' ''it,\v,r 
 
 i > 
 
 ■'• ,1 ' ' ■• ' 
 
 ; 'i^chnical '''\ 
 Chemists' Handbook 
 
 Lunge 
 
g'tate QlnllEge of AgticuUute 
 
 At Q^otnell Inioecaitg 
 atliata. S7. 9. 
 
 9Itbrarg 
 
Cornell University Library 
 TP 151.L96 
 
 Technical chemists' handboolc.Tables and 
 
 3 1924 003 620 006 
 
a Cornell University 
 fj Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003620006 
 
TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
technical 
 Chemists' Handbook 
 
 TA'BLES AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF INORGANIC CHEMICAL 
 
 PRODUCTS 
 
 BY GEOEGE LUNGE, Ph.D. 
 
 PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF TECHNICAL CHEMISTRV IK THE FEDERAL 
 
 TECHNICAL UNIVEBSITT, ZURICH 
 
 HONORARY AND FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY, LONDON, AND OF 
 
 THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 
 
 DR.ING.(H.C.) of KARLSRUHE, ETC., ETC. 
 
 SECOND EDITION, REVISED 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 
 
 TWENTY-FIVE PARK PLACE 
 1916 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The aim of The Technical Chemists' Handbook is to effect, as far 
 as possible, the task of establishing uniformity among practical 
 chemists, buyers and sellers, and analysts, in regard to both the 
 numerical data employed in their work and the analytical 
 methods used for the control of processes, and for the testing 
 of the resulting products. 
 
 In the preparation of this new edition, all the analytical 
 factors have been recalculated on the basis of the atomic 
 weights published by the International Committee for 1916. 
 This has involved in exceedingly numerous cases changes of the 
 data contained in the last edition, some of them of importance 
 even for merely practical purposes. The tables of specific 
 gravities and other tables have been selected from among the 
 most recent and reliable determinations. 
 
 In regard to the analytical methods, they are again chosen as 
 before, on the principle that, as a rule, only one method should 
 be given for each analytical operation, as well as for the pre- 
 paration of standard solutions and for sampling the materials, 
 in order to avoid discrepancies such as might arise should two or 
 more methods be described. The method chosen should always, 
 of course, be that which permits the greatest degree of accuracy 
 possible that can be attained in a well-appointed works labora- 
 tory by a properly trained chemist. In cases where there is a 
 choice between equally accurate methods, that occupying least 
 time or least apparatus, or which is already widely known and 
 employed, has been preferred. Many new methods have accord- 
 ingly had to be omitted, but in all cases such omissions have 
 
viii PREFACE 
 
 been justified by means of a careful examination of the relative 
 merits of the processes under consideration, and only such 
 methods as were found thoroughly reliable have been included. 
 Also, a considerable number of tables of specific gravities of 
 solutions not previously worked out, or which were unsatis- 
 factory, have been very carefully checked and extended. 
 
 When necessary, reference is made to the more complete 
 treatment of the subject matter in my larger treatise, published 
 with the co-operation of Dr Charles A. Keane, under the title 
 Techmicai Methods of Chemical Analysis, in three volumes of two 
 parts each, in 1908-1914. This treatise is referred to in the text 
 as Tech. Meth. 
 
 The Authoe. 
 
 Zurich, Jan. 1916. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 GENEKAL TABLES 
 
 PAGE 
 2 
 
 Note on Temperatures aud Atomic Weights . 
 
 Table 1 . International Atomic Weights ..... 
 ,, 2. Symbols, Molecular Weights, and Percentage Composition of Com 
 pounds which are important in the Inorganic Chemical Industries 
 and in Technical Analysis .... 
 
 „ 3. Factors for calculating Gravimetric Analyses . 
 „ 4. Density and Litre Weights of Gases and Vapours 
 ,, 5. Calculation of the c.c. read off in Gas-volumetric Analysis to milli 
 grams of the substance required 
 6. Solubility of Salts . 
 ,, 7. Solubility of other Salts at various Temperatures 
 , , 8. Solubility of Gases in Water 
 ,, 9. Specific Gravities of Solids 
 ,, 10. Weight of Substances as Stored 
 ,j 11. Specific Gravity of Liquids ... 
 
 ,, 12. Specific Gravity and Percentage of Saturated Solutions 
 ,, 13. Linear Expansion of Substances ..... 
 ,, 14. Comparison of Thermometric Scales .... 
 
 A. Celsius (Centigrade) Degrees as Units 
 
 B. Fahrenheit Degrees as Dnits 
 ,, 15. Conversion of Centigrade into Fahrenheit Degrees above 100, and 
 
 vice versa ... 
 ,, 16. Melting Points (Freezing Points) . 
 n 17, Freezing Mixtures ... .32 
 
 ,, 18. Boiling Points . ... 33 
 
 ,, 19. High Temperatures as measured with Le Chatelier's Pyrometer . 35 
 
 ,, 20, I. Beduction of the Volume of Gases to a Temperature of 0° C. 36 
 
 II. Reduction of the Volume of Gases to a Pressure of 760 mm. . 42 
 ,, 21. Factors for reducing a given Volume of Gas to Normal Temperature 
 
 and Pressure ....... 48 
 
 ,, 21a. Volumes of- Water at different Temperatures . . ' 51 
 
 ,, 22. Reduction of Water Pressure to Mercurial Pressure . 51 
 
 ,, 23. Tension of Aqueous Vapour between -20 and +118° C. . 52 
 
 ,, 24. Tension of Aqueous Vapour for Temperatures above +40° C, . . 53 
 
 25. Tension of Aqueous Vapour in Inches of Mercury from 1° to 100° F. . 55 
 
 ,, 26. Boiling Point of Water at different Barometric Pressures . 57 
 
 ,, 27. Specific Heats :— 
 
 (a) Of Solids and Liquids ; (&) of Gases and Vapours . 57 
 
 „ 28. Heating Bfiects :— 
 
 (a) Definitions ; (&) of Fuels ; (c) of Gases . . . 58 
 
 30 
 
X CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Table 29. Air Compression ...... 59 
 
 30. Explosive Uixtares of Gases and Air . . 60 
 
 31. Properties of the Liquefied Gases found in Commerce 61 
 
 32. Electrical Units ..... .62 
 
 33. Electro-chemical Equivalents ..... 62 
 
 34. Mathematical Tables : Circumference and Area of Circles, Squares, 
 Cubes, Square and Cube Roots . . 63 
 
 35. FormulsB for Mensuration of Areas and Solid Contents . 77 
 
 36. ■Weights and Measures of different Countries . 79 
 
 37. Beducing English to Metrical Weights and Measures, and vice versa S3 
 
 38. Weight of Sheet Metals . . 87 
 
 39. Coinage of different Countries 88 
 
 SPECIAL PAKT 
 
 I. Fdel and Furnaces ;— 
 
 A. Fuel.—1. Moisture; 2. Residual Coke; 3. Ash 93 
 
 4, Sulphur .... 94 
 
 5. Calorific Power ... . 95 
 
 B. F%r7iaces. — 1. Chimney Gases ; Orsat Apparatus 95 
 
 Checking the Working of E\imaces . . 97 
 
 2. Gas from Producers (Generators) . . 97 
 Estimation of Hydrogen by the Orsat-Lunge Apjferatus . 98 
 
 3. Speed of Draught ; Fletcher's Anemometer 99 
 Tables for using this . 100 
 Soger's Differential Anemometer 102 
 
 C. Temperature. — Pyrometers . . 102 
 
 Le Chatelier's Pyrometer . . . 103 
 
 Pyrometers for the Highest Temperatures 104 
 
 D. Feed-water for Stea/m-BoiUrSt etc. 104 
 
 1. Hard7iess.~-(a) Temporary . . 104 
 
 (6) Total ; (c) Besidue on Evaporation . 105 
 
 Estimation of the Reagents required for i^uifying Water 105 
 
 II, Sulphuric Acid Manufacture : — 
 
 A. Bi'imstone. — 1. Moisture; 2. Bituminous Substances ; 3. Ashes 106 
 
 4. Arsenic. . . 106 
 
 5. Direct Estimation of Sulphur . ... 107 
 Specific Gravities of Solutions of Sulphur in Carbon Disulphide . 107 
 
 6. Selenium ; 7- Degree of Fineness . . 108 
 
 B. Sp&nt Oxide of Gas-works. See '* Coal-Gas" (p. 522) 108 
 
 C. Pyrites.~l. Moisture; 2. Sulphur 108 
 
 3. Copper . 109 
 
 4. Lead; 5. Zinc . 110 
 6. Carbonates; 7. Arsenic 111 
 
 D. Burnt Pyrites (Cinders).—!. Sulphur 111 
 
 2. Copper; 3. Iron ... 112 
 
 E. Zino Blende.— 1. Total Sulphur ; 2. Zinc 112 
 
 3. Lead; 4. Lime and Magnesia ; 5. Arsenic. 114 
 ti. Carbonic Dioxide ; 7. Available Sulphur . 114 
 
 F. Cinders from Blende.— 1. Sulphur . 114 
 
 2. Zinc . . 115 
 
CONTENTS xi 
 
 II. Sulphuric Acid Mamufagtube— Co»£mue(2 : — paob 
 
 6. Gases: (I.) Chamber Process.— I. Burner Gases: (a) Estimation of 
 
 SO2 by Reich's Test . . . 115 
 
 (b) Total Acids . . . . 116 
 
 2. Chamber Gases ....... IIC 
 
 3. Chamber Exit Gases : (a) Oxygen ; (p) Sulphur and Nitrogen 
 
 Acida ... . ... 117 
 
 (c) Nitric Oxide ....... 119 
 
 (II.) Contact Process.— 1. The Entering Gases; 2. The Catalysed 
 
 H. Sulphuric Acid ..... . . 120 
 
 1. Specific Gravities of Sulphuric Acid ; General Remarks . 120 
 Tables.— Specific Gravity of Sulphuric Acid at 60° P. 121 
 
 2. Table for reducing the Specific Gravities of Sulphuric Acid to 
 
 any other Temperature . . . . . .126 
 
 3. Speciflc Gravities of Commercial Nordhausen Oil of Vitriol . 130 
 
 4. Specific Gravities and Percentage of Fuming Nordhausen Oil 
 
 of Vitriol at different Temperatures ... 181 
 
 5. Freezing and Melting Points of Sulphuric Acid . 132 
 
 6. Boiling Points of Sulphuric Acid . 132 
 
 7. Fusing Points of Nordhausen Oil of Vitriol . 133 
 
 8. Percentage of SO3 in Nordhausen Oil of Vitriol . 134 
 
 9. The Quantitative Estimation of Free Sulphuric Acid . 136 
 
 10. Examination of Sulphuric Acid for other Substances 136 
 
 (a) Nitrous Acid (Nitrososulphuric Acid) 135 
 
 Table for expressing the Results . . . 186 
 
 (&) Total Nitrogen Acids ; Nitrometer . . 137 
 
 Gas-volu meter ...... 139 
 
 (c) Relative Proportions of the Three Nitrogen Acida . 142 
 
 (d) Qualitative Test for Traces of Nitrogen Acids . 142 
 
 (e) Selenium ; (/) Lead ; (g) Iron . . . 143 
 (Tb) Arsenic ; (i) Chlorides ...... 144 
 
 11. Analysis of Fuming Sulphuric Acid (Nordhausen Oil of Vitriol) 
 
 and of Sulphuric Anhydride .... 144 
 
 III. Saltcakb and Hvdrochloric Acid :— 
 
 A. Salt (Common and Rock Salt) . . 146 
 
 1. Moisture; 2. Insoluble; 3. Chlorine . . 146 
 4. Lime; 5. Sulphates; 6. Magnesium Chloride . 147 
 
 B. Saltcake (Sulpliate of Soda). — 1. Free Acid 
 
 2. Sodium Chloride ; 3. Iron; 4. Residue; 
 7. Alumina ; 8. Sodium Sulphate 
 
 C. Chim/ney-Testing. — Act of Parliament 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid in Chimney Gases . 
 
 D. Testing of the Gases in the Hargreaves' Process 
 
 E. Hydrochloric Add. — Specific Gravities at 15° 
 
 2. Influence of Temperature on the Speciflc Gravity . 
 
 3. Analysis of Hydrochloric Acid : (a) Estimation of HCl 
 
 (6) Of Sulphuric Acid ; (c) Iron ; (d) Free Chlorine 
 (e) Sulphur Dioxide ; (/) Arsenic . 
 
 Lime; 6. Magnesia 
 
 147 
 148 
 148 
 149 
 149 
 151 
 152 
 153 
 153 
 154 
 154 
 
xii CONTENTS 
 
 IV. Bleaching Powder and Chlorate of Potash Manufacture : — page 
 
 A. Natural Manganese Ore. — 1. Manganese Dioxide . 155 
 
 2. Carbon Dioxide .... 155 
 
 3. Hydrochloric Acid required for Decomposing the Ore 156 
 
 B. Recovered Manganese Mud and Wddon Liquors . 156 
 
 1. MnOg in Weldon Mnd ; 2. Total Manganese of the Mud . 156 
 3. Estimation of the Base (the Monoxides) 157 
 
 C. Limestone. — 1. Insoluble; 2. Lime . 157 
 
 3. Magnesia; 4. Iron . . . 15S 
 
 D. Quicklvme.—l. FreeCaO; 2. Carbon Dioxide . 158 
 
 E. Slaked Lime.— 1. Water; 2. Carbon Dioxide ; 3. Specific Gravities 158 
 
 Amount of Lime in Milk of Lime . . 159 
 
 F. Bleaching Powder. — 1. Available Chlorine . . . 159 
 
 2. Comparison of the Percentages with the French (Gay-Lussac) 
 
 Degrees . . 160 
 
 3. Carbon Dioxide, Lnnge and Rittener's Process 160 
 
 4. Testing the Atmosphere of the Chambers before opening them . 161 
 
 G. Deacon Process.— 1. Proportion of HCl and CI in the Gases . 162 
 
 2. Carbon Dioxide . . . 162 
 
 3. Steam . . . 163 
 H. Electrolytic Chlorine.— 'Exa.mmaXion foT CO2 163 
 I. Chlorate of Potash .... 1G4 
 
 1. Chlorate Liquors : (a) Chlorate; (&) Chloride 164 
 
 2. Commercial Chlorate of Potash . 164 
 K. Bleach Liquors . . . 164 
 L. Liquid Chlorine. — Pressure and Specific Gravities . 165 
 
 V, Soda Ash Manufacture by the Leblanc Process : — 
 
 A. Raw Materials . ... . . 166 
 
 1. Saltcake; 2. Limestone or Chalk ; 3. Mixing Coal . 166 
 
 B- Black-Ash ... .166 
 
 1 . Tests made with the Muddy Mixture :— 
 
 (a) Free Lime . . . 166 
 
 (6) Total Lime ... .167 
 
 2. Tests made with the Clear Portion : — 
 
 (a) Available Alkali and Sodium Carbonate 167 
 
 (&) Caustic Soda . 167 
 
 (c) Sulphide ; (d) Chloride . . .168 
 
 (e) Salphate ; (/) Carbonated Sample 168 
 
 C. Tank Waste (Vat Waste).— 1. Available Soda . . 168 
 
 2. Total Soda ; 3. Total and Oxidisable Sulphur 169 
 
 D. Tank Liquor (Vat Liquor). — 1. Sodium Carbonate 169 
 
 2. Hydrate; 3. Sulphide . . 169 
 
 4. Sulphate ; 5. Total Sulphur . 170 
 6. Chloride; 7. Ferrofiyanide . 170 
 
 5. Silica, Alumina, and Ferric Oxide . . 170 
 9. Carbonated Sample . . . 171 
 
 E. Carbonated Liquor. — Test for Bicarbonate . . 171 
 
 Lunge and Bittener's Process for estimating COg . 171 
 
 F. Motlier Liquor.— (a) Sulphate ; (6) Other Compounds of Sulphur 173 
 
CONTENTS xiii 
 
 V. Soda Ash Manufacture by the Leblanc Pbocbss— Corotinwed;— page 
 
 G. Tables of Specific Gravities : — 
 
 1. Specific Gravities of Solutions of Sodium Carbonate at 15° C. 174 
 
 2. Specific Gravities of Concentrated Solutions of Sodium Carbonate 
 
 at SO" C. . . . . . . . .175 
 
 8. Infiuence of Temperature on the Specific Gravities of Solutions 
 
 of Sodium Carbonate . . . . 176 
 
 H. Analysis of Commercial Soda Ash . . . . . . 178 
 
 Table for comparing French, German, and English Commercial 
 
 Alkalimetrlcal Degrees . . .180 
 
 I. Sulphv/r Recovery (Chance Process) ...... 182 
 
 1. Sulphur as Sulphide in Vat "Waste . . 182 
 
 2. Sulphur as Sulphide in Carbonated Mud . . . 182 
 
 3. Sulphide-Sulphur+COa in Vat Waste . 182 
 
 4. Sulphur in Solutions ... . 183 
 
 5. Soda, Lime, and Thiosulphate in Liquors . 188 
 
 6. Lime-kiln Gases . . . 183 
 
 7. Gas from Gas-holder . . ... 184 
 
 8. Exit Gases from Claus Kilns . . .184 
 
 VI. Manufacture of Soda by the Ammonia Process :— 
 
 A. Raw Materials.— I. Rock Salt; 2. Brine. . . . 186 
 
 3. Gas Liquor or Sulphate of Ammonia .... 185 
 
 4. Limestone ; 5. Quicklime ; 6. Coals or Coke . . 185 
 
 B. Tests made during the Ma/nufacturing Process : — 
 
 1. Ammoniacal Brine : (a) Chloride ..... 185 
 (6) Ammonia, Free and Combined ..... 186 
 
 2. Carbonators; 3. Mother Liquor ; 4. Crude Bicarbonate 186 
 
 5. Distillation of Ammonia; 6. Llme-kiln Gases . . . 186 
 
 C. Commercial Products. — 1. Soda Ash; 2. Commercial Bicarbonate . 186 
 
 VII. Caustic Soda: — 
 
 A. Caiistic Liquor.— (a) Available Alkali ..... 186 
 
 (6) Table of Specific Gravities of Sodium Hydroxide at 15' C. 187 
 (c) Infiuence of Temperature on the Specific Gravities of Caustic 
 
