Southern ITEI II BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWNENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg W, Sage 1 891 Cornell University Library PS 261.M27 Southern literature from 1 579-1 895.A com 3 1924 022 109 981 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022109981 Southern Literature From '579-1895. A Comprehensive Review, with Copious Extracts and Criticisms FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND THE GENERAL READER Containing an Appendix with a Full List of Southern Authors BY LOUISE MANLY ILLUSTRATED RICHMOND, VA. B F. Johnpon Publishing Company 1895 $ /\. \l<°^1o Copyright, 1895, by Louisa Manly. PREFACE. The primary object of this book is to furnish our children with material for becoming acquainted with the devel- opment of American life and history as found in Southern writers and their works. It may serve as a reader supple- mentary to American history and literature, or it may be made the ground-work for serious study of Southern life and letters ; and between these extremes there are varying degrees of usefulness. To state its origin will best explain its existence. This may furthermore be of some help to teachers in using the book, though each teacher will use it as best suits his classes and methods. The study of History is rising every day in importance. Sir Walter Raleigh in his " Historie of the World " well said, " It hath triumphed over time, which besides it nothing but eternity hath triumphed over." It is the still living word of the vanished ages. The best way of teaching history has of late years re- ceived much attention. One excellent method is to read, in connection with the text-book, good works of fiction, dramas, poetry, and historical novels, bearing upon the different epochs, and also to read the works of the authors them- 4 Southern Literature. selves of these different periods. We thus make history and literature illustrate and beautify each other. The dry dates become covered with living facts, the past is peopled with real beings instead of hard names, fiction receives a solid basis for its airy architecture, and the mind of the pupil is interested and broadened. Even the difficult sub- jects of politics and institutions gradually assume a more pleasing aspect by being associated with individual human interests, and condescend to simplify themselves through personal relations. To illustrate this method, which I have used with great success in teaching English History : In connection with the times of the early Britons, read Tennyson's " Idyls of the King." At the Norman Conquest, Bulwer's " Harold." At the reign of Richard I. (Coeur de Lion). Scott's " Ivanhoe " and " Talisman," Shakspere's " King John." At the reign of Elizabeth, Scott's " Kenilworth," the non- historical plays of Shakspere, as he lived at that epoch, Ba- con's Essays, and others. I mention merely a few. The amount of reading can be increased almost indefinitely and will depend on the time of the pupil, the plan of the teacher, and the accessibility of the books. Most of the books necessary for English History are now published in cheap form and are within reach of every pupil. A great deal of reading is very desirable ; it is the only way to give our pupils any broad view of literature and Preface. 5 history, and to cultivate a taste for reading in those desti- tute of it. It is often the only opportunity for reading which some pupils will ever have, and it lasts them a life- time as a pleasure and a benefit.* The reading may be done in the class or out of school hours. It is well to read as much as practicable in class, and to have some sketch of the outside reading given in class. Geography must also go hand in hand with history, a point now well understood. But its importance can hardly be exaggerated and its practice is of the utmost value. One must use maps to study and read intelligently. In American History pursue a similar course, as for ex- ample : At the period of discovery and early settlement, read Irving's " Columbus," Simms' " Vasconselos " (De Soto's Expedition), and " Yemassee," John Smith's Life and Writings, Longfellow's "Hiawatha" and "Miles Standish," Kennedy's " Rob of the Bowl," Strachey's Works, Mrs. Preston's "Colonial Ballads," &c. In Revolutionary times, the Revolutionary novels of Simms and Cooper, Kennedy's " Horse-Shoe Robinson ;" the great statesmen of the day, as Jefferson, Adams, Patrick Henry, Hamilton, Washington ; Cooke's " Fairfax " in which Washington appears as a youthful surveyor, and " Virginia Comedians " in which Patrick Henry appears, Thackeray's " Virginians ;" and others. * See Professor Woodrow Wilson's excellent article on the University study of Literature and Institutions, in the Forum, September, 1894. 6 Southern Literature. Each teacher will make his own list as his time and command of books allow. And each State or section of bur great country will devote more time to its own special history and literature s, this is right, for knowledge like charity begins at home, and gradually widens until it em- braces the circle of the universe. In collecting material for classes in American History to read in accordance with this plan, it was found easy to get cheap editions of Irving, Longfellow, Cooper, and other writers of the northern States, but almost impossible to get those of the southern, in cheap or even expensive editions. And the present volume has been prepared to supply in part this deficiency. To fit it to the plan suggested, the dates of the writers and the period and character of their works have been indicated, and some selections from them given for reading, — too little, it is feared, to be of much service, and yet enough to stimulate to further interest and study. The materials have been found so abundant, even so much more abundant than I suspected when undertaking the work, that it has been a hard task to make a selection from the rich masses of interesting writing. I fear that the work is too fragmentary and contains too many writers to make a lasting impression in a historical point of view. If, however, it leads to a sympathetic study of Southern life and literature, and especially if it makes young people acquainted with our writers of the past and with something of the old-time life and the spirit that controlled our an- cestors, it will serve an excellent purpose. .Preface. 7 Our writers should be compared with those of other sec- tions and other countries ; and due honor should be given them, equally removed from over-praise and from deprecia- tion. If we, their countrymen, do not know and honor them, who can be expected to do so ? No people is great whose memory is lost, whose interest centres in the present alone, who looks not reverently back to true beginnings and hopefully forward to a grand future. So I would urge my fellow -teachers to a fresh diligence in studying and worthily understanding the life and litera- ture of our past, and in impressing them upon the minds of -the rising generation, so as to infuse into the new forms now arising the best and purest and highest of the old forms fast passing away. My sincere thanks are hereby tendered to the scholars who have aided me by their advice and encouragement, to living authors and the relatives of those not living who have generously given me permission to copy extracts from their writings, to the publishers who have kindly allowed me to use copyrighted matter, to Miss Anna M. Trice, Mr. Josiah Ryland, Jr., and the officials of the Vir- ginia State Library where I found most of the books needed in my work, and to Mr. David Hutcheson, of the Library of Congress. My greatest indebtedness is to Professor Wil- liam Taylor Thorn and Professor John P. McGuire, for scholarly criticism and practical suggestions in the course of preparation. 1895. Louise Manly. 8 Southern Literature. list of works for reference, Appleton : Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 6 vols. Duyckinck : Cyclopaedia of American Literature, 2 vols. Allibone : Dictionary of Authors, 3 vols. Kirk : Supplement to Allibone, 2 vols. Stedman : Poets of America. Stedman and Hutchinson : Library of American Litera- ture, 1 1 vols. Poe : Literati of New York. Griswold : Poets and Poetry of America. Prose Writers of America. Female Poets of America. Hart : American Literature, Eldredge Bros., Phila. Davidson : Living Writers of the South, (1869). Miss Rutherford : American Authors, Franklin Publish- ing Company, Atlanta, Georgia. Southern Literary Messenger, 1834-1863. Southern Quarterly Review, I842-1855. De Bow's Commercial Review. The Land We Love, 1865- 1869. Southern Review, and Eclectic Review, Baltimore. Southland Writers, by Ida Raymond (Mrs. Tardy). Women of the South in Literature, by Mary Forrest. Fortier : Louisiana Studies, F. F. Hansell, New Orleans. Ogden : Literature of the Virginias, Independent Pub- lishing Company, Morgantown, West Virginia. C. W. Coleman, Jr. : Recent Movement in the Literature of the South, Harper's Monthly, 1886, No. 74, p. 837. T. N. Page : Authorship in the South before the War, Lippincott's Magazine, 1889, No. 44, p. 105. Professor C. W. Kent, University of Virginia : Outlook for Literature in the South. People's Cyclopedia (1894). Table op Contents Ir\ Chronological Order FIRST PERIOD 1579-1750. Page John Smith, 1579-1631 ... 33 Rescue of Captain Smith by Pocahontas 35 Our Right to Those Countries . . 38 Ascent of the River James, 1607 ... . . 42 William Strachey, in America 1609-12 45 A Storm Off the Bermudas 45 John Lawson, in America 1700-08 48 North Carolina in 1700-08 . 49 Harvest Home of the Indians 53 William Byrd, 1674-1744 . . 54 Selecting the Site of Richmond and Petersburg, 1733 . 58 A Visit to Ex-Governor Spotswood, 1732 . . . 58 Dismal Swamp, 1728 . 61 The Tuscarora Indians and Their Legend of a Christ, 1729, 65 SECOND PERIOD . . . 1750-1500. Henry Laurens, 1724-1792 ... - 67 A Patriot in the Tower 68 George Washington, 1732-1799 71 An Honest Man 73 10 Southern Literatures Page How to Answer Calumny 74 Conscience . . . . ... 74 On his Appointment as Commander-in-Chief, 1775 . . 74 A Military Dinner-Party . .... . . 76 Advice to a Favorite Nephew . . 76 Farewell Address to the People of the United States, 1796 • 77 Union and Liberty . 77 Party Spirit . 79 Religion and Morality 81 Patrick Henry, 1736-1799 82 Remark on Slavery, 1788 84 Not Bound by State Lines 84 If This Be Treason, 1765 84 The Famous Revolution Speech, 1775 ... 84 William Henry Drayton, 1742-1779 . . 87 George III.'s Abdication of Power in America 89 Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826 . 91 Political Maxims 94 Religious Opinions at the Age of Twenty . . 94 Scenery at Harper's Ferry, and at the Natural Bridge . 95 On Freedom of Religious Opinion . . 98 On the Discourses of Christ . ... 98 Religious Freedom (the Act of 1786) . .98 Letter to his Daughter . 100 Jefferson's Last Letter, 1826 101 David Ramsay, 1749-1815 . 103 British Treaty with the Cherokees, 1755 105 Sergeant Jasper at Fort Moultrie, 28 June, 1776 106 Sumpter and Marion 107 James Madison, 1751-1836 109 Opinion of Lafayette no Plea for a Republic m Character of Washington . . ■ 112 St. George Tucker, 1752-1828 . 113 Resignation, or Days of My Youch ng Table of Contents. 11 Page John Marshall, 171:5-1835 . 116 Power of the Supreme Court 117 The Duties of a Judge 118 Henry Lee, 1756-1818 119, Capture of Fort Motte by Lee and Marion, 1780 120 The Father of His Country 124 Mason Locke Weems, 1760-1825 126 The Hatchet Story 126 John Drayton, 1 766-1 822 . ... . . 127 A Revolutionary Object Lesson in the Cause of Patriotism, 1775- • • I28 The Battle of Noewee, 1776 129 William Wirt, 1772-1834 131 The Blind Preacher (James Waddell) 132 Mr. Henry against John Hook 135 John Randolph, 1773-1833 . . 137 Revision of the State Constitution, 1829 138 George Tucker, 1775-1861 . 140 Jefferson's Preference for Country Life 142 Establishment of the University of Virginia 143 THIRD PERIOD . . 1500-1550. Henry Clay, 1777-1852 .... 147 To Be Right above All ... 14 8 No Geographical Lines in Patriotism 148 Military Insubordination 148 Francis Scott Key, 1780-1843 . ■ ■ • 15 1 The Star-Spangled Banner 151 John James Audubon, 1780— 1851 IS3 The Mocking-Bird 155 The Humming-Bird 157 12 Southern Literature. Page Thomas Hart Benton, 1782-1858 . . . 158 The Duel between Randolph and Clay, 1826 159 John Caldwell Calhoun, 1782-1850 161 War and Peace 164 System of Our Government 164 Defence of Nullification 164 The Wise Choice 166 Official Patronage 167 Nathaniel Beverley Tucker, 1784-1851 167 The Partisan Leader . . . . . .... 168 David Crockett, 1786-1836. . . . . . 173 Spelling and Grammar: Prologue to his Autobiography . . 173 On a Bear-Hunt . 175 Motto: Be sure you are right. . .178 Richard Henry Wilde, 1789-1847 178 My Life is Like the Summer Rose. 179 Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, 1790-1870 180 Ned Brace at Church 180 A Sage Conversation 182 Robert Young Hayne, 1791-1839 185 State Sovereignty and Liberty 185 Sam Houston, 1793-1863 189 Cause of the Texan War of Independence 190 Battle of San Jacinto, 1836 ... 193 How to Deal with the Indians . . 196 William Campbell Preston, 1794-1860 . 199 Literary Society in Columbia, S. C, 1825 201 John Pendleton Kennedy, 1795-1870 204 A Country Gentleman in Virginia 205 His Wife . . . ... 207 How Horse-Shoe and Andrew Captured Five Men 210 Hugh Swinton Legare, 1797-1843 . 217 Commerce and Wealth vs. War 217 Table of Contents. 13 Page Demosthenes' Courage . 219 A Duke's Opinions of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia, in 1825 . . .... 221 Mirabf.au Buonaparte Lamar, 1798-1859 223 The Daughter of Mendoza 223 Francis Lister Hawks, 1798-1866 . 224 The First Indian Baptism in America . 225 Virginia Dare, the First English Child Born in America . . 226 The Lost Colony of Roanoke . 226 George Denison Prentice, 1802-1S70 228 The Closing Year 228 Paragraphs 231 Edward Coate Pinkney, 1802-1828 231 A Health 232 Song : We Break the Glass 233 Charles Etienne Arthur Gayarre, 1805-1895 235 Louisiana in 1750-1770 236 The Tree of the Dead • . .240 Matthew Fontaine Maury, 1806-1873 ■ 243 The Gulf Stream . . 246 Deep-Sea Soundings 247 Heroic Death of Lieutenant Herndon 249 William Gilmore Simms, 1806-1870 252 Sonnet— The Poet's Vision 255 The Doom of Occonestoga 255 Marion, the "Swamp-Fox" • 262 Robert Edward Lee, 1807-1870 265 Duty— To His Son . . . a66 Human Virtue— At the Surrender 266 His Last Order, 1865 . . 2o6 Letter Accepting the Presidency of Washington College . . 268 Jefferson Davis, 1808-1889 . • • 269 Trip to Kentucky at Seven Years of Age, and Visit to Gen- eral Jackson W* 14 Southern Literature. Page Jeffekson Davis, 1808-1889 — Life of the President of the United States 272 Farewell to the Senate, 1861 • . . 274 Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849 276 To Helen 279 Israfel 279 Happiness • ■ . . 281 The Raven 281 Robert Toombs, 1810-1885 284 Farewell to the Senate, 1861 . 286 Octavia Walton Le Vert, 1810-1877 288 To Cadiz from Havanna, 1855 289 Louisa Susannah M'Cord, 1810-1880 291 Woman's Duty 292 Joseph G. Baldwin, 1811-1864 294 Virginians in a New Country 294 Alexander Hamilton Stephens, 1812-1883 296 Laws of Government 297 Sketch in the Senate, 1850 298 True Courage 301 Alexander Beaufort Meek, 1814-1865 301 Red Eagle, or Weatherford 302 Philip Pendleton Cooke, 1816-1850 305 Florence Vane 305 Theodore O'Hara, 1820-1867 308 Bivouac of the Dead 308 FOURTH PERIOD . . . 1550-1595. George Rainsford Fairbanks, 1820- 311 Osceola, Leader of the Seminoles 312 Table of Contents. 15 Page Richard Malcolm Johnston, 1822- 314 Mr. Hezekiah Ellington's Recovery 315 John Reuben Thompson, 1823-1873 317 Ashby 3 ig Music in Camp 310 Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry, 1825- 321 Relations between England and America 322 Margaret Junkin Preston, 1825- 324 The Shade of the Trees . . 324 Charles Henry Smith, ("Bill Arp"), 1826- 326 Big John, on the Cherokees 327 St. George H. Tucker, 1828-1863 329 Burning of Jamestown in 1676 330 George William Bagby, 1828-1883 332 Jud Brownin's Account of Rubinstein's Playing 332 Sarah Anne Dorsey, 1829-1879 336 A Confederate Exile on His Way to Mexico, 1866 338 Henry Timrod, 1829-1867 341 Sonnet — Life Ever Seems 344 English Katie 344 Hymn for Magnolia Cemetery 345 Paul Hamilton Hayne, 1830-1886 346 The Mocking-Bird (At Night) 348 Sonnet — October . 349 A Dream of the South Wind • • 349 John Esten Cooke, 1830-1886 350 The Races in Virginia, 1765 351 Zebulon Baird Vance, 1830-1894 358 Changes Wrought by the War 360 The Country Gentlemen 360 The Negroes 362 16 ' Southern Literature. Page Albert Pike, 1809-1891 365 To the Mocking-Bird 365 William Tappan Thompson, 1812-1882 • . .367 Major Jones's Christmas Present 368 James Barron Hope, 1827-1887 370 The Victory at Yorktown 371 Washington and Lee . . . . . ■ 372 James Wood Davidson, 1829- - . 373 The Beautiful and the Poetical . . 373 Charles Colcock Jones, Jr., 1831-1893 • 376 Salzburger Settlement in Georgia ... . 376 Mary Virginia Terhune ("Marion Harland") . . 379 Letter Describing Mary [Ball] Washington When a Young Girl . 381 Madam Washington at the Peace Ball ... . 381 Augusta Evans Wilson, 1835- • 3^3 A Learned and Interesting Conversation 384 Daniel Bedinger Lucas, 1836- . .... . 387 The Land Where We Were Dreaming 388 James Ryder Randall, 1839- . . 389 My Maryland . 390 Abram Joseph Ryan 1839-1886 . 392 William Gordon McCabe, 1841- 393 Dreaming in the Trenches . 393 Sidney Lanier, 1842-1881 394 Song of the Chattahoochee 396 What is Music ? . 397 The Tide Rising in the Marshes 397 James Lane Allen 398 Sports of a Kentucky School in 1795 . , 399 Table of Contents. 17 Page. Joel Chandler Harris, 1848- 401 The Tar-Baby. . . 403 Robert Burns Wilson, 1850- 405 Fair Daughter of the Sun 406 Dedication — A Sonnet 407 " Christian Reid," Frances C. Tiernan 407 Ascent of Mt. Mitchell, N. C 409 Henry Woodfen Grady, 1851-1889 413 The South before the War 413 Master and Slave . 413 Ante-bellum Civilization 416 Thomas Nelson Page, 1853- 419 Marse Chan's Last Battle . 421 Mary Noailles Murfree, ("Charles Egbert Craddock") . 423 The "Harnt" that Walks Chilhowee . . 423 Danske Dandridge, 1859- 429 The Spirit and the Wood-Sparrow 430 Amelie Rives Chanler, 1863- 431 Tanis 432 Grace King . ... . . 437 La Grande Demoiselle 437 Waitman Barbe, 1864- 441 Sidney Lanier 442 Madison Cawein, 1865- 442 The Whippoorwill 443 Dixie ■ ■ ' ■ 444 List of Authors and Works omitted for lack of space . . . 445 18 Southern Literature. INDEX Page A Confederate Exile on His Way to Mexico, Sarah A. Dor sty 33^ Address in Congress, 1800, on the Death of Washington, Henry Lee . .... 124 A Dream of the South Wind . . . Paul H. Hayne 349 Advice to His Nephew George Washington 76 A Health E. C. Pinkney 232 Alamo, Fall of the 192 A Learned and Interesting Conversation. Augusta E. Wilson 384 Allen, James Lane 398 Anecdotes of Alexander H. Stephens 296,297 An Honest Man George Washington 73 Ante-bellum Civilization .... Henry W. Grady 416 Arber, Professor, on John Smith's Writings 35 A Sage Conversation A. B. Longstreet 182 Ascent of Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina, Christian Reid . . ... 409 Ascent of the James River, 1607 . John Smith 42 Ashby . John R. Thompson 318 Audubon, John James 153 Bacon, Nathaniel 330 Bagby, George William 332 Baldwin, Joseph G 294 Barbe, Waitman . 441 Battle of Noewee, 1776 John Drayton 139 Battle of San Jacinto, 1836 .... Sam Houston 193 Battle of the Blue Licks, Ky., 1782 ■ 400 Battle of Tohopeka, or Horse-Shoe Bend, Ala 302 Bear Hunt David Crockett 175 Index. 19 Page Beauvoir 270, 273 Beautiful and the Poetical, The. . Jas. Wood Davidson 373 Beauty is Holiness ... 395 Benton, Thomas Hart . . 158 " Be sure you are right," . . . David Crockett. ....... 178 Big John, on the Cherokees. Bill Arp 327 Bill Arp (Charles Henry Smith) . 326 Bivouac of the Dead Theodore O'Hara 308 Blind Preacher William Wirt 132 Boone, Daniel 401 British Treaty with the Cherokees, 1755, David Ramsay . . . .105 Burning of Jamestown, 1676 . . St. George H. Tucker 330 Byrd, Evelyn . 56 Byrd, William. . . 54 Calhoun, John Caldwell 161 Calhoun and the Union . 275 Calhoun, Death of . . . 300 Capture of Fort Motte . . Henry Lee 120 Cause of the Texan War of Independence, Sam Houston 190 Cawein, Madison ... 442 Changes Wrought by the War Chanler, Mrs. Amelie Rives Character of Washington . . . Cherokees, Big John on the . . Clay, Henry. . Closing Year, The Commerce and Wealth vs. War Conscience . . Z. B. Vance 360 43 1 James Madison 112 Bill Arp 327 147 George D. Prentice 228 Hugh S. Legare 217 George Washington 74 • Cooke, Philip Pendleton . . 305 Cooke, John Esten 350 Corn-Shucking and Christmas Times . 362 Country Gentleman in Virginia and His Wife, John P. Kennedy. . . . 205 Country Gentlemen . . .... 360 Cow-Boy's Song . ■ ■ ■ 339 Craddock, Charles Egbert, (Miss M. N. Murfree) . . . .423 Crockett, David 173 20 Southern Literature. Page Curry, Jabez Lamar Monroe 321 Dale, General Sam 302 Dandridge,Mrs. Danske . 429 Daughter of Mendoza . . M. B. Lamar 223 Davidson, James Wood 373 Davis, Jefferson 269 Davis, Winnie . . . . 270 Davis, Mrs. Varina Jefferson 271 Davy Crockett's Motto ... 178 Days of My Youth, or Resignation, St. George Tucker 1 1 5 Death of Calhoun .... ... ... 300 Death of Lieutenant Herndon . . 249 Dedication Sonnet (to his Mother), Robert Burns Wilson 407 Deep-Sea Soundings. . . M. F. Maury 247 Defence of Nullification . . . . John C. Calhoun. 164 Demosthenes Hugh S. Legare .... 219 DeSaussure, Judge, and Social Dining in Columbia 201 Discourses of Christ Thomas Jefferson 98 Dismal Swamp . .... William Byrd 61 Dixie . . 444 Dixie and Yankee Doodle 319 Doom of Occonestoga. ...*... . Wm. Gilmore Simms 255 Dorsey, Mrs. Sarah Anne 336 Drayton, William Henry 87 Drayton, John . 127 Dreaming in the Trenches . . . Wm. Gordon McCabe 393 Duel Between Randolph and Clay, 1826, Thomas H. Benton . • . . . 159 Duke of Saxe-Weimar in Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia, 1825 Hugh S. Legare 221 Duties of a Judge . John Marshall 118 Duty Robert E. Lee 266 England and America, Relations between, J. L. M. Curry 322 English Katie Henry Timrod 344 Ennui . . ... . . ioj Establishment of the University of Virginia, George Tucker 143 Index. 21 Page Fairbanks, George Rainsford 311 Fair Daughter of the Sun Robert Burns Wilson . ... 406 Farewell Address to the American People, 1796, George Washington . • • ■ 77 Farewell to the Senate, 1861 . . Jefferson Davis 274 Farewell to the Senate, 1861 . . Robert Toombs 286 Father of His Country . . . Henry Lee 124 First Indian Baptism in America . Francis L. Ha-wks . . . .225 " First in War, first in Peace " . . 124 Five Demands of the South . 286 Florence Vane . . ... . Philip Pendleton Cooke .... 305 Fort King, Florida . . 311 Fort Motte, Capture of . . Henry Lee 120 Freedom of Religious Opinion . . Thomas Jefferson 98 Gayarre, Charles Etienne Arthur 235 George the Third's Abdication of Power in America, William Henry Drayton . . 89 Gladstone's Opinion of the United States . . . ... 322 Goliad, Massacre at .... 192 Grady, Henry Woodfen ... 413 Grave of Dr. Elisha Mitchell . . 411 Gulf Stream. . . . . M. F. Maury 246 Hampton at the Battle of Noewee, South Carolina, 1776 . . . 130 Happiness Edgar Allan Poe 281 Harland, Marion (Mrs. M. V. Terhune) 379 "Harnt" that Walks Chilhowee, The, Charles Egbert Craddock . . 423 Harper's Ferry, Scenery at 95 Harris, Joel Chandler . 401 Harvest Home of the Indians . . John Laivson 53 Hatchet Story Mason L. Weems 126 Hawks, Francis Lister 224 Hayne, Robert Young • • 185 Hayne, Paul Hamilton 34^ Hayne, William Hamilton 346 Helen, To ... . Edgar Allan Poe 279 Henry, Patrick 82 Hermitage, General Jackson at The 27 1 22 Southern Literature. Page Heroic Death of Lieutenant Herndon, M. F, Maury 249 Hope, James Barron 370 Horse-Shoe Bend, Battle of 302 Houston, Sam . . . 189 How Horse-Shoe and Andrew Captured Five Men, John P. Kennedy , . . 210 How Ruby Played ... . ■ George William Bag-by . . 332 How to Answer Calumny George Washington . ... 74 How to Deal with the Indians . . Sam Houston • 196 Human Virtue , R. E. Lee. .... . 266 Humming-Bird, The. . . . . J. J. Audubon 157 Hymn for Magnolia Cemetery .Henry Timrod 345 " If This Be Treason—" . Patrick Henry 84 "I'll haunt you," ... 317 Indian Doom of Excommunication 255 Israfel . .Edgar Allan Poe 279 Jackson, General, at Home ... . 271 Jamestown, Burning of, 1676 . St. George H. Tucker 330 James Waddell, the Blind Preacher, William Wirt 132 Jefferson, Thomas ... 91 Jefferson's Last Letter, June 24, 1826, Thomas Jefferson 101 Jefferson's Preference for Country Life, George Tucker 142 Jefferson's Religious Opinions at Twenty, Thomas Jefferson 94 John Hook, Patrick Henry against, William Wirt 13c Johnston, Richard Malcolm j™ Jones, Charles Colcock, Jr . ... . . 376 Jud Brownin's Account of Rubinstein's Playing, George William Bagby . .332 Kennedy, John Pendleton 204 Key, Francis Scott. . . iri King, Grace . . .■,» La Fayette, Madison's Opinion of, James Madison no Index. 23 Page La Grande Demoiselle. . . Grace King 437 Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte 223 Land Where We Were Dreaming, The, D. B. Lucas 388 Lanier, Sidney 394 Lanier, To Sidney . Waitman Barbe 442 La Rabida 291 Last Letter of Jefferson, June 24, 1826, Thomas Jefferson 101 Laurens, Henry 67 Laurens, John, the " Bayard of the Revolution," 67 Laws of Government A.H.Stephens 297 Lawson, John 48 Lee, Henry 119 Lee, Robert Edward 265 Lee's Last Order R.E. Lee ... . . 266 Lee's Letter Accepting the Presidency of Washington College, R. E. Lee 268 Legare,Hugh Swinton . 217 Letter to Martha Jefferson . Thomas Jefferson .... 100 Le Vert, Madame Octavia Walton 288 Life Ever Seems — Sonnet . . Henry Timrod 344 Life of the President of the United States, Jefferson Davis 272 Literary Society in Columbia in 1825, Wm. C. Preston 201 Longstreet, Augustus Baldwin 180 Lost Colon/ of Roanoke . F. L. Hawks 226 Louisiana in i75o-'7o. . . C. E. A. Gayarri 236 Lucas, Daniel Bedinger . . . 387 Madam Washington at the Peace Ball, Marion Harland 381 Madison, James . 109 Madison, Mrs. Dolly ... 110 Madison's Opinion of La Fayette, James Madison 1 10 Magnolia Cemetery, Hymn for Dedication, Henry Timrod 345 Major Jones's Christmas Present . W. T. Thompson 368 Marion Harland, (Mrs. M. V. Terhune) 379 24 Southern Literature. Page Marion, Sumpter and David Ramsay 107 Marion, the " Swamp-Fox " • Wm. Gilmore Simms .... 262 Marquis de Vaudreuil, the ''Great Marquis" 237 Marse Chan's Last Battle .... Thomas Nelson Page 421 " Marseillaise of the Confederacy '' 3^9 Marshall, John ll ° Maryland, My Maryland 39° Mary Washington When a Girl . Marion Harland 381 Mary Washington's Monument. . Marion Harland 379 Master and Slave 4*3 Maury, Matthew Fontaine 243 Maxims of Jefferson 94 McCabe, William Gordon 393 M'Cord, Mrs. Louisa Susannah 291 M'Cord, D. J. 201,291 Meek, Alexander Beaufort . 301 Military Dinner Party George Washington ... -76 Military Insubordination . . Henry Clay 148 " Millions for Defence " . . 116 Mitchell's Grave, Mt. Mitchell, N. C 411 Mocking-Bird, The, . . J- J. Audubon 155 Mocking-Bird (At Night) . . Paul H.Hayne 348 Mocking-Bird, To The . . Albert Pike 365 Mocking-Bird and Nightingale Compared 100 Mr. Hezekiah Ellington's Recovery, R. M. Johnston 315 Murfree, Mary Noailles, (Charles Egbert Craddock) . . 423 Music in Camp . . . John R. Thompson ... . 319 My Life Is Like the Summer Rose, R. H. Wilde .179 My Maryland James R. Randall 390 Naming of Tallahassee, The . . . 288 Natural Bridge of Virginia . . 97 Ned Brace at Church . . . A. B. Longstreet 180 No Geographical Lines in Patriotism, Henry Clay 148 North Carolina in 1700-1708 . John La-wson 49 Not Bound by State Lines . . Patrick Henry 84 Nullification, Defence of John C. Calhoun 164 Index. 25 Page Object-Lesson in the Cause of Patriotism, John Drayton . . . . 128 Occonestoga, Doom of Wm. Gilmore Simms 255 October— A Sonnet ....... Paul H. Hayne 349 Official Patronage John C. Calhoun 167 O'Hara, Theodore 308 Old Church at Jamestown .... . 3g ) 33: On a Bear Hunt . . David Crockett 175 Osceola, Leader of the Seminoles, George R. Fairbanks-. . . 311, 312 Our Right to Those Countries . . John Smith 38 Page, John, Letter to . 04 Page, Thomas Nelson ^ig Paragraphs George D. Prentice 231 Partisan Leader N. Beverley Tucker. , . . 168 Party Spirit George Washington ... 79 Patrick Henry against John Hook, William Wirt 135 Patrick Henry's Famous Revolution Speech, Patrick Henry 84 Patriot in the Tower ...... . Henry Laurens 68 Payne, John Howard, among the Cherokees 327 Pike, Albert 365 Pinkney, Edward Coate . . 231 Plea for a Republic . James Madison Ill Pocahontas, — Rescue of John Smith, John Smith ... ,35 Poe, Edgar Allan . .... ... 276 Poet's Vision. — A Sonnet .... William Gilmore Simms . . 255 Political Patronage .... John C. Calhoun 167 Power of the Supreme Court . John Marshall 117 Powhatan . . .... . 35 Preference for Country Life . . . .George Tucker 142 Prentice, George Denison . 228 Preston, Mrs. Margaret Junkin 324 Preston, William Campbell . . 199 Prologue to Arms and the Man James Barron Hope .... 371 Prologue to Autobiography . David Crockett . 173 Races in Virginia, 1765 .... John Bsten Cooke 351 Ramsay, David . . . • 103 26 Southern Literature. Page Randall, James Ryder 389 Randolph, John, of Roanoke . . 137 Raven, The . Edgar Allan Poe . . . .281 Red Eagle, or Weatherford . A. B. Meek .... 302 Red Eagle and General Jackson . 304 Reid, Christian (Frances C. Fisher, Mrs. Tiernan) 407 Relations Between England and America, J. L. M. Curry . 322 Religion and Morality ... . George Washington . 81 Religious Freedom . . . Thomas Jefferson . . . 98 " Remember the Alamo !" . . . ... 195 Rescue of Captain Smith by Pocahontas, yohn Smith . . 35 Resignation : or, Days of My Youth, St. George Tucker . . 115 Revision of the State Constitution, John Randolph 138 Revolutionary Object-Lesson . . yohn Drayton 128 Revolution Speech, 1775 . . . Patrick Henry 84 Rives, Amelie, (Mrs. Chanler) 431 " Rope of sand". . .... 186 Rubinstein's Playing George William Bagby . 332 Ryan, Abram Joseph, (Father Ryan) ... . . 392 Sage Conversation, A A. B. Longstreet . . 182 Salzburger Settlement in Georgia, 1734, C. C. Jones, Jr. . . 376 Sang-Digger,* The .... . Amelie Rives. . 432 Savannah in 1735 . . 378 Scenery at Harper's Ferry and at the Natural Bridge, Thomas Jefferson 95 Selecting the Site of Richmond and of Petersburg, 1733, William Byrd 38 Seminole War 313 Sergeant Jasper at Fort Moultrie, 1776, David Ramsay 106 Sergeant Jasper at Savannah, 1779 107 Sidney Lanier, To . Waitman Barbe ... . 442 Siege of Fort Moultrie . . . David Ramsay 106 * Ginseng-Digger. Index. 27 Page Simms, William Gilmoke 252 Sketch in the Senate, February 5, 1850, A. H. Stephens 298 Slavery, Remark on Patrick Henry 84 Slave, Master and. . . . 413 Smith, Charles Henry (Bill Arp) 326 Smith, John 33 Smith, John, Writings of. . . 35 Song of the Chattahoochee . . Sidney Lanier 396 Sonnet : Dedication . . . . R. B. Wilson 407 Song : We Break the Glass . E. C. Pinkney 233 Sonnet : Life ever seems. . . . Henry Timrod 344 Sonnet : October Paul H. Hayne . ■ . 349 Sonnet : Poet's Vision . . . William Gilmore Simms . 255 South Before the War, The. . . Henry W. Grady 413 Southern Literary Messenger ... . 277, 317, 332 Southern " Mammy " and the Children 363 Speaking of Clay in the Senate, 1850, The 298 Spelling and Grammar (Prologue to Autobiography), David Crockett 173 Spirit and Wood-Sparrow, The. . Danske Dandridge 430 Sports of a Kentucky School in 1795, James Lane Allen 399 Spotswood, Ex-Gov., and his Home in 1732. . . 58 Star-Spangled Banner . ... Francis Scott Key 151 State Soverignty and Liberty . . Robert T. Hayne 185 Stephens, Alexander Hamilton • . . . 296 Stonewall Jackson's Last Words . 324 Storm Off the Bermudas .... Wm. Strachey 45 Strachey, William . 45 Sugar-Cane : Introduction into the United States 336 Sumpter and Marion . . . David Ramsay 107 "Swamp-Fox," The 262 System of Our Government . John C. Calhoun 164 Tanis ■ Amelie Rives 432 Tar-Baby, The Joel Chandler Harris .... 403 Terhune, Mrs. Mary Virginia (Marion Harland) .... 379 Texas Prairie and Cow-Boy's Song 339 28 Southekn Literature. Page The Land Where We Were Dreaming, D. B. Lucas 388 The Spirit and the Wood-Sparrow, Danske Dandridge 430 The South Before the War . . Henry W. Grady 413 Thompson, John Reuben . . . . 317 Tide Rising in the Marshes . Sidney Lanier . ... • . . .397 Tiernan, Mrs. Frances C. (Christian Reid) 407 Timrod, Henry . . 341 To Be Right Above All . Henry Clay 1 48 To Cadiz from Havanna, 1855 . Madame Le Vert 289 To Helen ... Edgar Allan Poe 27q Tohopeka, Battle of 302 Toombs, Robert . ... 284 To the Mocking-Bird Albert Pike 365 Tree of the Dead . . . . C. E. A . Gayarre . . . 240 Trip to Kentucky at Seven Years of Age, Jefferson Davis ... . . 271 True Courage AH. Stephens 301 Tucker, St. George ... 113 Tucker, George . . . . . . 140 Tucker, Nathaniel Beverley 167 Tucker, St. George H. 329 Tuscarora Indians and Their Legend of a Christ, William Byrd . . . 65 Under the Shade of the Trees . . Margaret J. Preston ... . 324 Union and Liberty George Washington 77 University of Virginia, Establishment of George Tucker 143 Vance, Zebulon Baird 358 Victory at Yorktown, 1781 .... James Barron Hope 371 Virginia Dare. . . F. L. Hawks . . . 226 Virginian or American? . . . Patrick Henry 84 Virginians in a. New Country Joseph G. Baldwin 294 Visit to Ex-Governor Spotswood, 1732, William Byrd 58 Visit to the Hermitage . 271 War and Peace . . . John C. Calhoun 164 Washington, George • 7 1 Index. 29 Page Washington and the Hatchet 126 Washington's Advice to His Nephew, George Washington 76 Washington, Character of . . . James Madison 112 Washington's Farewell to the American People, 1796, George Washington 77 Washington and Lee . . - James Barron Hofe 372 Washington's Mother When a Girl 381 Washington's Mother at the Peace Ball ... 381 Washington's Speech in Congress on his Appointment as Com- mander-in-Chief, 1775 • George Washington .... 74 Washington, Memorial Address in Congress, 1800, by Henry Lee, 124 Weatherford, or Red Eagle. . 302 We Break the Glass, — Song. . . E. C. Pinkney 233 Weems, Mason Locke 126 What is Music ? . . . ... Sidney Lanier 397 Whippoorwill, The Madison Caivein 443 Wilde, Richard Henry 178 Wilson, Mrs. Augusta Evans 383 Wilson, Robert Burns 405 Wirt, William 131 Wise Choice John C. Calhoun 166 Woman's Duty Louisa S. MCord 292 30 Southern Literature. List of Illustrations. Page Captain John Smith 34 Rescue of Captain Smith by Pocahontas 39 Jamestown, Va. The first permanent English settlement in America 36 Storm at Sea ... 44 Sir Walter Raleigh 50 Westover, the Home of William Byrd 55 Evelyn Byrd 57 Hunting in the Dismal Swamp 62 The Tower of London .69 George Washington . . 7 2 Washington Taking the Oath of Office 75 Old St. John's Church, Richmond, Va 83 Fort Moultrie, S. C. Fort Sumter in the Distance 88 Monticello, the Home of Jefferson 92 Harper's Ferry 96 Jasper Replacing the Flag . . 104 William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va 114 University of Virginia 141 Henry Clay 146 Star-Spangled Banner and Seal of the United States 152 Scene in Louisiana 154 University of North Carolina 158 John Caldwell Calhoun and His Home 163 Mexican Assault on the Alamo 174 General Sam Houston, First President of Texas . 188 State House, Columbia, S. C 200 Old Plantation Home 207 Alamo, San Antonio, Texas 223 Ruins of the English Settlement at Roanoke, N. C 227 List of Illustrations. 31 Page Tulane University, New Orleans 234 Off Cape Hatteras 244 Indian Dance . 253 General R. E. Lee 265 Washington and Lee University 267 Beauvoir, the Home of Jefferson Davis 273 Robert Toombs 285 United States Senate 299 University of Alabama 301 Boone Entering Kentucky, June 7, 1769 307 Osceola. 312 Natural Bridge, Virginia 325 Cow-Boy. Scene on Texas Prairie 337 University of State of Missouri, Columbia 342 University of Texas (Main Building), Austin .... 347 State Capitol of North Carolina . .... 359 University of Georgia, Chapel, Athens 376 Tomb of Mary, the Mother of Washington, Fredericksburg, Va. 383 General T.J. Jackson (Stonewall) 388 Battle of Blue Licks . . 402 Mt. Mitchell, N. C. Above the Clouds 408 Grady Monument. Atlanta, Ga . 414 Agricultural and Mechanical College of Mississippi 420 University of Tennessee. Knoxville. 424 Model School, Peabody Normal College 433 Southern Literature. FIRST PERIOD . . 1579-1750. JOHN SMITH. 1579-1631. Captain John Smith, the first writer of Virginia, was born at Willoughby, England, and led a life of rare and exten- sive adventure. " Lamenting and repenting," he says, '' to have seen so many Christians slaughter one another," in France and the Lowlands, he enlisted in the wars against the Turks. He was captured by them and held prisoner for a year, but escaped and travelled all over Europe. He finally joined the expedition to colonize Virginia, and came over with the first settlers of Jamestown in 1607. His life here is well known ; he remained with the colony two years. He afterwards returned to America as Admiral of New England, but did not stay long. He spent the re- mainder of his life in writing accounts of himself and his travels, and of the colonies in America. WORKS. True Relation (1608). Generall Historic of Virginia, New Eng- Map of Virginia (1612). land, and the Summer Isles (1624). Description of New England C1616). True Travels (1630). New England's Trials (1620). Advertisements for Inexperienced Planters Accidence for Young Seamen (1626). of New England (1631). Captain Smith's style is honest and hearty in tone, pic- turesque, often amusing, never tiresome. It is involved and ungrammatical at times, but not obscure. The critics have professed to find many inaccuracies of historical statement ; (33) 3 Captain John Smith, [34] John Smith. 35 but the following, from Professor Edward Arber, the editor of the English Reprint of Smith's Works, will acquit him of this charge : " Inasmuch as the accuracy of some of Captain Smith's statements has, in this generation, been called in question, it was but our duty to subject every one of the nearly forty thousand lines of this book to a most searching criticism; scanning every assertion of fact most keenly, and making the Text, by the insertion of a multitude of cross- references, prove or disprove itself. "The result is perfectly satisfactory. Allowing for a popular style of expression, the Text is homogeneous ; and the nine books com- prising it, though written under very diverse circumstances, and at intervals over the period of twenty-two years (1608-1630), contain no material contradictions. Inasmuch, therefore, as wherever we can check Smith, we find him both modest and accurate, we are led to think him so, where no such check is possible, as at Nalbrits in the autumn of 1603, and on the Chickahominy in the winter of 1607-8." See Life, by Simms, by Warner, and by Eggleston in " Pocahontas.'' RESCUE OF CAPTAIN SMITH BY POCAHONTAS, OR MATOAKA. {From Generall Historic.) [This extract from his "Generall Historie" is in the words of a re- port by " eight gentlemen of the Jamestown Colony." It is corrobo- rated by Captain Smith's letter to the Queen on the occasion of Pocahontas' visit to England after her marriage to Mr. John Rolfe. Matoaka, or Matoax, was her real name in her tribe, but it was con- sidered unlucky to tell it to the English strangers.] At last they brought him [Smith] to Meronocotnoco, where was Powhatan their Emperor. Here more than two hun- dred of those grim Courtiers stood wondering at him, as he had beene a monster ; till Powhatan and his trayne had put themselues in their greatest braveries. Before a fire vpon a seat like a bedstead, he sat covered with a great robe, made of Rarowcun skinnes, and all the tayles hanging by. On either hand did sit a young wench of 16 or 18 yeares ; Rescue of Captain Smith by Pocahontas. [06] John Smith. 37 and along on each side the house, two rowes of men, and behind them as many women, with all their heads and shoulders painted red ; many of their heads bedecked with the white downe of Birds ; but every one with something ; and a great chayne of white beads about their necks. At his entrance before the King, all the people gaue a great shout. The Queene of Appamatuck was appointed to bring him water to wash his hands, and another brought him a bunch of feathers, in stead of a Towell to dry them ; having feasted him after their best barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held, but the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before Powhatan; then as many as could layd hands on him, dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs, to beate out his braines, Pocahontas, the Kings dearest daugh- ter, when no intreaty could prevaile, got his head in her armes, and laid her owne vpon his to saue him from death : whereat the Emperour was contented he should liue to make him hatchets, and her bells, beads, and copper ; for they thought him as well of all occupations as themselues. For the King himselfe will make his owne robes, shooes, bowes, ar- rowes, pots ; plant, hunt, or doe anything so well as the rest. They say he bore a pleasant shew, But sure his heart ivas sad. For -who can pleasant he, and rest, That Hues in fear e and dread: And having life suspected, doth It still suspected lead. Two dayes after, Powhatan having disguised himselfe in the most fearefullest manner he could, caused Captain Smith to be brought forth to a great house in the woods, and there vpon a mat by the fire to be left alone. Not long after from behinde a mat that divided the house, was made the most 38 Southern Literature. dolefullest noyse he ever heard ; then Powhatan, more like a devill than a man, with some two hundred more as blacke as himselfe, came vnto him and told him now they were friends, and presently he should goe to James towne, to send him two great gunnes, and a gryndstone, for which he would giue him the Country of Capahowosick, and for ever esteeme him as his sonne Nantaquoud. So to James towne with 12 guides Powhatan sent him That night, they quartered in the woods, he still expecting (as he had done all this long time of his imprisonment) every houre to be put to one death or other ; for all their feasting. But almightie God (by his divine providence) had mollified the hearts of those sterne Barbarians with compassion. The next morning betimes they came to the Fort, where Smith having vsed the Salvages with what kindnesse he could, he shewed Rawhunt, Powhatan's trusty servant, two demi-Culverings and a millstone to carry Pow- hatan ; they found them somewhat too heavie : but when they did see him discharge them, being loaded with stones, among the boughs of 11 great tree loaded with Isickles, the yce and branches came so tumbling downe, that the poore Salvages ran away halfe dead with feare. But at last we regained some conference with them, and gaue them such toyes : and sent to Powhatan, his women, and children such presents, as gaue them in generall full content. OUR RIGHT TO THOSE COUNTRIES, TRUE REASONS FOR PLAN- TATIONS, RARE EXAMPLES. {From Advertisements /or the Inexperienced.} Many good religious devout men have made it a great question, as a matter in conscience, by what warrant they might goe to possesse those Countries, which are none of theirs, but the poore Salvages. Jamestown, Va. The first permanent English settlement in America. 40 Southern Literature. Which poore curiosity will answer it selfe ; for God did make the world to be inhabited with mankind, and to have his name knowne to all Nations, and from generation to generation : as the people increased, they dispersed them- selves into such Countries as they found most convenient. And here in Florida, Virginia, New- England, and Can- nada, is more land than all the people in Christendome can manure \cultivate\, and yet more to spare than all the na- tives of those Countries can use and culturate. And shall we here keepe such a coyle for land, and at such great rents and rates, when there is so much of the world uninhabited, and as much more in other places, and as good or rather better than any wee possesse, were it manured and used accordingly ? If this be not a reason sufficient to such tender con* sciences ; for a copper knife and a few toyes, as beads and hatchets, they will sell you a whole Countrey \district\ ; and for a small matter, their houses and the ground they dwell upon ; but those of the Massachusets have resigned theirs freely. Now the reasons for plantations are many. Adam and Eve did first begin this innocent worke to plant the earth to remaine to posterity; but not without labour, trouble, and industry. Noah and his family began againe the second plantation, and their seed as it still increased, hath still planted new Countries, and one Country another, and so the world to that estate it is ; but not without much hazard, travell, mortalities, discontents, and many disasters ; had those worthy Fathers and their memorable offspring not beene more diligent for us now in those ages, than wee are to plant that yet unplanted for after-livers : Had the seed of Abraham, our Saviour Christ Jesus and his Apostles, ex- posed themselves to no more dangers to plant the Gospell John Smith. 41 •wee so much professe, than we; even we our selves had at this moment beene as Salvages, and as miserable as the most barbarous Salvage, yet uncivilized. The Hebre-wes, the Lacedemonians, the Goths, Grecians, Romans, and the rest ; what was it they would not under- take to enlarge their Territories, inrich their subjects, and resist their enemies? Those that were the founders of those great Monarchies and their vertues, were no silvered idle golden Pharisees, but industrious honest hearted Publicans ; they regarded more provisions and necessaries for their people, than jewels, ease, and delight for themselves ; riches was their servants, not their masters ; they ruled as fathers, not as tyrants ; their people as children, not as slaves ; there was no disaster could discourage them ; and let none thinke they incountered not with all manner of incumbrances ; and what hath ever beene the worke of the best great Princes of the world, but planting of Countries, and civilizing bar- barous and inhumane Nations to civility and humanity; whose eternall actions fils our histories with more honour than those that have wasted and consumed them by warres. Lastly, the Portugals and- Spaniards that first began plantations in this unknowne world of America till within this 140. yeares [1476-1616], whose everlasting actions be- fore our eyes, will testifie our idlenesse and ingratitude to all posterity, and neglect of our duty and religion we owe our God, our King, and Countrey, and want of charity to those poore Salvages, whose Countries we challenge, use and pos- sesse : except wee be but made to marre what our fore- fathers made ; or but only tell what they did ; or esteeme our selves too good to take the like paines where there is so much reason, liberty, and action offers it selfe. Having as much power and meanes as others, why should English men 42 Southern Literature. despaire, and not doe as much as any? Was it vertue in those Hero[e]s to provide that [which] doth maintaine us, and basenesse in us to do the like for others to come ? Surely no : then seeing wee are not borne for ourselves but each to helpe other ; and our abilities are much alike at the howre of our birth and the minute of our death : seeing our good deeds or bad, by faith in Christs merits, is all wee have to carry our soules to heaven or hell : Seeing honour is our lives ambition, and our ambition after death to have an honourable memory of our life ; and seeing by no meanes we would be abated of the dignitie and glory of our prede- cessors, let us imitate their vertues to be worthily their suc- cessors ; or at least not hinder, if not further, them that would and doe their utmost and best endeavorr. ASCENT OF THE JAMES RIVER, 1607. (From Ne-wes from Virginia.') The two and twenty day of Aprill \or rather May, 1607], Captain Newport and myself with diuers others, to the number of twenty two persons, set forward to discouer the Riuer, some fiftie or sixtie miles, finding it in some places broader, and in some narrower, the Countrie (for the mosle part) on each side plaine high ground, with many freshe Springes, the people in all places kindely intreating vs. daunsing, and feasting vs with strawberries, Mulberies. Bread, Fish, and other their Countrie prouisions whereof we had plenty ; for which Captaine Newport kindely re- quited their least fauors with Bels, Pinnes, Needles, beades, or Glasses, which so contented them that his liberallitie made them follow vs from place to place, and euer kindely to respect vs. In the midway staying to refresh our selues in a little He foure or five sauages came vnto vs which de- scribed vnto vs the course of the Riuer, and after in our John Smith. 43 iourney, they often met vs, trading with vs for such pro- uision as wee had, and arriuing at Arsatccke, hee whom wc supposed to bee the chiefe King of all the rest, moste kindelv entertained vs, giuing vs in a guide to go with vs vp the Riuer to Powhatan, of which place their great Emperor taketh his name, where he that they honored for King vsed vs kindely. But to finish this discouerie, we passed on further, where within an ile [a mile\ we were intercepted with great craggy stones in the midst of the riuer, where the water falleth so rudely, and with such a violence, as not any boat can possibly passe, and so broad disperseth the streame, as there is not past fiue or sixe Foote at a low water, and to the shore scarce passage with a barge, the water floweth foure foote, and the freshes by reason of the Rockes haue left markes of the inundations 8. or 9. foote : The south side is plaine low ground, and the north side high moun- taines, the rockes being of a grauelly nature, interlaced with many vains of glistring spangles. That night we returned to Powhatan: the next day (be- ing Whitsunday after dinner) we returned to the fals, leau- ing a mariner in pawn with the Indians for a guide of theirs, hee that they honoured for King followed vs by the riuer. That afternoone we trifled in looking vpon the Rockes and riuer (further he would not goe) so there we erected a crosse, and that night taking our man at Powhatans, Captaine Newport congratulated his kindenes with a Gown and a Hatchet : returning to Arsetecke, and stayed there the next day to obserue the height [latitude] thereof, and so with many signes of loue we departed. ■-vV Storm at Sea. [44] William Strachey. 45 WILLIAM STRACHEY. William Strachey* was an English gentleman who came over to Virginia with Sir Thomas Gates in 1609, and was secretary of the Colony for three years. Their ship, the Sea Venture, was wrecked on the Bermudas in a terri- ble tempest, of which he gives the account that follows. It is said to have suggested to Shakspere the scene of the storm and hurricane in his " Tempest." WORKS. A True Repertory of the Wracke and Re- Historie of Travaile into Virginia Brit- demptioa of Sir Thomas Gates upon and tania. from the Islands of the Bermudas. Edited Lawes Divine, Monill , and Mar- tiall. William Strachey's writings show a thoughtful and cul- tivated mind. His style abounds in the long involved and often obscure sentences of his times, but his subject matter is usually very interesting. Compare the following selec- tion with Shakspere's " Tempest," Act I., scene 1 and 2, to il Ariel, thy charge." Notice the reference to Bermoothes (Bermudas). A STORM OFF THE BERMUDAS. (From A True Repertory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates.) On St. James his day, July 24, being Monday (pre- paring for no less all the black night before) the clouds gathering thick upon us, and the winds singing and whis- tling most unusually, which made us to cast off our Pin- nace, towing the same until then asterne, a dreadful storm and hideous began to blow from out the Northeast, which, swelling and roaring as it were by fits, some hours with more violence than others, at length did beat all light from heaven, which, like an hell of darkness, turned black upon * Pronounced Strak'ey. 46 Southern Literature. us, so much the more fuller of horror, as in such cases hor- ror and fear use to overrun the troubled and overmastered senses of all, while (taken up with amazement) the ears lay so sensible to the terrible cries, and murmurs of the winds and distraction of our Company, as who was most armed and best prepared, was not a little shaken. For four and twenty hours the storm, in a restless tumult, had blown so exceedingly, as we could not apprehend in our imaginations any possibility of greater violence, yet did we still find it, not only more terrible, but more constant, fury added to fury, and one storm urging a second, more outrage- ous than the former, whether it so wrought upon our fears, or indeed met with new forces. Sometimes strikes in our Ship amongst women, and passengers not used to such hurly and discomforts, made us look one upon the other with troubled hearts, and panting bosoms, our clamors drowned in the winds, and the winds in thunder. Prayers might well be in the heart and lips, but drowned in the outcries of the Officers, — nothing heard that could give comfort, nothing seen that might encourage hope. .... Our sails, wound up, lay without their use, and if at any time we bore but a Hollocke, or half forecourse, to guide her before the Sea, six and sometimes eight men, were not enough to hold the whip-stafFe in the steerage, and the til- ler below in the Gunner room ; by which may be imagined the strength of the storm, in which the Sea swelled above the Clouds and gave battle unto heaven. It could not be said to rain, the waters like whole Rivers did flood in the ayre. And this I did still observe, that whereas upon the Land, when a storm hath poured itself forth once in drifts of rain, the wind as beaten down, and vanquished therewith, not long after endureth, — here the glut of water (as if throatling the wind ere while) was no sooner a little emptied William Strachey. 47 and qualified, but instantly the winds (as having gotten their mouths now free and at liberty) spake more loud, and grew more tumultuous and malignant. What shall I say? Winds and Seas were as mad as fury and rage could make them. ...... Howbeit this was not all ; it pleased God to bring a greater affliction yet upon us, for in the beginning of the storm we had received likewise a mighty leak, and the ship in every joint almost having spewed out her Okam, before we were aware (a casualty more desperate than any other that a Voyage by Sea draweth with it) was grown five feet suddenly deep with water above her ballast, and we almost drowned within, whilest we sat looking when to perish from above. This, imparting no less terror than danger, ran through the whole Ship with much fright and amazement, startled and turned the blood, and took down the braves of the most hardy Mariner of them all, insomuch as he that before happily felt not the sorrow of others, now began to sorrow for himself, when he saw such a pond of water so suddenly broken in, and which he knew could not (with present avoiding) but instantly sink him. Once so huge a Sea brake upon the poop and quarter, upon us, as it covered our ship from stern to stem, like a garment or a vast cloud. It filled her brimful for a while within, from the hatches up to the spar deck. Tuesday noon till Friday noon, we bailed and pumped two thousand tun, and yet, do what we could, when our ship held least in her (after Tuesday night second watch) she bore ten feet deep, at which stay our extreme working kept her one eight glasses, forbearance whereof had instantly sunk us ; and it being now Friday, the fourth morning, it wanted little but that there had been a general determination, to have shut up hatches and commending our sinful souls to God, 48 Southern Literature. committed the ship to the mercy of the sea. Surely that night we must have done it, and that night had we then per- ished ; but see the goodness and sweet introduction of better hope by our merciful God given unto us. Sir George Sum- mers, when no man dreamed of such happiness, had discov- ered and cried, " Land ! " Indeed, the morning, now three- quarters spent, had won a little clearness from the days be- fore, and it being better surveyed, the very trees were seen to move with the wind upon the shore-side. JOHN LAWSON. Died 171 2. John Lawson was a Scotch gentleman who came to America in 1700. In his own words: "In the year 1700, when people flocked from all parts of the Christian world, to see the solemnity of the grand jubilee at Rome, my in- tention being at that time to travel, I accidentally met with a gentlemen, who had been abroad, and was very well ac- quainted with the ways of living in both Indies ; of whom having made inquiry concerning them, he assured me that Carolina was the best country I could go to ; and, that there then lay a ship in the Thames in which I might have my passage." He resided in Carolina eight years. As " Gent. Surveyor-General of North Carolina," he wrote his History of North Carolina, which is an original, sprightly, and faithful account of the eastern section of the State, and contains valuable matter for the subsequent historian. It is dedicated to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, and was published in 17 14. He was taken captive by the Tuscarora Indians, while on a surveying trip, and was by them put to death in 1712 on John Lawson. . 49 the Neuse River in North Carolina, because, said they, " he had taken their land," by marking it off into sections. WORK. History of North Carolina [rare]. NORTH CAROLINA IN 170O— 1708. (From History of North Carolina, 17 1 4). The first discovery and settlement of this country was by the procurement of Sir Walter Raleigh, in conjunction with some public spirited gentlemen of that age, under the pro- tection of queen Elizabeth ; for which reason it was then named Virginia, being begun on that part called Ronoak Island, where the ruins of a fort are to be seen at this day, as well as some old English coins which have been lately found ; and a brass gun, a powder horn, and one small quarter-deck gun, made of iron staves, and hooped with the same metal ; which method of making guns might very probably be made use of in those days for the convenience of infant colonies. ..... I cannot forbear inserting here a pleasant story that passes for an uncontested truth amongst the inhabitants of this place ; which is, that the ship which brought the first colo- nies does often appear amongst them, under sail, in a gallant posture, which they call Sir Walter Raleigh's ship. And the truth of this has been affirmed to me by men of the best credit in the country. A second settlement of this country was made about fifty years ago, in that part we now call Albemarl county, and chiefly in Chuwon precinct, by several substantial planters from. Virginia and other plantations ; who finding mild winters, and a fertile soil beyond expectation, producing everything that was planted to a prodigious increase ; . . so that everything seemed to come by nature, the hus- 4 Sir Walter Raleigh. 50] John Lawson. 51 bandman living almost void of care, and free from those fatigues which are absolutely requisite in winter countries, for providing fodder and other necessaries ; these encour- agements induced them to stand their ground, although but a handful of people, seated at great distances one from another, and amidst a vast number of Indians of different nations, who were then in Carolina. Nevertheless, I say, the fame of this new discovered sum- mer country spread through the neighboring colonies, and in a few years drew a considerable number of families thereto, who all found land enough to settle themselves in (had they been many thousands more), and that which was very good and commodiously seated both for profit and pleasure. And, indeed, most of the plantations in Carolina natu- rally enjoy a noble prospect of large and spacious rivers, pleasant savannas and fine meadows, with their green liv- eries interwoven with beautiful flowers of most glorious colors, which the several seasons afford ; hedged in with pleasant groves of the ever famous tulip tree, the stately laurels and bays, equalizing the oak in bigness and growth, myrtles, jessamines, woodbines, honeysuckles, and several other fragrant vines and evergreens, whose aspiring branches shadow and interweave themselves with the loftiest timbers, yielding a pleasant prospect, shade and smell, proper habi- tations for the sweet singing birds, that melodiously enter- tain such as travel through the woods of Carolina. The Planters possessing all these blessings, and the pro- duce of great quantities of wheat and indian corn, in which this country is very fruitful, as likewise in beef, pork, tal- low, hides, deer skins, and furs ; for these commodities the new England men and Bermudians visited Carolina in their barks and sloops, and carried out what they made, bringing 52 Southern Literature. them in exchange, rum, sugar, salt, molasses, and some wearing apparel, though the last at very extravagant prices. As the land is very fruitful, so are the planters kind and hospitable to all that come to visit them ; there being very few housekeepers but what live very nobly, and give away more provisions to coasters and guests who come to see them than they expend amongst their own families. The easy way of living in that plentiful country makes a great many planters very negligent, which, were they other- wise, that colony might now have been in a far better con- dition than it is, as to trade and other advantages, which an universal industry would have led them into. The women are the most industrious sex in that place, and, by their good housewifery, make a great deal of cloth of their own cot- ton, wool and flax ; some of them keeping their families, though large, very decently appareled, both with linens and woolens, so that they have no occasion to run into the mer- chants' debt, or lay their money out on stores for clothing. As for those women that do not expose themselves to the weather, they are often very fair, and generally as well featured as you shall see anywhere, and have very brisk, charming eyes which sets them off to advantage. .... Both sexes are generally spare of body and not choleric, nor easily cast down at disappointments and losses, seldom immoderately grieving at misfortunes, unless for the loss of their nearest relations and friends, which seems to make a more than ordinary impression upon them. Many of the women are very handy in canoes and will manage them with great dexterity and skill, which they become accus- tomed to in this watery country. They are ready to help their husbands in any servile work, as planting, when the season of the weather requires expedition ; pride seldom John Lawson. 58 banishing good housewifery. The girls are not bred up to the wheel and sewing only, but the dairy and the affairs of the house they are very well acquainted withal ; so that you shall see them, whilst very young, manage their business with a great deal of conduct and alacrity. The children of both sexes are very docile and learn any thing with a great deal of care and method, and those that have the advantages of education write very good hands, and prove good account- ants, which is most coveted, and, indeed, most necessary in these parts. The young men are commonly of a bashful, sober behaviour ; few proving prodigals to consume what the industry of their parents has left them, but commonly improve it. HARVEST HOME OF THE INDIANS. {From H<$tory of North Carolina.) They have a third sort of feasts and dances, which are always when the harvest of corn is ended, and in the spring. The one to return thanks to the good spirit for the fruits of the earth ; the. other, to beg the same blessings for the suc- ceeding year. And to encourage the young men to labour stoutly in planting their maiz and pulse, they set up a sort of idol in the field, which is dressed up exactly like an Indian, having all the Indians habit, besides abundance of Wampum and their money, made of shells, that hangs about his neck. The image none of the young men dare approach ; for the old ones will not suffer them to come near him, but tell them that he is some famous Indian warrior that died a great while ago, and now is come amongst them to see if they work well, which if they do, he will go to the good spirit and speak to him to send thein plenty of corn, and to make the young men all expert hunters and mighty warriors. All this while, the king and old men sit around the image and seemingly pay a profound respect to the same , One great 54 Southern Literature. help to these Indians in carrying on these cheats, and in- ducing youth to do as they please, is, the uninterrupted silence which is ever kept and observed with all the respect and veneration imaginable. At these feasts which are set out with all the magnifi- cence their fare allows of, the masquerades begin at night and not before. There is commonly a fire made in the mid- dle of the house, which is the largest in the town, and is very often the dwelling of their king or war captain ; where sit two men on the ground upon a mat ; one with a rattle, made of a gourd, with some beans in it ; the other with a drum made of an earthen pot, covered with a dressed deer skin, and one stick in his hand to beat thereon ; and so they both begin the song appointed. At the same time one drums and the other rattles, which is all the artificial music of their own making I ever saw amongst them. To these two in- struments they sing, which carries no air with it, but is a sort of unsavory jargon ; yet their cadences and raising of their voices are formed with that equality and exactness that, to us Europeans, it seems admirable how they should continue these songs without once missing to agree, each v/ith the others note and tune. WILLIAM BYRD. 1674— 1744. William Byrd, second of the name, and the first native Virginian writer, was born at Westover, his father's estate on the James below Richmond. The following inscription on his tomb at Westover gives a sketch of his life and services well worth preserving : " Here lies the Honourable William Byrd, Esq., being born to one of the amplest fortunes in this country, he was sent 56 Southern Literature. early to England for his education, -where under the care and direction of Sir Robert Southwell, and ever favoured with his particular instructions, he made a happy proficiency in polite and various learning. By the means of the same noble friend, he was introduced to the acquaintance of many of the first persons of that age for knowledge, wit, virtue, birth, or high station, and particularly contracted a most in- timate and bosom friendship with the learned and illustri- ous Charles Boyle, Earl of Orrery. " He was called to the bar in the Middle Temple, studied for some time in the Low Countries, visited the Court of France, and was chosen Fellow of the Royal Society. Thus eminently fitted for the service and ornament of his country, he was made receiver-general of his Majesty's revenues here, was then appointed public agent to the Court and Ministry of England, being thirty-seven years a member, at last be- came president, of the Council of this Colony. " To all this were added a great elegancy of taste and life, the well-bred gentleman, and polite companion, the splendid economist and prudent father of a family, with the constant enemy of all exorbitant power, and hearty friend to the liberties of his country. Nat. Mar. 28, 1674. Mort. Aug. 26, 1744. An. aetat. 