons, cerebellum, medulla and cord. The section is in a plane five-eighths of an inch posterior to the auriculo- bregmatic line. Plate No. io. Coronal Section. Series A. X. VIEWED FROM BEHIND, ONE INCH POSTERIOR TO SECTION IX. PLATE NO, lO. CORONAL SECTION. Series A. X. Falx. Straight sinus, Diploic \eins. Corpus dentatum. Inferior vermiform )_ process, j Mastoid vein, Occipital artery and vein. Sup. longitudinal sinus. Quadrate lobule. Intra -parietal fissure. Parietal lobe. ( Supra-marginal con- ( volution. ' Junction of posterior and descending horns of ventricle. Calcarine fissure. Occipital lobe. Lateral e Cerebellum. ( External opening of mas- ( toid vein near foramen. t.)ccipital artery and vein. .Rectus minor. Complexus. Splenius. Ligamentum nuchae. ^Ialt\ 60 years. Scale % = \Approx. X. Coronal Slction, viewed from behind, one inch posterior to section IX., passing through parietal and occipital cerebral lobes and the cerebellar hemispheres. The junction of the falx with the tentorium, and the orifice of the straight sinus are seen. This section is in a plane one and five- eighth inches posterior to the auriculo-bregmatic line and passes through a portion of the parietal eminence. Haxe W°10. Plate No. ii. Coronal Section. Series A. XI. VIEWED FROM BEFORE, ONE-EIGHTH OF AN INCH POSTERIOR TO SECTION X. PLATE NO. I I , CORONAL SECTION. Series A. XI. Falx cerebri - Straight sinus.^ Posterior horn of \ lateral ventricle. ) Cerebellar hemisphere. Male, 60 years. _Sup. longitudinal sinus. _Tntra-parietal fissure. ^Parietal lobe. -Angular gyrus. ( Posterior horn of I lateral ventricle. -Occipital lobe. -Lateral sinus. ^Occipital vein. — Inf. vermiform process. -Occipital artery. -Rectus minor, -Complexus. _Splenius, ^Ligamentum nucha:. Scale f = \ Approx. XL Coronal Section, viewed from before one-eighth of an inch posterior to section X., passing through parietal and occipital lobes of cerebrum and cerebellar hemispheres. It passes through a plane one and three-quarter inches posterior to the auriculo-bregmatic line, and includes a portion of the parietal eminence. ~uSrA l\?ii Plate No. 12. Coronal Section. Series A. XII. VIEWED FROM BEFORE, THREE-QUARTERS OF AN INCH POSTERIOR TO SECTION XI. PLATE NO. 12. CORONAL SECTION. Series A. XII. Parieto-occipital fissure - Cuneus.- Calcarine fissure. - Straight sinus. Lateral sinus Cerebellar hemisphere. -Sup. longitudinal sinus. -Intra -parietal fissure. ..Parietal lobe. -Occipital lobe. . ( Posterior horn of \ lateral ventricle. -Lateral sinus. _Occipital sinus. _CQmple.\-us. A/a/e, 60 years. Scale%^\ Approx. XI I. Coronal Section, viewed from before three quarters of an inch posterior to section XL, passing through the parietal and occipital lobes of cerebrum and posterior aspect of cerebellum. The section is in a plane two and a half inches posterior to the auriculo-bregmatic line. Plate No. 13. Coronal Section. Series A. XIII. VIEWED FROM BEHIND, FIVE-EIGHTHS OF AN INCH POSTERIOR TO SECTION XH. PLATE NO. I 3. CORONAL SECTION. Series A. XIII. Lateral sinus. Sup. longitudinal sinus. Parietal lobe. Occipital lobe. Lateral sinus neartor- '( cular Herophili. Male, 60 years. Scalcl-^\Approx. XIII. Coronal Section, viewed from behind five-eighths of an inch posterior to section XII., passing through posterior aspect of parietal and occipital lobes and torcular Herophili. The section is in a plane three and one-eighth inches posterior to the auriculo-bregmatic line. F^ATEli?13. Plate No. 14. Coronal Section, Series B, I. AN INCH AND THREE-EIGHTHS IN FRONT OF AURICULO-BREGMATIC PLANE, VIEWED FROM BEFORE. PLATE NO. I 4- CORONAL SECTION. Series B. I. Falx cerebri Genu of corpus callosum Sphenoidal cell, Rostrum of sphenoid C'rifice of Eustachian tube. Naso-pharyngeal cavity Lingual nerve. Hyoglossus muscle. Tendon of digastric. Hyoid bone- Superior longitudinal sinus. Anterior cerebral vessels. ( Impression of anterior horn of \ lateral ventricle. Fissure of Sylvius. f Optic nerves with ophthalmic \ arteries. I Sphenoidal fissure with ophthalmn ( of 5th, 3rd, 4th, and 6th nerves. Superior maxillary of sth. Vidian canal and nerve. Zygomn. Temporal muscle. Internal maxillary vessels. External pterygoid muscle. Internal pterygoid muscle. Oral cavity. Ascending ramus of lower jaw. Inferior dental vessels and nerve. Malc^ ^o yea rs. Facial vessels. Lingual vessels. Submaxillary gland. Scale f^ = \ Approx. I. Coronal Section an inch and three-eighths in front of auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, passing through anterior clinoid processes, sphenoidal fissures, and foramina rotunda. The frontal and temporo-sphenoidal lobes, the superior maxillary nerve, internal maxillary vessels, pterygoid muscles, facial and lingual arteries, inferior dental vessels and nerve, tendon of digastric, submaxillary gland, and the pharyngeal orifice of Eustachian tube are exposed. Plate No. 15. Coronal Section. Series B. II. AN INCH IN FRONT OF AURICULO-BREGMATIC PLANE, VIEWED FROM BEHIND. PLA IE NO. I ^ D- CORONAL SECTION. Series B. II. Superior longitudinal simis First frontal convolutioa Second frontal convolution Third frontal convolution Corpus callosum Caudate nucleus Ascending limb, fissure of SylviiK Mandof Re. Anterior cerebral vessels Internal caroud arteries Pituitary body 3rd, 4th, and 6th nerves and superior maxillarj' of 5th. Pharyngeal fossa Inferior dental nerve Internal maxillary vessels. Oral cavity Tongue. F.TcIal vessels Lingual vessels.. Hyoid bone Falx cerebri. -.interior horn of lateral ventricle. -Fifth ventricle. Fissure of Sylvius. Branch of middle cerebral artery. Jpiic nerves, .Tliird nervu. Internal carotid. /Superior maxillary of 5th, 4th, and \ 6ih nerves in cavernous sinus. Zygoma. Vidian canal and nerve. Eustachian tube. Internal maxillary artery. Ramus of jaw. Masseter muscle. Internal pterygoid. ■Tonsil. iiubmaxillary gland. Tendon of digastric muscle. .Facial vein. Hyoid bone. ]\Ialc, 40 years. Scale 43 2 Approx. II. Coronal Section an inch in front of auriculo-bregmatic plane viewed from behind, passing through body of sphenoid, exposing the posterior part of frontal lobes, the anterior part of temporo-sphenoidal lobes, the fissure of Sylvius with its ascending branch, anterior horns of ventricles, fifth ventricle, optic nerve just in front of chiasma, pituitary body, cavernous sinus with its relations to the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth nerves along with carotid artery, portion of pterygoid plexus, Eustachian tube, internal maxillary, facial and hngual vessels. Plate No. i6. Coronal Section. Series B. III. IN AURICULO-BREGMATIC PLANE, AN INCH BEHIND SECTION IL, SEEN FROM BEHIND. PLATE N( .. 1 6. CORONAL SECTION. Series B. III. Corpus callosum, Lateral ventricle, Middle cerebral vebsels. Hippocampus major. Interpeduncular space Flocculus., 7H1 and Sth nerves from neir ori'^'in | to internal auditory meatus. J Tympanum with cliam of ossicles., External auditory meatus Medulla with vertebral arteries on either side. Occipital condyle. Parotid gland Vertebral artery. Superior longitudinal sinus. Space between corpus callosum and falx. Caudate nucleus Fornix. Lenticular nucleus. ( Optic thalamus with third ventricle in { median line. — Posterior cerebral artery. .Tentorium. ,Superior petrosal sinus. 7th and Sth nerves entering internal audi- Pons. [tory meatus. .9th, loth, and nth nerves entering jugularforamen. .Orifice of anterior condylar vein in jugularforamen. r2th nerve in anterior condylar foramen. Bulb of internal jugular vein. Parotid gland. \tlas. Odontoid process of axis. , Vertebral artery. Internal jugular vein. A Talc, ^o years. Scale Approx. III. Coronal Section in aurlculo-bregmatic plane, an inch behind section IL, seen from behind, passing through external and internal auditory meatus, showing the middle ear with its chain of ossicles, the seventh and eighth nerves from near their point of origin to the internal meatus, the ninth, tenth, and eleventh entering jugular fossa, and the twelfth in anterior condylar foramen. The relations of the occipital condyles to the atlas and axis, the vertebral arteries, the medulla, pons, third and lateral ventricles are well seen. On the right of the photograph there is an accidental fissure, running from the hippocampus outwards. The dome-shaped part of the internal jugular vein is seen on the right side of section, with a large vein passing into the jugular fossa from the anterior condylar foramen. FIjATM .VJtf Plate No. 17. Coronal Section. Series B. IV. AN EIGHTH OF AN INCH POSTERIOR TO AURICULO-BREGMATIC PLANE AND TO SECTION III. PLATE NO. 17. CORONAL SECTION. Series B. IV. Corpus callosum. Cavity of lateral ventricle. Portion of island of Reil. Lenticular nucleus. Third ventricle. Posterior cerebral artery. Tentorium. Flocculus. Mastoid antrum. Seventh nerve. Posterior wall of external auditory meatus. Spinal accessory entering jugular foramen. Bulb of internal jugular., Anterior condylar foramen., Parotid gland.