 Soda ....... .190 
 
 B. Lime Mud.— (a) Sodium as Carbonated Hydrate . . . 192 
 
 (&) Caustic Lime ; (c) Calcium Carbonate .... 192 
 
 C. Fished Salts; D. Caustic Bottoms ...... 192 
 
 B. Commercial Caustic Soda ....... 193 
 
 VIII. Electrolytic Alkaline Liquors: — 
 
 1. Hypochlorites ; 2. Free Hypochlorous Acid ; 3. Chlorate 193 
 
 4. Chloride; 5. Carbon Dioxide ; 6. Bases; 7. Free Alkali 194 
 
 IX. Nitric Acid Manufacture : — 
 
 A. Commercial Nitrate of Soda : — 
 
 General Remarks ; Refraction ; Sampling 
 
 1. Moisture ; 2. Insoluble ; 3. Sodium Nitrate 
 
 4. Sulphate; 5. Chloride; 6. Iodine . 
 
 7. Potassium ; 8. Perchlorate . 
 
 B. Nitre-Cake.— 1. Free Acid; 2. Nitric Acid 
 
 8. Ferric Oxide and Alumina . 
 
 195 
 195 
 196 
 197 
 197 
 197 
 
xiv CONTENTS 
 
 IX. Nitric Acid Manufacture— CoTiMTiifred ; — face 
 
 C. Nitric Add.—!. Specific Gravity of Nitric Acid at 15' C. . . 198 
 
 2. Inflaence of Temperature on the Specific Gravity of Nitric Acid 201 
 
 3. Total Acidity ; 4. Oblorine ; 5. Salphnxic Acid . . 203 
 6. Nitrons Acid or Nitrogen Tetrozide ; 7. Fixed Besidne . 203 
 S. Iron; 9. Iodine ... . . 203 
 
 D. Mixtures of Sulphuric Acid and Nitric Acid. — 1. Total Acidity 204 
 
 2. Nitrous Acid; 3. Nitrogen Acids ; 4. Sulphuric Acid . 204 
 
 X. Potassium Salts : — 
 
 A. Crude Salts (Camallite, Kainite, etc.) 
 
 1. Moisture .... 
 
 2. Percentage of Potassium : — 
 
 (a) In the Absence of more than 0-5% Potassium Sulphate 
 
 (b) In the Presence of more than 0-5% Potassium Sulphate 
 S. Percentage of Sodium Chloride ; 4. Magnesium Chloride 
 
 5. Total Magnesium 
 
 B. Commercial Potassium Chloride 
 
 C. Potassium Sulphate . . .... 
 
 D. Leblanc Process for the Manufacture of Potassium Carbonate 
 
 B. Beet Ashes . ... 
 
 F. Commercial Carbonate of Potash . , . . 
 
 G. Tables:— 
 
 1. Specific Gravities of Solntions of Potassium Carbonate at 15" 
 
 2. Influence of Temperature on the Specific Gravities 
 
 3. Specific Gravity of Solutions of Potassium Hydroxide . 
 
 205 
 205 
 
 205 
 205 
 
 206 
 207 
 207 
 207 
 207 
 207 
 207 
 
 212 
 214 
 
 XI. Ammonia Manufacture :— 
 
 A. Gas-Liquor. — 1. Volatile Ammonia; 2. Total Ammonia; 3. Total 
 
 Sulphur .... 
 
 4. Thiocyanate ... . . 
 
 B. Sulphate of Ammonia. — Estimation of Ammonia . 
 
 C. Liquor Anvmonics 
 
 1. Specific Gravities of Solutions of Ammonia 
 
 2. Specific Gravities of Solutions of Ammonium Carbonate 
 
 217 
 218 
 219 
 220 
 221 
 222 
 
 XII. Manufacture of Coal-Gas (Illuminating Gas): — 
 
 A. Coal-Gas. — Apparatus; Notes on the Bunte Burette 
 
 Taking Samples ; Measuring the Gas in the Burette 
 
 Introduction of the Absorbing Liquids 
 
 1. Carbon Dioxide ; 2. Heavy Hydrocarbons 
 
 3. Oxygen ; 4. Carbon Monoxide 
 
 5. Hydrogen .... 
 
 6. Methane ; 7. Nitrogen 
 
 B, Purifying Material (^Spent Oxide). — 1. Cyanogen; 2. Sulphur 
 
 222 
 223 
 224 
 224 
 224 
 225 
 226 
 227 
 
 XIII. Calcium Carbide and Acetylene : — 
 
 A. Raw Materials ; B. Technical Calcium Carbide 
 
 228 
 
 XIV. Examination of the Raw Materials and Products of the Manu- 
 facture OF Fertilisers : — 
 A. Sampling; B. Moisture . . 
 
CONTENTS XV 
 
 XtV. BXAMIHATION Of THE RAW MaTSEIALS, BTO.— CoTlfWIWtf ;— I'AGE 
 
 C. The Insoluble Matter : D. Phosphoric Acid . . . 230 
 
 1. Preparation of the Solutions . ... .230 
 
 (a) Phosphates Soluble in Water . . . 230 
 
 (b) Phosphates Soluble in Ammonium Citrate . 230 
 
 (c) Total Phosphoric Acid .... 230 
 (<2) Thomaa-Slag Phosphates ... 230 
 
 2. Examination of the Solutions : For Phosphoric Acid S31 
 
 (n) Molybdenum Method ; (!i) Citrate Method . . 231 
 
 E. Free Acid; P. Ferric Oxide and Alumina . . 232 
 
 G. Nitrogen. — 1. Nitric Nitrogen ; 2. Ammoniacal Nitrogen 233 
 
 3. Total Nitrogen 233 
 
 4. Organic Nitrogen 233 
 H. Potash . ■ 234 
 
 XV. Alumina Preparations;— 
 
 A. Raw Materials. — 1. Kaolin (China Clay) ; 2. Bauxite . 234 
 
 B. Control of Working Conditions . . . ; 236 
 
 C. Commercial Prodv/Cts. — 1. Sulx^hate of Alumina and Alum 236 
 
 (a) Estimation of Alumina . . . 235 
 
 (b) Iron, Lunge and Eeler's Method . ^36 
 
 (c) Free Acid ; (d) Zinc .... .237 
 
 2. Aluminate of Soda : (a) Soda and Alumina . 237 
 
 (b) Insoluble ; (c) Silica . . 237 
 
 3. Commercial Alumina ..... 237 
 
 XVI. Cement iHunsTRy:— 
 
 A. Portland Cement.— 1. Raw Materials, (a) Limestone; (i)) Clay . 238 
 
 Complete Analysis ; — 
 
 1. Decomposing by means of Allcaline Carbonate . 238 
 
 2. Alkalies ; S. Sulphur 239 
 
 4. Carbon Dioxide ; 6. Loss of Weight on Ignition . . 239 
 
 (c) Separation of Silica present as Quartz, and such present in the 
 
 form of Silicates ... . . 239 
 
 Process of Lunge and Milberg .... 239 
 
 2. Control of Working Conditions . . . 240 
 
 3. Commercial Cement.— (.a) Silica; (6) Alumina+Ferric Oxide . 240 
 
 (c) Ferric Oxide ...... 240 
 
 (d) Lime ; (e) Magnesia ; (/) Sulphates . . .240 
 (j) Total Sulphur; (A) Allialies; (i) Physical Tests . . 241 
 
 B. Bydraulic Lime and Roman Cement ... . 241 
 0. Puzzuolanas, Trass, .Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag . . 241 
 
 XVII. Preparation of Standabd Solutions: 
 Introductory .... 
 
 A. Normal Acid and Alliali 
 
 Indicators 
 Standard Alkali 
 Corrections for Temperature 
 
 B. Potassium Permanganate . 
 
 C. Iodine Solution ; Starch Solution 
 
 D. Sodium Arsenite Solution ; B. Silver Solution 
 F. Copper Solution ; G. Oxalic Acid Solution 
 
 241 
 242 
 243 
 245 
 246 
 246 
 247 
 
xvi CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 XVIir, Rules for Sampling: — . . 249 
 
 A. Fuel ... ■ . . . 249 
 
 B. Ores and Minerals {Pyrites, ManganesBj Salt, etc.) . . 249 
 
 (a) Smalls, Slack, Salt, or otber Substances not requiring to be 
 Crushed .... . 249 
 
 (b) Ores in Pieces requiring to be Crushed . . 250 
 
 C. CAemicaZs.— Saltcake, Soda Ash ; Bleaching Powder ■ ■ 261 
 
 Caustic Soda ; Solid Sulphuric Anhydride . . - 252 
 
 XIX. Comparison of the Hydrometer Degrees according to Baum£ 
 
 AND TWADDELL, WITH THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES . • . 253 
 
 XX. Value op Alkali per Ton 255 
 Index . 269 
 
GENERAL TABLES 
 
NOTE 
 
 Ali. temperatures are given in degrees Centigrade, 
 unless otherwise stated. 
 
 The atomic weights are those adopted by the 
 International Committee on Atomic Weights for 
 the year 1916, as given in Table No. 1 referred to. 
 Oxygen = 16. 
 
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS 
 
 a?ABLB 1.— INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS 
 
 According to the Table issued by the International Committee 
 on Atomic Weights for 1916. 
 
 Aluminium . 
 
 Al 
 
 27-1 
 
 Neodymium 
 
 Nd 
 
 144-3 
 
 Antimony . 
 
 Sb 
 
 120-2 
 
 Neon . 
 
 Ne 
 
 20-2 
 
 Argon . 
 
 Ar 
 
 39-88 
 
 Nickel 
 
 Ni 
 
 68-68 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 As 
 
 74-96 
 
 Niobium 
 
 Nb 
 
 93-6 
 
 Barium 
 
 Ba 
 
 137-37 
 
 Niton . 
 
 Nt 
 
 222-4 
 
 Beryllium . 
 
 Be 
 
 9-1 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 N 
 
 14-01 
 
 Bismuth 
 
 Bi 
 
 208-0 
 
 Osmium 
 
 Os 
 
 190-9 
 
 Boron . 
 
 B 
 
 11-0 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 O 
 
 16-00 
 
 Bromine 
 
 Br 
 
 79-92 
 
 Palladium . 
 
 Pd 
 
 106-7 
 
 Cadmium 
 
 Cd 
 
 112-40 
 
 Phosphorus . 
 
 P 
 
 31-04 
 
 Caesium 
 
 Cs 
 
 132-81 
 
 Platinum . 
 
 Pt 
 
 196-2 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Ca 
 
 40-07 
 
 Potassium . 
 
 K 
 
 39-10 
 
 Carbon 
 
 C 
 
 12-005 
 
 Praseodymium 
 
 Pr 
 
 140-9 
 
 Cerium 
 
 Ce 
 
 140-25 
 
 Radium 
 
 Ra 
 
 226-0 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 CI 
 
 35-46 
 
 Rhodium . 
 
 Rh 
 
 102-9 
 
 Chromium . 
 
 Cr 
 
 52-0 
 
 Rubidium . 
 
 Rb 
 
 85-45 
 
 Cobalt. 
 
 Co 
 
 58-97 
 
 Ruthenium . 
 
 Ru 
 
 101-7 
 
 Copper 
 
 Cu 
 
 63-37 
 
 Samarium ' . 
 
 Sm 
 
 150-4 
 
 Dysprosium 
 
 Dy 
 
 162-5 
 
 Scandium . 
 
 Sc 
 
 44-1 
 
 Erbium 
 
 Er 
 
 167-7 
 
 Selenium 
 
 Se 
 
 79-2 
 
 Europium . 
 
 Eu 
 
 152-0 
 
 Silicium 
 
 Si 
 
 28-3 
 
 Fluorine 
 
 F 
 
 19-0 
 
 Silver . 
 
 Ag 
 
 107-88 
 
 Gadolinium 
 
 Gd 
 
 157-3 
 
 Sodium 
 
 nI 
 
 23-00 
 
 Gallium 
 
 Ga 
 
 69-9 
 
 Strontium . 
 
 Sr 
 
 87-63 
 
 Germanium 
 
 Ge 
 
 72-5 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 S 
 
 32-06 
 
 Gold . 
 
 Au 
 
 197-2 
 
 Tantalum . 
 
 Ta 
 
 181-5 
 
 Helium 
 
 He 
 
 4-0 
 
 Tellurium . 
 
 Te 
 
 127-5 
 
 Holmium 
 
 Ho 
 
 163-5 
 
 Terbium 
 
 Tb 
 
 159-2 
 
 Hydrogen . 
 
 H 
 
 1-008 
 
 ThaUium . 
 
 Tl 
 
 204-0 
 
 Indium 
 
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 Iodine 
 
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 Thulium . 
 
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 168-5 
 
 Iridium 
 
 Ir 
 
 193-1 
 
 Tin . 
 
 Sn 
 
 118-7 
 
 Iron . 
 
 Fe 
 
 65-84 
 
 Titanium 
 
 Ti 
 
 48-1 
 
 Krypton 
 
 Kr 
 
 82-92 
 
 Tungsten . 
 
 W 
 
 184-0 
 
 Lanthanum 
 
 La 
 
 139.-0 
 
 Uranium . 
 
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 238-2 
 
 Lead . 
 
 Pb 
 
 207-20 
 
 Vanadium . 
 
 V 
 
 51-0 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Li 
 
 6-94 
 
 Xenon 
 
 X 
 
 130-2 
 
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 175-00 
 
 Ytterbium . 
 
 Yb 
 
 173-5 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Mg 
 
 24-32 
 
 Yttrium 
 
 Y 
 
 88-7 
 
 Manganese . 
 
 Mn 
 
 54-93 
 
 Zinc . 
 
 Zn 
 
 65-37 
 
 Mercury 
 
 Hg 
 
 200-6 
 
 Zirconium . 
 
 Zr 
 
 90-6 
 
 Molybdenum 
 
 Mo 
 
 96-0 
 
 
 
 
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12 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 3.— FACTORS FOR CALCULATING 
 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSES. 
 
 Substance weighed. 
 
 Substance to be 
 determined. 
 
 1. 
 
 log 
 
 Ammonium. 
 
 
 
 
 Ammonium chloride, NH4CI 
 
 1 
 
 Ammonia, NH3 
 Ammonium oxide. 
 
 0-3183 
 
 0-50286 -1 
 
 Ammonium platinum J 
 chloride, (NH4)2PtCl6 . i 
 
 {iill,\0 . . 
 
 0-1174 
 
 0-06967 -1 
 
 Ammonia, NH3 
 
 0-0767 
 
 0-88486 -2 
 
 \ 
 
 Nitrogen N 
 
 0-0631 
 
 0-800009-2 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arsenic, As . 
 
 0-6091 
 
 .0-78470 -1 
 
 
 Arsenic trioxide. 
 
 
 
 Arsenic trisulphide, AS2S3 . • 
 
 AS2O3 . 
 Arsenic anhydride. 
 
 0-8041 
 
 0-90533 -1 
 
 
 ASaOg . 
 
 0-9342 
 
 0-97042 -1 
 
 
 Arsenic, As 
 
 0-3939 
 
 0-59532 -1 
 
 Ammonium magnesium 
 
 Arsenic trioxide, 
 
 
 
 arsenate, MgCNHjjAsOi - 
 
 AS2O3 . . . 
 
 0-5200 
 
 0-71595 -1 
 
 + 4aq 
 
 Arsenic anhydride. 
 
 
 
 
 AsA . 
 
 0-6040 
 
 0-78104 -1 
 
 Barium. 
 
 
 
 
 Barium sulphate, BaSOi . l 
 
 fBaO 
 
 0-6570 
 
 0-81756 -1 
 
 Barium carbonate, BaCOj . [ 
 
 Barium oxide,-! BaO 
 
 0-7771 
 
 0-89046 -1 
 
 Bariumsilicofluoride,BaSiFeJ 
 
 (.BaO 
 
 0-5483 
 
 0-73905 -1 
 
 Calcium. 
 
 
 
 
 Calcium sulphate, CaSO^ . \ 
 ' Calcium carbonate, CaCOg / 
 
 Calcium oxide, 1^^ 
 
 0-4119 
 0-5603 
 
 0-61484 -1 
 0-74843 -1 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Barium carbonate, BaCO^ . 
 
 Carbon dioxide, COg 
 
 0-2229 
 
 0-34817 -1 
 
 Calcium carbonate, CaCOs . 
 
 Carbon dioxide, COg 
 
 0-4397 
 
 0-64314 -1 
 
 Carbon dioxide, COj . 
 
 Carbon, C 
 
 0-2727 
 
 0-43573 -1 
 
 Chlorine. 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 Chlorine, CI . 
 Chloric anhydride. 
 
 0-2474 
 
 0-39337 -1 
 
 
 CA • • • 
 
 0-5264 
 
 0-72135 -1 
 
 
 Potasium chlorides. 
 
 
 
 Silver chloride, AgCl . ] 
 
 KCI . 
 Sodium chloride. 
 
 0-5202 
 
 0-71614 -1 
 
 
 NaCl . 
 
 0-4078 
 
 0-61049 -1 
 
 
 Hydrogen chloride. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 HCl . 
 
 0-2544 
 
 0-40557 -1 
 
 Copper. 
 
 
 
 
 Cupric oxide, CuO . 
 
 Copper, Cu 
 
 0-7989 
 
 0-90250 -1 
 
 Cuprous sulphide, CugS . < 
 
 Copper, Cu 
 Cupric oxide, CuO . 
 
 0-7986 
 0-9996 
 
 0-90231 -1 
 0-99981 -1 
 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 
 
 
 Water, H^O 
 
 Hydrogen, H . 
 
 0-1119 
 
 0-04884 -1 
 
 Iron. , 
 Ferric oxide, Fe^Os . . | 
 
 Iron, Fe . . . 0-6994 
 Ferrous oxide, FeO 0-8998 
 
 0-84470 -1 
 0-95416 -1 
 
FACTORS FOR GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSES 13 
 
 TABLE 3—Contmtied. 
 
 
 
 Substance Weighed. 
 
 Substance to be 
 determined. 
 
 1. 
 
 log 
 
 Iiead. 
 
 
 
 
 Lead monoxide, PbO . 
 
 Lead, Pb 
 
 0-9283 
 
 0-96768-1 
 
 Lead sulphate, PbSOi . | 
 
 Lead, Pb 
 
 Lead oxide, PbO . 
 
 0-6831 
 0-7359 
 
 0-83449-1 
 0-86681-1 
 
 Lead sulphide, PbS . | 
 
 Lead Pb . 
 
 Lead oxide, PbO . 
 
 0-8659 
 0-9328 
 
 0-93747-1 
 0-96979-1 
 
 Lead, Pb .... 
 
 Lead oxide, PbO . 
 
 1-0773 
 
 0-03234 
 
 Magnesium. 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesium pyrophosphate, 
 
 Magnesium oxide. 
 
 
 
 Mg^PA .... 
 
 0-3621 
 
 0-56883-1 
 
 Magnesium sulphate, MgSOi 
 
 Magnesium oxide, 
 MgO . . . 
 