70." His daughter Evelyn was famous both in England and Virginia for her beauty, wit, and accomplishments. She died at the age of thirty, 1737. — See Century Magazine, 1891, Vol. 20, p. 163. WORKS. Westover Manuscripts : [North Carolina, of which Charles Eden was governor 1713-19.] (1) History of the Dividing Line [the (3) A Progress to the Mines [Iron mines survey to settle the line between Virginia in Virginia which Ex-Governor Alexander and North Carolina, 1728. J Spotswood and othen, were beginning to (3) A Journey to ths Land of Eden open and work.] His writings are among the most interesting that we have, being remarkable for their wit and culture, a certain Evelyn Byrd. Considered one of the most beautiful women in Virginia, or of her time. [from an old painting.] [57] 58 Southern Literature. poetic vein, a keen interest in nature, a simple religious faith, a fund of cheerful courage and good sense, and a fine consideration for others. SELECTING THE SITE OF RICHMOND AND PETERSBURG, SEPT., I733. {From A Journey to the Land of Eden. ) When we got home, we laid the foundations of two large Citys. One at Shacco's, to be called Richmond, and the other at the Point of Appamattuck River, to be nam'd Pe- tersburgh. These Major Mayo offered to lay out into Lots without Fee or Reward. The Truth of it is, these two places being the uppermost Landing of James and Appa- mattux Rivers, are naturally intended for Marts, where the Traffick of the Outer Inhabitants must Center. Thus we did not build Castles only, but also Citys in the Air. A VISIT TO EX-GOVERNOR SPOTSWOOD, Ij$2. {From A Progress to the Mines. ) Then I came into the Main County Road, that leads from Fredericksburgh to Germanna, which last place I reacht in Ten Miles more. This famous Town consists of Colo. Spotswood's enchanted Castle on one Side of the Street, and a Baker's Dozen of ruinous Tenements on the other, where so many German Familys had dwelt some Years ago ; but are now remov'd ten Miles higher, in the Fork of Rap- pahannock, to Land of their Own. There had also been a Chappel about a Bow-Shot from the Colonel's house, at the End of an Avenue of Cherry Trees, but some pious people had lately burnt it down, with intent to get another built nearer to their own homes. Here I arriv'd about three o clock, and found only Mrs. Spotswood at Home, who receiv'd her Old acquaintance William Byrd. 59 with many a gracious Smile. I was carry'd into a Room elegantly set off with Pier Glasses, the largest of which came soon after to an odd Misfortune. Amongst other favourite Animals that cheer'd this Lady's Solitude, a Brace of Tame Deer ran familiarly about the House, and one of them came to stare at me as a Stranger. But unluckily Spying his own Figure in the Glass, he made a spring over the Tea Table that stood under it, and shatter'd the Glass to pieces, and falling back upon the Tea Table, made a terri- ble Fracas among the China. This Exploit was so sudden, and accompany'd with such a Noise, that it surpriz'd me, and perfectly frighten'd Mrs. Spotswood. But twas- worth all the Damage to shew the Moderation and good humour with which she bore this disaster. In the Evening, the noble Colo, came home from his Mines, who saluted me very civilly, and Mrs. Spotswood's Sister, Miss Theky, who had been to meet him en Cavalier, was so kind too as to bid me welcome. We talkt over a Legend of old Storys, supp'd about 9, and then prattl'd with the Ladys, til twas time for a Travellour to retire. In the mean time I observ'd my old Friend to be very Uxorious, and exceedingly fond of his Children. This was so oppo- site to the Maxims he us'd to preach up before he was mar- ryed, that I cou'd not forbear rubbing up the Memory of them. But he gave a very good-natur'd turn to his Change of Sentiments, by alleging that whoever brings a poor Gen- tlewoman into so solitary a place, from all her friends and acquaintance, wou'd be ungrateful not to use her and all that belongs to her with all possible Tenderness. We all kept Snug in our several apartments till Nine, except Miss Theky, who was the Housewife of the Family. At that hour we met over a Pot of Coffee, which was not quite strong enough to give us the Palsy. After Breakfast 80 Southern Literature. the Colo, and I left the Ladys to their Domestick Affairs, and took a turn in the Garden, which has nothing beautiful but 3 Terrace Walks that fall in Slopes one below another. I let him understand, that besides the pleasure of paying him a Visit, I came to be instructed by so great a Master in the Mystery of Making of Iron, wherein he had led the way, and was the Tubal Cain of Virginia. He corrected mc a little there, by assuring me he was not only the first in this Country, but the first in North America, who had erected a regular Furnace. . . That the 4 Furnaces now at work in Virginia circulated a great Sum of Money for Pro-visions and all other necessarys in the adjacent Coun- tys. That they took off a great Number of Hands from Planting Tobacco, and employ'd them in Works that pro- duced a large Sum of Money in England to the persons concern'd, whereby the Country is so much the Richer. That they are besides a considerable advantage to Great Britain, because it lessens the Quantity of Bar Iron imported from Spain, Holland, Sweden, Denmark, and Muscovy, which us'd to be no less than 20,000 Tuns yearly. Then I inquired after his own Mines, and hoped, as he was the first that engaged in this great undertaking, that he had brought them to the most perfection. . . He said it was true His works were of the oldest Standing ; but that his long absence in England, and the wretched Man- agement of Mr. Greame, whom he had entrusted with his Affairs, had put him back very much. That what with Neglect and Severity, above 80 of his Slaves were lost while he was in England, and most of his Cattle starved. That his Furnace stood still great part of the time, and all his Plantations ran to ruin. That indeed he was rightly serv'd for committing his Affairs to the care of a Mathematician, whose thoughts were always among the Stars. That never- William Byrd. 61 theless, since his return, he had apply'd himself to rectify his Steward's Mistakes, and bring his Business again into Order. That now he contriv'd to do every thing with his own People, except raising the Mine and running the Iron, by which he had contracted his Expence very much. Nay, he believ'd that by his directions he cou'd bring sensible Negroes to perform those parts of the work tolerably well. Our Conversation on this Subject continued till Dinner, which was both elegant and plentifull. The afternoon was devoted to the lndys, who shew'd me one of their most beautiful Walks. They conducted me thro' a Shadj' Lane to the Landing, and by the way made me drink some very fine Water that issued from a Marble Fountain, and ran incessantly. Just behind it was a cover'd Bench, where Miss Theky often sat and bewail'd her Vir- ginity. Then we proceeded to the River, which is the South Branch of Rappahannock, about 50 Yards wide, and so rapid that the Ferry Boat is drawn over by a Chain, and therefore called the Rapidan. At night we drank pros- perity to all the Colonel's Projects in a Bowl of Rack Punch, and then retired to our Devotions. DISMAL SWAMP. {From The Dividing Line.) 1728, March. — Tis hardly credible how little the Border- ing inhabitants were acquainted with this mighty Swamp notwithstanding they had liv'd their whole lives within Smell of it. Yet, as great Strangers as they were to it, they pre- tended to be very exact in their Account of its Demensions, and were positive it could not be above 7 or 8 Miles wide, but knew no more of the Matter than Star-gazers know of the Distance of the Fixt Stars. At the Same time, they were Simple enough to amuse our Men with Idle Stories of William Byrd. 63 the Lyons, Panthers, and Alligators, they were like to en- counter in that dreadful Place. In short, we saw plainly there was no Intelligence of this Terra Incognita to be got, but from our own Experience. For that Reason it was resolv'd to make the requisite Dispo- sition to enter it next Morning. We alloted every one of the Surveyors for this painful Enterprise, with 12 Men to attend them. ...... Besides this Luggage at their Backs, they were oblig'd to measure the distance, mark the Trees, and clear the way for the Surveyors every step they went. It was really a Pleas- ure to see with how much Cheerfulness they undertook, and with how much Spirit they went thro' all this Drudgery Altho' there was no need of Example to inflame Persons already so cheerful, yet to enter the People with the better grace, the Author and two more of the Commissioners accompanied them half a Mile into the Dismal. The Skirts of it were thinly Planted with Dwarf Reeds and Gall- Bushes, but when we got into the Dismal itself, we found the Reeds grew there much taller and closer, and, to mend the matter, was so interlac'd with bamboe-briars, that there was no scuffling thro' them without the help of Pioneers. At the same time, we found the Ground moist and trembling under our feet like a Quagmire, insomuch that it was an easy Matter to run a Ten-Foot-Pole up to the Head in it, without exerting any uncommon Strength to do it. Two of the Men, whose Burthens were the least cumber- some, had orders to march before, with their Tomahawks, and clear the way, in order to make an Opening for the Surveyors. By their Assistance we made a Shift to push the Line half a Mile in 3 Hours, and then reacht a small piece of firm Land, about 100 Yards wide, Standing up above the 64 Southkrn Literature. rest like an Island. Here the people were glad to lay down their Loads and take a little refreshment, while the happy man, whose lot it was to carry the Jugg of Rum, began already, like ^sop's Bread-Carriers, to find it grow a good deal lighter. ...... Since the Surveyors had enter'd the Dismal, they had laid Eyes on no living Creature : neither Bird nor Beast, Insect nor Reptile came in View. Doubtless, the Eternal Shade that broods over this mighty Bog, and hinders the sun-beams from blessing the Ground, makes it an uncomfortable Hab- itation for any thing that has life. Not so much as a Zea- land Frog cou'd endure so Aguish a Situation. It had one Beauty, however, that delighted the Eye, tho' at the Expense of all the other Senses ; the Moisture of the Soil preserves a continual Verdure, anl makes uverv Plant an Evergreen, but at the same time the foul Damps ascend with- out ceasing, corrupt the Air, and render it unfit for Respira- tion. Not even a Turkey-Buzzard will venture to fly over it, no more than the Italian Vultures will over the filihy Lake Avernus, or the Birds ia the Holy Land over the Salt Sea, where Sodom and Gomorrah formerly stood. How they Slept in Jke Dismal Swamp. — They first cov- er'd the Ground with Square Pieces of Cj'press bark, which now, in the Spring, they cou'd easily Slip off the Tree for that purpose. On this they Spread their Bedding ; but un- happily the Weight and Warmth ox their Bodies made the Water rise up betwixt the Joints of the Bark, to their great Inconvenience. Thus they lay not only moist, but also exceedingly cold, because their Fires were continually going out. . . ..... We could get no Tidings yet of our Brave Adventurers, notwithstanding we despacht men to the likeliest Stations William Byrd. 65 to enquire after them. They were still Scuffleing in the Mire, and could not Possibly forward the Line this whole day more than one Mile' and 64 Chains. Every Step of this Dajr's Work was thro' a cedar Bog, where the Trees were somewhat Smaller and grew more into a Thicket. It was now a great Misfortune to the Men to find their Provisions grow less as their Labour grew greater. . . . Tho' this was very severe upon English Stomachs, yet the People were so far from being discomfited at it, that they still kept up their good Humour, and merrily told a young Fellow in the Company, who lookt very Plump and Wholesome, that he must expect to go first to Pot, if matters shou'd come to Extremity. This was only said by way of Jest, yet it made Him thoughtful in earnest. However, for the present he return'd them a very civil answer, letting them know that, dead or alive, he shou'd be glad to be useful to such worthy good friends. But, after all, this Humourous Saying had one very good effect ; for that younker, who before was a little enclin'd by his Constitution to be lazy, grew on a Sudden Extreamly Industrious, that so there might be less Occasion to carbonade him for the good of his Fellow-Travellers. THE TUSCAROEA INDIANS AND THEIR LEGEND OSF A CHRIST. {From History of the Dividing Line.) 17%9, November. — By the Strength of our Beef, we made a shift to walk about 12 Miles, crossing Blewing and Te- waw-homini Creeks. And because this last Stream receiv'd its Appellation from the Disaster of a Tuscarora Indian, it will not be Straggling much out of the way to say some- thing of that Particular Nation. These Indians were heretofore very numerous and power- ful, making, within time of Memory, at least a Thousand 5 66 Suuthern Literature. Fighting M»n. Their Habitation, before the War with Carolina, was on the North Branch of Neuse River, com- monly call'd Connecta Creek, in a pleasant and fruitful Country. But now the few that are left of that Nation live on the North Side of Moratuck, which is all that Part of Roanok below the great Falls, towards Albe- marle Sound. Formerly there were Seven Towns of these Savages, ly- ing not far from each other, but now their Number is greatly reduc'd. ....... These Indians have a very odd Tradition amongst them, that many years ago, their Nation was grown so dishonest, that no man cou'd keep any Goods, or so much as his loving Wife to himself. That, however, their God, being unwilling to root them out for their crimes, did them the honour to send a Messenger from Heaven to instruct them, and set Them a perfect Example of Integrity and kind Behaviour towards one another. But this holy Person, with all his Eloquence and Sanctity of Life, was able to make very little Reformation amongst them. Some few Old men did listen a little to his Whole- some Advice, but all the Young fellows were quite incor- rigible. They not only Neglected his Precepts, but derided and Evil Entreated his Person. At last, taking upon Him to reprove some Young Rakes of the Conechta Clan very sharply for their impiety, they were so provok'd at the Free- dom of his Rebukes, that they tied him to a Tree, and shot him with Arrows through the Heart. But their God took instant Vengeance on all who had a hand in that Monstrous Act, by Lightning from Heaven, & has ever since visited their Nation with a continued Train of Calamities, nor will he ever leave off punishing, and wasting their People, till he shall have blotted every living Soul of them out of the World. Henry Laurens. 67 SBCOND PERIOD . . 1750-1500. HENRY LAURENS. 1724-1702. Henry Laurens, one of the patriot-fathers of our coun- try, was born in Charleston, South Carolina. He was edu- cated in his native city, and, becoming a merchant, amassed a fortune in business. In 1771 he travelled with his chil- dren in Europe in order to educate them. Returning home he became in 1775 a member of the Provincial Congress, and on Hancock's resignation, president of the Continental Congress. He was appointed in 1779 minister to Holland, and on his way was captured by the British and confined in the Tower fifteen months. He became acquainted with Edmund Burke while in London. He was twice offered pardon if he would serve the British Ministry, but of course he declined. During this imprisonment, his son John, called the " Bayard of the Revolution " for his daring bravery, was killed in battle. After his release, being exchanged for Lord Cornwallis, he was appointed one of the ministers to negotiate peace in 1782. His health was so impaired by the cruel treatment of his jailers, that he could take no further active part in affairs, and he passed the rest of his life in the retirement of his plantation. On his death, his body was burned, accord- ing to his express will, the first instance, in this country, of cremation. 68 Southern Literature. His daughter Martha married Dr. David Ramsay, the historian. WORKS. Political Papers [some of which have been published by the South Carolina Historical Society.] These are of great value in a study of the Revolutionary times. A PATRIOT IN THE TOWER. (From Narrative of his Confinement in the Tower.') About ii o'clock at night I was sent under a strong guard, up three pair of stairs in Scotland Yard, into a very small chamber. Two king's messengers were placed for the whole night at one door, and a subaltern's guard of sol- diers at the other. As I was, and had been for some days, so ill as to be incapable of getting into or out of a carriage, or up or down stairs, without help, I looked upon all this parade to be calculated for intimidation. My spirits were good and I smiled inwardly. The next morning, 6th Octo- ber, from Scotland Yard, I was conducted again under guard to the secretary's office, White Hall. . . I was first asked, by Lord Stormont, " If my name was Henry Laurens." " Certainly, my Lord, that is my name." His Lordship then said, " Mr. Laurens, we have a paper here" (holding the paper up), "purporting to be a commission from Congress to you, to borrow money in Eu- rope for the use of Congress." . . I replied, "My Lords, your Lordships are in possession of the paper, and will make such use of it as your Lordships shall judge proper." I had not destroyed this paper, as it would serve to establish the rank and character in which I was em- ployed by the United States From White Hall, I was conducted in a close hackney coach, un- der the charge of Colonel Williamson, a polite, genteel offi- cer, and two of the illest-looking fellows I had ever seen. [69] 70 Southern Literature. The coach was ordered to proceed by the most private ways to the Tower. It had been rumored that a rescue would be attempted. At the Tower the Colonel delivered me to Major Gore, the residing Governor, who, as I was after- wards well informed, had previously concerted a plan for mortifying me. He ordered rooms for me in the most con- spicuous part of the Tower (the parade). The people of the house, particularly the mistress, entreated the Governor not to burthen them with a prisoner. He replied, " It is necessary. I am determined to expose him." This was, however, a lucky determination for me. The people were respectful and kindly attentive to me, from the beginning of my confinement to the end ; and I contrived, after being told of the Governor's humane declaration, so to garnish my windows by honeysuckles, and a grape-vine running under them, as to conceal myself entirely from the sight of starers, and at the same time to have myself a full view of them. Governor Gore conducted me to my apartments at a warder's house. As I was entering the house, I heard some of the people say, " Poor old gentleman, bowed down with infirmities. He is come to lay his bones here." My reflection was, " I shall not leave a bone with you." I was very sick, but my spirits were good, and my mind foreboding good from the event of being a prisoner in Lon- don. Their Lordships' orders were : " To confine me a close prisoner ; to be locked up every night ; to be in the custody of two wardens, who were not to suffer me to be out of their sight one moment, day or night ; to allow me no liberty of speaking to any person, nor to permit any person to speak to me ; to deprive me of the use of pen and ink ; to suffer no letter to be brought to me, nor any to go from me," etc. As an apology, I presume for their first rigor, the wardens gave me their orders to peruse. George Washington. 71 And now I found myself a close prisoner, indeed ; shut up in two small rooms, which together made about twenty feet square ; a warder my constant companion ; and a fixed bayonet under my window ; not a friend to converse with, and no prospect of a correspondence. September 2Sd. — For some time past I have been fre- quently and strongly tempted to make my escape from the Tower, assured, " It was the advice and desire of all my friends, the thing might be easily effected, the face of Ameri- can affairs was extremely gloomy. ~ That I might have eigh- teen hours' start before I was missed ; time enough to reach Margate and Ostend ; that it was believed there would be no pursuit," etc., etc. I had always said, " I hate the name of a runaway." At length I put a stop to farther applications by saying, " I will not attempt an escape. The gates were opened for me to enter ; they shall be opened for me to go out of the Tower. God Almighty sent me here for some purpose. I am determined to see the end of it." GEORGE WASHINGTON. •732-1700. George Washington's life is so well known, it is so sim- ple, so grand, that a few words can tell it, and yet volumes would not exhaust it. His mother's remark, " George was always, a good son," sums up his character ; and his title, " Father of his Country," sums up his life-work. He was born at Pope's Creek, Westmoreland County, Vir- ginia, and became a surveyor, being employed in that capa- city at the early age of sixteen by Lord Fairfax, governor of Virginia. He joined the English troops sent under General Braddock against the French in 1756, and his bravery and good sense in this expedition gained him great renown. In George Washington. 73 1775 he was made commander-in-chief of the American forces against the English and he conducted the war of the Revolution to a successful issue in 1783. He was the first president of the United States, being elected in 1789, and again in 1793, declining a third term in 1797. He retired to private life at Mt. Vernon, his home in Virginia. Here he died, and here he lies buried, his tomb being a shrine of pilgrimage for all his countrymen and admirers. Innumerable monuments rise all over our land commem- orating his virtues and pointing him out as a model for the youth of America. One of the finest is that at Richmond, de- signed by Crawford, an equestrian statue in bronze, sur- rounded by colossal figures of Jefferson, Mason, Patrick Henry, Lewis, Marshall, and Nelson. The marble statue by Houdon in the Capitol at Richmond is considered the best figure of Washington ; it was done from life in 1788. Other noble memorials are the Column at Baltimore, and the great obelisk at Washington City, called the Washington Monument, the latter designed by Robert Mills, of South Carolina, and intended originally to have a colonnade around the base containing the statues of the illustrious men of our country. WORKS. State Papers, Addresses, Letters — 12 volumes. Washington's writings are like his character, simple, clear, sensible, without any pretensions to special culture or lite- rary grace. These extracts show his modesty, his love of truth, and his general good sense. See under Madison, Weems, and Henry Lee. An Honest Man. I hope I shall always possess firmness and virtue enough to maintain, what I consider the most enviable of all titles, the character of an " honest man." — Moral Maxims. 74 Southern Literature. How to Answer Calumny, To persevere in one's duty and be silent is the best an- swer to calumny. — Moral Maxims. Conscience. Labour to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire, — conscience. — Rule from the Copy-book of Washington when a school boy. ON HIS APPOINTMENT AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. [Delivered in Congress, ibjune, J775.] Mr. President : Though I am truly sensible of the high honor done me, in this appointment, yet I feel great distress, from a consciousness that my abilities and military expe- rience may not be equal to the extensive and important trust. However, as the Congress desire it, I will enter upon the momentous duty, and exert every power I possess in their service, and for the support of the glorious cause. I beg they will accept my most cordial thanks for this distin- guished testimony of their approbation. But, lest some unlucky event should happen, unfavorable to my reputation, I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in the room, that I, this day, declare with the utmost sincerity, I do not think myself equal to the com- mand I am honored with. As to pay, Sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that, as no pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to ac- cept this arduous employment, at the expense of my domes- tic ease and happiness, I do not wish to make any profit from it. I will keep an exact account of my expenses. Those, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all I desire. [T5] 76 Southern Literature, a military dinner-party. [Letter to Dr. John Cochran, West Point, lb August, 1779.] Dear Doctor : I have asked Mrs. Cochran and Mrs. Liv- ingston to dine with me to-morrow ; but am I not in honor bound to apprise them of their fare ? As I hate deception, even where the imagination only is concerned, I will. It is needless to premise, that my table is large enough to hold the ladies. Of this they had ocular proof yesterday. To say how it is usually covered, is rather more essential ; and this shall be the purport of my letter. Since our arrival at this happy spot, we have had a ham, sometimes a shoulder of bacon, to grace the head of the table ; a piece of roast beef adorns the foot ; and a dish of beans, or greens, almost imperceptible, decorates the centre. When the cook has a mind to cut a figure, which I presume will be the case to-morrow, we have two beef-steak pies, or dishes of crabs, in addition, one on each side of the centre dish, dividing the space and reducing the distance between dish and dish to about six feet, which without them would be near twelve feet apart. Of late he has had the surprising sagacity to discover, that apples will make pies ; and it is a question, if, in the violence of his efforts, we do not get one of apples, instead of having both of beef-steaks. If the ladies can put up with such entertainment, and will submit to partake of it on plates, once tin but now iron (not become so by the -labor of scouring), I shall be happy to see them ; and am, dear Doctor, yours, etc. ADVICE TO A FAVORITE NEPHEW. [From a Letter to Bushrod Washington. — Newburgh, rjjan., 1783.I Remember, that it is not the mere study of the law, but to become eminent in the profession of it, that is to yield honor and profit. The first was your choice ; let the second George Washington. , 77 be your ambition. Dissipation is incompatible with both ; the company, in which you will improve most, will be least expensive to you ; and yet I am not such a stoic as to sup- pose that you will, or to think it right that you should, always be in company with senators and philosophers ; but of the juvenile kind let me advise you to be choice. It is easy to make acquaintances, but very difficult to shake them off, however irksome and unprofitable they are found, after we have once committed ourselves to them. The indiscre- tions, which very often they involuntarily lead one into, prove equally distressing and disgraceful. Be courteous to all, but intimate with few ; and let those few be well tried before you give them your confidence. True friendship is a plant of slow growth, and must undergo and withstand the shocks of adversity before it is entitled to the appellation. Let your heart feel for the distresses and afflictions of every one, and let your hand give in proportion to your purse ; remembering always the estimation of the widow's mite, but, that it is not every one who asketh, that deserveth charity ; all, however, are worthy of the inquiry, or the deserving may suffer. Do not conceive that fine clothes make fine men, any more than fine feathers make fine birds. A plain, genteel dress is more admired, and obtains more credit, than lace and em- broidery, in the eyes of the judicious and sensible. PASSAGES PROM THE FAREWELL ADDRESS TO THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES, 1796. Union and Liberty. — Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the attachment. 78 Southern Literature. The unity of government which constitutes you one peo- ple, is also now dear to you. It is justly so ; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence ; the support of your tranquillity at home ; your peace abroad ; of your safety ; of your prosperity ; of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But, as it is easy to foresee, that from dif- ferent causes, and from different quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth ; as this is the point in your po- litical fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed; it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the im- mense value of your national union to your collective and individual happiness ; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity ; watching for its pres- ervation with jealous anxiety ; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can, in any event, be abandoned ; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawn- ing of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts. For this you have every inducement of sympathy and in- terest. Citizens by birth, or choice, of a common country, that country has a right to concentrate your affections. The name of American, which belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of difference, you have the same religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You have, in a common cause, fought and triumphed together ; the inde- George Washington. 79 pendence and liberty you possess, are the work of joint counsels, and joint efforts, of common dangers, sufferings, and successes. But these considerations, however powerfully they address themselves to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those which apply more immediately to your interest. Here, every portion of our country finds the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the union of the whole. .... While then every part of our country thus feels an immediate and particular interest in union, all the parts combined cannot fail to find in the united mass of means and efforts, greater strength, greater resource, proportion- ably greater security from external danger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations ; and, what is of inestimable value, they must derive from union an ex- emption from those broils and wars between themselves, which so frequently afflict neighbouring countries not tied together by the same government ; which their own rival- ships alone would be sufficient to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues, would stimu- late and imbitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establishments, which under any form of government are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty. In this sense it is, that your union ought to be con- sidered as a main prop of your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you the preservation of the other. .... Party Spirit. — I have already intimated to you the dan- ger of parties in the State, with particular references to the founding them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the 80 Southern Literature. most solemn manner, against the baleful effects of the spirit of party generally. This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed ; but in those of the pop- ular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge natural to party dissen- sions, which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result, gradu- ally incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual ; and, sooner or later, the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more for- tunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the pur- poses of his own elevation on the ruins of public liberty. Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which nevertheless ought noi" to be entirely out of sight), the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party, are sufficient to make it the n.terest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. . ... There is an opinion that parties in free countries are use- ful checks upon the administration of the government, and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This, within cer- tain limits, is probably true ; and, in governments of a mon- archical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favour, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that spirit for George Washington. 81 every salutary purpose. And there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent it bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume. Religion and Morality. — Of all the dispositions and hab- its which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labour to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instru- ments of investigation in courts of justice? And let us with caution indulge the supposition that mo- rality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect, that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle. It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a neces- sary spring of popular government. The rule, indeed, ex- tends with more or less force to every species of free gov- ernment. Who that is a sincere friend to it can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the fabrick ? Observe good faith and justice towards all nations ; cul- tivate peace and harmony with all. Religion and morality enjoin this conduct ; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it ? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, 6 82 Southern Literature. and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt but, in the course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it ; can it be that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue ? The experiment, at least, is recom- mended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. PATRICK HENRY. 1736=1790- This great orator was born at Studley, Hanover County, Virginia ; and, while his early education in books was not extensive, he studied man and nature from life very deeply and thoroughly. He attempted farming and merchandising for some years, then read law and at the age of twenty-four was admitted to the bar where his splendid powers had full scope. In 1765 he was elected to the State Legislature, or House of Burgesses, as it was then called. In the words of Thomas Jefferson, "Mr. Henry certainly gave the first impulse to the ball of the Revolution." Dur- ing the war, he served at first in the field, and later in the Legislature, and as governor, being elected three times. He retired from public life in 179 1 and devoted himself to his law practice, by which he gained wealth. His most famous speech was delivered before the Con- vention sitting in council in the old St. John's Church, Richmond, 1775, after the House of Burgesses had been dissolved by the royal governor. An extract from this speech, as given in Wirt's " Life of Henry," follows. No o a o x s 3" 9 o 3 84 Southern Literature. faithfully exact copy of his speeches is preserved, for he never wrote them out, and his eloquence was so overmas- tering that no one could listen and report at the same time. He takes his place among the great orators of the world. WORKS. Speeches, legal and political, (as they have been gathered from traditionary reports.) See his Life by Wirt, Tyler, and W. W. Henry, his grandson. Remark on Slavery. Slavery is detested. We feel its fatal effects. We de- plore it with all the pity of humanity. Not Bound by State Lines, (from the opening speech of the first Continental Congress, I774-) I am not a Virginian. I am an American. If this be treason, (Speech in House of Burgesses, 1765.) Cffisar had his Brutus — Charles the First, his Cromwell, — and George the Third — (" Treason ! " cried the Speaker) — may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it. THE FAMOUS REVOLUTION SPEECH, 1775. {From Wirt's Life 0/ Henry.) " Mr. President," said he, " it is natural to man to indulge in the illusions of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth — and listen to the song of that siren, till she transforms us into beasts. Is this," he asked, " the part of wise men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty ? Were we disposed to be of the number of those, who having eyes see not, and having ears hear not, the things which so nearly concern their temporal salva- tion? For his part, whatever anguish of spirit it might Patrick Henry. 85 cost, he was willing to know the whole truth ; to know the worst, and provide for it." "He had," he said, "but one lamp by which his feet were guided ; and that was the lamp of experience. He knew of no way of judging of the future but by the past. And judging by the past, he wished to know what there had been in the conduct of the British ministry for the last ten years, to justify those hopes with which gentlemen had been pleased to solace themselves and the house? Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately re- ceived? Trust it not, sir ; it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies neces- sary to a work of love and reconciliation ? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled, that force must be called in to win back our love? Let us not deceive our- selves, sir. These are the implements of war and subjuga- tion, — the last arguments to which kings resort. I ask gen- tlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if its purpose be not to force us to submission ? Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it? Has Great Britain any enemy in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumula- tion of navies and armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us ; they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging. And what have we [to] oppose to them? Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything new to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in every light of which it is capa- ble ; but it has been all in vain. Shall we resort to en- 86 Southern Literature. treaty and humble supplication ? What terms shall we find, which have not been already exhausted? Let us not, I be- seech you, sir, deceive ourselves longer. Sir, we have done everything that could be done, to avert the storm which i» now coming on. We have petitioned — we have remon- strated — we have supplicated — we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored its interposition to ar- rest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and parliament. Our petitions have been slighted ; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult ; our supplications have been disregarded ; and we have been spurned, with contempt, from the foot of the throne. In vain, after these things, ma)' we indulge the fond hope of peace and recon- ciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free — if we mean to preserve inviolate those in- estimable privileges for which we have been so long con- tending — if we mean not basely to abandon the noble strug- gle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon, until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained — we must fight! — I repeat it, sir, we must fight ! An appeal to arms and to the God of hosts, is all that is left us ! " "They tell us, sir," continued Mr. Henry, "that we are weak — unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed and when' a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak, if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. Three William Henry Drayton. 87 millions of people armed in the holy cause of liberty and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the con- test. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery ! Our chains are forged. Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston ! The war is inevitable — and let it come ! ! I repeat it, sir, let it come ! ! ! " It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace, — but there is no peace. The war is actually begun ! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms ! Our brethren are already in the field ! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God — I know not what course others may take ; but as for me," cried he, with both his arms extended aloft, his brows knit, every feature marked with the resolute purpose of his soul, and his voice swelled to its boldest note of exclamation, — "give me liberty, or give me death ! " See also under Wirt. WILLIAM HENRY DRAYTON. 1742=1779. William Henry Drayton was born at " Drayton Hall," on the Ashley River, South Carolina, and was sent in 1753 to England to be educated. He went in the care of r 88 1 William Henry Drayton. 89 Chief-Justice Charles Pinckney, who was taking his two sons, Charles Cotesworth and Thomas, for the same pur- pose. He returned home in 1764, studied law, and in 1771 was appointed by the king privy-councillor for South Caro- lina. He espoused, however, the cause of the Revolution, with ardor, and was chosen president of the Council of Safety and of the Provincial Congress. As Chief-Justice of the State, he declared that the king " had abdicated the gov- ernment and had no more authority over the people of South Carolina." He also dealt with the Indians and exercised a wholesome influence over them in behalf of the State. He left in manuscript valuable state papers and a narra- tive of the early part of the Revolution, which his son, Governor John Drayton, edited and published, and from which the extract is taken. His style is clear, simple, and flowing. GEORGE III.'S ABDICATION OF POWER IN AMERICA. [From the Charge to the Grand Jury of Charleston District, I7yb.\ Thus, as I have on the foot of the best authorities made it evident, that George III. King of Britain, has endeavoured to subvert the constitution of this country, by breaking the original contract between king and people ; by the advice of wicked persons has violated the fundamental laws ; and has withdrawn himself by withdrawing the constitutional benefits of the kingly office, and his protection out of this country ; from such a result of injuries, from such a conjunc- ture of circumstances — the law of the land authorizes me to declare, and it is my duty boldly to declare the law, that George III. King of Britain, has abdicated the government, and that the throne is thereby vacant ; that is, he has no authority over us, and %ve owe no obedienca to him. The new constitution is wisely adapted to enable us to trade 90 Southern Literature. with foreign nations, and thereby, to supply our wants in the cheapest markets in the universe ; to extend our trade infinitely beyond what it has ever been known ; to encour- age manufactures among us ; and it is peculiarly formed, to promote the happiness of the people, from among whom, by virtue and merit, the poorest man may arrive at the highest dignity. — Oh, Carolinians ! happy would you be under this new constitution, if you knew your happy state. Possessed of a constitution of government, founded upon so generous, equal, and natural a principle, — a government expressly calculated to make the people rich, powerful, vir- tuous, and happy, who can wish to change it, to return under a Royal government ; the vital principles of which, are the reverse in every particular ! It was my duty to lay this happy constitution before you, in its genuine light — it is your duty to understand — to instruct others — and to defend it I think it my duty to declare in the awful seat of justice and before Almighty God, that in my opinion, the Ameri- cans can have no safety but by the Divine Favour, their own virtue, and their being so prudent, as not to leave it in the ■power of the British rulers to injure them. Indeed the ruinous and deadly injuries received on our side ; and the jealousies entertained, and which, in the nature of things, must daily increase against us on the other ; demonstrate to a mind, in the least given to reflection upon the rise and fall of empires, that true reconcilement never can exist between Great Britain and America, the latter being in subjection to the former. The Almighty created America to be independent of Britain ; let us beware of the impiety of being backward to act as instruments in the Almighty Hand, now extended to accomplish his purpose ; and by the completion of which Thomas Jefferson. 91 alone, America, in the nature of human affairs, can he secure against the craft and insidious designs of her enemies -who think her prosperity and power already by far too great. In a word, our piety and political safety are so blended, that to refuse our labours in this divine work, is to refuse to be a great, a free, a pious, and a happy people ! And now having left the important alternative, political happiness or wretchedness, under God, in a great degree in your own hands ; I pray the supreme Arbiter of the affairs of men, so to direct your judgment, as that you may act agreeable to what seems to be his will, revealed in his miraculous works in behalf of America, bleeding at the altar of liberty ! THOMAS JEFFERSON. 1743-1826. Thomas Jefferson, the "Sage of Monticello," and founder of the University of Virginia, was born at Shad- well, Albemarle County, Virginia. He was educated at William and Mary College, and early developed a rare taste for study, music, and general culture. His is one of the greatest and most interesting figures in our history. He re- ceived and adorned all the positions in the gift of his fellow- citizens, from that of member of the State Legislature to that of President of the United States, which office he twice filled. He is considered the founder of the present Demo- cratic party in politics ; and he gained imperishable fame as the author of the Declaration of Independence. He spent five years irTFrance, succeeding Benjamin Franklin as min- ister to that country, and he introduced into the United States the decimal system of currency. a > E a r [92] Thomas Jefferson. 93 His love for country life induced him to retire to Monti- cello, his place in Albemarle County, where he spent his declining years in planning and establishing the University of Virginia. His love of freedom in every possible form is shown in his plan for the University, which was, unlike most colleges of the times, to be under the patronage of no church, and the students were to be controlled like any com- munity of citizens. He was also opposed to slavery. ( See Ms Notes on Virginia. ) He died at Monticello, July 4, 1826, on the same day with John Adams, just fifty years after the great event of their lives, the declaration of independence of the United States. The following inscription was at his own request put upon his tombstone : Thomas Jefferson, Author of the Declaration of Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia. WORKS. Autobiography, Essays, Reports, Messages, and Treatises, Letters, Addresses, (o volumes.) Jefferson's style as a- political writer fs considered a model : and every citizen of the United States should be well ac- quainted with the Declaration of Independence, which has been called by competent critics the most remarkable paper of its kind in existence. His writings show a well trained mind, accustomed to observe closely and to delight in thought and truth and freedom. See under George Tucker. Consult also his Life, by Tucker, by Morse, by Sarah N. Randolph, his great-grand-daughter, Memoirs by Thos. J. Randolph (1830). • 94 Southern Literature. political maxims. Government has nothing to do with opinion. Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God. (Motto on Ms seal. ) Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political ; peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none. RELIGIOUS OPINIONS AT THE AGE OF TWENTY. {Front a letter to John Page. ) Perfect happiness, I believe, was never intended by the Deity to be the lot of one of his creatures in this world ; but that he has very much put in our power the nearness of our approaches to it, is what I have steadfastly believed. The most fortunate of us, in our journey through life, frer quently meet with calamities and misfortunes, which may greatly afflict us ; and, to fortify our minds against the attacks of these calamities and misfortunes, should be one of the principal studies and endeavors of our lives. The only method of doing this is to assume a perfect resignation to the Divine will, to consider whatever does happen must happen ; and that by our uneasiness, we cannot prevent the blow before it does fall, but we may add to its force after it has fallen. These considerations, and others such as these, may enable us in some measure to surmount the difficulties thrown in our way ; to bear up with a tolerable degree of patience under this burthen of life ; and to proceed with a pious and unshaken resignation, till we arrive at our jour- ney's end, when we may deliver up our trust into the hands of him who gave it, and receive such reward as to him shall seem proportioned to our merit. Such, dear Page, will be the language of the man who considers his situation in this Thomas Jefferson. 95 life, and such should be the language of every man who would wish to render that situation as easy as the nature of it will admit. Few things will disturb him at all ; nothing will disturb him much. SCENERY AT HAEPKE's FERRY AND AT THE NATURAL BRIDGE. (From Notes on Virginia, written in ij&i, published 'in 1801.) The passage of the Patowmac through the Blue Ridge is perhaps one of the most stupendous scenes in nature. You stand on a very high point of land. On your right comes up the Shenandoah, having ranged along the foot of the mountain an hundred miles to seek a vent. On your left approaches the Patowmac, in quest of a passage also. In the moment of their junction they rush together against the mountain, rend it asunder, and pass off to the sea. The first glance of this scene hurries our senses into the opinion, that this earth has been created in time, that the mountains were formed first, that the rivers began to flow afterwards, that in this place particularly they have been damned up by the Blue ridge of mountains, and have formed an ocean which filled the whole valley ; that continuing to rise they have at length broken over at this spot, and have torn the mountain down from its summit to its base. The piles of rock on each hand, but particularly on the Shenandoah, the evident marks of their disrupture and avulsion from their beds by the most powerful agents of nature, corroborate the impression. But the distant finishing which nature has given to the picture, is of a very different character. It is a true contrast to the foreground. It is as placid and delightful, as that is wild and tremendous. For the mountain being cloven asunder, she presents to your eye, [96] Thomas Jefferson. 97 through the cleft, a small catch of smoothe blue horizon, at an infinite distance in the plain country, inviting you, as it were, from the riot and tumult roaring around, to pass through the breach and participate of the calm below. The Natural Bridge, the most sublime of nature's works, is on the ascent of a hill, which seems to have been cloven through its length by some great con- vulsion. The fissure, just at the bridge, is, by some admea- surements, 270 feet deep, by others only 205. It is about 45 feet wide at the bottom, and 90 feet at the top ; this of course determines the length of the bridge, and its height from the water. Its breadth in the middle, is about 60 feet, but more at the ends, and the thickness of the mass, at the summit of the arch, about 40 feet. A part of this thickness is constituted by a coat of earth, which gives growth to many large trees. The residue, with the hill on both sides, is one solid rock of lime-stone. The arch approaches the semi-elliptical form ; but the larger axis of the ellipsis, which would be the cord of the arch, is many times longer than the transverse. Though the sides of this bridge are provided in some parts with a parapet of fixed rocks, yet few men have the resolution to walk to them, and look over into the abyss. You involun- tarily fall on your hands and feet, creep to the parapet, and peep over it. Looking down from this height about a min- ute, gave me a violent head-ach. If the view from the top be painful and intolerable, that from below is delightful in an equal extreme. It is impos- sible for the emotions arising from the sublime, to be felt beyond what they are here : so beautiful an arch, so ele- vated, so light, and springing as it were up to heaven ! the rapture of the spectator is really indescribable ! The fissure 1 98 Southern Literature. continuing narrow, deep, and straight, for a considerable distance above and below the bridge, opens a short but very pleasing view of the North mountain on one side, and Blue ridge on the other, at the distance each of them of about five miles. This bridge is in the county of Rockbridge, to which it has given name, and affords a public and commo- dious passage over a valley, which cannot be crossed else- where for a considerable distance. The stream passing under it is called Cedar-creek. ON FREEDOM OF RELIGIOUS OPINION. Compulsion makes hypocrites, not converts. It is error alone that needs the support of government : truth can stand by itself. ON THE DISCOURSES OF CHRIST. Such are the fragments remaining to us to show a master- workman, and that his system of morality was the most benevolent and sublime that has ever been taught, and con- sequently more perfect than those of any of the ancient philosophy. RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. (Font an Act Fussed in the Assembly of Virginia, r$b,) Well aware that Almighty God hath created the mind free ; that all attempts to inflence it by temporal punishments or burdens, or by civil incapacitations, tend only to beget hab- its of hypocrisy and meanness, and are a departure from the plan of the Holy Author of our religion, who being Lord both of body and mind, yet chose not to propagate it by coercions on either, as was in his Almighty power to do ; that the impious presumption of legislators and rulers, civil as well as ecclesiastical, who, being themselves but fallible and uninspired men, have assumed dominion over the faith Thomas Jefferson. 99 of others, setting up their own opinions and modes of think- ing as the only true and infallible, and as such endeavouring to impose them on others, hath established and maintained false religions over the greatest part of the world, and through all time ; that to compel a man to furnish contri- butions of money for the propagation of opinions which he disbelieves, is sinful and tyrannical ; that to suffer the civil magistrate to intrude his powers into the field of opinion and to restrain the profession or propa- gation of principles, on the supposition of their ill tendency, is a dangerous fallacy, which at once destroys all religious lib- erty, because he being of course judge of that tendency, will make his opinions the rule of judgment, and approve or con- demn the sentiments of others only as they shall square with or differ from his own ; that it is time enough for the right- ful purposes of civil government, for its officers to interfere when principles break out into overt acts against peace and good order ; and finally, that truth is great and will pre- vail if left to herself, that she is the proper and sufficient antagonist to error, and has nothing to fear from the conflict, unless by human interposition disarmed of her natural weapons, free argument and debate, errors ceas- ing to be dangerous when it is permitted freely to con- tradict them : Be it therefore enacted by the General Assembly, That no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion and that the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge, or af- fect their civil capacities. 100 Southern Literature. letter to his daughter, martha jefferson. ( Written in France, May 31, 1787.) I write you, my dear Patsy, from the canal of Languedoc, on which I am at present sailing, as I have been for a week past, — cloudless skies above, limpid waters below, and on each hand, a row of nightingales in full chorus. This de- lightful bird had given me a rich treat before, at the fountain of Vaucluse. After visiting the tomb of Laura, at Avig- non, I went to see this fountain — a noble one of itself, and rendered forever famous by the songs of Petrarch, who lived near it. I arrived there somewhat fatigued, and sat down by the fountain to repose myself. It gushes, of the size of a river, from a secluded valley of the mountain, the ruins of Petrarch's chateau being perched on a rock two hundred feet perpendicular above. To add to the enchantment of the scene, every tree and bush was filled with nightingales in full song. I think you told me that you had not yet noticed this bird. As you have trees in the garden of the Convent \in Paris, -where Martha was at school], there might be nightingales in them, and this is the season of their song. Endeavor, my dear, to make yourself acquainted with the music of this bird, that when you return to your own coun- try you may be able to estimate its merit in comparison with that of the mocking-bird. The latter has the advan- tage of singing through a great part of the year, whereas the nightingale sings but about five or six weeks in the spring, and a still shorter term, and with a more feeble voice, in the fall. I expect to be in Paris about the middle of next month. By that time we may begin to expect our dear Polly [the younger daughter, Maria], It will be a circumstance of in- expressible comfort to me to have you both with me once more. The object most interesting to me for the residue of Thomas Jefferson. 101 my life, will be to see you both developing daily those prin- ciples of virtue and goodness which will make you valuable to others and happy in yourselves, and acquiring those tal- ents and that degree of science which will guard you at all times against ennui, the most dangerous poison of life. A mind always employed is always happy. This is the true secret, the grand recipe, for felicity. The idle are the only wretched. In a world which furnishes so many employ- ments which are useful, and so many which are amusing, it is our own fault if we ever know what ennui is, or if we are ever driven to the miserable resource of gaming, which corrupts our dispositions, and teaches us a habit of hostility against all mankind. We are now entering the port of Toulouse, where I quit my bark, and of course must conclude my letter. Be good and be industrious, and you will be what I shall most love in the world. Adieu, my dear child. v Yours affectionately, Th. Jefferson. Jefferson's last letter, in answer to an invitation to be present at the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of american independence, in wash- ington. to mr. weightman, mayor of washington. Monticello, June 24., 1826. Respected Sir: The kind invitation received from you, on the part of the citizens of the city of Washington, to be present with them at their celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of American Independence, as one of the surviving signers of an instrument pregnant with our own, and the fate of the world, is most flattering to myself, and heightened by the honorable accompaniment proposed for the comfort of such a journey. It adds sensibly to the sufferings of sickness, to 102 Southern Literature. be deprived by it of a personal participation in the rejoicing of that day. But acquiescence is a duty, under circum- stances not placed among those we are permitted to control. I should, indeed, with peculiar delight, have met and ex- changed there congratulations personally with the small band, the remnant of that host of worthies, who joined with us on that day, in the bold and doubtful election we were to make for our country, between submission or the sword ; and to have enjoyed with them the consolatory fact, that our fellow-citizens, after half a century of experience and pros- perity, continue to approve the choice we made. May it be to the world, what I believe it will be (to some parts sooner, to others later, but finally to all), the signal of arousing men to burst the chains under which monkish ignorance and su- perstition had persuaded them to bind themselves, and to assume the blessings and security of self-government. That form which we have substituted, restores the free right to the unbounded exercise of reason and freedom of opinion. All eyes are opened, or opening, to the rights of man. The general spread of the light of science has already laid open to every view the palpable truth, that the mass of mankind has not been born with saddles on their backs, nor a favored few booted and spurred, ready to ride them legitimately, by the grace of God. These are grounds of hope for others. For ourselves, let the annual return of this day, forever re- fresh our recollections of these rights, and an undiminished devotion to them. I will ask permission here to express the pleasure with which I should have met my ancient neighbors of the city of Washington and its vicinities, with whom I passed so many years of a pleasing social intercourse ; an intercourse which so much relieved the anxieties of the public cares, and left impressions so deeply engraved in my affections as David Ramsay. 103 never to be forgotten. With my regret that ill health for- bids me the gratification of an acceptance, be pleased to re- ceive for yourself, and those for whom you write, the assur- ance of my highest respect and friendly attachments. Th. Jefferson. DAVID RAMSAY. 1749—1815. David Ramsay was a native of Lancaster County, Penn- sylvania, was educated at Princeton, studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and removed to Charleston, S. C, for the practice of his profession. He soon acquired celebrity both as a physician and as a patriot in the Revo- lutionary struggles. He was a member of the Council of Safety and a surgeon in the army. He was one of the forty prominent citizens who were sent as hostages to St. Augus- tine at the capture of Charleston in 1780 and kept for eleven months in close confinement. His death was caused by wounds received from a maniac, who shot him in the street for testifying as to his mental unsoundness. His second wife was Martha Laurens, daughter of Henry Laurens, who had spent ten years in Europe and who was always active in intellectual and benevolent pursuits. She assisted her husband in his writing and prepared her sons for college Two of their daughters long had an excellent and celebrated school for girls in Charleston. WORKS. Orations ; Medical Essays. Memoir of Martha L. Ramsay. History of South Carolina. Universal History Americanized (12 Life of Washington. volumes.) Dr. Ramsay holds a high place as a historian, being char- acterized by impartiality, a fine memory, a clear simple Jasper Replacing the Flag. [104] David Ramsay. 105 style, and a personal knowledge of many of the persons and events he describes. Sermon on Tea, (1775). Touch not, taste not, handle not. BRITISH TREATY WITH THE CHEROKEES, 1755. {From History of South Carolina.) In the course of eighty years, or about the middle of the eighteenth century, the most valuable lands in the low coun- try were taken up : and settlements were gradually pro- gressing westwardly on favorite spots in the middle and upper country. The extinction of Indian claims by a ces- sion of territory to the king, was necessary to the safety of the advancing settlers. This was obtained in 1755. In that year, Governor Glen met the Cherokee warriors in their own country, and held a treaty with them. After the usual cere- monies were ended, the governor made a speech to the as- sembled warriors in the name of his king ; representing his great power, wealth, and goodness, and his particular re- gard for his children, the Cherokees. He reminded them of the happiness they had long enjoyed by living under his protection ; and added, that he had many presents to make them and expected they would surrender a share of their territories in return. He informed them of the wicked de- signs of the French, and hoped they would permit none of them to enter their towns. He demanded lands to build two forts in their country, to protect them against their ene- mies, and to be a retreat to their friends and allies, who furnished them with arms, ammunition, hatchets, clothes, and everything that they wanted. When the governor had finished his speech, Chulochcul* Iak arose, and in answer spoke to the following effect : " What I now speak, our father the great king should hear. We are brothers to the people of Carolina, one house 106 Southern Literature. covers us all." Then taking a boy by the hand, he pre- sented him to the governor, saying, " We, our wives, and our children, are all children of the great king George ; I have brought this child, that when he grows up he may re- member our agreement on this day, and tell it to the next generation, that it may be known forever." Then opening his bag of earth, and laying the same at the governor's feet, he said : " We freely surrender a part of our lands to the great king. The French want our possessions, but we will defend them while one of our nation shall remain alive." Then delivering the governor a string of wampum, in con- firmation of what he said, he added : " My speech is at an end — it is the voice of the Cherokee nation. I hope the governor will send it to the king, that it may be kept for- ever." sergeant jasper at fort moultrie, 28th June, 1776. {From the History of South Carolina.') The loss of the garrison was ten men killed and twenty- two wounded. Lieutenants Hall and Gray were among the latter. Though there were many thousand shots fired from the shipping, yet the works were little damaged : those which struck the - J, Chaklbs Etienne Arthur Gayarre. 235 CHARLES ETIENNE ARTHUR GAYARRE. 1805. . Charles Etienne Arthur Gayarre, descended from a family which was among the early settlers of Louisiana, was born in New Orleans. He was educated at the College of New Orleans, studied law in Philadelphia, and served in the State Legislature. In 1835, he was elected to the United States Senate, but ill-health prevented his taking the seat, and he spent the eight succeeding years in Europe. He was afterwards Secretary of State of Louisiana, and in the seven years of his service he did much to promote an interest in letters and history, and to establish the State Library on a firm basis. He sided with his State in secession, and in 1863 recom- mended the emancipation and arming of the slaves. Since the war, he has spent his time in literary work, and has written both in English and French, gaining a distinguished place especially as a historian. WORKS. Histoire de la Louisiane Phillip II. of Spain. Romance of the History of Louisiana. Fernando de Lemos. Louisiana : Colonial History. Aubert Dubayet. Louisiana, as a French Colony. School for Politics, [drama]. History of the Spanish Dominion in Louis- Dr. Bluff, comedy in z Acts, iana. Addresses. History of Louisiana, to 1S61. Judge Gayarre has been an able and tireless worker in the history and literature of his native state. His works are admirable, full of life and color, although his style is lacking in terseness and strength. " He has indicated in the first volume of his ' History of Louisiana ' what might be done by a gifted fiction-writer with the picturesque legends and traditions therein heaped together in luxuriant confusion. 236 Southern Literature. One feels while reading, that the writer has been hampered here and there by the temptation to be a romancer rather than remain a historian, and one does not experience any surprise at this in view of the profusion of startling and strange incidents." — Maurice Thompson. Louisiana in 1750-1770. {From History of Louisiana, French Domination.') It was in this year, 1751, that two ships, which were transporting two hundred regulars to Louisiana, stopped at Hispaniola. The Jesuits of that island obtained permission to put on board of those ships, and to send to the Jesuits of Louisiana, some sugar canes, and some negroes who were used to the cultivation of this plant. The canes were put under ground, according to the directions given, on the plantation of the reverend fathers, which was immediately above Canal street, on a portion of the space now occupied by the Second Municipality of the city of New Orleans. But it seems that the experiment proved abortive, and it was only in 1796 that the cultivation of the cane, and the manufacturing of sugar, was successfully introduced in Louisiana, and demonstrated to be practicable. It was then that this precious reed was really naturalized in the colony, and began to be a source of ever-growing wealth, [owing to the enterprise of Jean Etienne de Bore]. On board of the same ships, there came sixty girls, who were transported to Louisiana at the expense of the King. It was the last emigration of the kind. These girls were married to such soldiers as had distinguished themselves for their good conduct, and who, in consideration of their mar- riage, were discharged from service. Concessions of land were made to each happy pair, with one cow and its calf, one cock and five hens, one gun, one axe, and one spade. Charles Etienne Arthur Gayarre. 237 During the first three years of their settlement, they were to receive rations of provisions, and a small quantity of powder, shot, grains and seeds of all sorts. Such is the humble origin of many of our most respecta- ble and wealthy families, and well may they be proud of a social position, which is due to the honest industry and hereditary virtues of several generations. Whilst some of patrician extraction, crushed under the weight of vices, or made inert by sloth, or labor-contemning pride, and degen- erating from pure gold into vile dross, have been swept away, and have sunk into the dregs and sewers of the com- monwealth. Thus in Louisiana, the high and the low, al- though the country has never suffered from any political or civil convulsions, seem to have, in the course of one century, frequently exchanged with one another their respective posi- tions, much to the philosopher's edification. On the 23rd of September, the intendant Commissary, Michel de la Rouvilliere, made a favorable report on the state of agriculture in Louisiana. "The cultivation of the wax tree," says he, " has succeeded admirably. Mr. Du- breuil, alone, has made six thousand pounds of wax. Others have obtained as handsome results, in proportion to their forces ; some went to the seashore, where the wax tree grows wild, in order to use it in its natural state. It is the only luminary used here by the inhabitants, and it is exported to other parts of America and to France. We stand in need of tillers of the ground, and of negroes. The colony pros- pers rapidly from its own impulse, and requires only gentle stimulation. In the last three years, forty-five brick houses were erected in New Orleans, and several fine new plan- tations were established." .... The administration of the Marquis of Vaudreuil was long and fondly remembered in Louisiana, as an epoch of unusual 238 Southern Literature. brilliancy, but which was followed up by corresponding gloom. His administration, if small things may be com- pared with great ones, was for Louisiana, with regard to splendor, luxury, military display, and expenses of every kind, what the reign of Louis XIV. had been for France. He was a man of patrician birth and high breeding, who liked to live in a manner worthy of his rank. Remarkable for his personal graces and comeliness, for the dignity of his bearing and the fascination of his address, he was fond of pomp, show, and pleasure ; surrounded by a host of brilliant officers, of whom he was the idol, he loved to keep up a miniature court, in distant imitation of that of Versailles ; and long after he had departed, old people were fond of talking of the exquisitely refined manners, of the magnifi- cent balls, of the splendidly uniformed troops, of the high- born young officers, and of the many other unparalleled things they had seen in the days of the Great Marquis. The inventories made of the property of the twelve gen- tlemen, whom the decree of the Spanish tribunal had con- victed of rebellion, afford interesting proofs of the Spartan simplicity which existed in the colony. Thus the furniture of the bed-room of Madam Villere, who was the wife of one of the most distinguished citizens of Louisiana, and the grand-daughter of De Lachaise, who came to the colony in 1723 as ordaining commissary, was described as consisting of a cypress bedstead, three feet wide by six in length, with a mattress of corn shucks and one of feathers on the top, a bolster of corn shucks, and a coarse cotton counterpane or quilt, manufactured probably by the lady herself, or by her servants ; six chairs of cypress wood, with straw bottoms ; some candlesticks with common wax, the candles made in the counti \ , &c, &c. Charles Etienne Arthur Gayarre. 239 The rest of the house was not more splendidly furnished, and the house itself, as described in the inventory, must have looked very much like one of those modest and unpainted little wood structures which are, to this day, to be seen in many parts of the banks of the river Mississippi, and in the Attakapas and Opelousas parishes. They are the tenements of our small planters who own only a few slaves, and they retain the appellation of Maisons d' Acadiens, or Acadian houses. Villere's plantation, situated at the German coast, was not large, and the whole of his slaves, of both sexes and of all ages, did not exceed thirty-two. His friends and brother conspirators, who were among the first gentlemen in the land, did not live with more ostentation. All the seques- trated property being sold, it was found that, after having distributed among the widows and other creditors what they were entitled to, and after paying the costs of the trial and inventories, the royal treasury had little or nothing to receive. ..... There were but humble dwellings in Louisiana in 1769, and he who would have judged of their tenants from their outward appearance would have thought that they were occupied by mere peasants, but had he passed their thresholds he would have been amazed at being welcomed with such manners as were habitual in the most polished court of Europe, and entertained by men and women wearing with the utmost ease and grace the elegant and rich costume of the reign of Louis XV. There, the powdered head, the silk and gold flowered coat, the lace and frills, the red-heeled shoe, the steel handled sword, the silver knee buckles, the high and courteous bearing of the gentleman, the hoop petticoat, the brocaded gown, the rich head-dress, the stately bow, the slightly rouged cheeks, the artificially graceful 240 Southern Literature. deportment, and the aristocratic features of the lady, formed a strange contrast with the roughness of surrounding objects. It struck one with as much astonishment as if diamonds had been found capriciously set by some unknown hand in one of the wild trees of the forest, or it reminded the imagi- nation of those fairy tales in which a princess is found asleep in a solitude, where none but beasts of prey were expected to roam. THE TREE OF THE DEAD. {From History of Loii.s:ai:a. ) In a lot situated at the corner ot Orleans and Dauphine streets, in the city of New Orleans, there is a tree which nobody looks at without curiosity and without wondering how it came there. For a long time it was the only one of its kind known in the state, and from its isolated position it has always been cursed with sterility. It reminds one of the warm climes of Africa or Asia, and wears the aspect of a stranger of distinction driven from his native country. Indeed with its sharp and thin foliage, sighing mournfully under the blast of one of our November northern winds, it looks as sorrowful as an exile. Its enormous trunk is nothing but an agglomeration of knots and bumps, which each passing year seems to have deposited there as a mark of age. and as a protection against the blows of time and of the world. Inquire for its origin, and every one will tell you that it has stood there from time immemorial. A sort of vague but impressive mystery is attached to it, and it is as super- stitiously respected as one of the old oaks of Dodona. Bold would be the axe that would strike the first blow at that foreign patriarch; and if it were prostrated to the ground by a profane hand, what native, of the city would not mourn Charles Etienne Arthur Gayarre. 241 over its fall, and brand the act as an unnatural and criminal deed? So, long live the date-tree of Orleans street — that time-honored descendant of Asiatic ancestors ! In the beginning of 1727, a French vessel of war landed at New Orleans a man of haughty mien, who wore the Turkish dress, and whose whole attendance was a single servant. He was received by the governor with the highest distinction, and was conducted by him to a small but com- fortable house with a pretty garden, then existing at the corner of Orleans and Dauphine streets, and which, from the circumstance of its being so distant from other dwellings, might have been called a rural retreat, although situated in the limits of the city. There the stranger, who was under- stood to be a prisoner of state, lived in the greatest seclusion ; and although neither he nor his attendant could be guilty of indiscretion, because none understood their language, and although Governor Perier severely rebuked the slightest in- quiry, yet it seemed to be the settled conviction in Louisiana, that the mysterious stranger was a brother of the Sultan, or some great personage of the Ottoman empire, who had fled from the anger of the vicegerent of Mohammed, and who had taken refuge in France. The Sultan had peremptorily demanded the fugitive, and the French government, thinking it derogatory to its dignity to comply with that request, but at the same time not wishing to expose its friendly relations with the Moslem monarch, and perhaps desiring for political purposes, to keep in hostage the important guest it had in its hands, had recourse to the expedient of answering that he had fled to Louisiana, which was so distant a country, that it might be looked upon as the grave, where, as it was suggested, the fugitive might be suffered to wait in peace for actual death, without danger or offence to the Sultan. Whether this story 16 242 Southern Literature. be true or not is now a manner of so little consequence that it would not repay the trouble of a strict historical investigation. The year 1727 was drawing to its close, when on a dark stormy night the howling and barking of the numerous dogs in the streets of New Orleans were observed to be fiercer than usual, and some of that class of individuals who pre- tend to know everything, declared that by the vivid flashes of the lightning, they had seen swiftly and stealthily gliding toward the residence of the unknown a body of men who wore the scowling appearance of malefactors and ministers of blood. There afterwards came also a report that a pirati- cal-looking Turkish vessel had been hovering a few days previous in the bay of Barataria. Be it as it may, on the next morning the house of the stranger was deserted. There were no traces of mortal struggle to be seen ; but in the garden the earth had been dug, and there was the unmistak- able indication of a recent grave. Soon, however, all doubts were removed by the finding of an inscription in Arabic characters, engraved on a marble tablet, which was subsequently sent to France. It ran thus : "The justice of heaven is satisfied, and the date-tree shall grow on the traitor's tomb. The sublime Emperor of the faithful, the supporter of the faith, the omnipotent master and Sultan of the world, has redeemed his vow. God is great, and Mohammed is his prophet. Allah ! " Some time after this event, a foreign-looking tree was seen to peep out of the spot where a corpse must have been depos- ited in that stormy night, when the rage of the elements yielded to the pitiless fury of man, and it thus explained in some degree this part of the inscription, " the date-tree shall grow on the traitor's grave." Who was he, or what had he done, who had provoked such relentless and far-seeking revenge? Ask Nemesis, — or, Matthew Fontaine Maury. 243 at that hour when evil spirits are allowed to roam over the earth and magical invocations are made, go and interrogate the tree of the dead. MATTHEW FONTAINE MAURY. 