— \'ertebral veins. Vertebral artery Jugular vein, Male, 40 years. Superior longitudinal sinus. Ascending convolutions. Caudate nucleus. Fornix. Lenticular nucleus. Temporo-sphenoidal lobe. Hippocampus major. Red nucleus of crus cerebri. Locus niger of crus cerebri. Superior petrosal sinus. Mastoid antrum. Vestibule viiih semicircular canals. ■Seventh nerve. External auditory meatus.posteriorwall. {Bulb of internal jufTular with spinal acces- sory nerve entering jugular foramen. f Strands of spinal accessory nerve issuing l from medulla. Occipital condyle. Atlas. Vertebral artery. .Axis. Scale |=? Approx. IV. Coronal Section, an eic^hth of an inch posterior to auriculo-bregmatic plane and to section III., passing through the ascending convolutions, temporo-sphenoidal lobe, basal ganglia, pons, medulla, occipital condyles, atlas, and axis. Some of the strands of the spinal accessory issuing from the medulla are traced into the eleventh nerve as it passes into jugular foramen. The junction of the sigmoid sinus with the jugular fossa is seen in specimen though not in photo. Plate No. i8. Coronal Section. Series B. V. VIEWED FROM BEHIND, A HALF-INCH POSTERIOR TO SECTION IV. AND FIVE-EIGHTHS OF AN INCH BEHIND AURICULO-BREGMATIC PLANE. PLATE NO. 1 8. CORONAL SECTION. Series B. V. Ascending convolutions. Temporo- sphenoidal lobe Tentorium Superior petrosal sinus. Cerebellum Lower part of fourth ventricle. Posterior condyloid vein. Occipital artery and digas- \ trie muscle. J Vertebral artery and sub- ) occipital nerve, t Spinal cord LKFT. Superior longitudinal sinus. Falx cerebri. Space between falx and corpus callosuir Sylvian fissure. .Corpus callosum. Choroid plexus in lateral ventricle. .Pineal gland. Corpora quadrigemina. Superior petrosal sinus. Sigmoid sinus. Posterior condyloid vein. Digastric muscle with occipital artery. .Vertebral arterj-, .Vertebral vein. 'Suboccipital nerve. Atlas. ,Spinal nerves. Vertebral arter>'. Male, 40 year. Scale ^~ = \ Approx. V Coronal Section, viewed from behind, a half-inch posterior to section IV, and five- eighths of an inch behind auriculo-bregmatic plane. Section passes through mastoid portion of temporal, exposing the parietal and temporo- sphenoidal lobes of the cerebrum with the lateral ventricles and their choroid plexuses, the cerebellum, portions of pons and spinal cord. Attention is called to the tenuity of the osseous plate dividing lowest mastoid cells from sigmoid sinus, and to the depth to which the cerebellum penetrates into the spinal canal round the medulla and cord. Plate No. 19. Coronal Section. Series B. VI. VIEWED FROM BEFORE, AN EIGHTH OF AN INCH BEHIND SECTION V., THREE-QUARTERS OF AN INCH BEHIND AURICULO-BREGMATIC PLANE. PLATE NO. 19. CORONAL SECTION. Series B. VI. Eminentia coUateralis. Posterior cerebral arterj' Temporal lobe Sigmoid sinus. Cerebellar hemisphere. ^^astoid cells. Posterior condyloid vein. Occipital artery Alias, Intermuscular fascia Spinal cord. f Sup. longitud. sinus with ( Pacchionian body. Parietal lobe. Corpus callosum (splenium). Posterior horn of lateral ventricle. Calcarine fissure. .Tentorium. Superior petrosal sinu.s. Superior peduncles of cerebellum. Mastoid cells. Digastric muscle and occipital artery. .Occipital condyle. ,Sub-occipitaI nerve. Posterior wall of foramen magnum. Superior oblique muscle. Male, ^o years. Spinal nerve. Spinal venous plexus. Scale l° = f Approx. VI. Coronal Section, viewed from before, an eighth of an inch behind section v., three- quarters of an inch behind auriculo-bregmatic plane, passing through posterior wall of foramen magnum, and posterior mastoid cells, exposing sigmoid sinus, parietal and temporo-sphenoidal lobes, cerebellar hemispheres with their superior peduncles. Plate No. 20. Coronal Section. Series B. VII. VIEWED FROM BEHIND, A QUARTER OF AN INCH POSTERIOR TO SECTION VI., AN INCH BEHIND AURICULO-BREGMATIC PLANE. PLATE NO. 20. CORONAL SECTION. Series B. VII. Falx cerebri, Lateral ventricli I^minentia collateralis. Calcarine fissure, Straight sinus. Tentorium cerebelli, Cerebellar hemisphere Middle lobe of cerebellum. Occipital bone. Atlas. Spinal cord. Superior longitudinal sinus with Pacchionian bodies. Corpus callosum (splenium). .Occipital lobe of cerebrum. Posterior horn of lateral ventricle. .Posterior cerebral artery. J Small vein from under aspect of cere- { brum apparently opening into sinus. .Lateral sinus. Corpus dentatum. Mastoid cells. Recti muscles. Occipital artery. .Trachelo-mastoid muscle. .Opening into spinal sub-dural space. .Splenius capitis. _,Sterno-mastoid. Male^ 40 years. Scale 1 = ^ Approx, VII. Coronal Section, viewed from behind, a quarter of an inch posterior to section VL, an inch behind auriculo-bregmatic plane, passing through lateral sinus, parietal and occipital lobes of cerebrum, cerebellar hemispheres, atlas, and spinal canal exposed from behind. A vein is seen passing from base of occipital lobe of brain through the tentorium into lateral sinus. 'LATE N:'Z0. Plate No. 21. Coronal Section. Series C. I. ONE INCH IN FRONT OF AURICULO-BREGMATIC PLANE, VIEWED FROM BEHIND. PLATE NO. 2 I . CORONAL SECTION. Series C. I. Fa!x cerebri. Great wing of sphenoid- Lesser wing of sphenoid. Body of sphenoid. Zygoma. Rostrum of sphenoid. Internal maxillary artery. Nasal fossa. nxtemal pterygoid muscle. External pterygoid plate. Orifice of inferinr dental foramen with nerve. Soft palate. Ramus of lower jaw. Tonsil. Tongue. Epiglottis. Male, 2^ years. Superior longitudinal sinus First frontal convolution. Calloso marginal fissure. .Second frontal convolution. Gyrus fomicatuE Impression of anterior horn of lateral ventricle. .Third frontal convolution. .Olfactory fissure Apex of temporo-sphenoidal lobe. Optic nerve in optic foramen. { Occular vessels and nerves In sphenoidal j fissure. .Superior maxillary of 5th in foramen rotundum. < '.reat petrosal nerve in Vidian canal. .Temporal muscle. External pterygoid muscle. Masseter muscle. Internal pterygoid muscle. Inferior dental nerve. Submaxillary gland. Scale f = l W 4- I. Coronal Section, one inch in front of auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from behind, passing through the ramus of the lower jaw at orifice of inferior dental canal, through the body and both wings of the sphenoid, and exposing the frontal and anterior parts of the temporal lobes, the posterior nares, pharynx, and tonsils. The sphenoidal fissure, the optic, round, and Vidian foramina with their enclosed nerves are seen. Plate No. 22. Coronal Section, Series C. II. THREE-EIGHTHS OF AN INCH IN FRONT OF AURICULO-BREGMATIC PLANE, VIEWED FROM BEHIND. PLATE NO. 2 2. CORONAL SECTION. Series C. II. External sulcus of Reil. Third frontal convolution. Fissure of Sylvius. Island of Reil. External capsule. Claustrunu. Middle cerebral arLery. Third nerve. Condyle of lower jaw, Parotid gland. Stylo-hyoid mu.scle. Odontoid process. External carotid artery. Body of ajcis. Male, 2^j years. Basi -sphenoid Xt^ Superior longitudinal sinus. First frontal convolution. Calloso marginal fisi-ure. Gyms fornicatus. Corpus callosum. Lateral ventricle. Caudate nucleus. Internal capsule. Fifth ventricle. Lenticular nucleus. Anterior pillar of foriii-\ Third ventricle. Middle cerebral artery. Optic chiasma. Posterinr communicating arterj-. Third nerve. Fourth nerve. Pituitary body. Gasserian eanijlioii. Internal carotid artery. Apex of petrous bone. Portion of foramen ovale. Anterior recti muscles. Scale l^\ Approx. II. Coronal Section, three-eighths of an inch in front of auriculo-bregmatic plane viewed from behind, passing tlarough condyles of lower jaw, basi-sphenoid, posterior clinoid process and anterior portion of odontoid process of axis, and exposing base of third frontal convolution, island of Reil, corpus striatum, lateral, third, and fifth ventricles, anterior pillars of fornix, optic chiasma, and Gasserian ganglion. The ascending intra-cranial portions of the internal carotid arteries, the middle and anterior cerebral arteries near their origin, the third, fourth, and sixth nerves are shown, and the foramen ovale is divided just anterior to the inferior maxillary nerve. PLATE NO. 2 ' CORONAL SECTION. Series C. III. Third ventricle, Gyrus hippocampus. Interpeduncular space. Superior petrosal sinus Mastoid antrum \''e.