 
 
 
 0-3349 
 
 0-52493-1 
 
 Manganese, 
 
 
 
 
 Mangano manganic oxide, 
 
 
 
 
 Ma^Oi .... 
 
 Manganese, Mn 
 
 0-7203 
 
 0-85749-1 
 
 r 
 
 Manganese, Mn 
 
 0-6314 
 
 0-80029 1 
 
 Manganese sulphide, MnS -1 
 
 Manganous oxide. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 MnO . 
 
 0-8153 
 
 0-91131-1 
 
 'Nitrogen. 
 
 
 
 
 Ammonium platinumchloride, 
 
 
 
 
 (NH4)2PtCle . . . 
 
 Nitrogen, N . 
 
 0-0631 
 
 0-80009-2 
 
 Platinum, Pt . 
 
 Nitrogen, N . 
 
 0-1435 
 
 0-15699-1 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesium pyrophosphate, 
 MgaP^O, .... 
 
 j" Phosphorus, P 
 -i Phosphorus pent- 
 
 0-2787 
 
 0-44519-1 
 
 (. oxide, PgOj 
 
 0-6379 
 
 0-80477-1 
 
 Potassium. 
 
 
 
 
 Potassium chloride, KCl 
 
 Potassium oxide. 
 
 
 
 
 K^O . . . 
 
 0-6317 
 
 0-80051-1 
 
 Potassium-platinum chloride, C 
 
 Potassium oxide 
 
 0-1930 
 
 0-28556-1 
 
 KgPtCIg (reduction factors-] 
 
 Potassium chloride 
 
 0-3056 
 
 0-48515-1 
 
 adopted at Stassfurt) . [ 
 
 Potassium sulphate 
 
 0-3571 
 
 0-56279-1 
 
 Potassium sulphate 
 
 Potassium oxide . 
 
 0-5405 
 
 0-73282-1 
 
 Sodium. 
 
 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate, NajSO^ . 
 Sodium carbonate, NaaCO, . 
 
 Sodium oxide, NagO 
 
 0-4364 
 
 0-63989-1 
 
 Sodium oxide, NagO 
 
 0-5849 
 
 0-76708-1 
 
 Sodium chloride, NaCl . 
 
 Sodium oxide, Na^O 
 
 0-5303 
 
 0-72460-1 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 
 
 
 /* 
 
 Sulphur, S 
 
 0-1374 
 
 0-13792-1 
 
 
 SulphurdioxidcSOa 
 
 0-2745 
 
 0-43847-1 
 
 
 Sulphur trioxidcSOa 
 
 0-3430 
 
 0-63629-1 
 
 Barium sulphate, BaSO^ 
 
 Sulphuric acid, 
 riaS04. . , 
 
 
 
 
 0-4202 
 
 0-62344-1 
 
 
 Sodium sulphate, 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Na^SO^ . . 
 
 0-6086 
 
 0-78432-1 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 
 
 
 Zinc oxide, ZnO . 
 
 Zinc, Zn . 
 
 0-8034 
 
 O'90492-l 
 
 Zinc sulphide, ZnS 
 
 Zinc, Zn . 
 Zinc oxide, ZnO 
 
 0-6709 
 0-8351 
 
 0-82664-1 
 0-92172-1 
 
14 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
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 Scheuer. 
 
 Baume, Perrot. 
 
 Rayleigh, Leduc. 
 
 Guye. 
 
 Guye. 
 
 Guye. 
 
 Baume, Perrot. 
 Ja'querod, Pintza. 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 CO OO C9 !>. 
 ^ <M CO iH O (M lOi-) O (M OO i>- O CO OO 
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 Oi .rs * WS Ttl OS W3 OS O « i£3 OS lO O - ■ r-t • ^H M • " 
 OO \0 (N O 1^ O O iH O O 1^ Ai Ah 1-1 <N 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 OSCOOOrHCOi-tCOeDOOOOOCOOOWOOOt^THi-lOS 
 COOOOlMOl-^OOOOSOSCOOOOCDOSOllOCOt-COCOrH 
 0100OCTUSCDN«0C0«3»OCDCTC000-I>-Oi-tt*.-HtDC^ 
 
 oo»po»nTj(osipoioc^wsoiw30u:si-irHcq.--«CT^^ 
 
 OO.-Hi0(NOi^OoAhOOi^Aii^W.^CTi^(NW0 
 
 2 
 
 1.3 
 1 
 
 1 
 
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 OO asi-HCOoot^co-^oi/s^^ci (M cM(d 
 oso i-iosocDcooiasecioi>-o os oseo 
 oot- :-*r-(ioj>-x>-oocoi-tirtt^-TP : ;(M :co(m : : 
 7^^ ' r* '?' 'T' ?* *?* 9* "P ^ *?* *? 7^ • * "? • "P 9* * * 
 
 i-Hi-f l>.COrHi~lrHOi-lOi-l»-H>-) ,-1 i-HCq 
 
 1 
 
 'a 
 
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 OCOOOQO-^Wii-tCSOOSOl'^OOOOSCOCQOCOiOCTO 
 I— 10IMOOt*0»r3T-(000»Oi-(CDOTPOSOS.-i(M,-l<M-* 
 
 cocoo3COcD»o!©vnos<Mr-uoeD-<a*ioo(N«)CTeot*o 
 
 i-IOT-lt^COrH«-lT-IOl-lO»-li-li-l(M'*i-ICTr-l(Nebo 
 
 
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 (M p-H m t^ CM T*l Ca CO r-l IM ■* CO -5j< Oi CO CO CO «D OO W 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 «— ^-^ 
 
 Acetylene . 
 Ammonia 
 Atmospheric air . 
 Bromine 
 Chlorine 
 
 Carbon monoxide 
 dioxide . 
 Ethylene . 
 Hydrogen . 
 
 chloride 
 Methane 
 Nitrogen 
 Nitrous oxide 
 Nitric oxide . 
 
 peroxide . 
 
 Oxygen 
 Sulphur 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen 
 Sulphur dioxide . 
 trioxide . 
 Water 
 
CALCULATION OF THE C.C. 
 
 15 
 
 O 
 
 03 
 
 S 
 
 EH 
 
 ■43 
 
 is 
 
 1 
 
 t^ n 
 
 r^ 
 
 J G 
 
 > 
 
 o u> 
 
 S 
 
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 CO 
 
 
 
 
 a H 
 
 
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 -g 
 
 O pq 
 
 
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 M 1^ 
 
 73 
 
 fn a 
 
 -J3 bo 
 
 ,• tH 
 
 a R 
 
 o 
 
 S "O 
 
 as 
 
 
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 a f 
 
 b A 
 
 
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 c ■" 
 
 15 H 
 
 ■2=8 
 
 <1 
 hi] 
 
 D 
 «5 CQ 
 
 iri <l 
 
 H § 
 
 n 
 
 Eh 
 
 O " 
 EH 3 
 
 CQ g 
 
 -a 
 
 
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 ^rH(N.-l(NOO-<3i05DCOOCfl«30S|>-i-t<N 
 rH"^i-l COtNiHiHiHrH T-t?-l(MCONi-H 
 
 CO 
 
 TtfTtieOC3000000-*COOOTf<C^^T*t005D 
 rH CO r-t CO <M ^ 1-1 i-H rH .-H i-H CN CO CM rH 
 
 t-^ 
 
 t^I>-'*<NI>-(NCOO(Ni>-C3i(M.-iOTtlo:j-<* 
 COJ>-OOt>-^-vO'^J>.Ot-COOOOt>-COI>- 
 
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 OOCOC<1«DOOOOOO(M'»OOCOOOOOCD(M 
 
 ooim^-iouacooooscOr-tThiot-M^ura 
 
 5000i>.000SOO(MaS'*iO'^0000»^i-IC0 
 
 oocnioc>ic^C)u:5i^«5eo^pt^ooi>-cocN 
 i^ioD4)coost*oaj?^oiMa>0'ij(NCT>os 
 
 
 
 oooooioioooooiooicavoioo 
 
 T:t<-*CDCO(MI^IMOCni-IOOr-(»-*.-H.-(Vfi«> 
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 os(Ml>-coas»o«D£--cot-coeooo-#ooe£M>- 
 
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 ■^-^cor-wsioi^ao-^coosOitNOJoacoeo 
 
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 coosooTjiTtio»o?OTt<i>-t^cNoi"<rtico^rai-i 
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 MCOCOOiiOVni-HOCOCOi-HO-^OOCNOOQO 
 lOOSiOIMCDCOO-^COi-tiaoOOSiMOlCOt^ 
 
 ca<p{»Ttii>-oQu:5ou^wwcpco'X'iri-^p 
 
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 i 
 
 b 
 
 II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II 
 
16 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 >o . . ■ a wj 
 : t^ :os : w la :^ ooipoa : 
 
 I-KM5DCT too' la i^ a O ia to N asOCOwA^rHCO 
 OS O iH CO o *^t^o»n»ONO ^<OCO<NOOTi( 
 «^ T-H Oa CT f-i l-H CO gt-H r-l 1-H CO 
 
 
 
 >■ 
 
 1 
 .2 
 -a 
 
 1 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 Potassium hydrate 
 
 chromate (neutral) 
 bichromate 
 oxalate (acid) . . 
 permanganate . 
 thiosulphate 
 bitartrate . 
 tartrate (neutral) 
 cyanide 
 ferrocyanide 
 ferricyanide 
 iodide . 
 Sodium acetate . 
 
 borate . 
 
 bromide . . . 
 
 iodide . . . 
 
 hydrate . 
 
 thiosulphate . 
 
 phosphate (ordinary) 
 
 sulphite . 
 Strontium hydrate 
 nitrate 
 chloride 
 Tartaric acid 
 Tin (stannous) chloride 
 
 
 o • >o 2 :o ; 
 1^ 00 (NO :o 00 \at^^ CO :o : 
 
 Oa-^OiOcHOO-^rHO OOOSOOUSCOf-iMt- ' ?00 
 O lO 00 i# t* 50 -* « C^ CO i-l »0 t- CO -^ t^ C^ tH O 
 j-f 1-^ 00 i-l CO (N lO r^ i-H i-H 
 
 So 
 
 CO CO 
 i-H C» Ttt O 
 O (N O O r-l 
 »p ip lAOOiH «50rH CO -0> OOO 
 
 lOin CO 4f< CO Tti Cq 00 (N TO OO Ot* O OSt^ -* CD O 00 ' ' ' ot^ 
 CO «0 CO r-l OrHOOlN-* ■<* fr.. 
 i-H i-t i-H 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ■3 
 
 t 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 Alum, ammonium 
 potassium 
 Aluminium sulphate 
 Ammonium oxalate 
 nitrate 
 Barium chloride . 
 hydroxide 
 nitrate . 
 Boric acid . 
 Bromine 
 
 Calcium carbonate 
 hydroxide 
 nitrate . 
 Copper acetate . 
 nitrate . 
 sulphate . 
 Ferric chloride . 
 Ferrous sulphate 
 Lead acetate 
 chloride 
 nitrate 
 sulphate 
 Magnesium oxide 
 
 carbonate 
 Manganous chloride 
 Oxalic acid . 
 
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS 
 
 17 
 
 to 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 J3 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 Poggiale. 
 
 Dibbits. 
 
 Mulder. 
 
 Mulder. 
 
 Roozeboom. 
 
 Hulett and Allen. 
 
 Van't Hoff, Meyerhoffer. 
 
 Loewel, Mulder, Meyerhoffer. 
 
 Gay-Lussac. 
 
 Andrese, Mulder. > 
 
 Pickering. 
 
 Andreae, Berkeley. 
 
 Andrese, Berkeley, Trevor. 
 
 Dibbits. 
 
 Mulder, Loewel, Epple. 
 
 Kremers, Graebe. 
 
 Andrese, Berkeley. 
 
 Pickering. 
 
 Berkeley. 
 
 Loewel, Gay-Lussac. 
 
 Horn and van Wegener. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 Mylius and Dietz. 
 
 Cobeii, Callendar & Barnes, Etard. 
 
 t 
 
 n 
 
 °i 
 
 rH « « rH ip ® ^ ^ T* ^ K' ^ *P 
 
 OS ; ^- OT OS o CO 00 «o i> 00 e« 4(1 • in •* OS o »ri (?q cq eo m 00 
 
 40 t* o lo t^ eo lO lo ** -* (N TJH o CO ■* t^ -511 »o C© rH t^ 
 w (-1 i-l (N CN CO t-l W «0 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 e 
 
 So 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 "S 
 
 1— 1 ' 
 
 J3 
 
 o t^ 
 )H . -^ "H <N T**^?* ^ "P "P 'P y SP'P^ ^ 
 
 (N lo-^-^ooooscfloifti-^^ioiift-diioo^oi 
 
 \a lOOOCO (OvOrH^T*<OOi-(rH'*COCO'*i-4-*rH«Dt»t* 
 
 i3 
 
 s 
 
 ^ -^0^(N OSiHCO Oi tp r^ Oi O ff4 ?>^ 
 Ot*i-IOO(NO«OOOt^«D»n«A)OrH«>OseoOK»'<i1W5« 
 ■^iN-'lit^O »rs ■* T-l CO Cq ■* rH rH ■* 1-1 CO rH OS -* OO CO «» 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 OS 
 
 OS U3 
 
 eo « iH CI r^ cq OS o 1^ « OS ^ «o (N cq OS »p at 
 
 ■^tL»o4tlooO-*«SOCqt*»i50«)eOrHoco4i*(K)AHir500 
 COrHCOJr^eO »0 CO CO O (M l-t l-l OS CO CD 00 iH tO Ui ITi 
 iH CO 
 
 
 ti CO 
 OT OS^- ^»ri rH OO p « W M •* OS rH «S O rH ITS OS 
 
 AIHOsoosol^^i^w«)^-coJ^-cD^-(^lln^^^cowsrH(^^oow 
 
 COiH(Nt^vo m (N IM Oi IH COCO-**^ so O ■* 
 
 1 
 
 .2 
 -a 
 
 1 
 .1 
 
 
 Aluminium sulphate . 
 Ammonium bicarbonate 
 chloride 
 sulphate . 
 Calcium chloride . 
 sulphate . 
 Magnesium chloride 
 
 sulphate . 
 Potassium chlorate 
 chloride 
 hydroxide . 
 nitrate . 
 sulphate 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 carbonate . 
 chlorate . 
 chloride . 
 hydroxide 
 nitrate 
 sulphate . 
 tetraborate (borax) 
 thiosulphate 
 Zinc chloride . 
 sulphate 
 
TABLE 8.— SOLUBILITY OP GASES IN WATER. 
 
 Column a gives the volame of gas (reduced to 0° and 760 mm.) dissolved by one 
 volume of the liquid at the temperature indicated, if the partial pressure of the gas 
 is = 760 mm. Hg. 
 
 Column q gives the weight of the substance in grams, dissolved by 100 gr. of the 
 pure solvent, if the partial pressure of the gas + the vapour pressure of the liquid at 
 the temperature indicated =760 mm. Hg. 
 
 The letters following the name of the gas indicate the observer, viz,, W.^ Winkler; 
 B. & B.=Bohr & Bock; P.=Fauser; R.=Eaoult; S.=Sch6nfeld; R..D.=Boscoe- 
 Dittmar; B.=Boozehoom; B.=:Bunsen. 
 
 T. 
 
 Oxygen, W. 
 
 « 
 
 Hydrogen, W. 
 
 Nitrogen, B. & B. 
 
 Chlorine, W. 
 
 «. 
 
 «• 
 
 a. 
 
 2- 
 
 u> 
 
 «■ 
 
 a. 
 
 «• 
 
 
 