1806=1873. Matthew Fontaine Maury, the "Pathfinder of the Sea," was born in Spottsylvania County, Virginia, reared in Tennes- see, and entered the Navy in 1825, rising to be lieutenant in 1837. In 1839 he met with an accident which lamed him for life, and he thenceforward spent his time in study and investigation of naval subjects. Under the pen-name of " Harry Bluff," he wrote some essays for the " Southern Literary Messenger," which produced great reforms in the Navy and led to the establishment of the Naval Academy at Annapolis. In 1842 he was appointed superintendent of the Hydro- graphical Office, and in 1844, of the National Observatory, at Washington, the latter position including the former. The observations of winds, currents, and storms, which he caused to be made during nine years, are embodied in his "Wind and Current Charts;" and the system thus begun was adopted by all European countries and has proven of immense benefit both to commere and science. To him and to Lieutenant John M. Brooke, afterwards Com. Brooke, C. S. N., belongs the credit of deep-sea sound- ings ; and to him we owe the suggestion of the submarine telegraphic cable across the Atlantic. (See below, letter to Secretarv of the JVavv ) Cyrus W. Field said, at a dinner given in 1858 to celebrate the first cable message across the [244] Matthew Fontaine Maury. 245 Atlantic, — "Maury furnished the brains, England gave the money, and I did the work." His " Physical Geography of the Sea " has been translated into all the languages of Europe, and caused Humboldt to say that Maury had founded a new science. His re- searches and scientific labors gained him honors and medals from all scientific societies. His " Navigation " and " Geog- raphies " are in popular use in our schools. His style is irre- sistibly attractive, being clear, strong, elegant, and indica- tive of truth in the man behind it. He entered the Confederate service in 1861, and was em- ployed at first at Richmond and later as naval agent in Eu- rope. When Lee surrendered, he was in the West Indies on his way to put in use against Federal vessels in Southern ports a method of arranging torpedo mines which he had invented. He then went to Mexico (1865) and took a position in the Cabinet of the Emperor Maximilian ; but the revolution there (1866) terminated his relations with that government. After two years in England, he returned to Virginia and in 1868 be- came professor of Physics in the Virginia Military Insti- tute. At this time the University of Cambridge conferred upon him the degree of LL. D., and the Emperor of the French invited him to Paris as superintendent of the Impe- rial Observatory. His life has been written in a most engaging style by his daughter, Mrs. Diana Fontaine Maury Corbin. Navigation. Physical Survey of Virginia. Scraps from the Lucky Bay, by Harry Resources of West Virginia (with Wm, M. Bluff. Fontaine). Rebuilding Southern Commerce. Lanes for Steamers Crossing the Atlantic. Wind and Current Charts. Amazon and Atlantic Slopes. Sailing Directions. Magnetism and the Circulation of the At- Physical Geography of the Sea. mosphere. Series of Geographies. 246 Southern Literature the gulf stream. {From Sailing Directions.) It is not necessary to associate with oceanic currents the idea that they must of necessity, as on land, run from a higher to a lower level. So far from this being the case, some currents of the sea actually run up-hill, while others run on a level. The Gulf Stream is of the first class. In a paper read before the National Institute in 1844,1 showed why the bottom of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be an inclined plane, running upwards. If the Gulf Stream be 200 fathoms deep in the Florida Pass, and but 100 fathoms off Hatteras, it is evident that the bottom would be lifted ico fathoms within that distance ; and therefore, while the bottom of the Gulf Stream runs up-hill, the top preserves the water-level, or nearly so ; for its banks are of sea-water, and being in the ocean, are themselves on a water-level. I have also, on a former occasion, pointed out the fact, that, inasmuch as the Gulf Stream is a bed of warm water, lying between banks of cold water — that as warm water is lighter than cold — therefore, the surface of the Gulf Stream ought, theoretically, to be in the shape of a double inclined plane, like the roof a house, down which we may expect to find a shallow surface or roof current, running from the mid- dle towards either edge of the stream. The fact that this roof-current does exist has been fully established ... ... by officers of the navy. Thus, in lowering a boat to try a cur- rent, they found that the boat would invariably be drifted towards one side or other of the stream, while the vessel herself was drifted along in the direction of it. This feature of the Gulf Stream throws a gleam of light upon the locus of the Gulf weed, by proving that its place Matthew Fontaine Maury. 247 of growth cannot be on this side (west) of that stream. No Gulf weed is ever found west of the axis of ,the Gulf S tream ; and, if we admit the top of the stream to be higher in the middle than at the edges, it would be difficult to imagine how the Gulf weed should cross it, or get from one side oi it to the other. The inference, therefore, would be, that as all the Gulf weed which is seen about this stream is on its eastern de- clivity, the locus of the weed must be somewhere within or near the borders of the stream, and to the east of the mid- dle. And this idea is strengthened by the report of Cap- tain Scott, a most intelligent ship-master, who informs me that he has seen the Gulf weed growing on the Bahama Banks. DEEP-SEA SOUNDINGS. {From a Letter to the Secretary of the Navy,r8S4, g^ven in Mrs. Corbin's Life o/ Maury*) The U. S. brig " Dolphin," lieutenant commanding O. H. Berryman, was employed last summer upon special services connected with this office. He was directed also to carry along a line of deep-sea soundings from the shores of Newfoundland to those of Ire- land. The result is highly interesting upon the question of a submarine telegraph across the Atlantic, and I therefore beg leave to make it the subject of a special report. This line of deep-sea sounding seems to be decisive of the question as to the practicability of a submarine tele- graph between the two continents in so far as the bottom of the deep sea is concerned. From Newfoundland to Ireland the distance between the nearest points is about 1600 miles, and the bottom of the sea between the two places is a pla- teau which seems to have been placed there especially for *By permission of Mis. Corbin. 248 Southern Literature. the purpose of holding the wires of the submarine telegraph, and of keeping them out of harm's way. It is neither too deep nor too shallow ; yet it is so deep that the wires but once landed will remain forever beyond the reach of the anchors of vessels, icebergs, and drifts of any kind, and so shallow, that they may be readily lodged upon the bottom. A wire laid across from either of the above-named places on this side to the north of the Grand Banks, will rest on that beautiful plateau to which I have alluded, and where the waters of the sea appear to be as quiet and as com- pletely at rest as it is at the bottom of a mill-pond. It is proper that the reasons should be stated for the inference that there are no perceptible currents and no abrading agents at work at the bottom of the sea upon this tele- graphic plateau. I derive this inference from the study of a physical fact, which I little deemed, when I sought it, had any such bearings. Lieutenant Berryman brought up, with " Brooke's deep- sea sounding apparatus," specimens of the bottom from this plateau. I sent them to Professor Bailey, at West Point, for examination under his microscope. This he kindly undertook, and that eminent microscopist was quite as much surprised to find, as I was to learn, that all these .specimens of deep-sea soundings are filled with microscopic shells. To use his own words, " not a particle of sand or gravel exists in them." These little shells therefore suggest the fact that there are no currents at the bottom of the sea whence they come ; that Brooke's lead found them where they were deposited in their burial-place. Had there been currents at the bottom, they would have swept and abraded and mingled up with these microscopic remains the debris of the bottom of the sea, such as ooze, Matthew Fontaine Maury. 249 sand, gravel, and other matter ; but not a particle of sand or gravel was found among them. Hence the inference that these depths of the sea are not disturbed by either waves or currents. Consequently, a telegraphic wire once laid there would remain as completely beyond the reach of accident as it would be if buried in air-tight cases. HEROIC DEATH OF LIEUTENANT HERNDON. (From Maury's Report, in Mrs. Corbiri 's Life of Maury*) U. S. National Observatory, Washington, D. C, October 19th, 1851. Sir, — On the 12th day of September last, at sea, the U. S. mail steamship " Central America," with the California mails, many of the passengers and crew, and a large amount of treasure on board, foundered in a gale [off Cape Hat- teras]. The law requires the vessels of this line to be com- manded by officers of the Navy, and Commander William Lewis Herndon had this one. He went down with his ship, leaving a glowing example of devotion to duty, Chris- tian conduct, and true heroism. .... The " Central America," at the time of her loss, was bound from Aspinwall, via Havana, to New York. She had on board, as nearly as has been ascertained, about two millions in gold, and 474 passengers, besides a crew, all told, of 101 souls — total, 575. She touched at Havana on the 7th September last, and put to sea again at nine o'clock on the morning of the 8th. The ship was apparently in good order, the time seemed propitious, and all hands were in fine health and spirits, for the prospects of a safe and speedy passage home were very cheering. The breeze was from the trade winds quarter at N. E. ; but at midnight on the 9th it freshened to a gale, *By permission of Mrs. Corbin. 250 Southern Literature. which .continued to increase till the forenoon of Friday, September nth, when it blew with great violence. Up to this time the ship behaved admirably ; nothing had occurred worthy of note, or in any way calculated to excite suspicions of her prowess, until the forenoon of that day, when it was discovered that she had sprung a leak. The sea was running high : the leak was so large that by i P. M. the water had risen high enough to extinguish the fires on one side and stop the engine. . . . Crew and passengers worked manfully, pumping and baling all Friday afternoon and night, and when day dawned upon them the violence of the storm was still increasing. . . . The flag was hoisted union down, that every vessel as she hove in sight might know they were in distress and wanted help. ....... Finally, about noon of Saturday the 12th, the gale began to abate and the sky to brighten. ... At about 2 P. M. the brig " Marine," Captain Burt, of Bosto^ bound from the West Indies to New York, heard minute- guns, and saw the steamer's signals of distress. She ran down to the sinking ship, and though very much crippled herself by the gale, promised to lay by. The steamer's boats were ordered to be lowered — the " Ma- rine " had none that could live in such a sea. All the women and children were first sent to the brig, and every one arrived there in safety. Each boat made two loads to the brig, carrying in all 100 persons. By this time night was setting in. The brig had drifted to leeward several miles away from the steamer ; and was so crippled that she could not beat up to her again. Black's (the boatswain) boat alone returned the second time. Her gallant crew had been buffeting with the storm Matthew Fontaine Maury. 251 for two days and nights without rest, and with little or no food. The boat itself had been badly stove while alongside with the last load of passengers. She was so much knocked to pieces as to be really unserviceable, nor could she have held another person. Still those brave seamen, inspired by the conduct and true to the trust imposed in them by their Captain, did not hesitate to leave the brig again, and pull back through the dark for miles, across an angry sea, that they might join him in his sinking ship, and take their chances with the rest. ..... As one of the last boats was about to leave the ship, her commander gave his watch to a passenger with the request that it might be delivered to his wife. He wished to charge him with a message for her also, but his utterance was choked. " Tell her ." Unable to proceed, he bent down his head and buried his face in his hands for a moment as if in prayer, for he was a devout man and a Christian. In that moment, brief as it was, he endured the great agony ; but it was over now. . . . He had resolved to go down with his ship. Calm and collected, he rose up from that mighty struggle with renewed vigour, and went with encouraging looks about the duties of the ship as be- fore. After the boat which bore Mr. Payne — to whom Hern- don had entrusted his watch — had shoved off, the Captain went to his state-room and put on his uniform ; then walking out, he took his stand on the wheel-house, holding on to the iron railing with his left hand. A rocket was sent off, the ship fetched her last lurch, and as she went down he uncovered. Just before the steamer went down, a row-boat was heard approaching. Herndon hailed her ; it was the boatswain's boat, rowed by " hard hands and gentle hearts," returning 252 Southern Literature. from on board the brig to report her disabled condition. If she came alongside she would be engulfed with the sinking ship. Herndon ordered her to keep off. She did so, and was saved. This, as far as I have been able to learn, was his last order. Forgetful of self, mindful of others, his life was beautiful to the last, and in his death he has added a new glory to the annals of the sea. [A handsome monument to his memory stands in the Pa- rade-ground of the Naval School at Annapolis.] WILLIAM GILMORE SIMMS. 1 806-1870. William Gilmore Simms was born and reared in Charleston, South Carolina. His early education was lim- ited ; he was for a while clerk in a drug-store and then he studied law. But his decided taste for letters soon induced him to devote his entire time and attention to their cultiva- tion. He wrote rapidly and voluminously, and produced poems, novels, dramas, histories, biographies, book-reviews, editorials, — in short, all kinds of writing. He was editor of various journals at different times, and did all he could to inspire and foster a literary taste in his generation. His style shows the effect of haste and overwork. His novels dealing with Colonial and Revolutionary sub- jects are his best work. They give us graphic pictures of the struggles that our forefathers in the South had with the wild beasts, swamps, forests, and Indians in Colonial times, and with these and the British in the Revolutionary period, They should be read in connection with our early history, especially the following: Temassee, (17 1 4, Colonial times); Partisan, Mellichamfie, and Katharine Walton, {forming the 253] 254 Southern Literature. Revolutionary Trilogy}; Eutaw; Scout; Forayers; Wood- craft, (1775-1788); Wigwam and Cabin (a collection of short stories). Some of his poems are well worth reading, especially the legends of Indian and Colonial life ; and the Spirits' songs in " Atalantis " are very dainty and musical. He was the friend and helper of his younger fellow-work- ers in literature, among whom were notably Paul Hamilton Hayne and Henry Timrod. At his country home " Wood- lands " and in Charleston, he dispensed a generous and de- lightful hospitality and made welcome his many friends from North, South, and West. The last few years of his life were darkened by distress and poverty, in common with his brethren all over the South ; and his heroic struggle against them reminds us of that of Sir Walter Scott, though far more dire and pathetic. A fine bust of him by Ward adorns the Battery in his native and much-loved city. See Life, by William P. Trent. WORKS. NOVELS. Martin Faber. Count Julian. Book of My Lady. Wigwam and Cabin. Guy Rivers. Katharine Walton. Yemassee. Golden Christmas. Partisan. Forayers. Mcllichampc. Maroon, and other Tales. Richard Hurdis. Utah. Palayo. Woodcraft. Carl Werner and other Tales. Marie de Berniere. Border Beagles. Father Abbott. Confession, or the Blind Heart. Scout, [first called Kinsmen.] Beauchampe, [sequel to Charlemont]. Charlemont. Helen Halsey. Cassique of Kiawah. Castle Dismal. Vasconselas, [tale of De Soto.] poems, [2 volumes.] Atalantis. Southern Passages and Pictures. Grouped Thoughts and Scattered Fancies. Areytos : Songs and Ballads of the South, Lays of the Palmetto, William Gilmore Simms. 255 DRAMAS. Norman Maurice. Michael Bonham, or Fall of the Alamo. BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY, AC. Life of General Francis Marion. Life of General Nathanael Greene. Life of Captain John Sm ith. History of South Carolina. Life of Chevalier Bayard. South Carolina in the Revolution. Geography of South Carolina. War Poetry of the South. Reviews in Periodicals [2 vols.] Seven Dramas of Shakspere. SONNET. THE POET'S VISION. Upon the Poet's soul they flash forever, In evening shades, these glimpses strange and sweet ; They fill his heart betimes, — they leave him never, And haunt his steps with sounds of falling feet ; He walks beside a mystery night and day ; Still wanders where the sacred spring is hidden ; Yet, would he take the seal from the forbidden, Then must he work and watch as well as pray ! How work? How watch? Beside him — in his way, — Springs without check the flow'r by whose choice spell, — More potent than '' herb moly,'' — he can tell Where the stream rises, and the waters play ! — Ah! spirits call'd avail not! On his eyes, Sealed up with stubborn clay, the darkness lies. THE DOOM OF OCCONKSTOGA. (From Yemassee.) [Occonestoga, the degenerate son of the Yemassee chief Spnutee, has been condemned, for befriending the whites, to a fate worse than death. The totem of his tribe, an arrow branded upon the shoulder, is to be cut and burnt out by the executioner, Malatchie, and he is to be declared accursed from his tribe and from their paradise forever, "a slave of Opitchi-Manneyto," the evil spirit.] Occonestoga's head sank in despair, as he beheld the un- changing look of stern resolve with which the unbending sire regarded him. For a moment he was unmanned; until a loud shout of derision from the crowd as they beheld the 256 Southern Literature.. show of his weakness, came to the support of his pride. The Indian shrinks from humiliation, where he would not shrink from death ; and, as the shout reached his ears, he shouted back his defiance, raised his head loftily in air, and with the most perfect composure, commenced singing his song of death, the song of many victories. "Wherefore sings he his death-song?" was the cry from many voices, — " he is not to die ! " " Thou art the slave of Opitchi-Manneyto," cried Ma- latchie to the captive, "thou shalt sing no lie of thy victories in the ear of Yemassee. The slave of Opitchi- Manneyto has no triumph" — and the words of the song were effectually drowned, if not silenced, in the tremendous clamor which they raised about him. It was then that Ma- latchie claimed his victim — the doom had been already given, but the ceremony of expatriation and outlawry was yet to follow, and under the direction of the prophet, the various castes and classes of the nation prepared to take a final leave of one who could no longer be known among them. First of all came a band of young marriageable women, who, wheeling in a circle three times about him, sang together a wild apostrophe containing a bitter farewell, which nothing in our language could perfectly embody. "Go, — thou hast no wife in Yemassee, — thou hast given no lodge to the daughter of Yemassee, — thou hast slain no meat for thy children. Thou hast no name — the women of Yemassee know thee no more. They know thee no more." And the final sentence was reverberated from the entire assembly, " They know thee no more, they know thee no more." Then came a number of the ancient men, — the patriarchs of the nation, who surrounded him in circular mazes three several times, singing as they did so a hymn of like import. William Gilmore Simms. 257 " Go — thou sittest not in the council of Yemassee — thou shalt not speak wisdom to the boy that comes. Thou hast no name in Yemassee — the fathers of Yemassee, they know thee no more." And again the whole assembly cried out, as with one voice, " They know thee no more, they know thee no more." These were followed by the young warriors, his old asso- ciates, who now, in a solemn band, approached him to go through a like performance. His eyes were shut as they came, his blood was chilled in his heart, and the articulated farewell of their wild chant failed seemingly to reach his ear. Nothing but the last sentence he heard — "Thou that wast a brother, Thou art nothing now, The young warriors of Yemassee, They know thee no more." And the crowd cried with them, " They know thee no more." " Is no hatchet sharp for Occonestoga ? " moaned forth the suffering savage. But his trials were only then begun. Enoree-Mattee now approached him with the words, with which, as the representative of the good Manneyto, he re- nounced him, — with which he denied him access to the In- dian heaven, and left him a slave and an outcast, a misera- ble wanderer amid the shadows and the swamps, and liable to all the doom and terrors which come with the service of Opitchi-Manneyto. "Thou wast the child of Manneyto," sung the high priest in a solemn chant, and with a deep- toned voice that thrilled strangely amid the silence of the scene, *7 258 Southern Literature. " Thou wast the child of Manneyto He gave thee arrows and an eye, — Thou wast the strong son of Manneyto, He gave thee feathers and a wing, — Thou wast a young brave of Manneyto, He gave thee scalps and a war-song, — But he knows thee no more — he knows thee no more." And the clustering multitude again gave back the last line in wild chorus. The prophet continued his chant : " That Opitchi-Manneyto ! — He commands thee for his slave — And the Yemassee must hear him, Hear, and give thee for his slave — They will take from thee the arrow, The broad arrow of thy people, — Thou shalt see no blessed valley, Where the plum-groves always bloom — Thou shalt hear no songs of valour, From the ancient Yemassee — Father, mother, name, and people, Thou shalt lose with that broad arrow. Thou art lost to the. Manneyto, — He knows thee no more — he knows thee no more." The despair of hell was in the face of the victim, and he howled forth, in a cry of agony that for a moment silenced the wild chorus of the crowd around, the terrible conscious- ness in his mind of that privation which the doom entailed upon him. Every feature was convulsed with emotion; and the terrors of Opitchi-Manneyto's dominion seemed al- ready in strong exercise upon the muscles of his heart, when Sanutee, the father, silently approached him, and with a pause of a few moments, stood gazing upon the son from whom he was to be separated eternal\y. — William Gilmore Simms. 259 In a loud and bitter voice he exclaimed, "Thy father knows thee no more," — and once more came to the ears of the victim the melancholy chorus of the multitude — " He knows thee no more, he knows thee no more." Sanutee turned quickly away as he had spoken ; and as if he suffered more than he was willing to show, the old man rapidly hastened to the little mound where he had been previously sitting, his eyes averted from the further spectacle. Oc- conestoga, goaded to madness by these several incidents, shrieked forth the bitterest execrations, until Enoree— Mat- tee, preceding Malatchie, again approached. Having given some directions in an under-tone to the latter, he retired, leaving the executioner alone with his victim. Malatchie, then, while all was silence in the crowd, — a thick silence, in which even respiration seemed to be suspended, — pro- ceeded to his duty ; and, lifting the feet of Occonestoga carefully from the ground, he placed a log under them — then addressing him, as he again bared his knife which he stuck in the tree above his head, he sung — " I take from thee the earth of Yemassee — I take from thee the water of Yemassee — I take from thee the arrow of Yemassee — Thou art no longer a Yemassee — The Yemassee knows thee no more." "The Yemassee knows thee no more," cried the multi- tude, and their universal shout was deafening upon the ear. Occonestoga said no word now — he could offer no resistance to the unnerving hands of Malatchie, who now bared the arm more completely of its covering. But his limbs were convulsed with the spasms of that dreadful terror of the future which was racking and raging in every pulse of his heart. He had full faith in the superstitions of his people. 260 Southern Literature. His terrors acknowledged the full horrors of their doom. A despairing agony which no language could describe had possession of his soul. Meanwhile, the silence of all indicated the general anxiety ; and Malatchie prepared to seize the knife and perform the operation, when a confused murmur arose from the crowd around ; the mass gave way and parted, and, pushing wildly into the area, came Matiwan, his mother, the long black hair streaming, the features, an astonishing likeness to his own, convulsed like his ; and her action that of one reckless of all things in the way of the forward progress she was making to the person of her child. She cried aloud as she came, with a voice that rang like a sudden death-bell through the ring. "Would you keep a mother from her boy, and he to be lost to her for ever? Shall she have no parting with the young brave she bore in her bosom ? Away, keep me not back — I will look upon him, I will love him. He shall have the blessing of Matiwan, though the Yemassee and the Manneyto curse." The victim heard, and a momentary renovation of mental life, perhaps a renovation of hope, spoke out in the simple exclamation which fell from his lips : " Oh, Matiwan — oh, mother ! " She rushed towards the spot where she heard his appeal, and thrusting the executioner aside, threw her arms des- perately about his neck. " Touch him not, Matiwan," was the general cry from the crowd ; " touch him not, Matiwan, — Manneyto knows him no more." " But Matiwan knows him — the mother knows her child, though Manneyto denies him. Oh, boy — oh, boy, boy, boy." And she sobbed like an infant on his neck. William Gilmore Simms. 261 " Thou art come, Matiwan — thou art come, but where- fore? To curse, like the father — to curse, like the Man- neyto?" mournfully said the captive. " No, no, no ! Not to curse, not to curse. When did mother curse the child she bore? Not to curse, but to bless thee. To bless thee and forgive." " Tear her away," cried the prophet ; " let Opitchi-Man- neyto have his slave." " Tear her away, Malatchie," cried the crowd, now im- patient for the execution. Malatchie approached. " Not yet, not yet," appealed the woman. " Shall not the mother say farewell to the child she shall see no more ? " and she waved Malatchie back, and in the next instant drew hastily from the drapery of her dress a small hatchet, which she had there carefully concealed. " What wouldst thou do, Matiwan? " asked Occonestoga, as his eye caught the glare of the weapon. " Save thee, my boy — save thee for thy mother, Occones- toga — save thee for the happy valley." " Wouldst thou slay me, mother, wouldst strike the heart of thy son ? " he asked, with a something of reluc- tance to receive death from the hands of a parent. " I strike thee but to save thee, my son ; since they can- not take the totem from thee after the life is gone. Turn away from me thy head — let me not look upon thine eyes as I strike, lest my hands grow weak and tremble. Turn thine eyes away ; I will not lose thee." His eyes closed, and the fatal instrument, lifted above her head, was now visible in the sight of all. The execu- tioner rushed forward to interpose, but he came too late. The tomahawk was driven deep into the skull, and but a sin- gle sentence from his lips preceded the final insensibility of of the victim. 262 Southern Literature. " It is good, Matiwan, it is good; thou hast saved me; the death is in my heart." And back he sank as he spoke, while a shriek of mingled joy and horror from the lips of the mother announced the success of her effort to defeat the doom, the most dreadful in the imagination of the Yemas- see. " He is not lost, he is not lost. They may not take the child from his mother. They may not keep him from the valley of Manneyto. He is free — he is free." And she fell back in a deep swoon into the arms of Sanutee, who by this time had approached. She had defrauded Opitchi- Manneyto of his victim, foi they may not remove the badge of the nation from any but the living victim. MARION, " The Swamp Fox." {From the Partisan.) I. We follow where the Swamp Fox guides, His friends and merry men are we ; And when the troop of Tarleton rides, We burrow in the cypress tree. The turfy hammock is our bed, Our home is in the red deer's den, Our roof, the tree-top overhead, For we are wild and hunted men. II. We fly by day, and shun its light, But, prompt to strike the sudden blow, We mount and start with early night, And through the forest track our foe. And soon he hears our chargers leap, The flashing sabre blinds his eyes, And ere he drives away his sleep, And rushes from his camp, he dies. William Gilmore Simms. 263 III. Free bridle-bit, good gallant steed, That will not ask a kind caress, To swim the Santee at our need, When on his heels the foemen press, — The true heart and the ready hand, The spirit stubborn to be free, The twisted bore, the smiting brand, — And we are Marion's men, you see. IV. Now light the fire, and cook the meal, The last perhaps that we shall taste ; I hear the Swamp Fox round us steal, And that's a sign we move in haste. He whistles to the scouts, and hark ! You hear his order calm and low — Come, wave your torch across the dark, And let us see the boys that go. V. We may not see their forms again, God help 'em, should they find the strife I For they are strong and fearless men, And make no coward terms for life ; They'll fight as long as Marion bids, And when he speaks the word to shy, Then — not till then — they turn their steeds, Through thickening shade and swamp to fly. VI. Now stir the fire, and lie at ease, The scouts are gone, and on the brush I see the colonel bend his knees, To take his slumbers too — but hush ! He's praying, comrades ; 'tis not strange ; The man that's fighting day by day, May well, when night comes, take a change, And down upon his knees to pray. 264 Southern Literature. VII. Break up that hoe-cake, boys, and hand The sly and silent jug that's there ; I love not it should idly stand, When Marion's men have need of cheer. 'Tis seldom that our luck affords A stuff like this we just have quaffed, And dry potatoes on our boards May always call for such a draught. VIII. Now pile the brush and roll the log; Hard pillow, but a soldier's head That's half the time in brake and bog Must never think of softer bed. The owl is hooting to the night, The cooter crawling o'er the bank, And in that pond the flashing light Tells where the alligator sank. IX. What ! 'tis the signal ! start so soon. And through the Santee swamp so deep, Without the aid of friendly moon, And we, Heaven help us! half asleep! But courage, comrades ! Marion leads, The Swamp Fox takes us out to-night; So clear your swords, and spur your steeds, There's goodly chance, I think, of fight. X. We follow where the Swamp Fox guides, We leave the swamp and cypress tree, Our spurs are in our coursers' sides, And ready for the strife are we, — The Tory camp is now in sight, And there he cowers within his den, — He hears our shouts, he dreads the fight, He fears, and flies from Marion's men. i mi m ■ ■TV Ik'' .it ^ VfciMriB te ^vt se* Robert Edward Lee. 265 ROBERT EDWARD LEE. 1807P1870. Robert Edward Lee was born at Stratford, Westmore- land County, Virginia, descended from a long line of illus- trious ancestors. He was educated as a soldier at West Point, served with great distinction under General Scott in the Mexican War, and commanded the troops which sup- pressed the John Brown Raid in 1859. When his State seceded in 1861, he resigned his commission of Colonel in the United States Army, and returned to Virginia. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces, and later of the Confederate Army. His course during the war has elicited the praise and admiration of all mili- tary critics. After the war he quietly turned to the duties of a citizen. He became president of Washington College, which is now called in his honor Washington and Lee Uni- versity. He stands with Washington a model for young men, and many monuments in marble and bronze attest the love and devotion of the South to her great Chief. Edited his father's Memoirs of the Revo- Letters and Addresses, ution. General Lee was a soldier and a man who acted rather than spoke or wrote. When, however, it was his duty to speak or write, he did it, as he did everything else, excel- lently, striving to express in simplest language the right and proper thing rather than draw attention and admiration to himself by any effort at grace or beauty of style. Its simplicity reminds us of Washington. 266 Southern Literature. His life has been written by John Esten Cooke, John Wil- liam Jones, J. D. McCabe, Jr., and Fitz Hugh Lee, his nephew. TO HIS SON. Duty is the sublimest word in the English language. AT THE SURRENDER. Human virtue should be equal to human calamity. GENERAL LEE's LAST ORDER. {Appomattox Court-House, April 10, 1865.) After four years of arduous service, marked by unsur- passed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Vir- ginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources. I need not tell the survivors of so many hard-fought battles, who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented to this result from no distrust of them ; but, feeling that valor and devotion could accomplish noth- ing that would compensate for the loss that would have attended the continuation of the contest, I have determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen. By the terms of the agreement, officers and men can return to their homes, and remain there until exchanged. You will take with you the satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed; and I ear- nestly pray that a merciful God will extend to you his bless- ing and protection. With an unceasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to your country, and a grateful remembrance of your kind and generous consideration if myself, I bid you an affectionate farewell. 268 Southern Literature. letter accepting the presidency of washington college. Powhatan County, August ££, 1865. Gentlemen : — I have delayed for some days replying to your letter of the 5th instant informing me of my election, by the board of Trustees, to the Presidency of Washington College, from a desire to give the subject due consideration. Fully impressed with the responsibilities of the office, I have feared that I should be unable to discharge its duties to the satisfaction of the Trustees, or to the benefit of the country. The proper education of youth requires not only great abil- ity, but, I fear, more strength than I now possess ; for I do not feel able to undergo the labor of conducting classes in regular courses of instruction. I could not, therefore, under- take more than the general administration and supervision of the institution. There is another subject which has caused me serious re- flection, and is, I think, worthy of the consideration of the Board. Being excluded from the terms of amnesty in the proclamation of the United States of the 29th of May last, and an object of censure to a portion of the country, I have thought it probable that my occupation of the position of president might draw upon the college a feeling of hostility, and I should therefore cause injury to an institution which it would be my highest object to advance. I think it the duty of every citizen, in the present condi- tion of the country, to do all in his power to aid in the re- storation of peace and harmony, and in no way to oppose the policy of the State or general Government directed to that object. It is particularly incumbent on those charged with the instruction of the young to set them an example of submission to authority, and I could not consent to be the Jefferson Davis. 269 cause of animadversion upon the college. Should you, however, take a different view, and think that my services, in the position tendered me by the Board, will be advan- tageous to the college and the country, I will yield to your judgment and accept it ; otherwise I must most respectfully decline the offer. Begging you to express to the Trustees of the college my heartfelt gratitude for the honor conferred upon me, and re- questing you to accept my cordial thanks for the kind man- ner in which you have communicated its decision, I am, gentlemen, your most obedient servant, R. E. Lee. JEFFERSON DAVIS. 1808— 1889. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States, was born in Todd County, Kentucky, but his father re- moved to Mississippi soon afterwards, and he was reared and partly educated in that state. Later he attended Transylvania University in Kentucky, and in 1824 entered West Point. He was graduated in 1828 and served seven years in the army, being stationed in Missouri and Min- nesota. On account of ill-health he resigned in 1835 and travelled, and then settled on his Mississippi plantation, " Brierfield." He was elected to Congress in 1845 ; served in the Mexi- can War with great distinction and was injured in eye and limb at the battle of Buena Vista. He was Secretary of War in President Pierce's cabinet, and was a Senator when Mississippi seceded from the Union. He made his farewell to the Senate in January, 1861, and returned home where he was at once appointed commander 270 Southern Literature. of the State troops. But he had been elected president of the new Confederacy by the Convention at Montgomery, and he was inaugurated, February 18, 1861. On the change of the capital from Montgomery to Richmond, he removed to the latter city and remained there until the war was ended. He was imprisoned for two years at Fort Monroe, to be tried as a traitor to the United States. Being finally re- leased on bail, he went for his health to England and Canada ; and then he resided in Memphis and at " Beauvoir," Mississippi, which latter place was his home when he died. This home, " Beauvoir," he had arranged to purchase from Mrs. Dorsey, who was a kind and devoted friend to his family and had assisted him in his writing; but on her death in 1879, it was found that she had left a will be- queathing it to him and to his daughter Varina Anne. He, like Lee, had always declined the many offers of homes and incomes made by their devoted and admiring friends. On him, as President of the Confederacy, seems to have fallen in some sense the whole odium of the failure of that cause ; and this passage from Winnie Davis' " An Irish Knight " has a touching application to his case : " Thus died Ireland's true knight, sinking into the grave clothed in all the bright promise of his youth; never to put on the sad livery of age ; never to feel the hopelessness of those who live to see the principles for which they suffered tram- pled and forgotten by the onward march of new interests and new men. Perhaps Freedom like some deity of ancient Greece, loved him too well to let the slurs and contumely of outrageous fortune dim the bright lustre of his virgin fame." He is enshrined in the hearts of thousands. His daughter, Varina Anne, or Winnie, " the Child of the Confederacy," as she is lovingly called, is a writer of Jefferson Davis. 271 some ability. She was educated in Europe, and has written " An Irish Knight" [story of Robert Emmet], and articles for magazines. Mrs. Jefferson Davis' Life of Mr. Davis is a work of rare excellence and interest. See also Davis Memorial Volume, by J. Wm. Jones. Rise and Fall of the Confederacy. Autobiography, [unfinished; it is included in Mrs. Davis' book.] Mr. Davis' writings have a force and dignity of style that accord well with his character. " His orations and addresses are marked by classical purity, chaste elegance of expression, a certain nobleness of diction, and a just proportion of sen- tence to idea." — John P. McGuire. TRIP TO KENTUCKY AT SEVEN YEARS OF AGE, AND VISIT TO GENERAL JACKSON. {From Autobiography in Mrs. Davis' Life of Davis .*) My first tuition was in the usual log-cabin school-house ; though in the summer when I was seven years old, I was sent on horseback through what was then called " The Wil- derness " — by the country of the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations — to Kentucky, and was placed in a Catholic insti- tution then known as St. Thomas, in Washington county, near the town of Springfield. When we reached Nashville we went to the Hermitage. Major Hinds wished to visit his friend and companion-in-arms, General Jackson. The whole party was so kindly received that we remained there for several weeks. During that period I had the opportunity a boy has to observe a great man — a stand-point of no small advantage — and I have always remembered with warm •By Permission of Mrs. Davis. 272 Southern Literature. affection the kind and tender wife who then presided over his house. General Jackson's house at that time was a roomy log- house. In front of it was a grove of fine forest trees, and behind it were his cotton and grain fields. I have never forgotten the unaffected and well-bred courtesy which caused him to be remarked by court-trained diplomats, when President of the United States, by reason of his very impressive bearing and manner. Notwithstanding the many reports that have been made of his profanity, I remember that he always said grace at his table, and I never heard him utter an oath. In the same connection,- although he encouraged his adopted son, A. Jackson, Jr., Howell Hinds, and myself in all contests of activity, pony-riding included, he would not allow us to wrestle; for, he said, to allow hands to be put on one another might lead to a fight. He was always very gentle and considerate. Our stay with General Jackson was enlivened by the visits of his neighbors, and we left the Hermitage with great regret and pursued our journey. In me he inspired reverence and affection that has remained with me through my whole life. LIFE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Those who have intimately known the official and per- sonal life of our Presidents cannot fail to remember how few have left the office as happy men as when they entered it, how darkly the shadows gathered around the setting sun, and how eagerly the multitude would turn to gaze upon another orb just rising to take its place in the political firma- ment. 274 Southern Literature. Worn by incessant fatigue, broken in fortune, debarred by public opinion, prejudice, or tradition, from future employ- ment, the wisest and best who have filled that office have re- tired to private life, to remember rather the failure of their hopes than the success of their efforts. He must, indeed, be a self-confident man who could hope to fill the chair of Washington with satisfaction to himself, with assurance of receiving on his retirement the meed awarded by the people to that great man, that he had '' done enough for life and for glory," or even feeling that the sacrifice of self had been compensated by the service rendered to his country. FAREWELL TO THE SENATE, l86l, ON THE OCCASION OF THE SECESSION OF MISSISSIPPI FROM THE UNION. I rise, Mr. President, for the purpose of announcing to the Senate that I have satisfactory evidence that the state oi Mississippi, by a solemn ordinance of her people, in con- vention assembled, has declared her separation from the United States. Under these circumstances, of course, my functions are terminated here. It has seemed to me proper, however, that I should appear in the Senate to announce that fact to my associates, and I will say but very little more. The occasion does not invite me to go into argu- ment, and my physical condition would not permit me to do so, if it were otherwise ; and yet it seems to become me to say something on the part of the State I here represent on an occasion so solemn as this. It is known to Senators who have served with me here that I have for many years advocated, as an essential attri- bute of State sovereignty, the right of a State to secede from the Union. Therefore, if I had not believed there was justi- fiable cause, if I had thought that Mississippi was acting without sufficient provocation, or without an existing neces- Jefferson Davis. 275 sity, I should still, under my theory of the government, be- cause of my allegiance to the State of which I am a citizen, have been bound by her action. I, however, may be per- mitted to say that I do think she has justifiable cause, and I approve of her act. I conferred with her people before that act was taken, counselled them then that, if the state of things which they apprehended should exist when their convention met, they should take the action which they have now adopted. I hope none who hear me will confound this expression of mine with the advocacy of the right of a State to remain in the Union, and to disregard its constitutional obligations by the nullification of the law. Such is not my theory. Nullification and Secession, so often confounded, are, indeed, antagonistic principles. Nullification is a remedy which it is sought to apply within the Union, and against the agent of the States. It is only to be justified when the agent has violated his constitutional obligations, and a State, assum- ing to judge for itself, denies the right of the agent thus to act, and appeals to the other States of the Union for a decision ; but when the States themselves, and the people of the States have so acted as to convince us that they will not re- gard our constitutional rights, then, and then for the first time, arises the doctrine of secession in its practical application. A great man, who now reposes with his fathers, and who has often been arraigned for a want of fealty to the Union, advocated the doctrine of nullification because it preserved the Union. It was because of his deep-seated attachment to the Union — his determination to find some remedy for existing ills short of a severance of the ties which bound South Carolina to the other States — : that Mr. Calhoun advo- cated the doctrine of nullification, which he proclaimed to be peaceful, to be within the limits of State power, not to 276 Southern Literature. disturb the Union, but only to be the means of bringing the agent before the tribunal of the States for their judgment. Secession belong? to a different class of remedies. It is to be justified upon the basis that the States are sovereign. There was a time when none denied it. I hope the time may come again when a better comprehension of the theory of our Government, and the inalienable rights of the peo- ple of the States, will prevent any one from denying that each State is a sovereign, and thus may reclaim the grants which it has made to any agent whomsoever. In the course of my service here, associated at different times with a great variety of Senators, I see now around me some with whom I have served long ; there have been points of collision, but, \vhate\er of offence there has been to me, I leave here. I carry with me no hostile remem- brance. Whatever offence I have given which has not been redressed, or for which satisfaction has not been de- manded, I have, Senators, in this hour of our parting, to offer you my apology for any pain which, in the heat of the discussion, I have inflicted. I go hence unencumbered by the remembrance of any injury received, and having dis- charged the duty of making the only reparation in my power for any injur)' offered. Mr. President and Senators, having made the announce- ment which the occasion seemed to me to require, it only remains for me to bid you a final adieu. EDGAR ALLAN POE. 1809-1849. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston while his parents were filling a theatrical engagement there. His father's family was of Baltimore, his grandfather being Gen. David Edgar Allan Poe. 27? Poe of the Revolutionary War, and his father, also named David Poe, having been born and reared in that city. His mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Arnold, was an English actress of fascinating beauty and manners. Left an orphan in 181 1, Edgar was adopted by Mr. John Allan, a wealthy merchant of Richmond, and was educated at private schools and the University of Virginia, and in 1830 he entered West Point. But he got himself dismissed the next year and devoted himself thereafter to a literary life. Mr. Allan declining to aid him further, he had a wretched struggle for existence. He seems to have gone to Baltimore and made acquaint- ance with some of his relatives ; and there he won a prize of $100 by a story, "MS. Found in a Bottle," and was kindly helped by John Pendleton Kennedy. He became editor of the " Southern Literary Messenger," in Richmond, and was afterward engaged on various other magazines, writing stories, poems, book-reviews, and paragraphs, in untiring abundance. He married his cousin, Virginia Clemm, in 1836, and their life together was in itself ideally happy, like the life in the Valley of the Many-Coloured Grass ; and Mrs. Clemin, his aunt and mother-in-law, was the good genius who watched over " her two strange children " with an un- wearying devotion, deserving the tribute of the love and gratitude embalmed in his sonnet called " Mother." His engagement with any one magazine rarely lasted long, and there is much diversity of opinion as to the cause; some ascribing it to Poe's dissipated, irregular habits and irritable temper, others to the meagre support of the maga- zines, still others to Poe's restless disposition and desire to establish a periodical of his own. His uncontrolled and high-strung nature, so sensitive that a single glass of wine 278 Southern Literature. or swallow of opium caused temporary insanity, the uncer- tainty of his means of subsistence, his wife's frail health and her death in 1847, were causes sufficient to render un- steady even a more solid character than Poe seems to have possessed. His writings produced a great sensation. When " The Raven " was published in 1845, a friend said of its effect in New York, " Everybody has been raven-mad about his last poem." Mrs. Browning wrote that an acquaintance of hers who had a bust of Pallas could not bear to look at it. His fame is as great, or perhaps greater in Europe than in Amer- ica, especially in France ; and his works have been trans- lated into French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Russian. He died in Baltimore from causes never certainly known, his last almost unconscious days being spent in a hospital ; his dying words were, " Lord, help my poor soul." He is buried in Westminster churchyard, and in 1875 a monument was erected over his grave by the teachers of Baltimore, generously aided by Mr. G. W. Childs of Philadelphia. A memorial to him has been placed in the Metropolitan Museum, New York, by the actors of the United States. No poet has been the subject of more conflicting opinions as to his life, habits, character, and genius, than Poe. The best lives of him are those by John H. Ingram, an English- man, and George E. Woodberry in the American Men of Letters Series. WORKS. Poems. Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym. Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. Raven and other Poems. Literati of New York. Eureka, * Prose Poem. Conchologist's First Book (condensed from Gold Bug, Balloon Hoax, &c. Wyatt). All his best known stories are highly artistic in finish, powerful in theme, and often of such a nature as to make Edgar Allan Poe. 279 one shudder and avoid them. " Israfel '' is considered one of his most beautiful poems, and if his self- consciousness could have allowed him to omit the last stanza, it would have been without a flaw. TO HELEN. Helen, thy beauty is to me Like those Nicean barks of yore, That, gently, o'er a perfumed sea, The weary, way-worn wanderer bore To his own native shore. On desperate seas long wont to roam, Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face, Thy Naiad airs have brought me home To the glory that was Greece And the grandeur that was Rome. Lo ! in yon brilliant window-niche How satue-like I see thee stand! The agate lamp within thy hand, Ah ! Psyche, from the regions which Are Holy Land ! ISRAFEL. And the angel Israfel, -whose heart-strings are a lute, and -who has the sweetest voice of all God's creatures. — Koran. In Heaven a spirit doth dwell " Whose heart-strings are a lute ; " None sing so wildly well As the angel Israfel, And the giddy stars (so legends tell) Ceasing their hymns, attend the spell Of his voice, all mute. Tottering above In her highest noon, The enamored moon Blushes with love, 280 Southern Literature. While, to listen, the red levin (With the rapid Pleiades, even, Which were seven) Pauses in Heaven. And they say (the starry choir And the other listening things) That Israfeli's fire Is owing to that lyre By which he sits and sings — The trembling living wire Of those unusual strings. But the skies that angel trod, Where deep thoughts are a duty — Where Love's a grown-up God — Where the Houri glances are Imbued with all the beauty Which we worship in a star. Therefore, thou art not wrong, Israfeli, who despisest An unimpassioned song ; To thee the laurels belong, Best bard, because the wisest I Merrily live, and long! The ecstasies above With thy burning measures suit — Thy grief, thy joy, thy hate, thy love, With the fervor of thy lute — Well may the stars be mute ! Yes, heaven is thine; but this Is a world of sweets and sours ; Our flowers are merely — flowers, And the shadow of thy perfect bliss Is the sunshine of ours. If I could dwell Where Israfel Hath dwelt, and he where I, Edgar Allan- Poe. 281 He might not sing so wildly well A mortal melody, While a bolder note than this might swell" From my lyre within the sky. HAPPINESS. The four elementary conditions of happiness are, life in the open air, the love of a woman, forgetfulnass of all am- bition, and the creation of a new ideal of beauty. — From Domain of Arnheim. THE RAVEN. Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. "'Tis some visitor," I muttered, " tapping at my chamber door — Only this, and nothing more." Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; — vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow — sorrow for the lost Lenore — For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore — Nameless here for evermore. And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me — filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before ; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating "'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door — Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door ; — This it is, and nothing more." Presently my soul grew stronger ; hesitating then no longer, " Sir," said I, " or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore ; But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping, And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door, That I scarce was sure I heard you" — here I opened wide the door; Darkness there, and nothing more. 282 Southern Literature. Deep into that datkness peering, long I stopd there, wondering, fearing. Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before ; But the silence was unbroken, and the darkness gave no token, And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, " Lenore !" This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, " Lenore ! " Merely this, and nothing more. Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, Soon again I beard a tapping somewhat louder than before. " Surely," said I, " surely that is something at my window lattice ; Let me see, then- what thereat is, and this mystery explore — Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore ; — 'Tis the wind and nothing more! " Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter, In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore ; Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he; But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door — Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door — Perched, and sat, and nothing more. Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore, "Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, "art sure no craven, Ghastly grim and ancient raven wandering from the Nightly shore, Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore ! " Quoth the raven, " Nevermore." Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly, Though its answer little meaning — little relevancy bore; For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door — Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door, With such name as " Nevermore." But the Raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour. Nothing further then he uttered — not a feather then he fluttered — Till I scarcely more than muttered, "Other friends have flown before. On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before." Then the bird said, " Nevermore." Edgar Allan Poe. 283 Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken, " Doubtless," said I, " what it utters is its only stock and store Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore Of ' Never — -nevermore.' " But the raven still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling, Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird and bust and door ; Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore — What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore Meant in croaking " Nevermore." This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into myhosom's core; This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamplight gloated o'er, But whose velvet violet lining with the lamplight gloating o'er, S/ie shall press, ah, nevermore ! Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor. " Wretch," I cried, "thy God hath lent thee — by these angels he hath sent thee Respite — respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore ! Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore ! " Quoth the raven, " Nevermore." " Prophet ! " said I, •' thing of evil ! — prophet still, if bird or devil !— Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore, Desolate, yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted — On this home by Horror haunted — tell me truly, I implore — Is there — is there balm in Gilead? — tell me — tell me, I implore ! " Quoth the raven, " Nevermore." "Prophet! " said I, " thing of evil ! — prophet still, if bird or devil ! By that Heaven that bends above us, by that God we both adore, Tell this soul with sorrow laden, if, within the distant Aidenn, It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore — Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore." Quoth the raven, " Nevermore.'' 284 Southern Literature. " Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend ! " I shrieked, up- starting — " Get the back into the tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore ! Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken ! Leave my loneliness unbroken ! — quit the bust above my door ! Take thv beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door! " Quoth the raven, " Nevermore." And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming, And the lamplight o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor ; And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor Shall be lifted — nevermore! ROBERT TOOMBS. 1810-1885. Robert Toombs was born at Washington, Georgia, and studied at the University of Georgia, then under the presi- dency of the famous Dr. Moses Waddell ; he afterwards at- tended Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., and studied law at the University of Virginia. He settled in his native town for legal practice and was so successful as to amass a fortune within a few years. He served in the State Legislature and in 1845 was elected to Congress. In 1861, being a member of the United States Senate, he took leave of it in order to join his State in secession. He was appointed to the Confed- erate Cabinet, but soon resigned and became a general in the field. After the war he was ordered to be captured and held for trial as a traitor with Jefferson Davis and Alexander H. Stephens; but he was never taken. He escaped, after much difficulty and many adventures, and went to Cuba and to Robert Toombs. [285] 286 Southern Literature. France : but he returned in 1867 to Georgia and resumed the practice of law. He was notoriously the Big Rebel, even after the war, and refused to take the oath of allegiance : when asked by a Northern friend why he had never sued for pardon, he said, ''Pardon for what? I have not pardoned you all yet." Later in life he said that he regretted not having re-instated him- self in citizenship and taken part in public affairs. See his Life, by P. A. Stovall, and by C. C. Jones, Jr. Speeches. Mr. Toombs' speeches in Congress are said to have been fiery, powerful, and dogmatic. As a lawyer, Chief-Justice Jackson thus characterizes his style : " Concentrated fire was always his policy. A single sentence would win his case. A big thought, compressed into small compass, was fatal to his foe. It is the clear insight of a great mind only that shapes out truth in words few and simple. Brevity is power, wherever thought is strong." " There is a regular mythology about Toombs at his State University. The things he said would fill a volume of Syd- ney Smith, while the pranks he played would rival the record of Robin Hood." — Stovall's Life of Toombs. FAREWELL TO THE SENATE. l86l. (From Stovall's Life of Toombs *\ Senators, my countrymen have demanded no new gov- ernment. They have demanded no new constitution. The discontented States have demanded nothing but clear, distinct, constitutional rights, rights older than the Con- stitution. What do these rebels demand? First, that the * By permission of the Cassell Publishing Company. N. Y. Robert Toombs. 287 people of the United States shall have an equal right to emigrate and settle in the Territories with whatever property (including slaves) they possess. Second, that property in slaves shall be entitled to the same protection from the government as any other property (leaving the State the right to prohibit, protect, or abolish slavery within its limits). Third, that persons committing crimes against slave property in one State and flying to another shall be given up. Fourth, that fugitive slaves shall be surrendered. Fifth, that Congress shall pass laws for the punishment of all persons who shall aid and abet invasion and insurrection in any other State. ..... You will not regard confederate obligations ; you will not regard constitutional obligations ; you will not regard your oaths. What, then, am I to do ? Am I a freeman ? Is my State a free State ? We are freemen ; we have rights ; I have stated them. We have wrongs ; I have recounted them. I have demonstrated that the party now coming into power has declared us outlaws, and is determined to exclude thousands of millions of our property from the com- mon territory ; that it has declared us under the ban of the Union, and out of the protection of the laws of the United States everywhere'. They have refused to protect us from in- vasion and insurrection by the Federal power, and the Con- stitution denies to us, in the Union, the right to raise fleets and armies for our own defence. All these charges I have proven by the record ; and I put them before the civilized world and demand the judgment of to-day, of to-morrow, of distant ages, and of Heaven itself, upon the justice of these causes. I am content, whatever it be, to peril all in so holy a cause. We have appealed, time and again, for these constitu- tional rights. You have refused them. We appeal again. Restore us those rights as we had them ; as your Court ad- 288 Southern Literature. judges them to be ; just as our people have said they are. Redress these flagrant wrongs — seen of all men — and it will restore fraternity, and unity, and peace to us all. Refuse them, and what then ? We shall then ask you, " Let us depart in peace."* Refuse that, and you present us war. We accept it, and, inscribing upon our banners the glorious words. " Liberty and Equality," we will trust to the blood of the brave and the God of battles for security and tranquility. OCTAVIA WALTON LE VERT. 1810=1877. Madame Le Vert, as she is usually styled, was born at Bellevue near Augusta, Georgia, and was reared in Pensa- cola, Florida. She was a granddaughter of George Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and daughter of George Walton, governor of Florida. She learned lan- guages easily and conversed well in French, Spanish, and Italian. LaFayette said of her : "A truly wonderful child ! She has been conversing with intelligence and tact in the purest French. I predict for her a brilliant career." She gave the name to the capital of Florida, Tallahassee, a Seminole word meaning " beautiful land." She spent several seasons in Washington ; and she wrote such excellent accounts of the speeches in Congress, that Calhoun, Webster, and Clay frequently asked her to read to them their own speeches from her portfolio. In 1836 she was married to Dr. Henry S. Le Vert of Mo- bile and removed to that city. She travelled in Europe in 1853 and 1855, and her delightful journal and letters home were afterwards arranged and published as "' Souvenirs of *A11 we ask is to be let alone. — Jefferson Davis. Octavia Walton Le Vert. 289 Travel." Their spirit and style make them charming yet, and they are valuable as pictures of the times. Her memory is still fragrant as a most gracious and lovely woman, a brilliant conversationalist, and a queen of society. It is said of her that her tongue never wounded and that she never had an enemy. WORKS. Souvenirs of Travel. Souvenirs of Distinguished People, [un- Souvenirs of the War, [unpublished]. published]. TO CADIZ FROM HAVANNA, 1855. {From Souvenirs of Travel. ) " O lovely Spain ! renowned, romantic land ! " Our last day on board, the good Dominga (our waiting- woman) awakened us long before the dawn, saying, "Come, Seiiora, go with me on deck and see the day arise," We did so and were charmed with the beautiful scene. At first the sky was " deeply, darkly blue," and the stars were gleaming with a brightness never seen in more northern re- gions. Slowly a gauzy veil seemed wafting over them, and along the east sprang up, as it were, banners of purple and rose-color, and the intense azure of the heavens melted into a soft gray hue. Soon streaks of golden light flashed through it, and the glorious sun came forth, converting the mirror- like ocean into a sea of radiance, burnished and glittering like myriads of gems. And this was morning upon the Atlantic ! At mid-day there was a cry of tierra! tierra! (land! land !) which sent a thrill of joy to many hearts. We had seen none, except the island of Santa Maria (one of the Azores, near which we passed), since we left the Antilles. We ran on deck, and in a few moments " Fair £adiz, rising from the dark blue sea," 290 Southern Literature. was revealed to our longing eyes. Like a great white dove, with out-spread wings, resting upon the calm waters, ap- peared the distant city. Ah ! long shall I remember the delight of that first look upon lovely Cadiz ! The day was exquisite ; the air fresh and balmy, and the sea like a smooth inland lake. Gentle spirits seemed hovering around to wel- come us, while a warm glowing pleasure filled our hearts. Nearer and nearer we approached, domes, spires, and tur- rets gradually rising to view, until the entire outline of the city, with its snow-white houses and green alamedas, was before us. ..... . Cadiz is a very ancient city. It was founded by the Phoe- nicians, hundreds of years before the building of Rome. Upon the coat-of-arms of the city is the figure of Hercules, by whom the inhabitants say it was built. Then came the dominion of the Moors, and afterwards the Spaniards. When America was discovered, a golden prosperity beamed upon Cadiz, which was lost as soon as the Spanish Posses- sions in the New World proclaimed themselves free. It is strictly a commercial place, and has now only a population of sixty thousand. The city is upon a rocky point of land, joined to the peninsula by a narrow isthmus. The sea sur- rounds it on three sides, beating against the walls, and often throwing the spray over the ramparts. On the fourth side it is protected by a strong wall and bridges over the wide ditch. At night, they are drawn up, thus isolating the town completely. ..... Leaving the bay, we plunged into the long rolling billows of the Atlantic, and bade "Adieu ! fair Cadiz, a long adieu ! " then turning the cape, upon which was once the Phoenician light-house called " the Rock of the Sun," we came to St., Louisa Susannah M'Cord. 291 Lucar. There Magellan fitted out the fleet which first cir- cumnavigated the globe. . . . We passed the mouth of the Rio Tinto, upon which stands the convent [La Rabida], where Columbus, an outcast and wan- derer, received charity from the kind prior, who interceded with Isabella and thus forwarded the plans of the great dis- coverer. LOUISA SUSANNAH M'CORD. 1810=1880. Mrs. M'Cord, daughter of the distinguished statesman, Langdon Cheves [pron'd Cheeves, in onesyllable], was born at Columbia, South Carolina. She was educated in Phila- delphia ; and in 1840 she was married to David James M'Cord, a prominent lawyer of Columbia, at one time law- partner of Wm. C. Preston. They spent much of their time at their plantation, " Langsyne," near Fort Motte on the Congaree. She was a woman of strong character and of command- ing intellect as her writings show. Speaking of her home life, a contemporary says, "Mrs. M'Cord herself illustrates her views of female life by her own daily example. She conducts the hospital on her own large plantation, attends to the personal wants of the negroes, and on one occasion perfectly set a fracture of a broken arm. Thoroughly ac- complished in the modern languages of Europe, she employs her leisure in the education of her children." See under Wm. C. Preston. 292 Southern Literature. works. Caius Gracchus : a Tragedy. My Dreams, [poems], " Sophisms of the Protective Policy," from Articles in Magazines, the French. woman's DUTY. {From Enfranchisement of Woman, in "Southern Quarterly Review" April, r8f2.) In every error there is its shadow of truth. Error is but truth turned awry, or looked at through a wrong medium. As the straightest rod will, in appearance, curve when one half of it it is placed under water, so God's truths, leaning down to earth, are often distorted to our view. Woman's condition certainly admits of improvement, (but when have the strong forgotten to oppress the weak?) Here, as in all other improvements, the good must be brought about by working with, not against — by seconding, not op- posing — Nature's laws. Woman, seeking as a woman, may raise her position, — seeking as a man, we repeat, she but de- grades it. ..... . Each can labour, each can strive, lovingly and earnestly, in her own sphere. " Life is real ! Life is earnest ! " Not less for her than for man. She has no right to bury her talent beneath silks or ribands, frippery or flowers; nor yet has she the right, because she fancies not her task, to grasp at another's, which is, or which she imagines is, easier. This is baby play. " Life is real ! Life is earnest ! " Let woman so read it — let woman so learn it — and she has no need to make her influence felt by a stump speech, or a vote at the polls ; she has no need for the exercise of her intellect (and woman, we grant, may have a great, a longing, a hungering intellect, equal to man's) to be gratified with a seat in Con- gress, or a scuffle for the ambiguous honour of the Presidency. Even at her own fire-side, may she find duties enough, cares enough, troubles enough, thought enough, wisdom enough, to fit a martyr for the stake, a philosopher for life, or a saint for heaven, Louisa Susannah M'Coro. 293 There are, there have been, and there will be, in every a g e > great hero-souls in woman's form, as well as man's. It imports little whether history notes them. The hero-soul aims at its certain duty, heroically meeting it, whether glory or shame, worship or contumely, follow its accomplishment. Laud and merit is due to such performance. Fulfill thy des- tiny ; oppose it not. Herein lies thy track. Keep it. Na- ture's sign-posts are within thee, and it were well for thee to learn to read them. .... Many women — even, we grant, the majority of women — throw themselves away upon follies. So, however, do men ; and this, perhaps, as a necessary consequence, for woman is the mother of the man. Woman has allowed herself to be, alternately, made the toy and the slave of man ; but this rather through her folly than her nature. Not wholly her folly, either. Her folly and man's folly have made the vices and the punishment of both. Woman has certainly not her true place, and this place she as certainly should seek to gain. We have said that every error has its shadow of truth, and, so far, the [Woman's Rights] conventionists are right. But, alas ! how wide astray are they groping from their goal ! Woman has not her true place, because she — because man — has not yet learned the full extent and importance of her mission. These in- novators would seek to restore, by driving her entirely from that mission ; as though some unlucky pedestrian, shoved from the security of the side-walk, should in his consterna- tion seek to remedy matters, by rushing into the thickest thoroughfare of hoofs and wheels. Woman will reach the greatest height-of which she is capable — the greatest, perhaps, of which humanity is capable — not by becoming man, but by becoming, more than ever, woman. By perfecting her- self, she perfects mankind. 