<;tibule and semicircular canals. Medulla. Occipital condyle. Odontoid process of Atla'^. Atlas. Cord. Axis.. A/ale, 2J-S years. Ascending frontal convolution. Fissure of Rolando. Lateral ventricle. Internal capsule. Optic tract. Pyramidal fibres of crusta. Pyramidal fibres in pons. Fifth nerve. Mastoid antrum. j 7th and 8th nerves from origin ( through internal auditory meatus. Jugular fossa with veins and nerves. f Anterior condylar foramen with ( I2th nerve. ■Vertebral artery. Scale | = ? Approx. III. Coronal Section, quarter of an inch behind auriculo-bregmatic plane viewed from before, passing through central convolutions, basal ganglia, lateral and third ventricles, pons, internal auditory meatus, labyrinth mastoid antrum, medulla, anterior condylar foramen and spinal cord. The course of motor strands from central convolutions can be traced down to medulla, and the origin and course of the seventh and eighth nerves are well shown. Plate No. 24. Coronal Section. Series C. IV. ONE INCH AND THREE-EIGHTHS BEHIND AURICULO-BREGMATIC PLANE, VIEWED FROM BEFORE. PLATE NO. 24. CORONAL SECTION, Series C. IV. Calcarine fissure, Tentorium Collateral fissure Lateral fissure, Com plexus. Superior longitudinal sinus. Intra-parictal fissure. Supra- marginal convolution. Fissure of Sylvius. .Gyrus fornicatus. Straight sinus. Lateral ventricle. Second temporal convolution. .Third temporal convolution. .Lateral sinus. Cerebellar hemispheres. .Middle lobe of cerebellum. Male, 2^ years. Scale 1 = -^ Approx. IV. Coronal Section, one inch and three-eighths behind auriculo-bregmatic plane, viewed from before, passing through parietal and temporal lobes, lateral ventricles and cerebellum ; showing posterior end of Sylvian fissure, calcarine fissure, and orifices of straight and lateral sinuses. Sagittal Sections. Plate No. 25. Sagittal Section. I. OF LEFT SIDE OF HEAD, VIEWED FROM WITHIN. PLATE NO. 25. SAGITTAL SECTION. I. POSTERIOR Supra marginal convolution. Angular gyrus Fir=t temporo-sphenoidal \ convolution. ( Parallel fissure. Third temporo-sphenoidal | convolution. ( Outermost portion of sig-"\ moid sinus, with two veins ' entering it above. Mastoid cell--.. Mastoid foramen, Fissure of Rolando. Ascending frontal. Ascending parietal. {Frontal bone— inch behind and to outer side of angu- lar process. Fissure of Sylvius. f Middle meningeal vessel -| passing through inner V table of skull. .Temporal bone. .Temporal muscle. .Tip of mastoid antrum. Zygomatic process. External auditory meatus. Male, JO years. Scale g-| Approx, I. Sagittal Section of left side of head, viewed from within, at level of outer aspect of mastoid cells, showing, the outermost knee of sigmoid sinus with two venous orifices at its upper part, — one passing backwards entering the mastoid foramen, the other passing forwards and upwards communicating with mastoid veins, — the mastoid antrum, a considerable portion of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe with the parallel fissure, the fissure of Sylvius and a portion of the frontal convolutions. The fissure of Rolando looks at first sight as if it were too far forward ; this is due to the section excluding the greater part of the frontal convolutions. PLATE N". Plate No. 26. Sagittal Section. II. OF LEFT SIDE OF HEAD, VIEWED FROM WITHIN, THREE-EIGHTHS OF AN INCH INTERNAL TO SECTION I. PLATE NO. 26. SAGITTAL SECTION. II. POSTERIOR ANTERIOR. Fissure of Rolando. Supra marginal convolution. Angular gyrus. Parieto-occipital fissure. First temporal convolution, Occipital convolution, Parallel fissure. Third temporal convolution. Lateral sinus. Cerebellar hemisphere. Sigmoid sinus Mastoid cells. Parotid gland., Splenius capitis muscle, First frontal convolution. Second frontal convolution. Third frontal convolution. Fissure of Sylvius. Temporo-sphenoidal lobe. Angular process of frontal. Temporal muscle. Great wing of sphenoid. Malar bone. ( Squamous portion of — ( temporal bone. I Outer portion of mastoid I antrum. Meniscus of lower jaw. Eminentia arlicularis. External auditory meatus. .Condyle of lower jaw. Masseter muscle. Male, JO years. Scale f,^\ Approx. II. Sagittal Section of left side of head viewed from within, three-eighths of an inch internal to section I. passing through external angular process of frontal, eminentia articularis, condyle of lower jaw, mastoid process and squamous of temporal, showing frontal, central and temporal convolutions, angular gyrus, Sylvian, parallel, Rolandic, and parieto-occipital fissures, small part of cerebellar hemisphere, mastoid antrum and cells, external auditory meatus and temporal fossa. Plate No. 27. Sagittal Section. III. OF LEFT SIDE OF HEAD, VIEWED FROM WITHOUT, ONE-EIGHTH OF AN INCH NEARER THE MIDDLE LINE THAN PRECEDING SECTION. PLATE NO. 2' SAGITTAL SECTION. III. First frontal convolution.. Second frontal convolution., Third frontal convolution. Fissure of Sylvius. First temporal convolution. Second temporal convolution. Third temporal convolution. Temporal muscle. Mal.ir bone. Eminentia articularis. Condyle of lower jaw. Masseter muscle. ANTERIOR. POSTERIOR. Fissure of Rolando. Intra-parietal fissure. Operculum. Parieto-occipiial fissure. Parallel fissure Occipital convolutions. Lateral sinus. Mastoid antrum. Cerehellar hemisphere. External auditory meatus. Sigmoid sinus. Mastoid cells. .Parotid gland. Male, JO years. Scale ^; = | Approx, III. Sagittal Section of left side of head, viewed from without one-eighth of an inch nearer the middle line than preceding section, showing the hard parts the same as in last section, mastoid antrum being more fully exposed, and seen situated on the same plane as the outer limit of the external osseous auditory meatus. The mastoid cells are somewhat reduced in bulk, and the various lobes of the brain more fully exposed. PLATE N?27. Plate No. 28. Sagittal Section. IV. OF LEFT SIDE OF HEAD, VIEWED FROM WITHIN, ONE-HALF INCH INTERNAL TO SECTION in. PLATE NO. 28. SAGITTAL SECTION. IV. ANTERIOR. Calloso-marginal fissure. Parieto-occipital fissure, Cuneus.. Calcarine fissure.. First temporal convolution. Lingual lobule. Collateral fissure. Fusiform lobule. Lateral sinus Cerebellar hemisphere. Sigmoid sinus. Styloid process. Superior oblique muscle. Rectus lateralis muscle. Fissure of Rolando. First frontal convolution. Convolutions of operculum. Island of Reil. -Third frontal convolution. Fissure of Sylvius. .Second temporal crinvolution. ■Eyeball. Third temporal convolution. Facial nerve in second part of course. Tensor lympani muscle. ■Vestibule. Membrana tympani with handle of malleus. Condyle of lower jaw. Malar bone. External pterygoid muscle. Internal maxillary artery, 2nd par:. Temporal muscle. Coronoid process of lower jaw. Male, JO years Scale % = \ Approx, IV. Sagittal Section of left side of head viewed from within one-half inch internal to section III., passing through outer third of orbit, inner end of condyle, and coronoid process of lower jaw, middle and internal ear. The frontal, central, parietal, occipital and temporal convolutions, the operculum, island of Reil and cerebellar hemisphere are shown, with outer third of eyeball, tympanum with malleus and membrane in situ, vestibule, tensor tympani muscle, and second intra-petrous part of facial nerve. In the specimen, the chorda tympani nerve traversing the tympanum, and the stapes in fenestra ovalis are seen. ELATE A':V:6' Plate No. 29. Sagittal Section. V. OF LEFT SIDE OF HEAD, ONE-EIGHTH OF AN INCH INTERNAL TO SECTION IV., VIEWED FROM WITHOUT. PLATE NO. 29. SAGITTAL SECTION. V. First frontal convulnticn Opsrculum Island of Rei Fissure of Sylvius wttl: middle cerebral arterj', Eyeball, Fragment of condyle of lower jaw. 1 Temporal muscle. Malar bone. External pterygoid muscle. Styloid process. Coronoid process of lower jaw. antp:rjor POSTERIOR. Fissure of Rolando. ,Callo so-marginal fissure. Quadrate lobule. Parieto-occipital fissure. .C uncus. Posterior limb of fissure of Sylvius. .Calcarine fissure. Tenti'Tiiiiii cerebelli. Lateral suius. 7tti nerve. L-oclilca Tensor T; ni|iani muscle. Tympanic orifice of Eustachian tube. Cerebellum. _ Sigmoid sinus. Posterior rectus major muscle. .Superior oblique muscle. Rectus lateralis muscle. Sub-occipital triangle. Transverse process of atlas Male, JO years. ScalelAApprox. V. Sagittal Section of left side of head one-eighth of an inch internal to section iv., viewed from without, passing through outer half of orbit, malar bone, coronoid process, and inmost tip of condyle of lower jaw, styloid process and outer border of occipital condyle, showing eyeball with ocular muscles, temporal fossa, tympanic orifice of Eustachian tube, tensor t)-mpani muscle, cochlea and facial nerve, upper portion of fissure of Rolando, operculum, island of Reil, portions of fissure of Sylvius, frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Plate No. 30. Sagittal Section. VI. OF RIGHT SIDE OF HEAD, VIEWED FROM WITHIN. PLATE NO. 30. SAGITTAL SECTION. VI. ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR. First frontal convolution. Frontal sinuses. Lenticular nucleus. Third frontal convolution. Middle cerebral artery. Optic nerve. Nasal duct. Casserian ganglion. Internal carotid artery. Inferior turbiiial bone. Inferior meatus of nose. Eustachian tube, pharyn- \ geal orifice. ) Oral cavity. Tongue. Prevertebral musclcE. Lower jaw. Genio-glossus muscle. Genio-hyoid musch Paracentral lobuL. Calloso- marginal fissure. Quadrate lobule. Cuneus. JJescending horn of lateral ventricle. Hippocampus major. IJentate fissure. Cerebellum .7th and 8th nerve:;. Lateral sinus. Inferior petrosal sinus. Pliarynfjeal tonsil. -Anterior condylar foramen with 12th netve ■Posterior condylar foramen. [and veins. Jugular fossa. Vertebral artery. Atlas. Cavity of pharynx Spinal canal Hyoid bone. Male, JO years. Scale %^ - \ Approx, VI. Sagittal Section of right side of head viewed from within, passing through, the jaws just internal to canine teeth, nasal bone and duct, inner portion of orbital cavity, occipital condyle and articular mass of atlas, showing lateral sinus, portion of jugular fossa, anterior and posterior condylar foramina, inferior petrosal sinus, vertebral artery with venous plexus, internal carotid artery, Gasserian ganglion in Meckel's space, and the relation of these to the cerebrum, cere- bellum, Eustachian tube and pharyngeal tonsil The lenticular nucleus, descending horn of lateral ventricle and spinal canal are seen. Plate No. 31. Sagittal Section. VII. OF RIGHT SIDE OF HEAD, THREE-EIGHTHS OF AN INCH EXTERNAL TO SECTION VI., VIEWED FROM WITHOUT. PLATE NO. 31. SAGITTAL SECTION. VII. rOSTETlIOR Ascending frontal convolution. Fliisure of Rolando. Quadrate lobule Parieto-occipital fissure. Cuiieus. Calcarlne fissure. Descending horn lat. ventricle. Hippocampus major. Occipital convolution.':. Inferior maxillary nerve. 7th and 8tli nerves iii internal meatus. Internal carotid artery. Cerebellar hemisphere. J-ateral sinus. Jugular bulb. Posterior condylar vein, stilettc 1 parsing into ^inus. j" Caseatmg- lymph glands. Vertebral artery and venous plexus. Complexus muscle. Trapezius muscle. Splenius muscle. Trachelo-mastoid muscle . Vertebr.d artery. First frontal convolution. Island of Reil. Third frontal convolution. Eyeball. Sylvian fissure, witli mid. cerebral arlery. Optic nerve. -ITiird temporal convolution. .Superior ma.\illary nerve. .Antrum of Highmore. .Nasal mucous membrane. .Eustachian tube. tnternal pterygoid muscle. .Inferior petrosal eiiteriuK" jugnlar bulb with, .Levator palati. [9tl'» loth, and nth nerves. .Tensor palati and hamular process. f Synovial pouch between \ condyle and atlas. Superior constrictor of pharynx. .Pharj-nx, iGenio-glossus muscle. Genio-hyoid muscle. Male^ JO years. Scale ~^\ Approx, VII. Sagittal Section of right side of head three-eighths of an inch external to section VI. viewed from without, passing through the jaws in plane of first molars, inner limit of antrum of Highmore, pterygo- maxillary fossa, outer parts of occipital condyle and lateral mass of atlas, showing inner segment of eyeball, frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes, island of Reil, descending horn of ventricle, cerebellar hemisphere, internal carotid artery in petrous bone, jugular fossa with entering nerves and veins, vertebral artery and posterior condylar foramen with its vein, which can be traced from without to junction of sigmoid sinus and jugular fossa. Plate No. 32. Sagittal Section. VIII. OF RIGHT SIDE OF HEAD, ONE-EIGHTH OF AN INCH EXTERNAL TO SECTION VII., VIEIVED FROM WITHIN. PLATE NO. SAGITTAL SECTION. VIII ANTERIOR. rOSTERIOR. Second frontal convolution. Island of Reil Third frontal convolution. Fissure of Sylvius. First temporal convolution.. Optic nerve. Second temporal convolution. Third temporal convolution. Maxillarj' nerve.^. Antrum of Highmore. Eustachian tube. Internal carotid artery. Jugular bulb. Caseating glands. Oral cavity. Pliaryngeal cavity. Tongue. Prevertebral muscles. Lower jaw Hyo-glossus muscle. I Genio-hyoid muscle.. ■'issiire of Rolando. Callo;Q-marginaI lissui c. Parietal lobe. Outer wall of descending horn of lateral ventricle. Occipital lobe. Internal audlLory canal. Lateral sinus. f Inferior jietrosal sinus wUh vein to aqueiluctiis \ cochlcri', .TO'l t^'^ssu-pliaryngeal nerve. .Orebellar hemisphere. Sigmoid sinus, at junction with jugular vein. .Alias. .Vertebral artery. ■Splenius muscle. .Complexus muscle. Trachelo-mastoid muscle. Mak, JO years. Scale l^\Approx. VIII. Sagittal Section of right side of head one-eighth of an inch external to section VII. viewed from within — passing through, jaws inside plane of molar teeth, middle of antrum of Highmore, spheno-maxillary fissure and pterygo-maxillary fossa, occipital condyle and lateral mass of atlas, — showing portion of inner half of eyeball in orbit, frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, island of Reil, descending horn of lateral ventricle and cerebellar hemisphere, ascending intra-petrous part of internal carotid artery, internal auditory meatus, with seventh and eighth nerves, inferior petrosal sinus with ninth nerve and vein to aqueductus cochleae. The acute curve at the junction of the sigmoid sinus, and the jugular bulb is well seen in specimen. PLATi: N°3Z . Plate No. t,^. Sagittal Section. IX. OF RIGHT SIDE OF HEAD, ONE INCH EXTERNAL TO SECTION VIII., VIEWED FROM WITHOUT. SAGITTAL SECTION. IX. ANTERIOR. Fissure' of Kolando. Intra-parietal fissure. Posterior limb of fissure of Sylvius. Parallel fissure, Mastoid antrun- Attic of tympanum & head uf malleus. Chorda tvnipani on process of incus.. Cerebellar'hemispUere and tentorium. Lateral sinus. Menibrana tympaui (segment of) ' Aqueductus Fallopii and 7th nerve Mastoid cell-- Vaginal process of tympanic boni^ Si;^moid sinus. Internal jugular vein, Rectus lateralis muscle Superior oblique muscle. Transverse process of atl Inferior oblique muscle. Splenius capitis. Complexus. Trachelo-mastoid Caseating glands attached \ to wall of jugular vein. / Ascending limb of fissure of Sylvius ■Operculum. ■TUird frontal convolution. Fissure of Sylviu<;. .Tip of small wiciy of sphenoid. First temporal convolution. .Great wing of sphenoid. .Orbital plate of malar bone. ■Eyeball. ■Second temporal convolution. .Temporal muscle. .Eminentia articularis. •Intm-articuUr cartila^'e. Condyle of lower jaw. ■ Internal maxillary artery. .Facial artery (superficial). External pterygoid muscle. ■Oral aperture. Styloid muscle. Buccinator muscle External carotid artery. .Internal pter>'goid muscle. .Digastric muscle. -Inferior dental nerve in canal. JUamusof low jaw. .Submaxillary gland and facial artery A/a/e, JO years. Scale "i A IX SAGITTAL SECTION of right side of head, one inch external to sect, on VIII viewed from w;thout,-passing through, the orbit external to spheno-maxillary fissure, ramus body and condyle of lower jaw, and tip of transverse process of atlas.-showing frontal, parietal, and especially temporo-sphenoidal lobes and portion of cerebellum. The mastoid antrum, which is fully exposed is seen separated from the temporal lobe by the thin tegmen tympani, and its relations to the tympanum and descending and oblique portions of aqueduct of Fallopius are well seen _ At its Lction with the tympanic attic, the aqueduct of Fallopius arches across from without inwards ind forwards. The chorda tympani nerve traversing the ^^-P-"- . ^^^--";^^ ^^f^^^^jj incus and handle of malleus, which is still attached to the membrana, is exposed. The in ernal Tgular vein, with its relations to muscles and bones, and in this instance to caseatmg glands, is observed in the section. Plate No. 34 Sagittal Section. X. OF RIGHT SIDE OF HEAD, VIEWED FROM WITHIN, ONE-EIGHTH OF AN INCH EXTERNAL TO SECTION IX. PLATE NO. 34. SAGITTAL SECTION. X. POSTERIOR. Ascending frontal convolution. Third frontal convolution. Fissure of Sylvius. First temporal convolution.. Second temporal convolution. Outer portion of eyeball. Temporal muscle, Third temporal convolution, Eminentia articularis. Condyle of lower jaw. Malar bone. External pterygoid muscle. Tympanic plate of temporal, Internal maxillary artery, Styloid process.. Coronoid process oflower jaw. Internal lateral ligament of jaw. Ascending palatine artery. Styloid muscles., Internal pterygoid muscle., Inferior dental nerve in canaL. Lymphatic caseating gland. Submaxillary gland with 1 facial artery, f ' Common facial vein., Jissure of Rolando. A.'JCending parietal convolution. Supra-marginal convolution. Posterior limb of fissure of Sylvius. Angular gyrus. Parallel fissure. X.ateral sinus. Cerebellum. Mastoid antrum. £xternal auditory meatus. j Sigmoid sinus, stilette in mastoid ( Aein. External orifice of mastoid vein. .Rectus lateralis muscle, .Superior oblique muscle. Internal jugular vein. Inferior oblique muscle. .Splenius capitis muscle, Caseating glands. .Trachelo-mastoid muscle. Male, JO years. Scale % = \Approx. X. Sagittal Section of right side of head, viewed from within, one-eighth of an inch external to section IX., and passing through the same osseous structures, — showing third frontal convolution, base of motor convolutions, supra-marginal and angular convolutions, temporal lobe and small portion of cerebellum. The outer portion of mastoid antrum with its relations to the external auditory meatus and to the middle cranial fossa is well seen, and also the relation of the mastoid cells to the sigmoid sinus and cerebellar fossa. The sigmoid sinus with mastoid emissary vein, the styloid process and its proximity to the internal jugular vein are shown. Pl.ATK Nu. 35. Sagittal Section. XI. THREE-EIGHTHS OF AN lAC/I EXTERNAL 'JO SECTION X., VIEWED FROM WITHOUT. PLATE NO. 35. SAGITTAL SECTION. XI. POSTERIOR. ANTERIOR. First temporal convolution. Parallel fissure. Tliird temporal convolution. Parieto-maatoid suture. Mastoid antrum. Junction of lateral and