 •04890 
 
 •006948 
 
 •02148 
 
 ■0001922 
 
 •02388 
 
 •002 977 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 •04759 
 
 •006758 
 
 •02126 
 
 •0001902 
 
 •02337 
 
 •002912 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 •04633 
 
 •006576 
 
 •02105 
 
 ■0001882 
 
 •02288 
 
 •002843 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 •04512 
 
 •006401 
 
 •02084 
 
 •0001862 
 
 •02241 
 
 •002790 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 •04397 
 
 •006234 
 
 •02064 
 
 •0001843 
 
 •02196 
 
 •002732 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 •04286 
 
 ■006074 
 
 •02044 
 
 •0001824 
 
 ■02163 
 
 •002677 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 •04181 
 
 •005920 
 
 •02025 
 
 •0001806 
 
 ■02111 
 
 •002624 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 ■04080 
 
 •005775 
 
 •02007 
 
 •0001789 
 
 ■02070 
 
 •002670 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 •03983 
 
 •005633 
 
 •01989 
 
 •0001772 
 
 ■02031 
 
 •002620 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 •03891 
 
 •005499 
 
 •01972 
 
 •0001756 
 
 ■01993 
 
 •002472 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 ■03802 
 
 •005370 
 
 •01955 
 
 •0001739 
 
 ■01956 
 
 •002424 
 
 3 •695 
 
 •9969 
 
 11 
 
 •03718 
 
 •005248 
 
 •01940 
 
 •0001725 
 
 ■01920 
 
 •002378 
 
 2^996 
 
 •9652 
 
 12 
 
 ■03637 
 
 •005129 
 
 •01925 
 
 •0001710 
 
 ■01885 
 
 •002333 
 
 2-900 
 
 ■9344 
 
 13 
 
 ■03560 
 
 •005011 
 
 •01911 
 
 •0001696 
 
 ■01851 
 
 •002289 
 
 2 ■808 
 
 ■9048 
 
 14 
 
 ■03486 
 
 •004908 
 
 •01897 
 
 •0001682 
 
 ■01818 
 
 •002246 
 
 2^720 
 
 ■8766 
 
 15 
 
 ■03415 
 
 ■004804 
 
 •01883 
 
 •0001669 
 
 ■01786 
 
 •002205 
 
 2 ■635 
 
 ■8493 
 
 16 
 
 ■03347 
 
 ■004703 
 
 •01869 
 
 •0001654 
 
 ■01755 
 
 •002164 
 
 2 ■553 
 
 ■8230 
 
 17 
 
 ■03283 
 
 ■004609 
 
 ■01856 
 
 •0001641 
 
 ■01725 
 
 •002125 
 
 2^474 
 
 ■7977 
 
 18 
 
 ■03220 
 
 •004515 
 
 ■01844 
 
 ■0001630 
 
 •01698 
 
 •002089 
 
 2^399 
 
 ■7736 
 
 19 
 
 ■03161 
 
 •004428 
 
 ■01831 
 
 ■0001616 
 
 •01667 
 
 ■002049 
 
 2 ■328 
 
 ■7608 
 
 20 
 
 ■03102 
 
 •004339 
 
 ■01819 
 
 ■0001604 
 
 •01639 
 
 ■002012 
 
 2 ■260 
 
 •7291 
 
 21 
 
 ■03044 
 
 •004253 
 
 ■01805 
 
 ■0001590 
 
 •01611 
 
 ■001975 
 
 2^200 
 
 •7098 
 
 22 
 
 ■02988 
 
 -004169 
 
 ■01792 
 
 ■0001575 
 
 •01584 
 
 ■001940 
 
 2^143 
 
 •6916 
 
 23 
 
 ■02934 
 
 •004088 
 
 •01779 
 
 ■0001561 
 
 •01557 
 
 ■001903 
 
 2^087 
 
 •6737 
 
 24 
 
 ■02881 
 
 •004009 
 
 •01766 
 
 •0001548 
 
 •01530 
 
 •001868 
 
 2 ■OSS 
 
 •6570 
 
 25 
 
 •02831 
 
 •003932 
 
 •01764 
 
 •0001534 
 
 •01504 
 
 •001832 
 
 1^985 
 
 •6411 
 
 26 
 
 •02783 
 
 ■003859 
 
 •01742 
 
 •0001622 
 
 •01478 
 
 •001798 
 
 1^937 
 
 •6267 
 
 27 
 
 •02736 
 
 ■003787 
 
 ■01731 
 
 •0001609 
 
 •01453 
 
 •001764 
 
 1^891 
 
 •6110 
 
 28 
 
 •02691 
 
 ■003717 
 
 ■01720 
 
 •0001497 
 
 •01428 
 
 •001731 
 
 1^848 
 
 •5973 
 
 29 
 
 •02649 
 
 ■003653 
 
 ■01709 
 
 ■0001485 
 
 •01404 
 
 ■001699 
 
 1-808 
 
 ■5846 
 
 30 
 
 •02608 
 
 ■003588 
 
 ■01699 
 
 ■0001470 
 
 •01380 
 
 ■001666 
 
 1^769 
 
 ■5722 
 
 35 
 
 •02440 
 
 •003315 
 
 ■01666 
 
 ■0001426 
 
 •01271 
 
 ■001516 
 
 1^575 
 
 •5103 
 
 40 
 
 •02306 
 
 ■003081 
 
 ■01644 
 
 •0001386 
 
 •01182 
 
 ■001386 
 
 1-414 
 
 •4589 
 
 45 
 
 ■02187 
 
 ■002860 
 
 •01624 
 
 •0001338 
 
 •01111 
 
 ■001275 
 
 1-300 
 
 •4227 
 
 50 
 
 •02090 
 
 ■002657 
 
 •01608 
 
 ■0001288 
 
 •01061 
 
 •001184 
 
 1-204 
 
 •3927 
 
 60 
 
 •01946 
 
 •002274 
 
 •01600 
 
 ■0001178 
 
 •01000 
 
 ■001026 
 
 1-006 
 
 •3294 
 
 70 
 
 •01833 
 
 •001857 
 
 •01600 
 
 ■0001021 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 0-848 
 
 -2792 
 
 80 
 
 •01761 
 
 •001381 
 
 •01600 
 
 ■0000790 
 
 .>• 
 
 • >. 
 
 0-672 
 
 ■2226 
 
 90 
 
 •01723 
 
 •000787 
 
 •01600 
 
 ■0000461 
 
 
 
 0-380 
 
 •1268 
 
 100 
 
 •01700 
 
 ■000000 
 
 •01600 
 
 ■0000000 
 
 •01000 
 
 ■000000 
 
 0-000 
 
 ■0000 
 
SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN WATER 
 TABLE S—Contmued. 
 
 19 
 
 
 Carbon monoxide, 
 
 Carbon dioxide, 
 
 Hydrogen sul- 
 
 Ammonia, 
 
 T. 
 
 W. 
 
 B. &B. 
 
 pliide, P. 
 
 B 
 
 
 .. 
 
 3- 
 
 a. 
 
 2- 
 
 .. 
 
 a. 
 
 u.. 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 0-03537 
 
 0-004397 
 
 1-713 
 
 0-3347 
 
 4-686 
 
 0-710 
 
 1298-9 
 
 98-7 
 
 1 
 
 0-03455 
 
 0-004293 
 
 1-646 
 
 0-3214 
 
 4- 
 
 555 
 
 0-689 
 
 1220-2 
 
 92-7 
 
 2 
 
 0-03375 
 
 0-004192 
 
 1-584 
 
 0-3091 
 
 4- 
 
 i28 
 
 0-670 
 
 1154-7 
 
 87-7 
 
 3 
 
 0-03297 
 
 0-004092' 
 
 1-627 
 
 0-2979 
 
 4- 
 
 303 
 
 0-651 
 
 1100-9 
 
 83-6 
 
 i 
 
 0-03222 
 
 0-003997 
 
 1-473 
 
 0-2872 
 
 4- 
 
 182 
 
 0-632 
 
 1053-0 
 
 79-9 
 
 5 
 
 0-03149 
 
 0-003904 
 
 1-424 
 
 0-2774 
 
 4- 
 
 363 
 
 0-615 
 
 1019-5 
 
 77-3 
 
 6 
 
 0-03078 
 
 0-003814 
 
 1-377 
 
 0-2681 
 
 .3- 
 
 348 
 
 0-596 
 
 997-2 
 
 75-6 
 
 7 
 
 0-03009 
 
 0-003726 
 
 1-331 
 
 0-2590 
 
 3- 
 
 336 
 
 0-579 
 
 974-9 
 
 73-9 
 
 8 
 
 0-02942 
 
 0-003641 
 
 1-282 
 
 0-2494 
 
 3- 
 
 r28 
 
 0-562 
 
 954-5 
 
 72-3 
 
 9 
 
 0-02878 
 
 0-003560 
 
 1-237 
 
 0-2404 
 
 3- 
 
 322 
 
 0-546 
 
 933-0 
 
 70-6 
 
 10 
 
 0-02816 
 
 0-003481 
 
 1-194 
 
 0-2319 
 
 3- 
 
 520 
 
 0-530 
 
 910-4 
 
 68-9 
 
 11 
 
 0-02757 
 
 0-003416 
 
 1-154 
 
 0-2240 
 
 3- 
 
 121 
 
 0-515 
 
 888-0 
 
 67-2 
 
 12 
 
 0-02701 
 
 0-003333 
 
 1-117 
 
 0-2166 
 
 3- 
 
 325 
 
 0-500 
 
 865-6 
 
 65-5 
 
 13 
 
 0-02646 
 
 0-003260 
 
 1-083 
 
 0-2099 
 
 3- 
 
 332 
 
 0-485 
 
 843-2 
 
 63-7 
 
 14 
 
 0-02593 
 
 0-003188 
 
 1-050 
 
 0-2033 
 
 3- 
 
 142 
 
 0-471 
 
 822-1 
 
 62-1 
 
 15 
 
 0-02543 
 
 0-003130 
 
 1-019 
 
 0-1971 
 
 3- 
 
 356 
 
 0-458 
 
 802-4 
 
 60-6 
 
 16 
 
 0-02494 
 
 0-003065 
 
 0-985 
 
 0-1904 
 
 2- 
 
 373 
 
 0-445 
 
 783-2 
 
 59-1 
 
 17 
 
 0-02448 
 
 -003007 
 
 0-956 
 
 0-1845 
 
 2- 
 
 393 
 
 0-433 
 
 764-1 
 
 57-6 
 
 18 
 
 0-02402 
 
 0-002943 
 
 0-928 
 
 0-1789 
 
 2- 
 
 316 
 
 0-421 
 
 744-3 
 
 56-1 
 
 19 
 
 0-02360 
 
 0-002893 
 
 0-902 
 
 0-1736 
 
 2- 
 
 r42 
 
 0-409 
 
 725-8 
 
 54-7 
 
 20 
 
 0-02319 
 
 0-002839 
 
 0-878 
 
 0-1689 
 
 2- 
 
 372 
 
 0-398 
 
 710-6 
 
 53-6 
 
 21 
 
 0-02281 
 
 0-002789 
 
 0-854 
 
 0-1641 
 
 
 
 
 
 690-2 
 
 51-9 
 
 22 
 
 0-02244 
 
 0-002739 
 
 0-829 
 
 0-1591 
 
 
 
 
 
 674-3 
 
 50-6 
 
 23 
 
 0-02208 
 
 0-002691 
 
 0-804 
 
 0-1541 
 
 
 
 
 
 661-0 
 
 49-6 
 
 21 
 
 0-02174 
 
 0-002647 
 
 0-781 
 
 0-1494 
 
 
 
 
 
 647-8 
 
 48-6 
 
 25 
 
 0-02142 
 
 0-002603 
 
 0-769 
 
 0-1450 
 
 
 
 
 
 634-6 
 
 47-6 
 
 26 
 
 0-02110 
 
 0-002560 
 
 0-738 
 
 0-1407 
 
 
 
 
 
 621-3 
 
 46-5 
 
 27 
 
 0-02080 
 
 0-002519 
 
 0-718 
 
 0-1367 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 608-1 
 
 45-5 
 
 28 
 
 0-02051 
 
 0-002479 
 
 0-699 
 
 0-1328 
 
 
 
 
 
 594-8 
 
 44-4 
 
 29 
 
 0-02024 
 
 0-002442 ; 0-682 
 
 0-1293 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 30 
 
 0-01998 
 
 0-002405 
 
 0-665 
 
 0-1259 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 0-01877 
 
 0-002231 
 
 0-592 
 
 0-1106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 0-01775 
 
 0-002076 
 
 0-630 
 
 0-0974 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 0-01690 
 
 0-001934 
 
 0-479 
 
 0-0862 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 0-01615 
 
 0-001797 
 
 0-436 
 
 0-0762 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■• ! 
 
 60 
 
 0-01488 
 
 0-001521 
 
 0-359 
 
 0-0577 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 0-01440 
 
 0-001276 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 0-01430 
 
 0-000981 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 0-01420 
 
 0-000568 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 0-01410 
 
 0-000000 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
20 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 TABLE ?,— Continued. 
 
 T. 
 
 'Snlphnr dioxide, 
 8. 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 jbloride. 
 
 Methane, W. 
 
 a. 
 
 «. 
 
 ». 
 
 9- 
 
 a. 
 
 «■ 
 
 
 
 79-789 
 
 22-83 
 
 506-7 1 
 
 82-5 
 
 0-05563 
 
 0-003959 
 
 1 
 
 77-210 
 
 22-09 
 
 ... 1 
 
 
 0-05401 ! 
 
 0-003842 
 
 2 
 
 74-691 
 
 21-37 
 
 499-8 
 
 81-4 ■ 
 
 0-05244 
 
 0-003729 
 
 3 
 
 72-230 
 
 20-67 
 
 
 
 0-05093 
 
 0-003620 
 
 4 
 
 69-828 
 
 19-98 
 
 493-7 
 
 80-4 
 
 0-04946 
 
 0-003514 
 
 5 
 
 67-485 
 
 19-31 
 
 
 
 0-04805 
 
 0-003411 
 
 6 
 
 65-200 
 
 18-66 
 
 486-9 
 
 79-3 
 
 04669 
 
 0-003312 
 
 7 
 
 62-973 
 
 18-02 
 
 
 
 0-04539 
 
 0-003218 
 
 8 
 
 60-805 
 
 17-40 
 
 480-8 
 
 78-3 
 
 0-04413 i 
 
 0-003127 
 
 9 
 
 58-697 
 
 16-80 
 
 
 , 
 
 0-04292 
 
 0-003039 
 
 10 
 
 56-647 
 
 16-21 
 
 473-9 
 
 77-2 
 
 0-04177 
 
 0-002956 
 
 11 
 
 54-655 
 
 15-64 
 
 
 
 0-04072 
 
 0-002880 
 
 12 
 
 52-723 
 
 15-09 
 
 467-7 
 
 76-2 
 
 0-03970 
 
 0-002805 
 
 13 
 
 50-849 
 
 14-56 
 
 
 
 0-03872 
 
 0-002733 
 
 14 
 
 49-033 
 
 14-04 
 
 461-5 
 
 75-2 
 
 0-03779 
 
 0-002666 
 
 15 
 
 47-276 
 
 13-54 
 
 
 
 0-03690 
 
 0-002600 
 
 16 
 
 45-678 
 
 13-05 
 
 455-2 
 
 74-2 
 
 0-03606 
 
 0-002538 
 
 17 
 
 43-939 
 
 12-59 
 
 
 
 0-03525 
 
 0-002479 
 
 18 
 
 43-360 
 
 12-14 
 
 448-3 
 
 73-1 
 
 0-03446 
 
 0-002422 
 
 19 
 
 40-838 
 
 11-70 
 
 ... 
 
 
 0-03376 
 
 0-002369 
 
 20 
 
 39-374 
 
 11-29 
 
 442-0 
 
 72-1 
 
 0-03308 
 
 0-OOB319 
 
 21 
 
 37-970 
 
 10-89 
 
 
 
 0-03243 
 
 0-002270 
 
 22 
 
 36-617 
 
 10-50 
 
 435-0 
 
 71-0 
 
 0-03180 
 
 0-002223 
 
 23 
 
 35-302 
 
 10-13 
 
 
 
 0-03119 
 
 0-002178 
 
 24 
 
 34-026 
 
 9-76 
 
 428-7 
 
 70-0 
 
 0-03061 
 
 0-002134 
 
 25 
 
 32-786 
 
 9-41 
 
 
 
 0-03006 
 
 002092 
 
 26 
 
 31-584 
 
 9-07 
 
 423-0 
 
 69-1 
 
 0-02952 
 
 0-002051 
 
 27 
 
 30-422 
 
 8-43 
 
 ... 
 
 
 0-02901 
 
 0-002012 
 
 28 
 
 29-314 
 
 8-42 
 
 417-2 
 
 68-2 
 
 0-02852 
 
 0-001974 
 
 29 
 
 28-210 
 
 8-10 
 
 
 
 0-02806 
 
 0-901939 
 
 30 
 
 27-161 
 
 7-81 
 
 411-5 
 
 67-3 
 
 0-02762 
 
 0-001905 
 
 35 
 
 22-489 
 
 6-47 
 
 
 
 02546 
 
 0-001732 
 
 40 
 
 18-766 
 
 5-41 
 
 387-7 
 
 63-3 
 
 0-02369 
 
 0-001686 
 
 50 
 
 >■■ 
 
 
 361-6 
 
 59-6 
 
 0-02134 
 
 001359 
 
 60 
 
 •■• 
 
 
 338-7 
 
 56-1 
 
 0-01954 
 
 0-001145 
 
 70 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ..• 
 
 0-01825 
 
 0-000926 
 
 80 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ■ •• 
 
 0-01770 
 
 0-000695 
 
 90 
 
 ... 
 
 .*• 
 
 ••. 
 
 
 0-01735 
 
 0-000398 
 
 100 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 0-01700 
 
 0-000000 
 
SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN WATER 
 TABLE 8— Continued. 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitrous 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oxide, 
 
 
 Ethylene, W. 
 
 Acetylene, W. 
 
 Air, W. 
 
 in 
 
 T. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alcohol, 
 B. 
 
 u. 
 
 «■ 
 
 .. 
 
 S- 
 
 u. 
 
 
 u. 
 
 
 
 0-226 
 
 0-0281 
 
 1-73 
 
 0-20 
 
 0-02881 
 
 
 
 4-1780 
 
 1 
 
 0-219 
 
 0-0272 
 
 1-68 
 
 0-19 
 
 0-02808 
 
 
 
 4-1088 
 
 2 
 
 0-211 
 
 0-0262 
 
 1-63 
 
 0-19 
 
 0-02738 
 
 
 
 4-0409 
 
 3 
 
 0-204 
 
 0-0254 
 
 1-68 
 
 0-18 
 
 0-02670 
 
 
 
 3-9741 
 
 4 
 
 0-197 
 
 0-0245 
 
 1-53 
 
 0-18 
 
 0-02606 
 
 
 
 3-9085 
 
 5 
 
 0-191 
 
 0-0237 
 
 1-49 
 
 0-17 
 
 0-02543 
 
 
 
 3-8442 
 
 6 
 
 0-184 
 
 0-0228 
 
 1-45 
 
 0-17 
 
 0-02482 
 
 
 
 3-7811 
 
 7 
 
 0-178 
 
 0-0221 
 
 1-41 
 
 0-16 
 
 0-02424 
 
 
 
 3-7192 
 
 8 
 
 0-173 
 
 0-0214 
 
 1-37 
 
 0-16 
 
 0-02369 
 
 
 
 3-6585 
 
 9 
 
 0-167 
 
 0-0207 
 
 1-34 
 
 0-15 
 
 0-02316 
 
 
 
 3-5990 
 
 10 
 
 0-162 
 
 0-0200 
 
 1-31 
 
 0-15 
 
 0-02264 
 
 
 
 3-5408 
 
 n 
 
 0-157 
 
 0-0194 
 
 1-27 
 
 0-15 
 
 0-02217 
 
 
 
 3-4838 
 
 . 12 
 
 0-152 
 
 0-0188 
 
 1-24 
 
 0-14 
 
 0-02171 
 
 
 
 3-4?79 
 
 13 
 
 0-148 
 
 0-0183 
 
 1-21 
 
 0-14 
 
 0-02127 
 
 
 
 3-3734 
 
 14 
 
 0-143 
 
 0-0176 
 
 1-18 
 
 0-14 
 
 0-02085 
 
 
 
 3-3200 
 
 15 
 
 0-139 
 
 0-0171 
 
 1-15 
 
 0-13 
 
 0-02046 
 
 
 , 
 
 3-2678 
 
 16 
 
 0-136 
 
 0-0167 
 
 1-13 
 
 0-13 
 
 0-02005 
 
 
 , 
 
 3-2169 
 
 17 
 
 0-132 
 
 0-0162 
 
 1-10 
 
 0-13 
 
 0-01970 
 
 
 
 3-1672 
 
 18 
 
 0-129 
 
 0-0158 
 
 1-08 
 
 0-12 
 
 0-01935 
 
 
 , 
 
 3-1187 
 
 19 
 
 0-125 
 
 0-0153 
 
 1-05 
 
 0-12 
 
 0-01901 
 
 
 
 3-0714 
 
 20 
 
 0-122 
 
 0-0150 
 
 1-03 
 
 0-12 
 
 0-01869 
 
 
 
 3-0253 
 
 21 
 
 0-119 
 
 0-0146 
 
 1-01 
 
 0-12 
 
 0-01838 
 
 
 
 2-9805 
 
 22 
 
 0-116 
 
 0-0142 
 
 0-99 
 
 0-11 
 
 0-01808 
 
 
 
 2-9368 
 
 23 
 
 0-114 
 
 0-0139 
 
 0-97 
 
 0-11 
 
 0-01779 
 
 
 , 
 
 2-8944 
 
 24 
 
 0-111 
 
 0-0135 
 
 0-95 
 
 0-11 
 
 0-01751 
 
 
 
 2-8532 
 
 25 
 
 0-108 
 
 0-0131 
 
 0-93 
 
 0-11 
 
 0-01724 
 
 
 
 .. ■ 
 
 26 
 
 0-106 
 
 0-0129 
 
 0-91 
 
 0-10 
 
 0-01698 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 0-104 
 
 0-0126 
 
 0-89 
 
 0-10 
 
 0-01674 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 0-102 
 
 0-0123 
 
 0-87 
 
 0-10 
 
 0-01650 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 0-100 
 
 0-0121 
 
 0-85 
 
 0-10 
 
 0-01627 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 0-098 
 
 0-0118 
 
 0-84 
 
 0-09 
 
 0-01606 
 0-01503 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-01418 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-01297 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-01216 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-01156 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • •1 
 
 
 0-01126 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 
 
 *>f 
 
 .•• 
 
 0-01113 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 0-01105 
 
 
 
 
22 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 9.— SPEOIPIO GRAVITIES OF SOLIDS. 
 