294 Southern Literature. JOSEPH G. BALDWIN, ca. 1811 = 1864. Joseph G. Baldwin was born in Virginia but early re- moved to Sumter County, Alabama, and was a jurist and writer of much influence and popularity in that State. He removed later to California, where in 1857 he became judge of the Supreme Court and in 1863 Chief-Justice of the State. His writings are mainly clever and humorous sketches of the bar and of the communities in which he practised. He said the " flush times " of Alabama did not compare in any degree with those of California which he described in an article to the " Southern Literary Messenger." His " Party Leaders " are able papers on Jefferson, Hamilton, Jack- son, Clay, and John Randolph. WORKS. Flush Times in Alabama and Mississippi. Humorous Legal Sketches. Party Leaders. VIRGINIANS IN A NEW COUNTRY. {From Flush Time! in Alabama- and Mississippi, published in "Southern Literary Messenger") The disposition to be proud and vain of one's country, and to boast of it, is a natural feeling ; but, with a Virginian, it is a passion. It inheres in him even as the flavor of aYork river oyster in that bivalve, and no distance of deportation, and no trimmings of a gracious prosperity, and no pickling in the sharp acids of adversity, can destroy it. It is a part of the Virginia character — just as the flavor is a distinctive part of the oyster — " which cannot, save by annihilating, die." It is no use talking about it — the thing maybe right, or wrong ; — like FalstafF 's victims at Gadshill, it is past praying for : it is a sort of cocoa grass that has got into the Joseph G. Baldwn. 295 soil, and has so matted over it, and so Jibred through it, as to have become a part of it ; at least there is no telling which is the grass and which the soil ; and certainly it is useless labor to try to root it out. You may destroy the soil, but you can't root out the grass. Patriotism with the Virginian is a noun personal. It is the Virginian himself and something over. He loves Vir- ginia per se and propter se.- he loves her for herself and for himself — because she is Virginia, and — everything else be- side. He loves to talk about her • out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. It makes no odds where he goes, he carries Virginia with him ; not in the entirety al- ways — but the little spot he comes from is Virginia — as Swedenborg says the smallest part of the brain is an abridg- ment of all of it. " Ccelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt" was made for a Virginian. He never gets acclimated elsewhere ; he never loses citizenship to the old Home. The right of expatriation is a pure abstraction to him. He may breathe in Alabama, but he lives in Virginia. His treasure is there and his heart also. If he looks at the Delta of the Mississippi, it reminds him of James River " low grounds ; " if he sees the vast prairies of Texas, it is a memorial of the meadows of the Valley. Richmond is the centre of attraction, the depot of all that is grand, great, good, and glorious. "It is the Kentucky of a place," which the preacher described Heaven to be to the Kentucky con- gregation. Those who came many years ago from the borough towns, especially from the vicinity of Williamsburg, exceed, in at- tachment to their birthplace, if possible, the emigres from the metropolis. It is refreshing in these coster- monger times, to hear them speak of it ; — they remember it when the old burg was the seat of fashion, taste, refinement, hos- §96 Southern Literature. pitality, wealth, wit, and all social graces : when genius threw its spell over the public assemblages and illumined the halls of justice, and when beauty brightened the social hour with her unmatched and matchless brilliancy. ALEXANDER HAMILTON STEPHENS. 1812-1883. Alexander Hamilton Stephens was born near Craw- fordville, Georgia, and received an early and excellent edu- cation in his father's private school and at the University of Georgia. The cost of his tuition here was advanced by some friends, and he repaid it as soon as he began to earn money. He taught for a year in the family of Dr. Le Conte, father of the distinguished scientists, John and Joseph Le Conte, now of the University of California. He pursued his law studies alone and passed an unusually brilliant examination. He was elected to the State Legis- lature in 1836, and to Congress in 1S43, where he served un- til 1858. He then retired to country life at his home, "Lib- erty Hall." But in 1861 he was elected Vice-President of the Confederate States. After the war he was made pris- oner and confined for some months at Fort Warren near Boston. He spent several years in literary work and estab- lished a newspaper at Atlanta, called the " Sun." 1 He was of small stature and delicate health, and met with one or two severe accidents. His career is a wonder- ful illustration of the power of the mind over the body. An amusing incident is told of him in regard to his size. He was attending a political convention in Charleston as one of the chief delegates ; and one evening, with several other prominent men, he was on the porch of the hotel lying on a Alexander Hamilton Stephens. 297 bench, talking with his companions who were standing about him. The hotel-keeper coming out saw the gentle- men standing, and bustling up, said, " Get up, my son, and let these gentlemen be seated." Mr. Stephens at once arose and his friends burst out laughing ; they explained the sit- uation to the hotel-keeper who was profuse in his apolo- gies. An instance of his remarkable bravery is the affair with Judge Cone. This gentleman considered himself insulted by a remark of Mr. Stephens and demanded a retraction. After accepting an explanation, he still insisted on a retraction, and Mr. Stephens refused to make it. Judge Cone, a tall and powerful man, then drew a knife on him and holding him down on the floor, cried out, " Retract, or I'll cut you to pieces." " Never! " answered Stephens, "cut! " and caught the descending knife in his right hand. Friends in- terposed ; Judge Cone apologized, and they afterwards be- came reconciled. Mr. Stephens was elected to the United States Senate, 1874 and 1876 : he was governor of Georgia when he died. See his Life by R. M. Johnston and W. H. Browne. WORKS. War between the States. History of the United States. School History of the United States. Speeches. LAWS OF GOVERNMENT. (From History of the United Slates.*) The chief end of all States, or the " Esprit des Lois" as Montesquieu maintains, should be the security to each mem- ber of the community of all " those absolute rights which are vested in them by the immutable laws of nature." *By permission of the National Publishing Co., Philadelphia. 298 Southern Literature. Many writers maintain that the individuals upon entering into society, give up or surrender a portion of their natural rights. This seems to be a manifest error. No person has any natural right whatever to hurt or injure another. The object of society and government is to prevent and redress injuries of this sort ; for, in a state of nature, without a re- straining power of government, the strong would viciously impose upon the weak. Another erroneous dogma pretty generally taught is, that the object of governments should be to confer the greatest benefit upon the greatest number of its constituent members. The true doctrine is, the object should be to confer the great- est possible good upon every member, without any detri- ment or injury to a single one. SKETCH IN THE SENATE, FEB. 5, 1S5O. {From Johnston and Browne's Life of Stephens*) Millard Fillmore, occupying the conspicuous seat erected for the second officer of the Government. His countenance is open and. bland, his chest full. His eye is bright, blue, and intelligent ; his hair thick and slightly gray. His personal appearance is striking ; and no one can look at him without feeling conscious that he is a man far above the average. On his right, near the aisle leading to the front door, sits Cass with hands folded in his lap ; his sleepy-looking eyes occasionally glancing at the galleries, and then at the crowd pressing in below. Benton sits in his well-known place, leaning back in his chair, and giving all who desire it a full view of his person. One vacant seat is seen not far off" on the same side of the House. A vacant seat in such a crowd excites the attention of all. "Whose seat is that?" goes in whispers around. *By permission of authors, and publishers, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. 300 Southern Literature. " It's Calhoun's — not well enough to be out yet." — " Who is that sitting by Cass?" says one. — "That is Buchanan, — come all the way from home to hear Clay." — " What thin- visaged man is that standing over yonder and constantly moving?" — . . " That is Ritchie of the UnionT — " Who is that walking down the aisle with that uncouth coat and all that hair about his chin? Did you ever see such a swaggerer? He can't be a Senator." — "That is Sam Houston." — "But where is Webster? I don't see him." — " He is in the Supreme Court, where he has a case to argue to-day." — See Corwin, and Badger, and Berrien, and Dawson, all near Clay ; all of them quiet while Clay pursues his writing. On the opposite side, Butler, and Foote, and Clemens, and Douglas. After the carriage of the motion of Mr. Mangum to pro- ceed to the consideration of the order of the day, Mr. Clay folds his papers and puts them in his desk, and after the business is announced, rises gracefully and majestically. In- stantaneously there is general applause, which Mr. Clay seems not to notice. The noise within is heard without, and the great crowd raised such a shout that Mr. Clay had to pause until the officers went out and cleared all the entrances, and then he began. He spoke on that day two hours and fifteen min- utes. The speech was reported in the Globe word for word as he uttered it. I never saw such a report before. His voice was good, his enunciation clear and distinct, his action firm, his strength far surpassing my expectation. He had the riveted gaze of the multitude the whole time. When he concluded, an immense throng of friends, both men and ■women came up to congratulate and to kiss him. March Slst. — The Angel of Death has just passed by, and his shadow is seen lingering upon the startled counte- nances of all. A great man has just fallen, — Calhoun! His Alexander Beaufort Meek. 301 race is ended. His restless and fiery spirit sleeps in that deep and long repose which awaits all the living. He died this morning about seven o'clock. Peace to his ashes ! His name will long be remembered in the history of this coun- try. He has closed his career at a most eventful period of that history, and perhaps it is most fortunate for his fame that he died just at this time. TRUE COURAGE. {From a Speech, i8s5.) I am afraid of nothing on earth, or above the earth, or under the earth, but to do wrong. The path of duty I shall endeavor to travel, fearing no evil, and dreading no conse- quences. I would rather be defeated in a good cause than to triumph in a bad one. I would not give a fig for a man who would shrink from the discharge of duty for fear of defeat. ALEXANDER BEAUFORT MEEK. 1814=1865. Alexander Beaufort Meek was born at Columbia, South Carolina, was educated at the University of Alabama, and began life as a lawyer and editor in Tuscaloosa, then capital of Alabama. He was a lieutenant in the Seminole War. He was a judge, a member of the State Legislature and Speaker of the House,, and father of the public school system of the state. His later years were devoted to lite- rary pursuits and he stands high as an orator, poet, and his- torian. 302 Southern Literature. Red Eagle, [a poem]. Songs and Poems of the South. Romantic Passages in South-Westem Pilgrims of Mt. Vernon, [unfinished History. poem]. History of Alabama, [unfinished]. The story of the Indian Chief, Red Eagle, or Weather- ford, is one of the most interesting traditions of our coun- try. Judge Meek's writings teem with the romantic and marvellous incidents of the early history of Alabama, such as De Soto's march to the Mississippi, the Battle of Mau- ville and defeat of the great Indian King, Tuscaloosa, or Black Warrior, the Canoe-Fight of Dale, or Sam Thlucco, as the Indians called him ("Big Sam"), and the attack on Fort Mims. RED EAGLE, OR WEATHERFORD. {From Romantic Passages in Soutk-Western History.') The battle of Tohopeka put an end to the hopes of Weatherford. This village was situated on a peninsula, within the " horse-shoe bend " of the Tallapoosa. Here twelve hundred warriors . . . had fortified themselves for a desperate struggle, assured by their prophets that the Master of Breath would now interpose in their favor. Across the neck of land, three hundred and fifty yards wide, that leads into the peninsula, they had con- structed powerful breastworks of hewn logs, eight or ten feet high, and pierced with double rows of port-holes, from which they could fire with perfect security. The selection of this spot and the character of its defence did great credit to the military genius of Weatherford, — and his eloquence, more than usually persuasive and inspiriting, filled his de- voted followers with a courage strangely compounded of fanaticism and despair. At an early hour in the morning, General Coffee's com- mand having crossed the river and encircled the bend so as Alexander Beaufort Meek. 303 to cut off all escape, General Jackson opened his artillery upon the breastworks, and having but in part demolished them, ordered forward the thirty-ninth regiment to carry the place by storm. The yan was gallantly led by Col. Wil- liams, Col. Bunch, Lieut. -Col. Benton, and Maj. Montgom- ery. Amidst a most destructive fire, they pressed to the breastworks, and desperately struggled for the command of the port-holes. But Maj. Montgomery, impatient at the de- lay, cried out to his men to follow him, and leaped upon the wall in face of the deadliest fire. For an instant he waved his sword over his head in triumph, but the next fell lifeless to the ground, shot through the head by a rifle ball. A more gallant spirit never achieved a nobler death, and the name of the young Tennesseean is preserved as a proud designa- tion by one of the richest counties, as well as by one of the most flourishing cities, in the State whose soil was baptized by his blood ! The breastworks having been carried by storm, the In- dians fell back among the trees, brush, and timber of the peninsula, and kept up a spirited contest. But, in the mean- time, a portion of Coffee's command, and some of the friendly warriors under their distinguished chief, Mcintosh, had swum across the river, fired the village of Tohopeka, and carried off the canoes of the enemy. The followers of Weatherford now became desperate, and from the banks, hollows, and other fastnesses of the place, fought with fury, refusing all offers of quarter. The fight continued in severity for five hours ; and the going down of the sun was hailed by the survivors as furnishing them some chance of escape. But the hope was, in the main, deceptive. Not more than twenty warriors are believed to have escaped, under cover of the night. Among these, strange enough, was the chieftain [Weather- 304 Southern Literature. ford], whose appellation, " the Murderer of Fort Mitns," had formed the watch-word and war-cry of his enemies in this very engagement. Favored by the thick darkness, he floated down the river with his horse* until below the Ameri- can lines, and then reaching the shore, made his way in safety to the highlands south of the Tallapoosa. Weatherford could not consent to fly from the nation ; he felt that he owed it, as a duty to his people, not to abandon them until peace was restored. In this state of mind he was apprised that the American commander had set a price upon his head, and refused peace to the other chiefs, unless they should bring him either dead, or in confinement, to the American camp, now at Fort Jackson, near the junction of the rivers. His determination was at once taken in the same spirit of heroism that always marked his conduct. Accordingly, mounting his horse, he made his way across the country, and soon appeared at the lines of the encamp- ment. At his request, a sentinel conducted him to the presence of the commander-in-chief, who was seated in his marquee, in consultation with several of his principal officers. The stately and noble appearance of the warrior at once ex- cited the attention and surprise of the General, and he de- manded of the Chief his name and the purpose of bis visit. In calm and deliberate tones, the chieftain said : " I am Weatherford. I have come to ask peace for myself and for my people." The mild dignity with which these words were uttered, no less than their import, struck the American commander with surprise. [He hardly knew what to do ; but he allowed some parley and Weatherford made a speech, end- ing thus :] " General Jackson, you are a brave man : I am another. I do not fear to die. But I rely on your gene- rosity. You will exact no terms of a conquered and help- Philip Pendleton Cooke. 305 less people, but those to which they should accede. You have told us what we may do and be safe. Yours is a good talk and my nation ought to listen to it. They shall listen to it !" General Jackson acceded to the demands of Weatherford, and assured him of peace and safety for himself and people. PHILIP PENDLETON COOKE. 1816=1850. Philip Pendleton Cooke, the elder brother of the bet- ter known John Esten Cooke, was born in Martinsburg, Virginia, and spent his short life happily in his native county, engaged in field sports and in writing stories and poems for the " Southern Literary Messenger" and other magazines. His lyric, " Florence Vane," has been very popular and has been translated into many languages. He was said to be stately and impressive in manner and a bril- liant talker. Philip Pendleton and John Esten Cooke were first cousins of John Pendleton Kennedy, their mothers being sisters. His death was caused by pneumonia contracted from rid- ing through the Shenandoah on a hunting trip. WORKS. Froissart Ballads and other Poems. Crime of Andrew Blair. John Carpe. Chevalier Merlin [unfinished]. Gregories of Hackwood. FLORENCE VANE. I loved thee long and dearly, Florence Vane; My life's bright dream, and early, Hath come again; 20 306 Southern Literature. I renew, in my fond vision, My heart's dear pain, My hope, and thy derision, Florence Vane. The ruin lone and hoary, The ruin old, Where thou didst hark my story, At even told, — That spot — the hues Elysian Of sky and plain — I treasure in my vision, Florence Vane. Thou wast lovelier than the roses In their prime : Thy voice excelled the closes Of sweetest rhyme ; Thy heart was as a river Without a main. Would I had loved thee never, Florence Vane ! But fairest, coldest wonder ! Thy glorious clay L,ieth the green sod under — Alas the day ! And it boots not to remember Thy disdain — To quicken love's pale ember, Florence Vane. The lilies of the valley By young graves weep, The pansies love to dally Where maidens sleep ; May their bloom, in beauty vying, Never wane, Where thine earthly part is lying, Florence Vane i sr a e a N [ 807 ] 30S Southern Literature. THEODORE O'HARA. 1820=1867. Theodore O'Hara, son of an Irish exile, was born in Danville, Kentucky, and educated at St. Joseph Academy, Bardstown, where he taught Greek to the younger classes while finishing his senior course. He read law, was ap- pointed clerk in the Treasury Department at Washington, 1845, and on the outbreak of the Mexican War entered the army as a soldier, rising to be captain and major. At the close of the war, he returned to Washington and practised law. He was afterwards editor of the " Mobile Register," and of the Frankfort " Yeoman," in Kentucky, and was employed in diplomatic missions. He was a colonel in the Confederate Army, and after the war, settled in Georgia. On his death the Kentucky Legislature passed a resolution to remove his remains to Frankfort and lay them beside the soldiers whom he had so well praised in his " Bivouac of the Dead;" and there he rests, the soldier bard, among the voiceless braves of the Battle of Buena Vista. This poem was written for the occasion of their interment ; and it has furnished the lines of inscription over the gateways of several military cemeteries. WORKS. Bivouac of the Dead. The Old Pioneer. THE BIVOUAC OF THE DEAD. {In Memory of the Kentuckians who fell at the Battle 0/ Buena Vista, Jan. 28 ',' l8tf.) The muffled drum's sad roll has beat The soldier's last tattoo ; No more on Life's parade shall meet That brave and fallen few. Theodore 6'Hara. 809 On Fame's eternal camping-ground Their silent tents are spread, And Glory guards, with solemn round, The bivouac of the dead. No rumor of the foe's advance Now swells upon the wind ; No troubled thought at midnight haunts Of loved ones left behind ; No vision of the morrow's strife The warrior's dream alarms; No braying horn nor screaming fife At dawn shall call to arms. Their shivered swords are red with rust, Their plumed heads are bowed ; Their haughty banner, trailed in dust, Is now their martial shroud. And plenteous funeral tears have washed The red stains from each brow, And the proud forms, by battle gashed, Are free from anguish now. The neighing troop, the flashing blade, The bugle's stirring blast, The charge, the dreadful cannonade, The din and shout, are past ; Nor war's wild note nor glory's peal Shall thrill with fierce delight Those breasts that never more may feel The rapture of the fight. Full many a norther's breath has swept O'er Angostura's plain, — And long the pitying sky has wept Above its mouldered slain. The raven's scream, or eagle's flight. Or shepherd's pensive lay, Alone awakes each sullen height That frowned o'er that dread fray. SiO Southern Literature. Sons of the Dark and Bloody Ground, Ye must not slumber there, Where stranger steps and tongues resound Along the heedless air. Your own proud land's heroic soil Shall be your fitter grave : She claims from war his richest spoil — The ashes of her brave. Thus 'neath their parent turf they rest, Far from the gory field, Borne to a Spartan mother's breast On many a bloody shield; The sunshine of their native sky Smiles sadly on them, here, And kindred eyes and hearts watch by The heroes' sepulchre. Rest on, embalmed and sainted dead ! Dear as the blood ye gave ; No impious footstep here shall tread The herbage of your grave ; Nor shall your glory be forgot While Fame her record keeps, Or Honor points the hallowed spot Where Valor proudly sleeps. Yon marble minstrel's voiceless stone In deathless song shall tell, When many a vanished age hath flown, The story how ye fell ; Nor wreck, nor change, nor winter's blight, Nor Time's remorseless doom, Shall dim one ray of glory's light That gilds your deathless tomb. southern Literature. 31 ] FOURTH PERIOD . . , 1550-1894. GEORGE RAINSFORD FAIRBANKS. 1820« . George Rainsford Fairbanks was born in Watertown, New York, but settled in Florida at St. Augustine in 1842 and identified himself with his adopted state. From i860 to 1880 his home was at Sewanee, Tennessee, and he has been on the Board of Trustees of the " University of the South" since 1857. During the war he served as major in the Con- federate army, 1S62-65. In 1880 he returned to Florida and has since made his home in Fernandina. His " History of Florida " is considered the best history of that state, and is written in a clear and interesting style. works. History of Florida. History and Antiquities of St. Augustine. OSCEOLA, LEADER OF THE SEMINOLES. {From History of Florida.*) His true Indian name was As-se-se-ha-ho-lar, or Black Drink, but he was commonly called Osceola, or Powell. He belonged to a Creek tribe called Red Sticks, and was a half-breed. He removed to Florida with his mother when a child, and lived near Fort King [three miles east of Ocala]. At the beginning of the Florida war he was about thirty- *By permission of the author. Osceola. George Rainsford Fairbanks. 3l3 one years of age, of medium size, being about five feet eight inches in height, resolute and manly in his bearing, with a clear, frank, and engaging countenance. He was un- doubtedly the master-spirit of the war, and by his firmness and audacity forced the nation into the war which a large majority were averse to engaging in, and either broke up every attempt at negotiations or prevented their fulfillment. He was to have been one of the leaders at Dade's massacre, but was detained at Fort King by his determination to gratify his revenge upon General Thompson. He partici- pated in the battles at the ford of the Withlacoochee and Camp Izard, and led the attack upon Micanopy, where, with his force of less than two hundred and fifty men, within sight of the fort, he attacked upwards of one hundred reg- ular troops in an open field, supported by a field-piece. His capture, [October, 1837], by General Hernandez was due to his audacity and self-confidence. Bad faith, and a disregard of the usages of civilization, have been imputed to General Jesup on this occasion, Osceola having come in under a white flag to negotiate ; but that officer contended that Osceola had broken his faith in reference to the Fort Dade capitulation [when he had promised to emigrate] and was to be treated as a prisoner. From all that can be gathered of his character, Osceola was possessed of nobler traits than usually belong to his race. His manners were dignified and courteous, and upon the field he showed himself a brave and cautious leader. It is said that he instructed his people in their predatory excur- sions to spare the women and children. " It is not,". said he, " upon them that we make war and draw the scalping- knife. It is upon men. Let us act like men." Osceola has furnished to the poet, to the novelist, and to the lover of romance, a most attractive subject, and scarce 314 Southern Literature. any limit has been placed to the virtues attributed or the exploits imagined in connection with this renowned chief of the Seminoles. A poet has sung of him, — " His features are clothed with a warrior's pride, And he moves with a monarch's tread ; He smiles with joy, as the flash of steel Through the Everglades' grass is seen." Upon his removal to Charleston, he became dejected and low-spirited, and gradually pined away. All efforts to in- terest him in a Western home failed to arouse him, and in a few weeks he died of a broken heart, and was buried just outside of the principal gateway of Fort Moultrie, where his resting-place is inclosed and a monument erected. RICHARD MALCOLM JOHNSTON. 1822= . Richard Malcolm Johnston was born in Hancock County, Georgia. He was professor ot Literature in the University of Georgia, 1857-1861. He served, as colonel, in the Confederate army, and has since had a school for boys at Sparta, Georgia, and later near Baltimore. In connection with Prof. William Hand Browne of Johns Hopkins, he has published a " History of English Literature" and a " Life of Alexander H. Stephens." His tales describe life among the Georgia " Crackers " and they have many readers and admirers. His style has the stamp of simple truth and is irresistible. See Sketch in Miss Rutherford's "American Authors." Richard Malcolm Johnston. 3l£> WORKS. Dukesborough Tales. History of English Literature : Old Mark Langston. Life of Alex. H. Stephens : Two Gray Tourists. (both with Prof. W H. Browne.) Collection of Stories. Oeeechee Cross-Firings. Mr. Absalom Billingslea and other Georgia Mr. Bill Williams. Folks. Primes and their neighbors. Widow Guthrie. Pearce Amerson's Will. The following extract is a true story of an old gentleman who was Alexander H. Stephens' first client. MR. HEZEKIAH ELLINGTONS RECOVERY. (From Life of Alexander H. Stephens.*) The old gentleman was brought very low with malarious fever, and his physician and family had made up their minds, that, notwithstanding his extreme reluctance to depart from this life, — a reluctance heightened no doubt by his want of preparation for a better, — he would be com- pelled to go. The system of therapeutics in vogue at that time and in that section included immense quantities of calomel, and rigorously excluded cold water. Mr. Ellington lingered and lingered, and went without water so long and to such an extent that it seemed to him he might as well die of the disease as of the intolerable thirst that tormented him. ....... At last, one night, when his physicians, deeming his case hopeless, had taken their departure, informing his family that he could hardly live till morning, and the latter, worn down by watching, were compelled to take a little rest, he was left to the care of his constant and faithful servant, Shadrach, with strict and solemn charge to notify them if any change took place in his master's condition, and, above all, under no circumstances to give him cold water. •By permission of authors, and publishers, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. S16 Southern Literature^ When the rest were all asleep, Mr. Ellington, always astute and adroit in gaining his ends, and whose faculties" at present were highly stimulated by his extreme necessity, called out to his attendant in a feeble voice, which he strove to make as natural and unsuggestive as possible, — " Shadrach, go to the spring and fetch me a pitcher of water from the bottom." Shadrach expostulated, pleading the orders of the doctor and his mistress. " You Shadrach, you had better do what I tell you, sir." Shadrach still held by his orders. " Shadrach, if you don't bring me the water, when I get well I'll give you the worst whipping you ever had in your life!" Shadrach either thought that if his master got well he would cherish no rancor towards the faithful servant whose constancy had saved him, or, more likely, that the prospect of recovery was far too remote to justify any serious appre- hension for his present disobedience ; at all events, he held firm. The sick man, finding this mode of attack ineffectual, paused awhile, and then said, in the most persuasive accents he could employ, " Shadrach, my boy, you are a good nigger, Shadrach. If you'll go now and fetch old master a pitcher of nice cool water, I'll set you free and give you Five Hundred Dol- lars!'''' And he dragged the syllables slowly and heavily from his dry jaws, as if to make the sum appear immeasura- bly vast. But Shadrach was proof against even this temptation. He only admitted its force by arguing the case, urging that how could he stand, it, and what good would his freedom and five hundred dollars do him, if he should do a thing that would kill his old master? John Reuben Thompson. 317 The old gentleman groaned and moaned. At last he bethought him of one final stratagem. He raised his head as well" as he could, turned his haggard face full upon Shadrach, and glaring at him from his hollow blood-shot eyes, said, " Shadrach, I am going to die, and it's because I can't get any water. If you don't go and bring me a pitcher of water, after I'm dead I'll come back and haunt you ! I'll haunt you as long as you live ! " " Oh Lordy ! Master ! You shall hab de water ! " cried Shadrach ; and he rushed out to the spring and brought it. The old man drank and drank, — the, pitcherful and more. The next morning he was decidedly better, and to the astonishment of all, soon got well. JOHN REUBEN THOMPSON. 1823=1873. John Reuben Thompson was born at Richmond, and educated at the University of Virginia. He studied law, but practised little, and in 1847 became editor of the " South- ern Literary Messenger." This position he filled with great success for twelve years and he exerted a fine influence on the literary taste and effort of his times. In this magazine first appeared the writings of Donald G. Mitchell ("Dream Life" and "Reveries of a Bachelor"), the early pieces of John Esten Cooke, Philip Pendleton Cooke, Paul Hamilton Hayne, Henry Timrod, and others. His delicate health induced him to resign his place in 1859 and to go farther south to Augusta, Georgia, as editor of the " Southern Field and Fireside." In 1863 he travelled in Europe and his descriptive letters are very bright and in- 318 Southern Literature. teresting. He later became liferary editor of the "Evening Post," N. Y. ; in 1872 he went to Colorado in one last but vain effort to restore his health. He died in 1873 and is buried in Hollywood Cemetery at Richmond. His writings, consisting of poems, letters, sketches, and editorials, are found mainly in the " Southern Literary Mes- senger" and "The Land We Love." ASHBY. To the brave all homage render, Weep, ye skies of June ! With a radiance pure and tender, Shine, oh saddened moon ! "Dead upon the field of glory," Hero fit for song and story. Lies our bold dragoon. Well they learned, whose hands have slain him, Braver, knightlier foe Never fought with Moor nor Paynim, Rode at Templestowe ; With a mien how high and joyous, 'Gainst the hordes that would destroy us Went he forth we know. Never more, alas ! shall sabre Gleam around his crest ; Fought his fight ; fulfilled his labour ; Stilled his manly breast. All unheard sweet Nature's cadence, Trump of fame and voice of maidens, Now he takes his rest. Earth that all too soon hath bound him, Gently wrap his clay ; Linger lovingly around him, Light of dying day ; Softly fall the summer showers, Birds and bees among the flowers Make the gloom seem gay. John Reuben Thompson. 319 There, throughout the coming ages, When his sword is rust, And his deeds in classic pages, Mindful of her trust, Shall Virginia, bending lowly, Still a ceaseless vigil holy Keep above his dust ! MUSIC IN CAMP. Two armies covered hill and plain, Where Rappahannock's waters Ran deeply crimsoned with the stain Of battle's recent slaughters. The summer clouds lay pitched like tents In meads of heavenly azure; And each dread gun of the elements Slept in its hid embrasure. The breeze so softly blew, it made No forest leaf to quiver, And the smoke of the random cannonade Rolled slowly from the river. And now, where circling hills looked down With cannon grimly planted, O'er listless camp and silent town The golden sunset slanted. When on the fervid air there came A strain — now rich, now tender ; The music seemed itself aflame With day's departing splendor. A Federal band, which, eve and morn, Played measures brave and nimble, Had just struck up, with flute and horn And lively clash of cymbal. Down flocked the soldiers to the banks, Till, margined by its pebbles, One wooded shore was blue with " Yanks," And one was gray with " Rebels." 320 Southern Literature. Then all was still, and then the band, With movement light and tricksy, Made stream and forest, hill and strand Reverberate with " Dixie." The conscious stream with burnished glow Went proudly o'er its pebbles, But thrilled throughout its deepest flow With yelling of the Rebels. Again a pause, and then again The trumpets pealed sonorous, And " Yankee Doodle" was the strain To which the shore gave chorus. The laughing ripple shoreward flew, To kiss the shining pebbles ; Loud shrieked the swarming Boys in Blue Defiance to the Rebels. And yet once more the bugles sang Above the stormy riot ; No shout upon the evening rang — There reigned a holy quiet. The sad, slow stream its noiseless flood Poured o'er the glistening pebbles ; All silent now the Yankees stood, And silent stood the Rebels. No unresponsive soul had heard That plaintive note's appealing, So deeply " Home Sweet Home " had stirred The hidden founts of feeling. Or Blue, or Gray, the soldier sees As by the wand of fairy, The cottage 'neath the live-oak trees, The cabin by the prairie. Or cold, or warm, his native skies Bend in their beauty o'er him ; Seen through the tear-mist in his eyes, His loved ones stand before him. Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry. 321 As fades the iris after rain In April's tearful weather, The vision vanished, as the strain And daylight died together. But memory, waked by music's art, Expressed in simplest numbers, Subdued the sternest Yankee's heart, Made light the Rebel's slumbers. And fair the form of music shines, That bright celestial creature, Who still, 'mid war's embattled lines, Gave this one touch of Nature. JABEZ LAMAR MONROE CURRY. 1823 . Dr. Curry was born in Georgia, but his father removed to Alabama in 1838, and he was reared in that State. After graduation at the University of Georgia and at the Harvard Law School, he began the practice of law in Talladega County, Alabama. He served in the State Legislature and in Congress, and in 1861 entered the Confederate Army. After the war he was ordained to the Baptist ministry and became president of Howard College, Alabama, and later, professor of English, Philosophy, and Law. in Richmond College, Virginia, which latter position he filled for thirteen years. From 188 1 to 1885 he was agent of the Peabody Educational Fund ; in 1885 he was appointed minister to Spain, and on his return to America resumed the agency of the Fund. His wise administration and his well-directed efforts have done much to further the cause of education ; and his ability and effectiveness as a speaker and writer have given him national fame, 3? 322 Southern Literature. works. Constitutional History of Spain. Southern States of the American Union Gladstone. [just issued, 1895], RELATIONS BETWEEN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. {From Gladstone*) By his frank utterances, expressive of his admiration of the people and the institutions of the United States, he has provoked adverse criticism from a portion of the English press. He thinks the Senate of the United States " the most remarkable of all the inventions of modern politics," and the American constitution " the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man," and that " its exemption from formal change, has cer- tainly proved the sagacity of its constructors and the stub- born strength of the fabric." In the same essay — Kin Beyond Sea — speaking of our future, he says, " She will probably become what we are now, the head servant in the great household of the world, the employer of all employed ; because her service will be the most and the ablest," In 1856, when the relations be- tween Great Britain and the United States became consid- erably strained, in an able speech may be found this sen- tence : " It appears to me that the two cardinal aims that we ought to keep in view in the discussion of this question are peace and a thoroughly cordial understanding with America for one, the honor and fame of England for the other." In i88|, he wrote: "The convulsion of that country be- tween 1S61 and 1865 was perhaps the most frightful which ever assailed a national existence. The efforts which were made on both sides were marked. The exertions by which alone the movement was put down were not only extraor- dinary, they were what antecedently would have been called *By permission of B. F. Johnson and Co., Richmond, Va. Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry. 323 impossible ; and they were only rendered possible by the fact that they proceeded from a nation where every capable citizen was enfranchised and had a direct and an energetic interest in the well-being and unity of the State." " No hardier republicanism was generated in New England than in the slave States of the South, which produced so many of the great statesmen of America." In a conversation with Mr. Gladstone in 1887, he referred to the enormous power and responsibilities of the United States, and suggested that a desideratum was a new unity between our two countries. We had that of race and lan- guage, but we needed a moral unity of English-speaking people for the success of freedom. The English or Anglo-Saxon race is essentially the same in its more distinguishing characteristics. Unity of lan- guage creates unity of thought, of literature, and largely unity of civilization and of institutions. It facilitates social and commercial intercourse, and must produce still more marked political phenomena. We profit naturally by inventions, by discoveries, by constitutional struggles, by civil and religious achievements, by lessons of traditions, by landmarks of usage and prescription. Magna Charta, Petition of Right, Habeas Corpus, what O'Connell even called the "glorious Revolution of 1688," are as much American as English. England claims to have originated the representative system six hundred years ago. Our ancestors brought to this soil, " singularly suited for their growth, all that was democratic in the policy of England and all that was Protestant in her religion." Our revolution, like that of 1688, was in the main a vindication of liberties inherited. In freedom of religion, in local self-government, and somewhat in state autonomy, our forefathers constructed 324 Southern Literature. for themselves ; but nearly all the personal guarantees, of which we so much boast on our national anniversaries, were borrowed from the mother country. MARGARET JUNKIN PRESTON. 1825= Mrs. Preston is a native of Philadelphia, the daughter of Dr. George Junkin who in 1848 removed to Lexington, Virginia, as president of the Washington College, and remained there till 1861. She was married in 1857 to Prof. J. T. L. Preston of the Virginia Military Institute, her sister Eleanor being the wife of Colonel T. J. Jackson of the same institution. She identified herself with the South, and her " Beechen- brook : a Rhyme of the War " contains the poems, " Stone- wall Jackson's Grave " and " Slain in Battle." Her later writings are mostly short poems, many of them religious, articles for magazines, and sketches of travel, all of which breathe forth a sweet and wise influence. WORKS. Silverwood, [novel ] . Beechenbrook : a Rhyme of the War. Old Songs and New. Cartoons, [poems]. For Love's Sake. Translated Dies Irae. Book of Monograms, [travels]. Tales and articles ior papers [uncollected]. THE SHADE OF THE TREES. (On the death of Stonewall Jackson, 1863, his last words being, ' Let us pass over the river and rest under the shade of the trees.") (From Cartoons.*) What are the thoughts that are stirring his breast? What is the mystical vision he sees ? " Let us pass over the river and rest Under the shade of the trees" *By permission of author, and publishers, Roberts Brothers, Boston,, Natural Bridge, Virginia, [ 325 } 326 Southern Literature. Has he grown sick of his toils and his tasks? Sighs the worn spirit for respite or ease? Is it a moment's cool halt that he asks Under the shade of the trees ? / Is it the gurgle of waters whose flow Ofttime has come to him borne on the breeze, Memory listens to, lapsing so low, Under the shade of the trees? Nay — though the rasp of the flesh was so sore, Faith, that had yearnings far keener than these, Saw the soft sheen of the Thitherward Shore, Under the shade of the trees ; — Caught the high psalms of ecstatic delight, — Heard the harps harping, like soundings of seas,- Watched earth's assoiled ones walking in white Under the shade of the trees. O, was it strange he should pine for release, Touched to the soul with such transports as these,- He who so needed the balsam of peace, Under the shade of the trees? Yea, it was noblest for him — it was best, (Questioning naught of our Father's decrees,) There to pass over the river and rest Under the shade of the trees 1 CHARLES HENRY SMITH. "BILL ARP." 1826 Charles Henry Smith, or "Bill Arp," the "Country- Philosopher," was born in Lawrenceville, Georgia, and has made a wide reputation by his humorous letters in the Atlanta " Constitution." He served in the Confederate Army as colonel. Since the war, he has served his country Charles Henry Smith. 327 still by giving some very sound and good advice in his " Country Philosopher " articles, seasoned with much humor ; and his sketches of Georgian life are valuable. WORKS. Pill Arp's Letters. Fireside Sketches. Articles in Atlanta " Constitution." Bill Arp's Scrap-Book. BIG JOHN, ON THE CHEROKEES. (From Fireside Sketches*) Big John had had a little war experience — that is, he had volunteered in a company to assist in the forcible removal of the Cherokees to the far west in 1835. It was said that he was no belligerent then, but wanted to see the maiden that he loved a safe transit, and so he escorted the old chief and his clan as far as Tuscumbia, and then broke down and returned to Ross Landing on the Tennessee River. He was too heavy to march, and when he arrived at the Landing, a prisoner was put in his charge for safe keeping. Ross Landing is Chattanooga now, and John Ross lived there, and was one of the chiefs of the Cherokees. The prisoner- was his guest, and his name was John Howard Payne. He was suspected of trying to instigate the Cherokees to revolt and fight, and not leave their beautiful forest homes on the Tennessee and Coosa and Oostanaula and the Etowah and Connasauga rivers. He brought Payne back as far as New Echota, or New Town, as it was called, an Indian settle- ment on the Coosawattee, a few miles east of Calhoun, as now known. There he kept the author of " Home, Sweet Home " under guard, or on his parole of honor, for three weeks, and night after night slept with him in his tent, and listened to his music upon the violin, and heard him sing * By permission of the author. 328 Southern Literature. his own sad songs until orders came for his discharge, and Payne was sent under escort to Washington. Many a time I have heard Big John recite his sad adven- tures. " It was a most distressive business," said he. " Them Injuns was heart-broken ; I always knowd an Injun loved his hunting-ground and his rivers, but I never knowd how much they loved 'em before. You know they killed Ridge for consentin' to the treaty. They killed him on the first day's march and they wouldent bury him. We soldiers had to stop and dig a grave and put him away. John Ross and John Ridge were the sons of two Scotchmen, who came over here when they were young men and mixed up with these tribes and got their good will. These two boys were splendid looking men, tall and handsome, with long auburn hair, and they were active and strong, and could shoot a bow equal to the best bowman of 'the tribe, and they beat 'em all to pieces on the cross-bow. They married the daughters of the old chiefs, and when the old chiefs died they just fell into line and succeeded to the old chiefs' places, and the tribes liked 'em mighty well, for they were good men and made good chiefs. Well, you see Ross did- ent like the treaty. He said it wasent fair and that the price of the territory was too low, and the fact is he dident want to go at all. There are the ruins of his old home now over there in De Soto, close to Rome, and I tell you he was a king. His word was the law of the Injun nations, and he had their love and their respect. His half-breed children were the purtiest things I ever saw in my life. Well, Ridge lived up the Oostanaula River about a mile, and he was a good man, too. Ross and Ridge always con- sulted about everything for the good of the tribes, but Ridge was a more milder man than Ross, and was more easily persuaded to sign the treaty that gave the lands to the State and to take other lands away out to the Mississippi. St. George H. Tucker. 329 " Well, it took us a month to get 'em all together and begin the March to the Mississippi, and they wouldn't march then. The women would go out of line and set down in the woods and go to grieving ; and you may believe it or not, but I'll tell you what is a fact, we started with 14,000, and 4,000 of 'em died before we got to Tuscumbia. They died on the side of the road ; they died of broken hearts ; they died of starvation, for they wouldent eat a thing; they just died all along the way. We didn't make more than five miles a day on the march, and my company didn't do much but dig graves and bury Injuns all the way to Tuscumbia. They died of grief and broken hearts, and no mistake. An In- jun's heart is tender, and his love is strong ; it's his nature. I'd rather risk an Injun for a true friend than a white man. He is the best friend in the world and the worst enemy." ST. GEORGE H. TUCKER. 1828^-1863. St. George H. Tucker, grandson of Judge St. George Tucker, was born at Winchester, Virginia. He was clerk of the Virginia Legislature : and in 1861 he entered the Con- federate service and rose to be Lieutenant-Colonel. He died from exposure in the Seven Days' Battles around Rich- mond, 1862. His " Hansford " is considered one of the best of histori- cal romances and gives a vivid picture of Virginia in the seventeenth century under Governor Berkeley. WORKS. Hansford : A Tale of Bacon's Rebellion. The Southern Crop. 330 Southern Literature. burning of jamestown in 1676. {From Hansford.} Scarcely had Berkeley and his adherents departed on their flight from Jamestown, when some of the disaffected citizens of the town, seeing the lights in the palace so sud- denly extinguished, shrewdly suspected their design. With- out staying to ascertain the truth of their suspicions, they hastened with the intelligence to General Bacon, and threw open the gates to the insurgents. Highly elated with the easy victory they had gained over the loyalists, the triumph- ant patriots forgetting their fatigue and hunger, marched into the city, amid the loud acclamations of the fickle pop- ulace. But to the surprise of all there was still a gloom resting upon Bacon and his officers. That cautious and far- seeing man saw at a glance, that although he had gained an immense advantage over the royalists, in the capture of the metropolis, it was impossible to retain it in possession long. As soon as his army was dispersed, or engaged in another quarter of the colony, it would be easy for Berkeley, with the navy under his command, to return to the place, and erect once more the fallen standard of loyalty. While then, the soldiery were exulting rapturously over their triumph, Bacon, surrounded by his officers, was gravely considering the best policy to pursue. "My little army is too small," he said, " to leave a garrison here, and so long as they remain thus organized peace will be banished from the colony ; and yet I cannot leave the town to become again the harbour of these treacherous loyalists." " I can suggest no policy that is fit to pursue, in such an emergency," said Hansford, " except to retain possession of the town, at least until the Governor is fairly in Accomac again." St. George H. Tucker. 331 "That, at best, said Bacon, will only be a dilatory pro- ceeding, for sooner or later, whenever the army is dis- banded, the stubborn old governor will return and force us to continue the war. And besides I doubt whether we could maintain the place with Brent besieging us in front, and the whole naval force of Virginia, under the command of such expert seamen as Gardiner and Larimore, attacking us from the river. No, no, the only way to untie the Gor- dian knot is to cut it, and the only way to extricate our- selves from this difficulty is to burn the town." This policy, extreme as it was, in the necessities of their condition was received with a murmur of assent. Law- rence and Drummond, devoted patriots, and two of the wealthiest and most enterprising citizens of the town, evinced their willingness to sacrifice their private means to secure the public good, by firing their own houses. Emu- lating an example so noble and disinterested, other citizens followed in their wake. The soldiers, ever ready for excite- ment, joined in the fatal work. A stiff breeze springing up favored their designs, and soon the devoted town was enveloped in the greedy flames. From the deck of the Adam and Eve, the loyalists wit- nessed the stern', uncompromising: resolution of the rebels. The sun was just rising, and his broad, red disc was met in his morning glory with flames as bright and as intense as his own. The Palace, the State House, the large Garter Tavern, the long line of stores, and the Warehouse, all in succession were consumed. The old Church, the proud old Church, where their fathers had worshipped, was the last to meet its fate. The fire seemed unwilling to attack its sacred walls, but it was to fall with the rest ; and as the broad sails of the gay vessel were spread to the morning breeze, which swelled them, that devoted old Church was 832 Southern Literature. seen in its raiment of fire, like some old martyr, hugging the flames which consumed it, and pointing with its taper- ing steeple to an avenging Heaven. GEORGE WILLIAM BAGBY. 1828-1883. Dr. Bagby was born in Buckingham County, Virginia, and educated at Edge Hill, New Jersey, and the University of Pennsylvania. He took his degree in the study of med- icine, and made his residence in Richmond. He was corre- spondent for several papers, wrote some very witty letters under the pen-name of " Mozis Addums," and made a repu- tation as a humorous lecturer. From 1859 to 1862 he was editor of the " Southern Literary Messenger," ably succeed- ing John R. Thompson in that position : and from 1870 to 1878 he was State Librarian of Virginia. His writings are not only witty but wise as well, and give many interesting aspects of Southern life and man- ners. A selection from them has been published by Mrs. Bagby, under the title " Writings of Dr. Bagby " ( 1884 — 6). Among them are : My Uncle Flatback's Plantation, Meek- ins's Twinses, Jud. Brownin's Account of Rubinstein's Playing, Bacon and Greens, or the True Virginian, What I Did with my Fifty Millions, [a sort of Utopian Prophecy.] jud. brownin's account of Rubinstein's playing. " When he first sot down he 'peared to keer mighty little 'bout playin', and wished he hadn't come. He tweedle- leedled a little on the trible, and twoodle-oodle-oodled some on the bass — just foolin' and boxin' the thing's jaws for be- in' in his way. And I says to a man settin' next to me, George William Bagby. 333 s'l, 'What sort of fool playin' is that?' And he says, ' Heish ! ' But presently his hands commenced chasin' one 'nother up and down the keys, like a passel of rats scamp- erin' through a garret very swift. Parts of it was sweet, though, and reminded me of a sugar squirrel turnin' the wheel of a candy cage. " ' Now, ' I says to my neighbor, ' he's showing' off. He thinks he's a-doin' of it; but he ain't got no idee, no plan of nuthin'. If he'd play me up a tune of some kind or other, I'd ' — " But my neighbor says, ' Heish ! ' very impatient. " I was just about to git up and go home, bein' tired of that foolishness, when I heard a little bird wakin' up away off in the woods, and callin' sleepy-like to his mate, and I looked up and I see that Ruben was beginnin' to take in- terest in his business, and I set down agin. It was the peep of day. The light come faint from the east, the breeze blowed gentle and fresh, some more birds waked up in the orchard, then some more in the trees near the house, and all begun singin' together. People begun to stir, and the gal opened the shutters. Just then the first beam of the sun fell upon the blossoms ; a leetle more and it techt the roses on the bushes, and the next thing it was broad day ; the sun fairly blazed ; the birds sang like they'd split their little throats ; all the leaves was movin', and flashin' diamonds of dew, and the whole wide world was bright and happy as a king. Seemed to me like there was a good breakfast in every house in the land, and not a sick child or woman anywhere. It was a fine mornin'. " And I says to my neighbor, ' that's music, that is.' " But he glared at me like he'd like to cut my throat. " Presently the wind turned ; it begun to thicken up, and a kind of gray mist come over things; I got low-spirited d'rectly. Then a silver rain began to fall ; I could see the 334 Southern Literature. drops touch the ground ; some flashed up like long pearl ear-rings ; and the rest rolled away like round rubies. It was pretty, but melancholy. Then the pearls gathered themselves into long strands and necklaces, and then they melted into thin silver streams running between golden gravels, and then the streams joined each other at the bot- tom of the hill, and made a brook that flowed silent except that you could kinder see the music specially when the bushes on the banks moved as the music went along down the valley. I could smell the flowers in the meadows. But the sun didn't shine, nor the birds sing ; it was a foggy day, but not cold. Then the sun went down, it got dark, the wind moaned and wept like a lost child for its dead mother, and I could a-got up then and there and preached a better sermon than any I ever listened to. There wasn't a thing in the world left to live for, not a blame thing, and yet I didn't want the music to stop one bit. It was happier to be miserable than to be happy without be- ing miserable. I couldn't understand it Then, all of a sudden, old Ruben changed his tune. He ripped and he rar'd, he tipped and he tar'd, he pranced and he charged like the grand entry at a circus. 'Peared to me like all the gas in the house was turned on at once, things got so bright, and I hilt up my head, ready to look any man in the face, and not afeared of nothin'. It was a cir- cus, and a brass band, and a big ball, all goin' on at the same time. He lit into them keys like a thousand of brick, he gave 'em no rest, day nor night ; he set every living joint in me agoin', and not bein' able to stand it no longer, I jumpt spang onto my seat, and jest hollered : " ' Go it, my Rube! ' '' Every blamed man, woman, and child in the house riz on me, and shouted ' Put him out 1 Put him out ! ' George William Bagby. 335 " With that some several p'licemen run up, and I had to simmer down. But I would a fit any fool that laid hands on me, for I was bound to hear Ruby out or die. " He had changed his tune agin. He hopt-light ladies and tip-toed fine from eend to eend of the key-board. He played soft, and low, and solemn. I heard the church bells over the hills. The candles in heaven was lit, one by one. I saw the stars rise. The great organ of eternity began to play from the world's end to the world's end, and all the angels went to prayers. Then the music changed to water, full of feeling that couldn't be thought, and began to drop — drip, drop, drip,, drop — clear and sweet, like tears of joy fallin' into a lake of glory. " He stopt a minute or two, to fetch breath. Then he got mad. He run his fingers through his hair, he shoved up his sleeves, he opened his coat-tails a leetle further, he drug up his stool, he leaned over, and, sir, he just went for that old pianner. He slapt her face, he boxed her jaws, he pulled her nose, he pinched her ears, and he scratched her cheeks, till she farly yelled. He knockt her down and he stompt on her shameful. She bellowed like a bull, she bleated like a calf, she howled like a hound, she squealed like a pig, she shrieked like a rat, and then he wouldn't let her up. He run a quarter-stretch down the low grounds of the bass, till he got clean into the bowels of the earth, and you heard thunder galloping after thunder, through the hollows and caves of perdition ; and then he fox-chased his right hand with his left till he got away out of the trible into the clouds, whar the notes was finer than the pints of. cambric needles, and you couldn't hear nothin' but the shad- ders of 'ern. And then he wouldn't let the old pianner go. He fetchet up his right wing, he fetcht up his left wing, he fetcht up his center, he fetcht up his reserves. He fired by 336 Southern Literature. rile, he fired by platoons, by company, by regiments, and by brigades. He opened his cannon, siege-guns down thar, Napoleons here, twelve-pounders yonder, big guns, little guns, middle-sized guns, round shot, shell, shrapnel, grape, canister, mortars, mines, and magazines, every livin' battery and bomb a goin' at the same time; The house trembled, the lights danced, the walls shuk, the floor come up, the ceilin' come down, the sky split, the ground rockt — Bang ! " With that bang! he lifted hisself bodily into the ar', and he come down with his knees, his ten fingers, his ten toes, his elbows, and his nose, strikin' every single solitary key on that pianner at the same time. The thing busted and went off into seventeen hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred and forty-two hemi-demi-semi-quivers, and I know'd no mo'." SARAH ANNE DORSEY. 1829-1870. Mrs. Dorsey, daughter of Thomas G. P. Ellis, was born at Natchez, Mississippi, and was a niece of Mrs. Catherine Warfield who left to her many of her unpublished manu- scripts. She was finely educated and travelled extensively. In i8c;3 she was married to Mr. Samuel W. Dorsey of Ten- sas Parish, Louisiana. Here she found scope for her ener- gies in the duties of plantation life. She established a chapel and school for the slaves, and her account of the suc- cess of her plans gained her the title of " Filia Ecclesiae" from the " Churchman." She afterwards used " Filia " as a pen-name. Their home being destroyed during the war in a skirmish which took place in their garden, and in which several m§n 338 Southern Literature. were killed, Mr. and Mrs. Dorsey removed to Texas. They afterwards returned to Louisiana ; and in 1875, upon the death of Mr. Dorsey, Mrs. Dorsey made her home at " Beau- voir," her place in Mississippi. Here" she spent her time in writing, and also acted as amanuensis to Jefferson Davis in his great work, " Rise and Fall of the Confederacy." At her death, which occurred at New Orleans, whither she had gone for treatment, she left " Beauvoir " by will to Mr. Davis and his daughter Winnie. Hei " Life of Allen " is of great historical and biographical merit. WORKS. Recollections of Henry Watkins Allen, of A talie , or a Southern Villeggiatura. Louisiana. Agnes Graham, [novel]. Lucia Dare, [novel]. Panola, a Tale of Louisiana. A CONFEDERATE EXILE ON HIS WAY TO MEXICO, l866. {From Recollections of Henry W. Allen, Ex-Gov. of Louisiana.*) The people wept over Allen's departure. They followed him with tears and blessings, and would have forced on him more substantial tokens of regard than words of regret. They knew he had no money — his noble estates had long been in possession of the enemy ; hundreds of hogsheads of sugar had been carried off from his plundered sugar-houses ; his house was burned, his plantation, a wide waste of fallow- fields, grown up in weeds. He had nothing but Confede- rate and State money. One gentleman begged him to accept $5,000, in gold, as a loan, since he refused it as a gift. Allen accepted five hundred. With this small amount, his ambulance and riding-horses, he started to Mexico. His journey through Texas was a complete ovation, instead of a hegira. Everybody, rich and poor, vied with each other * By permission of J. A. Gresham, New Orleans. Sarah Anne Dorsey. 339 in offering him attention and the most eager hospitality. The roof was deemed honored that sheltered his head for the night. He stopped at Crockett, to say " goodbye." This conversation occurred whilst we were returning from a visit to Gov. Moore's family. I had driven over to their cottage in a buggy, to invite them to join us at dinner. Allen had accompanied me. These exiles were personal friends of mine. I suffered in parting with them : for some I suffer still — for those who are still absent and still living ! Everything was very quiet and still, nothing audible but the low murmur of our voices, when suddenly arose from the prairie beyond us, one of the beautiful, plaintive, cattle or "salt" songs of Texas. These wild simple melodies had a great attraction for me. I would often check my horse on the prairies, and keep him motionless for a half- hour, listening to these sweet, melan- choly strains. Like all cattle-calls, they are chiefly minor. I thought them quite as singular and beautiful as the Swiss Ranz des Vac/ies, or the Swedish cattle-calls. They con- sisted of a few chanted words, with a cadence and a long yodl. Sometimes the yodling was aided by what the Texan boys called "quills " — two or more pipes made of reed — cane (arundinaria macrosperma). This made a sort of limited syrinx, which gave wonderful softness and flute-like clear- ness to the prolonged tones of the voice, as it was breathed into them. The boy sang one of his saddest " calls." I looked quickly to see if Gov. Allen had noticed the melan- choly words and mournful air. I saw he had. He ceased talking, and his face was very grave. The boy sang : " Going away to leave you, Ah-n-n-ii — 340 Southern Literature. Going away to leave you, Ah-a-a-a — Going away to-morrow, Ah-a-a-a— Going away to-morrow, Ah-a-a-a — Never more to see you, Ah-a-a-a — Never more to see you, Ah a-a-a." Go-ing a way, Go - ing a way, 3 im 3^ Going a- way to leave you, An i =i- w^ s Going a - way to leave you, Ah - a - a. This had always been an affecting strain to me ; it was doubly so under the existing circumstances. The song died mournfully away. We drove on in silence for a few moments. Gov. Allen roused himself, with a sigh : " That boy's song is very sad." " Yes, but he sings it very frequently. He knows noth- ing about you. It is neither a prophecy nor intended to be sympathetic, — you need not make special application of it ! " " No ; but it may prove a strange coincidence." " You shan't say that. I won't listen to such a thought. You'll only spend a pleasant summer travelling in Mexico. We'll see you at the opera in New Orleans, next winter." "I hope so," • Henry Timrod. 341 " Our conversation reverted now to past years. Allen spoke of his early friends among my relatives ; of his whole career in Louisiana ; of his wife, with tenderness, — [she had died in 1850], of her beauty and her love for him. His future was so uncertain — that he scarcly alluded to that — never with any hopefulness It was only in the past that he seemed to find repose of spirit. The present was too sad, the future too shadowy for any discussion of either . . . During this last visit, I never renewed my arguments against his quitting the country. I had already said and written all that I had to say on that subject Besides, our minds were in such a confused state, we scarcely knew what any of us had to expect from the vic- torious party, or what would become of our whole people. So that in urging him not to leave Louisiana, I argued more from instinct, which revolted at anything like an abandon- ment of a post of duty, and from a temperament which al- ways sought rather to advance to meet and defy danger, than to turn and avoid it, than from any well-grounded as- surance or hope of security for him, or any one else. I felt more anxiety for his reputation, for his fame, than for his life and freedom. His natural instincts would have induced similar views ; but his judgment and feelings were over- powered by the reasonings and entreaties of his friends. HENRY TIMROD. 1829=1867. Henry Timrod was born in Charleston, the son of Wil- liam Henry Timrod, who was himself a poet, and who in his youth voluntarily apprenticed himself to a book-binder in order to have plenty of books to read. His son Henry, Henry Timuod. 343- the " blue-eyed Harry " of the father's poem, studied law with the distinguished James Louis Petigru, but never practiced and soon gave it up to prepare himself for a teacher. He spent ten years as private tutor in families, writing at the same time. Some of his poems are found in the " Southern Literary Messenger " with the signature " Aglaiis." His vacations were spent in Charleston, where he was one of the coterie of young writers whom William Gil- more Simms, like a literary Nestor, gathered about him in his hospitable home. His schoolmate, Paul Hamilton Hayne, was one of these, and their early friendship grew stronger with the passing years. In i860, Timrod removed to Columbia, published a vol- ume of poems which were well received North and South, and undertook editorial work. Life seemed fair before him. But ill-health and the war which destroyed his property and blighted his career, soon darkened all his prospects, and after a brave struggle with poverty and sickness, he died of pneumonia. His poems are singularly free from sadness and bitterness. They have been collected and published with a sketch of his life by his friend, Paul Hamilton Hayne. WORKS. Poems.* Prose Articles in the " South Carolinian." Of all our poets none stands higher than Henry Timrod. His singing is true and musical, and his thoughts are pure and noble. A tardy recognition seems at last coming to bless his memory, and his poems are in demand. One copy of his little volume recently commanded the price of ten dollars. * The following extracts are made by permission of Mr. K. J. Hale, formerly of E. J. Hale & Son. S44 Southern Literature. sonnet. Life ever seems as from its present site It aimed to lure us. Mountains of the past It melts, with all their crags and caverns vast. Into a purple cloud ! Across the night Which hides what is to be, it shoots a light All rosy with the yet unrisen dawn. Not the near daisies, but yon distant height Attracts us, lying on this emerald lawn. And always, be the landscape what it may — Blue, misty hill, or sweep of glimmering plain- It is the eye's endeavor still to gain The fine, faint limit of the bounding day. God, haply, in this mystic mode, would fain Hint of a happier home, far, far away ! ENGLISH KATIE. (From Katie. ) It may be through some foreign grace, And unfamiliar charm of face ; It may be that across the foam Which bore her from her childhood's home By some strange spell, my Katie brought, Along with English creeds and thought — Entangled in her golden hair — Some English sunshine, warmth, and air I I cannot tell, — but here to-day, A thousand billowy leagues away From that green isle whose twilight skies No darker are than Katie's eyes, She seems to me, go where she will, An English girl in England still ! I meet her on the dusty street, And daisies spring about her feet; Or, touched to life beneath her tread. An English cowslip lifts its head ; And, as to do her grace, rise up The primrose and the buttercup! Henry Timrod. 345 I roam with her through fields of cane, And seem to stroll an English lane, Which, white with blossoms of the May, Spreads its green carpet in her way! As fancy wills, the path beneath Is golden gorse, or purple heath : And now we hear in woodlands dim Their unarticulated hymn, Now walk through rippling waves of wheat, Now sink in mats of clover sweet, Or see before us from the lawn The lark go up to greet the dawn ! All birds that love the English sky Throng round my path when she is by : The blackbird from a neighboring thorn With music brims the cup of morn, And in a thick, melodious rain The mavis pours her mellow strain ! But only when my Katie's voice Makes all the listening woods rejoice, I hear — with cheeks that flush and pale — The passion of the nightingale ! HYMN SUNG AT THE CONSECRATION OF MAGNOLIA CEMETERY, CHARLESTON, S. C. Whose was the hand that painted thee, O Death ! In the false aspect of a ruthless foe, Despair and sorrow waiting on thy breath, — O gentle Power ! who could have wronged thee so? Thou rather should'st be crowned with fadeless flowers, Of lasting fragrance and celestial hue ; Or be thy couch amid funereal bowers, But let the stars and sunlight sparkle through. So, with these thoughts before us, we have fixed And beautified, O Death ! thy mansion here, Where gloom and gladness — grave and garden — mixed, Make it a place to love, and not to fear. 346 Southern Literature. Heaven ! shed thy most propitious dews around ! Ye holy stars ! look down with tender eyes, And gild and guard and consecrate the ground Where we may rest, and whence we pray to rise. PAUL HAMILTON HAYNE. 1830-1886. Paul Hamilton Hayne has been justly called the " Lau- reate of the South." He was born at Charleston, and being left an orphan by the death of his father, Lieutenant Hayne of the Navy, he was reared and educated by his uncle, Robert Young Hayne. His fortune was ample, but he studied law although he never practised. He became editor of " Russell's Magazine " and a contributor to the " South ern Literary Messenger." His genius and lovely nature made him a favorite with all of his companions, among whom were notably William Gilmore Simms and Henry Timrod. During the Civil War, he served in the Confederate Army ; his entire property, the inheritance of several gen- erations, was destroyed in the bombardment of Charleston. From 1865 till his death he resided at " Copse Hill," a small cottage home in the pine hills near Augusta, Georgia, " keep- ing the wolf from the door only by the point of his pen," dearly honored and loved by all who knew him or his poems. His son, William H. Hayne, is also a poet of much abil- ity, and has published a volume of " Sylvan Lyrics." WORKS. Poems ; containing Sonnets, Avolio, Ly- Life of Robert Voung Hayne (1878). rics, Mountain of the Lovers. Preceded by Life of Hugh Swinton Legare (1878). a Sketch of the Poet by Mrs. M. J. Preston (1882). 348 Southern Literature. " There is no poet in America who has written more lovingly or discriminatingly about nature in her ever varying aspects. We are sure that in his loyal allegiance to her, he is not a whit behind Wordsworth, and we do not hesitate to say that he has often a grace that the old Lake-poet lacks." — Mrs. Preston. " Hayne has the lyric gift, and his shorter poems have a ring and richness that recall the glories of the Elizabethan period ; . . . each shows the same careful and artistic workmanship." — Collier. THE MOCKING-BIRD. (At Night.) (From Poems, l88s.*) A golden pallor of voluptuous light Filled the warm southern night; The moon, clear orbed, above the sylvan scene Moved like a stately Queen, So rife with conscious beauty all the while, What could she do but smile At her own perfect loveliness below, Glassed in the tranquil flow Of crystal fountains and unruffled streams? Half lost in waking dreams, As down the loneliest forest dell I strayed, Lo ! from a neighboring glade, Flashed through the drifts of moonshine, swiftly came A fairy shape of flame. It rose in dazzling spirals overhead, Whence, to wild sweetness wed, Poured marvellous melodies, silvery trill on trill ; The very leaves grew still On the charmed trees to hearken ; while, for me, Heart-thrilled to ecstasy, I followed — followed the bright shape that flew, Still circling up the blue, *By permission of the Lothrop Publishing Co., Boston ; as also the others following. Paul Hamilton Hayne. 