sigmoid sinus. Knee of sigmoid sinus. External auditory meatus- Mastoid process with cells., Facial nerve. Splenius capitis. Parotid gland. Temporo-maxillary vein. Caseating glands. Trapezius muscle. Common facial vein | (beginning of). * Sterno-mastoid muscle Lower end of fissure of Rolando. Fissure of Sylvius. f Anterior branch of middle menin- \ geal artery in osseous canal. Suture slightly behind pterion. ■Second temporal convolution. External angular process of frontal. ■Squamous temporal bone. .Temporal muscle. Eminemia articularis. Inter-arlicular cartilage. .Condyle of lower jaw. Malar bone. Masseter nnii.clc. .Transverse fati.il artery. .Angle of jaw. .Facial arterj-. .Submaxillary gland. Male, JO years. Scale ^^,=^1 Approx, XI. Sagittal Section three-eighths of an inch external to section X. viewed from without, — passing- through, external angular process of frontal, malar, outer limit of osseous external meatus, pterion, eminentia articularis, outer portion of lower jaw and mastoid process, — showing Sylvian and parallel fissures, middle meningeal artery in bony canal, knee of sigmoid sinus, mastoid cells and parotid gland with facial nerve and muscular arteries traversing. The superficial position of the sigmoid sinus relatively to the mastoid antrum is well shown. The aperture seen in the photograph is merely through a portion of the outer wall of the sigmoid sinus, which in the section runs considerably further forward, and is of much larger calibre than the photograph indicates. All the larger mastoid cells represented communicate with mastoid antrum. PUATt' M'. Horizontal Sections. Plate No. 36- Horizontal Section. Series A. 1. VIEWED FROM BELOW. PLATE NO. 36. HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series A. I. Upper r xilla. Portion of oral mucous "1 membrane. / Portion of buccal cavity. Masseter. Temporal muscle. Hamnlar process. Palaie muscles. External pterygoid. Internal pterygoid. Phar>Tigeal constrictor. Styloid muscles. Anterior rectus j^^, Styloid process. -'^-- Parotid gland. Odontoid process. Digastric muscle. Vertebral artery. Lateral mass of atlas. Oblique muscle. Sterno-mastoid. Posterior rectus- Splenius Complexus. Jntemal maxillary vein. Pharyngeal plexus. Internal carotid. ,TemporEil veins. JEztcrnal carotid artery Spinal accessory nerve. .Glosso- pharyngeal nerve. Vagus nerve. Internal jugular \ein. .Syno\ial pouches. .Transverse ligament. .A'ertebral venous plexus. Vertebral artery, horizontal part. Lower portion of medulla. .^Cerebellum. Deep cervical vein. Posteriorportionofneural arch of atlas. JMale, 55 years, Scale \\ = \ Approx. I. Horizontal Section viewed from below, passing through roof of mouth, atlas and odontoid process of axis, showing vertebral arteries and vertebral venous plexus emerging from the foramen of the atlas, and passing backwards and inwards towards the neural arch of the atlas. The cerebellum is seen surrounding the lower portion of medulla at its junction with spinal cord and at a lower level than foramen magnum. PLATE NV3e. Plate No. t^']. Horizontal Section. Series A. II, VIEWED FROM BELOW, THREE-EIGHTHS OF AN INCH ABOVE SECTION I. PLATE NO. 37. HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series A. II. Nasal septum. Antrum of Highmore. Masseter. Temporal muscle. External pterygoid Internal pterygoid Trumpet-shaped opening! of Eustachian tube J lensor palati.. Levator palati. Pharjn^cnl plexus., Internal maxillary artery- Anterior recti muscles. Caroiid artery. Styloid process.. 1 nternal jugular vein. Rectus lateralis. Occipital condyles, rip of mastoid process. Digastric muscle. Trachelo-mastoid. Splenius. Superior oblique. Veins issuing" from posterior 1 condylar foramen, / Posterior rectus major. Posterior rectus minor. Comple.xuR, Malar. __ .Ascending ramus of lower jaw. ( Trumpet-shaped opening \ of Kustachian tube. Internal maxillary artery Pterygoid plexus. Carotid artery. Glosso-pharyngeal vagus & spinal Internal jugular. [accessory. Basilar artcrj. Medulla. .Cerebellum Amygdala. Junction of large mastoid and occipital veins. Ma/e, JS years. Scale ^'g = j Approx. II. HORIZONTAI, Section viewed from below, three-eighths of an inch above section I., passing through the foramen magnum, the tips of mastoid processes, naso pharynx and the inferior turbinated bones, showing a portion of cerebellum and medulla, the pharyngeal plexus and lower part of the pterygoid plexus, the trumpet-shaped opening of Eustachian tube between the levator and tensor palati muscles. The cerebellum surrounds the medulla below the level of the foramen magnum. PLATE N^'o? Plate No. 38. Horizontal Section. Series A, III. VIEWED FROM ABOVE, THREE-QUARTERS OF AN INCH HIGHER THAN SECTION II. PLATE NO. 38. HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series A. III. Nasal duct. Antrum of Highraore. Pterygoid plexus. Eustachian tube, carti- ) laginous portion. | Carotid arter>' Vertebral arteries Elastic pad ou inner side of jupular Jugular foramen F;:icial nerve in digastric fossa., M.istoid cell, Medulla Sigmoid sinus.. Cerebellum. Junction of mastoid and ) occipital veins. ) Complexus. Cyst in maxillary antrum. .Temporal muscle. Masseter muscle. External pterygoid muscle. Condyle of lower jaw. Facial nerve in digastric fossa. ( \'eins and hypoglossal nerve in ( anterior condylar foramen. Posterior condylar foramen. Sigmoid sinus thrombosed. ]\Ialc, J5 years. Scale l^\ Approx. III. Horizontal Section, through head, viewed from above, three-quarters of an inch higher than section II., exposing medulla and cerebellum, pterygoid plexus, anterior and posterior condylar foramina, — the lowest portions of the sigmoid sinuses, the right being thrombosed. The pad of soft tissue with veins and nerves in jugular fossa on inner side of the internal jugular, and at level of anterior condylar foramen, is well seen on the left. A vein of large size communicates between anterior condylar foramen and internal jugular. The mastoid vein is large, and is cut at its junction with an occipital .scalp vein. Plate No. 39. Horizontal Section. Series A. IV. SEEN FROM ABOVE, THREE-EIGHTHS OF AN INCH HIGHER THAN SECTION III. PLATE NO. 39, HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series A. IV. Nasal duct. Segment of eyeball in floor of orbit Malar, Temporal muscle. External pterygoid muscle., Sphenoidal antrum. r.asilar portion of sphenoid , Lower part Gasserian ganglion , yioor of middle foss.i. Internal carotid artery. Cochlea External auditory meatiib Facial ner\'e at bast of pyramid Pons. Flocculus. Aqueduct of Sylviu.s. Mastoid foramen at its junction ) with sigmoid sinus, f Middle lobe of cerebellum Cerebellar hemisphere. Occipital sinus. Occipital bone below the internal protuberance. J -Nasal bone. Septum nasi. Nasal fos.-,a. Middle lurbinal bone. Foramen spinosuni for midillc meningeal arlcry. .Gasserian ganglion. Floor of middle fossa. 6th nerve. Membranaandchordatymp.ini and „ . . , , [malleus, bemi-circular canal- .Roof jugular fossa. Mastoid cells. ( T )i_^cending portii m of ( sigmoid sinus. Vein communicating with sigmoid sinus. J\/a/e, J5 years. Scale 1 = 1 IV. Horizontal Section of head seen from above, three-eighths of an inch higher than section III., passes through orbit, sphenoidal antrum, tip of base of middle fossa with portion of Gasserian gangHon to inner side, transverse petrous portion of internal carotid artery, roof of jugular fossa, tympanum, flocculus, pons and cerebellum. On left side, the mastoid vein communicates with sigmoid sinus by an aperture, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, that of the sigmoid sinus on the same side being nearly half an inch. The mastoid vein on the right side measures a quarter of an inch in diameter in its osseous canal, while there is a second vein passing through a mastoid foramen measuring one-twelfth of an inch in diameter. On each side the membrana tympani is seen with the handle of malleus anteriorly and the chorda tympani posteriorly. On floor of middle fossa on right side a number of minute veins from pons pass through dura. FhaTE TT--' SS> . Plate No. 40. Horizontal Section. Series A. V. VIEWED FROM BELOIV, ONE-EIGHTH OF AN INCH ABOVE SECTION IV. PLATE NO. 40. HORIZONTAL SECTION, Series A. V. Nasal i'o'^■^:^ Ethmoidal cells. Superior maxillary nerve ) in foramen rotundiim. ( Temporo-sphenoidal lobe., Gasserian g:uiL;lion wilh veins ) from cavernous sinus. J MidJle ear with ossicles. racial nerve posterior to geniculate L,'riiiylioii Aiiilitory ]icrve distributed tn coi,lili-.i Vesiiliule with external semicircular canal M.istoiii antrum ipra-meatal triangle IJepresbiun in s Mastoid cells. ^1 Sigmoid sinus.. Upper eyelid. Septum na^i. Eyeball, Temporal fossa. Sphenoidal antrum. Gasserian ganglion. / Teiii|uie funcstra ovahs. M istcid antrum. Pons. Sylvian aqueduct. Middle lobe of cerebellum. Cerebellar hemisphere. Male, J5 years. Scale % = \ Approx. V. Horizontal Section viewed from below, one-eighth of an inch above section IV., passing through bases of temporo-sphenoidal lobes, — as they are exposed through apertures in middle fossae, — the pons and cerebellum. The mastoid antrum in its relation to the depression in the supra meatal triangle is marked on the right side. The middle and internal ear, and the internal auditory meatus, the auditory nerve and its distribution to the cochlea, are all seen on both sides, the passage between the mastoid antrum and the tympanum is exposed on the right while it has its floor complete on the left side. The facial nerve is seen on the left side above the fenestra ovalis, along inner wall of tympanum. Its canal is opened anteriorly and posteriorly. Plate No. 41. Horizontal Section. Series A. VI. SOMEWHAT OBLIQUELY CUT, VIEWED FROM ABOVE, A QUARTER INCH HIGHER THAN SECTION V. PLATE NO. 41. HORIZONTAL SECTION. Scries A. VI. Olfactory convolution, Optic nerve. Sphenoidal antrum. Internal carotid artery. 