 Alumina, anhydrous . 
 
 4-15 
 
 Calcspar 
 
 2-72 
 
 Alum, ammonium 
 
 1-626 
 
 Cannel coal . 
 
 1-16-1 -27 
 
 potassium . 
 
 1-724 
 
 Cement 
 
 2-7-3-05 
 
 Aluminium sulphate, 
 
 
 China clay, kaolin 
 
 2-21 
 
 cryst. 
 
 1-596 
 
 Charcoal, organic 
 
 1-57 
 
 Aluminium . 
 
 2-76 
 
 wood . 
 
 0-3-0 -5 
 
 Alum stone . 
 
 2-8 
 
 Coke, porous 
 
 .0-4 
 
 Ammonium nitrate 
 
 1-707 
 
 Coal, porous 
 
 1-16-1-63 
 
 sulphate . 
 
 1-77 
 
 Copper, metallic, cast . 
 
 8-726 
 
 chloride . 
 
 1-528 
 
 hammered 
 
 8-94 
 
 Anhydrite (CaSOi) . 
 
 2-96 
 
 pyrites . 
 
 4-1-4-3 
 
 Anthracite . 
 
 1-4-1-7 
 
 oxide 
 
 6-43 
 
 Antimony . 
 
 6-7 
 
 sulphate 
 
 2-27 
 
 Arsenious acid 
 
 3-884 
 
 Cuprous sulphide 
 
 5-97 
 
 Arsenic acid 
 
 4-250 
 
 Clay .... 
 
 1-8-2-6 
 
 Asphalt 
 
 1-1-1-2 
 
 Cryolite 
 
 2-96 
 
 Ash wood . 
 
 0-7-0-8 
 
 Elm wood . 
 
 0-67 
 
 Barium chloride, cryst. 
 
 2-664 
 
 Fat, animal . 
 
 0-92 
 
 carbonate 
 
 4-56 
 
 Felspar 
 
 2-5-2-6 
 
 sulphate (spar) 
 
 4-73 
 
 Fibres, vegetable 
 
 1-51 
 
 hydroxide, cryst. 1'66 
 
 Fir wood, dry 
 
 0-6 
 
 Basalt .... 
 
 2-8-3-2 
 
 Firebricks . 
 
 1-85 
 
 Beech wood, dry . 
 
 0-7-0-8 
 
 Flint .... 
 
 2-7 
 
 Birch wood, dry . 
 
 0-7-0-8 
 
 Glass, green 
 
 2-642 
 
 Bismuth 
 
 9-85 
 
 plate 
 
 2-460 
 
 Borate of magnesium 
 
 
 crystal, "Bohem. 
 
 2-9-3-0 
 
 (boracite) . 
 
 2-9 
 
 flint, English . 
 
 3 -4-3 -44 
 
 Borax, crystallised 
 
 1-692 
 
 Glauber's salt, cryst. . 
 
 1-52 
 
 Boric acid, crystallised 
 
 1-479 
 
 anhydrous 
 
 2-63 
 
 fused . 
 
 1-830 
 
 Granite 
 
 2-5-2 -9 
 
 Brown coal, lignite 
 
 1-2-1-4 
 
 Gypsum ,plaster-of-Paris 
 
 2-322 
 
 Brickwork . 
 
 1-5-1-7 
 
 cast, dry 
 
 0-97 
 
 Bricks, ordinary . 
 
 1-4-2-2 
 
 Heavy spar . 
 
 4-3-4-48 
 
 Brass . . . 
 
 8-4-8-7 
 
 Ice(0°). 
 
 0-917 
 
 Calamine 
 
 4-1-4-5 
 
 Iodine .... 
 
 4-948 
 
 Chalk .... 
 
 1-8-2-7 
 
 Iron, wrought 
 
 7-8-7-9 
 
 Calcium chloride, crys- 
 
 
 grey, cast . 
 
 6-6-7-3 
 
 taUised 
 
 1-612 
 
 white, cast . 
 
 7-1-7-9 
 
 chloride, anhydrous 
 
 2-240 
 
 sesquioxide 
 
 5-22 
 
 silicate . 
 
 2-9 
 
 hydrated oxide . 
 
 3-94 
 
 carbonate 
 
 2-7 
 
 magnetic oxide . 
 
 5-4 
 
 phosphate 
 
 3-18 
 
 carbonate . 
 
 3-87 
 
 sulphate, anhydrous 
 
 2-927 
 
 sulphate, cryst. . 
 
 1-904 
 
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOLIDS 
 TABLE 9— Continued. 
 
 23 
 
 Iron pyrites, white 
 
 4-65-4-88 
 
 Potassium chloride . 
 
 1-945 
 
 pyrites . 
 
 5-18 
 
 chromate . 
 
 2-603 
 
 Ivory .... 
 
 1-83-1 -94 
 
 nitrate 
 
 2-058 
 
 Larch wood 
 
 0-44-0 -5 
 
 sulphate . 
 
 2-66 
 
 Lignite 
 
 1-2-1-4 
 
 bisulphate . 
 
 2-277 
 
 Lime, burnt, quick- . 
 
 3-08 
 
 hydroxide . 
 
 2-044 
 
 Lime wood . 
 
 0-5 
 
 Quartz 
 
 2-7 
 
 Litharge 
 
 9-36 
 
 Resin . 
 
 
 1-07 
 
 Lead, cast . 
 
 11-3 
 
 Rock salt . 
 
 
 2-1-2-2 
 
 red . 
 
 8-62 
 
 Sal-ammoniac 
 
 
 1-528 
 
 chromate . 
 
 6-00 
 
 Sand, dry . 
 
 
 1-4-1-6 
 
 acetate, cryst. . 
 
 2-395 
 
 damp 
 
 
 1-9-2-0 
 
 carbonate . 
 
 6-47 
 
 Sandstone . 
 
 
 1 •9-2-5 
 
 nitrate 
 
 4-40 
 
 Silver . 
 
 
 10-6 
 
 oxide 
 
 9-41 
 
 Silver chloride 
 
 
 5-501 
 
 sulphide . 
 
 7-505 
 
 Slate . 
 
 
 2-7 
 
 sulphate . 
 
 6-169 
 
 Sodium carbonate, anh. 
 
 2-509 
 
 chloride . 
 
 5-802 
 
 carbonate, cryst 1-454 | 
 
 Magnesia, calcined . 
 
 3-2 
 
 chloride . 
 
 2-078 
 
 carbonate . 
 
 2-94 
 
 nitrate . 
 
 2-226 
 
 Magnesite . 
 
 2-9-3-1 
 
 sulphate . 
 
 2-63 
 
 Magnesium sulph.jCryst 
 
 . 1-751 
 
 sulphide . 
 
 2-471 
 
 chloride, cryst 
 
 1-558 
 
 thiosulphate . 
 
 1-736 
 
 Manganese peroxide . 
 
 2-94 
 
 hydroxide 
 
 2-130 
 
 native ore 
 
 .4-7-5.-0 
 
 Steel .... 
 
 7-80 
 
 Maple wood 
 
 0-5-0-6 
 
 Steel, cast . 
 
 7-92 
 
 Marble 
 
 2-5-2-8 
 
 hardened . 
 
 7-66 
 
 Nickel 
 
 8-9 
 
 Sulphur, native . 
 
 2-069 
 
 Oak, dry . 
 
 0-85-0-95 
 
 sticks, fresh . 
 
 1-98 
 
 Phosphorus, yellow . 
 
 1-826 
 
 sticks, old 
 
 2-05 
 
 red 
 
 2-106 
 
 soft, amorphous 1 -96 | 
 
 Pine wood, white 
 
 0-55 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride . 
 
 1-97 
 
 red . 
 
 0-5 
 
 Tin, cast . 
 
 7-21-7-4 
 
 Platinum . 
 
 21-1 
 
 hammered 
 
 
 7-475 
 
 Pock wood . 
 
 1-263 
 
 Willow wood" 
 
 
 0-5-0-58 
 
 Poplar 
 
 0-38 
 
 Witherite . 
 
 
 4-30 
 
 Porcelain 
 
 2-1-2-5 
 
 Zinc, cast . 
 
 
 6-8 
 
 Porphyry . 
 
 2-8 
 
 rolled . 
 
 
 7-2 
 
 Potash, natural . 
 
 2-3 
 
 blende 
 
 
 3-9-4-2 
 
 Potassium carbonate . 
 
 2-264 
 
 oxide . 
 
 
 5-73 
 
 chlorate 
 
 2-35 
 
 sulphate 
 
 
 2-036 
 
24 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 10.— WEIGHT OP SUBSTANCES AS 
 STORED. 
 
 
 1 Cubic 
 
 1 Cubic 
 
 Tons 
 
 Substance. 
 
 Metre 
 
 Foot 
 
 per 
 
 
 Weighs 
 
 Weiglia 
 
 Cub. root. 
 
 
 Kilo. 
 
 lb. avdp. 
 
 
 Bricks 
 
 2100 
 
 131 
 
 ■0584 
 
 Cement 
 
 120"0 
 
 75 
 
 ■0335 
 
 Clay, damp 
 
 1650 
 
 103 
 
 •0459 
 
 dry 
 
 1570 
 
 98 
 
 •0437 
 
 Limestone and other building stones . 
 
 2000 
 
 125 
 
 ■0558 
 
 Mortar (lime and sand) 
 
 1800 
 
 112 
 
 •0500 
 
 Quicklime 
 
 1000 
 
 62-5 
 
 ■0279 
 
 Sand, dry 
 
 1330 
 
 83 
 
 •0370 
 
 damp 
 
 1770 
 
 110 
 
 •0491 
 
 Wood, beech logs .... 
 
 400 
 
 24-5 
 
 •0107 
 
 fir logs 
 
 330 
 
 20-5 
 
 •0091 
 
 oak logs 
 
 420 
 
 26 
 
 •0116 
 
 Raw Materials, etc., for Alkali Works. 
 
 
 
 
 Pyrites, broken pieces 
 
 2500 
 
 156 
 
 •0696 
 
 smalls 
 
 2340 
 
 146 -5 
 
 •0654 
 
 
 1520 
 
 95-0 
 
 •0424 
 
 Nitre 
 
 1310 
 
 81-5 
 
 ■0364 
 
 
 1335 
 
 83 
 
 •0375 
 
 Salt 
 
 689 
 
 43 
 
 •0192 
 
 Saltcake 
 
 1180 
 
 73-5 
 
 •0328 
 
 Limestone (small pieces) . 
 
 1400 
 
 87-5 
 
 •0391 
 
 
 962 
 
 60 
 
 •0268 
 
 Alkali waste (wet) .... 
 Soda salts (NaaCOs + HaO) (drained) . 
 
 1268 
 
 79 
 
 •0352 
 
 810 
 
 50-5 
 
 •0225 
 
 Soda ash (ungrouiw) . . ' . 
 
 1195 
 
 74-5 
 
 •0332 
 
 Soda crystals 
 
 1010 
 
 63 
 
 •0281 
 
 Bicarbonate (ground) .... 
 
 986 
 
 61-5 
 
 •0274 
 
 Sieved lime (for bleaching powder) . 
 
 1058 
 
 66 
 
 •0295 
 
 497-593 
 
 31-37 
 
 •0151 
 
 
 721-834 
 
 45-52 
 
 •0216 
 
 Manganese dioxide, native 
 
 2210 
 
 138 
 
 •0616 
 
 Limestone dust . . . . - . 
 
 1550 
 
 96-5 
 
 •0431 
 
 Coke (for filling towers) 
 
 417-534 
 
 26-33 
 
 •0131 
 
 Flints „ „ ... 
 
 1600 
 
 100 
 
 ■0446 
 
 Cinders (ashes) 
 
 738 
 
 46 
 
 0205 
 
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF LIQUIDS, ETC. 25 
 
 TABLE 11.— SPBOIPIO GRAVITY OP LIQUIDS. 
 
 Acetic anhydride 
 
 Acetone .... 
 
 Alcohol .... 
 
 Acetic acid 
 
 Bisulphide of carbon 
 
 Benzene .... 
 
 Coal tar .... 
 
 Ether .... 
 
 Glycerine .... 
 
 Linseed oil . . . 
 
 Mercury .... 
 
 Nitrogen peroxide (liquid) 
 
 Olive oil . 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Rapeseed oil . 
 
 Sulphur dioxide (liquid) . 
 
 Sea-water 
 
 Spirits of turpentine 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 1-004 
 
 0-81 
 
 0-7939 
 
 1-064 
 
 1-272 
 
 0-884 
 
 1-15 
 
 0-723 
 
 1-260 
 
 0-9347 
 
 3-596 
 
 1-45 
 
 0-917 
 
 0-78-0-81 
 
 0-9136 
 
 1-45 
 
 1-02-1-04 
 
 0-865 
 
 Temp. 
 
 17° 
 
 12° -5 
 
 17° 
 
 15° -5 
 15° 
 12° -5 
 15° 
 15° 
 0° 
 
 15° 
 15° 
 15° 
 20° 
 15° 
 15° 
 
 TABLE 12.— SPECIPIO GRAVITY AND PERCENT- 
 AGE OP SOLUTIONS SATURATED AT 15°. 
 
 The percentage refers to Anhydrous Salt in 100 solution. 
 
 
 Tem- 
 
 Percentage 
 
 Specific 
 
 Degrees 
 
 
 perature. 
 
 of Salt. 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Twaddell. 
 
 Ammonium chloride 
 
 15 
 
 26-30 
 
 1-0776 
 
 15-5 
 
 sulphate 
 
 19 
 
 50-00 
 
 1-2890 
 
 57-8 
 
 Barium chloride 
 
 15 
 
 25-97 
 
 1-2827 
 
 56-5 
 
 Calcium chloride . 
 
 15 
 
 40-66 
 
 1-4110 
 
 82-2 
 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 
 15 
 
 25-25 
 
 1-2880 
 
 57-6 
 
 Potassium chloride . 
 
 15 
 
 24-90 
 
 1-1723 
 
 34-4 
 
 carbonate 
 
 15 
 
 52-02 
 
 1-5708 
 
 114 
 
 nitrate , 
 
 15 
 
 21-07 
 
 1-1441 
 
 28-8 
 
 sulphate 
 
 15 
 
 9-92 
 
 1-0831 
 
 16-6 
 
 Sodium chloride 
 
 15 
 
 26-395 
 
 1-2043 
 
 40-8 
 
 carbonate . 
 
 15 
 
 14-35 
 
 1-1535 
 
 30-7 
 
 nitrate 
 
 19-5 
 
 46-25 
 
 1-3804 
 
 76 
 
 sulphate . 
 
 i 15-0 
 1 
 
 11-95 
 
 1-1117 
 
 22-3 
 
26 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 13.— LINEAR EXPANSION OP 
 SUBSTANCES. 
 
 By heating from 0° to 100° C. (32°-212° F.). 
 
 Aluminium . 
 
 Brass . 
 
 Bronze 
 
 Charcoal from oak 
 
 fir 
 Copper 
 Glass, flint . 
 
 white 
 
 green 
 Gold . 
 Iron, wrought 
 
 cast . 
 Lead . 
 Marble of Carrara 
 St Beat 
 Mercury 
 Nickel 
 Platinum 
 Porcelain (Berlin) 
 Silver . 
 Solder, hard 
 Steel, hardened . 
 
 not hardened 
 Tin . 
 Water . 
 Zinc . 
 