349 Till, as a fountain that has reached its height Falls back in sprays of light Slowly dissolved, so that enrapturing lay, Divinely melts away Through tremulous spaces to a music-mist, Soon by the fitful breeze How gently kissed Into remote and tender silences. SONNET. OCTOBER. The passionate summer's dead ! the sky's aglow With roseate flushes of matured desire, The winds at eve are musical and low, As sweeping chords of a lamenting lyre, Far up among the pillared clouds of fire, Whose pomp of strange procession upward rolls, With gorgeous blazonry of pictured scrolls, To celebrate the summer's past renown ; Ah, me ! how regally the heavens look down, O'ershadowing beautiful autumnal woods And harvest fields with hoarded increase brown, And deep-toned majesty of golden floods, That raise their solemn dirges to the sky, To swell the purple pomp that fioatelh by. A DREAM OF THE SOUTH WIND. O fresh, how fresh and fair Through the crystal gulfs of air, The fairy South Wind floateth on her subtle wings of balm ! And the green earth lapped in bliss, To the magic of her kiss Seems yearning upward fondly through the golden-crested calm. From the distant Tropic strand Where the billows, bright and bland, Go creeping, curling round the palms with sweet, faint undertune ; From its fields of purpling flowers Still wet with fragrant showers, The happy South Wind, lingering sweeps the royal blooms of Jur,^, 350 Southern Literature. All heavenly fancies rise On the perfume of her sighs, Which steep the inmost spirit in a languor rare and fine, And a peace more pure than sleep's Unto dim half-conscious deeps, Transports me, lulled and dreaming, on its twilight tides divine. Those dreams ! ah, me ! the splendor, So mystical and tender, Wherewith like soft heat lightnings they gird their meaning round, And those waters, calling, calling, With a nameless charm enthralling, Like the ghost of music melting on a rainbow spray of sound ! Touch, touch me not, nor wake me, Lest grosser thoughts o'ertake me ; From earth receding faintly with her dreary din and jars — What viewless arms caress me ? What whispered voices bless me, With welcomes dropping dew-like from the weird and wondrous stars ? Alas ! dim, dim, and dimmer Grows the preternatural glimmer Of that trance the South Wind brought me on her subtle wings of balm, For behold ! its spirit flieth, And its fairy murmur dieth, And the silence closing round me is a dull and soulless calm ! JOHN ESTEN COOKE. 1830=1886. John Esten Cooke was born at Winchester, Virginia, a younger brother of Philip Pendleton Cooke and son of the eminent jurist, John Rogers Cooke, under whom he made his law studies. He seemed, however, to prefer literature to law, and when he was twenty-four he had already pub- John Esten Cooke. 351 lished several works. Among them was " Virginia Come- dians," a novel of great interest and greater promise. In 1 86 1 he entered the Confederate service as one of General T. J. Jackson's staff, was transferred to that of General J. E. B. Stuart at the death of Jackson in i863 ; and after Stuart's death, he was Inspector-General of the horse artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia till the close of the war. His novels deal with the life and history of Virginia, the best known of them being " Surry of Eagle's Nest," which is said to be partly autobiographical. They hold well the popular favor. His " Stories of the Old Dominion " are specially interesting to Virginians. WORKS. Leather Stocking and Silk. Youth of Jefferson. Virginia Comedians. Ellie. Last of the Foresters. Henry St. John, Gentleman, sequel to Life of Stonewall Jackson. Virginia Comedians. Surry of Eagle's Nest. Wearing of the Gray. Mohun, or the Last Days of Lee and his Fairfax, or Greenway Court. Paladins. Hilt to Hilt Out of the Foam. Hammer and Rapier [Grant and Lee]. Heir of Gaymount. Life of R. E. Lee. Dr. Vandyke. Her Majesty the Queen. Pretty Mrs. Gaston, and other Stories. t'anolles. Professor Pressensee. Mr. Grantley's Idea. Virginia Bohemians. Stories of the Old Dominion. Virginia : a History of the People. My Lady Pokahontas. Maurice Mystery, THE RACES IN VIRGINIA, 1765. {From Virginia Comedians.*') The races ! That word always produces a strong effect upon men in the South ; and when the day fixed upon for the Jamestown races comes, the country is alive for miles around with per- sons of all classes and descriptions. *By permission of D. Appleton and Co., New York, 352 Southern Literature. As the hour of noon approaches, the ground swarms with everj 7 species of the genus homo; Williamsburg and the sea- faring village of Jamestown turn out en masse, and leave all occupations for the exciting turf. As the day draws on the crowd becomes more dense. The splendid chariots of the gentry roll up to the stand, and group themselves around it, in a position to overlook the race-course, and through the wide windows are seen the sparkling eyes and powdered locks, and diamonds and gay silk and velvet dresses of those fair dames who lent such richness and picturesque beauty to the old days dead now so long ago in the far past. The fine-looking old planters too are decked in their holiday suits, their powdered hair is tied into queues behind with neat black ribbon, and they descend and mingle with their neighbors, and discuss the coming festival. Gay youths, in rich brilliant dresses, caracole up to the carriages on fiery steeds, to display their horsemanship, and exchange compliments with their friends, and make prettv speeches, which are received by the bright-eyed damsels with little ogles, and flirts of their variegated fans, and raptu- rous delight. Meanwhile the crowd grows each moment, as the flood pours in from the north, the south, the east, the west — from every point of the compass, and in every species of vehicle. There are gay parties of the yeomen and their wives and daughters, in carryalls and wagons filled with straw, upon which chairs are placed : there are rollicking fast men — if we may use a word becoming customary in our own day — who whirl in, in their curricles : there are barouches and chairs, spring wagons and carts, all full, approaching in every way from a sober walk to a furious headlong dash, all "going to the races," There are horsernen who lean. John Esten Cooke. 353 forward, horsemen who lean back ; furious, excited horse- men urging their steeds with whip and spur ; cool, quiet horsemen, who ride erect and slowly ; there are, besides, pedestrians of every class and appearance, old and young, male and female, black and white — all going to the races. The hour at last arrives, and a horn sounding from the judges' stand, the horses are led out in their blankets and head- coverings, and walked up and down before the crowd by their trainers, who are for the most part old gray-headed negroes, born and raised, to the best of their recollection, on the turf. The riders are noble scions of the same an- cient stock, and average three feet and a half in height, and twenty pounds in weight. They are clad in ornamental garments ; wear little close-fitting caps ; and while they are waiting, sit huddled up in the grass, sucking their thumbs, and talking confidentially about " them there hosses." Let us look at the objects of their attention ; they are well worth it. Mr. Howard enters the bay horse Sir Arcky, out of Fly- ing Dick, by Roderick. Mr. James enters Fair Anna, a white mare, dam Vir- ginia, sire Belgrave. Captain Waters enters the Arabian horse Selim, de- scended in a direct line, he is informed, from Al-borak, who carried the prophet Mahomet up to heaven — though this pedigree is not vouched for. The said pedigree is open to the inspection of all comers. Note — That it is written in Arabic. There are other entries, but not much attention is paid to them. The race will be between Sir Archy and Fair Anna, and perhaps the outlandish horse will not be " distanced." "Prepare the horses !" comes from the judges' stand op- posite. 2 3 354 Southern Literature. Captain Ralph Waters leaves the ladies with a gallant bow, and pushes his way through the swaying and excited crowd, toward the spot where the animals are being saddled. A tremendous hurly-burly reigns there ; men of all classes, boys, negroes, gentlemen, indented servants, — all are betting with intense interest. The dignified grooms en- deavor to keep back the crowd : — the owners of the horses* give their orders to the microscopic monkeys who are to ride. . ... The riders are raised by one leg into the saddles ; they gather up the reins ; the drum taps; they are off like lightning. The course is a mile in circumference, and they go round it before the excited crowd can look at them a dozen times. They whirl past the stand, and push on again. Sir Archy leads ; Fair Anna trails on a hard rein ; the Arabian is two lengths behind ; but he is not running. They thunder up the quarter stretch : Sir Archy is bound- ing, like some diabolical monster, far before his compan- ions, spite of his owner's cries ; the Arabian has come up and locks the mare ; they run neck and neck. Sir Archy whirls past the stand, and wins by a hundred yards. The immense crowd utters a shout that shakes the surrounding forest. ....... The horses are again enveloped in their hoods and blan- kets. Captain Ralph returns to the Riverhead carriage, [that of the Lees, in which were Miss Henrietta Lee and her sister Clare.] "Any more betting, sir?" says Miss Henrietta, sathi cally. "Who, I?" " Yes, sir." " Assuredly ! " says the Captain ; " do not think, chere ma'm'selle, that I am very much cast down. I am so far John Esten Cooke. 355 from that, I assure you, that I am ready to take the field again." " Well, sir." "Then you will bet again, madam?" " Yes, indeed." " Bien ! I now stake all that is left me in the world — though not quite. I stake my horse, Selim, against the curl and the pair of gloves you wear, with the knot of ribbons at your girdle thrown in — all upon the final issue." Henrietta blushes ; for, however common such gallant proposals were at that day, she cannot misunderstand the meaning of the soldier's glance, and reddens beneath it. " That would be unfair, sir." "Not so, my dear madam, for are you not sure to lose?" "To lose?" " Yes, indeed." " No, sir ; I am sure to win.." " Bah ! you ladies have such a delicious little confidence in the things you patronize, that it is really astonishing. You think Sir Archy will beat Selim ? Pshaw ! you know nothing about it. This piques madam Henrietta, and she smiles satirically again as she says : "Well, sir, I do not want your pretty horse — but if you insist, why, I cannot retreat. I shall, at least, have the pleasure of returning him to his master." The Captain shakes his head. " A bet upon such terms is no bet at all, my dearest madam," he says, "for, I assure you, if I win, you will return home curl-less, glove-less, and ribbon-less. All is fair in war — and love." With which words, Captain Ralph darts a martial ogle at his companion. This piques her more than ever. 356 Southern Literature. "Well, sir," she replies, "if you are determined, have your desire." " Good ! " cries the Captain, " we are just in time. There is the horse." ...... And, with another gallant bow, the Captain rides away towards the horses. The boys are again instructed much after the same fash- ion : the signal is given in the midst of breathless suspense, and the horses dart from their places. They dart around, Sir Archy again leading : but this position he does not hold throughout the first mile : he gradually falls behind, and when they pass the winning- post he is fifty yards in the rear. His owner tears his hair, but the crowd do not see him — they flush and shout. The second mile is between Fair Anna and the Arabian, and they lock in the middle of it; but the Arabian gradu- ally takes the lead, and when they flash up to the stand he is ten yards ahead. Sir Archy is distanced and with- drawn. It would be impossible to describe the excitement of the crowd : — the tremendous effect produced upon them by this reversal of all their hopes and expectations. They roll about like waves, they shout, they curse, they rumble and groan like a stormy sea. The horses are the objects of every one's attention. Their condition will go far to indicate the final result — and Sir Archy being led away and withdrawn, the race now will be between Fair Anna and the Arabian. Mr. James looks more solemn than ever, and all eyes are turned upon him. Captain Waters is not visible — he is yonder, conversing with the ladies. But the horses ! Fair Anna pants and breathes heavily : her coat is drenched more completely than before with per- John Esten Cooke. 357 spiration ; her mouth foams ; she tosses her head ; when the rake is applied to her back a shower falls. The Arabian is wet all over too ; but he breathes regu- larly ; his eye is bright and his head calm. He has com- menced running. The first intention of Mr. James is to give up the race, but his pride will not let him. He utters an oath, and gives renewed instructions to his rider. These instructions are to whip and spur — to take the lead and keep it, from the start. The moment for the final struggle arrives, and Captain Ralph merely says, " Rein free ! " The boys mount — the crowd opens ; the drum taps and the animals are off like lightning. Fair Anna feels that all her previous reputation is at stake, and flies like a deer. She passes around the first mile like a flash of white light ; but the Arabian is be- side her. For a quarter of a mile thereafter they run neck and neck — the rider of fair Anna lashes and* spurs desperately. They come up to the quarter-stretch in the last mile at supernatural speed : — the spectators rise on their toes and shout : — two shadows pass them like the shadows of dart- ing hawks : — the mare barely saves her distance and the Arabian has triumphed. If we could not describe the excitement after the second heat, what possibility is there that we could convey an idea of the raging and surging pandemonium which the crowd now came to resemble? Furious cries — shouts — curses — applause — laughter — and the rattle of coin leaving unwil- ling hands are some of the sounds. But here we must give up : — as no mere pen can describe the raging of a great mass of water lashed by an angry wind into foam and whistling spray and muttering waves, which rise and fall and crash 358 Southern Literature, incessantly, so we cannot trace the outline of the wildly- excited crowd. [Afterwards come contests with the quarter-staff, a wrestling match, running matches, a contest of singing among "a dozen blushing maidens," and of fiddling among twenty bold musicians : and the day is wound up with a great banquet.] ZEBULON BAIRD VANCE. 1830- 1894. Zebulon Baird Vance was born in Buncombe County, North Carolina, and was educated at Washington College, Tennessee, and at the University of North Carolina. He studied law and began its practice in Asheville. He was soon elected to the State Legislature and to Congress ; and from 1854 to his death was continuously in public life except just after the war. His wit and eloquence made him a great favorite both on the stump and in Congress, and the influence he wielded in his state was unbounded. He was opposed to secession, but joined his state in her decision and became colonel of the 26th North Carolina Regiment, one ot the best of the army. In 1862 he was elected governor of the State and was so active and enterprising in getting aid b) 7 sea for the cause that he was called the " War Governor of the South." He was in favor of considering the negotiations for peace in 1863, but he neglected no measures to insure the success of the Confederacy. In 1865 he was held a prisoner of wa> for a few weeks in Washington. His political disabilities were not removed till 1872 ; in 1876 he was elected governor of North Carolina, and in 1879, ;®il ■■NHI State Capitol of North Carolina. (359 360 Southern Literature. United States Senator, having been elected and his seat re- fused him in 1870. His death occurred in Washington City, and he is buried in Asheville. His State is now preparing to erect a monument expressing her honor and devotion to her illustrious son. WORKS. Speeches : (in Congress and on Public Occasions.) CHANGES WROUGHT BY THE WAR. {From All About it — an address before the young men of Raleigh, N. C; published in ''Land We Love," January, 1867.) Virginia to the north of us was settled by English Ca- valiers ; South Carolina, mainly by French Huguenots ; both among the noblest stocks of Western Europe. North Carolina, with but a slight infusion of each, was settled by a sturdier — and in some respects — a better race than either. She was emphatically the offspring of religious and politi- cal persecution, and the vital stream of her infant life was of Scotch-Irish origin. A cross of those two noble races has produced a breed of men as renowned for great deeds and modest worth as perhaps any other in this world. Two instances will suffice for this. Perhaps the most manly and glorious feat of arms in modern times was the defence of Londonderry, as the boldest and most remarkable state paper was the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. Both were the work mainly of men such as settled North Caro- lina. 7"/ie Country Gentlemen. — Perhaps one of the most remarkable changes which we may expect, is one that will soon be apparent on the face of our country society. The abolition of slavery will do wonders here. It puts an end to the reign of those lordly-landed proprietors, planters, and farmers, who constituted so striking and Zebulon Baird Vance. 361 so pleasant a feature in our rural population. No longer the masters of hundreds of slaves wherewith to culti- vate their thousands of acres, the general cheapness of lands in the South will prevent their forming around them a system of dependent tenantry, since every industrious man will be able to plough his own farm. They will there- fore gradually sell off their paternal acres, no longer within the scope of prudent management, and seek homes in the towns and villages, or contract their establishments to their means and altered condition. Agriculture will then pass gradually into the hands of small farmers, and the great farms will forever disappear. I can scarcely imagine it possible for any one to view the steady disappearance of the race of Southern country gen- tlemen without genuine sorrow the high-toned, educated, chivalrous, intelligent, and hospi- table Southern gentlemen, of whom each one who hears me has at least a dozen in his mind's eye in Virginia and the Carolinas : whose broad fields were cultivated by their own faithful and devoted slaves, whose rudely splendid man- sions stand where their fathers reared them, among the oaks and the pines which greeted the canoe of John Smith, -wel- comed the ships of Raleigh, and sheltered the wild cava- liers of De Soto ; whose hall doors stood wide open, and were never shut except against a retreating guest ;* whose cellar and table abounded with the richest products of the richest lands in the world, and whose hospitality was yet unstained by unrefined excess; whose parlors and fire-sides were adorned by a courtly female grace which might vie with any that ever lighted and blessed the home of man ; * As in the case of the gentleman for whom Senator Vance's native county was named He had over his front door the inscription : " Buncombe Hall. Welcome all !" 362 Southern Literature. whose hands were taught from infancy to fly open to every generous and charitable appeal, and whose minds were inured to all self-respect and toleration, and whose strong brains were sudden death to humbuggery, all the isms, and the whole family of mean and pestilential fanaticism. The Negroes. — There is also a great change at hand for the negro. . Who that knew him as a contented, well-treated slave, did not learn to love and admire the negro character? I, for one, confess to almost an enthusiasm on the subject. The cheerful ring of their songs at their daily tasks, their love for their masters and their families, their politeness and good manners, their easily bought but sincere gratitude, their deep-seated aristocracy — for your genuine negro was a terrible aristocrat, — their pride in their own and their master's dignity, together with their overflow- ing and never-failing animal spirits, both during hours of labor and leisure, altogether, made up an aggregation of joyous simplicity and fidelity — when not perverted by harsh treatment — that to me was irresistible ! A remembrance of the seasons spent among them will perish only with life. From the time of the ingathering of the crops, until after the ushering in of the new year, was wont to be with them a season of greater joy and festivity than with any other people on earth, of whom it has been my lot to hear. In the glorious November nights of our beneficent clime, after the first frosts had given a bracing sharpness and a ringing clearness to the air, and lent that transparent blue to the heavens through which the stars gleam like globes of sapphire, when I have seen a hundred or more of them around the swelling piles of corn, and heard their tuneful voices ringing with the chorus of some wild refrain, I have thought I would rather far listen to them than to any music ever sung to mortal ears ; for it Zkbulon Baird Vance. 363 was the outpouring of the hearts of happy and contented men, rejoicing over the abundance which rewarded the labor of the closing year ! And the listening, too, has many a time and oft filled my bosom with emotions, and opened my heart with charity and love toward this subject and dependent race, such as no oratory, no rhetoric or min- strelsy in all this wide earth could impart ! Nature ceased almost to feel fatigue in the joyous scenes which followed. The fiddle and the banjo, animated as it would seem like living things, literally knew no rest, night or day ; while Terpichore covered her face in absolute despair in the presence of that famous double- shuffle with which the long nights and ". master's shoes " were worn away together ! . . . . Who can forget the cook by whom his youthful appetite was fed ? The fussy, consequential old lady to whom I now refer, has often, during my vagrant inroads into her rightful domains, boxed my infant jaws, with an imperious, " Bress de Lord, git out of de way : dat chile never kin git enuff " : and as often relenting at sight of my hungry tears, has fairly bribed me into her love again with the very choicest bits of the savory messes of her art. She was haughty as Juno, and aristocratic as though her naked ancestors had come over with the Conqueror, or " drawn a good bow at Hastings," and yet her pride invariably melted at the sight of certain surreptitious quantities of tobacco, with which I made my court to this high priestess of the region sacred to the stomach. And there, too, plainest of all, I can see the fat and chubby form of my dear old nurse, whose encircling arms of love fondled and supported me from the time whereof the mem- ory of this man runneth not to the contrary. All the strong love of her simple and faithful nature seemed bestowed on 364 Southern Literature. her mistress' children, which she was not permitted to give to her own, long, long ago left behind and dead in "ole Varginney." Oh ! the wonderful and touching stories of them, and a hundred other things, which she has poured into my infant ears ! How well do I remember the marvel- lous story of the manner in which she obtained religion, of her many and sore conflicts with the powers of darkness, and of her first dawning hopes in that blessed gospel whose richest glory is, that it is preached to the poor, such as she was ! From her lips, too, I heard my first ghost-story ! Think of that ! None of your feeble make-believes of a ghost-story either, carrying infidelity on its face ; but a real bona-fide narrative, witnessed by herself, and told with the earnestness of truth itself. How my knees smote together, and my hair stood on end, "so called" — as I stared and startled, and declared again and again with quite a sickly manhood indeed, that I -wasn't scared a bit! Perhaps the proudest day of my boyhood was when I was able to present her with a large and flaming red cotton handkerchief, wherewith in turban style she adorned her head. And my satisfaction was complete when my pro- found erudition enabled me to read for her on Sabbath after- noons that most wonderful of all stories, the Pilgrim's Pro- gress. Nor was it uninstructive, or a slight tribute to the genius of the immortal tinker — could I but have appreciated it — to observe the varied emotions excited within her breast by the recital of those fearful conflicts by the way, and of the unspeakable glories of the celestial City, within whose portals of pearl I trust her faithful soul has long since entered ! Albert Pike. 365 AtBERT PIKE. 1809 — 1891. Albert Pike was born in Boston, but after his twenty- second year made his home in the South. He was a student at Harvard and taught for a while; in 1831, he went to Arkansas, walking, it is said, five hundred miles of the way, as his horse had run away in a storm. He became an editor and then a lawyer, cultivating letters at the same time, and wrote the " Hymns to the Gods." He served in the Mexican and Civil Wars, with rank in the latter of Brigadier-General in the Confederate army. He afterwards made his home in Washington City, where he at first practised his profession, but later gave his attention mostly to literature and Freemasonry. Hymns to the Gods. Works on Freemasonry. Prose Sketches and Poems. Nugae, ( including Hymns to the Gods). Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Arkansas. The following poem is one of the best on that wonderful bird whose song almost all Southern poets have celebrated. It has a classic ring and reminds one of Keats' Odes on the Nightingale and on a Grecian Urn. TO THE MOCKING-BIRD. Thou glorious mocker of the world ! I hear Thy many voices ringing through the glooms Of these green solitudes ; and all the clear, Bright joyance of their song enthralls the ear, And flood9 the heart. Over the sphe ed tombs 366 Southern Literature. Of vanished nations rolls thy music-tide ; No light from History's starlit page illumes The memory of these nations ; they have died : None care for them but thou ; and thou mayst sing O'er me, perhaps, as now thy clear notes ring Over their bones by whom thou once wast deified. Glad scorner of all cities ! Thou dost leave The world's mad turmoil and incessant din, " Where none in other's honesty believe, Where the old sigh, the young turn gray and grieve, Where misery gnaws the maiden's heart within : Thou fleest far into the dark green woods, Where, with thy flood of music, thou canst win Their heart to harmony, and where intrudes No discord on thy melodies. Oh, where, Among the sweet musicians of the air, Is one so dear as thou to these old solitudes? Ha! what a burst was that! The ^Eolian strain Goes floating through the tangled passages Of the still woods, and now it comes again, A multitudinous melody, — like a rain Of glassy music under echoing trees, Close by a ringing lake. It wraps the soul With a bright harmony of happiness, Even as a gem is wrapped when round it roll Thin waves of crimson flame ; till we become With the excess of perfect pleasure, dumb, And pant like a swift runner clinging to the goal. I cannot love the man who doth not love, As men love light, the song of happy birds ; For the first visions that my boy-heart wove To fill its sleep with, were that I did rove Through the fresh woods, what time the snowy herds Of morning clouds shrunk from the advancing sun Into the depths of Heaven's blue heart, as words From the Poet's lips float gently, one by one, And vanish in the human heart; and then I revelled in such songs, and sorrowed when, With noon-heat overwrought, the music-gush was done. William Tappan Thompson. 367 I would, sweet bird, that I might live with thee, Amid the eloquent grandeur of these shades, Alone with nature, — but it may not be ; I have to struggle with the stormy sea Of human life until existence fades Into death's darkness. Thou wilt sins; and snar Through the thick woods and shadow-checkered glades, While pain and sorrow cast no dimness o'er The brilliance of thy heart; but I must wear, As now, my garments of regret and care, — As penitents of old their galling sackcloth wore. Yet why complain? What though fond hopes deferred Have overshadowed Life's green paths with gloom? Content's soft music is not all unheard; There is a voice sweeter than thine, sweet bird, To welcome me within my humble home ; There is an eye, with love's devotion bright, The darkness of existence to illume. Then why complain ? When Death shall cast his blight Over the spirit, my cold bones shall rest Beneath these trees ; and, from thy swelling breast, Over them pour thy song, like a rich flood of light. WILLIAM TAPPAN THOMPSON. 1812— 1882. William Tappan Thompson was a native of Ravenna, Ohio, the first white child born in the Western Reserve. He removed to Georgia in 1835, and became with Judge A. B. Longstreet editor of the " States Rights Sentinel '' at Augusta. He was subsequently editor of several other papers, in one of which, the "Miscellany," appeared his famous humorous " Letters of Major Jones." From 1845 to 1850 he lived in Baltimore, editor with Park Benjamin of the " Western Continent ;" but he returned to 368 Southern Literature. Georgia and established in Savannah the " Morning News " with which he was connected till his death. He served in the Confederate cause as aide to Gov. Joseph E. Brown, and later as a volunteer in the ranks. WORKS. Major Jones's Courtship. The Live Indian : a Farce. Major Jones's Chronicles of Pineville. John's Alive, and other Sketches, edited Major Jones's Sketches of Travel. by his daughter. Dramatized The Vicar of Wakefield. The titles of these books describe their contents, and the following extract gives their style. The scenes are laid in Georgia ; and even when Major Jones travels, he remains a Georgian still. major jones's Christmas present to mary stallings. {Front Major Jones's Courtship.*) They all agreed they would hang up a bag for me to put Miss Mary's Crismus present in, on the back porch; and about ten o'clock I told 'em good-evenin' and went home. I sot up till midnight, and when they wos all gone to bed, I went softly into the back gate, and went up to the porch, and thar, shore enough, was a great big meal-bag hangin' to the j'ice. It was monstrous unhandy to git to it, but I was termined not to back out. So I sot some chairs on top of a bench, and got hold of the rope, and let myself down into the bag ; but jist as I was gittin in, it swung agin the chairs, and down they went with a terrible racket ; but nobody din't wake up but Miss Stallinses old cur dog, and here he come rippin and tearin through the yard like rath, and round and round he went, tryin to find out what was the matter. I scrooch'd down in the bag, and didn't breathe * By permission of T. B. Peterson and Brothers, Philadelphia. William Tappan Thompson. 369 louder nor a kitten, for fear he'd find me out ; and after a while he quit barkin. The wind begun to blow bominable cold, and the old bag kept turnin round and swingin so it made me sea-sick as the mischief. I was afraid to move for fear the rope would break and let me fall, and thar I sot with my teeth rattlin like I had a ager. It seemed like it would never come day- light, and I do believe if I didn't love Miss Mary so power- ful I would froze to death ; for my heart was the only spot that felt warm, and it didn't beat more'n two licks a minit, only when I thought how she would be supprised in the mornin, and then it went in a canter. Bimeby the cussed old dog came up on the porch and begun to smell about the bag, and then he barked like he thought he'd treed something. " Bow ! wow ! wow ! " ses he. Then he'd smell agin, and try to git up to the bag. " Git out ! " ses I, very low, for fear the galls mought hear me. " Bow ! wow ! " ses he. " Begone ! you bominable fool ! " ses I, and I felt all over in spots, for I spected every minit he'd nip me, and what made it worse, I didn't know wharabouts he'd take hold. " Bow ! wow! wow!" Then I tried coaxin — "Come here, good feller," ses I, and whistled a little to him, but it wasn't no use. Thar he stood, and kep up his everlastin barkin and whinin, all night. I couldn't tell when daylight was breakin, only by the chickens crowin, and I was monstrous glad to hear 'em, for if I'd had to stay thar one hour more, I don't believe I'd ever got out of that bag alive. Old Miss Stallins come out fust, and as soon as she seed the bag, ses she : " What upon yeath has Joseph went and put in that bag for Mary? I'll lay it's a yearlin or some live animal, or Bruin wouldn't bark at it so." She went in to call the galls, and I sot thar, shiverin all over so I couldn't hardly speak if I tried to, — but I didn't say no thin. Bimeby they all come runnin out on the porch. 24 370 Southern Literature. "My goodness ! what is it? " ses Miss Mary. " Oh, it's alive ! " ses Miss Kesiah. " I seed it move." " Call Cato, and make him cut the rope," ses Miss Car- line, " and let's see what it is. Come here, Cato, and get this bag down." " Don't hurt it for the world," ses Miss Mary. Cato untied the rope that was round the jice, and let the bag down easy on the floor, and I tumbled out, all covered with corn-meal from head to foot. " Goodness gracious ! " ses Miss Mary, " if it ain't the Majer himself! " " Yes," ses I, " and you know you promised to keep my Crismus present as long as you lived." The galls laughed themselves almost to death, and went to brushin off the meal as fast as they could, sayin they was gwine to hang that bag up every Crismus till they got hus- bands too. Miss Mary — bless her bright eyes ! — she blushed as beautiful as a mornin-glory, and sed she'd stick to her word. . . . I do believe if I was froze stiff, one look at her sweet face, as she stood thar lookin down to the floor with her roguish eyes, and her bright curls fallin all over her snowy neck, would have fotched me to. I tell you what, it was worth hangin in a meal bag from one Crismus to another to feel as happy as I have ever sense. JAMES BARRON HOPE. 1827-1887 James Barron Hope was born near Norfolk, Virginia, educated at William and Mary College, and began the practice of law at Hampton. In 1857 he wrote the poem for the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the settle- James Barron Hope. 371 ment of Jamestown, and in 1858 an Ode for the dedication of the Washington Monument at Richmond. He also wrote j'poems for the " Southern Literary Messenger," as Henry Ellen. In 1861 he entered the Confederate service and fought through the war as captain. Afterwards he settled in Norfolk to the practice of his profession. His best poems are considered to be " Arms and the Man," and "Memorial Ode," the latter written for the laying of the corner-stone of the Lee Monument in Richmond, 1887, just before his death. WORKS. Leoni di Monota, [poems]. Under the Empire, [novel]. Elegiac Ode and other Poems. Arms and the Man, and other Poems. THE VICTORY AT YORKTOWN. {From Arms and the Man.*) A Metrical Address recited on the one hundredth anniversary of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, on invitation of the United States Congress, October 19, 1881. PROLOGUE. Full-burnished through the long-revolving years The ploughshare of a Century to-day Runs peaceful furrows where a crop of Spears Once stood in War's array. And we, like those who on the Trojan plain See hoary secrets wrenched from upturned sods ; — Who, in their fancy, hear resound again The battle-cry of Gods ; — We now, — this splendid scene before us spread Where Freedom's full hexameter began — Restore our Epic, which the Nations read As far its thunders ran. * By permission of Mrs. Jane Barron Hope Marr. 372 Southern Literature. Here visions throng on People and on Bard, Ranks all a-glitter in battalions massed And closed around as like a plumed guard, They lead us down the Past. I see great Shapes in vague confusion march Like giant shadows, moving vast and slow, Beneath some torch-lit temple's mighty arch Where long processions go. I see these Shapes before me all unfold, But ne"er can fix them on the lofty wall, Nor tell them, save as she of Endor told What she beheld to Saul. WASHINGTON AND LEE. {From Memorial Ode. ) Our history is a shining sea Locked in by lofty land, And its great Pillars of Hercules, Above the shifting sand I here behold in majesty Uprising on each hand. These Pillars of our history, In fame forever young, Are known in every latitude And named in every tongue, And down through all the Ages Their story shall be sung. The Father of his Country Stands above that shut-in sea, A glorious symbol to the world Of all that's great and free ; And to-day Virginia matches him — And matches him with Lee. James Wood Davidson. 373 JAMES WOOD DAVIDSON. 1829 . James Wood Davidson was born in Newberry County, South Carolina, and educated at South Carolina College, Columbia. He taught at Winnsboro and at Columbia until the opening of the war, when he enlisted as a volunteer in the Army of Northern Virginia, and served throughout the great struggle. After the war he taught again in Columbia till 187 1. Then he removed to Washington and in 1873 to New York, where he engaged in literary and journalistic work. He has also lived in Florida and represented Dade County in the State Legislature. He is now living in Washington City. WORKS. Living Writers of the South, (1869). School History of South Carolina. The Correspondent. Bell of Doom, [a poem]. Poetry of the Future. Florida of To-day. Dictionary of Southern Authors, [unfin- Helen of Troy, [a romance of ancient ishedj. Greece; unfinished.] Dr. Davidson's " Living Writers of the South " has made his name well known as a critic and student of lite- rature, and his labors in behalf of Southern letters entitle him to high regard. THE BEAUTIFUL AND THE POETICAL. (From Poetry of the Future.*) The relation between the Beautiful and Beauty on the one hand, and the Poetical and Poetry on the other, has generally been seen, when seen at all, vaguely ; that is to say, seen as the Beautiful and the Poetical themselves have been seen — " in a mirror darkly." This indistinctness seems * By permission oi the author. 374 Southern Literature. to have grown out of the faulty views of nature taken by the speculators. ...... In brief, then, Nature is an effect — a product — of a Power lying behind or above it ; and it stands, accordingly, to that Power in the relation of an effect to a cause. That cause we shall describe as Spiritual ; the effect, as Natural. The Natural, or Nature, is the ma- terial Universe embracing the three kingdoms, known as mineral, vegetable, and animal. .... Such being the case, everything in nature is a correspon- dent of some thing — is expressive of and consequently rep- resentative and exponential of something — above it or be- hind it ; and that something is an idea — a thing not mate- rial. It follows, then, that every object in nature has real character in itself as a representative of an idea ; just as, say, an anchor is representative of hope, a heart, of love, an olive branch, of peace, and a ring, of marriage. We next come to consider the percipient mind. Men's minds have limited and imperfect faculties and capabilities. That which is good, or true, or beautiful, to one mind can hardly be the same in the same way and degree to any other mind. It is true — as some writers have stated, but none seems willing to push the propositions to their legitimate conclusions — that the Good and the Beautiful are true, the Beautiful and the True are good, and the True and the Good are beautiful. We wish to accept the propositions in their most comprehensive scope and with all their legiti- mate consequences. Let us note, at this point, the fact, obvious enough but generally overlooked, that in perception the result depends far more upon the percipient mind than upon the object perceived. To a ploughboy, a pebble is an insignificant thing, suggestive possibly of some discomfort in walking, James Wood Davidson. 375 and fit only to shy at a bird, may be ; but to the geologist it appears worthy a volume, and speaks to him of strata may be a million of years old, of glacial attrition, of vol- canic action, of chemical constituents, of minc-alogical principles, and crystallogenic attraction, of mathematical laws and geometric angles, and of future geognostic changes. That is to say, the pebble contracts and expands, as it were, with the faculties and the prejudices of the per- son — ot the mind — that sees it. Or, again : The crescent moon is visible in the clear sky. A sees a bright convenience which enables him to walk better — not so good a light as the full moon would be, but valuable as far as it goes. B sees a lovely luminary to light him to his lady-love, a hallowed eye half shut that watches with protecting radiance over her slumbers. C reckons the intervening 238,000 miles, its diameter of 2,162.3 miles, and his mind busies itself with orbits, radii, ellipses, eclipses, azimuth, parallax, sidereal periods, satel- litic inclinations, and synodic revolutions. D, with a turn for symbols and history, sees in it something of the " orna- ments like the moon " that Gideon captured from the Sheikhs Zebah and Zalmunna, something of Byzantine siege, Ottoman ensign, the Crusades, the Knighthood of Selim, the battle of Tours, and the city of New Orleans. The Beautiful . . . . is a relation between the man that sees and the object seen. A perfectly harmonious relation brings perfect beauty. The Poetical .... is the beautiful ; and this may be expressed either in prose or in poetry. Poetry, more closely defined, is the poetical expressed in rhythmical language. 376 Southern Literature. CHARLES COLCOCK JONES, Jr. 1831-1893. Charles Colcock Jones, Jr., was born at Savannah, Georgia, and made his literary fame by special study of the history of Georgia and the life of the Southern Indians. He was by profession a lawyer, was colonel of artillery in the Confederate Army, and from 1865 to 1877 lived and practised law in New York City. Since 1877 his home was "Montrose" near Augusta, Georgia, where he left a fine library and large collections of Indian curiosities and of portraits and autographs. His style is full and flowing, and the following list shows his great activity with his pen. Indian Remains in Southern Georgia. History of Georgia. Ancient Tumuli and Structures in Geor- Sketch of Tomo-chi-chi. gia. Antiquities of the Southern Indians. Dead Towns of Georgia. Lift of Jasper : of Tatnal) : of De Soto: Last Days of Gen. Henry Lee. of Purry : of Jenkins : of Habersham : of Life, Labors, and Neglected Grave of Gen. Robert Toombs: of Elbert: of John Richard Henry Wilde. Fercival. Negro Myths from the Georgia Coast. Addresses to Confederate Association, and Histories of Savannah and Augusta. Historical Society, and on Greene, Pulaski, English Colonization ot Geoagla. Stephens. Edited\\\s father's works. Colonel Jones is the most prolific author that Georgia has produced and his works place him at the head of her his- torical writers. SALZBURGER SETTLEMENT IN GEORGIA. (From History of Georgia.*) During the four years commencing in 1729 and ending in 1733, more than thirty thousand Salzburgers, impelled by * By permission of Mr. Charles Edgeworth Jones. Charles Colcock Jones, Jr. 377 the fierce persecutions of Leopold, abandoned their homes in the broad valley of the Salza, and sought refuge in Prus- sia, Holland, and England, where their past sufferings and present wants enlisted the profound sympathy of Protestant communities. In the public indignation engendered by their unjustifiable and inhuman treatment, and in the gene- ral desire to alleviate their sufferings, Oglethorpe and the trustees fully shared. An asylum in Georgia was offered. Forty-two men with their families, numbering in all seventy-eight souls, set out on foot for Rotterdam. They came from the town of Berchtolsgaden and its vicinity. On the 2d of December they embarked for England. On the 8th of Januaiy, 1734 (O. S.), having a favorable wind, they departed in the ship Purisburg for Savannah. Upon the return of Mr. Oglethorpe and the commissary, Baron Von Reck, [sent to examine the site of the new colony] to Savannah, nine able-bodied Salz- burgers were dispatched, by the way of Abercorn, to Ebe- nezer, to cut down trees and erect shelters for the new colo- nists. On the 7th of April the rest of the emigrants arrived, and, with the blessing of the good Mr. Bolzius, entered at once upon the task of clearing land, constructing bridges, building shanties, and preparing a road-way to Abercorn. Wild honey found in a hollow tree greatly refreshed them, and parrots and partridges made them " a very good dish." Upon the sandy soil they fixed their hopes for a generous yield of peas and potatoes. To the " black, fat, and heavy " land they looked for all sorts of corn. From the clayey soil they purposed manufacturing bricks and earthenware. 378 Southern Literature. On the first of May lots were drawn upon which houses were to be erected in the town of Ebenezer. The day fol- lowing, the hearts of the people were rejoiced by the com- ing of ten cows and calves, — sent as a present from the magistrates of Savannah in obedience to Mr. Oglethorpe's orders. Ten casks " full of all Sorts of Seeds " arriving from Savannah set these pious people to praising God for all his loving kindnesses. Commiserating their poverty, the Indians gave them deer, and their English neighbors taught them how to brew a sort of beer made of molasses, sassa- fras, and pine tops. Poor Lackner dying, by common con- sent the little money he left was made the '' Beginning of a Box for the Poor." ..... By appointment, Monday, the 13th of May, was observed by the congregation as a season of thanksgiving. .... Of the town of Savannah, the Baron Von Reck favors us with the following impressions : " I went to view this rising Town, Savannah, seated upon the Banks of a River of the same Name. The Town is regularly laid out, divided into four Wards, in each of which is left a spacious Square for holding of Markets and other publick Uses. The Streets are all straight, and the Houses are all of the same Model and Dimensions, and well contrived for Conveniency. For the Time it has been built it is very populous, and its Inhabitants are all White People. And indeed the Bless- ing of God seems to have gone along with this Undertak- ing, for here we see Industry honored and Justice strictly executed, and Luxury and Idleness banished from this happy Place where Plenty and Brotherly Love seem to make their Abode, and where the good Order of a Nightly Watch restrains the Disorderly and makes the Inhabitants sleep secure in the midst of a Wilderness. Mary Virginia Terhune. 379 There is laid out near the Town, by order of the Trustees, a Garden for making Experiments for the Improving Bot- any and Agriculture ; it contains 10 Acres and lies upon the River ; and it is cleared and brought into such Order that there is already a fine Nursery of Oranges, Olives, white Mulberries, Figs, Peaches, and many curious Herbs : besides which there are Cabbages, Peas, and other Euro- pean Pulse and Plants which all thrive. Within the Gar- den there is an artificial Hill, said by the Indians to be raised over the Body of one of their ancient Emperors. I had like to have forgot one of the best Regulations made by the Trustees for the Government of the Town of Savannah. I mean the utter Prohibition of the Use of Rum, that flattering but deceitful Liquor which has been found equally pernicious to the Natives and new Comers, which seldoms fails by Sickness or Death to draw after it its own Punishment." MARY VIRGINIA TERHUNE. ca. 183s- . Mrs. Terhune, better known as " Marion Harland," was born in Amelia County, Virginia, where her father, Samuel P. Hawes, a merchant from Massachusetts, had made his home. She began writing at the early age of fourteen. In 1856, she was married to Rev. E. P. Terhune and since 1859 has lived in the North. Her novels, dealing chiefly with Southern life, are very popular and have made her well known North and South. "The Story of Mary Washington " was written in order to aid the enterprise for a monument to the mother of Washington, which was hap- pily consummated May 10, 1894, by its unveiling at Frede- >> [S80] Mary Virginia Terhune. 381 ricksburg, on which occasion Mrs. Terhune was present, an honored guest. WORKS. Alone. Miriam. Moss Side. Husks. Nemesis. Sunnybank. Husbands and Homes. Christmas Holly. Helen Gardner's Wedding-Day. Phemie's Temptation. Ruby's Husband. Common Sense in the Household. At Last. Eve's Daughters. Empty Heart. A Gallant Fight. Judith ; a Chronicle of Old Virginia. Story of Mary Washington. Hidden Path. LETTER DESCRIBING MARY [BALL] WASHINGTON WHEN A YOUNG GIRL. {From Story of Mary Washington.*') " Wmsburg, ye 7th of Octr, 1722. '■'■Dear Sukey, Madam Ball of Lancaster and Her Sweet Molly have gone Horn. Mamma thinks Molly the Comliest Maiden She Knows. She is about 16 yrs old, is taller than Me, is very Sensable, Modest and Loving. Her Hair is like unto Flax, Her Eyes are the color of Yours, and her Chekes are like May blossoms. I wish you could see her." We do seem to see her in lingering over the portrait done in miniature in colors that are fresh to this day. It is, as if in exploring a catacomb, we had happened upon a fair chamber adorned with a frescoed portrait of a girl-princess of a legendary age. Romancist and biographer are one as we study the picture line by line. The brush was dipped in the limner's heart and wrought passing well. MADAM WASHINGTON AT THE PEACE BALL. (From the Same.) Her only public appearance as the hero's mother was at the Peace Ball given in Fredericksburg during the visit of * By permission of author and publishers, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. 382 Southern Literature. Washington to that town. With all her majestic self-com- mand, she did not disguise the pleasure with which she received the special request of the managers that she would honor the occasion with her presence. There was even a happy flutter in the playful rejoinder that 'her dancing days were pretty well over, but that if her coming would contribute to the general pleasure she would attend." A path was opened from the foot to the top of the hall as they appeared in the doorway, and " every head was bowed in reverence." It must have been the proudest moment of her life, but she bore herself with perfect composure then, and after her son, seating her in an armchair upon the dais reserved for distinguished guests, faced the crowd in prideful expectancy that all his friends would seek to know his mother. She had entered the hall at eight o'clock, and for two hours held court, the most dis- tinguished people there pressing eagerly forward to be pre- sented to her. . . . From her slightly elevated position, she could, without rising, overlook the floor, and watched with quiet pleasure the dancers, among them the kingly figure of the Commander-in-Chief, who led a Fredericksburg matron through a minuet. At ten o'clock, she signed to him to approach, and rose to take his arm, saying in her clear soft voice, " Come, George, it is time for old folks to be at home." Smiling a good-night to all, she walked down the room, as erect in form and as steady in gait as any dancer there. One of the French officers exclaimed aloud, as she dis- appeared : " If such are the matrons of America, she may well boast of illustrious sons ! " . Lafayette's report of his interview to his friends at Mt. Vernon was : " I have seen the only Roman matron living at this day ! " Augusta Evans Wilson. 383 AUGUSTA EVANS WILSON. 1835 • Mrs. Wilson was born at Columbus, Georgia, but early- removed to Mobile, Alabama. Her first novel was " Inez : a Tale of the Alamo," published in 1855. She was mar- ried to Mr. L. M. Wilson of Mobile in 1868, and they had a delightful suburban home at Spring Hill. Since Mr. Wilson's death, she resides in Mobile. Ner novels, espe- cially " St Elmo," have made a great sensation in the read- ing world : they evince great ability and learning. See Miss Rutherford's "American Authors." WORKS. Inez : a Tale of the £lamo. Beulah. Macaria. St. Elmo. Vashti. Infelice. At the Mercy of Tiberius. " St. Elmo contains a description of that marvel of ori- ental architecture, the Taj Mahal at Agra in India, — a mar- ble tomb erected to perpetuate the name of Noormahal, whom Tom Moore has immortalized in his " Lalla Rookh." A recent traveller visiting Agra in 1891 writes that he was surprised to find a Parsee boy almost in the shadow of the Taj Mahal reading a copy of the London edition of Mrs. Wilson's Vashti. . . . Her style has been severely criticised as pedantic, but certainly this charge may with equal justice be brought against George Mere- dith, Bulwer, and George Eliot, and it is well established that Mrs. Wilson's books have in many instances stimulated her young readers to study history, mythology, and the sci- ences, from which she so frequently draws her illustrations." — Miss Rutherford. 384 Southern Literature. a learned and interesting conversation. (From St. Elmo*) Edna had risen to leave the room when the master of the house entered, but at his request resumed her seat and con- tinued reading. After searching the shelves unavailingly, he glanced over his shoulder and asked : " Have you seen my copy of De Guerin's Centaur any- where about the house? I had it a week ago." " I beg your pardon, sir, for causing such a fruitless search ; here is the book. I picked it up on the front steps where you were reading a few evenings since, and it opened at a passage that attracted my attention." She closed the volume and held it toward him, but he waved it back. "Keep it if it interests you. I have read it once, and merely wished to refer to a particular passage. Can you guess what sentence most frequently recurs to me? If so, read it to me." He drew a chair close to the hearth and lighted his cigar. Hesitatingly Edna turned the leaves. " I am afraid, sir, that my selection will displease you." " I will risk it, as, notwithstanding your flattering opinion to the contrary, I am not altogether so unrea- sonable as to take offense at a compliance with my own request." Still she shrank from the task he imposed, and her fingers toyed with the scarlet fuchias ; but after eyeing her for a while, he leaned forward and pushed the glass bowl beyond her reach. " Edna, I am waiting." * By permission of the author, and of the publisher, G. W. Dillingham, N. Y. Augusta Evans Wilson. 385 " Well, then, Mr. Murray, I should think that these two passages would impress you with peculiar force." Raising the book, she read with much emphasis : " Thou pursuest after wisdom, O Melampus ! which is the science of the will ot the gods ; and thou roatnest from people to -people, like a mortal driven by the destinies. In the times when I kept my night-watches before the caverns, I have sometimes believed that I was about to surprise the thoughts of the sleeping Cybele, and that the mother of the gods, betrayed by her dreams, would let fall some of her secrets. But I have never yet made out more than sounds which faded away in the murmur of night, or words inar- ticulate as the bubbling of the rivers.' ' Seekest thou to know the gods, O Macareus ! and from what source, men, animals, and elements of the universal fire have their origin ? The aged ocean, the father of all things, keeps locked within his own breast these secrets ; and the nymphs who stand around sing as they weave their eternal dance before him, to cover any sound which might escape from his lips, half opened by slumber. Mortals dear to the gods for their virtue have received from their hands lyres to give delight to man, or the seeds of new plants to make him rich, but from their inexorable lips — nothing ! ' " Mr. Murray, am I correct in my conjecture ? " " Quite correct," he answered, smiling grimly. Taking the book from her hand he threw it on the table, and tossed his cigar into the grate, adding in a defiant, chal- lenging tone : " The mantle of Solomon did not fall at Le Cayla on the shoulders of Maurice de Guerin. After all he was a wretched hypochondriac, and a tinge of le cahier vert doubt- less crept into his eyes," 886 Southern Litkrature. " Do you- forget, sir, that he said, ' When one is a wan- derer, one feels that one fulfils the true condition of human- ity? ' and that among his last words are these, 'The stream of travel is full of delight. Oh ! who will set me adrift on this Nile?'" "Pardon me if I remind you, far farenthese, of the pre- liminary and courteous En garde! which should be pro- nounced before a thrust. De Guerin felt starved in Lan- guedoc, and no wonder ! But had he penetrated every nook and cranny of the habitable globe, and traversed the vast zaarahs which science accords the universe, he would have died at last as hungry as Ugolino. I speak advisedly ; for the true Io gad-fly, ennui, has stung me from hemi- sphere to hemisphere, across tempestuous oceans, scorching deserts, and icy mountain ranges. I have faced alike the bourrans of the steppes, and the Samieli of Shamo, and the result of my vandal life is best epitomized in those grand but grim words of Bossuet : ' On trouve au fond du tout le vide et le neant! ' Nineteen years ago, to satisfy my hunger, I set out to hunt the daintiest food this world could furnish, and, like other fools, have learned finally, that life is but a huge mellow golden Osher, that mockingly sifts its bitter dust upon our eager lips. Ah ! truly, on trouve au fond du tout le vide et le neant! " " Mr. Murray, if you insist upon your bitter Osher simile, why shut your eyes to the palpable analogy suggested? Naturalists assert that the Solanum, or apple of Sodom, contains in its normal state neither dust nor ashes ; unless it is punctured by an insect, (the Tenthredo), which con- verts the whole of the inside into dust, leaving nothing but the rind entire, without any loss of color. Human life is as fair and tempting as the fruit of 'Ain Jidy,' till stung and poisoned by the Tenthredo of sin," Daniel Bedinger Lucas. 387 All conceivable suaviter in modo characterized his mock- ing countenance and tone, as he inclined his haughty head and asked : " Will you favor me by lifting on the point of your dis- secting knife this stinging sin of mine to which you refer? The noxious brood swarm so teasingly about my ears that they deprive me of your cool, clear, philosophic discrimina- tion. Which particular Tenthredo of the buzzing swarm around my spoiled apple of life would you advise me to select for my anathema maranatka?" " Of your history, sir, I am entirely ignorant ; and even if I were not, I should not presume to levy a tax upon it in discussions with you ; for, however vulnerable you may pos- sibly be, I regard an argumentum ad hominem as the weak- est weapon in the armory of dialectics — a weapon too often dipped in the venom of personal malevolence. I merely gave expression to my belief that miserable useless lives are sinful lives." DANIEL BEDINGER LUCAS. 1836 . Daniel Bedinger Lucas is a native of Charlestown, West Virginia, and has reputation as a lawyer, orator, and judge. He was a soldier in the Confederate Army and wrote his fine and best known poem, " The Land Where We Were Dreaming," in 1865. He has served in the State Legislature. His sister was aiso a poet and her verses are included in the "Wreath of Eglantine." WORKS. Memoir of John Yates Bell. Ballads and Madrigals. Maid of Northumberland. Wreath of Eglantine, and other Poems. 388 Southern Literature. the land where we were dreaming. (From The Land We Lave.)* Fair were our nation's visions, and as grand As ever floated out of fancy-land ; Children were we in simple faith, But god-like children, whom nor death Nor threat of danger drove from honor's path— In the land where we were dreaming. Proud were our men as pride of birth could render, As violets our women pure and tender ; And when they spoke, their voices' thrill At evening hushed the whip-poor-will, At morn the mocking-bird was mute and still, In the land where we were dreaming. And we had graves that covered more of glory Than ever taxed the lips of ancient story; And in our dream we wove the thread Of principles for which had bled And suffered long our own immortal dead. In the land where we were dreaming. Our sleep grew troubled, and our dreams grew wild ; Red meteors flashed across our heaven's field, Crimson the moon, between the Twins Barbed arrows flew in circling lanes Of light, red comets tossed their fiery manes O'er the land where we were dreaming. A figure came among us as we slept — At first he knelt, then slowly rose and wept ; Then gathering up a thousand spears, He swept across the field of Mars, Then bowed farewell, and walked among the stars, From the land where we were dreaming. h By permission of the author. rf (tJ&J^*' James Ryder Randall. 389 We looked again — another figure still Gave hope, and nerved each individual will ; Erect he stood, as clothed with power, Self-poised, he seemed to rule the hour With firm, majestic sway — of strength a tower — In the land where we were dreaming. As, while great Jove, in bronze, a warder god, Gazed eastward from the Forum where he stood, Rome felt herself secure and free — So, Richmond ! we on guard for thee, Beheld a bronzed hero, god-like Lee, In the land where we were dreaming. Woe ! woe is us ! the startled mothers cried ; While we have slept, our noble sons have died. Woe! woe is us ! how strange and sad, That all our glorious visions fled Have left us nothing real but our dead In the land where we were dreaming. •' And are they really dead, our martyred slain ? " No, dreamers ! Morn shall bid them rise again From every plain, from every height On which they seemed to die for right; Their gallant spirits shall renew the fight In the land where we were dreaming. JAMES RYDER RANDALL. ,839 James Ryder Randall was born in Baltimore, and his fame rests upon his stirring war-song, " Maryland, my Maryland," which has been called the " Marseillaise of the Confederacy." It was written in 1861 and set by Mrs. 390. Southeris Literature. Burton Harrison to the tune of the old college song " Lau- riger Horatius," on the wings of which it quickly flew all over the South. His profession is that ot an editor, and his delicate health has compelled his residence in a warmer latitude than his native city, in Louisiana and Georgia. WORKS. Fugitive Poems : Arlington, Maryland, My Maryland, Cameo Bracelet, and others. Sole Sentry, MY MARYLAND. The despot's heel is on thy shore, Maryland ! His torch is at thy temple door, Maryland ! Avenge the patriotic gore That flecked the streets of Baltimore, And be the battle-queen of yore, Maryland, my Maryland! Hark to an exiled son's appeal, Maryland ! My Mother-State, to thee I kneel, Maryland ! For life and death, for woe and weal, Thy peerless chivalry reveal, And gird thy beauteous limbs with steel, Maryland, my Maryland ! Thou wilt not cower in the dust, Maryland ! Thy beaming sword shall never rust, Maryland ! Remember Carroll's sacred trust, Remember Howard's warlike thrust, And all thy slumberers with the just, Maryland, my Maryland ! James Ryder Randall. 391 Come ! 'tis the red dawn of the da7, Maryland ! Come with thy panoplied array, Maryland ! With Ringgold's spirit for the fray, With Watson's blood at Monterey, With fearless I^owe and dashing May, Maryland, my Maryland ! Dear Mother ! burst the tyrant's chain, Maryland ! Virginia should not call in vain, Maryland ! She meets her sisters on the plain, — "Sic semper ! " 'tis the proud refrain, That baffles minions back amain, Maryland ! Arise in majesty again, Maryland, my Maryland ! Come ! for thy shield is bright and strong, Maryland ! Come ! for thy dalliance does thee wrong, Maryland ! Come to thine own heroic throng Walking with Liberty along, And chant thy dauntless slogan-song, Maryland, my Maryland ! I see the blush upon thy cheek, Maryland ! For thou wast ever bravely meek, Maryland ! But lo ! there surges forth a shriek, From hill to hill, from creek to creek, Potomac calls to Chesapeake, Maryland, my Maryiand ! 392 Southern Literature. Thou wilt not yield the Vandal toll, Maryland ! Thou wilt not crook to his control, Maryland ! Better the fire upon thee roll, Better the shot, the blade, the bowl, Than crucifixion of the soul, Maryland, my Maryland ! I hear the distant thunder-hum, Maryland ! The Old Line's bugle, fife, and drum, Maryland ! She is not dead, nor deaf, nor dumb ; Huzza ! she spurns the Northern scum, — She breathes ! She burns ! She'll come ! She'll Come ! Maryland, my Maryland ! Written 1861. ABRAM JOSEPH RYAN. 1830-1886. Father Ryan, " the poet-priest," was born in Norfolk, Virginia, but passed most of his life farther south. He lived in New Orleans, Knoxville, Augusta, and Mobile. His death occurred in Louisville, Kentucky. His patriotic poems are among the best known and most admired that the South has produced : his religious poems evince a sad view of human life together with an exalted adoration of the Divine Will. WORKS. Poems, Some Aspects of Modem Civilization, [a Life of Christ, [unfinished]. lecture]. To our great regret, we have not been permitted by the publishers to copy any of Father Ryan's poems. Every one is familiar with his " Conquered Banner," and " Sword William Gordon McCabe. 393 of Lee " ; the " Song of the Mystic " is one of his most beautiful productions. WILLIAM GORDON McCABE. 184 1 . William Gordon McCabe was born near Richmond, and educated at the University of Virginia. He was a cap- tain in the Confederate service ; and since the war he has had at Petersburg one of the best schools preparatory to the University. He is a poet, and has also edited several Latin authors for school use. WORKS. Ballads of Battle and Bravery Defence of Petersburg. DREAMING IN THE TRENCHES.* I picture her there in the quaint old room, Where the fading fire-light starts and falls, Alone in the twilight's tender gloom With the shadows that dance on the dim-lit walls. Alone, while those faces look silently down From their antique frames in a grim repose — Slight scholarly Ralph in his Oxford gown, And stanch Sir Alan, who died for Montrose. There are gallants gay in crimson and gold, There are smiling beauties with powdered hair, But she sits there, fairer a thousand-fold, Leaning dreamily back in her low arm-chair. And the roseate shadows of fading light Softly clear steal over the sweet young face, Where a woman's tenderness blends to-night With the guileless pride of a haughty race. * By permission of the author. 394 Southern Literature. Her hands lie clasped in a listless way On the old Romance — which she holds on her knee- Of Tristram, the bravest of knights in the fray, And Tsetilt, who waits by the sounding sea. And her proud, dark eyes wear a softened look As she watches the dying embers fall — Perhaps she dreams of the knight in the book, Perhaps of the pictures that smile on the wall. What fancies I wonder are thronging her brain, For her cheeks flush warm with a crimson glow ! Perhaps — ah ! me, how foolish and vain ! But I'd give my life to believe it so ! Well, whether I ever march home again To offer my love and a stainless name, Or whether I die at the head of my men,— I'll be true to the end all the same. Petersburg Trenches, 1864. SIDNEY LANIER. 1842=1881. Sidney Lanier was born in Macon, Georgia, descended from a line of artist ancestors, through whom he inherited great musical ability. He was educated at Oglethorpe Col- lege, being graduated in i860. He and his brother Clifford entered the Confederate Army together in 1861 and served through the war ; but the exposure and hardships and im- prisonment developed consumption which finally caused his death. After the war he lived for two years in Alabama as a clerk and a teacher ; but his health failed and he was forced -Sidney Lanier. 395 to return home where he practised law with his father till 1873. Then deciding to devote himself to music and poe- try, he went to Baltimore where he was engaged as first flute in the Peabody Symphony Concerts and in 1879 as lec- turer on English Literature in Johns Hopkins University. His dread disease never relaxed and he was often obliged to quit work and go to Florida, North Carolina, Georgia, and Pennsylvania in search of strength. His death occurred at Lynn, Polk County, North Carolina, on his last quest for strength and life with which to continue the work he so much loved. His " Science of English Verse " is said to be a new and valuable addition to the study of poetry. His poems be- long to the new order of thought and life. His " Tiger- Lilies " is a prose-poem, written in three weeks just after the war and laid in the mountains of Tennessee and on the eastern shore of Virginia where he was stationed. " Beauty is holiness, and holiness is beauty," was his favorite remark on the subject of Art. His work and influence are growing in importance in the regard of students. In 1876 he was invited to write the poem for the Centen- nial Exposition ; and the " Meditation of Columbia," com- posed with the musical expression always in mind, — and so too it should be read, — was the grand Ode that graced the opening day at Philadelphia. See under Waitman Barbe. WORKS. poems : Edited by his wife, Mary Day Lanier, with a Memorial by William Hayes Ward. Tiger Lilies, [novel]. Science of English Verse. Florida: its Scenery, Climate, and His- Boy's Froissart. lory. Boy's King Arthur. English Novel and Principles of Its De- Boy's Mabinogion. velopment. Boy's Percy. 396 Southern Literature. song of the chattahoochee. {From Poems.*) Out of the hills of Habersham, Down the valleys of Hall, I hurry amain to reach the plain. Run the rapid and leap the fall, Split at the rock and together again, Accept my bed, or narrow or wide, And flee from folly on every side With a lover's pain to attain the plain Far from the hills of Habersham, Far from the valleys of Hall. All down the hills of Habersham, All though the valleys of Hall, The rushes cried, Abide, abide, The willful waterweeds held me thrall, The laving laurel turned my tide, The ferns and the fondling grass said Stay, The dewberry dipped for to work delay, And the little reeds sighed Abide, abide, Here in the hills of Habersham, Here in the valleys of Hall. High o'er the hills of Habersham, Veiling the valleys of Hall, The hickory told me manifold Fair tales of shade, the poplar tall Wrought me her shadowy self to hold, The chestnut, the oak, the walnut, the pine, Overleaning, with flickering meaning and sign, Said, Pass not, so cold, these manifold Deep shades of the hills of Habersham, These glades in the valleys of Hall. And oft in the hills of Habersham, And oft in the valleys of Hall, The white quartz shone, and the smooth brook -stone Did bar me of passage with friendly brawl, And many a luminous jewel lone, * By permission of Mrs. Lanier, and Charles Serlbner's Sons, N. Y. Sidney Lanier. 397 — Crystals clear or a-cloud with mist, Ruby, garnet, and amethyst — Made lures with the lights of streaming stone In the clefts of the hills of Habersham, In the beds of the valleys of Hall. But oh, not the hills of Habersham, And oh, not the valleys of Hall Avail : I am fain for to water the plain, Downward the voices of Duty call — Downward, to toil and be mixed with the main, The dry fields burn, and the mills are to turn, And a myriad flowers mortally yearn, And the lordly main from beyond the plain Calls o'er the hills of Habersham, Calls through the valleys of Hall. '877. What is Music? Music is Love in search of a word. THE TIDE RISING IN THE MARSHES. (From The Marshes of Glynn.*) Ye marshes, how candid and simple and nothing-withholding and free Ye publish yourselves to the sky and offer yourselves to the sea ! Tolerant plains, that suffer the sea and the rains and the sun, Ye spread and span like the catholic man who hath mightily won God out of knowledge and good out of infinite pain And sight out of blindness and purity out of a stain. As the marsh- hen secretly builds on the watery sod, Behold I will build me a nest on the greatness of God ; I will fly in the greatness of God as the marsh-hen flies In the freedom that fills all the space 'twixt the marsh and the skies' By so many roots as the marsh- grass sends in the sod I will heartily lay me a-hold on the greatness of God : Oh, like to the greatness of God is the greatness within The range of the marshes, the liberal marshes of Glynn. *By permission of Mrs. Lanier, and Charles Scribner's Sons, N. Y-. 398 Southern Literature. And the sea lends large, as the marsh : and lo,out of his plenty, the sea Pours fast : full soon the time of the flood-tide must be : Look how the grace of the sea doth go About and about through the intricate channels that flow Here and there. Everywhere, Till his waters have flooded the uttermost creeks and the low-lyinglane?, And the marsh is meshed with a million veins, That like as with rosy and silvery essences flow In the rose-and-silver evening glow. Farewell, my lord Sun ! The creeks overflow : a thousand rivulets run Twixt the roots of the sod; the blades ot the marsh-grass stir; Passeth a hurrying sound of wings that westward whirr ; Passeth, and all is still ; and the currents cease to run ; And the sea and the marsh are one. How still the plains of the waters be! The tide is in his ecstasy. The tide is at his highest height : And it is night. And now from the Vast of the Lord will the waters of sleep . Roll in on the souls of men, But who will reveal to our waking ken The forms that swim and the shapes that creep Under the waters of sleep? And I would I could know what swimmeth below when the tide comes in On the length and the breadth of the marvellous marshes of Glynn. 