3rd nerve. Bifurcation of b.isiiar artery ( at upper level of pons, f 4th nerve. Superior petrosal sinu' Mastoid cells on roof of and com- \ municatingwiihmastoidantrum. t Aqueduct of Sylvius. Sigmoid sinus. Cerebellu; Lateral sinus Frontal sinus. — -External and internal recti muscles —Optic nerve. Anterior clinoid process, base of. Internal carotid artery. 3rd nerve. Middle clinoid process. Pituitary body. Posterior clinoid process. Temporo-sphenoidal lobe. 5th nerve. Flocculus. Mastoid cells. Superior petrosal sinus. Sigmoid sinus. Occipital sinus. Thrombosed lateral sinus. Male, J5 year's. Scale %^-=\ Approx. VI. Horizontal Section, somewhat obliquely cut, viewed from above, a quarter inch higher than section v. It passes through the greater part of the cerebellum, the pons, the temporo-sphenoldal lobes, and a minute portion of the olfactory frontal convolution. The cavernous sinus, the 3rd, 4th, and 5th nerves, the superior petrosal, the sigmoid and the lateral sinuses are exposed. The right lateral sinus is filled with a marasmic thrombus. The communication between the frontal sinuses and the nose is well seen in the specimen. =:.ATE i/O'lj. Plate No. 42. Horizontal Section. Series A. VII. VIEWED FROM BELOW, ONE-EIGHTH OF AN INCH HIGHER THAN SECTION VI. PLATE NO. 42. HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series A. VII. Frontal sinuses. Inner orbital frontal convolutions \ divided by crista galli and falx. j Optic nerve. Internal carotid artery. Pituitary body. Posterior clinoid proces."^ Temporo-sphenoidal lobe. Crus of cerebrum. Pons. Tentorium, Lateral sinus, Tip of occipital lobe of cerebrum. ■Upper segment of eyeball. .Temporal muscle. Spbenoidal fissure. Petrous portion of temporal. Cerebellum. Male, J5 years. Torciilar Herophili. Internal occipital protuberance. VII. Horizontal Section, viewed from below, one-eighth of an inch higher than section VL, passing through external angular process of frontal bone, upper segments of eyeballs, body of sphenoid just below level of olivary and cHnoid processes, internal occipital protuberance, showing inner orbital frontal convolutions, optic nerves, pituitary body, temporo-sphenoidal lobes, crura cerebri, pons, tentorium, cerebellum and torcular Herophili. Plate No. 4^ Horizontal Section. Series A. VIII. IE IV ED FROM BELOW, THREE-QUARTERS OF AN INCH ABOVE SECTION VII. PLATE NO. 43- HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series A. VIII. Anterior horn lateral venLricle. Fifth ventricle. Anterior pillar of fornix. Sylvian fissure with middle 1 cerebrid vessels. / Island of Reil. Third ventricle. Lateral ventricle with ) choroid plexus, f Posterior horn of Literal ventricle. Straight sinus. Falx cerebri. Lingual convolution of occipital. Superior longitudinal sinus. Male, j^ years. Calloso-margiiial fissure. Gyrus fornicatiis. Third frontal convolution. Knee of corpus callosum. Anterior horn of lateral ventricle. Operculum. Caudate nucleus. Temporo-sphenoidal lobe. Anterior Hmb internal capsule. Insula, 1-2-3-4 convolutions. Knee of internal capsule. Lenticular nucleus. Claustrum. Optic thalamus. Posterior limb of internal capsule. External capsule. Posterior pillar of fornix. Second temporal convolution. Splenium of corpus callosum. Forceps of corpus callosum. Parieto-occipital fissure. Scale '^ = \ Approx. VIII. Horizontal Section, viewed from below, three-quarters of an inch above section VII., passing through the frontal, temporo-sphenoidal and occipital lobes, the basal ganglia, operculum and island of Reil. The fissure of Sylvius, the lateral ventricles — their anterior and posterior horns — with the choroid plexuses, the anterior and posterior pillars of the fornix and the fifth and third ventricles are likewise seen. pr.arji k°4'3 Horizontal Section. Series B. I. CUT OBLIQUELY, SEEN FROM BELOW. Plate No. 44. PLATE NO. 44. HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series B. I. Nasa! septum. Ethmoidal cells. Internal and external recti- Optic nerve Temporal muscle. Sphenoidal cells. Internal carotid artery. Temporo-sphenoldal lobe, base of. Gasserian ganglion. Basilar artery, Pons. Superior semicircular canal. Fourth ventricle. Superior petrosal, orifice of, ) in sigmoid sinus, f Cerebellar liemisphere. Mid lobe cerebellum. Complexus. Conjunctival sac. Lens. Eyeball. .Temporal muscle. f Basal tipof temporo-sphenoidal i lobe. Gasserian ganglion. Left carotid artery. Glenoid fossa. Inferior petrosal sinus. .Tympanum and ext. aud. meatus. .Cochlea. Seventh nerve. .Dome, jugular fussa. Mastoid process and cells. Sigmoid sinus. Digastric fossa. Male, 50 years. Scale '^.-\Approx, I. Horizontal Section, cut obliquely, seen from below. It passes through both eyeballs, the ethmoidal and sphenoidal cells, the floors of both middle fossae, and the greater part of the posterior fossa of skull. On right side (left of photo.) there are seen, cancellated tissue in mastoid process, internal carotid artery, Gasserian ganglion in Meckel's space, the orifice of superior petrosal in sigmoid sinus, and the communications between sphenoidal cells and nasal fossae. On left side, the upper and outer part of the digastric fossa, the external auditory meatus, membrana tympani, tympanic cavity with its ossicles, the cochlea, the facial nerve, the descending portion of sigmoid sinus, and the dome of the jugular fossa arc all well marked. The upper limit of the dome of the jugular fossa is on the same plane as the roof of the glenoid fossa. Plate No. 45. Horizontal Section. Series B. II. CUT OBLIQUELY, SEEN FROM ABOVE, A QUARTER OF AN INCH ABOVE LEVEL OF SECTION I. PLATE NO. 45. HORIZONTAL Series B. SECTION. II. Conjunctival sac Orbit surrounding sclerotic M.ilnr bone. Internal rectus. Optic nerve entering eyeball., External rectus. Temporal muscle. Optic ner\'e entering orbital cavity. Body of sphenoid. Anterior clinoid process. Carotid artery., Pituitary body. Cavernous sinus. Fifth nerve is.'^uing from pons. Seventhand eighth nerves at origin. Semicircular canals. Ma'^t'.'id antrum with \ tympanic attic. ) Ma-stoid cells. Sigmoid sinus.. Cerebellar hemisphere. .Frontal sinus. Crista galli. ( Frontal lobe, internal orbital [ convolutions. .Superior rectus. Olfactory ner\e. Meningeal vessels. Part of frontal lobe. M iddle cerebral vesselsin Sylvian fissu re .Uptic iioric. .Carotid and ophthalmic arteries. Posterior clinoid process- Third nerve. Posterior cerebral artery. Descending horn, Interal ventricle, .Temporo-sphenoidal lobe. Tentorium cerebelli. Pons. Aqueduct of Sylvius. Middle lobe of cerebellum. .Sigmoid sinus at its junction w ith Horizontal portion of lateral sinus. Male, 50 years. Scale ^^-| Approx, II. Horizontal Section, cut obliquely, seen from above, a quarter of an inch above level of section I. The three fossae of the skull are exposed. The orbital convolutions alone of the frontal lobe are seen. On the left side the mastoid antrum in its connection with the middle ear. On the right side the descending horn of the lateral ventricle, and the position of the third nerve placed between the temporo-sphenoidal lobe and posterior clinoid process are well seen. The carotid artery in relation to the cavernous sinus, is better seen in the specimen than in the photograph. PLtlThJ N' '1-3 Plate No. 46. Horizontal Section, Series C. I. SEEN FROM ABOVE. PLATE NO. 46. HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series C. I. Coronoid process of lower jaw.. Temporal muscle. Ph.Tryiitical orifice of Eustachian tube. Easi-occipital bone. Tympanic plate. Carotid artery, horizontal part. Tympanum and ext. aud. meatus. Seventh nerve. Floor of mastoid antrum. Mastoid cell. Sigmoid ^inus, Cerebellar hemisphere. .Upper jaw with permanent teeth. Nasal septum. Inferior turbinate hone. .Masseter nmscle. .Temporal muscle. Eustachian til be. trunipet-shapctl orifice. External pterygoid muscle. Parotid gland. .Condyle of lower jaw. .Tympanic orifice of Eustachian tube. Basilar artery. Inferior petrosal sinus. Seventh nerve. Pons. .Mastoid cells. .Sigmoid sinus. .Corpus dentatum. Middle lobe of cerebellum. MalCy 5 years. Scale % = \Approx. I. Horizontal Section, seen from above, passing through alveolar process of upper jaw, the external and middle ears, showing relations of carotid artery to Eustachian tube, of seventh nerve to tympanum. The tympanic membrane with its ossicles, and the semi-circular canals are shown. Behind are the pons, fourth ventricle, corpora dentata, and cerebellar hemispheres. The developing teeth with their pulp cavities are seen. i-t.aTii ^•.