 0-00218 
 
 
 459 
 
 0-001982 
 
 
 535 
 
 0-001820 
 
 
 549 
 
 0-001200 
 
 
 833 
 
 0-00100 
 
 
 1000 
 
 0-001714 
 
 
 582 
 
 0-000817 
 
 
 1219 
 
 0-000861 
 
 
 1161 
 
 0-000766 
 
 1 
 
 1305 
 
 0-001431 
 
 1 
 
 682 
 
 0-001235 
 
 
 812 
 
 0-001144 
 
 
 901 
 
 0-002938 
 
 
 351 
 
 0-000849 
 
 
 1178 
 
 0-000418 
 
 
 2392 
 
 0-0182 
 
 
 55 
 
 0-001516 
 
 
 600 
 
 0-000884 
 
 
 1132 
 
 0-000336 
 
 
 3000 
 
 0-001954 
 
 
 524 
 
 0-002058 
 
 
 486 
 
 0-001240 
 
 
 807 
 
 0-001079 
 
 
 927 
 
 0-002703 
 
 
 516 
 
 0-015538 
 
 
 71-4 
 
 0-001711 
 
 
 :340 
 
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 6 
 
 I 
 
 + •_ 
 
 (D-^CN 00«)"^<N °0¥'"?'*?' '2°^"?''?' OO^p-^WC^ 
 OOOSOSOsasOsOOOOOOi-l»-ti-li-li-IC1(M(N(M<M(M I 
 
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 lO 50 1^- 00 00 OS O iH Cq <N CO tP ITS CO i i>- oo Cft o O i^ (N w • 
 
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 + 
 
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 cococotf3cococoooTP-«#'^'^'«#'^Tt<TtiT}iTHii:5u:sursir5vo : 
 + 
 
 ■ji<CT oo^'^cq cpo^-^N ootti-^cq oocp-^cq oo 
 
 tC>00Oi-IC0u^l>-01O(MT*iC0Q0a)iHC0iiOI>-00O{N4fi5DJ>- 
 t**Tjii0iOlO10Oi0CD«>CDC0C0«Dt-l>.J>-r>-t-00Q0000000 
 
 + 
 
 ■yH CT 00 ep "^ (N 00 cp "jH cq op y ^ CN 00 CO -^ (N oo 
 (O^OOOOOiOiHCqWCO-^lOCOCDlr^OOOiOOf^iMM-^-^ 
 _^ r-t iH iH i-H »-< t-H i-t iH iH i-H i-H rH Cq CM <M CN (N (N CM 
 
 OOOSOrHCMCOTHursCOl-^OOOiOi-ICMCO'^^UISCDt^OOasOi-i 
 I iHr-li-lr-ii-li-lrHi-HrHr-(CM<M<M(MCMCM<MCVllMtMCOCO 
 
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 WU^ioOOCM-^^t^Oli-ICO-rtfCO'oOOCMMwa^-Oai-HCCl-rJI 
 I »-1?-*»-Hi-ti-li-ICMCM(M(MCMCOCQeOCOCOCO>d<t*(-<4< 
 
 00 (MTjicpoO (M"jf<CpOO (M-^CpOO OOCDTtlcq OOCO 
 
 0q(Mi-HO0100(}0t»C0^0'^'^C-3(Mi-lOOOi^CQ<nTtiri<iO 
 rH »-H rH r-t t 
 
 _l 
 
 colO■^cocM^-^oaaoo^^cDlO■^co(^^I-lOIH(^^co■^^:i<ot^ 
 
 T-<i— liHrHi— li— li— I I 
 
 _J 
 
 C<]'j}(«>CO (MTtl^oO (M-^^cp (M^Jfcooo (M-^rfi 
 
 ooocoTji(M)-ioai>.w5CO(MooocO"^co.^Oii?»o-#(rqoi^ 
 
 ■^COCOCOCOCO(MCT(M(M(?qCMrHi-(.-trH,-( j_ 
 
 _l ]*" 
 
 (M -jH «• CO (M -Jf "p oo (M -^ I© oo (M -^ « 00 CM tH <aD 
 
 (Ni-iooioocoi>-5D\ir5'^THco(Mi-HOOoaooi>.cocojJ:s4t<eQ 
 
 COCOCO(M(N(MC^(NCMCMlM(M(MOqcM(Mi-4rH.-ii-li-HrHrHW 
 
 I 
 
 OOSOOI:*eOVirS'«#COCqi-IOOSOOt>-COO-^CO(Mr-< OOaQOI>i 
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 I 
 
28 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 ■*o«oo^?^^-l^oo■*««cocq^-l-^®o■*«(»<»M^-IH»o-^ 
 
 + 
 
 + ^ 
 
 t-ooo>Oi-iMeo^ioot-oooiOi-tc^oo^iotot-ooo>Oi-H(Na3-^»ottib-c»«owci 
 
 t-J^Jt-000000C000C0Q0000000aiai0>C10a01Csei0i0»OOOOOOOOOOi-lrHrH 
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 !qoococ»^otOl-4£-cqcoooo>■^o<o>-l^-c^QOcoa^^o 
 
 j <o ^ to eo <0 ^ ^ ^ o o o tD t 
 
 3cooococoeoooooooeocoe3eecoco'4<-«'«-4<'«'4-4<'4<-«-«' 
 
 
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 + 
 
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 «a-*m<Dt-«00>Oi-H<MOO"*iOtt>t-COC»Or-IINOO'*»0«Dt*00010r-tMei3-*iOfflb-CO. 
 
 
 ■*oeoMc^t-I-^^oo■*OlOTcpOTt-lH(po■*olm(»«^-.J^oo■*»«»«^-I-l«po 
 
 I + 
 
 HC4C4IMC4<M<NC4C4C^<NCQCQeO 
 
 SS«moi5c3wW«OJ(MCqWCq<N«W<M<N(N<?»CqOTCqM(NWWr-liHr-li-(r-tr-tfHrHrH 
 
 ■ pK»0-<t*0>cacOC4l!>r-lp0^eaOOCOC4^-iHcpp^acpCIDC4t-r-l«0 
 
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CONVERSION OF CENTIGRADE INTO FAHR. 29 
 
 TABLE 15.— CONVERSION OF CENTIGRADE INTO 
 FAHRENHEIT DEGREES ABOVE 100, AND 
 VICE VERSA. 
 
 Divide the degrees above 100 into hundreds and a remainder. The 
 figure corresponding to the hundreds is taken from the following 
 tables and added to that corresponding to the remainder as taken from 
 Table 14. If, on converting Fahrenheit into Centigrade, the "re- 
 mainder " amounts to 32°, or less, the degrees Centigrade correspond- 
 ing to it are negative (below freezing point), and hence must be 
 deducted from the figures of the following table. Also note, for 
 example, that 300° F. is not =166-7° C, but = 166 7 -17-8, =148-9° C. 
 
 0. 
 
 Falir. 
 
 C. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 C. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 C. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 100 
 
 180' 
 
 600 
 
 1080 
 
 1100 
 
 1980 
 
 1600 
 
 2880 
 
 200 
 
 360 
 
 700 
 
 1260 
 
 1200 
 
 2160 
 
 1700 
 
 3060 
 
 300 
 
 540 
 
 800 
 
 1440 
 
 1300 
 
 2340 
 
 1800 
 
 3240 
 
 400 
 
 720 
 
 900 
 
 1620 
 
 1400 
 
 2520 
 
 1.900 
 
 3420 
 
 500 
 
 900 
 
 1000 
 
 1800 
 
 1500 
 
 2700 
 
 2000 
 
 3600 
 
 B. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 0. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 0. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 C. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 C. 
 
 100 
 
 55-6 
 
 1000 
 
 556-6 
 
 1900 
 
 1055-6 
 
 2800 
 
 1555-6 
 
 200 
 
 111-1 
 
 1100 
 
 611-1 
 
 2000 
 
 1111-1 
 
 2900 
 
 1611-1 
 
 300 
 
 166-7 
 
 1200 
 
 666-7 
 
 2100 
 
 1166-7 
 
 3000 
 
 1666-7 
 
 400 
 
 222-2 
 
 1300 
 
 722-2 
 
 2200 
 
 1222-2 
 
 3100 
 
 1722-2 
 
 500 
 
 277-8 
 
 1400 
 
 777-8 
 
 2300 
 
 1277-8 
 
 3200 
 
 1777-8 
 
 600 
 
 333-3 
 
 1500 
 
 833-3 
 
 2400 
 
 1333-3 
 
 3300 
 
 1833-3 
 
 700 
 
 388-9 
 
 1600 
 
 888-9 
 
 2500 
 
 1388-9 
 
 3400 
 
 1888-9 
 
 800 
 
 444-4 
 
 1700 
 
 944-4 
 
 2600 
 
 1444-4 
 
 3500 
 
 1944-4 
 
 900 
 
 500 
 
 1800 
 
 1000 
 
 2700 
 
 1500 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
30 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 16.— MELTING POINTS (FREEZING 
 POINTS). 
 
 Degrees Gent. 
 
 Alcohol (ethylic) . 
 
 Aluminium . 
 
 Ammonia 
 
 Antimony . 
 
 Asphalt 
 
 Benzene (pure) 
 
 Bismuth 
 
 Boric acid 
 
 Brass . 
 
 Bromine 
 
 Bronze . 
 
 Cadmium 
 
 Carbon dioxide . 
 
 Cobalt . 
 
 Colophonium 
 
 Copper 
 
 Cupric chloride . 
 
 Cuprous chloride . 
 
 Fat, ox 
 
 sheep . 
 
 pig 
 Fluorspar * . 
 Glass free from lead 
 
 containing lead 
 Gold . 
 Iron, cast, white . 
 
 grey • 
 wrought 
 Iodine . 
 Lead . 
 
 oxide . 
 
 chloride 
 Magnesium . 
 Mercury- 
 Mercuric chloride * 
 Naphthalene 
 Nickel . 
 Nitric acid . 
 oxide . 
 Nitric tetroxide . 
 Nitrous oxide 
 
 -130 
 
 657 
 
 -75 
 
 630 
 
 100 
 
 6 
 
 268 
 
 186 
 
 900 
 
 -70 
 
 900 
 
 321 
 
 -79 
 
 1490 
 
 133 
 
 1083 
 
 498 
 
 434 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 27 
 
 1330-1378 
 
 1200 
 
 1000 
 
 1063 
 
 1075-1135 
 
 1200-1250 
 
 1500 
 
 113 
 
 327 
 
 954 
 
 498 
 
 650 
 
 -39-4 
 
 287-293 
 
 79 
 
 1452 
 
 -50 
 
 -148 -8 to -167 
 
 -11 
 
 -102 
 
 * The statements found in literature vary between these limits. 
 
MELTING POINTS (FREEZING POINTS) 31 
 
 TABLE le— Continued. 
 
 Degrees Cent. 
 
 Palm oil 
 Paraffin, hard 
 Pitch (coal tar, hard) 
 Phosphorus 
 Platinum . 
 Potassium chlorate* 
 iodide* 
 carbonate* 
 nitrate* 
 chloride* 
 sulphate 
 Rose's metal 
 Selenium . 
 Stearic acid 
 Steel . 
 
 Silver, metallic 
 chloride^ 
 nitrate 
 Strontium chloride 
 Sodium chloride* 
 sulphate* 
 nitrate* . 
 chlorate* 
 carbonate* 
 Spermaceti . 
 Sulphur (raonoclinic) 
 dioxide . 
 trioxide . 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen 
 Sulphuric acid, cf. special 
 Thallium . 
 Tin . 
 
 tetrachloride 
 Wax, bees' . 
 Wood's metal 
 Zinc 
 
 part. 
 
 29 
 45-60 
 150-200 
 44 
 1753 
 248-372 
 674-723 
 878-898 
 336-343 
 740-804 
 1058-1076 
 94 
 217 
 70 
 1375 
 961-5 
 450-460 
 217 
 825 
 772-840 
 861-884 
 308-330 
 248-302 
 814-918 
 45-50 
 113 
 -72-7 
 14-8 
 -85 
 
 301 
 232 
 -33 
 62-70 
 70 
 419 
 
 The statements found in literature vary between these limits. 
 
32 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 O 
 
 » 
 
 f5 
 
 urs 
 
 
 
 
 
 i-i 
 
 c*: 
 
 
 CO 
 
 i-i 
 
 I-I 
 
 CO 
 
 -<* 
 
 Ttt 
 
 00 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 g 
 
 „ 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i-H I-i CO lO f-H i-( 
 
 «CO l-li-CN i-Hr-l COC^ 
 
 3 
 
 - c 
 3 o 
 
 C3 » 
 
 cow 
 
 3 
 
 '3 
 
 o 
 
 J3 
 
 2 
 '3 
 
 
 S :S 
 
 V 0} i^ 
 3 3 O 
 QQOl 
 
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 3 • 
 J3 
 
 ■3 . 
 
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 Qcn 
 
 '5 
 
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 3 
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 ocn 
 
 ■it 
 
 ji a 
 
 
 CD -di (M ■* 
 
 4) 22 
 
 s-s 
 
 S--S§ 
 
 
 
 ^ B =« 
 
 "O.-S ■ 
 
 m sulp 
 onium 
 E nitric 
 
 onium 
 sium n 
 r . 
 
 Sodiu 
 Aram 
 DUut 
 
 Amm 
 Potas 
 Wate 
 
 
 « 
 
 .3-S 
 -0.3 
 
 ego 
 
 u 
 '3 ■ ■ 
 
 sS 2'3 
 
 3 5 « *- 
 3 B 
 
 $3 
 
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 ■MB 
 
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BOILING POINTS 33 
 
 TABLE 18.— BOILING POINTS. 
 
 Centigrade. 
 
 Acetone 
 
 Alcohol, absolute 
 
 Aldehyde . 
 
 Ammonia, anhydrous 
 
 nitrate, satur. solution 
 
 Barium chloride, satur. solution . 
 
 Benzene 
 
 Bromine 
 
 Calcium chloride, satur. solution 
 66 per cent, solution 
 33 per cent, solution 
 nitrate, satur. solution 
 
 Carbon dioxide . 
 disulphide 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Ether . 
 
 Hydrochloric acid, 20 
 
 Iodine ... 
 
 Methylic alcohol . 
 
 Mercury 
 
 Naphthalene 
 
 Nitric acid, very concentrated 
 specific gravity 1-42 
 
 Nitrous anhydride 
 
 2 per cent. 
 
 HCl 
 
 56 
 
 78 
 
 21 
 -33-7 
 240 
 101-4 
 
 80-4 
 
 63-0 
 260 
 156 
 128 
 151 
 -78 
 
 46 
 -33-6 
 
 35 
 110 
 184-4 
 
 60 
 356 
 218 
 
 86 
 121 
 3-5 
 
34 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 18— Contimted. 
 
 
 Degrees 
 Centigrade. 
 
 Nitrous oxide 
 
 -88 
 
 Nitric peroxide .... 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 Potassium chloride, satur. solution 
 
 
 
 
 108-5 
 
 chlorate, satur. solution 
 
 
 
 
 104-4 
 
 acetate, satur. solution 
 
 
 
 
 161 
 
 carbonate, satur. solution 
 
 
 
 
 183-5 
 
 nitrate, satur. solution 
 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 sulphate, satur. solution 
 
 
 
 
 102-1 
 
 Sodium chloride, satur. solution . 
 
 
 
 
 108-8 
 
 acetate, satur. solution . 
 
 
 
 
 125 
 
 carbonate, satur. solution 
 
 
 
 
 105 
 
 phosphate, satur. solution 
 
 
 
 
 106-6 
 
 nitrate, satur. solution . 
 
 
 
 
 320 
 
 Sulphur .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 444-4 
 
 Sulphuric acid, H2SO4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 326 
 
 anhydride a 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 Sulphur dioxide . 
 
 
 
 
 
 -10 
 
 Toluene 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 Xylenes 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 136-141 
 
 Turpentine, spirits of 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 160 
 
 Zinc . 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 918 
 
HIGH TEMPERATURES 
 
 35 
 
 OS 
 
 
 p4 
 
 
 £| 
 
 /'-^ 
 
 
 O 
 
 tA 
 
 o 
 
 |x] 
 
 i-H 
 
 E^ 
 
 'd 
 
 ««i 
 
 a 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 & 
 
 l-H 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 OO 
 
 n 
 
 l-H 
 
 ti 
 
 a 
 
 h-i 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 » 
 
 :^ 
 
 H 
 
 f^, 
 
 (4 
 
 CQ 
 
 t3 
 
 S 
 
 02 . 
 
 
 4j Pi 
 
 
 1^ H 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 u 
 
 M ?! 
 
 h-l 
 
 <Jo 
 
 iJ 
 
 
 bo 
 
 Pi3 "^ 
 
 1 
 
 D 
 
 w 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 <l 
 
 ■T3 
 
 xi 
 
 ■s 
 
 i3 
 
 g. 
 
 3 
 
 .la 
 
 H 
 
 5; 
 
 Eh 
 
 ii 
 
 n 
 
 •g 
 
 dJ 
 
 
 M 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 i-i 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 J3 
 
 1^ 
 
 '^. 
 
 n 
 
 . O O iO O lO O 
 U CO (N t* i-H -* O 
 - C» lO CO CO o -^ 
 
 o o o m 
 
 ■r^ O OS -^ 
 
 CO "* t-H O 
 
 iH I-I r-l r-l 
 
 lo o o o o o «5 tft o o K-: 00 »cs 
 
 l>-OOOOOOOOOt*iOCOrHO 
 i-iC^-^i-fi-HiHrHTHrHrHi-l 
 
 tH 60 
 
 S 60.9 
 
 ^~. a a 
 
 bo . . 'S 'E . 
 
 "p. 5,3 " 
 
 & 2 I 
 
 CQ d 
 
 o o t^ C^ 
 
 5 
 
 B u 
 
 a.g 
 
 1h &o^ 
 I Si .a 
 
 a^ . 3 
 
 ^^S CO CO CO CO CO M CO 
 
 y ^^ 
 
 rrt S'S o o o o o o o 
 
 ^ 
 
 « o 
 
 •SS.2 
 Vi B So 
 
 Pi 
 
 3 SS-3 S 
 
 » 
 
 ^1 
 
 .as 
 
 3 u 
 fclOJ 
 
 i-l (3 S r-1 i-H r-l iH 
 
 iftOi«w^o<Nm<oeocooooo 
 eo(N*— vrti-HaDcot'-osio'^iooco 
 i-HS^'^-^-^oioo-^t^cDineDco 
 
 r^ ^: o CO m CO 
 
 .° c 0» Wt-^ CO^ 
 
 a 5 O lO t-i CO ^7 
 
 S O r-l rH r-( f-l g 
 
 B 
 o 
 Si 
 c« 
 
 3-° 
 S 1 
 
 u ii 
 
 V 
 
 Mi 
 
 Is 
 
 •■H g 
 CAPh 
 
 0) 
 
 • o • 
 
 OJ O 
 
 I ° • 
 •Si ' 
 
 O w O M 
 
 ehShS 
 
 iU 
 
 p r<co t 
 
 o o 
 
 . C30 (M 
 
 ft ;;5 j4 ? »^ 
 
 5 ^ s o S H 
 5 en o >"■'' " 
 
 S J3 ^^ 
 
 V >,% O o g T3 g-^i) 
 ;a u 60 bo 6D± -S & a 
 
 'S !i) 
 
 60 
 
 .s 
 
 o 
 
 » 
 
 «=2 S 
 
 "Zh 3 
 
 S a 3 g 
 
 g m m.a 
 
 a B B s- 
 
 s s a ° 
 
 S U Jj u 
 
TABLE 20.— REDUCTION OP THE VOLUME OP 
 
 Vx278!> 
 
 General formula for Diy Gases, Vq 
 &=Baroinetric pressure, reduced to 0' 
 
 (273+()760 
 t= temperature; /= tension 
 I. Table for reducing the volumes of 
 
 0°. 
 
 1°. 
 
 r. 
 
 3°. 
 
 4". 
 
 5% 
 
 6°. 
 
 7". 
 
 8'. 
 
 9". 
 
 10°. 
 
 0*. 
 