1878. JAMES LANE ALLEN. James Lane Allen is one of the best and most success- ful of the living writers of the South. He is a Kentuckian, and his sketches and stories have so far all dealt with life in his native State. James Lank Allen. 399 WORKS. Life in the Blue Grass. John Gray. White Cowl. Sister Dolorosa. Flute and Violin, and other stories. A Kentucky Cardinal (1895], SPORTS OF A KENTUCKY SCHOOL IN 1 795. (From John Gray , a Kentucky Tate of the Olden Time.*) A strange mixture of human life there was in Gray's school. There were the native little Kentuckians, born in the wilderness — the first wild, hardy generation of new people ; and there were the little folk from Virginia, from Tennessee, from North Carolina, and from Pennsylvania and other sources, huddled together, some rude, some gentle, and starting out now to be formed into the men and women of the Kentucky that was to be. They had their strange, sad, heroic games and pastimes, those primitive children under his guidance. Two little girls would be driving the cows home about dusk ; three little boys would play Indian and capture them and carry them off; the husbands of the little girls would form a party to the rescue ; the prisoners would drop pieces of their dresses along the way ; and then at a certain point of the woods — it being the dead of night now, and the little girls being bound to a tree, and the Indians having fallen asleep beside their smouldering camp-fires — the rescuers would rush in, and there would be whoops and shrieks, and the taking of scalps, and a happy return. Or, some settlement would be shut up in a fort besieged. Days would pass. The only water was a spring outside the walls, and around this the enemy skulked in the corn and grass. But the warriors must not perish of thirst. So, with a prayer, a tear, a final embrace, the little women marched out * By permission of J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. 400 Southern Literature. through the gates to the spring, in the very teeth of death, and brought back water in their wooden dinner-buckets. Or, when the boys would become men with contests of running, and pitching quoits, and wrestling, the girls would play wives and have a quilting in a house of green alder- bushes, or be capped and wrinkled grandmothers sitting beside imaginary spinning-wheels and smoking imaginary pipes. Sometimes it was not Indian warfare, but civil strife. For one morning as many as three Daniel Boones appeared on the playground at the same moment; and at once there was a fierce battle to ascertain which was the genuine Daniel. This being decided, the spurious Daniels sub- mitted to be the one Simon Kenton, the other General George Rogers Clarke. This was to be a great day for what he called his class in history. Thirteen years before, and forty miles away, had occurred the most dreadful of all the battles — the disaster of the Blue Licks ; and in town were many mothers who yet wept for sons, widows who yet dreamed of young hus- bands, fallen that beautiful August day beneath the oaks and cedars, or floating down the red-dyed river. It was this that he had promised to tell them at noon ; and a little after twelve o'clock he was standing with them on the bank of the Town Fork, in order to give vividness to his description. This stream flows unseen beneath the streets of the city [Lexington] now, and with scarce cur- rent enough to wash out its grimy channels ; but then it flashed broad and clear through the long valley which formed the town common — a valley of scattered houses with orchards and corn-fields and patches of cane. A fine poetic picture he formed as he stood there amid their eager upturned faces, bare-headed under the cool James Lane Allen. 401 brilliant sky of May, and reciting to them, as a prose-min- strel of the wilderness, the deeds of their fathers. This Town Fork of the Elkhorn, he said, must represent the Licking River. On that side were the Indians ; on this, the pioneers, a crowd of foot and horse. There stretched the ridge of rocks, made bare by the stamping of the buffalo ; here was the clay they licked for salt. In that direction headed the two ravines in which Boone had feared an ambuscade. And thus variously having made ready for battle, and looking down for a moment into the eyes of a freckly impetuous little soul who was the Hot- spur of the playground, he repeated the cry of McGary, which had been the signal for attack : " Let all who are not cowards follow me ! " [Hereupon the soldiers plunged through the river, not seeing the Indians nor even knowing where they were ; and in a few minutes they were attacked and completely routed "by the Indians who were concealed in the woods and ra- vines of the other bank, as Boone had feared. Boone's son was killed, and he himself narrowly escaped by dashing through one of the ravines and swimming the river lower down. The slaughter in the river was great, and the pur- suit was continued for twenty miles. Never had Kentucky experienced so fatal a blow as that at the Blue Licks. — L. M.] JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS. 1848- . Joel Chandler Harris was born in Eatonton, Georgia, and is a lawyer : but he has devoted much time of late years to literature, and is now ope of the editors of the "Atlanta Constitution." 26 [402] Joel Chandler Harris. 403 His dialect stories of " Uncle Remus " are a faithful re- production of the popular tales of the old negroes of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama ; for the negro dialect varies in the different States. Mr. Harris' books have made these tales known in England. " On the Plantation " is said to be autobiographical ; it is a story of a boy's life during the war, well and simply told. WORKS. Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Say. Mingo, and other Sketches, ings. Free Joe, and other Georgian Sketches. Nights with Uncle Remus. Daddy Jake, the Runaway, and Short On the Plantation. Stories Told after Dark. Little Mr. Thimblefinger. THE TAR-BABY. {From Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings.*) " Didn't the fox never catch the rabbit, Uncle Remus ? " asked the little boy the next evening. "He come mighty nigh it, honey, sho's you bawn — Brer Fox did. One day atter Brer Rabbit fool 'im wid dat cala- mus root, Brer Fox went ter wuk en got 'im some tar, en mix it wid some turkentine, en fix up a contrapshun w'at he call a Tar-Baby, en he tuk dish yer Tar-Baby en he sot 'er in de big road, en den he lay off in de bushes fer to see w'at de news wuz gwineter be. En he didn't hatter wait long, nudder, kaze bimeby here come Brer Rabbit pacin' down de road — lippity-clippity, clippity-lippity — dez ez sassy ez a jay-bird. Brer Fox, he lay low. Brer Rabbit come prancin' 'long twel he spy de Tar-Baby, en den he fotch up on his behine legs like he wuz 'stonished. De Tar- Baby, she sot dar, she did, en Brer Fox, he lay low. " 'Mawnin' ! ' says Brer Rabbit, sezee — ' nice wedder dis mawnin' ,' sezee. * Bsr permission of D. Appleton & Co. , N. Y. 404 Southern Literature. " Tar-Baby ain't sayin' nuthin', en Brer Fox, he lay low. " ' How duz yo' sym'tums seem ter segashuate? ' sez Brer Rabbit, sezee, " Brer Fox, he wink his eye slow, en lay low, en de Tar- Baby, she ain't sayin' nuthin'. " ' How you come on, den? Is you deaf? ' sez Brer Rab- bit, sezee. ' Kaze if you is, I kin holler louder,' sezee. "Tar-Baby stay still, en Brer Fox, he lay low. " ' Youer stuck up, dat's w'at you is,' says Brer Rabbit, sezee, ' en I'm gwineter kyore you, dat's w'at I'm a gwineter do,' sezee. " Brer Fox, he sorter chuckle in his stummuck, he did, but Tar-Baby ain't sayin' nuthin'. " ' I'm gwineter lam you howter talk ter 'specttubble fokes ef hit's de las' ack,' sez Brer Rabbit, sezee. ' Ef you don't take off dat hat en tell me howdy, I'm gwineter bus' you wide open,' sezee. " Tar-Baby stay still, en Brer Fox, he lay low. "Brer Rabbit keep on axin' 'im, en de Tar- Baby, she keep on sayin' nuthin', twel present'y Brer Rabbit draw back wid his fis', he did, en blip he tuck 'er side er de head. Right dar's where he broke his merlasses jug. His fis' stuck, en he can't pull loose. De tar hilt 'im. But Tar- Baby, she stay still, en Brer Fox, he lay low. " ' Ef you don't lemme loose, I'll knock you agin,' sez Brer Rabbit, sezee, en wid dat he fotch 'er a wipe wid de udder han', en dat stuck. Tar-Baby, she ain't sayin' nuthin', en Brer Fox, he lay low. " ' Tu'n me loose, fo' I kick de nat'al stuffin' outen you,' sez Brer Rabbit, sezee, but de Tar-Baby, she ain't sayin' nuthin'. She des hilt on, en den Brer Rabbit lose de use er his feet in de same way. Brer P'ox, he lay low. Den Brer Joel Chandler Harris. 405 Rabbit squall out dat ef de Tar-Baby don't tu'n 'im loose he butt 'er cranksided. En den he butted, en his head got stuck. Den Brer Fox, he sa'ntered fort', lookin' dez ez innercent ez wunner yo' mammy's mockin'-birds. " ' Howdy, Brer Rabbit,' sez Brer Fox, sezee. ' You look sorter stuck up dis mawnin', sezee, en den he rolled on de groun', en laft en laft twel he couldn't laff no mo'. ' I speck you'll take dinner wid me dis time, Brer Rabbit. I done laid in some calamus root, en I ain't gwineter take no skuse,' sez Brer Fox, sezee." Here Uncle Remus paused, and drew a two- pound yam out of the ashes. "Did the fox eat the rabbit?" asked the little boy to whom the story had been told. " Dat's all de fur de tale goes," replied the old man. " He mout, en den agin he moutent. Some say Jedge B'ar come 'long en loosed 'im, — some say he didn't. I hear Miss Sally callin'. You better run 'long." ROBERT BURNS WILSON. 1850 . Robert Burns Wilson was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, but removed early to Frankfort, Kentucky, where he devoted himself to landscape painting. Some of his pictures attracted attention at the New Orleans Exposition, 1884. His poems have appeared in magazines and have been much admired for their musical flow of deep feeling and fancy. WORKS. Life and Love : Poems. 406 Southern Literature. fair daughter of the sun. (From Life and Love.*) Hail ! daughter of the sun ! White robed and fair to see, where goest thou now In haste from thy spiced garden? Hath thy brow, Crowned with white blooms, begun To grow a-weary of its flagrant wreath, And do thy temples long to ache beneath A gilded, iron crown ? Tak'st thou the glint of Mammon's glittering car To be the gleam of some new-risen star — Yond clamor, for renown ? Stay, lovely one, oh stay ! Within thy gates, love-garlanded, remain : For love this Mammon seeks not, but for gain — He is the same alway. This god in burnished tinsel, as of old, Cares for no music save of clinking gold — All else to him is vain : His heart is flint, his ears are dull as lead; A crown of care he bringeth for thy head, And for thy wrists a chain. Bide thou, oh goddess, stay ! Even in the gateway turn ! The orange tree Keeps still her snowy wreath of love for thee; The jasmine's starry spray Still waves thee back : O South ! thy glory lies In thine own sacred fields. There shall arise Thy day, which fadeth not : There — patient hands shall fill thy cup with wine, There — hearts devoted, make thy name divine, Their own hard fate forgot. *By permission of the author, and publishers, the Cassell Publishing Co., N. Y. "Christian Reid." 407 dedication. sonnet. TO ELIZABETH, MY MOTHER. The green Virginian hills were blithe in May, And we were plucking violets — thou and I. A transient gladness flooded earth and sky; Thy fading strength seemed to return that day, And I was mad with hope that God would stay Death's pale approach — Oh ! all hath long passed by ! Long years ! long years ! and now, I well know why Thine eyes, quick-filled with tears, were turned away. First loved; first lost; my mother: time must still Leave my soul's debt uncancelled. All that's best In me and in my art is thine : — Me-seems Even now, we walk afield. Through good and ill, My sorrowing heart forgets not, and in dreams, I see thee, in the sun-lands of the blest. "CHRISTIAN REID." FRANCES C. TIERNAN. Mrs. Tiernan has written many novels of Southern life. She is a daughter of Colonel Charles F. Fisher of Salisbury, North Carolina, who was killed in the battle of Manassas. Her best known book, " The Land of the Sky," describes a summer tour through the grand mountains of her native State, taken before the railroads had penetrated them. works. Valerie Aylmer. Ebb Tide. Mabel Lee. Daughter of Bohemia. Nina's Atonement. A Gentie Belle. Carmen's Inheritance. A Question of Honor. Hearts and Hands. After Many Days. Land of the Sky. Bonny Kate. Heart of Steel. Armine. Summer Idyl. Miss Churchill. Roslyn's Fortune. Land of the Sun (1895). Morton House. "Christian Reid." 409 ascent of mount mitchell, black mountain, north carolina. {From The Land of the Sky.*) The sun is shining brightly, and his golden lances light up the depths of the forest into which we enter — an en- chanted world of far-reaching greenness, the stillness of which is only broken by the voice of the streams which come down the gorges of the mountain in leaping cascades Few things are more picturesque than the appearance of a cavalcade like ours following in single file the winding path (not road) that leads into the marvelous, mysterious wilderness. \\*hen the ascent fairly begins, the path is often like the letter S, and one commands a view of the entire line — of horsemen in slouched hats and gray coat*, of ladies in a variety of attire, with water-proof cloaks serving as riding-skirts, and hats garlanded with forest wreaths and grasses. The guide tramps steadily ahead, leading the pack-horse, and we catch a glimpse of his face now and then as he turns to answer some question addressed to him. " We wind up the side of the mountain like this for sev- eral miles," says Eric, " then we travel along a ridge for some distance, and finally we ascend the peak formerly called the Black Dome, now Mount Mitchell. The whole distance is about twelve miles, and the most of it is steady climbing. ...... "And it was in this wilderness that Professor Mitchell lost his life sixteen or seventeen years ago, was it not?" I ask. "Yes, Burnett [the guide] was one of the men engaged in the search for him. He will tell you all about it. . ." *By permission of the author, and publishers, D. Appleton & Co., N. Y. 410 Southern Literature. The forest around us becomes wilder, greener, more luxu- riant at every step. . . . Presently, however, the aspect of our surroundings changes. We leave this varied forest behind, and enter the region of the balsam, from the dark color of which the mountain takes its name. Above a certain line of elevation no trees are found save these beautiful yet sombre firs. They grow to an immense height and stand so thickly together that one marvels how any animal larger than a cat can thread its way among their stems. Overhead the boughs interlock in a canopy, making perpetual shade beneath. No shrubs of any kind are to be found here — only beds of thick elastic moss, richer than the richest velvet, and ferns in plumy profusion. . . . Dan Burnett leads on, and presently we emerge on the largest and most beau- tiful of the little prairies through which we have passed. This stretch of open ground lies at the foot of the highest peak, the abrupt sides of which rise in conical shape before us. It is here, Mr. Burnett tells us, that the mountaineers who were searching for Professor Mitchell found the first trace of the way he had taken. " We had been searchin' from Friday to Tuesday," he says, " and on Tuesday we was pretty nigh disheartened, when Wilson — an old hunter from over in Yancey — said he hadn't no doubt the professor had tried to go down to Caney Valley by a trail they two had followed thirteen years afore, and which leads that way " — he points down into the dark wilds below us. " Well, we looked along the edge of this here prairie till we found a track. Wilson was right — he had tried to go down to Caney Valley. We fol- lered his trail fur about four mile, and I was one of them what found him at last." "Christian Rkid." 411 " He had lost his way," says Eric. " I have seen the spot — they call it Mitchell's Falls now — where he died. A stream of considerable size plunges over a precipice of about forty feet into a basin fourteen feet deep by as many wide. Into this he fell, probably at night." " But how was it possible to bring a dead body up these steeps ? " Sylvia says, addressing Mr. Burnett. " We brought it in a sheet slung to the top of stout poles," he answers. " Then it were carried down to Ashe- ville, and then brought up again, and buried there " — he nods to the peak above us. " In the warmth of their great friendship and admiration, people thought that he ought to rest in the midst of the scenes he had explored so fearlessly and loved so well," says Eric. . . . Before long we gain the top, and the first object on which our eyes rest is — the grave. . . . .... Besides the grave, the summit is entirely bare. The view is so immense that one is forced to regard it in sections. Far to the north east lies Virginia, from which the long waving line of the Blue Ridge comes, and passes directly under the Black, making a point of junction, near which it towers into the steep Pinnacle and stately Gray- beard — so called from the white beard which it wears when a frozen cloud has iced its rhododendrons. From our greater eminence we overlook the Blue Ridge entirely, and see the country below spreading into azure distance, with white spots which resolve themselves through the glasses into vil- lages, and mountains clearly defined. The Linville range — through which the Linville River forces its way in a gorge of wonderful grandeur — is in full view, with a misty cloud lying on the surface of Table Rock, while the peculiar form of the Hawk's Bill stands forth in marked relief. Beyond, 412 Southern Literature. blue and limitless as the ocean, the undulating plain of the more level country extends until it melts into the sky. As the glance leaves this view, and, sweeping back over the Blue Ridg-e, follows the main ledge of the Black, one begins to appreciate the magnitude of this great mountain. For miles along its dark crest appear a succession of cone- like peaks, and, as it sweeps around westwardly, it divides into two great branches — one of which terminates in the height on which we stand, while numerous spurs lead off from its base ; the other stretches southward, forming the splendid chain of Craggy. At our feet lie the elevated counties of Yancey and Mitchell, with their surfaces so unevenly mountainous that one wonders how men could have been daring enough to think of making their homes amid such wild scenes. . . . Beyond these counties stretches the chain of the Unaka, running along the line of Tennessee, with the Roan Mountain — famous for its extensive view over seven states — imme- diately in our front. Through the passes and rugged chasms of this range, we look across the entire valley of East Tennessee to where the blue outlines of the Cumber- land Mountains trend toward Kentucky, and we see dis- tinctly a marked depression which Eric says is Cumberland Gap. Turning our gaze due westward, the view is, if pos- sible, still more grand. There the colossal masses of the Great Smoky stand, draped in a mantle of clouds, while through Haywood and Transylvania, to the borders of South Carolina, rise the peaks of the Balsam Mountains, behind which are the Cullowhee and the Nantahala, with the Blue Ridge making a majestic curve toward the point where Georgia touches the Carolinas. .... It is enough to sit and watch the inexpressible beauty of the vast prospect as afternoon slowly wanes into evening. Henry Woodfen Grady. 413 There is a sense of isolation, of solemnity and majesty, in the scene which none of us are likely to forget. So high are we elevated above the world that the pure vault of ether over our heads seems nearer to us than the blue rolling earth, with its wooded hills and smiling valleys below. No sound comes up to us, no voice of water or note of bird breaks the stillness. We are in the region of that eternal silence which wraps the summits of the " everlasting hills." A repose that is full of awe broods over this lofty peak, which still retains the last rays of the sinking sun, while over the lower world twilight has fallen. HENRY WOODFEN GRADY. 1851=1889. Henry Woodfen Grady was born at Athens, Georgia, and educated at the State University. He became an editor, and in 1880 purchased an interest in the Atlanta " Consti- tution " on whose staff he remained till his death. His articles, addresses, and editorials made his name well known throughout the country, and contributed no little to the development of Southern industries after the war. A monument has been erected to him in Atlanta. works. The New South, [a series of articles]. Editorials, addresses, Ac. THE SOUTH BEFORE THE WAR. (From The New South, l88g.*) Master and Slave. — Perhaps no period of human history has been more misjudged and less understood than the slave- * By permission of " New York Ledger," Robert Bonner's Sons, N. Y. Grady Monument, Atlanta, da. [414] Henry Woodfen Grady. 415 holding era in the South. Slavery as an institution cannot be defended ; but its administration was so nearly perfect among our forefathers as to challenge and hold our loving respect. It is doubtful if the world has seen a peasantry so happy and so well-to-do as the negro slaves in America. The world was amazed at the fidelity with which these slaves guarded, from 1861 to 1865, the homes and families of the masters who were fighting with the army that barred their way to freedom. If " Uncle Tom's Cabin " had por- trayed the rule of slavery rather than the rarest exception, not all the armies that went to the field could have stayed the flood of rapine and arson and pillage that would have started with the first gun of the civil war. Instead of that, witness the miracle of the slave in loyalty to his master, closing the fetters upon his own limbs — maintaining and defending the families of those who fought against his freedom — and at night on the far-off battle-field searching among the carnage for his young master, that he might lift the dying head to his breast and bend to catch the last words to the old folks at home, so wrestling the meantime in agony and love that he would lay down his life in his master's stead. History has no parallel to the faith kept by the negro in the South during the war. Often five hundred negroes to a single white man, and yet through these dusky throngs the women and children walked in safety, and the unpro- tected homes rested in peace. Unmarshalled, the black battalions moved patiently to the fields in the morning to feed the armies their idleness would have starved, and at night gathered anxiously at the " big house to hear the news from marster," though conscious that his victory made their chains enduring. Everywhere humble and kindly. The body-guard of the helpless. The rough companion of the 416 Southern Literature. little ones. The observant friend. The silent sentry in his lowly cabin. The shrewd counsellor. And when the dead came home, a mourner at the open grave. A thousand torches would have disbanded every Southern army, but not one was lighted. When the master, going to a war in which slavery was involved, said to his slave, " I leave my home and loved ones in your charge," the tenderness between man and master stood disclosed. The Northern man, dealing with casual servants, queru- lous, sensitive, and lodged for a day in a sphere they resent, can hardly comprehend the friendliness and sympathy that existed between the master and the slave. He cannot un- derstand how the negro stood in slavery days, open-hearted and sympathetic, full of gossip and comradeship, the com- panion of the hunt, frolic, furrow, and home, contented in the kindly dependence that had been a habit of his blood, and never lifting his eyes beyond the narrow horizon that shut him in with his neighbors and friends. But this rela- tion did exist in the days of slavery. It was the rule of that regime. It has survived war, and strife, and political campaigns in which the drum-beat inspired and Federal bayonets fortified. It will never die until the last slave- holder and slave has been gathered to rest. It is the glory of our past in the South. It is the answer to abuse and slander. It is the hope of our future. Ante-bellum Civilization. — The relations of the races in slavery must be clearly understood to understand what has followed, and to judge of what is yet to come. Not less important is it to have some clear idea of the civilization of that period. That was a peculiar society. Almost feudal in its splen- dor, it was almost patriarchal in its simplicity. Leisure and wealth gave it exquisite culture, Jts, wives and mothers, Henry Woodfen Grady. 417 exempt from drudgery, and almost from care, gave to their sons, through patient and constant training, something of their own grace and gentleness and to their homes beauty and light. Its people, homogeneous by necessity, held straight and simple faith, and were religious to a marked degree along the old lines of Christian belief. This same homogeneity bred a hospitality that was as kinsmen to kinsmen, and that wasted at the threshold of every home what the more frugal people of the North conserved and invested in public charities. The code duello furnished the highest appeal in dispute. An affront to a lad was answered at the pistol's mouth. The sense of quick responsibility tempered the tongues of even the most violent, and the newspapers of South Caro- lina for eight years, it is said, did not contain one abusive word. The ownership of slaves, even more than of realty, held familes steadfast on their estates, and everywhere pre- vailed the sociability of established neighborhoods. Money counted least in making the social status, and constantly ambitious and brilliant youngsters from no estate married into the families of the planter princes. Meanwhile the one character utterly condemned and ostracized was the man who was mean to his slaves. Even the coward was pitied and might have been liked. For the cruel master there was no toleration. The ante-bellum society had immense force. Working under the slavery which brought the suspicion or hostility of the world, and which practically beleaguered it within walls, it yet accomplished good things. For the first sixty- four years of the republic it furnished the president for fifty-two years. Its statesmen demanded the war of 1812, opened it with but five Northern senators supporting it, and jts general, Jackson, won the decisive; battle of New Of" *7 418 Southern Literature. leans. It was a Southern statesman who added the Louisi- ana territory of more than 1,000,000 square miles to our domain. Under a Southern statesman Florida was acquired from Spain. Against the opposition of the free States, the Southern influence forced the war with Mexico, and an- nexed the superb empire of Texas, brought in New Mexico, and opened the gates of the republic to the Pacific. Scott and Taylor, the heroes of the Mexican war, were Southern men. In material, as in political affairs, the old South was masterful. The first important railroad operated in Amer- ica traversed Carolina. The first steamer that crossed the ocean cleared from Savannah. The first college established for girls was opened in Georgia. No naturalist has surpassed Audubon ; no geog- rapher equalled Maury ; and Sims and McDonald led the world of surgery in their respective lines. It was Crawford Long, of Georgia, who gave to the world the priceless blessing of anaesthesia. The wealth accumulated by the people was marvellous. And, though it is held that slavery enriched the few at the general expense, Georgia and Carolina were the richest States, per capita, in the Union in 1800, saving Rhode Island. Some idea of the desolation of the war may be had from the fact that, in spite of their late remarkable recupe- ration, they are now, excepting Idaho, the poorest States, per capita, in the Union. So rich was the South in 1S60, that Mr. Lincoln spoke but common sentiment when he said: "If we let the South go, where shall we get our revenues t ?" In its engaging grace — in the chivalry that tempered even Quixotism with dignity — in the piety that saved mas- ter and slave alike — in the charity that boasted not — in the honor held above estate — in the hospitality that neither Thomas Nelson Page. 419 condescended nor cringed — in frankness and heartiness and wholesome comradeship — in the reverence paid to woman- hood and the inviolable respect in which woman's name was held — the civilization of the old slnve regime in the South has not been surpassed, and perhaps will not be equalled, among men. And as the fidelity of the slave during the war bespoke the kindness of the master before the war, so the unques- tioning reverence with which the youn^ men of the South accepted, in 1865, their heritage of poverty and defeat, proved the strength and excellence of the civilizaton from which that heritage had come. In cheerfulness they be- stirred themselves amid the ashes and the wrecks, and, holding the inspiration of their past to be better than their rich acres and garnered wealth, went out to rebuild their fallen fortunes, with never a word of complaint, nor the thought of criticism ! THOMAS NELSON PAGE. 1853 • Thomas Nelson Page was born at "O ikland," Hanover County/Virginia, of distinguished ancestry. He was edu- cated at Washington and Lee University, studied law, and settled in Richmond. His first writings were poems and stories in the Virginia negro dialect, some of them in con- nection with Armistead Churchill Gordon. He is now (1894) editor of "The Drawer" in Harper's Monthly, and stands high as one of the younger writers of our country. WORKS. In Ole Virginia, [stories in negro dialect]. Befo' de Wa', (with A. C. Gordon). Two Little Confederates. On New Found River. Elsket, and other Stories. Pastime Stories, [written for " The Essays on the South, its literature, the Drawer"]. Negro question, &c, in magazines. Among the Camps, [stories}. [420] Thomas Nelson Page. 421 Mr. Page delineates finely the old Virginia darkey and his dialect, as Mr. Harris does the darkey of the Carolinas and Georgia. There is a marked difference between them. "The naturalness of his style, the skill with which he uses seemingly indifferent incidents and sayings to trick out and light up his pictures, the apparently unintentional and therefore most effective touches of pathos, are uncommon." marse chan's last battle. {From Marse Chan: In Ole Virginia*) " Well, jes' den dey blowed boots an' saddles, an' we mounted : an' de orders come to ride 'roun' de slope, an' Marse Chan's comp'ny wuz de secon', an' when we got 'roun' dyah, we wuz right in it. Hit wuz de wust place ever dis nigger got in. An' dey said, ' Charge 'em ! ' an' my king ! ef ever you see bullets fly, dey did dat day. Hit wuz jes' like hail ; an' we wen' down de slope (I 'long wid de res') an' up de hill right to'ds de cannons, an' de fire wuz so strong dyar (dey had a whole rigiment of infintrys layin' down dyar onder de cannons) our lines sort o' broke an' stop ; de cun'l was kilt, an' I b'lieve dey wuz jes' 'bout to bre'k all to pieces, when Marse Chan rid up an' cotch hoi' de fieg, an' hollers, ' Foller me ! ' and rid strainin' up de hill 'mong de cannons. "I seen 'im when he went, de sorrel four good lengths ahead o' ev'ry urr hoss, jes' like he use' to be in a fox-hunt, an' de whole rigiment right arfter 'im. Yo' ain' nuvver hear thunder ! Fust thing I knowed, de roan roll' head over heels an' flung me up 'g'inst de bank, like yo' chuck a nubbin over 'g'inst de foot o' de corn pile. An' dat's what kep' me from bein' kilt, I 'spects. Judy she say she think 'twuz Providence, but I think 'twuz de bank. O' c'ose, * By permission of author, and publishers. Charles Scribner's Sons, N. Y. 422 Southern Literature. Providence put de bank dyah, but how come Providence nuver saved Marse Chan ? " When I look 'roun' de roan wuz lyin' dyah by me, stone dead, wid a cannon-ball gone 'mos' th'oo him, an' our men had done swep' dem on t'urr side from de top o' de hill. Twan' mo'n a minit, de sorrel come gallupin' back wid his mane flyin', an' de rein hangin' down on one side to his knee. ' Dyar ! ' says I, ' fo' God ! I 'spects dey done kill Marse Chan, an' I promised to tek care on him.' " 1 jumped up an' run over de bank, an' dyar, wid a whole lot o' dead men, an' some not dead yit, onder one o' de guns, wid de fleg still in he han', an' a bullet right th'oo he body, lay Marse Chan. I tu'n him over an' call him, ' Marse Chan ! ' but 'twan' no use, he wuz done gone home, sho' 'nuff. I pick 'im up in my arms wid de fleg still in he han's, an' toted 'im back jes like I did dat day when he wus a baby, an' ole marster gin 'im to me in my arms, an' sez he could trus' me, an' tell me to tek keer on 'im long ez he lived. " I kyar'd 'im 'way off de battle-fiel' out de way o' de balls, an' I laid 'im down onder a big tree till I could git somebody to ketch the sorrel for me. He wuz cotched arfter a while, an' I hed some money, so I got some pine plank an' made a coffin dat evenin', an' wrapt Marse Chan's body up in de fleg, and put 'im in de coffin ; but I didn' nail de top on strong, 'cause I knowed ole missis wan' see 'im ; an' I got a' ambulance, an' set out for home dat night. We reached dyar de nex' evenin', arfter travellin' all dat night an' all nex' day." Mary Noailles Murfree. 423 MARY NOAILLES MURFREE. " CHARLES EGBERT CRADDOCK." Miss Murfree was born at " Grantlands," near Mur- freesboro, Tennessee, the family home inherited from her great-grandfather, Colonel Hardy Murfree, for whom the town was named. Her youth was spent here and in Nash ■ ville, the summers being passed in the Tennessee Moun- tains : shortly after the Civil War, her father removed to St. Louis, and it was there that she began to write. Her stories are laid mainly in the mountains of Tennessee and describe vividly and truly the people, life, and exquisite scenery of that region. WORKS. In the Tennessee Mountains, [short sto- Phantoms of the Foot-Bridge, ries]. Where the Battle Was Fought. Down the Ravine. Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains In the Clouds. Story of Keedon Bluffs. Despot of Broomsedge Cove. In the "Stranger People's " Country. THE " HARNT " THAT WALKS CHILHOWEE. {From In the Tennessee Mountains.*) June had crossed the borders of Tennessee. Even on the summit of Chilhowee Mountain the apples in Peter Giles' orchard were beginning to redden, and his Indian corn, planted on so steep a declivity that the stalks seemed to have much ado to keep their footing, was crested with tas- sels and plumed with silk. Among the dense forests, seen by no man's eye, the elder was flying its creamy banners in honor of June's coming, and, heard by no man's ear, the *By permission of Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, Boston. Mary Noailles Murfree. 425 pink and white bells of the azalea rang out melodies of welcome. ....... Then the two men tilted their chairs against the little porch in front of Peter Giles' log cabin, and puffed their pipes in silence. The panorama spread out before them showed misty and dreamy among the delicate spiral wreaths of smoke. But was that gossamer-like illusion, lying upon the far horizon, the magic of nicotian, or the vague pres- ence of distant heights? As ridge after ridge came down from the sky in ever-graduating shades of intenser blue, Peter Giles might have told you that this parallel system of enchantment was only " the mountings " ; that here was Foxy, and there was Big Injun, and still beyond was another, which he had " hearn tell ran spang up into Vir- ginny." The sky that bent to clasp this kindred blue was of varying moods. Floods of sunshine submerged Chilho- wee in liquid gold, and revealed that dainty outline limned upon the northern horizon ; but over the Great Smoky mountains, clouds had gathered and a gigantic rainbow bridged the valley. ..... Simon Burney did not speak for a moment. . ... " That's a likely gal o' yourn," he drawled, with an odd constraint in his voice, — "a likely gal, that Clarsie." " Yes," Peter Giles at length replied, " Clarsie air a likely enough gal. But she air mightily sot ter havin' her own way. An' ef 't ain't give to her peaceable-like, she jes' takes it, whether or no." This statement, made by one presumably informed on the subject, might have damped the ardor of many a suitor, — for the monstrous truth was dawning on Peter Giles's mind that suitor was the position to which this slow elderly widower aspired. But Simon Burney, with that odd, all- 426 Southern Literature. pervading constraint still prominently apparent, mildly observed, " Waal, ez much ez I hev seen of her goin's-on, it 'pears ter me az her way air a mighty good way. An' it ain't comical that she likes it." . . The song grew momentarily more distinct : among the leaves there were fugitive glimpses of blue and white, and at last Clarsie appeared, walking lightly along the log, clad in her checked homespun dress, and with a pail upon her head. She was a tall lithe girl, with that delicately transparent complexion often seen among the women of these moun- tains. Her lustreless black hair lay along her forehead without a ripple or a wave ; there was something in the expression of her large eyes that suggested those of a deer, — something free, untamable, and yet gentle. " 'Tain't no wonder ter me ez Clarsie is all tuk up wjth the wild things, an' critters ginerally," her mother was wont to say ; " she sorter looks like 'em, I'm a-thinkin'." As she came in sight there was a renewal of that odd constraint in Simon Burney's face and manner, and he rose abruptly. " Waal," he said, hastily, going to his horse, a raw-boned sorrel, hitched to the fence, " it's about time I war a-startin' home, I reckons." He nodded to his host, who silently nodded in return, and the old horse jogged off with him down the road, as Clarsie entered the house and placed the pail upon a shelf. The breeze freshened, after the sun went down, there were stars in the night besides those known to astronomers ; the stellular fire-flies gemmed the black shadows with a fluctuating brilliancy ; they circled in and out of the porch, and touched the leaves above Clar- sie's head with quivering points of light. A steadier and Mary Noailles Murfree. 427 an intenser gleam was advancing along the road, and the sound of languid footsteps came with it ; the aroma of tobacco graced the atmosphere, and a tall figure walked up to the gate. " Come in, come in," said Peter Giles, rising, and tender- ing the guest a chair. " Ye air Tom Pratt, ez well ez I kin make out by this light. Waal, Tom, we hain't furgot ye sence ye done been hyar." The young man took leave presently, in great depression of spirits. . . . Clarsie ascended the ladder to a nook in the roof which she called her room. For the first time in her life her slumber was fitful and restless, long intervals of wakefulness alternating with snatches of fantastic dreams. . . . And then her mind reverted to Tom Pratt, to old Simon Burney, and to her mother's emphatic and oracular declaration that widowers are in league with Satan, and that the girls upon whom they cast the eye of supernatural fascination have no choice in the matter. " I wish I knowed ef that thar sayin' war true," she murmured, her face still turned to the west- ern spurs, and the moon sinking slowly toward them. With a sudden resolution she rose to her feet. She knew a way of telling fortunes which was, according to tradition, infallible, and she determined to try it, and ease her mind as to her future. Now was the propitious moment. " I hev always hearn that it won't come true 'thout ye try it jes' before daybreak, an' kneelin' down at the forks of the road." She hesitated a moment and listened intently. "They'd never git done a-'affin' at me, ef they fund it out," she thought. . . . [She went out into the road.] She fixed her eyes upon the mystic sphere dropping down the sky, knelt among the azaleas at the forks of the 428 Southern Literature. road, and repeated the time- honored invocation : &{ I'm a-goin' ter marry a young man, whist'e, Bird, wrestle. Ef I'm a-goin' ter marry an old man, low, Cow, low. Ef I ain't a-goin' ter marry nobody, knock, Death, knock.' There was a prolonged silence in the matutinal fro hness and perfume of the woods. She raised her head, a'A d lis- tened attentively- No chirp of half-awakened bir. J, no tapping of wood-pecker or the mysterious death-watch; but from far along the dewy aisles of the forest, the un- grateful Spot that Clarsie had fed more faithfully thai\ her- self, lifted up her voice, and set the echoes vibra ing. Clarsie, however, had hardly time for a pang of disapp >int- ment. While she still knelt among the azaleas, her large c\eer- like eyes were suddenly dilated with terror. From arouncV the curve of the road came the quick beat of hastening foot- steps, the sobbing sound of panting breath, and between her and the sinking moon there passed an attenuated one- armed figure, with a pallid sharpened face, outlined foi a moment on its brilliant disk, and dreadful starting eyes, aiv.I quivering open mouth. It disappeared in an instant among the shadows of the laurel, and Clarsie, with a horrible fear clutching at her heart, sprang to her feet, the ghost stood before her. She could not nene herself to run past him, and he was directly in her way homeward. " Ye do ez ye air bid, or it'll be the worse for ye," said the "harnt" in a quivering shrill tone. " Thar's hunger in the nex' worl' ez well ez in this, an' ye bring me some vit- tles hyar this time ter-morrer, an' don't ye tell nobody ye, hev seen me, nuther, or it'll be the worse for ye." The next morning, before the moon sank, Clarsie, with a tin pail in her hand, went to meet the ghost at the appointed Mary Noailles Murfree. 429 place. ..... Morning was close at hand. ..... the leaves fell into abrupt commotion, and he was standing in the road, beside her. He did not speak, but watched her with an eager, question- ing intentness, as she placed the contents of the pail upon the moss at the roadside. " I'm a-comin' agin ter-morrer," she said, gently. . . . Then she slowly walked along her misty way in the dim light of the coming dawn. There was a footstep in the road behind her; she thought it was the ghost once more. She turned, and met Simon Burney, face to face. His rod was on his shoulder, and a string of fish was in his hand. " Ye air a-doin' wrongful, Clarsie," he said sternly. " It air agin the law fur folks ter feed an' shelter them ez is a-runnin' from jestice. An' ye'll git yerself inter trouble. Other folks will find ye out, besides me, an' then the sheriff '11 be up hyar arter ye." The tears rose to Clarsie's eyes. This prospect was infin- itely more terrifying than the awful doom which follows the horror of a ghost's speech. " I can't help it," she said, however, doggedly swinging the pail back and forth. " I can't gin my consent ter starvin' of folks, even if they air a-hidin' an' a-runnin' from jestice." .... DANSKE DANDRIDGE. ,859= . Mrs. Dandridge was born in Copenhagen, when her father, Honorable Henry Bedinger, was minister to Den- mark. In 1877 she was married to Mr. Stephen Dandridge of Shepherdstown, West Virginia. Her first name, Danske, is the pretty Danish word for Dane, and is pronounced ill two syllables, 430 Southern Literature. works. Joy, and other Poems. Mrs. Dandridge's poems are as dainty and airy as if the elves themselves had led her to their bowers and discovered to her their secrets ; and this is truly what her poetic sense has done, for the poet is a seer and singer of the secrets of nature. THE SPIRIT AND THE WOOD SPARROW. { From Joy, and other Poems .*) 'Twas long ago : The place was very fair ; And from a cloud of snow A spirit of the air Dropped to the earth below. It was a spot by man untrod, Just where I think is only known to God. The spirit, for a while, Because of beauty freshly made Could only smile; Then grew the smiling to a song, And as he sang he played Upon a moonbeam-wired cithole Shaped like a soul. There was no ear Or far or near, Save one small sparrow of the wood, That song to hear. This, in a bosky tree, Heard all, and understood As much as a small sparrow could By sympathy. 'Twas a fair sight That morn of Spring, When on the lonely height, * By permission of the author, and publishers, G. P. Putnam's Sows, N. Y. Amelie Rives Chandler. 43] The spirit paused to sing, Then through the air took flight Still lilting on the wing. And the shy bird, Who all had heard, Straightway began To practice o'er the lovely strain ; Again, again ; Though indistinct and blurred, He tried each word, Until he caught the last far sounds that fell Like the faint tinkles of a fairy bell. Now when I hear that song, Which has no earthly tone, My soul is carried with the strain along To the everlasting Throne ; To bow in thankfulness and prayer, And gain fresh faith, and love, and patience, there. AMELIE RIVES CHANLER. ,863- • Mrs. Chanler, or Amelie Rives as she still styles her- self in writing, was born in Richmond, Virginia, but passed her early life at the family place in Albemarle County, called " Castle Hill." She is a granddaughter of William Cabell Rives, once minister to France and author of " Life of Madison " ; and her grandmother, Mrs. Judith Walker Rives, was a woman of much abilitv, and left some writ- ings entitled " Home and the World," and " Residence in Europe." She was married in 1888 to Mr. John Armstrong Chanler of New York and has since spent much time in Paris, stu- dying painting for which she has as great fondness as for writing. 432 Southern Literature. Her first stories were written in the style of the time of Shakspere ; the best of them is " Farrier Lass o' Piping Pebworth." They created a sensation as they came out and were said to be the work of a girl under twenty. She has also written stories of Virginia life and of modern times ; besides poems, and dramas, in which last her talents seem to reach a higher plane than in any other kind of writing. WORKS. A Brother to Dragons. Nurse Crumpet Tells the Story. Farrier Lass o' Piping Pepworth. Story of Arnon. Virginia of Virginia. Inja. The Quick or the Dead? Witness of the Sun. According to St. John. Herod and Mariamne, [drama], Athelwold. [drama] . Poems, [scattered in magazines]. Barbara Dering, [sequel to The Quick or Tanis, the Sang-Digger. the Dead ?] TANIS. {Front Tanis, the Sang~Digger .*) Gilman was driving along one of the well-kept turn- pikes that wind about the Warm Springs Valley. He recognized the austere and solemn beauty that hemmed him in from the far-off outer world ; but at the same time he was contrasting it with the sea-coast of his native State,, Massachusetts, and a certain creeping homesickness began to rise about his heart. In addition to this, he had left his delicate wife suffering with an acute neuralgic headache, and also saddened by a yearning for the picturesque old farm-house in which he had been born, and where they had lived during the first year of marriage. The trap which Gilman drove was filled with surveying instruments, and, as he turned into the rough mountain road, which led towards the site of the new railway for which he was now prospecting, the smaller ones * By permission of t]ie author ? and publishers, the Town Topics Publishing Co., N, Y, 28 [433] 434 Southern Literature began to rattle together and slide from the seat beside him. Finally, as the cart slipped against a stone, the level bounced into a puddle. He was about to jump out when a bold, ringing voice called to him: " Set still— AMI pick hit up." Then a figure slid down the rocky bank at his right, her one garment wrinkling from her bare, sturdy legs during the performance. Gilman had never seen anything like her in his thirty years of varied experience. She was very tall. A curtain of rough, glittering curls hung to her knees. Her face, clear with that clearness which only a mountain wind can bring, was white as a sea- gull's breast, except where a dark, yet vivid pink melted into the blue veins on her temples and throat. Her round, fresh lips, smooth as a peony-leaf, were parted in a wide laugh, over teeth large and yellow-white, like the grains on an ear of corn. She wore a loose tunic of blue-gray stuff, which reached to the middle of her legs, covered with grass stains and patches of mould. Her bare feet, somewhat broadened by walking, were well-shaped, the great toe standing apart from the others, the strong, round ankles, although scratched and bruised, perfectly symmetrical. Her arms, bare almost to the shoulder, were like those with which in imagination we complete the Milo. Eyes, round and colored like the edges of broken glass, looked out boldly from under her long black eyebrows. Her nose was straight and well cut, but set impertinently. As she picked up the muddy level she laughed boister- ously and wiped it on her frock. " Thank you," said Gilman, and then, after a second's hesitation, added : " Where are you going? Perhaps I can give you a lift on your way? Will you get in ? " Amelie Rives Chanler. 435 "Well, a done keer ef a do," she said, still staring at him. She got in and took the level on her knee, then burst out laughing again — "A reckon yuh wonders what a'm a haw-hawin' at ? " she asked, suddenly. " Well, a'll tell yuh ! 'Tiz case a feels jess like this hyuh contrapshun o' yourn. A haint hed a bite sence five this mawnin', and a've got a bubble in th' middle o' me, a ken tell yuh ! " She opened her flexible mouth almost to her ears, show- ing both rows of speckless teeth, and roaring mirthfully again. " I've got some sandwiches, here — won't you have one ? " said Gilman. " Dunno — what be they ? " she asked, rather suspiciously, eyeing him sidewise. He explained to her, and she accepted one, tearing from it a huge semi-circle, which she held in her cheek while exclaiming : " Murder ! hain't that good, though ? D'yuh eat them things ev'y day? Yuh looks hit! You're a real fine- lookin' feller — mos' ez good-lookin' ez Bill." "Who is Bill?" asked Gilman, much interested in this, his first conversation with a genuine savage. " Bill ? he's muh pard, an' muh brother, too. I come down hyuh tuh git him a drink o' water, but a hain't foun' a spring yit." " No, there isn't one in several miles," said Gilman. " Hyuh ! " she cried. " Lemme git out." And she was out, with the bound of a deer. " You g'long," she said; "a'm sorry a rode this far wi' you. You'll larf 'bout muh bar foots, an' this hyuh rag o' mine, wi' them po' white trash an' niggers. Whar you fum, anyhow ? You hain't a Fuginia feller. A kin tell by yo' talk. You called 436 Southern Literature. roots ' ruts ' jess now, an' yuh said we'd ' sun ' be whar them other fellers be. Whar you fum ? " " From Massachusetts," said Gilman. " S'that another langidge fuh some name a knows ? " " No — it's the real name of another State." " Well, hit's 'nuff tuh twis' a body's tongue, fuh life, so a done blame yuh s'much fuh yo' funny talk. Mawnin'." And she began to swing herself upon a great lichen-crested boulder by the roadside. ..... Gilman was naturally curious as to the type of the young barbarian whom he had met on his drive to Black Creek, and, during a pause in his work, he told a young fellow named Watkins of his adventure, and asked him to what class the girl belonged. " I reckon, sir, she was a sang-digger," said Watkins, laughing. " They're a awful wild lot, mostly bad as they make 'em, with no more idea of right an' wrong than a lot o' ground-horgs." " But what is a ' sang-digger ' ? " asked Gilman, more and more curious. " Well, sir, sang, or ginseng, ez the real name is, is a sorter root that grows thick in the mountains about here. They make some sorter medicine outer it. I've chawed it myself for heartburn. It's right paying, too — sang-digging is, sir ; you ken git at least a dollar a pound for it, an' sometimes you ken dig ten pounds in a day, but that's right seldom. Two or three pounds a day is doin' well. They're a awful low set, sir, sang-diggers is. We call 'em 'snakes' hereabouts, 'cause they don't have no place to live cep'in' in winter, and then they go off somewhere or ruther, to their huts. But in the summer and early autumn they stop where night ketches 'em, an' light a fire an' sleep 'round it. They cert'n'y are a bad lot, sir. They'll steal a sheep or a horse Grace King. 437 ez quick ez winkin'. Why, t'want a year ago that they stole a mighty pretty mare o' mine, that I set a heap by, an' rid oft her tail an' mane a-tearin' through the brush with her. She got loose somehow an' come back to me. But they stole two horses for ole Mr. Hawkins, down near Fallin' Springs, an' he a'in't been able to git 'em back. There's awful mur- ders an' villainies done by 'em. But some o' them sang- digger gals is awful pretty. . . . Yes, sir, T reckon she was a sang-digger, sure enough." [This wild creature of the woods was treated kindly by Gilman and his wife, and she finally sacrificed herself to save Mrs. Gilman.] GRACE KING. Grace King was born in New Orleans, the daughter of William W. King, and has made a reputation as a writer of short stories depicting Creole life. Her " Balcony Stories " are like pictures in their vivid intensity. WORKS. Monsieur Motte. Bonne Maman. Earth lings. Bayou 1/ Ombre. Balcony Stories. History of Louisiana. LA GRANDE DEMOISELLE. A BALCONY STORY. (From the Century Magazine ,* Jan., 1893.) That was what she was called by everybody as soon as she was seen or described. Her name, besides baptismal titles, was Idalie Sainte Foy Mortemart des Islets. When she came into society, in the brilliant little world of New * By permission of the author, and publishers, The Century Co., N. Y. 438 Southern Literature. Orleans, it was the event of the season, and after she came in, whatever she did became also events. Whether she went, or did not go ; what she said, or did not say ; what she wore, and did not wear — all these became important mat- ters of discussion, quoted as much or more than what the President said, or the governor thought. And in those days, the days of '59, New Orleans was not, as it is now, a one-heiress place, but it may be said that one could find heiresses then as one finds type-writing girls now. Mademoiselle Idalie received her birth and what educa- tion she had on her parent's plantation, the famed old Reine Sainte Foy place, and it is no secret that, like the ancient kings of France, her birth exceeded her education. It was a plantation, the Reine Sainte Foy, the richness and luxury of which are really well described in those per- fervid pictures of tropical life, at one time the passion of philanthropic imaginations, excited and exciting over the horrors of slavery. Although these pictures were then often accused of being purposely exaggerated, they seem now to fall short of, instead of surpassing, the truth. Stately walls, acres of roses, miles of oranges, unmeasured fields of cane, colossal sugar-house — they were all there, and all the rest of it, with the slaves, slaves, slaves every- where, whole villages of negro cabins. And there were also, most noticeable to the natural, as well as visionary eye — there were the ease, idleness, extravagance, self-indul- gence, pomp, pride, arrogance, in short the whole enumera- tion, the moral sine qua non, as some people considered it, of the wealthy slaveholder of aristocratic descent and tastes. What Mademoiselle Idalie cared to learn she studied, what she did not she ignored ; and she followed the same simple rule untrammeled in her eating, drinking, dressing, and com- portment generally ; and whatever discipline may have been Grace King. 439 exercised on the place, either in fact or fiction, most assuredly none of it, even so much as in a threat, ever attainted her sacred person. When she was just turned sixteen, Made- moiselle Idalie made up her mind to go into society. Whether she was beautiful or not, it is hard to say. It is almost impossible to appreciate properly the beauty of the rich, the very rich. The unfettered development, the limit- less choice of accessories, the confidence, the self-esteem, the sureness of expression, the simplicity of purpose, the ease of execution, — all these produce a certain effect of beauty behind which one really cannot get to measure length of nose, or brilliancy of the eye. This much can be said ; there was nothing in her that positively contradicted any assumption of beauty on her part, or credit of it on the part of others. She was very tall and very thin with small head, long neck, black eyes, and abundant straight black hair, — for which her hair-dresser deserved more praise" than she, — good teeth of course, and a mouth that, even in prayer, talked nothing but commands ; that is about all she had en fait cTornements, as the modistes say. It may be added that she walked as if the Reine Sainte Foy plantation extended over the whole earth, and the soil of it were too vile for her tread. Of course she did not buy her toilets in New Orleans. Everything was ordered from Paris, and came as regularly through the custom-house as the modes and robes to the milliners. She was furnished by a certain house there, just as one of a royal family would be at the present day. As this had lasted from her layette up to her sixteenth year, it may be imagined what took place when she determined to make her debut. Then it was literally, not metaphorically, carte blanche, at least so it got to the ears of society. She 440 Southern Literature. took a sheet of note-paper, wrote the date at the top, added " I make my debut in November," signed her name at the extreme end of the sheet, addressed it to her dressmaker in Paris, and sent it. .... That she was admired, raved about, loved even, goes without saying. After the first month she held the refusal of half the beaux of New Orleans. Men did absurd, un- dignified, preposterous things for her : and she ? Love ? Marry? The idea never occurred to her. She treated the most exquisite of her pretenders no better than she treated her Paris gowns, for the matter of that. She could not even bring herself to listen to a proposal patiently ; whis- tling to her dogs, in the middle of the most ardent protesta- tions, or jumping up and walking away with a shrug of the shoulders, and a " Bah ! " Well ! every one knows what happened after '59. There is no need to repeat. The history of one is the history of all It might have been ten years according to some calcula- tions, or ten eternities, — the heart and the almanac never agree about time, — but one morning old Champigny (they used to call him Champignon) was walking along his levee front . . when he saw a figure ap- proaching. He had to stop to look at it, for it was worth while. The head was hidden by a green barege veil, which the showers had plentifully besprinkled with dew ; a tall thin figure. . . . She was the teacher of the colored school some three or four miles away. "Ah," thought Champigny, " some Northern lady on a mission." Old Champigny could not get over it that he had never seen her before. But he must have seen her, and, with his abstraction and old age, not have noticed Waitman Barbe. 441 her, for he found out from the negroes that she had been teaching four or five years there. And he found out also — how, it is not important — that she was Idalie Sainte Foy Mortemart des Islets. La grande demoiselle! He had never known her in the old days, owing to his uncompli- mentary attitude toward women, but he knew of her, of course, and of her family. .... Only the good God himself kpows what passed in Cham- pigny's mind on the subject. We know only the results. He went and married la grand demoiselle. How? Only the good God knows that too. WAITMAN BARBE. 1864 Waitman Barbe was born at Morgantown, West Vir- ginia, and educated at the State University in that town. Since the year 1884 he has been engaged in editorial and literary pursuits, being now editor of the Daily State Jour- nal. He has already made a reputation as a speaker on lit- erary and educational topics : and his poems, first appearing in periodicals, have now been collected into a volume called " Ashes and Incense," the first edition of which was ex- hausted in six months. It " has put him among the fore- most of the young American poets." Edmund Clarence Stedman says of it : " There is real poetry in the book — a voice worth owning and exercising. I am struck with the beauty and feeling of the lyrics which I have read — such, for example, as the stanzas on Lanier and ' The Comrade Hills.' " WORKS. Ashes and Incense. 442 Southern Literature, sidney lanier. {From Ashes and Incense.*) O Spirit to a kingly holding born ! As beautiful as any southern morn That wakes to woo the willing hills, Thy life wae hedged about by ills As pitiless as any northern night; Yet thou didst make it as thy " Sunrise " bright. The seas were not too deep for thee ; thine eye Was comrade with the farthest star on high. The marsh burst into bloom for thee, — And still abloom shall ever be ! Its sluggish tide shall henceforth bear alway A charm it did not hold until thy day. And Life walks out upon the slipping sands With more of flowers in her trembling hands Since thou didst suffer and didst sing ! And so to thy dear grave I bring One little rose, in poor exchange for all The flowers that from thy rich hand did fall. MADISON CAWEIN. 1865 . Madison Cawein, born at Louisville, Kentucky, of Huguenot descent, is one of our younger poets who seems overflowing with life and fancy. His writings show a wonderful insight into nature and power of expressing her beauties and meanings. The amount of his poetical work is astonishing, and another volume will soon appear, enti- tled "Intimations of the Beautiful." *By permission of the author, and publishers, J. B. Lippincott Co., Phila. Madison Cawein. 443 WORKS. Days and Dreams. Accolon of Gaul and other Poems. Blooms of the Berry. Lyrics and Idyls. Triumph of Music. Moods and Memories. Poems of Nature and Love. Red Leaves and Roses, THE WHIPPOORWILL. {From Red Leaves and Roses*) i. Above long woodland ways that led To dells the stealthy twilights tread The west was hot geranium-red ; And still, and still, Along old lanes, the locusts sow With clustered curls the May-times know, Out of the crimson afterglow, We heard the homeward cattle low, And then the far-off, far-off woe Of "whippoorwill!" of " whippoorwill ! " II. Beneath the idle beechen boughs We heard the cow-bells of the cows Come slowly jangling towards the house; And still, and still, Beyond the light that would not die Out of the scarlet-haunted sky, Beyond the evening-star's white eye Of glittering chalcedony, Drained out of dusk the plaintive cry Of "whippoorwill!" of "whippoorwill!" III. What is there in the moon, that swims A naked bosom o'er the limbs, That all the wood with magic dims ? While still, while still, Among the trees whose shadows grope •By permission of the author, and publishers, G. P. Putnam's Sons, N. Y. 444 Southern Literature. 'Mid ferns and flow'rs the dew-drops ope, — Lost in faint deeps of heliotrope Above the clover-scented slope, — Retreats, despairing past all hope, The whippoorwill, the whippoorwill. DIXIE. I. I wish I wuz in de land ob cotton, Ole times dar am not forgotten ; Look away ! look away ! look away ! Dixie land. In Dixie land whar I wuz born in, Early on one frosty mornin' ; Look away ! look away ! look away ! Dixie land. Den I wish I were in Dixie, hooray ! hooray ! In Dixie land I'll took my stand To lib and die in Dixie, Away, away, away down south in Dixie, Away, away, away down south in Dixie. II. Dar's buckwheat cakes and Ingen batter, Makes you fat or a little fatter ; Den hoe it down and scratch your grabble, To Dixie land I'm bound to trabble. List of Authors. 445 The following is a list of other authors and works that would have been included in the body of the book if space had allowed. It is with great regret that only this mention of them can be made. See " List of Southern Writers " for fuller notice. Allan, William : Army of Northern Virginia. Asbury, Francis : Journals. Blair, James : State of His Majesty's Colony in Virginia. Bledsoe, Albert Taylor : A Theodicy, Is Davis a Traitor ? Brock, R. A. : Southern Historical Society Papers. Burnett, Mrs. Frances Hodgson : That Lass o' Lowrie's. Cable, George Washington : Bonaventure (Acadian sketches in Louisiana). Caruthers, William A. : Knights of the Golden Horse- shoe (tale of Bacon's Rebellion). Dabney, Virginius : Don Miff. Davis, Mrs. Varina Jefferson : Jefferson Davis. Dinwiddie Papers. Elliott, Sarah Barnwell : John Paget. Goulding, Francis Robert : Young Marooners. Hearn, Lafcadio : Youma. Hooper, Johnson Jones : Captain Suggs' Adventures. Ingraham, Joseph Holt : Prince of the House of David. Jones, John Beauchamp : Rebel War Clerk's Diary, Wild Western Scenes. Kouns, Nathan Chapman : Arius the Libyan. Le Conte, Joseph : Geology, Science and the Bible. Loughborough, Mrs. Mary Webster : My Cave Life in Vicksburg (in prison during the war). 446 Southern Literature. McCabe, James Dabney, Jr. : Gray-Jackets. McGuire, Mrs. Judith Walker : Diary of a Southern Refugee ; (said to be a most faithful and pathetic picture of the terrible times in 1861-5. It was a private journal kept during the war, and Mrs. McGuire was afterwards induced to publish it). Mason, Emily Virginia : Popular Life of R. E. Lee. Maury, Dabney Herndon : Recollections of a Virginian. Meade, William : Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia. Parker, William Harwar : Recollections of a Naval Offi- cer. Piatt, Mrs. Sarah Morgan Bryan : Poems. Randolph, Innis : Good Old Rebel, Back-Log. Randolph, Sarah Nicholas : Domestic Life of Jefferson. Semmes, Raphael : Service Afloat, Cruise of the Ala- bama. Semple, Robert Baylor : History of Virginia Baptists. Sims, James Marion : Story of My Life. Smedes, Mrs. Susan Dabney : A Southern Planter ; (a biography of Mrs. Smedes' father. Of this work, Hon. W. E. Gladstone says in a letter to the author: "I am very desirous that the Old World should have the benefit of this work. I ask your permission to publish it in England. Allow me to thank you, dear Madam, for the good the book must do."). Smith, Francis Hopkinson : Colonel Carter of Carters- ville. Spotswood, Alexander : Letters, 1710-22. Stith, William : History of Virginia (before 1755). Strother, David Hunter : Virginia Illustrated. Taylor, Richard : Destruction and Reconstruction. Wiley, Edwin Fuller : Angel in the Cloud. Questions. 447 QUESTIONS. These questions are not recommended as essential, but merely as suggestive and perhaps useful to teachers who prefer the Socratic method. They might also serve to call the attention of students to some point which they would otherwise overlook. The general questions and those in ordinary type may be answered from the text itself; the answers to those in italics are to he found in other parts of the book, in a history of the United States, or in a cyclopedia. The questions in italics may, of course, like all the rest, be omitted at the discretion of the teacher. The research required to answer such questions , however, will be of great value to the students, if they have the time for it. See also the sug- gestions given in the Preface. General Questions. * These questions apply to all the authors, and hence will not be repeated under each name. 1. Give the date of birth, and the date of death of those not living. 2. Where was the author born? 3. Where did he pass his life? 4. What was his educa- tion? 5. What was his profession and what positions, if any, did he fill? 6. Describe his character. 7. His style of writing. 8. Give the names of his Works. 9. Title and contents of the extracts given. 10. Learn the short ex- tracts and poems by heart. 11. Find on the map all the places mentioned. ( This is of prime importance, and I beg that this question may never be omitted). FIRST PERIOD, 1579-1750. John Smith.— 1. Why did Captain Smith fight against the Turks? 2. When did he come to America? 3. How didjhe spend his time after 1609 ? U. What other settlement was in America at this time besides Jamestownf 5. By whom and when madef William Stbachey.— 1. What is the special fame of this description of a storm? 2. Give some features o( it, 3, Who was ruler of England at this timet 448 Southern Literature. John Lawson.— 1. Why did he come to Carolina, and when? 2. Tell of his sad death. 3. What is the story of " Sir Walter Raleigh's Ship "? (See the poem, " The Palatine Ship," by William Qilmore Simms). i. Was there any settlement in South Carolina at this timet S. If so, when and by whom made* William Byrd.— 1. What distinction has Byrd among the -writers of Virginia? For what was his daughter Evelyn noted? 3. Who was governor of North Car- olina in 1713-1720 ? 4. Is the Dismal Swamp so hard to cross now t 5. How old was George Washington when William Byrd died f 6. What town is named for Governor Eden t SECOND PERIOD, 1750-1800. Hbnbt Laurens — 1. Why did he go to Europe in 1771 ? in 1779 ? 2. What title was given his son John? 3. For whom was he exchanged? 4. How was he buried ? 5. What was happening in America during his imprisonment, 1779-1781 ? George Washington.— 1. What did his mother say of him ? 2. What is his national title? 3. What monuments have been reared to him ? 4. What salary had he as Commander-in-Chief ? When was the Farewell Address written ? 6. Where and when did his inauguration as President take place t 7. When was Washington City laid off as the Capital of the United States 1 8. Name the thirteen original States. Patrick Henry. — 1. What did Jefferson say of him? 2. What part did he take in the Revolutionary War ? 3. When did he say "If this be treason— "? 4. When and where was his greatest speech made? 5. What other great man died the same year that he did ? 6. What difference in their ages ? William Henry Drayton.— 1. Who went with him to be educated ? 2. What bold public statement did he make In April, 1776 ? 3. What battles of the Revolu- tion occurred in South Carolina during Drayton's life ? Thomas Jefferson.— 1. What is Jefferson's title ? 2. Of what political party is he considered the founder ? 3. What other ex-president died the same day ? 4. What inscription is on his tomb ? 5. What does he say of the relative posi- tions of the upper and lower classes ? 2. Who were presidents before Jefferson f 7. Who, after him, up to the time of his death f 8. What famous Frenchman visited Jefferson in 18%5 ? 9. Quote some of the Declaration of Independence. David Ramsay.— 1. Who was his second wife? 2. Of what profession were their daughters ? 8. Where is Fort Moultrie and for whom named 1 4. Where is there a statue to Sergeant Jasper t James Madison. — 1. What is Professor Fiske's estimate of him? 2. Tell of his marriage and of Mrs. Madison. S. How long and when was Madison Presi- dent f It. What war took place during that time? 5. What disaster occurred in Wash- ington in 1811*1 6. What patriotic song was written the same year f St. George Tucker. — 1. When did he come to America and whom did he marry? S. Where is William and Marg College and when was it founded? S. What famous men were teachers and students there? John Marshall.— 1. How long was he Chief-Justice? 2. Repeat Charles Cotesworth Pinckney's famous remark. 3. Over what great trial did Marshall preside? 4. When was it? 5. Where are fine statues of him? 6. Who was Pinckney? Henry Lee.— 1. What title hadhein the Revolution? 2. Who was his mother? 3. What well-known words were first used by him? 4. Who was his most famous son? 5. Was Mrs. Motte's house burned down? Questions. 449 Mason Locke Weeks.— 1. Of what church was he rector? John Drayton.— 1. Whose son was he? 2. When did the battle of Noewee occur? S. Who were Lord North and Lord Grenvillef i. What relation was Lieu- tenant Hampton to General Wade Hampton, of South Carolinat William Wirt.— 1. What two famous speeches by Wirt are here mentioned? 2. Who was the "Blind Preacher"? 3. What did Wirt say of life, in 1829? i. Learn something more about the " Blind Preacher." (See People's Cyclopedia, Hart's American Literature.) S. Who were Dcmothenes, Ossian, Homer, Milton, Rousseau* John Randolph of Roanoke.— 1. From whom was he descended? 2. What does Paulding say of him? S. Where is found the quotation—" Free will, fixed fate, foreknowledge absolute "? George Tucker. — 1. To whom was he related? 2. How long was he professor at the University of Virginia? 3. Who was founder of the University ? t,. Where is the Natural Bridget (See picture under Mrs. Preston.) 7. When was the Univer- sity established and openedf THIRD PERIOD, 1800-1850. Henry Clay. — 1. What two titles did he have, and for what reasons? 2. Men- tion some of his companions in public life. 3. Of what measures was he the author? i. Who was Jacksont 5. Who were Philip, Alexander, Cxsar, Brutus, Madame de Stael, Bonapartet 6. What was the difference in the ages of Clay, Cal- houn, and Webstert Francis Scott Key. — 1. Relate the circumstances under which the " Star- Spangled Banner " was written. 2. What city was burned by the British in the year in which this song was composedf John James Audubon. — 1. What was his favorite pursuit? 2. Where is a set of his works to be seen? Thomas Hart Benton. — 1. What title did he gain, and how? 2. What is said of Ms great work? S. Who were Randolph and Clay f i. What was the cause of the duelt 5. What office had Clay at the timet 6. How were Benton and Clay con- nectedf (Mrs. Clay was a cousin of Benton's, she had been Miss Lucretia Hart). 7. Whom did Benton's daughter Jessie marry, and what did she wrilet (See "List of Southern Writers," Fremont). John Caldwell Calhoun. — 1. Who was his early teacher? 2. What was the remark of Calhoun's father about government ? 3. What is Calhoun's home now? 4. What is the principle of Nullification? 5. Who first said, " To the victors belong the spoils," as applied to public offices ? 6. What does Calhoun say of it? 7. Who are the three greatest statesmen of the " Compromise Period" (18S0- 1850)t 8. What does Everett say of them ? 