- Plate No. 47. Horizontal Section. Series C. II. CUT OBLIQUELY, SEEN FROM BELOW. PLATE NO. 47. HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series C. II. Antrum of Highmore. Lijwer part of orl 'ital cavity. Ethmoidal cells. Pituitnrj- body. Dorsum sellae of sphenoid. Temporo-splienoidal lobe. Tentorium. Lateral sinus. Portion of occipit.il lobe. Torcular Herophili at bifurcation. Male, £ years. Nasal septum. Nasal duct. Superior turbinated bone. Rectus inferior. Body of sphenoid. .Temporal muscle. Carotid artery at termination. Third nerve. Optic tract. Crus cerebri. —Locus niger. .Temporo-sphenoid.d lobe. .Occipital lubt:. ■Straight sinus. Lateral sinus. Scalcl.-\Approx. II. Horizontal Section, cut obliquely, seen from below, shows relations of temporo-sphenoidal lobe to occipital lobe, third nerve, crura cerebri, cerebellum and lateral sinus. PLA'Pt; N°97 Plate No. 48. Horizontal Section. Series C. III. SEEN FROM ABOVE. PLATE NO. 48. HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series C. III. Ethmoidal cells, Eyeball. Internal rectus. External rectus, Optic nerve. Fissure of Sylvius. Amygdala. End of descending horn \ of lateral ventricle, t Pes hippocampi. Gyrus hippocampi. Temporo-sphenoidal lobe. Occipito-temponI ) fissure (collateral). ( End of second temporal fissure, Straight sinus. Superior longitudinal sinus Jlfa/e, 5 years. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid. Eyeball. Junction of malar and frontal bones. ( Optic nerve passing through I optic foramen. Olfactory tract. Optic tract in section. Crus cerebri (crusta). Red nucleus of tegmentum. Cerebellum. Tentorium cerebell Sca/e | = ? ^^J>yox. III. Horizontal Section, seen from above, at level of middle of orbits and internal occipital protuberance,-and traversing temporo-sphenoidal and occipital lobes with crura cerebri and upper portion of cerebellum. A minute portion of frontal lobe is seen anteriorlj- ELATJS NP4i3 Plate No. 49. Horizontal Section. Series C. IV. SEEN FROM ABOVE. PLATE NO. 49. HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series C. IV. Cavity of orbit. Caudate nucleus. Claustrum. Anterior pillars of fornix, Third ventricle. Hippocampus majo Hippocampus minor" (Eminentia col lateralis). Inferior longitudinal sinus, Male, 5 ycai's. Falx cerebri. Frontal lobe. Fissure of Sylvius. External capsule. Lenticular nucleus. Internal capsule. .Optic thalamus. .Cerebellum. Posterior horn of ventricle. Falx cerebri Scale % = \ Approx. IV. Horizontal Section, seen from above, passing through skull at level of upper third of orbit and tip of auricle, exposing basal ganglia, internal and external capsules, claustrum, anterior pillars of fornix, junction of descending and posterior horns of lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and upper limit of cerebellum below origin of straight sinus. FLATK If 9 4-9. Platr No. 50. Horizontal Section. Series C. V. SEEN FROM BELOW. PLATE NO. 50. HORIZONTAL SECTION, Series C. V. Sylvian fissure. Lenticular nucleus.. Optic thalamus.. Posterior horn of lateral ventricle. Calcarine fisbure. Falx cerebri. Upper segment of orbit. Frontal lobe. .Rostrum of corpus callosum. Caudate nucleus. Anterior pillars of fornix. Internal capsule. External capsule. Third ventricle. Hippocampus major, Eminentia collateralis. .Tip of cerebellum. Falx cerebri. Superior longitudinal sinus. Male, 5 years. Scale ^* = ^ Approx. V. Horizontal Section, seen from below, passing through, lower parts of basal ganglia, third ventricle, and posterior horns of lateral ventricles. Platk No. 51. Horizontal Section. Series C. VI SEEN EROM ABOVE. PLATE NO. 5 I . HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series C. VI. Frontal lobe. Anterior horn of lateral ventricle, Temporo-sphenoidal lobe. Third ventricle. Optic thalamus, Occipital lobe Great longitudinal fissure. .Commencement of Sylvian fi.ssure. Knee of corpus callosum. Caudate nucleus. Fifth ventricle. Lenticular nucleu.s. Septum lucidum. Claustrum. Internal capsule. Operculum. External capsule Island of Reil. Choroid plexus in lateral ventricle. Superior longitudinal sinus- Male, 5 years. Scale^'l^-l Approx. VI. Horizontal Slction, seen from above, passing through basal ganglia, operculum, island of Reil, temporo-sphenoidal and occipital lobes, showing portions of third, fifth, and lateral ventricles. Pr.ATF N'O.'n Plate No. 52. Horizontal Section. Series C. VII. SEEN FROM ABOVE. PLATE NO. 52. HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series C. VII. Knee of corpus callosum.. Parietal lobe Occipital lobe. Superior longitudinal sinus. .Great longitudinal fissure. Anterior horn of lateral ventricle. -Great longitudinal fissure Male, 5 years. Scale 'f^^\ Approx, VII. Horizontal Section, seen from above, exposing upper limits of lateral ventricles. PJAT1\ X- .52. Plate No. 53. Horizontal Section. Series C. VIII, SEEN FROM BELOW. PLATE NO. 53. HORIZONTAL SECTION. Series C. VIII. Corpus callosum Fissure of Sylviusneartermination Superior longitudinal sinu: Superior longitudinal sinus. .Great longitudinal fissure. Roof of lateral ventricle. Centrum ovale. Great longitudinal fissure. Male, 5 years. Scale g = ? Approx. VIII. Horizontal Section, seen from below, through centrum ovale, and roof of lateral ventricles. .PLSTE N9S3 . INDEX. The figures refer to tlie numbers of tlie Plates. Amygdala of cerebellum, iiS, 36, 37. — of temporo-sphenoidal lobe, 48. Antrum mastoidium, 8, 9, 17, 23, 26, 27, 33 to 35, 40, 44 to 46. — of Highmore, i to 3, 31, 32, 37, 38, 47. Aqueduct of cochlea, 32. — of Fallopius, 17, 28, 29, 33, 39, 40, 44, 46. ^ of Sylvius, 39 to 41, 45. Artery, anterior cerebral, 14, 15 — ascending palatine, 34. — basilar, 7, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46. — external carotid, 22, 33, 36. — facial, 3, 14, 15, 33,34. 35- — facial superficial, 35. — inferior dental, i to 4, 14, 15, 21, 33, 34. — internal carotid in cavernous sinus, 5. 6, 15, 22, 44. -- — in neck, 6, 36 to 38. — — in petrous bone, 30 to 32, 39, 40, 44, 46. — — terminal portion, 5, 15, 41, 42, 45, 47. — internal maxillary, 4, 5, 14, 15, 21, 28, 33, 34, 36, 37, 41- — lingual, 12, 14, 15. — middle cerebral, 5, 6, 15, 16, 22, 29, 30, 31, 43, 45. — middle meningeal, 25, 35, 39, 45. — occipital, 8 to 11, 18 to 20. — - ophthalmic, 14, 45. — posterior cerebral, 16 to 20, 45. - posterior communicating, 22. — transverse facial, 35. — vertebral, 7 to 9, 16 to 18, 23, 30 to 32, 36 to 38. Articulation, atlanto-axoid, 36. — occipito-atlantoid, 31. — temporo-maxillary, 5, 6, 26, 33, 35. Auricle, 6 to 9, 16 to 18, 22, 23, 36 to 42, 44 to 48. Auriculo-bregmatic plane, sections in, 7, 16. Bone, atlas, 7, 8, 16 to 20, 23, 29 to 33, 36. neural arch, 36. transverse process, 29, 33. — axis, 7, 19, 22, 23, 30. Bone, axis, odontoid process, 16, 17, 22, 23, 36. — ethmoid, i to 3, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48. cells, I to 3, 40, 44, 47, 48. — — cribriform plate, i to 3. crista galli, i, 42, 45. — frontal, i to 3, 25, 26, 35, 48. external angular process, i, 26, 35. — — orbital plates, i to 3. — hyoid, 2, 3, 14, 15, 30. — inferior maxilla, i to 6, 14, 15, 21, 22, 26 to 38, 46. angle, 35. condyle, 22, 26 to 29, 33 to 35, 38, 46. — — coronoid process, 3, 28, 29, 34, 46. ramus, 4 to 6, 14, 15, 21, 33, 36, 37. — malar, i, 26 to 29, 33 to 35, 37 to 39, 44, 45, 48. — nasal, 39. — occipital, basi-, 46. condyles, 7, 8, 16,. 17, 19, 23, 31, -:,■]. — — internal protuberance, 13, 42, 47. — parietal, antero inferior angle, 25, 35. — — eminence, 10, il. — sphenoid, 4 to 6, 14, 15, 21, 39 to 41, 44, 45, 47. — — basi-, 22, 39. cells of, 4 to 6, 14, 39 to 41, 44. — — dorsum sellae, 47. great wing, 21, 26, 33. small wing, 4, 21, 33. — — rostrum, 4, 14, 21. anterior clinoid process, 5, 14, 41, 45. — — middle clinoid process, 41. — — posterior clinoid process, 6, 41, 42, 45. external pterygoid process, 4. 