 1 
 
 0-996 
 
 0-993 
 
 0-989 
 
 0-986 
 
 0-982 
 
 0-978 
 
 0-975 
 
 0-972 
 
 0-968 
 
 0-966 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1-993 
 
 1-986 
 
 1-978 
 
 1-971 
 
 1-964 
 
 1-957 
 
 1-960 
 
 1-948 
 
 1-986 
 
 1-929 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2-989 
 
 2-978 
 
 2-967 
 
 2-967 
 
 2-946 
 
 2-936 
 
 2-925 
 
 2-915 
 
 2-904 
 
 2-894 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 3-985 
 
 3-971 
 
 3-956 
 
 3-942 
 
 3-928 
 
 3-914 
 
 3-900 
 
 3-886 
 
 3-872 
 
 3-869 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4-982 
 
 4-964 
 
 4-946 
 
 4-928 
 
 4-910 
 
 4-893 
 
 4-876 
 
 4-868 
 
 4-841 
 
 4-824 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6-978 
 
 6-956 
 
 6-985 
 
 5-913 
 
 6-892 
 
 5-871 
 
 5-850 
 
 6-880 
 
 6-809 
 
 6-788 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6-974 
 
 6-949 
 
 6-924 
 
 6-899 
 
 6-874 
 
 6-860 
 
 6-826 
 
 6-801 
 
 6-777 
 
 6-753 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7-970 
 
 7-942 
 
 7-913 
 
 7-885 
 
 7-856 
 
 7-828 
 
 7-800 
 
 7-773 
 
 7-746 
 
 7-718 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8-967 
 
 8-934 
 
 8-902 
 
 8-870 
 
 8-838 
 
 8-807 
 
 8-775 
 
 8-744 
 
 8-n3 
 
 8-682 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9-963 
 
 9-927 
 
 9-891 
 
 9-856 
 
 9-820 
 
 9-786 
 
 9-750 
 
 9-716 
 
 9-681 
 
 9-647 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10-96 
 
 10-92 
 
 10-88 
 
 10-84 
 
 10-80 
 
 10-76 
 
 10-73 
 
 10-69 
 
 10-65 
 
 10-61 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 11-96 
 
 11-91 
 
 11-87 
 
 11-83 
 
 11-78 
 
 11-74 
 
 11-70 
 
 11-66 
 
 11-62 
 
 11-67 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 12-95 
 
 12-91 
 
 12-86 
 
 12-81 
 
 12-76 
 
 12-72 
 
 12-68 
 
 12-63 
 
 12-69 
 
 12-54 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 13-95 
 
 13-90 
 
 13-86 
 
 13-80 
 
 13-75 
 
 13-70 
 
 13-66 
 
 13-60 
 
 18-65 
 
 13-60 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 14-95 
 
 14-89 
 
 14-84 
 
 14-78 
 
 14-78 
 
 14-68 
 
 14-63 
 
 14-67 
 
 14-52 
 
 14-47 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16-94 
 
 15-88 
 
 16-88 
 
 15-77 
 
 16 -n 
 
 15-66 
 
 15-60 
 
 15-65 
 
 15-49 
 
 16-43 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 16-94 
 
 16-87 
 
 16-82 
 
 16-76 
 
 16-69 
 
 16-64 
 
 16-68 
 
 16-62 
 
 16-46 
 
 16-40 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 17-93 
 
 17-87 
 
 17-81 
 
 17-74 
 
 17-67 
 
 17-61 
 
 17-65 
 
 17-49 
 
 17-43 
 
 17-36 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 18-93 
 
 18-86 
 
 18-79 
 
 18-72 
 
 18-66 
 
 18-59 
 
 18-53 
 
 18-46 
 
 18-39 
 
 18-33 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 19-98 
 
 19-86 
 
 19-78 
 
 19-71 
 
 19-64 
 
 19-67 
 
 19-50 
 
 19-43 
 
 19-36 
 
 19-29 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 20-93 
 
 20-84 
 
 20-77 
 
 20-69 
 
 20-62 
 
 20-66 
 
 20-48 
 
 20-40, 
 
 20-33 
 
 20-26 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 21-92 
 
 21-84 
 
 21-76 
 
 21-68 
 
 21-60 
 
 21-63 
 
 21-46 
 
 21-37 
 
 21-80 
 
 21-22 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 22-92 
 
 22-83 
 
 22-75 
 
 22-66 
 
 22-68 
 
 22-61 
 
 22-43 
 
 22-35 
 
 22-26 
 
 22-18 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 23-92 
 
 28-82 
 
 28-74 
 
 23-65 
 
 23-66 
 
 23-48 
 
 28-40 
 
 23-32 
 
 23-23 
 
 23-15 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 24-91 
 
 24-81 
 
 24-73 
 
 24-64 
 
 24-56 
 
 24-46 
 
 24-38 
 
 24-29 
 
 24-20 
 
 24-11 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 25-91 
 
 25-81 
 
 25-72 
 
 25-62 
 
 26-63 
 
 25-44 
 
 25-35 
 
 25-26 
 
 26-17 
 
 25-08 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 26-90 
 
 26-80 
 
 26-71 
 
 26-61 
 
 26-62 
 
 26-42 
 
 26-33 
 
 26-23 
 
 26-13 
 
 26-04 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 27-90 
 
 27-79 
 
 27-69 
 
 27-59 
 
 27-50 
 
 27-40 
 
 27-30 
 
 27-20 
 
 27-10 
 
 27-01 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 28-90 
 
 28-78 
 
 28-68 
 
 28-68 
 
 28-48 
 
 28-38 
 
 28-28 
 
 28-17 
 
 28-07 
 
 27-97 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 29-89 
 
 29-78 
 
 29-67 
 
 29-67 
 
 29-46 
 
 29-36 
 
 29-25 
 
 29-15 
 
 29-04 
 
 2S-94 
 
 80 
 
 31 
 
 30-89 
 
 80-77 
 
 30-66 
 
 30-65 
 
 30 44 
 
 80-84 
 
 30-28 
 
 30-12 
 
 30-01 
 
 29-91 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 31-88 
 
 31-76 
 
 31-65 
 
 81-54 
 
 31-42 
 
 31-32 
 
 31-20 
 
 31-09 
 
 30-98 
 
 80-87 
 
 32 
 
 83 
 
 S2-8S 
 
 82-76 
 
 82-64 
 
 82-52 
 
 32-40 
 
 82-80 
 
 82-18 
 
 32-06 
 
 31-94 
 
 81-84 
 
 38 
 
 34 
 
 33-88 
 
 38-76 
 
 83-68 
 
 33-61 
 
 88-83 
 
 88-27 
 
 33-16 
 
 33-08 
 
 32-91 
 
 82-80 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 34-87 
 
 84-74 
 
 84-62 
 
 84-50 
 
 34-37 
 
 84-25 
 
 34-13 
 
 34-01 
 
 33-88 
 
 33-77 
 
 85 
 
 36 
 
 86-87 
 
 36-74 
 
 86-61 
 
 36-48 
 
 85-85 
 
 85-23 
 
 85-10 
 
 34-98 
 
 84-86 
 
 34-78 
 
 36 
 
 87 
 
 86-87 
 
 36-73 
 
 36-60 
 
 86-47 
 
 36-83 
 
 86-21 
 
 36-08 
 
 35-95 
 
 86-82 
 
 35-70 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 37-86 
 
 37-72 
 
 37-69 
 
 37-45 
 
 87-32 
 
 S7-19 
 
 87-05 
 
 36-92 
 
 86-79 
 
 36-66 
 
 88 
 
 39 
 
 38-85 
 
 38-71 
 
 88-68 
 
 38-44 
 
 88-30 
 
 88-16 
 
 88-03 
 
 37-89 
 
 37-76 
 
 37-62 
 
 89 
 
 40 
 
 39-86 
 
 39-71 
 
 89-66 
 
 89-42 
 
 39-28 
 
 39-14 
 
 89-00 
 
 38-86 
 
 38-72 
 
 38-69 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 40-85 
 
 40-70 
 
 40-65 
 
 40-41 
 
 40-26 
 
 40-12 
 
 39-98 
 
 39-88 
 
 89-69 
 
 39-65 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 41-85 
 
 41-69 
 
 41-64 
 
 41-39 
 
 41-24 
 
 41-10 
 
 40-95 
 
 40-80 
 
 40-66 
 
 40-52 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 42-84 
 
 42-68 
 
 42-63 
 
 42-38 
 
 42-22 
 
 42-08 
 
 41-93 
 
 41-78 
 
 41-62 
 
 41-48 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 43-84 
 
 43 '68 
 
 43-62 
 
 43-87 
 
 48-20 
 
 48-06 
 
 42-90 
 
 42-76 
 
 42-69 
 
 42-45 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 44-84 
 
 44-67 
 
 44-61 
 
 4435 
 
 44-19 
 
 44-08 
 
 43-88 
 
 43-72 
 
 43-66 
 
 43-41 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 45-83 
 
 45-66 
 
 45-50 
 
 46-34 
 
 45-17 
 
 46-01 
 
 44-85 
 
 44-69 
 
 44-63 
 
 44-38 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 46-88 
 
 46-66 
 
 46-48 
 
 46 32 
 
 46-16 
 
 46-99 
 
 45-83 
 
 46-66 
 
 45-60 
 
 45-34 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 47-88 
 
 47-65 
 
 47-48 
 
 47-31 
 
 47-13 
 
 46-97 
 
 46-80 
 
 46-68 
 
 46-47 
 
 46-81 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 48-82 
 
 48-64 
 
 48-47 
 
 48-29 
 
 48-12 
 
 47-95 
 
 47-78 
 
 47-60 
 
 47-44 
 
 47-27 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 49-82 
 
 49 64 
 
 49-46 
 
 49-28 
 
 49-10 
 
 48-98 
 
 48-75 
 
 48-58 
 
 48-41 
 
 48-24 
 
 50 
 
GASES TO NORMAL TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE. 
 
 General formula for Moist Gases, Vo = yx^^^Ct-/) 
 ' " (273+0700 
 
 of aqueous vapour at f. Compare Table 23. 
 
 gases to a temperature of 0° C. 
 
 0\ 
 
 1". 
 
 2". 
 
 3". 
 
 4". 
 
 5". 
 
 6'. 
 
 7-. 
 
 S°. 
 
 9°. 
 
 10'. 
 
 O". 
 
 51 
 
 50-82 
 
 50-63 
 
 50-46 
 
 50-26 
 
 60-08 
 
 49-91 
 
 49-73 
 
 40-56 
 
 49-38 
 
 49-21 
 
 61 
 
 52 
 
 51-81 
 
 51-62 
 
 51-44 
 
 61-26 
 
 61-06 
 
 60-89 
 
 60-70 
 
 60-62 
 
 60-35 
 
 50-17 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 52-81 
 
 52-62 
 
 62-43 
 
 62-24 
 
 52-06 
 
 61-87 
 
 61-68 
 
 51-49 
 
 61-31 
 
 51-13 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 63-81 
 
 53-61 
 
 63-42 
 
 63-22 
 
 63-03 
 
 52-84 
 
 52-66 
 
 52-46 
 
 52-28 
 
 62-10 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 54-80 
 
 51-60 
 
 64-41 
 
 64-21 
 
 54-01 
 
 63-82 
 
 53-63 
 
 53-44 
 
 63-25 
 
 63-06 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 65-80 
 
 56-60 
 
 55-40 
 
 55-19 
 
 54-99 
 
 54-80 
 
 54-60 
 
 54-41 
 
 64-22 
 
 54-03 
 
 66 
 
 57 
 
 56-80 
 
 66-60 
 
 56-30 
 
 56-18 
 
 66-97 
 
 56-78 
 
 56-68 
 
 55-38 
 
 65-19 
 
 54-99 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 57-79 
 
 67-58 
 
 57-37 
 
 6716 
 
 66-96 
 
 66-76 
 
 66-55 
 
 66-36 
 
 56-15 
 
 65-96 
 
 58 
 
 50 
 
 68-79 
 
 68-57 
 
 58-37 
 
 68-15 
 
 57-93 
 
 57-74 
 
 67-63 
 
 67-32 
 
 57-12 
 
 56-92 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 60-78 
 
 69-66 
 
 60-35 
 
 59-13 
 
 58-92 
 
 58-71 
 
 58-50 
 
 58-30 
 
 68-09 
 
 57-88 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 60-78 
 
 60-56 
 
 60-34 
 
 60-12 
 
 69-90 
 
 59-69 
 
 50-48 
 
 69-27 
 
 59-06 
 
 68-86 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 61-78 
 
 61-65 
 
 61-33 
 
 61-10 
 
 ■ 60-88 
 
 60-67 
 
 60-45 
 
 60-24 
 
 60-03 
 
 69-81 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 62-77 
 
 62-64 
 
 62-32 
 
 62-09 
 
 61-86 
 
 61-65 
 
 61-43 
 
 61-21 
 
 60-99 
 
 60-77 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 63-77 
 
 63-53 
 
 63-31 
 
 63-07 
 
 62-84 
 
 62-63 
 
 62-40 
 
 62-18 
 
 61-96 
 
 61-74 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 64-76 
 
 64-53 
 
 64-30 
 
 64-06 
 
 63-83 
 
 63-61 
 
 63-38 
 
 63-16 
 
 62-93 
 
 62-70 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 65-76 
 
 66-62 
 
 65-20 
 
 65-04 
 
 64-81 
 
 64-68 
 
 64-36 
 
 6413 
 
 63-89 
 
 68-67 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 66-75 
 
 66-61 
 
 66-27 
 
 66-03 
 
 65-79 
 
 65-66 
 
 66-33 
 
 66-10 
 
 64-86 
 
 64-63 
 
 87 
 
 es 
 
 67-75 
 
 67-50 
 
 67-26 
 
 67-02 
 
 66-77 
 
 66-64 
 
 66-30 
 
 66-07 
 
 65-83 
 
 65-60 
 
 68 
 
 60 
 
 68-75 
 
 68-60 
 
 68-25 
 
 68-01 
 
 67-75 
 
 67-52 
 
 67-28 
 
 67-04 
 
 66-80 
 
 66-56 
 
 09 
 
 70 
 
 69-74 
 
 69-49 
 
 69-24 
 
 68-99 
 
 68-74 
 
 68-60 
 
 68-26 
 
 68-01 
 
 67-77 
 
 67-53 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 70-74 
 
 70-48 
 
 70-23 
 
 69-98 
 
 69-72 
 
 69-48 
 
 69-23 
 
 63-98 
 
 68-74 
 
 68-49 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 71-74 
 
 71-48 
 
 71-22 
 
 70-06 
 
 70-70 
 
 70-46 
 
 70-20 
 
 69-96 
 
 69-71 
 
 69-46 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 72-73 
 
 72-47 
 
 72-21 
 
 71-95 
 
 71-69 
 
 71-44 
 
 71-18 
 
 70-93 
 
 70-67 
 
 70-42 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 73-73 
 
 73-46 
 
 73-20 
 
 72-93 
 
 72-66 
 
 72-41 
 
 72-16 
 
 71-90 
 
 71-64 
 
 71-39 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 74-72 
 
 74-45 
 
 74-19 
 
 73-92 
 
 73-66 
 
 73-39 
 
 73-13 
 
 72-87 
 
 72-61 
 
 72-36 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 75-72 
 
 76-45 
 
 75-18 
 
 74-90 
 
 74-63 
 
 74-37 
 
 74-10 
 
 73-84 
 
 73-58 
 
 73-32 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 76-72 
 
 76-44 
 
 76-17 
 
 75-89 
 
 75-61 
 
 76-35 
 
 76-08 
 
 74-81 
 
 74-66 
 
 74-28 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 77-71 
 
 77-48 
 
 77-16 
 
 70-87 
 
 76-69 
 
 76-33 
 
 76-05 
 
 75-78 
 
 76-51 
 
 75-25 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 78-71 
 
 78-42 
 
 78-14 
 
 77-86 
 
 77-58 
 
 77-31 
 
 77-03 
 
 76-76 
 
 76-48 
 
 76-21 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 70-ro 
 
 79-42 
 
 79-13 
 
 78-85 
 
 78-56 
 
 78-28 
 
 78-00 
 
 77-73 
 
 77-45 
 
 77-18 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 80-70 
 
 80-41 
 
 80-12 
 
 79-83 
 
 79-54 
 
 79-26 
 
 78-98 
 
 78-70 
 
 78-42 
 
 78-14 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 81-69 
 
 81-40 
 
 81-n- 
 
 80-82 
 
 80-52 
 
 80-24 
 
 79-05 
 
 79-67 
 
 79-39 
 
 79-11 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 82-69 
 
 82-39 
 
 82-10 
 
 81-81 
 
 81-61 
 
 81-22 
 
 80-93 
 
 80-64 
 
 80-36 
 
 80-07 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 83-69 
 
 83-39 
 
 83-09 
 
 82-79 
 
 82-49 
 
 82-20 
 
 81-90 
 
 81-61 
 
 81-32 
 
 81-04 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 84-68 
 
 84-38 
 
 M-08 
 
 83-78 
 
 83-47 
 
 83-17 
 
 82-88 
 
 82-63 
 
 82-29 
 
 82-00 
 
 85 
 
 86 
 
 85-68 
 
 85-37 
 
 85-07 
 
 84-76 
 
 84-46 
 
 84-16 
 
 83-86 
 
 83-65 
 
 83-26 
 
 82-97 
 
 80 
 
 87 
 
 86-68 
 
 86-37 
 
 86-06 
 
 86-76 
 
 86-43 
 
 85-13 
 
 84-83 
 
 84-63 
 
 84-23 
 
 83-93 
 
 87 
 
 88 
 
 87-67 
 
 87-36 
 
 87-05 
 
 86-73 
 
 86-42 
 
 86-11 
 
 86-80 
 
 86-60 
 
 85-20 
 
 84-90 
 
 88 
 
 80 
 
 88-67 
 
 88-36 
 
 88-04 
 
 87-72 
 
 87-40 
 
 87-09 
 
 86-78 
 
 86-47 
 
 86-16 
 
 86-86 
 
 89 
 
 00 
 
 89-67 
 
 89-34 
 
 89-02 
 
 88-70 
 
 88-38 
 
 88-07 
 
 87-76 
 
 87-44 
 
 87-13 
 
 80-82 
 
 00 
 
 91 
 
 90-66 
 
 90-34 
 
 90-01 
 
 89-69 
 
 89-36 
 
 89-06 
 
 88-73 
 
 88-41 
 
 88-10 
 
 87-79 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 91-66 
 
 91-33 
 
 91-00 
 
 90-67 
 
 90-34 
 
 90-03 
 
 89-70 
 
 89-33 
 
 89-07 
 
 88-75 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 92-66 
 
 92-32 
 
 91-99 
 
 91-66 
 
 91-83 
 
 91-01 
 
 9008 
 
 90-36 
 
 90-03 
 
 89-72 
 
 93 
 
 04 
 
 93-65 
 
 93-31 
 
 92-98 
 
 92-64 
 
 92-31 
 
 91-98 
 
 91-65 
 
 91-33 
 
 91-00 
 
 90-08 
 
 94 
 
 95 
 
 94-66 
 
 94-31 
 
 93-97 
 
 93-63 
 
 93-29 
 
 92-96 
 
 92-63 
 
 92-30 
 
 91-97 
 
 91-65 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 95-65 
 
 S5-S0 
 
 94-96 
 
 94-61 
 
 94-27 
 
 93-94 
 
 9S-60 
 
 93-27 
 
 92-94 
 
 92-61 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 96-64 
 
 96-29 
 
 96-95 
 
 95-60 
 
 95-26 
 
 94-92 
 
 94-58 
 
 94-24 
 
 93-91 
 
 93-57 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 97-64 
 
 97-28 
 
 96-93 
 
 96-58 
 
 96-24 
 
 95-00 
 
 95-56 
 
 95-21 
 
 94-87 
 
 94-54 
 
 98 
 
 go 
 
 98-64 
 
 98-27 
 
 97-92 
 
 97-57 
 
 97-22 
 
 96-87 
 
 96-53 
 
 96-18 
 
 96-84 
 
 96-60 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 
 90-63 
 
 90-27 
 
 08-91 
 
 98-56 
 
 98-20 
 
 97-85 
 
 97-60 
 
 
 
 97-10 
 
 96-61 
 
 06-47 
 
 100 
 
38 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS* HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 20— 
 I. Table for reducing the volumes of 
 
 0*. 
 