9. What docs Stephens say of Calhoun >n 18S0t (See under A. H. Stephens). 10. What does Webster say of him? 11. What rank does he hold as a statesman and patriot f 12. Who are the others mentioned as contemporary with Calhoun in the Senate? Nathaniel Beverley Tucker. — 1. Whose son was he, and whose half- brother? 2. Give the plan of the "Partisan Leader." 3. When was Van Buren president t David Crockett. — I. What was his motto? 2. What does he say of theearth- quake and its effects ? 3. When was the great earthquake in the Mississippi Valley t 4. Where is the Alamo t 5. Tell something of its defence and fall, (See under Hous- ton). *9 450 Southern Literature. Richard Henry Wii.de.— 1. What discoveries did he make in Italy ? 2. What is the poem by which he is known ? (It is also called " The Captive's Lament"). 8. Tell the incident of its translation. 4. Who was Mrs. White-Beatty 1 5. What else can you learn of her t 6. Who were Giotto, Dante, Tasso, and Petrarch t Augustus Baldwin Longstreet.— 1. Who was "Ned Brace"? 2. How did Judge Longstreet feel about " Georgia Scenes " in his later years ? 3. When did Washington make his Southern tour f 4. How old was Judge Bacon then ? Robert Young Hayne. — 1. When and with whom was his great debate on Nullification? 2. What action did South Carolina take in 1832? 3. What pre- vented war? 4. What did Webster say the Union would be if the doctrine of State Sovereignty should be accepted? 5. What action had the citizens of Boston taken in 1809? 6. What was the resolution of the Virginia Convention on adopting the Constitution of the United States ! 1. Who wrote Hayne' s Life t Sam Houston.— 1. When did Houston go to Texas? 2. What caused the Texan war of independence? 3. Who were the four presidents of the Mepublieof Texas t h. How long was Texas independent, and when did she enter the Union? S. Who was then president of the United States t William Campbell Preston.— 1. What great orator was his uncle? 2. With what distinguished men was he associated, and who were they? S. When was South Carolina University founded t John Pendleton Kennedy. — 1. In what novel of Thaekeray did he write a chapter? 2. What was his connection with the Peabody Institute? 3. What poet did he befriend? 1*. Who was Horse-Shoe Robinson f 5. Whence his name? {He was a blacksmith) . Hugh Swinton Legare. — 1. For what was he noted ? 2. What does Judge Story say of him ? S. When did he live in Washington City t h. When was he in Bel- gium t 6. Where did he die? 6. What poet wrote his life f Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar. — 1. When was he president of Texas? 2. Who succeeded him t Francis Litter Hawks. — 1. What induced Dr. Hawks to write a history of North Carolina? 2. Who was the first white child born in America ? 8. When? 4. Who was the first Indian baptized? 5. Where is the town named for himt 6. What probably became of the Lost Colony of Roanoke and of the little Vir- ginia Dare? 7. How old was she wlten her grandfather came back t 8. When did Sir Walter Raleigh send his first colony f 9. Did he ever come himself f 10. Tell of his life. George Denison PRENTrcE. — 1. What paper did he establish? 2. How many mouths has the Mississippi River t 3. Who wrote his life f (See under in "List of Southern Writers"). Edward Coate Pinkney.— 1. What position had his father in 1802 ? 2. For what was his father distinguished t 3. Who do ymi think were " the five greatest poets of the country " in his lifetime ? Charles Etienne Arthur Gayarre.— 1. In what languages did he write ? 3. Who first manufactured sugar in Louisiana ? 3. When? 4. Who were lords of Louisiana in 1750-70? 5. How long was Louisiana under Spanish domination t 6. When was the Louisiana Purchase made f 7. Tell the story of the Acadians. Matthew Fontaine Maury. — 1. What title did his sea studies acquire for him? 2. What was his service to the Atlantic Telegraph Cable ? 3. Tell what honors he received. 4. Where is there a monument to Lieutenant Herudon? Questions. 451 5. What relation were Maury and Herndont 6. Learn something of the Emperor Maximilian and the Mexican revolution, William Gilmore Simms.— 1. What is the subject of most of Simma' novels? 2. Who has written his life ? 3. What is the usual form of Manneyto? (Manilou). 4. Who were the Yemassees and when was the Yemassee war ? 5. Give a sketch of General Marion. (See also under Ramsay). Robert Edward Lee.— 1. Who have written the life of General Lee? 2. What is the present name .of Washington College? S. Where arc there monuments to Leef It. When did the Civil War begin andendf 5. Learn more of General Lee. Jefferson Davis. — 1. When and where was he inaugurated president of the Confederaev? 2. What has his daughter Winnie written? S. Who have written the life of President Davis? It. When was Pierce president of the United Statesf 5. Where is Beauvoir ? 6. Where is the Hermitage? 7. Where is Mr. Davis buried t Edgar Allan Poe.— 1. What is said of the " Raven " in 1845? 2. Where are monuments to Poe? 3. Which are the best lives of him ? It. Who was John Pen- dleton Kennedy ? 5. What is the Koran ? 6. " The red levin "? Robert Toombs. — 1. What two distinguished men besides Toombs were ordered to be captured after the war? 2. Why did he not sue for pardon? 3. Who have written his life? i. Learn more of him. Octavia Walton LeVert. — 1. What was the name of her father and grand- father? 2. What did La Fayette say of her when a child? 3. What is said of her in Washington? It. Trace her voyage to Spain from Mobile, Ala. 5. Who were the Moors and when did they rule Spain ? Louisa Susannah M'Cord.— 1. Name of Mrs. M'Cord's father? 2. Learn the last paragragh on page 292. 3. When was this article publisbed? 4. Where is Forte Motte? 5. For what is it noted ? 6. Tell something of the Women's Bights Movement in Europe and America. Joseph G. Baldwin.— 1. What do you think of this sketch of Virginians? 6. Translate the Latin. S. Who were Jefferson, Hamilton, Jackson, Clay, John Bandolpht Alexander Hamilton Stephens.— 1. In what family did he teach ? 2. Name of his home? 3. Tell the anecdotes of him. 4. When did Calhoun die? 5. Tell what you can of the Senators mentioned in the sketch. 6. How did Fillmore afterwards become president of the United States ? 7. When? Alexander Beaufort Meek. — 1. What system was established by him in Alabama? 2. Tell some of the characters in his writings. 3. For whom is Montgomery named ? i. When was the Seminole war f S. Who was the American general ? 6. What river did Be Soto discover, and when did he march through Alabama? Philip Pendleton Cooke. — 1. Whose brother and whose cousin was he? 2. What is said of the poem " Florence Vane "? Theodore O'Hara.— 1. When was the battle of Buena Vista? 2. Where is O'Hara buried? S. What is meant by "the Dark and Bloody Ground"! h. What famous pioneer is also buried in Frankfort! 5. Mention some others given in this book who were in the battle of Buena Vista. FOURTH PERIOD, 1850-1895. Grorge Rainsford Fairbanks.— 1. What other names had Osceola? 8. Find out more about him, and about the Florida War. S. for whom is Fort Moultrie named? 4, Wfto wrote the lines on page SU, ! 452 Southern Literature. Richard Malcolm Johnston.— 1. What people are described In his stories? t. Who are they, and what are such people called in London, in North Carolina, and m different other States t 3. Who was Mr. Ellington 1 John Reuben Thompson.— 1. Of what magazine was he editor from 1847 to 1859? 2. Who were some of its contributors? h. What other writers edited or wrote for the " Messenger" f 4. Who was Ashbyt Jaeez Lamar Moneoe Curry.— 1. What have we inherited from England? 2. What relation does Mr. Gladstone think should exist between England and America? S. What i.i the Peabody Educational Fund t i. Learn what you can of firm-lie Peabody and of the Peabody Institute in Baltimore. (See also under John Pen- dleton Kennedy and Sidney Lanier. ) Margaret Junkin Preston.— 1. How was Mrs. Preston related to Stonewall Jackson ? 2. Where did he die ? 3. What were his last words ? 4. Where is the Virginia Military Institute! S. Wliere is the Natural Bridget (See Jefferson' s Descrip- tion). Charles Henry Smith (" Bill Arp ").— 1. Tell of the Cherokees and their march to the West. 2. Who were Ridge and Ross? 3. Tell of John Howard Payne's imprisonment. 4. Why did the Cherokees go beyond the Mississippi f St. George H. Tucker.— 1. What relation was he to St. George Tucker ? 2. When was Jamestown burned ? 3. When did the Seven Days' Battles around Richmond occur? 4. Wlien was Berkeley governor of Virginia t 5. Tell of Bacon's Rebellion. (See also Dr. Caruthers' " Knights of the Golden Horseshoe"). 6. What is left of Jamestown now f (See under John Smith). George William Bagby. — 1. What was Dr. Bagby's pen-name ? 2. Whom did he succeed as editor of the "Southern Literary Messenger " ? 3. Who was Rubinstein f Sarah Anne Dorsey.— 1. How did Mrs. Dorsey gain her pen-name? 2. To whom did she will her Mississippi home ? 3. Who was H. W. Allen ? 4. What was her opinion as to going into exile after the war? 6. Mention some other Con- federate soldiers who went to Mexico. 6. Who was Mrs. C. A. Warfkld and what did she write t (See" List of Southern Writers.") 7. Describe the life of the mistress of a large plantation. (See under Kennedy and Mrs. M'Cord; also Mrs. Smedes' *' Southern Planter") Henry Timrod. — 1. What occupation did Timrod's father choose and why? 2. Who were the companions of Timrod's vacations? 3. Who wrote a sketch of his life? 4. In what great fire was his property destroyed in Columbia? 5. When did it occur f 5. Where is Magnolia Cemetery f Paul Hamilton Hayne. — 1. What title has been given him? 2. What loss had he during the war ? 3. What relation was he to Robert Young Hayne ? 4. What book has his son published ? 5. The name of his son ? John Esten Cooke.— 1. What relation was he to P. P. Cooke and to John P. Kennedy ? 2. Who were Jackson and Stuart f S, Tell something of Virginia History at the time the " Races ' ' took place; of United States History at the same time. Zebulon Baird Vance.— 1. What title had he and why? 2. What r»ce settled North Carolina ? 3. What is the origin of the term " buncombe " as popu- larly used t i. Tellof the Siege of Londonderry, and of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. Albert Pike.— 1. Tell of his trip to the West. 2. Of what does his " Mock- Jng-Bird, " remind one ? $, Learn more of Pike and of his labors for Freemasonry, Questions. 453 William Tappan Thompson.— 1. What distinction about his birth? 2. What was the Western Reserve t Jambs Barron Hope. — 1. In what year was the 250th anniversary of the set- tlement of Jamestown? 2. Who is "the Man" of the Yorktown Centennial Odef 5. Tell of the surrender at Yorktown. i. For whom was Lord Cornwallis exchanged t James Wood Davidson. — 1. What have been his services to Southern litera- ture? 2. What is the Beautiful ? 3. The Poetical ? Charles Colcock Jones, Jr.— 1. What collections did he make? 2. How stands he among Georgian writers? 3. Describe the city of Savannah in 1734. 6. Tell something of James Edward Oglethorpe. 5. What did Oglethorpe write f {See " List of Southern Writers"). 6. Who were Jasper, De Soto, Pulaski t Mart Virginia Terhune ("Marion Harland").— 1. For what special pur- pose was the Story of Mary Washington written ? 2. When was the monument unveiled ? 3. Where is it ? 4. When did Mrs. Washington die t Augusta Evans Wilson.— 1. What was Mrs. Wilson's first novel ? 2. Her most famous one ? S. Translate tlie foreign phrases and look up the unknown names in the selection. Daniel Bedinger Lucas.— 1. When was the poem written ? 2. To whom does the fifth stanza refer f S. What was the Forum t James Ryder Randall.— 1. What has "My Maryland" been called ? 2. When was it written 1 S. Who were Carroll, Howard, Ringgold, Watson, Lowe, May t Abram Joseph Ryan.— 1. What was his title ? 2. Mention some of his poems ? S. What was the Conquered Banner t William Gordon McCabe. — 1. What were the Trenches f 2. Who wrote Tristram and Iseultf Sidney Lanier.— 1. What kind of ancestry had he? 2. What is said of his " Science of English Verse •'? 3. What was his favorite remark on Art ? 4. Tell of the Centennial Ode. S. To what poems does Barbe refer in his tribute to Lanier t (See under Waitman Barbe). 6. Study well the "Song of the Chattahoochee," its rhyme, meter, and thought. 7. What are the marshes of Glynn t (Salt marches on the coast of Ga.) 8. What are the Pea-body Symphony Concerts ? James Lane Allen.— 1. From what States was Kentucky mainly settled? 2. When was the battle of Blue Licks ? S. When was Kentucky admitted to the Union f Joel Chandler Harris. — 1. What is said of " On the Plantation"? 2. Is the negro dialect the same in all the States ? S. Who was Uncle Remus t Robert Burns Wilson.— 1. Who is the " Fair Daughter of the Sun"? 2. To whom are Wilson's poems dedicated? Christian Reid (Mrs. Tiernan).— 1. In what battle was Colonel Fisher killed? 2. When was it t 3. Tell of Dr. Mitchell's death and burial. (A granite monument has been erected over his grave). Henry Woodpen Grady.— 1. Of what paper was he editor? 2. Where is there a monument to him ? S. Learn all that you can of the persons and places mentioned in the extract. Thomas Nelson Page.— 1. With whom did he first write? 2. What passage of Grady's does the extract illustrate? Charles Egbert Craddock (Miss Murfree).— 1. For whom was Murfrees- boro named ? 2. Where are Miss Murf ree's stories laid ? Danske Dandridge.— 1. Whence did Mrs. Dandridge get her first name? 2. Learn the beautiful poem by heart. 454 Southern Literature. Amelie Rives (Mrs. Chanler).— 1. Who were her paternal grandparents, and what did they write ? 2. What style had she at first ? S. Learn something of the ginseng-diggers in the Alleghany Mountains. Grace King.— Describe the contrast in the life of many of the Southern planters before and after the war. Waitman Barbe. — 1. To whom is the poem addressed? 2. Of what paper is he editor? Madison Cawein. — 1. Of what race Is he? 2. Who were the Huguenotst $. Learn something of their history. Dixie. — 1. Who wrote Dixie, and when f APPENDIX. r- ^ - ~— ■ y ' -'■' List gp Southern Writers. This list is not complete. It is my desire to make it so, and I shall be greatly obliged for information as to names, dates, residence, and works of Southern writers. Correction of mistakes is urgently and respectfully solicited, as well as fuller details in regard to the names here given, which lack some of the above particulars. Communications may be addressed to Miss Louise Manly, care B. F. Johnson Publishing Company, Richmond, Virginia. Valuable aid has been most kindly and generously rendered by Prof. B. F. Meek, University of Alabama ; Prof. Howard N. Ogden, University of West Virginia (now of the University of Chicago); Mr. Charles Weathers Bump, Ph. D., Johns Hopkins University ; Prof. Charles W. Kent, Linden-Kent Professor of English, Univer- sity of Virginia ; Dr. James Wood Davidson, Washington, D. C. ; Prof. B. F. Riley, University of Georgia; Mr. Alfred Holt Stone, Greenville, Mississippi; Prof. R. H. Willis, Arkansas University; Prof. F. C. Woodward, South Carolina University; Prof. C. V. Waugh, Florida State College ; Miss Sara Hartman, Editor of The Gulf Messenger, San Antonio, Texas ; Mr. F. A. Sampson, Sedalia, Missouri; Mr. William F. Switzler, Editor of The Missouri Demo- crat, Boonville, Missouri ; Mr. Fay Hempstead, Little Rock, Ar- kansas ; Mr. Leonard Lemmon, Editor of The School Forum, Sher- man, Texas; Prof. E. M. Davis, University of Tennessee (now of Hampden-Sidney, Va.), and other professors and scholars. Those marked * are to be found in the body of the book. The following abbreviations are used : Bapt., Baptist. Luth., Lutheran. c. e., civil engineer. M. E., Methodist Episcopal, el., clergyman. nat., naturalist. ed., editor. P. E. f Protestant Episcopal, edu., educator. phys., physician, jour., journalist. Pr., Presbyterian. R. C, Roman Catholic. sci., scientist. [457 1 458 Southern Literature. Abbey, Richard M. E. CI Miss. Apostolic Succession, Creed of All Men, and other religious works. Aiken, Mrs. J, G La. Poems. Ainslie, Hew, 1792-1878 ... . poet Scotland, Ky. Ingleside, On with the Tartan, Pilgrimage to the Land of Burns, and other poems. Aleix, Mme Eulalie L. T La. Le Livre d'Or de la Comtesse Diane, Maxime de la Vie, Les Poesies de Lamartine. Alfriend, Frank H Va. Life of Jefferson Davis, Life of R. E. Lee. Allan, William, d. 1891 . ... colonel C. S. A . . Va. Battlefields of Virginia, Jackson's Valley Campaign, Army of Northern Virginia. Allen, Henry Watkins, 1820-1866 . .... War governor of La. Travels of a Sugar-Planter. *Allen, James Lane novelist Ky. Flute and Violin and other stories, John Gray, A Kentucky Car- dinal. Allston, Joseph Blyth, soldier S. C. Battle Songs. Allston, Washington, 1779-1843 . artist and poet . S. C, Eng., Mass. Monaldi (novel), Poems, Art writings. Alsop, George, 1638- — . . colonist , England, Md. Character of the Province of Maryland, Small Treatise on the Wild and Naked Indians or Susquehannakes of Maryland. Anderson, Florence Ky. Zenaida (novel), Poems. Andrew, James Osgood, 1794-1871, . . M. E. bishop . . Ga., Ala. Miscellanies, Family Government. Andrews, Eliza Frances, 1847 (' ; Elzey Hay") Ga. Family Secret, Mere Adventurers, Prince Hal, Dress Under Diffi L culties (fashions in Dixie during the war), Plea for Red Hair, and other writings. Andry, Mme Laure La. Histoire de la Louisiane pour les Enfants. Archdale, John, Quaker, came in 1664 as governor of Carolina. Description of Carolina. List of Southern Writers. 459 Archer, G. W phys Md. More than She Could Bear (Tales of Texas). Arrington, Alfred W., 1810-1867 N. C, Mo., Ark. Apostrophe to Water, Sketch of the South-West, Rangers and Regulators of the Tanaha. Asbury, Francis, 1745-1816 . . . . M. E. bishop. . . Eng., Va. Journal (3 vols., travels in establishing Methodism). Ashe, Thomas, (" T. A., Gent") Eng., Va. Carolina : or a Description of the Present State of that Country and the Natural Excellencies thereof (published in 1682, re- printed, 1836). •Audubon, John James, 1780-1851 . . naturalist. . La., Pa., Ky., N. Y. Ornithological Biographies, Birds of America, Quadrupeds of America (with Rev. John Bachman). Augustin, George La. Legends of New Orleans. Augustin, John La. Creole Songs, War Flowers. Augustin, Marie La. Le Macandal (novel). Bachman, John, 1790-1874, . . . Luth. cl., nat., . . . . N. Y., S. C. Quadrupeds of America (with Audubon), Unity of the Human Race, Defence of Luther. Bacon, Julia Tex. Looking for the Fairies, and other poems. *Bagby, George William, 1828-1883 • • ■ humorist, essayist . Va. Letters of Mozis Addums and other writings. Baker, Daniel, 1791-1857 . . . . Pr. cl., edu. . . . Ga., Va., Tex. Sermons, Address to Fathers, and other works. Baker, William Munford (son of Daniel), 1825-1883 . cl. Tex., Mass. Inside, A Chronicle of Secession, by G. F. Harrington, Vir- ginians in Texas, New Timothy, and other works. Baker, Mrs. Marion A. (Julie K. Wether ill), 1858- . ... La. Poems, essays, and other writings. •Baldwin, Joseph G., 1811-1864 . . jurist, humorist . . . Ala., Cal. Flush Times of Alabama and Mississippi, Party Leaders, and other writings. Baldwin, James Mark edu S. C, N. J. Mental Development in the Child and the Race, Psychology. 460 Southern Literature. Ball, Mrs. Caroline A. [Rutledge] S. C. Jacket of Gray and other Poems (1866). Banister, John, ? -1692 . . . botanist Eng., Va. Insects of Virginia, Curiosities in Virginia. *Barbe, Waitman, 1864- ed. . . . . W. Va. Addresses, Ashes and Incense, and other poems. Barbee, William J., 1816- . . . cl., phys., edu., . . Ky., Tenn., Mo. Cotton Question, Life of Paul, and other writings. Barber, Miss Catherine Webb [Mrs. Towles] . ed. . Mass., Ala., Ga. (Ed. "Miss Barber's Weekly,") Three Golden Links, Free- mason's Fireside. Barclay, James Turner, 1807-1874 cl Va., Ala. City of the Great King. Barde, Alexandre . La. Histoire des Comites de Vigilance aux Attakapas. Barnes, Annie Maria, 1857- • . . . S. C, Ga. Some Lowly Lives, Story of the Chattahoochee, Found in the Sand, &c. Barney, John, 1784-1856 Md. Personal Recollections of Men and Things in America and Europe. Barr, Mrs. Amelia Edith Eng., Tex. Remember the Alamo, Jan Vedder's Wife, and many other novels. Barrow,Mrs. Frances Elizabeth [Mease] (Aunt Fanny), 1822, S. C..N.Y. Aunt Fanny's Story-Book, Letter G, Six Nightcaps. Bartlett, Napier . . . La. Military Recollections of Louisiana, Soldier's Story of the War. Bartley, James Avis Va. Lays of Virginia. Bascom, Henry Bidleman, 1796-1850, M. E. bishop . . . N. Y., Ky, (Ed. "Southern Methodist Quarterly Review,") Sermons, Methodism and Slavery. Baxter, William, 1823- cl., edu., England, Ark. Poems, Pea Ridge and Prairie Grove, War Lyrics. Bay . Mo. Bench and Bar of Missouri. Baylor, Frances Courtenay, 1848- .... novelist .... Ark., Va. On Both Sides, Behind the Blue Ridge, A Shocking Example, List of Southern Writers. 461 Beale, Helen G Va. Lansdowne. Beard, Richard, 1799-1880, . . . Pr. cl., edu Term. Systematic Theology, Biographical Sketches, Why I Am a Cumberland Presbyterian. Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant, 1818- . . . soldier . . La. Principles and Maxims of the Art of War, Defence of Charleston. Beck, George, 1749-1812, edu. ... ... England, Ky. Poems, original, and translated from Greek and Latin. Bell, Orelia Key, 1864- Ga. Po' Jo, Jamestown Weed, and other poems. Bellamy, Mrs. Elizabeth Whitfield [Croom], " Kamba Thorp," 1839- . ... Fla., Ala. Four Oaks, Little Joanna, Penny Lancaster Farmer, Old Man Gilbert, The Luck of the Pendennings, (Ladies' Home Jour- nal, 1895). Bennett, Mrs. Martha Haines Butt Va. Pastimes with Little Friends, Leisure Moments. *Benton, Thomas Hart, 1782-1858, statesman . . . . N. C, Mo. Thirty Years in the United States Senate. Berkeley, Sir William, 1610-1677, colonial governor of Virginia, 1641-1676 . Va. The Lost Lady, a Tragi-Comedy, 1638; Description of Virginia. Bernard, P. V La. "Un Ancetre de la Sainte Alliance. Berrien, John Macpherson, 1781-1856 . . . statesman N. J., Ga. (Called "The American Cicero"). Addresss in Congress. Beverley, Robert, 1670-1735 . statesman, historian . . . Va. History of the Present State of Virginia, 1705. Bigby, Mrs. Mary Catherine [Dougherty], 1839- Ga. Delilah, Death of Polk, and other poems. Bigney, Mark F . La. Forest Pilgrims, Wreck of the Nautilus, and other poems. Blackburn Va. Miss Washington of Virginia. Blair, Francis Preston, 1821-1875 .... ed., soldier . . Ky.- Mo. (Ed. "Mo. Democrat.") Life of General William O. Butler, Blair, James, 1656-1743, first president of William and Mary College, edu ... . . Scotland, Va, State of His Majesty's Colony in Virginia, Sermons, 462 Southern Literature. Blake, Mrs. Lillie [Devereux], 1835- N. C, N. Y. Woman's Place To-day, Fettered for Life, Southwold, Rockford, and other stories. Bland, Richard ( "Virginia Antiquary "), 1710-1776 . . . . Va. Letter to the Clergy, Rights of the British Colonies. Bledsoe, Albert Taylor, 1809-1877 . . . cl., edu . . Ky., Tenn., Va. (Ed. " Southern Review"), Theodicy, Is Davis a Traitor? Ed- wards on the Will, Liberty and Slavery, Philosophy of Math- ematics. " Dr. Bledsoe was a giant of Southern Literature." B16ton, C . . La. De la Po6sie dans 1' Histoire. Blount, Annie R (Jenny Woodbine) Ga. Poems, (i860). Boernstein Mo Mysteries of St. Louis. Boner, John Henry, 1845- • N. C, N. Y. ( One of the editors of the Century Dictionary, and of the Library of American Literature), Whispering Pines (poems). Bosman, John Leeds, 1757-1823 . . lawyer Md. History of Maryland, Verses and prose articles. Botts, John Minor, 1802-1869 Va. Great Rebellion. Boyce, James Petigru, 1827-1889 . . Bapt. cl., edu., . . . S. C, Ky. (Founder of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary), Sys- tematic Theology, Catechism. Boyle, Virginia Frazer, 1863- Tenn. Old Canteen, On Both Sides. Bradley, Thomas Bibb . . . . ■ • Va. Poems (with his cousin, Mrs. Creswell). Breckinridge, John Cabell, 1821-1875 . statesman, soldier . . Ky. Addresses. Breckinridge, Robert Jefferson, 1800-1871 . . Pr. cl., edu. . . Ky. Internal Evidences of Christianity, Knowledge of God, Travels, and other writings. Brewer, Willis Ala. Alabama. Bringhurst, Mrs. Nettie Houston (daughter of Sam Houston) . Tex, Poems. List of Southern Writers. 463 Brisbane, Abbott Hall, 1861- .... civil engineer S. C. Ralphston. Broadus, John Albert, 1827- 1895 . Bapt.cl., edu. . ■ . Va., S. C, Ky. Preparation and Delivery of Sermons, History of Preaching, Sermons and Addresses, Commentary on Matthew, Memoir of James P. Boyce, Harmony of the Gospels. Brock. R. A Va. Virginia and Virginians, Southern Historical Society Papers. Brock, Miss Sallie A. (see Mrs. Putnam) Va. Brooks, Nathan Covington, 1819- edu Md. Shelley, History of the Mexican War, Literary Amaranth, and other -writings. Brown, John Henry . Tex. History of Texas. Brown, William Hill, 1766-1793 N. C. Poems. Browne, Emma Alice, 1840- Md. Poems — " The Water-Lilies Float Away," and others. Browne, William Hand, 1828-, edu . . Md. English Literature, Life of Alexander H. Stephens, (wirh R. M. Johnston), George and Cecilius Calvert, Maryland. Brownlow, William Gannaway, 1805-1877 ... cl . . Va., Tenn. Secession. Bruns, John Dickson, 1836-, phys., edu S. C, La. "Charleston," '"Wrecked," and other poems, Lectures on Ten- nyson and Timrod, medical writings. Bryan, D. . . Va. Mountain Muse, Adventures of Daniel Boone. Bryan, E. L. Va. 1860-1865 (novel). Bryan, Mrs. Mary Edwards, 1846- Fla., Ga. Manch, Wild Work, Poems, and other works. Buchanan, Joseph, 1785-1829, ed., inventor Va., Ky. Philosophy of Human Nature. Buckner, Mrs. R. T . ... La. Toward the Gulf. Burke, John W Ireland, Ga. Life of Robert Emmet. Burnett, Mrs. Frances Hodgson England, Tenn. 464 Southrn Literature. Burnett, Mrs. Frances Hodgson — That Lass o' Lowrie's (1877), Surly Tim's Troubles (1872), Ha- worth's (1879), Louisiana (1880), Fair Barbarian (1881), Through One Administration (1883), Little Lord Fauntleroy (1886), Sarah Crewe (1888), The Pretty Sister of Jose (1889), Little Saint Elizabeth (1890), Giovanni and the Other (1891), The One I Knew Best (1893), The Mind of a Child (1893), (de- scribing her son, the original of Fauntleroy). Butler, William Orlando, 1791-1880, soldier Ky. Boatman's Horn (poem). *Byrd, William, 1674-1744, statesman Va. Westover Manuscripts : History of the Dividing Line, A Journey to the Land of Eden, Progress to the Mines. Cable, George Washington, 1844- • ^a., Mass. Old Creole Days (1879), Grandissimes (1880), Madam Delphine (1881), Dr. Sevier (1883), Creoles of Louisiana (1884), The Silent South (1885), Bonaventure (1887), Strange True Stories of Louisiana, edited and revised by G. W. Cable (1889), Negro Question (1890), John March, Southerner (1893-4). Caldwell, Charles, 1772-1853, phys. . N. C, Ky. Autobiography, and other works. Caldwell, James Fitz-James S. C. A Brigade of South Carolinians, Letters from Europe. *Calhoun, John Caldwell, 1 782-1850, statesman S. C. Addresses in Congress (6 vols). Calvert, George Henry, 1803-1880, ed Md. Poems ; Goethe, Dante, St. Beuve, and other essays. Campbell, Charles, 1807-1876, historian Va. Bland Papers, Introduction to the History of the Old Dominion, Spotswood Family. Canonge, L. Placide, 1822- . . . dramatist La. Qui Perd Gagne, Brise du Sud, Le Comte de Carmagnola, Insti- tutions Am6ricaines. Carleton, Henry Guy, 1835- dramatist N. M., La. Memnon. Cardozo, J. N S. C. Reminiscences of Charleston. Carroll, Mother Austin L?, Annals of the Sisters of Mercy. List of Southern Writers. 465 Caruthers, William A., 1800-1850, phys Va., Ga. Knights of the Golden Horse-Shoe, Cavaliers of Virginia, Ken- tuckians in New York. Castleman, Virginia C, edu • Va. A Child of the Covenant, Belmont, a Tale of the New South. *Cawein, Madison, 1861;- . . , poet .... Ky. Blooms of the Berry (1887), Days and Dreams, &c. Chambers, H. E . ....... La. Histories of the United States (for schools). ♦Chanler, Mrs. Amelie Rives, 1863- Va. A Brother to Dragons and Other Stories (1888), Virginia of Virginia (1888), The Quick or the Dead? (1888) and other novels and dramas. Chapman, John A. . S. C. The Walk (poem), History of South Carolina (for schools). Charlton, Robert M., 1 807-1 854 lawyer . . Ga, Leaves from the Portfolio of a Georgia Lawyer, Sketches, Poems. Chaudron, Louis Ala. Madame La Marquise, and other comedies. Chittenden, William Lawrence, 1862- N.J.,Tex. (called" Poet-Ranchman"), Ranch Verses. Clack, Mrs. Marie Louise , . . La. Our Refugee Household (1866). Claiborne, John Francis Hamtranck, 1809-1884 . . . jour . . . Miss. Life and Times of General Sam. Dale, Life of J. A. Quitman (i860), History of the War of Secession. Clarke, Mrs. Kate Upson, 1851- Ala., N Y. That Mary Ann, and other writings. Clarke, Mrs. Mary Bayard [Devereux], 1830- N. C. Wood-Notes, Mosses from a Rolling Stone, Reminiscences of Cuba, Stories, Sketches, Poems. *Clay, Henry, 1777-1852 statesman . ... Va., Ky, Addresses at the Bar and in Congress. Clemens, Jeremiah, 1814-1865 - Ala. Rivals, Mustang Gray, and other novels. Cleveland, Henry. . . Ga - Alexander H. Stephens (1866). Clingman, Thomas Lanier, j8ig- . . . . statesman, soldier . . N. C. 30 466 Southern Literature. Clingman, Thomas Lanier — Speeches, Mountains of North Carolina, Follies of the Positive Philosophy. Cobb, Joseph Buckham, 1819-1858 . • . Ga., Miss. Creole, Mississippi Scenes, Leisure Labor. Cobb, Thomas Read Rootes, 1823-1862 . . lawyer Ga. Law of Slavery, Laws of Georgia, Addresses, Poems. Coleman, Charles Washington, Jr Va. Poems, Literature in the South. Collens. Thomas Wharton, 1812-1879. . . .lawyer . . . La. Martyr Patriots (drama), Humanics, Eden of Labor. Collins, Clarence B . • Fla. (Called "Sand-spur Philosopher"), Tom and Joe, (a story of the war.) Connelly, Emma M . . . . Ky Story of Kentucky, Tilting at Windmills. Conway, Moncure Daniel, 1832-, . Va. Idols and Ideals, Wandering Jew, Pine and Palm, Prisons of Air, Life of Paine, and other works. Cook, E., colonial times Va., Md. Sot-Weed [ Tobacco] Factor. *Cooke, Philip Pendleton, 1816-1850 Va. Froissart Ballads and other Poems (1847), John Carpe, Crime of Andrew Blair, and other stories. *Cooke, John Esten, 1830-1886 . . . Va. Virginia Comedians, Surry of Eagle's Nest, and other novels. Courmont, Felix de. . . La. Le Morne Vert, L' Amour, Le Dernier des Caraibes. *Craddock, Charles Egbert (Miss Murfree). Tenn. Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains, &c. Crafts, William, 1787-1826, lawyer . S. C. Raciad, and other poems, essays, &c. Crane, William Carey, I816-1885, . . Bapt. cl., edu . . . . Va. Tex. Life of General Sam Houston. Crawford, J. Marshall . . Va. Mosby and His Men (1867). Crawford, William Harris, 1772-1834, statesman Ga. Speeches. Crawford, Nathaniel Macon, 1811-1871 . . Bapt. cl., edu, . , Ga., Ky. Christian Paradoxes. List of Southern Writers. 467 Creswell, Mrs. Julia [Pleasants], 1827-1886 Ala. Callamura, Apheila, Poems. " Crim, Matt," Ga. Adventures of a Fair Rebel, In Beaver Cove and Elsewhere, Elizabeth : Christian Scientist. ♦Crockett, David, 1786-1836 soldier, hunter . . . Tenn. Autobiography, &c. Cross, Mrs. Jane Tandy [Chinn], 1817-1870 . . . edu . Ky. Heart Blossoms, Azile, Six Months Under a Cloud (Prison Life). Crozier, Robert Haskins cl Miss. Confederate Spy. Cruse, Mary Ann Ala. Cameron Hall. Cumming, Kate, 1835- .... ....•• Ala. Hospital Life in the Army of Tennessee. *Curry, Jabez Lamar Monroe, 1825- . . diplomate . . Ala., Va. Southern States of the American Union, &c. Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857 . • • Va, Memoir of Washington. Cutler, Mrs. Lizzie [Petit], 1831- . . Va, Light and Darkness, Household Mysteries, A Romance of Southern Life. Dabney, Richard, 1 787-1825 Va Poems, original and translated. Dabney, Robert Lewis, 1820- edu. . . Va., Tex, Defence of Virginia and the South, Life of T. J. Jackson. Dabney, Virginius, 1835-1894 Va Don Miff, Gold That Did Not Glitter. Dagg, John L., 1794-1884, Bapt. cl., edu. . . . Va., Ga., Ala Manual of Theology, Moral Philosophy. Dalsheimer, Mrs. Alice [Solomon], 1845-1880, (" Salvia Dale") La Motherhood, Twilight Shadows (poems). Dana, Mrs., see Shindler. *Dandridge, Mrs. Danske [Bedinger], 1859- W. Va Joy and other Poems. Darby.John F Mo Personal Recollections. Darden, Mrs. Fannie A. D. "Baker], Ala., Tex Comanche Boy, Old Brigade, and other poems. 468 Southern Literature. Dargan, Clara Victoria, 1840- • S. C. Riverlands, Helen Howard, Poems. Daveiss, Mrs. Maria [Thompson], 1814- ... Ky. Roger Sherman, a Tale of '76, Woman's Love, Poems. David, Urbain . . La. Les Anglais h la Louisiane en 1814 et 1815. *Davidson, James Wood, 1829-, edu., jour. . S. C. Living Writers of the South (1869), Poetry of the Future, &c. *Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889, statesman Miss. Rise and Fall of the Confederacy. Davis, Mrs. Varina Jefferson [Howell] ... . . . Miss. Jefferson Davis. Davis, Varina Anne, 1864, (called " Child of the Confederacy "), Miss. An Irish Knight, Essays, &c. Davis, Mrs. Mary Evelyn [Moore] ... . . Ala., Tex., La. Minding the Gap and other Poems, In War Times at La Rose Blanche, Keren Happuch, New Orleans Sketches. Davis, Henry Winter, 1817-1865, . statesman . Md. War of Ahriman and Ormuzd in the Ninteenth Century, Speeches. Davis, Noah Knowles, 1830- . . edu . . . Ala., Va. Logic, Moral Philosophy, &c. Davis, Reuben, 1813- . . lawyer Tenn., Miss. Recollections of Mississippi. Davis, George L. L Md. History of Maryland. Debouchel, Victor • • ■ . . . . La. Histoire de la Louisiane. DeBow, James D. B., 1820-1867 . . . ed S. C, La. Editorials in DeBo-w's Review, &c. Dejacque, Joseph ... . . . . La. Les Lazareennes, Poesies Sociales, Fables, Chansons. De Kay, Charles, 1848- jour . . D. C, Md. Bohemians, Hesperus, Manmatha, &c. Delery, Francois Charles, 1815-1880 . . . phys La. L'Ecole du Peuple, Les Nemesiennes Confederees, and others. De Leon, T. Cooper . . . ed Ala. Four Years in Rebel Capitals, A Fair Blockade-Breaker, Creole and Puritan, and other stories. List of Southern Writers. 469 Dennis, James Teackle . . Md. On the Shores of an Inland Sea (Alaskan travel and life). Dessommes, George La. Geoffroy le Troubadour, A Deux Morts. De Vere, Maximilian Scheie, 1820- .... edu Sweden, Va. Romance of American History, The Great Empress Agrippina, Grammaire francaise, Studies in English, Americanisms, Modern Magic, and other works. Devron, G La. Montezuma, and studies in Louisiana History. Dew, Thomas Roderick, 1802-1846 edu Va. Policy of the Government, Slavery, and other Essays. Dickison, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth S. C, Fla. Dickison and His Men. Didier, Franklin James, 1794-1840 phys Md. Letters. Didier, Eugene Lemoine, 1838- Md. Life of Poe, Madame Bonaparte. Dimitry, Alexander, 1805-1883 (" Guarnertus") . . .edu. . .La. Greek Demetrius. Dimitry, John Bull Smith, 1835- e ^ La - History and Geography of Louisiana. Dimitry, Charles Patton, 1837- (" Guarnerius, Jr.,) . ed. . La., Va. Braddock Field, House on Balfour Street, Poems. Dinnies, Mrs. Annie Peyre [Shackelford), 1816- S. C La. The Floral Year, and other Poems. Dinwiddie, Robert 1752-1758 colonial gov. of Va. Dinwiddie Papers. Dodge, Richard Irving, 1827- .... soldier, traveller . . . . N. C. Great West, Black Hills, &c. Doggett, Daniel Seth, 1810-1880 . . M. E. bishop Va. War and Its Close. Donaldson, James Lowry, 1814-1885 soldier Md. Sergeant Atkins (a tale of the Florida War). *Dorsey, Mrs. Sarah Anne [Ellis], 1829-1879 (" Filia ") . . Miss., La. Recollections of H. W. Allen, and other works. Dorsey, Mrs. Anna Hanson, 181 5- D. C, May Brooke, Oriental Pearls, &c. Dorsey, James Owen, 1848- linguist Md. Indian Languages and Customs. 470 Southern Literature. Doussan, Gaston . . La, La Fayette en Amerique, Revolution francaise. Downing, Mrs. Fanny Murdaugh, 1835-1894 Va. Nameless, Pluto, Legend of Catawba, and other poems and stories. *Drayton, William Henry, 1742-1779 . . . statesman S. C. Revolution in South Carolina. *Drayton, John, 1766-1822 . . lawyer .... gov. of S. C. View of South Carolina, &c. Du Bose, Mrs. Catherine Anne [Richards], 1826- Ga. Wachulla (poem), Pastor's Household. Duffee, Mary Gordon, ca. 1840- Ala. Cleopatra, History of Alabama, Mammoth Cave, Blount Springs, &c. Duffy, Annie V N. C. Glenalban and other Poems (1878). Dufour, Cyprien La. Esquisses Locales. Duggan, Mrs. Janie Prichard N. C. A Mexican Ranch (1894). Dugue, Charles Oscar, 1821- ed . La. Le Cygne ou Mingo, Mila ou la Mort de La Salle, Essais po6tiques, Philosophie Morale (in French and English). Duke, Basil W soldier, ed . . Ky. (Editor Southern Magazine), Morgan's Cavalry. Dupuy, Eliza A.nn, 1814-1881 . . . ... Va., La. Conspirators (story of Aaron Burr), and many other novels. Early, John, 1785-1873 M. E. bishop ... Va. Sermons. Early, Jubal Anderson, 1816-1894 • • • • soldier Va. Last Year of the War for Independence in the Confederate States. Eastman, Mrs. Mary Henderson, 1818- . . . Va. Dacotah, Chicora, Aunt Phillis' Cabin (answer to Uncle Tom's Cabin). Eaton, John Henry, 1790-1856 Tenn. Life of Andrew Jackson. Eaton, Thomas Treadwell, 1845- Bapt. cl.. ed Tenn., Va., Ky. Talks on Getting Married, Sermons to Children, and other ser- mons and addresses. List of Southern Writers. 471 Edwards, Harry Stillwell, 1854- Ga Two Runaways, and other stories. Edwards, John Ellis, 1814- . . M. E. cl N. C, Va. Travels in Europe, Confederate Soldier, Log Meeting-House, Life of J. W. Childs. Edwards, William Emory, 1842- M. E. cl Va. John Newsom : A Tale of College Life. Edwards, J. N Mo. Shelby and His Men ; Noted Guerrillas. Edwards, Mrs Mo. Life of J. N. Edwards. Edwards, Ninian, 1775-1833 statesman Md. Edwards Papers. Edwards, Wirt, 1809- lawyer Ky., III. Life and Times of Ninian Edwards, History of Illinois. Edwards, Richard Mo. Great West. Elder, George A. M., 1794-1838 .... ed., edu Ky. Letters to Brother Jonathan. Elder, Mrs. Susan [Blanchard], 1835- ("Hermine") La. Loss of the Papacy, James II., Savonarola, Ellen Fitzgerald. Ellinjay, Louise . . Va. Rising Young Men, and other tales. Elliot, Benjamin, 1786-1836 . . . jurist S. C. Refutation of Calumnies as to Slavery, Militia System of South Carolina. Elliott, William, 1788-1863 (" Venator," "Piscator,""Agricola") . S. C. Fiesco (tragedy), Carolina Sports by Land and Water, and other articles. Elliott, Sarah Barswell Ga., Tenn. Jerry, The Felmeres, John Paget. Ely, Richard Theodore, 1854- • • edu Md - French and German Socialism, Political Economy, Labor Move- ment. Emory, John, 1789-1835 M. E. bishop Md Divinity of Christ, Defence of Our Fathers. Emory, Robert, 1814-1848 edu Md. Life of Bishop Emory, History of the Discipline of the M. E. Church. 472 Southern Literature. Emory, William Hemsley, 1811- . . soldier . . . Mdi Notes of a Military Reconnoissance in Missouri and California England, John, 1786-1842 . . . first R. C. bishop of Charleston, S. C Works (5 volumes). Eve, Paul Fitzsimmons, 1806-1877 . . surgeon, edu . . . Ga., Tenn What the South and West have done for American Surgery. ♦Fairbanks, George Rainsford, 1820- . . . soldier Fla History of Florida, &c. Fanning, David, 1754-1825 freebooter N. C Narrative of Adventures in North Carolina, edited by J. H Wheeler (1861). Farmer, Henry Tudor, 1782-1828 phys Eng., S. C, Imagination and other poems. Farrar, F. R . . lawyer Va. Johnny Reb, Rip Van Winkle. Fauquier, Francis, 1720-176S . ... colonial governor of Va. Raising Money for the War. Ficklen, Mrs. John R La. Dream Poetry. Field, Joseph M., 1810-1856 ("Straws") . . .actor. Mo. Drama of Pokerville. Field, Kate, 1840- ed. "Kate Field's Washington " . Mo., D. C. Charles A. Fechter, Planchette's Diary, Ten Days in Spain, Dickens' Readings, Hap-Hazard. Field, Miss L. A Ga. History of the United States. Filley, Mrs. C. I Mo. Chapel of the Infant Jesus. Filson, John, 1747-1788 explorer Ky., O. Discovery, Settlement, and Present State of Kentucke. Finley, John, 1797-1866 . . Va,Ind. Hoosier's Nest and other poems. *Fisher, Miss Frances C. (see Heid, Christian). Fitzhugh, George, 1807-1881 . Va., Tex. Sociology for the South, Cannibals All. Flash, Henry Lynden, 1835- La., Cal. What She Brought Me, and other poems. Fontaine, Lamar, . .... Va. Tex. (One of the reputed authors of "All Quiet Along the Poto- mac"), In Memoriam (poems). List of Southern Writers. 473 Foote, Henry Stuart, 1800-1880 .... statesman .... Va., Tenn. Texas and Texans, War of the Rebellion, Bench and Bar of the South- West, Personal Reminiscences. Foote, William Henry, 1794-1S69 . . cl„ edu. . . . Conn., Va Presbyterian Church in Virginia, Sketches of Virginia, Sketches in North Carolina. Ford, Mrs. Sally Rochester, 1828- . . .... Ky., Mo. Grace Truman, Morgan and His Men, May Bunyan, Ernest Quest, and other religious stories. Fortier, Florent L,. La Salle. Fortier, Alcee edu . La. Historie de la Litterature francaise, Sept Grands Auteurs du Dix-neuvieme Siecle, Gabriel d'Ennerich, Louisiana Studies (1894). Forwood, William Stump, 1830- phys Md. History of Harford County, La Fayette's Passage through Har- ford County in 1781, Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. Fraser, Charles, 1782-1860 . artist . S. C. Reminiscences of Charleston, Addresses, &c. Freeman, Mrs. (Mary Forrest). Women of the South Distinguished in Literatnre. Fremont, John Charles, 1813-1890 . .soldier . . . . Ga., the West. Fremont's Explorations, Memoirs of My Life. Fremont, Mrs. Jessie Benton, 1824- Mo. Story of the Guard, Life of Thomas Hart Benton, Souvenirs of My Times. French, Benjamin Franklin, 1799- . • . . . . Va., La. Historical Annals of North America, Historical Collections of Louisiana. French, Mrs.. L. Virginia [Smith], 1830-18S1 . Md., Tenn. Wind Whispers, Iztahlxo, Legends of the South. Fuller, Edwin Wiley, 1847-1876 . . . . . . N. C. Angel in the Cloud (poem), Sea-Gift (novel). Furman, Richard, 1816-1886 . . Bapt. cl. . S. C. Pleasures of Piety and other poems, Description of Table -Rock. Gadsden, Christopher Edwards, 1785-1853 . . P. E. bishop . . S. C. Prayer-Book As It Is, Bishop Dehon, Sermons, &c. Gallagher, William Davis, 1808- . . jour . . . O., Ky. Wreck of the Hornet, Errato, Miami Woods, and other poems. 474 Southern Literature. Garden, Alexander, 1685-1756 . . P. E. cl Scot., S. C, Letters to Whitefield, Sermons. Garden, Alexander, 1730-1791 phys., nat. ... ... S. C. Botanical Writings (Gardenia, or Cape Jessamine, named in his honor). Garden, Alexander, 1757-1829 . . soldier S. C. Anecdotes of the Revolutionary War. Gardener, H. H. (see Mrs Smart). Garland, Hugh A., 1805-181:4 lawyer Va, Mo. Life of John Randolph of Roanoke. Garnetr, James Mercer, 1770- 1843 . . publicist Va. (Founder and first president of the U. S. Agricultural Society.) Female Education, Articles on Agriculture. Garnett, James Mercer, 1840— . . edu . Va. English Literature, Translations of Anglo-Saxon Poems. Garrett . •. . . Ala. Public Men of Alabama. Gaston, James McFadden S. C. Hunting a Home in Brazil. *Gayarre, Charles Etienne Arthur, 1805-1895 La. History of Louisiana and other works. Gentil, J. La. Elle (poesie). Gibbes, Robert Wilson, 1809-1846 . . sci S. C Documentary History of the American Revolution, medical and scientific works. Gibbons, James, 1834- R. C. Cardinal Md. Faith of Our Fathers. Gibson, William, 1788-1868 . . surgeon Md., Ga. Rambles in Europe, Surgery. Gilbert, David McConaughey, 1836- . . . Luth. cl Pa., Va. Lutheran Church in Virgioia, Muhlenberg's Ministry in Vir- ginia, &c. Gildersleeve, Basil Lanneau, 1831- . . edu S. C, Md. Studies in Philology, editor of Greek texts. Gillesp''., Joseph H. . cl , edu. . N. C. Chancellorsville, Myra, Sumter, Elsinore and other poems (1888). Gilman, Daniel Coit, 1831- . edu Conn., Md. Life of Monroe, &c. List of Southern Writers. 475 Gilmer, George Rockingham, 179c— ;859 . lawyer Ga. Georgiana. Gilmor, Harry, 1838-1883 . soldier Md. Four Years in the Saddle. Girard, Mme D La. Histoire des Etats-Unis, suivie de V Histoire de la Louisiane. Glenn, James from 1744 to 1755 governor of S. C. Description of South Carolina. Glisan, Rodney, 1827- . . surgeon Md. Journal of Army Life, Two Years in Europe. Goode Mo. The Story of a Life. Gordon, Armistead Churchill. 1855- . .lawyer.. . . . . Va. Befo' de Wa' (with Thomas Nelson Page), Ode on the Unveiling of the Soldiers' Monument (1894). Gorman, John Berry, 1 793-1864 phys S. C.,Ga. Philosophy of Animated Existence. Goulding, Francis Robert, 1810-1881 . . Pr. cl. ... Ga. Little Josephine (1844), Robert and Harold or the Young Ma- rooners on the Florida Coast (1852 and 1S66), Marooners' Island (1868), Frank Gordon (1869), Fishing and Fishers, Life Scenes from the Gospel History, Woodruff Sto/ies (1870). *Grady, Henry Woodfen, 1850-1889 ed. . . . Ga. The New South. Granberry, John Cowper, 1829- M. E. bishop . ... Va. Bible Dictionary. Graves, Mrs. Adelia C. [Spencer], 1821- . . edu . . . Tenn. Ruined Lives, Jephthah's Daughter (a drama). Grayson, William J., 1 788-1863 . . statesman . . . . S. C. Hireling and Slave, Chicora ( poem), Life of J. L. Petigru, and other works. Green, Alexander Little Page, 1806-1874 ... ■ cl Tenn. Church in the Wilderness. Green, Duff, 1791-1875 statesman Ky. Facts and Suggestions. Green, Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1863 . . . ■ soldier .... N. C. Mississippi Expedition. Green, William Mercer, 1 798-1887 . . P. E. bishop . . . N. C, Tenn. Memoir of Bishop Ravenscroft. 476 Southern Literature. Greenhow, Robert, 1 800-1 854 .... Va. History of Tripoli, Discovery of the Northwest Coast of North America, History of Oregon and California. Gregg, Alexander, 1819- . . P. E. bishop S. C, Tex. History of Old Cheraw, Life of Bishop Otey, Church in Texas. Griffin, Gilderoy Wells, 1840- . . ed . . . Ky. Life of George D. Prentice, New Zealand. Griffith, Mattie (cousin of Lord Bulwer-Lytton) Ky. Poems. Grigsby, Hugh Blair, 1806-1881 . . historian . .... Va. Virginia Convention of 1776, and other historical studies. Grimkd, John Faucheraud, 1752-1819 . . jurist . . . . . S. C. Laws of South Carolina and other works. Grimk6, Thomas Smith, 1786-1834 . . lawyer .... . . S. C. Addresses on Science, Education, and Literature, Free Insti- tutions. Grimk6, Frederick, 1791-1863 . . lawyer S. C. Ancient and Modern Literature. Grimke, Sarah Moore, 1792-1873 . ... . S. C, N. J. Condition of Women, Anti-slavery articles. Grisna, E. . . . .... La. Pour un Nickel t Elegie, Pourqui Jean Est Rest6 Garcon. Grundy, Felix, 1 777-1840 statesman . . Va., Tenn. Addresses, Oration on Jefferson and Adams. Gwyn, Mrs. Laura S. C. Poems. Habersham, Alexander Wylly, 1826-1883 naval officer . Ga., Md. My Last Cruise. Hall, James, 1744-1826 cl . . . .Pa., N.C. Missionary Tour, Extraordinary Work of Religion in North Carolina. Hall, Robert Pleasants, 1825-1854 .... lawyer . . S. C, Ga. Winona, Cherokee, Poems by a South Carolinian. Hammond, James Henry, 1807-1864 statesman . . . . S. C. Address on Calhoun, on the Admission of Kansas, and others. Hammond, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, 1814-1876 . statesman . S. C. Essays, Critical History of the Mexican War. Hammond, John ... . colonist in 1635 ■ • • ■ ^ a > Md. Two Sisters, Leah and Rachel (meaning Virginia and Mary- land). List of Southern Writers. 477 Hamor, Raphe colonist Va. True Discourse of the Present State of Virginia (1615). Hampton, Wade, 1818- soldier, statesman S. C. Addresses. Handy, Alexander Hamilton, 1809-1883 . . . jurist . . . Md. Miss. Secession as a Right, Parallel Between the Reigns of James II. and Abraham Lincoln. Harby, Isaac, 1788-1828 ed S. C. Alexander Severus, Gordian Knot, and other dramas. Hardee, William J., 1817-1873 soldier Ga., Ala. United States Tactics. Hardinge, Mrs. Belle Boyd . Va. Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison. Harney, William Wallace, 1831- .... jour Ky., Fla. Bitter Sweet, poems, essays, &c. Harney, John Milton, 1789-1825 Del., Ky. Crystalina, Whippoorwill, and other poems. Harper, Robert Goodloe, 1765-1825 . . . statesman .... Va., Md. Political Papers, addresses, &c. Harris, George Washington, 1814-1869 . . humorist . Pa., Tenn. Sut Lovingood's Yarns. *Harris, Joel Chandler, 1848- . . lawyer, ed Ga. Uncle Remus Stories, &c. Harrison, Mrs. Burton (nee Cary), 1835- . Va., N. Y. Anglomaniacs, Flower de Hundred, My Lord Fairfax, and other novels. Harrison, Hall, 1837- . P. E. cl. Md. Memoir of Hugh Davy Evans, and other works. Harrison, James Albert, 1848- . edu . . Miss., Va. Greek Vignettes, Spain, Story of Greece, Beowulf, &c. Hatcher, John E. ("G. W. Bricks) Va. Katie Lyle, Poems, &c. Hatcher, William E. . . Bapt. cl Va. Life of Jeremiah Bell Jeter, &c. Haw, Miss M. J Va. The Rivals : A Tale of the ChicVahominy. Hawkins, Benjamin, 1754-1816 . . statesman N. C, Ga. Topography, Indian Character (he was agent among the Creeks). •Hawks, Francis Lister, 1798-1866 . . P. E. cl N. C, N. Y. History of North Carolina, and ecclesiastical works. 478 Southern Literature. Hawthorne, James Boardman, 1837— . Bapt. cl Ala., Ga, St. Paul and the Women, Lectures, Sermons, and Addresses. Hay, George, — died 1830 ( ,! Hortensius") . jurist Va. Life of John Thompson, &c. Haygood, Atticus Green, 1839- . . M. E. cl Ga. Our Children, Our Brother in Black, Sermons, &c. *Hayne, Robert Young, 1791-1839 . . statesman S. C. Speeches. *Hayne, Paul Hamilton, 1830-1886 poet S. C.,Ga. Poems, &c. Hayne, William Hamilton, 1856- . poet S. C, Ga. Sylvan Lyrics. Haywood, John, 1753-1826 . . . jurist N. C, Tenn. Laws of North Carolina, Tennessee Reports, History of Tennessee. Hazelius, Ernest Lewis, 1777— 1853 . . Luth. cl . . S. C. Life of Luther, Church History, &c. Heady, Morrison . blind and deaf poet Ky. Seen and Heard (poems). Heard, Thomas Jefferson, r8i4- phys . Ga., Texas. Topography and Climatology of Texas. Hearn, Lafcadio, 1850— . Greece, La.„ Japan. Chita, Youma, Two Years in the French West Indies, Stray Leaves from Strange Literature, Some Chinese Ghosts, Unfa- miliar Japan, &c. Helper, Hinton Rowan, 1829- . . . . . N. C. Impending Crisis, Land of Gold, &c. Hempstead, Fay ed. ..... Ark. Random Arrows (poems), History of Arkansas. Hendrix, Eugene Russell, 1847- M. E. bishop . . Mo. Around the World. Henkel, Moses Montgomery, 1798-1864 . M. E. cl. . . Va. Life of Bishop Bascom, Platform of Methodism, &c. *Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799 . . . orator, statesman . . • Va. Speeches. Henry, William Wirt, 1831- lawver . . . Va. Life of Patrick Henry, Defence of John Smith's History. Henry, Mrs. Ina M. [Porter] Ala. Roadside Stories, None but the Brave Deserve the Fair (drama), List of Southern Writers. 479 Hentz, Mrs. Caroline Lee [Whiting], 1800-1856, edu., Mass., N. C, Ala., Fla. Rena, Aunt Patty's Scrap-Bag, Mob-Cap, Linda, Planter's North- ern Bride, and other novels. Herndon, Mrs. May Eliza [Hicks], 1820- ... Ky. Louisa Elton (reply to Uncle Tom's Cabin), Bandits of State, Poems, &c. Herndon, William Lewis, 1813-1857, naval officer Va. Explorations of the Valley of the Amazon, Vol. I. Herrick, Mrs. Sophie Mcllwaine [Bledsoe], 1837- Va. Editor of the " Southern Review " after the death of her father, Dr. A. T. Bledsoe), Wonders of Plant Life. Herron, Fanny E. . Fla. Siege of Muran, Glenelglen. Hewat, Alexander, 1745-1829 Pr. cl S. C. History of South Carolina and Charleston (the first history of the State), Sermons, &c. Higbee, Miss Ky. In God's Country (novel). Hill, Daniel Harvey, 1821-1889 . . soldier, ed S. C, N. C. (Editor of " Land We Love," 1866-1868), Algebra, Sermon on the Mount, Crucifixion. Hill, Theophilus Hunter. 1836- . . ed N. C. Hesper and other poems (1861, the first book copyrighted by the Confederate Government), Poems (1869), Passion- Flower and other poems (1883). Hill, Walter Henry, 1822- . R. C. cl . Ky. Ethics, History of St. Louis University. Hilliard, Henry Washington, 1808- .lawyer N. C, S. C, Ga., Ala. De Vane (novel), Speeches, translated " Roman Niglits." Hoge, Moses, 1752-1820, Pr. cl., edu Va. Christian Panoply (answer to Paine's " Age of Reason"), Ser- mons. Hoge, Moses Drury, 1819- Pr. cl Va. Oration on Stonewall Jackson, Sermons, &c. Holbrook, Silas Pinckney, 1796-1835, lawyer, jour. . . . S. C, Mass. Amusing Letters, Sketches by Traveller, &c. Holcombe, William Henry, 1825- . . , phys Va., La. Southern Voices, Poems, The Sexes, Our Children in Heaven, In Both Worlds, End of the World, Homoeopathy, New Life, Mystery of New Orleans. 480 Southern Literature. Holden, Edward Singleton, 1846- . , edu., astronomer, Mo., N.C., Cal. Astronomy, Sir William Herschel. Holland, Edward Clifford, 1794-1824 S.C. Odes, Naval Songs, &c. Holley, Mrs. Mary Austin, died 1846 La. History of Texas, Memoir of Horace Holley. Holloway, Mrs. Elizabeth [Howel] .... Tenn. Crag and Pine, (western stories). Holloway, Mrs. Laura Carter, 1848- Tenn., Ky. Ladies of the White House, Mothers of Great Men, and other works. Holmes, Isaac Edward, 1796—1867 . . . statesman .... S. C. Recreations of George Taletell. Holmes, Mrs. Mary Jane [Hawes] .... Mass.,Ky. Tempest and Sunshine, Lena Rivers, and many other novels. Holt, John Saunders, 1826-1886 ("Abraham Page""), lawyer, Ala., Miss. Life of Abraham Page, The Quines, &c. Homes, Mrs. Mary Sophie [Shaw] [Rogers], 1830- Md., La. Progression, or the South Defended ; Wreath of Rhymes. Hood, John Bell, 1831-1879 . . . soldier . . Ky., La. Advance and Retreat, Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate Armies. Hooper, Sue E Va. Ashes of Roses and other stories. Hooper, Johnson Jones, 1815-1863 lawyer . . . N. C, Ala. Adventures of Captain Suggs, Widow Rugby's Husband. *Hope, James Barron, 1827-1887 ed . ... Va. Arms and the Man (ode for the Centennial Celebration of the Battle of Yorktown, 1881). Home, Mrs. Ida Harrell . . N. C. Under the Snow, Crushed Violets, and other poems. Hoskins, Mrs. Josephine R La. Love's Stratagem. Hotchkiss, Jed. . . Va. Battlefields of Virginia (with Wm. Allan). Houssaye, de la, Madame S. . . . . La. Le Mari de Marguerite. ♦Houston, Sam, 1793-1863 soldier, president of Texas, State Papers. List of Southern Writers. 481 Houston, A. C „ ' Va, Hugh Harrison (novel). Howe, W. W La Municipal History of New Orleans, The Late Lamented (drama)! Howell, Robert Boyle Crawford, 1801-1868 . . Bapt. cl„ ™ u- v , „ N - C -> Va -. Tenn - Deaconship, Early Baptists of Virginia, &c. Howison, Robert Reid, 1820- Va. History of Virginia, Life of Morgan, of Marion, of Gates, History of the War, History of the United States. Hubner, Charles W., 1835- . . ed Md. Ga. Historical Souvenirs, Poems, Essays, &c. Hughes, Robert William, 1821- ed Va. N. C. American Dollar, Lives of Gen. Floyd and Gen. J. E. Johnston. Humes, Thomas W. . Tenn. Loyal Mountaineers of Tennessee. Hungerford, James . j^d. The Old Plantation, Master of Beverley. Hunter, Robert Mercer Taliaferro, 1809-1887, statesman . . . Va. Speeches. Ingraham, Joseph Holt, 1809-1860, P. E. cl. . . . Me., Miss. Southwest by a Yankee, Lafitte or Pirate of the Gulf, American Lounger, Prince of the House of David, Pillar of Fire, Throne of David. Izard, Ralph, 1742-1804, statesman S. C. Correspondence 1774-1784. Jackson, Mrs. Mary Ann [Morrison] N. C. Life of General T. J. Jackson. Jackson, Henry Rootes. 1820- . ed., jurist Ga. Tallulah and other Poems. Jamison, Mrs. C. V La. Story of an Enthusiast, Lady Jane. Janney, Samuel Macpherson, 1801-1880 . . . Friend Va. Country School-House, Last of the Lenapes, Life of Penn, of Fox, and other works. Jarratt, Devereux, 1733-1801 P. E. cl Va. Autobiography, Sermons. *Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826 statesman, third President Va. Autobiography, Declaration of Independence, Notes of Virginia, and other works. 31 482 Southern Literature. Jeffreys, Mrs. Rosa Vertner [Griffin], 1828. . . . . Miss., Ky. Poems by Rosa, Marsh, Woodburn, Crimson Hand, and other novels. Jervey, Mrs. Caroline Howard [Gilman] [Glover], 1823- . . . . S. C. Vernon Grove, Helen Courtenay's Promise, Poems, &c. Jeter, Jeremiah Bell, 1802-1880 ... . ed„ Bapt. cl Va. Life of Mrs. Shuck, of A. Broaddus, Recollections of a Long Life, &c. Johns, John, 1796-1876 P. E. bishop Va. Memorial of Bishop Meade. Johnson, Richard W., 1827- .... soldier. . . . Ky. Life of General G. H. Thomas, A Soldier's Reminiscences. Johnson, Mrs. Sarah [Barclay], 1837-1885 . ... Va., Syria. Hadji in Syria. Johnson, William, 1771-1834, jurist . . . . . . S. C. Life and Correspondende of Major-General Greene. Johnson, Joseph, 1776-1862, phys. ... S. C. Traditions and Reminiscences of the Revolution. Johnson, William Bullien, 1782-1862, Bapt. cl S. C. Memoir of N. P. Knapp, and other works. Johnston, Joseph Eggleston. 1807-1891, soldier Va. Narrative of Military Operations during the Late War. ♦Johnston, Richard Malcolm, 1822- ... Ga., Md. Dukesborough Tales, &c. Johnston, William Preston, 1831- . , edu Ky., La. Life of General Albert Sidney Johnston, Shakspere Studies, My Garden Walk (poems). Jones, Buehring H., 1823- . ., soldier W. Va. The Sunny Land, or Prison Prose and Poetry. Jones, Charles Colcock, 1804-1863, Pr. cl. . Ga. Religious Instruction for Negroes, Church of God. *Jones, Charles Colcock, Jr., 1831-1893, lawyer Ga. History of Georgia, &c. Jones, Hugh, 1669-1760, P. E. cl Eng., Va. Present State of Virginia. Jones, John Beauchamp, 1810-1866 . . ed Md. Pa., Va. Books of Visions, Rural Sports (poem), Western Merchant, Wild Western Scenes, Rival Belles, Adventures of Col. Vanderbomb, Monarchist, Country Merchant, Freaks of Fortune, Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confederate States Capital (1866). List of Southern Writers. 483 Jones. John William, 1836- . . Bapt. cl Va. Army of Northern Virginia, Christ in the Camp, Personal Rem- iniscences of R. E. Lee, Davis Memorial Volume, &c. Jones, Joseph Seawell, 1811-1855 . . . N. C. Revolutionary History of North Carolina, Memorials of North Carolina. Jordan, Mrs. Cornelia Jane fMatthew], 1830- Va. Richmond, Corinth, Flowers of Hope and Memory. Jordan, Thomas, 1819- . .soldier . . Va., Tenn. Campaigns of Lieut.-Gen. Forrest. Joynes, Edward Southey, 1834- • • eciu Va., S. C, Tenn. Study of the Classics, Modern Languages, Text-books, &c. Kavanaugh, Benjamin Taylor, 1805-1888 . . Ky. Great Central Valley of North America, Notes of a Western Rambler, Electricity the Motor Power of the Solar System. Keiley, Anthony M. Va. In Vinculis, or the Prisoner of War (1866). Kendall. George Wilkins, 1809-1867 ed. La., Texas. (Founder of the N. O. Picayune), Santa Fe Expedition, War between the United States and Mexico. Kenly, John Reese, 1822- . ... . soldier Md. Memoirs of a Maryland Volunteer. ♦Kennedy, John Pendleton, 1795-1870 Md. Horse-Shoe Robinson, &c. Kennedy, William, 1799-1849 . . English consul . Scot., Texas. Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas ; Texas, its Geography, Natural History, and Topography. Kenney, Martin Joseph, 1819-1861 . ed., lawyer Md. Histories and Biographies for school use. Kercheval, S • Va. History of the Valley of Virginia (1833, 1850). Ketchum, Mrs. Annie Chambers, 1824- edu . Ky., Tenn. Lotus-Flowers (poems), Rilla Motto (novel), Nellie Bracken, Benny, Teacher's Empire. *Key, Francis Scott, 1780-1843, lawyer Md. Star-Spangled Banner, and other poems. King, Mrs. Sue Petigru S. C. Busy Moments of an Idle Woman, Lily, Sylvia's World, and other novels. 484 Southern Literature. *King, Grace ... La. Balcony Stories, History of Louisiana, &c. Kinloch, Francis, 1755-1826, statesman . S. C. Letters from Geneva. Eulogy on George Washington. Knott James Proctor, 1830-, statesman Ky. Duluth Speech. Kouns, Nathan Chapman, 1833- . . .Mo. Arius the Libyan, Dorcas the Daughter of Faustina. Kroeger, Adolph Ernst, 1837-1882, ed Mo. Minnesingers of Germany. La Borde, Maximilian, 1804-1873, edu . . S. C. History of South Carolina College, Story of Letheaand Verona. La Costa, Marie . . Ga. Somebody's Darling. Ladd, Mrs. Catharine [Stratton], 1809- edu Va., S. C. Tales, Essays, and Poems. Ladd, Joseph Brown, 1764-1786 . . phys R. I., S. C. Poems of Arouet. Lamal, P. . . La. Voyage en Oceanie. *Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte, 1798-1859 Ga., Tex- (Second president of Texas), Verse Memorials. Lamar, John B., 1819-1862. . . Ga. Polly Peachblossom's Wedding, Blacksmith of Smoky Mountain. Lance, William, 1791-1840 lawyer . . . . . S. C, Tex. Life of Washington (in Latin), Essays. *Lanier, Sidney, 1842-1881 poet Ga., Md. Poems, Tiger-Lilies (novel), &c. Lanier, Clifford Anderson Ga., Ala. Thorn Fruit, Two Hundred Bales (novels), Poems, and Essays. Latil, Alexandre La. Ephemeres, Essais poetiques, &c. Latrobe, John Hazlehurst Boneval, 1803- lawyer, inventor.. . Md. Picture of Baltimore, History of Maryland, Biography of Charles Carroll, Reminiscences of West Point, and other writings. *Laurens, Henry, 1724-1792 . statesman.. S. C. Confinement in Tower of London, political and State papers. Laurens, John, 1756-1782 (called " Bayard of the Revolution ") . S. C. Letters (edited by Wm. Gilmore Simms). List of Southern Writers. 485 *Lawson, John, died 1712 . . . . Scot., N. C. A New Voyage to Carolina (history of North Carolina). Lay, Henry Champlin, 1823-1885, P. E. bishop Va, Md. Studies in the Church and Nation. Le Conte, John Eatton. 1784-1860, naturalist N. J., Ga. North American Butterflies. Le Conte, John, 1818-1891, physicist Ga., Cal. Physics and Meteorology. Le Conte, Joseph, 1823-, geologist Ga., Cal. Manual of Geology, Light, Evolution, &c. Lederer, John, traveller in 1669-70 . ... ... Discoveries of John Lederer in Three Marches in Virginia and Carolina (in Latin). Lee, Arthur, 1740-1792, diplomate ... .... . Va. Monitor's Letters, Junius Americanus. Lee, Fitz Hugh, 1835-, soldier Va. Life of Robert Edward Lee. *Lee, Henry, 1756-1818, soldier . Va. Champe's Adventure, War in the Southern Department. Lee, Henry, 1787-1837. . Va. Campaign of 1781 in South Carolina, Writings of Thomas Jeffer- son, Life of Napoleon. Lee, Jesse, 1758-1816 . . . M. E. cl ... Va., Md. History of Methodism. Lee, Leroy Madison, 1808-1882 M. E. cl Va. Life of Jesse Lee, Sermons, &c. Lee, Mary Elizabeth, 1813-1849 . . S. C. Historical Tales for Youth, Poems. Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794 . orator and statesman . . Va. Speeches and Letters in Revolutionary Times. Lee, Richard Henry, 1802-1865 ■ ■ ■ ■ - ■ Va. Life of R. H. Lee (his grandfather), Life of Arthur Lee. *Lee, Robert Edward, 1807-1870 .... soldier, edu Va. Orders, Letters, Ac- Lee, Samuel Phillips, 1812- Va. Cruise of the Dolphin. Lee, Mrs. Susan Pendleton ■ • Va. Life of Gen. William N. Pendleton, History of the United States (in press). 486 Southern Literature. *Legare, Hugh Swinton, 1797-1843 jurist S. C. Essays, Speeches, Diary. Legare, Mary Swinton (Mrs. Bullen) . ... S. C. Memoir and Writings of Hugh Swinton Legare. Legare, James Matthews, 1823-1859 inventor, poet . . . S. C. Orta-Undis, and other Poems. Leighton, William, Jr., 1833-. . . Mass., W. Va. Sons of Godwin, Change, Hamlet, Price of the Present Paid by the Past. Leonard, Agnes (see Mrs. Scanland) .... *Le Vert, Mrs. Octavia Walton, 1810-1877 Ga., Fla., Ala, Souvenirs of Travel. Levy, Samuel Yates, 1827- Ga. Italian Bride (drama). Lieber, Francis, 1800-1872 . edu Ger., Pa., S. C. Civil Liberty and Self-Governmant, Encyclopaedia Americana, Political Ethics, Character of Gentlemen, &c. Lindsay, John Summerfield, 1842-, P. E. cl. Va. St. John's Church, Hamilton Parish, True American Citizen. Lipscomb, Andrew Adgate, 1816- . M. E. cl., edu. . . Ga. Ala., Va. Studies in the Forty Days, and other essays. Lloyd, Mrs. Annie Creight . Ala. Garnet, Hagar, Pearl (novels). Logan, John Henry, 1822-1885 phys S. C. History of the Upper Country of South Carolina. Long, Armistead Lindsay, 1827- soldier Va. Memoir of R. E. Lee (1866). Long, Charles Chaille, 1842- . . soldier Md. Central Africa, The Three Prophets, &c. Long, Crawford W., 1815-1878, phys. . . Ga. (Discoverer of Anaesthesia), medical writings. Long, Mrs. Ellen Call Fla. Romance of Tallahassee. *Longstreet, Augustus Baldwin, 1790-1870, edu Ga. Georgia Scenes and other writings. Lord, Mrs. Alice E Md. The Days of Lamb and Coleridge, (1894). Loughborough, Mrs. Mary Webster, 1836-1887 Ark. My Cave Life in Vicksburg (1864), For Better, For Worse, and other Stories. List of Southern Writers. 487 Lowndes, Rawlins, 1723-1800, statesman W. Indies, S. C. Political addresses. *Lucas, Daniel Bedinger, 1836-, jurist W. Va. Land Where We Were Dreaming, and other poems, &c. LuPsan, A La. Les Martyrs de la Louisiane (tragedy). Lynch, James Daniel, 1836-, lawyer Va., Miss., Tex. Clock of Destiny, Star of Texas, Siege of the Alamo, Bench and Bar of Mississippi, Bench and Bar of Texas. Lynch, Patrick Niesen, 1817-1882, R. C. bishop .... Ireland, S. C. Vatican Council and other religious writings. Lynch, William Francis, 1800-1865 . . . naval officer Va., Md. United States Expedition to the Jordan and Dead Sea. McAdoo, William Gibbs, 1820- .... jurist Tenn. Poems, Elementary Geology of Tennessee. McAdoo, Mrs. Mary Faith [Floyd], 1832- Tenn. Nereid, Antethusia. McAfee, Robert Breckenridge, 1784-1849 . . . lawyer .... Ky. History of the War of 1812. McAfee, Mrs. Nelly Nichol [Marshall], 1845- Ky. Eleanor Morton or Life in Dixie, As by Fire, Wearing the Cross, and other novels. McAnally, David Rice, 1810- Tenn. Martha Laurens Ramsay, Lives of Rev. William and Rev. Samuel Patton. McCabe, John Collins, 1810-1875 . . P. E. cl Va. Scraps (poems). McCabe, James Dabney, Jr., 1842- ... Va. Gray-Jackets, Life of Jackson, Life of A. S. Johnston, Paris by Gaslight and Sunlight, Life of Gen. Lee, Centennial History of the United States, Young Folks Abroad, &c. *McCabe, William Gordon, 1841- . . edu. . . ... Va. Ballads of Battle and Bravery (1873), Defence of Petersburg in Campaign 1864-5 (1876). McCaleb, Thomas. . La ' Anthony Melgrave. McCall, Hugh, 1 767-1 824 . . soldier Ga. History of Georgia. McCalla, William Latta, 1788-1859 . . Pr. cl Ky., La. Adventures in Texas 1840, Doctorate of Divinity, Sermons. 488 Southern Literature. McClelland, Mary Greenway Va. Oblivion, Norwood, White Heron, Eleanor Gwynn, Princess, Jean Monteith, Madam Silva, Burkett's Lock. McClung, John Alexander, 1804-18159 . . Pr. cl Ky. Sketches of Western Adventure. McClurg, James, 1747-1825 . . phys Va. Belles of Williamsburg (poem, in John Esten Cooke's "Virginia Comedians "). *M'Cord, Mrs. Louisa Susannah [Cheves], 1810-1880. . . . S. C. My Dreams (poems), Essays, &c. McCulloh, James Haines, 1793- ... Md. American Aboriginal History. McDowell, Mrs. Katharine Sherwood [Bonner], 1849-1884 . . . Miss. Like unto Like, Dialect Tales, "Radical Club" (poem). McDowell, Silas, 1795-1879, artisan . . S. C, N. C. Above the Clouds, Theory of the Thermal Zone. McDuffie, George, 1788-1851 . statesman . . governor of S. C. Speeches, Eulogy on R. Y. Hayne (1840). McFerrin, John Berry, 1807-1887, M. E. cl Tenn. History of Methodism in Tenn. McGarvey, John William, 1829-, cl., edu . . . Ky. Commentary on Acts, Matthew, and Mark, Lands of the Bible, Text and Canon. McGuire, Mrs. Judith Walker [Brockenbrough], 1813- . . . Va. Diary of a Southern Refugee during the War, by a lady of Vir- ginia (1861-5), Life of Lee (for Sunday-Schools). McGuire, Hunter Holmes, 1835-, surgeon . . . Va. Medical Writings, Account of the Death of Stonewall Jackson (whose attending physician he was), Life of Jackson (yet un- published). Mcintosh, Maria Jane, 1803-1878 ("Aunt Kitty"). . . . Ga., N. J. To Seem and To Be, Woman in America, Two Lives, Blind Alice, and other stories for girls. McKenney, Thomas Lorraine, 1785-1859 .... Md. Tour to the Lakes, Travels among Northern and Southern In- dians. Mackey, John, 1765-1831 . . edu S. C. Text-book on Arithmetic (the first one published in America). Mackey, Albert Gallatin, 1807-1881 . . phys S. C. Free Masonry, Mystic Tie, and other Masonic works. List of Southern Writers. 489 McLeod, Mrs. Georgiana A. [Hulse] edu . . . Fla. Sunbeams and Shadows, Ivy Leaves from the Old Homestead. McMahon, John Van Lear, 1800-1871 .... . Md Historical View of Maryland. Macon, John Alfred, 1851- jour. ... . . .... Ala. Uncle Gabernarius, Uncle Gabe Tucker, Christmas at the Quar- ters, and other dialect poems. McRee, John Griffith, 1820-1872 . . lawyer N. C. Life of James Iredell. McSherry, James, 1819-1869 . . lawyer Md. History of Maryland, Pere Jean, Willitoft. McSherry, Richard, 1817-1885 phys .... W. Va., Md. El Puchero, or a Mixed Dish from Mexico, Medical Essays. McTyeire, Holland Nimmons, 1824-, M. E. bishop . S. C, Duties of Christian Masters, Catechism, History of the Metho- dist Discipline. *Madison, James, 1751-1836, statesman, fourth President Va. State papers. Madison, Mrs. Dorothy [Payne] [Todd] 1772-1849 . . N. C, Va. Letters (edited bv her grand-niece). Maffit, John Newland, !795-i8i;o, M. E. cl Ala., Ark. Pulpit Sketches, Poems, Autobiography. Magill, Marv Tucker, 1832- . . . Va. The Holcombes (novel), Chronicle of the Late War, History of Virginia. Magruder, Allan Bowie, 1 755-1822, statesman Ky. Cession of Louisiana, Character of Jefferson, Indians (unfin- ished). Magruder, Allan B Va. Life of John Marshall. Magruder, Julia, 1854- Va. Across the Chasm, At Anchor, Honored in the Breach, Magnifi- cent Plebeian, A Beautiful Alien, and other stories. Mallary, Charles Dutton, 1801-1864 Bapt. cl S. C, Gt. Memoir of Jesse Mercer, Life ot Edmund Botsford. Mangum, A. W., 18^4-, M. E. cl N. C, Myrtle Leaves, Satety Lamp. Mann. Ambrose Dudley, 1801- di^plomate Va, Memoirs. 490 Southern Literature. Marean, Mrs. Beatrice Fla. Tragedies of Oakhurst, Her Shadowed Life, &c. Marigny, Bernard de . La La Politique des Etats-Unis. Marks, Elias, 1790-1886 . . edu S. C Elfreide of Guldal, and other poems. Marr, Frances Harrison, 1835- Va, Heart Life in Song, Virginia, and other poems. ^Marshall, John, 1755-1835 . . . jurist Va. Life of Washington, Decisions of the Supreme Court. Marshall, Charles, 1830- lawyer . Va, Life of R. E. Lee. Marshall, Humphrey, 1756-1841 .... statesman . . Va., Ky, History of Kentucky. Marshall, Thomas Francis, 1801-1864 . orator, lawyer . . . Ky. Speeches. Martin, Mile Desiree La, Le Destin d'un Brin de Mousse. Martin, Francois Xavier, 1764-1846 . . . jurist .... N. C, La History of North Carolina, History of Louisiana. Martin, Joseph Hamilton, 1825-1887 . Pr. cl. Tenn., S. C, Va., Ky, Historical poems : Smith and Pocahontas, Declaration of Inde- pendence, &c. Martin, Luther, 1 748-1826 . . lawyer N. J., Md, Defence of Captain Cresap, Modern Gratitude, Speeches. Martin, Mrs. Margaret Maxwell, 1807- edu . . S. C Heroines of Early Methodism, Scenes in South Carolina, Day- Spring, Christianity in Earnest, Poems. Martin, Mr». Sallie M. [Davis] ... . S. C, Ga, Lalla de Vere, Women of France. Marvin, Enoch Mather, 1823-1877 M. E. bishop Mo Work of Christ, To the' East by Way of the West. Mason, George. 1725-1792 . statesman Va Speeches. Mason, Emily Virginia, 1815- . . Ky, Va Life of R. E. Lee, Edited Southern Poems of the War. Mason, Otis Tufton . scientist D. C Woman's Share in Primitive Culture (1894). *Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 1806-1873, naval officer, sci. . Tenn., Va Physical Geography of the Sea, &c. List of Southern Writers. 491 Maury, Ann, 1803-1876 Memoirs of a Huguenot Family. Maury, Mrs. Sarah Mytton [Hughes], 1803-1849 Eng., Va. English Women in America, Statesmen of America, Etchings from the Caracci. Maury, Dabney Herndon, 1822-, soldier Va. Skirmish Drill, Recollections of a Virginian (1894). Maxcy, Jonathan, 1768-1820, edu. . . . Mass., S. C. (First president of South Carolina College), Orations, Ser- mons, Addresses (ed. by R. Elton, D. D). Maxwell, Hu W. Va. Idylls of Golden Shore, poems. Maxwell, William, 1784-1857 ed. Va. Historical Register Va. Memoir of Rev. John H. Rice. Mayer, Brantz, 1809-1879 Md. Journal of Charles Carroll, Baltimore, Capta:n Canot, Mexico. Mayo, Joseph . Va. Woodburne (novel of Virginia and Maryland). Mayo, Robert, 1784-1864, ed. Va., D. C. Mayo Family, System of Mythology, Ancient Geography and History, Treasury Department. Mead, Edward C. ... . . . Va. History of the Lee Family in Virginia and Maryland from A. D. 1200 to 1866. Meade, William, 1789-1862, P. E. bishop ... - . Va. Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia, Sermons, The Bible and the Classics. *Meelc, Alexander Beaufort, 1814-1865 . Ala Red Eagle, Romantic Passages, &c. Mell, Patrick Hues, 1814-1888 Bapt. cl., edu . . . Ga. Parliamentary Practice, Philosophy of Prayer, Baptism, Church Discipline. Memminger, Charles Gustavus, 1803- Ger., S. C. Book of Nullification. Mercier, Alfred. . .... ■ ■ • La, L'Habitation St. Ybars, La Rose de Smyrne, L'Hermite de Ni- agara, La Fille du PrStre. Meriwether, Elizabeth Avery Miss Master of Red Leaf. 492 Southern Literature. Meriwether, Lee, 1862- Miss. European Labor, Tramp Trip, How to See Europe on Fifty Cents a Day. Mery, Gaston Etienne, 1793-1844 . La. La L6gende du Corsaire Lafitte, La Politique Americaine et Les Indiens. Messenger, Mrs. Lilian Rozelle, 1853- Ky., Ala., Ark. Poems. Metcalfe, Samuel L., 1798-1856 . . phys Va., Ky. Indian Warfare in the West, Caloric, &c. Michel, William Middleton, 1822- phys • S. C. (Editor Medical and Surgical Journal), Development of the Opossum. Middleton, Arthur, 1742-1787 ("Andrew Marvell") S. C. Political Essays, Speeches, &c. Middleton, John Izard, 1785-1849. . . S. C. Grecian Remains in Italy, Cyclopean Walls. Middleton, Henry, 1797-1876 . . . . . S. C. Prospects of Disunion, Government and Currency, Causes of Slavery, Universal Suffrage. Miles, George Henry, 1824-1871 dramatist . . Md. Mahomet, De Soto, Mary's Birthday, Aladdin's Palace, Sefior Valiente, Cromwell, Seven Sisters, Abou Hassan the Wag, Landing of the Pilgrims of Maryland, Christine (story in verse), Inkerman (lyric), Glimpses of Tuscany, Loretto or the Choice, Truce of God, Review of Hamlet. Miller, Mrs. Mary f Ayer], ("Luola ") . N. C. Wood Notes (poems), and Sunday-school books. Miller, Stephen Franks, 1810-1867 lawyer . . . N. C, Ga. Bench and Bar of Georgia, Wilkins Wilder, Memoir of Gen. David Blackshear. Milligan, Robert, 1 814-1875, edu., cl . Ireland, Ky. Prayer, Reason and Revelation, Annals of the New Testament, Great Commission, Commentary on Hebrews. Mills, Robert, 1781-1855, architect . . . . S. C. (Designer of the Washington Monument at Washington), Sta- tistics of South Carolina, American Pharos. Mitchell, Ormsby McKnight, 1809-1862 astronomer Ky., S. C. Planetary and Stellar Worlds, Orbs of Heaven, Physical Geo- graphy, &c. List of Southern Writers. 