14, 21, 37. hamular process, 31, 36. — — internal pterygoid process, 4, 14, 37. — superior maxilla, i to 3, 30 to 32, 36, 46. — temporal, eminentia articularis, 26, 27, 33 to 35. squamous, 25, 26, 35. mastoid, 8, 9, 18 to 20, 25 to 27, 33 to 35, 38 to 4 T, 44 to 46. INDEX. Bone, temporal, petrous, 7 to 9, 16, 17, 22, 23, 26 to 34, 39 to 42, 44 to 46. styloid, 28, 29, 34, 36, 37. tympanal, 33, 34, 46. — — tympanic ossicles, 7, 16, 28, 33, 39, 40, 44, 46. — turbinal, inferior, i to 3, 30, 46. middle, i to 3, 39. superior, 47. — vomer, 3. — zygoma, 2 to 5, 14, 15, 21, 25, 39. Buccal cavity, i to 3, 36. Canal, facial, vide aqueduct of Fallopius. — inferior dental, i to 4, 14, 21, 33, 34. — vidian, 14, 15, 21. Centrum ovale, 53. Cerebellum, falx, 12. — flocculus, 8, 16, 17, 39, 41. — hemisphere, 9 to 11, 18 to 20, 24, 26 to 34, 40 to 42, 44 to 49. — middle lobe, 10, 11, 20, 24, 39 to 42, 44 to 46, 50. — peduncles of, 8, 9, 17 to 19. — corpus dentatum, 10, 20, 46. — lower limit of, 18, 36, 37. — upper limit of, 49, 50. — ventricle, fourth, 9, 18, 44. Cerebral fissure, calcarine, 10 to 12, 19, 20, 24, 28, 29, 31, 5°- — calloso-marginal, 2 to 9, 14 to 19, 21 to 23, 28 to 32, 43- 50 to 53. — collateral, 2, 4, 28, 48. — dentate, 9, 30. — great longitudinal, i to 24, 43, 48 to 53. — intra-parietal, 10 to 12, 24, 27, 33. — olfactory, 2, 3, 14, 21. — parallel, 7 to 9, 15 to 18, 22, 23, 25 to 27, 33 to 35. — parieto-occipital, 12, 26 to 31, 43. — Rolandic, 7 to 9, 16 to 19, 23, 25 to 35, 52, 53. — Sylvian, 4 to 10, 14 to 19, 21 to 29, 31 to 35, 43, 45, 48 to S3. ascending hmb, 4, 15, 33, 34, 51, 52. — transverse, 8, 9, 16, 23. Cerebrum, angular gyrus, 11, 25, 26, 34. — ascending frontal convolution, 7 to 9, 16 to 18, 23, 25 to 34, 51 to 53. — ascending parietal convolution, 8 to 10, 17 to 19, 20, 23,25 to 35, 51 to 53. — caudate nucleus, 7, 8, 15 to 17, 22, 23, 43, 49 to 52. — claustrum, 7 to 9, 16, 17, 22, 23, 43, 49 to 51. — corpora quadrigemina, 18. — corpus callosum, 4 to 9, 14 to 20, 22, 23, 43, 50 to 53. forceps, 43. genu, 14, 43, 51, 52. — — rostrum, 50. — — splenium, 19, 43. — corpus striatum, 5, 6. — crus, 7, 9, '7, 19- 23, 42, 47, 48- Cerebrum, crus, crusta, 23. — cuneus, 12, 28 to 31. — external capsule, 7 to 9, 16, 17, 22, 23, 43, 49 to 51. — falx, I to 22, 42, 43, 48 to 53. — fornicate gyrus, 3 to 9, 14 to 24, 43, 50 to --,},. ~ fornix, 9, 16, 17, 22, 43, 49, 50, 52. — frontal lobe, first frontal, I to 7, 14 to 16, 21, 22, 27, 28 to 31. second frontal, i to 6, 14 to 16, 21, 22, 26 to 32, 52. third frontal, 2 to 4. 14, 15, 21, 22, 26 to 34, 43, 49 to 51. orbital convolution, i, 2, 41, 42, 44, 45, 49 to 52. — fusiform lobule, 28. — gyrus hippocampi, 7, 8, 23, 48. — hippocampus major, 8, t6, 17, 30, 31, 48 to 50. — hippocampus minor or eminentia collateralis, 19, 20, 49, 50. — island of Reil, 7 to 9, 15 to 17, 12, 28 to 32, 43, 51. — internal capsule, 7 to 9, 16, 17, 22, 23, 43, 49 to 51. — lenticularnucleus, 7 tog, 16, 17, 22, 23, 30,43, 49, 50. — lingual lobule, 28, 43. — locus niger of crus, 7, 17, 47. — occipital lobe, 10 to 13, 2c, 26 to 32, 42, 47, 51, 52. — olfactory tract, 48. — operculum, 7, 8, 27 to 29, 33, 43, 51. — optic chiasma, 5, 6, 22. — optic thalamus, 7 to 9, 16, 17, 23, 43, 49, 51. — optic tract, 23, 47, 48. — paracentral lobule, 8, 9, 30. — pineal gland, 18. — pituitary body, 5, 6, 15, 22, 41, 42, 45, 47. — quadrate lobule, 10 to 12, 29 to 31. — red nucleus of crus, 17, 48. — septum lucidum, 15, 22, 43, 51. — supra-marginal lobule, 10, 24 to 26, 34, 53. — temporo-sphenoidal lobe, 4 to 9, 14 to 35, 40 to 45, 47 to 51. — ventricle, lateral, 6 to 9, 16 to 18, 23, 24, 43, 52, 53. — anterior horn, 5, 14, 15, 21, 22, 43, 51, 52. — descending horn, 10, 18, 30 to 32, 45, 48. posterior horn, 11, 12, 19, 20, 43, 49, 50. — — — choroid plexus, 18, 43, 51. third, 7 to 9, 16, 17, 22, 23, 43, 49 to 51. iter, 9. fifth, 15, 22, 43, 51. Cochlea, 7, 16, 29, 39, 40, 44. Conjunctival sac, 44, 45. Cyst in antrum of Highmore, 38. Epiglottis, 4, 2 1 , Eustachian tube, pharyngeal orifice, 4, 14, 30, 37, 46. — cartilaginous portion, 5, 6, 15, 31, 32, 38. — tympanic orifice, 29, 46. Eyeball, i, 28 to 34, 39 to 42, 44, 48. Fenestra ovalis, 40. Fissure, sphenoidal, 4, 14, 41, 42. INDEX. Fossa, digastric, 9, iS, 44. — glenoid, 44. — jugular, I'idi- Foramen jugular. — middle cranial, floor, 39, 40, 44 — nasal, i to 3, 37 to 40, 44, 47. Foramen, anterior condylar, 7, 8, 16, 17, 23, 30, 38. - jugular, 7, 16, 17, 23, 30 to 32, 39, 44. — magnum, 8, 9, 17 to 19, 23, 37. — mastoid, 25, 39. — optic, 4, 21, 48. ~ ovale, 5, 6, 22, 32. — posterior condylar, 18, 19, 30, 31, 38. — rotundum, 4, 14, 21, 31, 40. — spinosum, 39. Frontal sinus, 30, 41, 42, 45. Glands, cervical lymphatic, 31 to 35. Gland, parotid, 5, 6, 16, 17, 22, 26, 27, 35, 36, 46. — submaxillary, i to 5, 14, 15, 21, 33 to 35. Inter-articular temporo-maxillary cartilage, 26, 33, 35. Inter-peduncular space, 16, 23. Ligament, internal lateral of lower law, 34. — lateral odontoid, 7. — transverse of atlas, 36. Mastoid antrum, 8, 9, 17, 23, 26, 27, 33 to 35, 40, 44 to 46. — cells, 8, 9, 18 to 20, 25 to 27, 33 to 35, 38 to 41, 44 to 46. Meatus, auditory, external, 7, 16, 17, 25 to 27, 34, 35, 39, 44. 46. — auditory, internal, 16, 23, 31, 32, 40. — nasal inferior, i, 30, vidt- Fossa, nasal. — — middle, i, vir/e Fossa, nasal. Medulla oblongata, 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 23, 36 to 38. Muscle, buccinator, i, 33. — complexus, 10 to 12, 24, 31 to 33, 36 to 38, 44. — digastric, posterior belly, 8, 18, 19, 33, 36, 37. tendon, 2, 14, 15. — genio-glossus, i, 2, 30, 31. — genio-hyoid, 2, 30 to 32. — hyo-glossus, I, 2, 14, 22. — levator palati, 6, 31, 36, 37. — masseter, i to 5, 15, 21, 26, 27, 35 to 38, 46. — mylo-hyoid, i. — obliquus capitis, inferior, 8, 9, 33, 34. superior, 9, 19, 28, 29, 33, 34, 36, 37. Muscles, ocular, I to 3, 29, 31, 32, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48. Muscle, pharyngeal constrictor, superior, 31, 36. Muscles, prevertebral, 6, 30, 32. Muscle, pterygoid, external, 4 to 6, 14, 15, 21, 28, 29, 33, 34, 36 to 39, 46. internal, 4 to 6, 14, 15, 21, 31, 33, 34, 36, 2,7- — rectus capitis, anticus, 22, 36, 37. lateralis, 28, 29, 33, 34, 37. posticus, major, II, 29, 36, 37. — — minor, 10, 11, 20, 36, 37. — splenius, 9 to 11, 20, 26, 31 to 37. Muscle, sterno-mastoid, 9, 20, 35, 36. Muscles, styloid, 22, 33, 34, 36. Muscle, temporal, 1 to 6, 14, 21, 25 to 29, 33 to 42, 44 to 47. ~ tensor palati, 5, 6, 31, 36, 37. — tensor tympani, 28, 29. — trachelo-mastoid, 9, 20, 31 to 34, 37. — trapezius, 31, 35, 36. Nasal duct, 30, 38, 39, 47. — septum, I, 2, 37 to 40, 44, 46, 47. Naso-pharynx, 4, 14, 15, 37. Nerve, abducens, Vlth, 4, 5, 14, 15, 21, 39. — auditory, Vlllth, 16, 23, 30, 31, 40, 45. — chorda tympani, 33, 39. — facial, Vllth, 16, 17, 23, 28 to 31, 33, 35, 38 to 40, 44, 46. ~ glosso-pharyngeal, IXth, 7, 16, 23, 31, 32, 36, 37. — hypoglossal, Xllth, 7, 8, 16, 23, 30, 38. — inferior dental, i to 4, 14, 15, 2 i, 33, 34. — infra-orbital, 2. — lingual, 4, 14. — olfactory, 1st, 45. Nerves, ocular, in cavernous sinus, 5, 15. — — in sphenoidal fissure, 4, 14, 21. Ner\e. oculo-motor, Ilird, 3 to 6, 14, 15, 21, 22, 41. - — at posterior clinoid process, 6, 41, 45, 47. — optic, Ilnd, 2 to 4, 14, 15, 21, 30 to 32, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48. — pneumogastric, Xth, 6, 7, 16, 23, 31, 36, 37. — spinal-accessory, Xlth, 7, 16, 17, 23, 31, 36, 37. Ner\es, spinal, 18, 19. Nerve, sub-occipital, 18, 19. — trigeminal, Vth, 23, 41, 45. — — Gasserian ganglion of, 5, 6, 22, 30, 39, 40, 44. — — inferior maxillary division, 5, 6, 31, 32. — — ophthalmic division, 4, 14, 15, 21. — — superior maxillary division, 3, 4, 14, 21, 31, 32, 40. — trochlear, IVth, 4, 5, 14, 15, 21, 22, 41. — Vidian (great petrosal), 14, 15, 21. Oral aperture, 33. — cavity, i to 3, 14, 15, 30 to 32, 36. Orbits, I to 3, 28 to 34, 39 to 42, 44, 45, 48 to 50. Pacchionian body, 19, 20. Palate, soft, 4, 21. Pharynx, 5, 30 to 32, 37. Pons Varolii, 7 to 9, 16, 17, 39 to 42, 44 to 47. Pterion, 35. Pyramidal motor tract, 23. Semicircular canals, 8, 17, 23, 28, 39, 40, 44, 45 Sinuses, vide Venous intracranial sinus. Spinal cord, 7, 8, 18 to 20, 23, 30. Sub-occipital triangle, 29. Supra-meatal triangle, 40. Suture, parieto-mastoid, 35. — spheno-parietal, 35. 4 INDEX. Teeth, permanent, developing, 40. Tentorium-cerebelli, 7 to 12, 16 to 20, 24. 26 to 34, 41, 42, 45, 47 to 49. Tongue, i to 3, 15, 21, 30 to 3:. Tonsil, 4, 15, 21. Torcular Herophili, 13, 42, 47. Tympanum, 7, 16, 28, 29, 33, 39, 40, 44 to 46. — attic, 7, 16, 33- — membrane, 7, 16. 28, 33, 39, 44, 4^. — ossicles, vide Bone, temporal. — passage to antrum, 33. — pyramid, 39. — tegmen, 7, 16, 33. Uvula, 4. Vein, anterior condylar, 16, 30, 38. — deep cervical, 36. — diploic, 10, 39. — facial, 14, 15, 34, 35. — inferior cerebral, 19, 20. — internal jugular, bulb, 16, i 7, 23, 30 to 32, 38, 39, 44. in neck, 6, 7, 16, 17, 33, 34, 36 to 38. \'ein, internal maxillary, 36. — mastoid, 10, 34, 37 to 39. — occipital, ID, II. Veins, pharyngeal, 36, 37. Vein, posterior condylar, 7, 18, 19, 30, 31, 37, 38. Veins, pterygoid plexus of, 15, 37, 38. \'em, temporal, 36. — temporo-maxiUary, 35. — to ac|ueduct of cochlea, 32. Veins, vertebral plexus of, 7, 17 to 19, 31, 31'!. Venous intracranial sinus, cavernous, 5, 6, 15, 22, 45. — — inferior petrosal, 30 to 32, 44, 46. — lateral, 10 to 13, 20, 24, 26 to 35, 41, 42, 45, 47. — — occipital, 12, 39, 41. -- sigmoid, 8, 9, 18, 19, 25 to 2y. 32 to 35, 38 to 41, 44 to 46. knee, 18, 25, 35. — - — straight, 10 to 12, 20, 24, 43, 47, 48. — — superior longitudinal, i to 22, 43, 48 to 53. superior petrosal, 8, 9, 16 to 19, 23, 41, 44. Vestibule, vide Semicircular canals. Glasgow: printed at the un-iversitt press by bobert inrLEno.st- ' lJ«J.!iiii!^: ! ' ' ; j.c Mffitj"