493 Mitchell, Elisha, 1793-1857, sci. . ... Conn., N. C. Elements of Geology. (See account under Christian Raid.) Mitchell, Miss F. L Ga. Georgia Land and People. Moise, Penina, 1797-1830 S. C. Fanny's Sketch-Book (poems). Monroe, James, 1758-1831, statesman, fifth President Va. State Papers, "Monroe Doctrine." Montgomery, Sir Robert, 1680-1731, colonist . Establishment of a New Colony to the south of Carolina, in the most delightful Country of the Universe. Moore, Hight C N. C. Select Poetry of North Carolina (1894). Moore, John W. . N. C. History of North Carolina. Moore, Thomas Vernon, 1818-1871 . . Pr. cl. Va., Tenn. God's Universe, Commentaries on Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, Culdee Church, &c. Mordecai, S. . . . Va. Richmond in By-Gone Days. Morehead, James Turner, 1797-1854 • Ky. First Settlers of Kentucky, Law in Kentucky. Mosby, John Singleton, 1S33- . . soldier Va. War Reminiscences. Mosby, Mary Webster, 1791-1844 Va. Pocahontas. Moultrie, William, 1731-1805 soldier S. C. Memoirs of the American Revolution in North and South Car- olina and Georgia. Muir, James, 1757-1820 . . Pr. cl. . . .... Scot., Va. Examination of the "Age of Reason." Mullany, Patrick Francis, 1847- edu., ("Brother Azarias") . Md. Psychological Aspects of Education, Philosophy of Literature, Dante, Aristotle and the Church, English Thought. Munford, Robert, dramatist . . Va. Candidate, Patriots, (dramas, pub'd 1798). Munford, William. 1775-1825 (son of Robert) . . Va. Poems, Translation of the Iliad, Reports of the Court of Ap- peals. *Murfree, Mary Noailles (see Craddock). 494 Southern Literature. Murfree, Fannie D. (sister of Mary) Tenn. Felicia (novel). Murphy, Mrs. Rosalie Miller .... S. C., Ala., N. Y. Destiny, or Life As It Is, Mistrust, Waifs (poems). Musick, John R., 1851- . . . Mo. Pocahontas, Columbian Novels, Calamity Row. Nagle, J. E., phys La. A Home That I Love, and other Poems. Neville, L. ... . Va. Edith Allen (Life in Virginia). Nicholson, Mrs. Eliza Jane [Poitevent], (" Pearl Rivers "),Miss., La. {Editor " New Orleans Picayune"), Burial and Resurrection of Love, and other lyrics and writings. Norman, Benjamin Moore, 1809-1860 N. Y , La. New Orleans and Environs (1845), Rambles in Yucatan, Ram- bles by Land and Water. Norton, John Nicholas, 1820-1881 . P. E. cl. . N. Y., Ky. Lives of the Bishops, Boy Trained to be a Clergyman, Full Proof of the Ministry, and many other works. Norwood, Colonel England. Voyage to Virginia, 1649. Nott, Henry Junius, 1797-1837 S. C. Novelettes of a Traveller, Essays, &c. Nott, Josiah Clark, 1804-1873 . . . . phys., sci S. C, Ala. Types of Mankind, History of the Jewish Race, Indigenous Races of the East. Nourse, James Duncan, 1817-1854 . . . jour. . . . Ky., Mo. Forest Knight, Leavenworth, God in History. Oglethorpe, James Edward, 1698-1785 Eng., Ga. St. Augustine Campaign (1742), Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia. *0'Hara, Theodore, 1820-1867 soldier Ky., Ga. Bivouac of the Dead, and other poems. O'Neall, John Belton, 1793-1863. . . . jurist S. C. Annals of Newberry, Bench and Bar of South Carolina. Otts, John Martin Philip, 1838- . Pr. cl . . . S. C„ Ala. Southern Pen and Pulpit, Light and Life, Sermons. Overall, John W. . . ed Va., Ala., La. "76 and 61," Bards, and other poems. List of Southern Writers. 495 Owen, William Miller. . La, In Camp and Battle, Washington Artillery. Page, John, 1744-1808 governor of Va. Addresses to the People. Page, Richard Channing Moore, 1841- . . phys ..... ... Va. Page Family in Virginia. *Page, Thomas Nelson, 1853- Va. In Ole Virginia, &c. Paine, Robert, 1799-1882 . . M. E. bishop N, C, Miss. Life of Bishop McKendree. Painter, F. V. N. . . edu Va. History of Education, Luther and Education, Study of English Literature. Palmer, Benjamin Morgan, 1818- . . Pr. cl . . . S C, La. Life of J. H. Thornwell, Formation of Character, Sermons. Palmer, John Williamson, 1825- Md. Stonewall Jackson's Way and other poems, Golden Dagon, Old and New, After His Kind (novel). Palmer, Mrs. Henrietta Lee, 1834-. Md. Stratford Gallery or Shakespearean Sisterhood, Home Life in the Bible. Parker, William Harwar, 1827- . naval officer Va. Recollections of a Naval Officer (1883), Talks on Astronomy, Naval Writings. Parrish, John, 1729-1807 . . Friend. . Md. Remarks on the Slavery of the Black Race. Paschall, Edwin, 1799-1869 ed., edu Va., Tenn. Old Times, or Tennessee History. Pattie, James Ohio, 1804- . * ■ Ky. Journal of an Expedition from Kentucky to the Pacific and through Mexico, 1824-28. Peck, Mrs. Sarah Elizabeth Ala. Dictionary of Similes and Figures, Stories. Peck, Samuel Minturn, 1854- ... Ala. Rings and Love-Knots, Cap and Bells (poems). Peck, William Henry, 1830- . . edu Ga. The McDonalds, Maids and Matrons of Virginia, Conspirators of New Orleans, and many other novels. Pendleton, Edmund, 1721-1803 . . statesman V*. Political and State Papers. 496 Southern Literature. Pendleton, James Madison, l8n-i89i( ?) . . Bapt. el. . . Va., Pa., Ky. Old Landmarks Re-Set, Sermons, &c. Pendleton, William Nelson, 1809-1883 . . edu Va, Science a Witness for the Bible. Penick, Charles Clifton, 1843- . . P. E. bishop Va. More Than a Prophet. Penny, Virginia, 1826- Ky. Employments of Women, and other works. Percy, George, 1586-1632 . . colonist and governor of Va. Plantations of the Southern Colonies in Virginia. Perry, Benjamin Franklin, 1805-1886 S. C. Reminiscences of Public Men. Pettigrew, James Johnston, 1828-1863 . soldier N. C. Spain and the Spaniards. Peyton, John Lewis, 1824- Va. Over the Alleghanies, Memoir of William Peyton, History of Augusta County, Virginia, and other writings. Phelan, James, 1856-. . . . Miss., Tenn. Philip Massinger, History of Tennessee. Piatt, Mrs. Sarah Morgan Bryan, 1836- Ky. A Woman's Poems (1871), Voyage to the Fortunate Isles (1874), That New World and other Poems (1876), Poems in Company with Children (1877), Dramatic Persons and Moods (1879), Irish Garland (1884), In Primrose Time (1885), Child's- World Ballads (1887), two volumes of poems with her husband, John James Piatt (1864, 1884). Pickett, Albert James, 1810-1858 N. C, Ala. History of Alabama. Pierce, George Foster, 1811-1884 . M. E. bishop Ga. Incidents of Western Travel. *Pike, Albert, 1809-1891 . ed., soldier Mass., Ark. Hymns to the Gods. Freemasonry, &c. Pilsbury, Charles A, 1839- La. Pepita and I (poems). Pinckney, Mrs. Eliza [Lucas], 1721-1792 S. C. Letters. Pinckney. Charles, 1758-1824 . statesman S. C. Political Papers (by " Republican"), Pinckney, Henry Laurens, 1794-1863 . ed S. C. Orations, Memoirs of Maxcy, Hayne, Jackson, &c. List of Southern Writers. 497 Pinkney, William, 1764-1822 . . statesman Md. Legal and Political Speeches. *Pinkney, Edward Coate (or Coote), 1802-1828 Md. Poems. Pinkney, Ninian, 1776-1825 ... . soldier Md. Travels in the South of France. Pinkney, William, 1S10-1883 . . . P. E. bishop . . . Md. Life ot Wm. Pinkney (his uncle), Memoir of John H. Alexander. Pise, Charles Constantine, 1802-1866 R. C. cl. . . Md. History of the Church, Lives of the Saints, Poems, Father Row- land, Indian Cottage, Horse Vagabundae, Alethia, Ignatius and His First Companions, Christianity and the Church, and other writings. Plumer, William Swan, 1802-1880 . . . Pr. cl Pa., S. C. \ital Godliness, Sermons to Children, Bible True, and other religious works. *Poe, Edgar Allan, 1809-1849 ....... Va.,Md. Poems, Tales, &c. Poinsett, Joel Roberts, 1779-1851 statesman . . . S. C. Notes on Mexico (Poinsettia named in his honor), Addresses, Letters, &c. Points, Marie L La. Stories of Louisiana. Polk, James Knox, 1795-1849 . eleventh President . . N. C, Tenn. State Papers. Pollard, Edward Albert, 1828-1872, jour Va. Lost Cause, Letters of the Southern Spy, Lee and His Lieu» tenants, Black Diamonds, and other works. Pope, John, 1822-, soldier Kv. Expedition from the Red River to the Rio Grande, Campaign of Virginia in July and August, 1862. Pope, Mrs. Mary E. [Foote] Ala., Tenn. Poems. Porcher, Francis Peyre, 1825- phys S. C. Medical Botany of South Carolina, and other medical writings. Pory, John, 1570-1635, pioneer . . . . ... . . Eng., Va. Excursion among the Indians in Captain Smith's " Generall Historic" Powell, William Byrd, 1799-1867, phys Ky. Natural History of the Human Temperament, Study of .the Brain. 3 2 498 Southern Literature. Poydras, Julien, 1740-1824, pioneer, planter France, La La Prise du Morne du Baton Rouge (poem). *Prentice, George Denison, 1802-1870, ed Ky, Life of Henry Clay, Poems, Paragraphs. Prentiss, Sargent Smith, 1808-1850, orator. . . . Me., Miss. Political Speeches. ^Preston. William Campbell, 1794-1860 . . . orator, edu. . . S. C. Addresses, Letters, &c. Preston, John Smith, 1809-1881 . . orator, soldier . . S. C. Orations. *Preston, Mrs. Margaret Junkin, 1825- . . . Va. Beechenbrook : a Rhyme of the War, and other poems. Preston, Thomas Lewis, 1812— Va. Life of Elizabeth Russell. Price, Bruce, 1845- .... architect . . . » Md. (Designer of (he Lee Memorial Church at Lexington, Va.). A Large Country House. Prince, Oliver Hillhouse, 1787-1837 . statesman . Conn., Ga. "A Military Muster" in "Georgia Scenes," and other humorous sketches, Laws of Georgia. Prince, Oliver Hillhouse, Jr., 1823-1875 . . . Ga, Billy Woodpile's Letters. Pugh, Mrs. Eliza Lofton [Phillips], 1841-, ("Arria") ... . La- Not a Hero, In a Crucible, and many other novels. Putnam, Mrs. Sallie A. [Brock], 1845-, (" Virginia Madison") Va, Richmond During the War, Kenneth My King, Southern Amaranth. Pyrnelle, Mrs. Louise Clarke . . Ala., Ga. Diddie, Dumps, and Tot: Plantation Child-Life. Ralston, Thomas Neely, 1806-, edu., M. E. cl . Ky. Evidences of Christianity, Ecce Unitas. *Ramsay, David, 1749-1815, surgeon . Pa., S. C. History of South Carolina, &c. Ramsey, James Gattys McGregor, 1 796-1 884 Tenn. Annals of Tennessee. Ranck, G. W Ky. History of Lexington, O'Hara. *Randall, James Ryder, 1839- , , , Md., La. My Maryland, and other poems., List of Southern Writers. 499 Randolph, Sir John, 1693-1737 (uncle of William Stith) .... V»„ Breviate Book. Randolph, Edmund Jennings, 1 753-1 81 3 Va. Political Truth, and other Papers. *Randolph, John, of Roanoke, 1773-1833, statesman Va. Addresses, &c. Randolph, Thomas Jefferson, 1792-1875 Va. Sixty Years of the Currency of the United States. Randolph, Sarah Nicholas, 1839-, edu Va., Md. Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson (her great-grandfather), and other -writings. Randolph, Innis Va. Back -Log, Good Old Rebel, and other humorous poems. Ravenscroft, John Stark, 1772-1820 . . . first P. E. bishop of N. C. Sermons, and other writings. Reese, Thomas, 1742-1794 Pr. cl., edu S. C. Influence of Religion on Civil Society. Reese, Lizette Woodworth, 186 — Md. A Branch of May (poems). Reeves, Marian Calhoun Legare, ca. 1854- ("Fadette") . . S. C. Ingemisco, Randolph Honor, Sea-Drift, Maid of Acadie, and other stories. Reichel, Levin Theodore, 1812-1878, Moravian bishop. Moravians in North Carolina (1857). *Reid, Christian N. C. Land of the Sky, and other novels, Land of the Sun (1895). Reid, Sam Chester, 1818- lawyer . . N. Y., Miss. McCulloch's Texas Rangers, Raid of John H. Morgan. Relf, Samuel, 1776-1823. . . . .jour Va. Infidelity, or the Victims of Sentiment. R6my, Henri . . . . La. Histoire de la Louisiane. Reno, Itti Kinney, 1862- . Tenn. Miss Breckenridge, An Exceptional Case. Requier, Augustus Julian, 1825-1887 . ed S. C, Ala. Legend of Tremaine, Christalline, Old Sanctuary, Spanish Exile, Marco Bozzaris, Ode to Victory, Ashes of Glory (reply to Ry- an's " Conquered Banner"). Ribaut, Jean, 1 520-1565 discoverer France, Florida. The Whole and True Discovery of Florida. 500 Southern Literature. Rice, David, 1733-1816 . . Pr. cl. . . .... Va., Ky. To Presbyterians of Kentucky, Divine Decrees, Baptism, &c. Rice, Nathan Lewis, 1804-1877 . . Pr. cl Ky. Our Country and the Church, &c. Rich, R Eng., Va. Newes from Virginia, 1610. Riddell, John Leonard, 1807-1867 . phys La. Flora of the Western States, (Riddellia named in his honor). Rivers, Richard Henderson, 1814- . edu Tenn., Ala., Ky. Life of Bishop Paine, Mental and Moral Philosophy. Rivers, William James, 1822- . . edu S. C, History of South Carolina, Poems. Rives, William Cabell, 1793-1868 Va. Life of James Madison, Life of John Hampden, Ethics of Christianity. Rives, Mrs. Judith Page Walker, 1802-1882 Va. Souvenirs of a Residence in Europe, Home and the World. *Rives, Amelie (see Mrs. Chanler). Robertson, John, 1787-1873, jurist .... Va. Riego, or the Spanish Martyr, Opuscula (poems). Robertson, Thomas Boiling, 1 773-1828 Va., La. Events in Paris (1816). Robertson, Wyndham, 1803-1888 governor of Va. Pocahontas, alias Matoaka, and her Descendants. Robinson, Fayette, — d. 1859 . . Va., N. Y. Mexico and Her Military Chieftains, California and the Gold Regions, Wizard of the Wave, and other works. Robinson, Mrs. Martha Harrison Va. Helen Erskine (novel). Rogers, James Webb, 1822— lawyer N. C. Arlington, Lafitte, Madame Surratt (tragedy), Poems. Rolfe, John, d. 1622, colonist, husband of Pocahontas Va. Letter to Sir Thomas Dale. Roman, Alfred La. Military Operations of General Beauregard. Rosenthal, Lewis, 1856- jour Md. America and France. Rouen, B , La. Cent Huit Ans, Raycn de Soleil. List of Southern Writers. 501 Rouquette, Francois Dominique, 1810- . La. Les Meschac6b6ennes, Fleurs d'Amerique. Rouquette, Adrien Emanuel, 1813-1887. . . ... ... La. La nouvelle Atala, L'Antoniade, Les Savanes, and other poems. Rowland, Kate Mason ... . . . . . . Va. Life of George Mason of Gunston, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. Rosier, Firman A . . ... Mo. History of the Early Settlement of the Mississippi Valley. Ruffner, Henry, 1789-1861 . edu ... . Va. Judith Ben-saddi, Fathers of the Desert, Future Punishment. Rumple, Jethro, 1827- . Pr. cl ... N. C. History of Davidson College, of Rowan County, of the Presby- terians in North Carolina. Russell, Irwin, 1853-1879. . . Miss. Dialect Poems (1888). Rutherford, Mildred Ga. English Authors, American Authors (1894). Rutledge, John, 1739-1800 statesman, and governor of S. C. Speeches. , *Ryan,Abram Joseph, 1839-1886 Va., Ala. Conquered Banner, and other poems. Safford, William Harrison, 1821- lawyer W. Va. Life of Blennerhassett. Sanders, John, 1810-1858. civil engineer Ky, Resources of the Valley of the Ohio. Sands, Alexander Hamilton, 1828-1887, lawyer, Bapt. cl Va. Recreations of a Southern Barrister, Sermons by a Village Pastor, &c. Sandys, George, 1 577-1644, colonist Va. Translation of Ovid (the first literary production of America), A Journey in the East, Poems. Sawyer, Lemuel, 1777-1852 . ... .... . N. C. Life of John Randolph of Roanoke, Autobiography, Dramas. Scanland, Mrs. Agnes Leonard, 1842- . Ky_ Myrtle. Blossoms, Heights and Depths, Vanquished. Scharf, John Thomas, 1843- . ■ Md. History of Maryland, of Baltimore, of St. Louis, of Philadel- phia, of Delaware, History of the Confederate States. Schoolcraft, Mrs. Mary Howard. . . S. C, N. Y. Black Gauntlet, a Tale of Plantation Life in South Carolina. 502 Southern Literature. Scott, Charles, 1811-1861 . . lawyer. Tenn., Miss. Analogy ol Ancient Free-Craft Masonry to Natural and Revealed Religion. Scott, Walter, 1796-1861 (akin to Sir Walter Scott) Scot., Ky. Gospel Restored, Messiahship. Screven, William, 1629-1713 . Bapt. cl Eng., S. C. Ornament for Church Members. Searing, Mrs. Laura Catherine [Redden], 1840- (deaf and dumb) . Md. (" Howard Glyndon "), Notable Men of the Thirty-Seventh Con gress, Idyls of Battle and Poems of the Rebellion, Sounds from Secret Chambers. Seaton, William Winston, 1785-1866 . . jour Va., N. C. Annals of Congress 1798-1824 (42 vols.), Debates of Congress 1824-1837. Seawell, Molly Elliott. . Va. Throckmorton, Maid Marian, Hale-Weston, Young Heroes of the Navy, Paul Jones, Decatur and Somers, &c. Seemiiller, Mrs. Anne Moncure [Crane], 1838-1871 Md. Emily Chester, Opportunity, &c. Sejour, Victor, 1809- La. Le Retour de Napoleon, and other dramas. Semmes, Raphael, 1809-1877 . . naval officer Md., Ala. Service Afloat and Ashore during the Mexican War, Cruise of the Alabama. Semmes, Alexander Jenkins, 1828-, phys D. C, La., Ga. Surgical Journal of the War, Medical Sketches. Semple, Robert Baylor, 1769-1831, Bapt. cl Va. History of Virginia Baptists, Catechism. Shaffner, Taliaferro Preston, 1818-1881 Va. Secession War in America, History of America. Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate, 1841-, geologist . . Ky., Mass. Geological Survey of Kentucky, History of Kentucky, Inter- pretation of Nature, Sea and Land. Shaw, John, 1778-1809, surgeon Md. Poems. Sheldon, George William, 1843-, art critic S. C, N. Y. American Painters. Shepherd, E. H Mo. Early History of St. Louis, Autobiography. List of Southern Writers. 503 Shindler, Mrs. Mary Stanley Bunce [Palmer] [Dana], 1810- . S. C. Pass under the Rod, and other Poems, Southern Harp, Northern Harp, Young Sailor, and other works. Shipp, Alfred Micajah, 1819-, edu., M. E. cl. . . . . N. C, S. C. History of Methodism in South Carolina. Shipp, Bernard, 181 3- . . . Miss., Ky. Fame and other Poems, Progress of Freedom. Shober, Gottlieb, 1756-1838 . . Lutheran cl. . Pa., N. C. Rise and Progress of the Christian Church, by Dr. Martin Luther. Shreve, Thomas H., 1808-1853 . jour. . Va., Ky. Drayton, an American Tale, Poems. Shuck, John Lewis, 1812-1863 . . Bapt. missionary Va., S. C. Portfolio Chinensis. Shuck, Mrs. Henrietta Hall, 1817-1844 Va. Scenes in China. Simmons, William Hayne, 1785- S. C. Onea (poem), History of the Seminoles. Simmons, James Wright S. C. Blue Beard, Greek Girl, and other Poems. *Simms, William Gilmore, 1807-1870 S. C. Yemassee, Partisan, &c. Sims, Alexander Dromgoole, 1803-1848 Va., S. C. Slavery, Bevil Faulcon (novel). Sims, James Marion, 1813-1883 .... surgeon . . . . S. C, N. Y. Story of My Life, Medical Works. Sinclair, Carrie Bell, 1839- Ga. Heart Whispers (poems). Skinner, Thomas E. . . Bapt. cl N. C. Reminiscences, Sermons and Addresses (1894). Slaughter, Philip, 1808- . . P. E. cl. Va. Life of Randolph Fairfax, Life of Joshua Fry, Colonial Church of Virginia, and other works. Smart, Mrs. Helen Hamilton [Gardener], 1853- Va. Men, Women, and Gods, An Unofficial Patriot, Sex in Brain, Is This Your Son, My Lord ?, A Thoughtless Yes, &c. Smedes, Mrs. Susan Dabney, 1840- Miss. A Southern Planter. Smith, Ashbel, 1806- . . phys., lawyer Conn., Tex. State and Scientific Papers. 504 Southern Literature. Smith, Buckingham, 1810-1871 . consul in Spain . . Ga. De Soto's Conquest of Florida, Spanish Discoveries and Settle- ments, Essays on Florida History and Spanish Historical Writings. •Smith, Charles Henry, 1826- {" Bill Arfi") ... Ga. Bill Arp's Scrap-Book, &c, School History of Georgia. Smith, Eugene Allen, 184.1- geologist Ala. Geology of Alabama. Smith, Francis Henney, 1812- . . . edu Va. College Reforms, Scientific Education in Europe, Text-books on Arithmetic and Algebra (with R. M. T. Duke). Smith, Francis Hopkinson, 1838-, c. e., artist . . . Md. Colonel Carter of Cartersville, and other stories. Smith, James, 1737-1812 . pioneer . Pa., Ky Life and Travels of James Smith, Shakerism Developed. *Smith, John, 1579-1631 . . soldier, traveller . . Eng., Va, Generall Historie, &c. Smith, John Lawrence, 1818-1883 . scientist . . . . S. C„ Ky. Mineralogy, Chemistry. Smith, Nathan Ryno, 1797-1877, phys. (" Viator") . . . . Ky., Md. Legends of the South, Medical Works. Smith, William Andrew, 1802-1870 . . . . M. E. cl Va. Philosophy of Slavery. Smith, William Loughton, 1758-1812 . . diplomate . . . S. C. Constitution of the United States, Speeches, Essays, &c. Smith, William Russell, 1813- . Ala. The Alabama Justice, Uses of Solitude, As It Is (novel), Bridal Eve (poem), College Musings. Smith, William Waugh, 1845-, edu Va. Outlines of Psychology, Chart of Comparative Syntax of Greek, Latin, French, German, and English. Smith, Zachariah Frederick, 1827- Ky. History of Kentucky. Smyth, John Ferdinand, 17 — Eng., Va. Tour in the United States of America (1784). Smyth, Thomas, 1808-1873 Ireland, S. C. Unity of the Human Race, Calvin, Presbyterian Doctrine. Somerville, William Clarke, 179c— 1826 . Md. Letters from Paris on the French Revolution, On Choosing the President. List of Southern Writers. 505 South-worth, Miss Emma Dorothy Eliza Nevitte, 1819-. . . D. C. Retribution, Fatal Secret, Unknown, Gloria, Trail of the Ser- pent, Nearest and Dearest, The Mother's Secret, An Exile's Bride, and many other novels. Spalding, Martin John, 1810-1872, R. C. archbishop . . Ky., Md. Early Catholic Missions in Kentucky, Miscellaneous, Theological Writings. Spalding, John Lancaster, 1840-, R. C. bishop Ky. Life of Archbishop Spalding, Essays, and other writings Sparks, William Henry, 1800-1882 . . lawyer. . . . . • Ga. Memories of Fifty Years, Dying Year, Old Church Bell, and other poems. Sparrow, William, 1801-1874 . . edu., P. E. cl Mass., Va. Life and Correspondence. Specht, Mrs. Mo. Alfrieda (novel). Speece, Conrad, 1776-1836 . . Pr. and Bapt. cl Va. The Mountaineer (essays), Hymns. Spelman Henry, 1600-1622 . . interpreter Eng., Va. (Killed by Indians). Relation of Virginia. Spencer, Mrs. Cornelia [Phillips]. . N. C. History of North Carolina, Last Ninety Days of the War in North Carolina. Spencer, Edward, 1834- ■ • dramatic ed Md. Kit (drama). Spencer, Mrs. W. L. [Nunez] Fla. Salt Lake Fruit. Spotswood, Alexander, 1676-1740 governor of Va. Official Letters of Alexander Spotswood from 1710 to 1722, Speeches, (in Virginia Historical Register). Stanton, Frank Lebby, 1858- . Ga. Poem on the Death of Henry W. Grady, Songs of a Day, Dialect Poems. Stanton, Henry Thompson, 1834- ed Va.. Ky. Moneyless Man, Jacob Brown, and other poems. St. Ceran,Tullius . . La - Rien ou Moi, 1814 et 1815. Steiner, Lewis Henry, 1827- phys. .... Md. Diary of a Rebel, Occupation of Frederick, Md., Cantate Domino. 506 Southern Literature. ^Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, 1812-1883, statesman, governor of Ga. War between the States, History of the United States, and other •works. Stephens, William, 1671-1753 .... president of the colony of Ga. Journal of the Proceedings in Georgia from 173710 1 741, State of the Province. Stephens, Thomas (son of the preceding). Cantle-Builder, or History of William Stephens of the Isle of Wight. Stibbes, Mrs. Agnes Jean ... Ga. Earls of Sunderland, Stories, &c. Stiles, William Henry, 1808-1865 . - . - lawyer Ga. History of Austria. Stith, William, 1689-1755 edu. . . . . . Va. History of Virginia. Stovall, Pleasant A . . . . Ga. Life of Robert Toombs. *Strachey, William, from 1609 to 1612 secretary of the colony of Va. True Repertory, &c. Strange, Robert. 1 796-1854 . Va., N. C. Eoneguski, or The Cherokee Chief. Strobel, Philip S. C, Ga. History of the Salzburg Colony at Ebenezer, Georgia. Strother, David Hunter, 1816-1888 (Porte Crayon) . . . W. Va. Virginia Illustrated, Blackwater Chronicle. Stuart, Mrs. Ruth McEnery . . La. Golden Wedding, Christmas Gifts, Carlotta's Intended, Camelia, Ricardo, and others. Stuart, Altxd.ider Hugh Holmes, 1807- . . statesman Va. Narrative of Virginia in 1869. Summers, Thomas Osmond, 1812- . . , M. E. cl. . . Eng., Va., Tenn. Commentary on the Gospels and Acts, Talks Pleasant and Profitable, Golden Censer. Swain, David Lowry, 1801-1868, edu., statesman, governor o.f N. C. British Invasion of North Carolina, Revolutionary History of North Carolina. Swain, Margie P Ala. Lochlin (published 1864, Selma, Ala.) Switzler, William F., ed. . . . Mo. Illustrated History of Missouri. List of Southern Writers. 507 Tabb, John B Md. Poems. Tailfer, Patrick . . colonist in 18th Century Ga., S. C. Colony of Georgia in America, 1741. Talley, Susan Archer (see Mrs. Von Weiss) Taney, Roger Brooke, 1 777-1864 . jurist. . . . . . Md. Autobiography, Supreme Court Decisions, (one of them being in the Dred Scott Case). Tardy, Mrs. Mary (" Ida Raymond") Ala. Southland Writers, Living Female Writers of the South. Taylor, Alexander Smith, 1817-1876 . S. C, Cal. First Voyage to California, Grasshoppers and Locusts of the United States. Taylor, George Boardman, 1832- . . Bapt. cl. . . . Va., Italy. Oakland Stories, Walter Ennis, Letters, &c. Taylor, James Barnett, 1819-1871 Bapt. cl. . . . Eng., Va. Life of Lot Cary, Lives of Virginia Baptist Ministers, Memoir of Luther Rice, &c. Taylor, John, 1 750-1 824, (" Arator"). . Va. New View of the Constitution, Construction Construed, Tyranny Unmasked, Agricultural Essays. Taylor, Richard, 1826-1879 (son of Zachary Taylor) La. Destruction and Reconstruction. Taylor, William Herron, 1838 Va. Four Years with General Lee. Taylor, Zachary, 1784-1850, twelfth President Va. Messages. *Terhune, Mrs. Mary Virginia [Hawes] . . . . Va., N. Y. (" Marion Harland "), Alone, Hidden Path, Mary the Mother of Washington, &c. Testut, Charles • • La. Les Echos (poems), Le Vieux Salomon, Les Filles de Monte Cristo (novels). Tevis, Mrs. Julia, edu Ky. Autobiography. Tharin, Robert Seymour Symmes, 1830-, lawyer S. C. Arbitrary Arrests in the South, Political Situation (1871). Thierry, Camille . La. Les Vagabondes, and other poems. 50S Southern Literature. Thorn, William Taylor, 1849- .... Va. Shakespeare and Chaucer Examinations (1887), Course of Shakespeare Historical Reading. Thomas, Ebenezer Smith, 1780-1844, edu. . . . Mass., S. C. Reminiscences of the last Sixty-five years, Reminiscences of South Carolina. Thomas, Frederick William, 181 1-1866 . . ed. . . S. C, Md., Ala. " 'Tis Said that Absence Conquers Love," and other lyrics, Emi- grant, East and West, &c. Thomas, Lewis Foulke, 1815-1868 Md.. Ky., Mo. Inda and other Poems, Osceola, Cortez, (dramas). Thomas, Martha McCannon, 1823- . Md. Life's Lessons, Captain Phil (story of the Civil War). Thomas, Mary Von Erden, 1825- S. C, Winning the Battle. Thompson, John, 1777-1799 ("Casca," "Gracchus"). Letters of Curtius. ♦Thompson, John Reuben, 1823-1873 ... . ed Va. Poems, Editorials, &c. Thompson, Maurice, 1844- . . c. e., lawyer . . . Ga., La., Ind. Tallahassee Girl, Creole Literature, Story of Louisiana, By- Ways and Bird-Notes, Songs of Fair Weather, At Love's Extremes, A Banker of Bankersville, Sylvan Secrets, Poems, Essays, &c. Thompson, Waddy, 1798-1868 . S. C, Fla. Recollections of Mexico (1846). ♦Thompson, William Tappan, 1812-1882 .... ed .... O., Ga. Major Jones's Courtship, &c. Thomson, Samuel Harrison, 1813-1882. ... Ky. Mosaic Account of Creation, Geology an Interpretation of Scrip- ture. Thornton, Thomas C, 1794-1860 Va., Miss. History of Slavery in the United States. Thornwell, James Henley, 1812-1862 Pr. cl., edu . S. C. Discourses on the Truth, Rights and Duties of Masters, State of the Church. Tice, J. H. . • • Mo. Over the Plains and on the Mountains. Ticknor, Francis Orrery, 1822-1874 . . phys . Ga. Virginians of the Valley, and other poems (edited by Paul H. Hayne, 1879). List of Southern Writers. 509 Tiffany, Osmond, 1823- Md. Brandon : A Tale of the American Colonies, Life of Gen. Otho H. Williams. Timrod, William Henry, 1792-1838 S. C. Lyrics. *Timrod, Henry, 1829-1867 . . edu., ed S. C. Poems. T. M Va. Account of Bacon's Rebellion, (dated 1705, thirty years after, found in manuscript). *Toombs, Robert, 1810-1885 statesman Ga. Speeches. Toulmin, Henry, 1767-1823 ... Eng., Ky., Ala. Description of Kentucky in 1792, Laws of Alabama (1823), and other legal works. Townsend, Mrs. Mary Ashley [Van Voorhis], 1836- ("Xariffa"), La. Down the Bayou and other Poems, Captain's Story, and other works. Toy, Crawford Howell, 1836- . . edu., linguist . . . Va., Ky., Mass. History of the Religion of Israel, Quotations in the New Testa- ment. Trescot, William Henry, 1822- diplomate S. C. Foreign Policy of the United States, Diplomacy of the Revolu- tion, Diplomatic History of the Administrations of Washington and Adams. Trent, William P edu Tenn. Life of William Gilmore Simms. Trott, Nicholas, 1663-1740 Eng., S. C. Laws of South Carolina, Clavis Linguae Sanctae, Laws of Church and Clergy in America. *Tucker, George, 1 775-1 861 edu Va. Life of Thomas Jefferson, &c. Tucker, Henry Holcombe, 1819- . . • -Bapt. cl.,ed Ga. Gospel in Enoch, Old Theology Restated, and other writings. Tucker, John Randolph, 1823- .... edu., statesman Va. Speeches. Tucker, Mrs. Mary Eliza [Perrine], 1838- Ala., Ga. (now Mrs. Lambert, of Philadelphia), Poems, Loew's Bridge, &c. *Tucker, Nathaniel Beverley, 1784-1851 . . . lawyer, edu. . . . Va. Partisan Leader, &c. 510 Southern Literature. •Tucker, St. George, 1752-1828 . jurist, edu Va. Poems, Legal writings, &c. *Tucker, St. George H., 1828-1863 . . . soldier .... Va. Hansford, a Tale of Bacon's Rebellion. Tupper, Henry Allen, 1828- . . . Bapt. cl. . . . S. C, Ga., Va. A Decade of Foreign Missions, First Century of the First Bap- tist Church of Charleston, Truth in Romance (novel). Turner, William Mason, 1835- phys Va., Pa. Under Bail, Ruby Ring, and other novels. Turner, William Wilberforce, 1830- Ga. Jack Hopeton. Upshur, Mary Jane Stith, 1828- (" Fanny Fielding") Va. (now Mrs. Sturges of New York). Confederate Notes (novel), Poems. Vance, Robert B N. C. Heart-Throbs from the Mountains. Vance, Mrs. Sally Ada [Reedy] . Miss., Ky. Charity, The Sisters, and other poems. *Vance, Zebulon Baird, 1830-1894 . . statesman, governor of N. C. Last Days of the War in North Carolina, Addresses, &c. Vasconcellos, Andres de, fifteenth century, Portuguese navigator. History of Florida, (in Spanish). Villeneufve, Le Blanc de. La. Poucha Houmma (drama). Von Weiss, Mrs. Susan Archer [Talley] Va. Poems. Waddell, Alfred Moore, 1834- ... N. C. Colonial Officer and His Times (in manuscript). Waddell, Moses, 1770-1840 . edu. N. C, S. C, Ga. (President of the University of Georgia). Memoir of Miss C. E. Smelt. Wakelee, Kate C Conn., Ga. Forest City Bride, India Morgan. Walker, Alexander, 1819- . Va., La. Jackson and New Orleans, Life of Andrew Jackson, History of the Battle of Shiloh, Butler at New Orleans. Walker, Cornelius, 1819- . P. E. cl Va. Life of William Duval, William Sparrow, Dr. Andrews, articles on Theology, &c. List of Southern Writers. 511 Walker, Norman McF L a _ Geographical Nomenclature of Louisiana. Wallis, Severn Teackle, 1816- Md. Prayer for Peace, Guerrilla Warfare, Life of George Peabody. Walsh, Robert. 1784-1859 diplomate Md. American Revolution, Future State of Europe. Walworth, Mrs. Jeannette Ritchie [Hademann], 1837-. . . Miss., La. .Southern Silhouettes, Stories of a Southern County, A Little Radical, A Splendid Egotist, That Girl from Texas, &c. Ward, Matt Flournoy, 1826-1862. . Ky. Letters from Three Continents, English Items. Warfield, Mrs.Catherine Anne [Ware], 1816-1877 .... Miss., Ky. Household of Bouverie, Romance of Beauseincourt, Poems, and other novels. Warren, E. W. Ga. Nellie Norton (novel). * Washington, George, 1 732-1799 . . first President Va. State Papers, Letters, &c. Watson, Asa Rogers, 1837- Va., Ga. Minstrel of Elsinore, Kin. Watterson, Henry, 1840- . . ed Ky. Oddities of Southern Life and Character, Editorials,' Ad- dresses, &c. Webb, Mrs. Laura S. ("Siannie Lee") Ala. Heart- Leaves (poems). Webber, Charles Wilkins, 1819-1 856 . . Ky. Old Hicks the Guide, Texas Virago, Tales of the Southern Border, Shot in the Eye. Weber, John Langdon S. C. History of South Carolina. *Weems, Mason Locke, 1760-1825 Va. Life of Washington, &c. Welby, Mrs. Amelia B. [Coppuck] Md., Ky. Poems by Amelia (1844, 1850). Westmoreland, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth [Jourdan] Ga. Poems, Soldier's Wife, Soldier's Trials (dramas, played in At- lanta during the war). Wharton, E. C. . . . La. Life of Gayarr6, War of the Bachelors, Toodles, Young Couple (comedy). 512 Southern Literature. Wharton, Morton Bryan, 1839- Bapt. cl Va. What I Saw in the Old World, Famous Women of the Old Testa- ment, Famous Women of the New Testament. Wheeler, John Hill, 1806-1882 N. C. History of North Carolina, Reminiscences of North Carolina. Whitaker, Alexander, 1585-1613 ... P. E. cl. . . . Eng., Va. (Baptized and married Pocahontas) Good Newes from Virginia (1613)- Whitaker, Mrs. Mary Scrimzeour [Furman] [Miller], 1820- . . S. C. Albert Hastings (novel), Poems. White, Henry Alexander Pr. cl Va. Origin of the Pentateuch in the Light of the Ancient Monu- ments (1894). White, Henry Clay, 1850- Md. Complete Chemistry of the Cotton Plant, &c. White, John Blake, 1781-1859 . .artist . . . . S. C. Foscari, Mysteries of the Castle, Triumph of Liberty or Louis- iana Preserved. Whittlesey, Sarah Johnson Cogswell, 1825- N. C. Heart-Drops from Memory's Urn (poems), The Stranger's Strat- agem, Summer Blossoms, &c. *Wilde, Richard Henry, 1789-1847 Ga., La. My Life is Like the Summer Rose, &c. Wiley, Calvin Henderson, 1819-1887 . . N. C, S. C. Roanoke, or Where is Utopia ?, Alamance, Early Life at the South. Wilkinson, Andrew La. Sketches of Plantation Life. Wilkinson, James, 1757-1825 Md., Mex. Memoirs of My Times. Wilkinson, John, 1821- . . naval officer Va. Narrative of a Blockade-Runner. Willey, Waitman Thomas, 181 1- . . statesman W. Va. Lectures, Speeches, &c. Williams, Mrs. Bessie W. [Johnson] .... . . . . S. C, Ga. In Memory of Captain Herndon (poem), Ciaromski and His Daughter. Williams, Espy W. H La. Parrhasius, Witchcraft, and other poems and dramas. List of Southern Writers. 513 Williams, John Wilson Montgomery, 1820- . Bapt. cl. . . Va, Md. Reminiscences of a Pastorate of Thirty-three Years, Pastor and People. Williams, Mrs. Mary Bushnell, 1826- . ... ... La. Serfs of Chateney, Tales and Legends of Louisiana. Wilmer, Richard Hooker, 1816- . P. E. bishop . ... Ala. Recent Past, from a Southern Standpoint (1887), Reminiscences of a Grandfather. * Wilson, Mrs. Augusta Jane [Evans], 1835- . . ... .Ala. St. Elmo, and other novels. Wilson, John Leighton, 1809-1886 .... missionary S. C. Western Africa, &c. Wilson, John Lyde, 1784-1849 S. C. Code of Honor, Cupid and Psyche. ♦Wilson, Robert Burns, 1850- artist Pa., Ky. Life and Love (poems). Wilson, Samuel Farmer, 1805-1870 Conn., La. History of the American Revolution. Wilson, Woodrow, 1856- edu. . .... Va., N. J. An Old Master and other political Essays, Disunion and Reunion, National Revenues, Congressional Government, &c. Winchester, Boyd Ky. The Swiss Republic. *Wirt, William, 1772-1834 . . jurist ■ . . . . Md., Va. British Spy, Life of Patrick Henry, &c. Wise, Henry Alexander, 1806-1876 governor of Va. Seven Decades of the Union. Withers, Emma W. Va. Wildwood Chimes (poems). Wood, Mrs. Jean Moncure, 1754-1823 Va. Flowers and Weeds of the Old Dominion (1859). Wood, William Maxwell, 1809-1880 . . phys N. C. Wandering Sketches in South America, Polynesia, California, &c, A Shoulder to the Wheel of Progress. Woods, Mrs. Katharine Pearson . . W. Va. Metzerott Shoemaker, Mark of the Beast, Web of Gold. Wright, Marcus Joseph, 1831- . Tenn - Reminiscences of McNairy County, Tenn., Life of Gov. William Blount, General Scott. 33 514 Southern Literature. Wylie, Mrs. Lollie Belle [Moore] . . ed " Society " Ala. Morning-Glory, and other Poems. Wynne, Mrs. Emma [Moffett], 1844- ("Lola") Ala.. Ga. Crag-Font. Yancey, William Lowndes, 1814-1863 . . . statesman . . Ga., Ala. Speeches and Letters. Yeaman, George Helm, 1829- lawyer ... . . Ky. Naturalization, Privateering, Study of Government. Yonge, Francis colonist S. C, Proceedings of the People of South Carolina in 1719, Voyage to Virginia and the Chesapeake. Young, Edward, 1818- Eng., S. C Ladye Lillian, and other Poems. Young, Mrs. Maud J. [Fuller] N. C, Tex (Descendant of Pocahontas). Song of the Texas Rangers, Cor- dova, a Legend of Lone Lake. A SUPPLEAENTARY LlST, JULY, 1595. Corrections and further information are earnestly re- quested. Address Miss Louise Manly, care B. F. John- son Publishing Company, Richmond, Va. Afflick, Mrs. Mary Hunt Ky., Tex. Gates Ajar, and other Poems. Alexander, Archibald, 1772-1851 . . . Pr. cl„ edu Va., N. J. „ Distinguished American Clergymen, History of the Presby«erian Church in Virginia (1854), and many theological writings. Alexander, Joseph Waddel, 1804- . . . Pr. cl., edu. . . Va., N. J. Biography of Dr. Archibald Alexander, Family Worship, and theological writings. Anderson, Archer . . soldier Va. Addresses : Battle of Chickamauga, Robert E. Lee, &c. Anderson, L. B • . • ■ • Va. Biographies of Virginia Physicians of Olden Times (1891). Andrews, Garnett . . . . . . Ga. Reminiscences of an Old Georgia Lawyer (1870). Archer, Branch T. Va -. Tex - Addresses, Essays, &c. Avery, I. W Ga - History of Georgia (1881). Bachman, Catherine Louise . S. C. Life of John Bachman (her father). Badger, Mrs. E. M Fla -' Tex - Silent Influence, and other poem3. Barbour, Benjamin Johnson, -1895 " Addresses. „ Barton, W. S va - Diocese of Virginia. r SIS 1 516 Southern Literature. Bartram, William, 1739-1823 . : . botanist England. Travels through Carolina, Georgia, Florida, &c. (1791). Battle, Kemp Plummer, 1831- . . . edu. . . ... . N. C. History of Raleigh, Benjamin Smith, Z. B. Vance, General Sum- ner, and other addresses, essays, &c. Beale, Maria N. C. Jack O'Doon. Beckwith, Paul . Mo. History of the Beckwith Family (1891), Creoles of St. Louis (1893). Bedinger, Henry, 1810- Va. Poems. Bell, J. M Va. Life of Ex-Governor William Smith (1891). Bennpt, W. W. . . cl Va. The Great Revival in the Southern Army, Methodism in Vir- ginia. Berney, Saffold Ala. Industrial History of Alabama. Bernheim, G. D., 1827- Luth. cl N. C. German Settlement and Lutheran Church in N. C. and S. C. Bickley, G. W. L • • • . . Va. History of Tazewell County. B 'ggs, Joseph, 1776-1844 . . Bapt. cl N. C. Kehukee Baptist Association (1837, continuation of Burkitt's History). Bigham, Robert Williams, 1824- M. E. cl Ga. Vinny Leal's Trip, Uncle Viv's Story, Gold Field Scenes, Joe a Boy in the War Times. Billon, Frederick L. Mo. Annals of St. Louis (1886). Bishop, P. P. . . . Bapt. cl N. Y., Fla. The Psychologist (novel), Heart of Man, American Citizen. Bouldin, Powhatan Va. Reminiscences of John Randolph of Roanoke ( 1878), The Old Trunk. Boyd, C. R Va. History of Washington County, Geological Treatises. Bradley, Mary E Va. Douglas Farm, Supplementary List of Southern Writers. 517 Branch, William, Jr. Va. Life, and other poems (1819). Brent, Frank P. . . Va. Eastern Shore of Virginia (1891). Broaddus, Andrew, 1770- Bapt. cl. Va History of the Bible, Sermons, Letters, &c. Broadhead, Garland C. edu. Mo. Missouri Geological Survey Reports, and many scientific and historical papers. Brown, B Gratz, 1826- . . . lawysr . . . Mo. Geometry Old and New (1879), State Papers. Brown, George William, 1812-1890 jurist . . Md. Baltimore and the 19th of April, 1861, Life of Thomas Donald- son, Origin and Growth of Civil Liberty in Maryland, &c. Brown, John, 1771-1850 Ger., Va. Sermons (1818). Brown, Mrs. Mary Mitchel . ... Conn.. Mo., Tex. School History of Texas, Burial of Governor Henry Smith, The Golden Wedding, To Ex-President Jefferson Davis, and other poems. Brown, Samuel, 1769- . . phys Va. Description of a Cave on Crooked Creek. Browne, Alexander .... Va. Genesis of the United States (1891). Browne, Henry Va. Captives of Abb's Valley, The Great Supper. Bruce, Philip A. . . . .... ... . Va. Virginia Historical Society Papers, Plantation Negro as a Free- man, &c. Bruce, Thomas ■ Va. Historical Sketches of Roanoke, Cupid and Duty, That Bruisin' Lad o' Greystone Lodge, &c. Bryan, W. S. publisher . . Mo. History of Pioneer Families of St. Louis. Bryant, Edgar S. . . . lawyer Ark- Orations. Buchannan, . . cl. Ark. The World and the Book (1893). Burgwyn, C. P. E. . . Va - The Huguenot Lovers, and other poems. 518 Southern Literature. Burkitt, Lemuel, 1750-1807, . . . Bapt. cl N. C Kehukee Baptist Association (with Jesse Read, 1803, and 1850, "earliest volume issued in the State on any part of her history" ). Burk, John Daly, -1808 . Ireland, Va. History of Virginia, 1804-1816 (3 volumes by Burk, the 4th by Louis Hue Girardin and Skelton Jones), Poems, Dramas, and other works. Burwell, Letitia McCreery Va. A Girl's Life in Virginia before the War, Poems, &c. Burwell, William McCreery, 1809-1888 ed. ... Va. White Acre against Black Acre, Exile and Empire, Essays on Economics, Politics, &c, (editor of "Z>e Bow's Revie-w.") Bushnell, J. E. . . . . . Va. Baptism, Consecrated Giving, Deaconess Work (1889). Cabell, Ellen Mayo . . Va. An Odd Volume of Fact and Fiction (1852). Cabell, Mrs. I. C . . Va. Historical and Biographical Sketches, &c. Cabell, Mrs. Margaret Couch [Anthony] 1814-1883 Va. Recollections of Lynchburg. Caldwell, Howard Hayne, 1831-1858 . .lawyer . . . . S. C. Oliata (1855), Poems (1858), Prose Articles. Caldwell, Mrs. M. M Ga. The Tie that Binds (1895). Cameron, John N. C. Hand-book of North Carolina. Campbell, Alexander, 1786-1866 . cl. ... Ireland, W. Va. Sermons (Founder of the Church of the Disciples). Campbell, Jesse H , 1807- ■ Bapt. cl Ga. Georgia Baptis's (1847). Campbell, John Lyle, 1818- Va. Geology of James River Valley (1892), Agriculture. Campbell, John Poage, 1767- . . . . . Va. The Passenger (1804), Vindex (1806), Answer to Jones (1812), &c Campbell. John Wilson Va. History of Virginia to 1781 (1813). Carter, St. Leger Landon .... Va. Nugae by Nugator (Poems). Carter, William Page Va. Poems. Supplementary List of Southern W riters. 519 Caruthers, Eli W., -1865 N. C. Life of Rev. David Caldwell, D. D., Revolutionary Incidents in the "Old North State." Carwile, John Brown, 1825- . . . banker S. C. Reminiscences of Newberry. Casselberry, Evans . . . lawyer Mo. Spanish Laws, Missouri Land Laws, &c. Chappell, Absalom Harris, 1801-1878 . . . lawyer Ga. Miscellanies of Georgia (1874). Charlton, Thomas U. P. . . . jurist Md., Ga. Life of Major-General James Jackson (1809). Child, Jacob . . . ed Mo. The Pearl of Asia (1892). Clayton, Augustine Smith, 1783- Va. Crockett's Life of Van Buren. Claytor, Graham Va. Otterdale, Among the Hills, Pleasant Waters. Clark, Walter, 1846- . . . jurist N. C. Editor Records of North Carolina (after 1776), historical and legal papers. Clark, Mo. History of William Jewell College. Clarke, William ■ . Va. Lewis and Clarke Expedition (with Lewis). Cleland, John, 1709-1789, (son of Colonel Cleland, Will Honeycomb of the Spectator). Tombo-Chiqui (1758). Clover, Lewis P. . . . P. E. cl Va. Old Churches in Virginia. Cocke, Philip St. George, 1808-1861 Va. Plantation and Farm Instruction (1852). Coghill, James H Va - Abroad (1867), Family of Coghill, 1379 to 1879. Coles, J. J Va. Africa in Brief (1886). Colwell, Stephen, 1800-1871 Va. Foreign Commerce, New Themes for the Protestant Clergy, Politics for American Citizens, Christianity in the United States, The South, &c. Conant, A. J Mo - Footprints of Vanished Races (1878). 520 Southern Literature. Cook, Mrs. Mary Louisa [Redd] -1891 Ga. Ante Bellum, or Southern Life as It Was, A Woman's Perils, Poems, &c. Cooke, Philip St. George, 1809- . . . soldier Va. Scenes and Adventures in the Army (1856), Conquest of New- Mexico and California (1878). Corbin, Mrs. Diana Fontaine Maury , Va. Life of Matthew F. Maury (her father). Cox, Edward Travers, 1821- . . . . Va. Geological and Scientific Treatises. Coxe, Henry Carlton, 1785- Va. Liberty and Necessity, The Will. Coyner, . Va. The Lost Trappers (sequel to Lewis and Clarke Expedition). Dabney, Heath H„ 1859- Va. History of the French Revolution (1889). Dannelly, Mrs. Elizabeth O. [Marshall] Ga., Tex. Cactus ; or Thorns and Blossoms (poems). Davis, John A. G., 1801-1840 . . . lawyer Va. Legal Treatises. De Graffenreidt, Christopher . . . baron . . . Switzerland, N. C. Narrative (of the colony of Swiss at New Bern, N. C.) Derry, Joseph T. . edu Ga. Story of the Confederate States, School History of the United States. Dixon, Sam Houston , Tex. Poets and Poetry of Texas. Doddridge, Joseph, 1769-1826 . . P. E. cl W. Va. Notes on Virginia and Pennsylvania, Logan. Dove, John . . phys. . ... Va- Edited Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Masons from 1773 to 1822, History of the Grand Lodge in Virginia, &c. Du Bose, John Witherspoon, 1836- . . . ed S. C, Ala. Mineral Wealth of Alabama, Life and Times of William L. Yancey (1892). Du Bose, . . edu Tenn. Soteriology. Dudley, Thomas U. . . ■ P. E. bishop Va., Ky. A Nice Discrimination the Church's Need, A Sunday School Question Book. Supplementary List of Southern Writers. 521 Dugan, Mrs. George E. {"■May Myrtle") Mo. Myrtle Leaves (poem, 1885). Dugger, Shepherd Monroe N. C. Balsam Groves of the Grandfather Mountain. Duke, R. T. W., Jr Va. Poems. Duncan, R. S. . - Bapt. cl Mo. History of Baptists in Missouri (1882). Durrett, Reuben Thomas, 1824- ... Ky. Life of John Filson, the first historian of Kentucky, Essays, &c. Early, Mrs. Mary Washington [Cabell], 1846- . . Va. Sambo's Banishment, Virginia before the War, and other Sketches, Stories, and Essays. Ef nor, Mrs. Lottie . . . Tex. Poems, Sketches, and other writings. Elliott, Stephen, 1771-1830 . nat. S. C, Ga. Botany of South Carolina and Georgia (1821). Elliott, . . . P. E. bishop S. C, Ga. Religious writings. Elliott, Charles, 1792- . . . ed., M. E. cl Ireland, Mo. Southwestern Methodism (1868), and other works. Elliott, Richard Smith Mo. Notes on St. Louis (1883). Elliscn, Matthew, 1804- . . Bapt. cl Va. Dunkerism, a Plea for the Union of Baptists. Evans, Lawton B., 1862- . . . edu Ga. History of Georgia (1884). Ewell, Alice Maud Va. The White and the Red (1889), Stories and Sketches. Ewing, Finis, 1773- . . . cl Va. Lectures on Divinity (1839). Ezekiel, H. C Va. The Book Buyer and Seller (1892). Festetits, Mrs. Kate Neely, 1837- . Va. Ellie Randolph, and other stories for children. Fielder, Herbert Ga - Life and Times of Joseph E. Brown (1883). Filhive, Don Juan Spain, Ark Description of Hot Springs, Arkansas (in Spanish, 1796). 5'22 Southern Literature. Fitzhugh, William . Va. History of the Northern Neck of Virginia. Fitzhugh, William Henry, 1792- Va, African Colonization (essays). Floyd, N. J Va. Thorns in the Flesh (1886). Folsom, James M. . . . . . Ga. Heroes and Martyrs of Georgia (1864). Forest, William S. . . . Va. Historical and Descriptive Sketches of Norfolk. Fowke, Gerard Ky., Va. Archeological Investigations in James and Potomac Valleys (1894). Fox, Norman, 1836- . . . edu., Bapt. cl. . Mo. A Layman's Ministry — a life of Hon. Nathan Bishop, Preacher and Teacher — a life of President Rambaut. Franklin, Willie Tenn., Tex. "Al Lannee," and other poems. Garland, Landon Cabell, 1810- . . edu. . . . Va., Ala., Tenn. Trigonometry, Addresses, &c. Garnett, Alexander Yelverton Peyton, 1820- . . . surgeon . . . Va. Potomac Marshes, Epidemic Jaundice, &c. Garrett, Thomas E. . . . ed. . . . Mo. Masque of the Muses (poem, 1883). Garrison, George P Ga., Tex. " Solitude," and other poems and sketches. Gerald, Florence Tex. Lays of the (Texas) Republic, and other poems. Gilleland, William M .... Tex. Burial March of General Thomas Green, In Memory of General Ben. McCulloch, and other poems. Gillespie, Mrs. Helena [West] edu Tenn., Tex. Tennyson's Picture, and other poems. Gilman, Mrs. Caroline Howard, 1794- Mass , S. C. Recollections ot a Southern Matron, and many other writings, sketches, essays, &c. Goode, George Brown. . sci Va., D. C. Virginia Cousins, Descendants c2 John Goode of Whitby, Va., ("replete with incidents and picturex of Southern life,") and scientific writings. Supplementary List of Southern Writers. 523 Goodloe, Daniel Reaves, 1814- N. C. Birth of the Republic, Reminiscences of Washington (1894), and other writings. GordoH, Mrs. John N Va. Scene in the Vale of Tempe (1891). Graham, William Alexander, 1804-1875 Governor of N. C. Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, Thomas Ruffin, George E. Badger, A. D. Murphey, and other addresses and State papers. Grasty, John S. . . M. E. cl. Mo. Memoirs of Rev. Samuel B. McPheeters (1871). Green, Thomas Marshall . . . jour Ky. Historic Families of Kentucky (1889), The Spanish Conspiracy (1891), and other works. Green, William . . jurist Va. Legal Treatises and Essays. Greene, Mrs. Mary Mo. Life of Rev. Jesse Greene (1852) Greenway, J. R Va. Here and There (1892). Gregory, Edward S. . . . cl Va. Sketch of Petersburg, Poems. Griffin, Mrs. T. M Ala., Tex. The Fountain, Haunted, Drifting, and other poems. Gunter, Bessie E Va. Housekeeper's Companion (1889). Haines, Hiram, ("Stranger") Va. Buds and Blossoms (poems). Hallum, John, 1833- . . lawyer Tenn., Ark. History of Arkansas (1887), Diary of an Old Lawyer (1895), Life on the Frontier. Hallum, Mattie A., 1872- Mo., Ark. Clay (a story in verse) and other poems. Hambach, G. . . edu Mo. Missouri Geological Survey Reports, scientific papers, &c. Hamlett, Mrs. Lizzie Miss., Tex. Death of Rusk, Pleasures of Home, and other poems. Hamner, Salley B Va. Now That You Are Married (1892). 524 Southern Literature. Harby, Mrs. Lee Cohen S. C, Tex., N. Y. Thanksgiving Ode (1881), A South Carolina Village, Old Stone Fort at Nacogdoches, City of a Prince, Earliest Texa3, The Tejas Nation, Poems, Stories, &c. Harden, Edward Jenkins, 1813-1873 . . lawyer Ga. Life of George M. Troup (1859), Notes of a Short Northern Tour (translated into Latin). Harris, Mrs. Louisa ... Mo. Behind the Scenes ; or, Nine Years at the Four Courts (1893). Harris, Thaddeus M. . . Ga. Memorials of Oglethorpe (1841). Harrison, Gessner, 1807-1862 edu Va. Laws of Latin Grammar, Greek Prepositions. Hartshorne, Joseph, 1779- . . phys. Va. The Bones, and other medical works. Hatton, John W Mo. Battle of Life (poem, 1882) Hayden, Horace Edwin P. E. cl Va., Pa. Virginia Genealogies, and other writings. Heath, James, ca. 1812- .lawyer Va. Edgewood (novej of the Revolution, 1838). Henderson, John B. . . . lawyer, statesman Mo. Speeches. Hening, William Waller, died 1828 .lawyer Va. American Pleader (1811), New Virginia Justice (1825). Henkel, Paul, 1754-1825 . Luth. cl N. C, Va. Baptism and the Lord's Supper, German Hymns, Zeitvertreib (poem). Henning, Julia R. . . . edu. . . Va. Geography of Virginia, Songs (with the music). Hereford, Mrs. Elizabeth J. . Ky., Tex. Rebel Rhymes, and other poems. Hill, Benjamin Harvey, 1823-1882 Ga. Notes on the Situation, Orations, &c. Hill, Britton A. . lawyer ... Mo. Liberty and Law (1873), Absolute Money, Specie Resumption (1876). Hobby, Alfred M Fla., Tex. Frontier from the Saddle, Sentinel's Dream of Home. Supplementary List of Southern Writers. 525 Hodgson, Joseph Ala, Cradle of the Confederacy (1876). Hogg, Thomas E Tex. The Fate of Marvin (poem). Holbrook, John Edwards, 1794-1871 . . . sci S. C. American Herpetology, Southern Ichthyology. Holcombe, James Philemon, 1820- Va. Literature and Letters, &c. Holding, Mrs. Elizabeth E. . . edu Mo. Joy the Deaconess (novel). Holmes, George Frederick, 1820- . . edu. British Guiana,Va. Comte's Philosophy, and other essays ; History of the United States, Readers, and other text-books. Hooper, William, 1782-1876 N. C. Fifty Years Since (1859), and other addresses. Houston, Mrs. Margaret Moffett [Lea], -1867 . . . Ala., Tex. To My Husband [General Sam. Houston], and other poems. Howard, Overton Va. Life of the Law. Hubbard, Fordyce Mitchell, 1809-1888 N. C. Life of W. R. Davie, Richard Caswell, The Harvey Family, &c. Hughey, G. W. cl .Mo. The Liquor Traffic (1882), Catechism on Beer (1884), Ingersoll and Ingersollism (1883), Resurrection of the Dead, Christian Side of Faith, &c. Hunt, James H Mo. The Mormon War in Missouri, 1844 (with G. W. Westbrook). Hutchins, James H N. C, Tex. My Native Town, Funeral Odes, and other poems. Hutson, Charles Woodward . Ga., Miss. Beginnings of Civilization, Story of Beryl. Irby, Richard Va. Sketch of the Nottoway Grays. Irving, John B S. C. James, Benjamin, 1768-1825 . . jurist, Va., S. C. Statute and Common Law of Carolina (1814). Jamison, David F., 1810-1860 . . . planter, soldier S. C. Memoir of Bertrand du Guesclin. 526 Southern Literature. Jeffries, Fayette, 1820- Va Crippled Fayette, an autobiography. Jett, James . Va A Virginia Tragedy, and other stories. Jewell, Horace . cl Ark History of Methodism in Arkansas (1893). Johnson, John, 1829- . . . c. e., P. E. cl S. C. Defense of Charleston Harbor (1890). Johnston, Frederick, 1811-1894 Va. Old Virginia Clerks (1888). Jones, Charles Edgeworth, 1867- . . . lawyer Ga. Education in Georgia (1889), Divisions of Georgia (1892). Jones, John P . . Mo. Spanish Expedition to Missouri in 17 19. Early Travel in Mis- souri, Missouri River and Indians, &c. Jones, Joseph, 1833- . . . phys., edu. . ... Ga., Tenn., La. Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee (1876), Medical and Surgical Memoirs, &c. Jones, Wiley Va. Gospel of the Kingdom. Jones, William Hite Va. Federal Taxes and State Expenses. Josselyn, Robert, 1810-1884 . . . jour. ... Mass., Tex. The Last Tear I Shed, Satire on the Times, and other poems. Keiffer, Aldine S ... Va. Poems. Kerr, Hugh, -1843 Ireland, Tex. Poetical Description of Texas (1838). Kerr, Robert Pollok, 1850- Mo. Preshyterianism for the People (1883), History of Presbyterian- ism (1886), Hymns of the Ages (1891), Voice of God in History (1890), and other works. Kerr, Washington Caruthers, 1827-1885 edu., geologist . N.C. Geological Papers (in regard to North Carolina). Kilby, L. Clay Va. Vernon Lonsdale (1876). King. Willis P. . . . phys Mo. Quacks and Quackery in Missouri (1882), and medical writings. Supplementary List of Southern Writers. 527 Kingsbury, Theodore Bryant, 1828- . . . ed N. C, Baptism, History of Granville County, N. C, historical and lite- rary essays, &c. Krauth, Charles P., 1823- . . cl Va. Winter and Spring in the Danish West Indies, Conservative Reformation, Christian Liberty, Berkeley's Principles, Augs- burg Confession, Poems, &c. Ladd, Mrs. Catherine [Stratton], ["Mitinie Mayflo-wer"}, 1809- . . . edu. . Va., S. C. Tales, Essays, and Poems (1840-1860). Lacy, J. Horace . . . soldier Va. Historical Sketches. Laidley, Theodore Thaddeus Sobieski, 1822-1886 soldier . . Va. Ordnance Manual, Rifle Practice. Lafferty, J. J. . . . M. E. cl Va. Addresses, Lectures, Sermons, &c. Lane, James H. . . . soldier, edu N. C. Lane's North Carolina Brigade, and other historical papers. Langhorne, Orra Gray . ... ...... Va. Aunt Pokey's Son, and other stoiies. Langston, John Mercer, 1829- Va. Freedom and Citizenship (18S3). Lawson, Thomas, 1781- ... . . Va. Sickness and Mortality in the United States Army, Meteorological Register. Lay, James H. . . . lawyer . . Mo. History of Benton County (1876). Leachman, Mrs. Welthea [BryantJ, 1847- Tex. Bitter Sweet, and other poems. Lewis, John . Va. Young Kate ; or The Rescue — a tale of the Great Kanawha. Lewis, Meriwether . . . . Va. Lewis and Clarke Expedition (with Clarke). Leyburn, John, 1814- Pr. cl. Va. Soldiers of the Cross, Hints to Young Men, pamphlets and re- views. Lind, G. Dallas . . . phys ... • Mo. Races of Man, Religions of the World, Great Educators and Their Methods, Primeval Man, The Human Body, &c. 528 Southern Literature. Lindsay, Margaret Isabella Va. The Lindsays of America (1889). Lindsley, John Berrien, 1822- . . . phys., edu Tenn. Military History of Tennessee, Cumberland Presbyterian His- tory, &c. Linn, E. A. and N. Sargent Mo. Life of L. F. Linn (1857). Linn, John J., 1798-1885 Ireland, Tex. Fifty Years in Texas (reminiscences). Little, Lucius P Ga. Ben Hardin (1887). Littlepage, Lewis, 1762-1802 . . . soldier, diplomate Va. Translation XXII. Ode, Book I., of Horace (done when fifteen years old); Letters. Lloyd, Willa D., 1866- Tex. Christmas Chimes, Christmas in Camp, and other poems. Logan, John Randolph, 1811-1884 . . . Bapt. cl N. C. Broad River and King's Mountain Baptist Association 1800- 1882 (1887). Lomax, John Tayloe, 1781-1862 . . . jurist Va. Laws of Real Property, Law of Executors, &c. Lowe, John, 1750-1798 . . edu. . . ... . Scotland, Va. Mary's Dream, and other poems. Lowndes, William Jones, 1782-1822 . . . statesman S. C. Speeches. Lucas, Virginia Va. Poems. Ludlow, N. M Mo. Dramatic Life As I Found It (1880). Lupton, Nathaniel Thomas, 1830- . . . edu Va., Ala., Tenn. Scientific Agriculture, Chemistry. Luther, John Hill, 1824- . . Bapt. cl R. I., Tex. My Verses, sermons and other writings. Lytle, William Henry . . . soldier Va. Poems. McCabe, James Dabney. 1808-1875 . . P. E. cl Va. Masonic Text-Book. McCarthy, Carlton .... . ... Va. Soldier Life in the Army of Northern Virginia. Supplementary List of Southern Writers. 529 McClelland, H. B Va. Life of J. E. B. Stuart (1885). McEachin, R. B Ala., Tex. Youthful Days, and other poems. McDonald, Miss F. M Va. Who Was the Patriot? McElligott, James N., 1812- Va. Orthography, Analyzer, Speaker, Hymns, Greek and Hebrew Text-Books, &c. McGehee, Montford, 1822- N. C. Life of William A. Graham (1877). McMillan, Hamilton N. C. Sir Walter Raleigh's Lost Colony (1888). McQueary, Howard . . . cl Va. Topics of the Times, Evolution and Christianity (1889). McRee, Griffith John, 1819-1873 . . . ed. . . .... N. C. Life and Correspondence of James Iredell ( 1857). McVey, Mrs. Nellie Mo. Eureka Springs, Poems. Madison, James, 1749-1812 . . P. E. bishop Va. Sermons, Eulogy on Washington. Mallard, Robert Quarterman, 1830- . Pr. cl Ga., La. Plantation Life Before Emancipation (1892). Mallary, Mrs. Mary Jeanie iDagg] .... Ala., Ga. Horace Wilde, Elsie Lee, Rosalie Wynnton, Jack, A Seeming Trifle, Picciola or The Power of Conscience, Aunt Clara's School, Won by a Boy (just finished). Manly, Basil, 1825-1892 . . edu., Bapt. cl S. C, Va., Ky. Bible Doctrine of Inspiration, A Call to the Ministry, Higher Education in the South Before the War, Hymns, Sunday School Catechism, Addresses, &c. Manly, John Matthews, 1865- Ala., R. I. Pre-Shakspercan Drama (1895). Marr, Mrs. Jane Barron Hope Va. Novel of Spotswood's Time, "Stories and Papers," and other writings. Martin, L. A. . . . lawyer Mo. Halloween, and other poems. Maynard, Mrs. Sallie Ballard [Hillyer], 1841-1882 Ga., Tex, The Two Heroines, or The Valley Farm (novel) ; Poems, 530 Southern Literature. Melton, Wightman Fletcher . . M. E. el., edu Ala The Preacher's Son (1894). Mercer, Margaret, 1792-1846 . - edu Md., Va, Ethics, Studies for Bible Classes (1842). Meriwether, C S. C. History of Higher Education in South Carolina (1889). Merrimon, Maud L N. C. Memoir of A. S. Merrimon (her father). Miller, Mrs. M. C. [Keller] La. Severed at Gettysburg, Love and Rebellion. M.les, James Warley, 1818-1875 P. E. cl S. C. Philosophic Theology, Addresses, Essays, &c. Minnigerode, Charles G., 1814-1894 . . . P. E. cl.. . . Ger., Va, Sermons. Minor, Benjamin B Va. Memoir of Chancellor Wythe (1852). Minor, John Barbee, 1813-1895 edu., lawyer Va. Reports of 1799-1800, legal writings, &c. Minor, Lucian, 1802-1858 . . ed Va. Abolishing the Liquor Traffic, Travels in New England, Legal Treatises. Minor, Virginia L Va. Historical and Biographical Sketches, &c. Mitchell, John Kearsley, 1798- . phys. Va. St. Helena (poem), Indecision (novel) 1839, Properties of Water, Essays on Medical Subjects, &c. Montague, Va. Montagues of Virginia. Moore, Francis . England, Ga. Travels into Africa, Voyage to Georgia in 1735 (1744). Moorman, R. B Va. Sketches of Travel in Europe. Moran, Mrs. F. B Va. Miss Washington of Virginia (1891). Moran, W. H. W Va. From School-Room to Bar (1892). Morgan, William, 1775- Va. Illustrations of Freemasonry (1826). Supplementary List of Southern Writers. 531 Morris, Thomas Asbury, 1794- M. E. bishop Va. Church Polity, Biographical Sketches and Notes of Travel, Western Methodism (1852). Mosby, Ella F., 1846- Va. The Ideal Life (1877), The Christmas Inn, and other stories, poems, &c. Murphy, John Albert . . cl N. C, Tex. The First Fallen Soldier of 1861, Our Silver Wedding-Day, and other poems. Mutter, Thomas Dent, i8t 1- phys Va. Salt-Sulphur Springs of Virginia, Medical and Surgical Essays (1846). Newton, Virginius . Va. Confederate Navy, The Ram Merrimac (in Southern Historical Society Papers). Norris, Thaddeus, 1811-1877 Va. American Angler's Book (1864), American Fish Culture (1868). Odom, Mary Hunt McCaleb ("L'£clair") .... Ky., Miss., Tex. Hood's Last Charge, and other poems. Olive, Johnson, 1816-1885 . . . Bapt. cl N. C. Autobiography. Otey, James Hervey, 1800-1863 . . P. E. bishop . . . Va., Tenn. Unity of the Church, Sermons and Essays. Page, William . . . lieutenant United States navy Va. Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon. Page, William A Va. Uncle Robin in His Cabin in Virginia (1853). Paris, John . . Meth. Prot. cl N. C. History of the Methodist Protestant Church (1849). Parker, Nathan H. . Mo, Missouri Hand-Book (1865), Geological Map of Missouri (1865), Missouri As It Is in 1867 (1867). Parker, W. W. . phys. . .... . Va. Rise and Decline of Homoeopathy, Forty Years a Doctor, &c. Pate, Henry Clay Va. Sketches of Virginia. Patton, John M. . cl Va. The Death of Death. Paxton, William M Mo. The Marshall Family (1885). 532 Southern Literature. Peck, John M Mo. Life of Daniel Boone, Annals of the West (1850). Penn, Garland ... Va. California, Men of Mark, Wizard of the Wave, &c. Perdue, E. T., 1831- Va. Words of Our Saviour (1890). Phifer, C. L. . . Mo. Love and Law (sonnets), Annals of the Earth, Weather Wisdom, and two other volumes of poems. Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth P. E. cl S. C. Life of Thomas Pinckney. Polk, William M. . phys La., N. Y. Life of Leonidas Polk (his father). Pollard, Marie Antoinette N. G Va. Poems. Pollard, Henry Rives, 1833- . . Va. Historical Sketches, Essays, &c. Pollard, Thomas Va. Hand-Book of Virginia. Pope, William F., -1895 Ark. The Early Days of Arkansas. Post, T. M Mo. Life of Rev. Dr. T. A. Post. Potter, Mrs. Mary Eugenia [GuillotJ, 1864- ... ... . Tex. The Press, Gibraltar, Pioneer Association of Dallas County, and other poems. Potter, Reuben M., 1802- . N. J., Mex., Tex. Hymn of the Alamo, Old Texian Hunter, &c. Price, Mrs. Anna . Va. Sunday School Stories. Pryor, Roger Atkinson, 1828- . . . ed., lawyer, . . . . Va., N. Y. Essays and Addresses. Purdv, Mrs. Amelia V. [McCarty], 1845-1881 Pa., O., Tex. First Fruits, Vocation, and other poems. Purefoy, George W. • • • Bapt. cl . . N. C. Sandy Creek Baptist Association, 1758-1858 (1859). Rader, Perry S. . ed Mo. School History of Missouri (1891). Randolph, Alfred Magill, 1836- . . . P. E. bishop Va. Sermons and Discourses. Supplementary List of Southern Writers. 533 Randolph, E. A Va. Life of John Jasper (1884). Randolph, Peyton, 1779- lawyer Va. Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court, 1821-8. Raymond, W. M Va. Citronaloes (1889). Reavis, L. U. Mo. The New Republic ('867), St. Louis the Future Great City (1870), Thoughts for Young Men (1873), Life of Horace Gree- ley, Life of General Harney (1878), Commercial Destiny of the Mississippi Valley (1880), The Isthmian Passage (1882), Man- hood of America (1880), and other works. Reichel, Levin Theodore, 1812-1878 Moravian bishop . . N. C. The Moravians in North Carolina (1857). Reilly, J. S N. C. Wilmington : Past, Present, and Future. Reynolds, Thomas C. . . . Governor of Mo. Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Discovery of the Upper Mis- sissippi, State Papers, &c. Rhodes, Edward Abesette, 1841-1863 . . . soldier Tex. Poem on death of his father, &c. Rhodes, Robert H., 1845-1874 . Tex. Prayer, Under the Cactus, and other poems. Rhodes, William Henry, 1822- . N. C.,Tex., Cal. Theodosia (play), Indian Gallows (poems), Caston's Book (essays, poems, and sketches). Rice, Martin Bapt. cl . Mo. Rural Rhymes, Tales of Olden Times, Blue River Association. Richards, William C, 1818-1892 . . . cl., sci. . . England, Ga., 111. Georgia Illustrated (1842). Richardson, John M., 1831- ... . S. C, Tex. The Whiskey Fiend, Prayer of Mary Queen of Scots, &c. Riley, Benjamin Franklin, 1849- . . Bapt. cl., edu Ala., Ga. History of Conecuh County, Ala., Alabama As It Is, History of the Baptists of Alabama, Baptists in the Southern States East of the Mississippi (in preparation). Robinson, Conway, 1805- . . . lawyer Va. Early Voyages to America (1848), and legal works. Robinson, John V«. Forms in the Court of Law of Virginia (1790, 1826). 534 Southern Literature. Robinson Willie Blanche ("Persia ") 1857- Tex. Texas to Jefferson Davis — A Welcome, and other poems. Rockwell, Elisha F., 1809-1888 N. C. Rowan County in 1774, John Thompson, James Hall, and other historical papers. Rogers, Mrs. Loula Kendall . . . edu Ga. Toccoa the Beautiful, Twenty Years an Alien, Musical Drills, Songs, and other poems. Rose, Victor M., -1893 Tex. Ross's Brigade, Los Despenadores, The Texas Vendetta, Demara the Comanche Queen, History of Victoria County, Life of General B. McCulloch, Legend of Dixie. Ross, James, 1801-1878 Life and Times of Elder Reuben Ross (his father). Rothwell, William R. . edu., Bapt. cl Mo. Reading the Scriptures (1889), New Testament Church Order (1890), Addresses. Rowe, Horace, 1852-1884 Tex. Years of Youth, and other poems. Royall, Anne, 1769-1854, b. in Virginia (a prisoner for years among the Indians, then lived in Alabama and Washington, D. C ). History, Life, and Manners in the United States, The Tennessee (novel), The Black Book, Letters from Alabama, Southern Tour. Ruffin, Edmund, 1794-1865 Va. Essays on Agriculture, Anticipations of the Future (i860). Ruffner, William H History of Washington and Lee University, &c. Salyards, Joseph H. edu Va. Idothea, a Poem (1875). Sampson, Francis Asbury, 1842- . lawyer Mo. Natural History of Pettis County (1882), Bibliography of the Geology of Missouri (1890), Mollusca of Arkansas (1893), and other scientific and historical writings. Saunders, Mrs. Mary [Ingle], 1836- England, Tex. Texa»,'San Jacinto Day, and other poems. Saunders, William Lawrence, 1835-1891 . . statesman . . . . N. C. Edited Records of North Carolina to 1776 (8 volumes). Supplementary List of Southern Writers. 535 Schenck, David, 1835- . . . lawyer N. C. North Carolina 1780-81, Guilford Court-House, and other his- torical papers. Scott, John . . Va. Partisan Life with Mosby. Scott, William Cooper, 1817- Va. Genius and Faith. Scott, Winfield, 1786- . . soldier ; Va. Regulations for the Army, Infantry Tactic, Memoir of Lieu- tenant-General Scott, written by himself (1864). Semmes, Thomas Va. Poems (by " Collegian"). Sherwood, Adiel, 1 791-1879 . . . Bapt. cl Ga., Mo. Gazetteers of Georgia, Notes on the New Testament. Shields, Joseph Dunbar, 1820- . . jurist Miss. Life and Times of Prentiss (1885). Shinn, Josiah H., 1849- . . . edu., jour Ark. Public School and College (1891), The South and Education (1892), History of the American People (1893), Illustrated Ar- kansas (1893), and other works. Shumard, Benjamin F. . . . sci. ... Mo. Geological Reports of Missouri and Texas, &c. Sibbald, George . . . Ga. Pine Lands of Georgia (1801). Slaughter, William Bank, 1798- Va. Reminiscences of Distinguished Men I Have met (1878). Smith, Augustine Meade Va. Commissioners in Chancery (1888). Smith, Benjamin Mosby, 181 1- . cl Va. Commentary on the Psalms and Proverbs, Questions on the Gos- pels, Poetical Books of the Scriptures. Smith, C. Alphonso . . . edu La. Repetition and Parallelism in English verse (1894). Smith, Charles Lee, 1865- N. C. History of Education in North Carolina (1888). Smith, George G , Jr., 1829- . . . M. E. cl Ga. History of Methodism in Georgia and Florida, Life of Bishop Andrew, &c 536 Southern Literature. Smith, John Augustine, 1782-1865 • • ■ phys Va. Nervous System, Mutations of the Earth,- Moral and Physical Science, &c. Smith, Mrs. Mary Stuart [Harrison] ... • ■ Va. Art of Housekeeping, Lang Syne, or The Wards of Mt. Vernon (1889), translations, essays, &c. Smith, Sarah Henderson . . Va. Alice Singleton, Up to the Light, Poems (1885). Smithdeal, George Michael, 1855- . . . edu N. C.,Va. Book-Keeping : Theory and Practice. Smithdeal, Mrs. Grace Henning D. C, Va. Grammar, Speller, and Letter-Writer. Sommersall, James Ga. Poems (1853). Sparks, W. H Ga. Memories of Fifty Years (1870). Spragins, Mrs. Anna Ward, -1876 Ala., Tex. Shiloh, Farewell to Texas, and other poems. Sprunt, James, 1846- . . . merchant, British vice-consul . Scotland, N. C. Wilmington (1883), A Colonial Plantation, What Ship is That ? (the blockade of Wilmington). Stevens, William Bacon P. E. bishop Ga. History of Georgia 0847, 1859), Discourses. Stewart, Frederick Campbell . . . phys Va. Hospitals and Surgeons of Paris (1843). Stillman, Anne Raymond . . . S. C, Ala. How They Kept the Faith (story of the Huguenots). Stockard, Henry Jerome N. C. Poems. Swartz, Joel, 1827- . . . cl Va. Dreams of the Waking Heart, Lyra Lutherana. Swisher, Mrs. Bella French, 1837- . . ed Ga., Wis., Tex. History of Brown County, Wis., Struggling Up to the Light (novel). San Antonio River, and other poems. Taylor, Hannis .... Ala. History of the British Constitution. Taylor, William, 1821- . . . bishop , Va. Christian Adventures in South Africa, Our South American Cousins, Four Year's Campaign in India, &c. Supplementary List of Southern Writers. 537 Thomas, Joseph, 1791- . . . cl N. C. The Life of the Pilgrim (autobiography). Thurston, G. P Antiquities of Tennessee (1890). Tiernan, Mrs. Mary Spear [Nicholas], 1836-1891 Va., Md. Homoselle, and other novels. Tiffany, Olive Mo. Floral Poems (1893). Truitt, Mrs. Julia Phifer La., Tex. Birds of Passage, Sometimes, and other poems. Tucker, David Holmes . . . edu., phys Va. Medical writings. Tucker, Henry St. George, 1780-1848 . . . jurist Va. Commentaries on the Law of Virginia, Constitutional Law, Natural Law and Government, &c. Tucker, Nathaniel, 1750- Bermuda, Va. The Bermudian (poem, 1774). Tunstall, Nannie W • Va. " No. 40," and other stories. Turner, Thomas Sloss, i860- Ky., Tex. Life's Brevity, and other poems. Turrentine, Mrs. Mary E. [Arrington]. 1834- Ark,, Tex* To a Mocking-Bird, and other poems, and sketches. Tuthill, C. L Virginia Dare ; or, The Colony of Roanoke. Tuttle, Joseph K. . . M. E. cl * Mo. Ecce Christus Lectures (1887). Tyler, John, 1790-1862 . . . tenth President Va. The Dead of the Cabinet, Death of Jefferson, and other addresses and messages. Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, 1853- . . . edu., ed Va. Letters and Times of the Tylers (two vols. 1884, a third vol. now in press, 1895), Parties and Patronage in the United States (1891), various literary and historical addresses and papers. Tyler, Robert, 1818-1877 Va., Ala. Ahasuerus, Death or Medora's Dream (poems), addresses, and other writings. Upshur, Abel Parker, 1790-1844 Va. Nature and Character of our Federal Government (1840). 533 Southern Literature. Vass, Lachlan Cumming, 1831- . . . Pr. cl N. C. History of the Presbyterian Church in New Bern, N. C. Velthusen, Johann Caspar News of the Church in North Carolina (in German, 1 786-1792, four reports). Venable, Charles S., 1827- . . . edu Va. Mathematical Text-Books (i869-'7s). Venable, Frank Preston, 1856- Va. Chemical Analysis. Waddell, James D. . . . lawyer Ga. Sketch of Linton Stephens (1877). Waddell, Joseph Addison, 1823- Va. Annals of Augusta County, and other writings. Wall, Henry Clay N. C. Historical Sketch of the Pee Dee Guards (1876). Walter, Thomas, ca. 1745-ca. 1800 England, N. C. Flora Caroliniana (1788, London). Walton, William Claiborne, 1793- . . . cl Va. Sermons and Discourses. Warder, George W Mo. Utopian Dreams and Lotus Leaves, Eden Dell. Warrock, John, 1774- ... . Va. Warrock's Almanac (issued annually forty years). Washington, Bushrod, 1762- • . . . . Va. Reports of Court of Appeals and of the Circuit Court of the United States (six volumes). Washington, Lawrence Va. A Romance. Waterhouse, S. ■ . . edu Mo. Resources of Missouri (1867), The Westward Movement of Capi- tal (1890), St. Louis the Site for the World's Fair (18S9), &c. Weaver, W. T. G., 1834-1877 . . Mo., Tex. Hours of Amusement, Houston's Address to His Men at San Jacinto, Song of the Texas Rangers, The Girl in Red, and other poems. Weeks, Stephen Beauregard, 1865- . . . historian, edu. . . . N. C. Bibliography of the Historical Literature of North Carolina, Lost Colony of Roanoke, and many other historical papers. Supplementary List of Southern Writers. 539 West, Mrs. Florence Duval, -1881 Fla., Tex. Land of the Lotus-Eaters (prose sketches), The Marble Lily, and other poems. Weston, James A. . P. E. cl N. C. Life of Peter Stuart Ney (1895), Sermons and Memoirs. Wharey, James, 1789-1842 . . . cl N. C, Va. Church History from the Birth of Christ to the Nineteenth Century. White, George, 1802-1887 . . . P. E. cl S. C. Statistics of Georgia (1849), Historical Collections of Georgia (i8S4)- Whitsett, William Thornton, 1866- . . . edu N. C. "Bob White," To a Lark, and other poems. Whitsitt, William Heth, 1841- . . . Bapt. cl., edu Tenn., Ky. History of the Baptists, Origin of the Disciples, History of the Wallace Family, &c. Whitten, Mrs. Martha Elizabeth [Hotchkiss] Tex. The Old Home, Elegy on Dr. Manning, and other poems. Whittle, Gilberta, 1850- Va. Stories and Essays. Williams, John G. . . Bapt. cl S. C. Invasion of the Moon. Williamson, Hugh, 1735-1819 . . phys N. C. History of North Carolina (1812). Wilmer, William Holland, 1782-1827 . P. E. cl Va. Controversy with a Jesuit (1818), Sermons, &c. Wilson, John S. . . . Pr. cl Ga. Necrology (1869). Winkler, Mrs. A.V. . . . ed. ... Va., Tex. Confederate Capitol, Hood's Texas Brigade. Wingfield, Edwin Maria, 1570- England, Va. Discourse on Virginia. Wirt, Mrs. Elizabeth Washington JGamble], 1784-1857 Va. Flora's Dictionary. Wise, George Va. History of the Seventeenth Virginia Infantry (1870). Withers, Alexander Scott, 1792-1865 . . .lawyer Va. (kinsman of Sir Walter Scott). Border Warfare. Wood, Annie C Va. Diana Fontaine (1891), Westover's Ward (1892J. 540 Southern Literature. Wood, John, 1775-1822 Scotland, Va, Rise and Progress of the Revolution, Trial of Aaron Burr, Diur- nal Rotation of the Earth, &c. Woodward, CM.. . . edu Mo. History of St. Louis Bridge, City of St. Louis (1892). Woodward, W. S. . . . M. E. cl Mo. Annals of Methodism in Missouri (1893). Wormeley, Ariana Randolph The Coming Woman (a comedy, 1870). Wormeley, Mary Elizabeth, 1822- ... England, Va. Forest Hill, Amabel (1853), Our Cousin Veronica (1856), The Steel Hammer (1888). Wright, Robert . England, Ga. Memoirs of General James Oglethorpe (1867). Wynne, Thomas Hicks, 1820-1875 Va. Historical Documents from the Old Dominion (1860-1874), from the Old North State, Narrative of Col. David Fanning (1861). Wythe, George, 1726- Va. Decisions of the High Court of Ghancery (1795).