 11°. 
 
 12°. 
 
 13". 
 
 14". 
 
 15°. 
 
 16°. 
 
 17". 
 
 18'. 
 
 19°. 
 
 20°. 
 
 0°. 
 
 1 
 
 0-961 
 
 0-958 
 
 0-955 
 
 0-951 
 
 0-948 
 
 0-946 
 
 0-941 
 
 0-9S8 
 
 0-935 
 
 0-932 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1-923 
 
 1-916 
 
 1-909 
 
 1-903 
 
 1-896 
 
 1-889 
 
 1-883 
 
 1-876 
 
 1-889 
 
 1-864 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2-834 
 
 2-874 
 
 2-864 
 
 2-854 
 
 2-844 
 
 2-M4 
 
 2-824 
 
 2-815 
 
 2-805 
 
 2-796 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3-845 
 
 3«32 
 
 3-818 
 
 3-806 
 
 3-792 
 
 3-779 
 
 3-766 
 
 3-763 
 
 3-740 
 
 3-727 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4-807 
 
 4-790 
 
 4-773 
 
 4-767 
 
 4-740 
 
 4-724 
 
 4-707 
 
 4-691 
 
 4-676 
 
 4-869 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6-768 
 
 6-747 
 
 5-728 
 
 6-708 
 
 5-688 
 
 5-668 
 
 6-648 
 
 5-629 
 
 6-609 
 
 5-591 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 6-729 
 
 6-705 
 
 6-682 
 
 8-659 
 
 6-636 
 
 6-613 
 
 6-590 
 
 6-667 
 
 6-544 
 
 6-523 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7-690 
 
 7-663 
 
 7-637 
 
 7-610 
 
 7-684 
 
 7-658 
 
 7-531 
 
 7-606 
 
 7-479 
 
 7-454 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8-652 
 
 8-621 
 
 8-591 
 
 8-562 
 
 8-532 
 
 8-602 
 
 8-472 
 
 8-444 
 
 8-414 
 
 8-386 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9-613 
 
 9-579 
 
 9-546 
 
 9-513 
 
 9-480 
 
 9-447 
 
 9-414 
 
 9-S82 
 
 9-349 
 
 9-318 
 
 10 
 
 - 11 
 
 10-67 
 
 10-63 
 
 10-60 
 
 10-46 
 
 10-43 
 
 10-39 
 
 10-36 
 
 10-32 
 
 10-28 
 
 10-25 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 11-63 
 
 11-49 
 
 11-45 
 
 11-42 
 
 11-38 
 
 11-33 
 
 11-30 
 
 11-26 
 
 11-21 
 
 11-18 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 12-49 
 
 12-45 
 
 12-41 
 
 12-36 
 
 12-32 
 
 12-28 
 
 12-24 
 
 12-20 
 
 12-16 
 
 12-11 
 
 13 
 
 M 
 
 13-45 
 
 13-41 
 
 13-36 
 
 13-31 
 
 13-27 
 
 13-22 
 
 18-17 
 
 13-13 
 
 13-08 
 
 13-04 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 14-42 
 
 14-37 
 
 14-32 
 
 14-27 
 
 14-22 
 
 14-17 
 
 14-12 
 
 14-07 
 
 14-02 
 
 13-97 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 15-38 
 
 16-32 
 
 16-27 
 
 16-22 
 
 16-17 
 
 15-n 
 
 16-06 
 
 15-01 
 
 14-96 
 
 14-91 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 16-34 
 
 16-28 
 
 16-23 
 
 16-17 
 
 16-12 
 
 16-08 
 
 16-00 
 
 16-96 
 
 16-89 
 
 15-84 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 17-30 
 
 17-24 
 
 17-18 
 
 17-12 
 
 l7-0li 
 
 17-00 
 
 18-94 
 
 16-89 
 
 16-82 
 
 16-78 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 
 18-26 
 
 18-20 
 
 18-14 
 
 18-07 
 
 18-01 
 
 17-96 
 
 17-89 
 
 17-83 
 
 17-76 
 
 17-70 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 19-23 
 
 19-16 
 
 19-09 
 
 19-03 
 
 18-96 
 
 18-89 
 
 18-83 
 
 18-76 
 
 18-69 
 
 18-64 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 20-19 
 
 20-12 
 
 20-04 
 
 19-98 
 
 19-91 
 
 19-84 
 
 19-77 
 
 19-70 
 
 19-62 
 
 19-57 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 21-15 
 
 21-08 
 
 21-00 
 
 20-93 
 
 20-86 
 
 20-78 
 
 20-71 
 
 20-64 
 
 20-56 
 
 28-60 
 
 22 • 
 
 23 
 
 22-11 
 
 22-03 
 
 21-95 
 
 21-88 
 
 21-80 
 
 21-73 
 
 21-66 
 
 21-68 
 
 21-60 
 
 21-43 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 23-07 
 
 22-99 
 
 22-01 
 
 22-83 
 
 22-76 
 
 22-07 
 
 22-69 
 
 22-51 
 
 22-43 
 
 22-37 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 24-03 
 
 23-95 
 
 23-86 
 
 23-78 
 
 23-70 
 
 23-61 
 
 23-54 
 
 23-45 
 
 23-37 
 
 23-30 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 25-00 
 
 24-91 
 
 24-81 
 
 24-73 
 
 24-65 
 
 24-56 
 
 24-48 
 
 24-39 
 
 24-30 
 
 24-23 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 25-96 
 
 26-87 
 
 25-77 
 
 25-09 
 
 25-60 
 
 25-60 
 
 25-42 
 
 25-33 
 
 26-23 
 
 25-16 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 26-92 
 
 26-82 
 
 26-72 
 
 26-64 
 
 26-64 
 
 26-46 
 
 26-36 
 
 26-27 
 
 26-17 
 
 26-09 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 27-88 
 
 27-78 
 
 27-68 
 
 27-69 
 
 27-49 
 
 27-39 
 
 27-80 
 
 27-20 
 
 27-10 
 
 27-02 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 28-84 
 
 28-74 
 
 28-64 
 
 28-54 
 
 28-44 
 
 28-34 
 
 28-24 
 
 28-15 
 
 28-05 
 
 27-95 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 29-80 
 
 29-70 
 
 29-59 
 
 29-49 
 
 29-39 
 
 29-28 
 
 29-18 
 
 29-09 
 
 28-99 
 
 28-87 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 30-76 
 
 30-66 
 
 30-56 
 
 30-44 
 
 80-34 
 
 30-23 
 
 30-12 
 
 30-03 
 
 29-92 
 
 29-81 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 31-72 
 
 31-61 
 
 81-60 
 
 31-39 
 
 31-28 
 
 31 -IT 
 
 31-06 
 
 30-97 
 
 30-86 
 
 30-74 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 32-68 
 
 32-57 
 
 32-46 
 
 32-34 
 
 32-23 
 
 3212 
 
 32-»l 
 
 31-90 
 
 31-79 
 
 31-68 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 33-65 
 
 33-63 
 
 33-41 
 
 83-30 
 
 33-18 
 
 33-06 
 
 32-95 
 
 82-84 
 
 32-73 
 
 32-61 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 34-61 
 
 34-49 
 
 34-37 
 
 34-25 
 
 34-13 
 
 34-01 
 
 33-89 
 
 33-78 
 
 33-66 
 
 33-64 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 35-57 
 
 35-46 
 
 36-32 
 
 36-20 
 
 35-08 
 
 34-95 
 
 34-83 
 
 34-72 
 
 34-59 
 
 34-47 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 36-63 
 
 36-40 
 
 36-28 
 
 36-15 
 
 36-02 
 
 36-90 
 
 35-77 
 
 36-66 
 
 35-53 
 
 36-40 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 37-49 
 
 37-36 
 
 87-23 
 
 37-10 
 
 36-97 
 
 86-84 
 
 36-71 
 
 36-69 
 
 36-46 
 
 36-34 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 38-45 
 
 38-32 
 
 38-18 
 
 33-05 
 
 37-92 
 
 37-79 
 
 37-66 
 
 37-63 
 
 37-40 
 
 37-27 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 89-41 
 
 89-28 
 
 39-14 
 
 39-00 
 
 38-87 
 
 38-73 
 
 38-60 
 
 38-47 
 
 38-34 
 
 38-20 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 40-37 
 
 40-24 
 
 40-09 
 
 39-95 
 
 39-82 
 
 39-68 
 
 39-54 
 
 39-41 
 
 39-27 
 
 39-18 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 41-33 
 
 41-19 
 
 41-06 
 
 40-90 
 
 46-76 
 
 40-62 
 
 40-48 
 
 40-36 
 
 40-21 
 
 40-»7 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 42-30 
 
 42-15 
 
 42-00 
 
 41-86 
 
 41-71 
 
 41-57 
 
 41-43 
 
 41-28 
 
 41-14 
 
 41-00 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 43-26 
 
 43-11 
 
 42-95 
 
 42-81 
 
 42-66 
 
 42-51 
 
 42-37 
 
 42-22 
 
 42-08 
 
 41-93 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 44-29 
 
 44-07 
 
 43-91 
 
 43-76 
 
 43-61 
 
 43-40 
 
 43-31 
 
 43-16 
 
 43-01 
 
 42-86 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 46-18 
 
 45-08 
 
 44-86 
 
 44-71 
 
 44-56 
 
 44-40 
 
 44-25 
 
 44-10 
 
 43-94 
 
 43-79 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 46-14 
 
 45-98 
 
 45-82 
 
 45-66 
 
 45-50 
 
 45-35 
 
 45-19 
 
 45-04 
 
 44-88 
 
 44-72 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 47-10 
 
 46-94 
 
 46-77 
 
 46-61 
 
 46-45 
 
 46-29 
 
 46-13 
 
 45-97 
 
 45-81 
 
 45-86 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 48-07 
 
 47-90 
 
 47-73 
 
 47-67 
 
 47-40 
 
 47-24 
 
 47-07 
 
 46-91 
 
 46-75 
 
 46-69 
 
 60 
 
REDUCTION OF THE VOLUME OF GASES 39 
 
 Gontinimd. 
 
 gases to a temperature of 0° C. — Continued. 
 
 0'. 
 
 11". 
 
 12'. 
 
 13°. 
 
 14'. 
 
 15'. 
 
 16*. 
 
 17'. 
 
 18". 
 
 19'. 
 
 20-. 
 
 0". 
 
 61 
 
 49-08 
 
 48 -86 
 
 48-69 
 
 48-62 
 
 48-35 
 
 48-lS 
 
 48-01 
 
 47-85 
 
 47-68 
 
 47-62 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 49-99 
 
 49-12 
 
 49-64 
 
 49-47 
 
 49-30 
 
 49-13 
 
 48-96 
 
 4J-79 
 
 48-62 
 
 4S-46 
 
 52 
 
 63 
 
 60-96 
 
 60-77 
 
 66-69 
 
 60-42 
 
 60-24 
 
 58-07 
 
 49-89 
 
 49-72 
 
 49-66 
 
 49-38 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 51-91 
 
 61-73 
 
 61-56 
 
 61-37 
 
 51-19 
 
 61-02 
 
 60-54 
 
 60-66 
 
 60-49 
 
 60-82 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 62-87 
 
 62-69 
 
 62-60 
 
 52-33 
 
 62-14 
 
 61-96 
 
 61-78 
 
 61-60 
 
 61-43 
 
 61-25 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 63-84 
 
 63-66 
 
 63-46 
 
 63-28 
 
 63-09 
 
 62-91 
 
 52-72 
 
 52-64 
 
 62-36 
 
 62-18 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 54-80 
 
 64-61 
 
 64-41 
 
 64-28 
 
 54-04 
 
 53-86 
 
 63-66 
 
 63-48 
 
 63-29 
 
 53-71 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 *5-76 
 
 66-66 
 
 66-37 
 
 65-18 
 
 64-98 
 
 64-80 
 
 64-80 
 
 64-42 
 
 54-23 
 
 54-04 
 
 58 
 
 69 
 
 66-72 
 
 56-62 
 
 66-32 
 
 66-13 
 
 66-93 
 
 56-74 
 
 66-54 
 
 65-36 
 
 56-16 
 
 64-97 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 67-68 
 
 67-47 
 
 67-28 
 
 67-88 
 
 56-88 
 
 66-68 
 
 66-48 
 
 66-29 
 
 56-09 
 
 66-91 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 58-64 
 
 68-43 
 
 68-23 
 
 68-03 
 
 67-83 
 
 57-63 
 
 67-42 
 
 67-23 
 
 57-02 
 
 66-84 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 69-60 
 
 69-39 
 
 69-19 
 
 68-98 
 
 68-78 
 
 68-57 
 
 58-36 
 
 68-17 
 
 67-96 
 
 67-77 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 60-66 
 
 60-36 
 
 60-14 
 
 69-93 
 
 59-72 
 
 59-52 
 
 69-30 
 
 69-11 
 
 68-90 
 
 68-71 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 61-63 
 
 61-31 
 
 01-10 
 
 60-88 
 
 68-07 
 
 66-46 
 
 06-25 
 
 60-04 
 
 69-83 
 
 59-64 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 62-49 
 
 62-26 
 
 62-06 
 
 61-84 
 
 61-62 
 
 61-40 
 
 61-19 
 
 60-98 
 
 60-77 
 
 60-67 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 63-46 
 
 63-22 
 
 63-01 
 
 62-79 
 
 62-67 
 
 62-35 
 
 62-13 
 
 61-92 
 
 61-70 
 
 61-50 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 64-41 
 
 64-18 
 
 63-96 
 
 63-74 
 
 63-62 
 
 63-29 
 
 63-07 
 
 62-86 
 
 82-63 
 
 62-43 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 65-37 
 
 65-13 
 
 64-92 
 
 «4'69 
 
 64-46 
 
 64-23 
 
 64 01 
 
 63-80 
 
 63-57 
 
 63-36 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 66-33 
 
 66-09 
 
 66-87 
 
 66-64 
 
 66-41 
 
 65-18 
 
 64-96 
 
 64-73 
 
 64-60 
 
 64-30 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 67-29 
 
 67-06 
 
 66-82 
 
 66-69 
 
 66-36 
 
 66-13 
 
 66-90 
 
 66-67 
 
 65-44 
 
 65-23 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 68-25 
 
 68-01 
 
 67-77 
 
 67-54 
 
 67-31 
 
 67-07 
 
 66-84 
 
 66-61 
 
 66-38 
 
 66-16 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 69-21 
 
 S8-97 
 
 68-73 
 
 68-49 
 
 68-26 
 
 68-02 
 
 67-78 
 
 67-66 
 
 67-31 
 
 67-09 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 70-17 
 
 69-92 
 
 69-68 
 
 69-44 
 
 69-20 
 
 68-96 
 
 68-72 
 
 68-49 
 
 68-26 
 
 6803 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 71-14 
 
 70-88 
 
 79-64 
 
 70-48 
 
 78-15 
 
 69-91 
 
 69-66 
 
 69-42 
 
 69-18 
 
 68-96 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 72-10 
 
 71-84 
 
 71-69 
 
 71-36 
 
 71-10 
 
 70-86 
 
 70-61 
 
 70-37 
 
 70-12 
 
 69-89 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 73-06 
 
 72-80 
 
 72-65 
 
 72-30 
 
 72-05 
 
 71-80 
 
 71-65 
 
 71-30 
 
 71-06 
 
 70-82 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 74-02 
 
 73-76 
 
 73-61 
 
 73-26 
 
 73-80 
 
 72-74 
 
 72-49 
 
 72-24 
 
 71-98 
 
 71-75 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 74-98 
 
 74-71 
 
 74-46 
 
 74-20 
 
 73-94 
 
 73-69 
 
 73-43 
 
 73-18 
 
 72-92 
 
 72'«> 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 75-94 
 
 75-67 
 
 75-41 
 
 75-15 
 
 74-89 
 
 74-63 
 
 74-37 
 
 74-11 
 
 73-86 
 
 73-61 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 76-90 
 
 76-63 
 
 76-37 
 
 76-10 
 
 75-84 
 
 75-68^ 
 
 75-31 
 
 75-06 
 
 74-79 
 
 74-64 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 77-86 
 
 77-69 
 
 77-32 
 
 77-05 
 
 70-79 
 
 76-62 
 
 76-26 
 
 76-00 
 
 76-73 
 
 76-47 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 78-82 
 
 7S-66 
 
 78-28 
 
 78-00 
 
 77-74 
 
 77-47 
 
 77-19 
 
 76-94 
 
 76-66 
 
 76-40 
 
 82 
 
 88 
 
 79-78 
 80-76 
 
 79-60 
 
 79-23 
 
 75-95 
 
 78-68 
 
 78-41 
 
 78-13 
 
 77-87 
 
 77-60 
 
 77-34 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 80-46 
 
 8«-19 
 
 79-91 
 
 79-63 
 
 70-36 
 
 79-08 
 
 78-81 
 
 78-63 
 
 78-27 
 
 84 
 
 86 
 
 SI -71 
 
 81-42 
 
 81-14 
 
 80-86 
 
 80-68 
 
 80-30 
 
 80-02 
 
 79-76 
 
 79-47 
 
 79-20 
 
 86 
 
 86 
 
 82-67 
 83-63 
 84-69 
 86-66 
 86-62 
 
 82-38 
 
 82-10 
 
 81-81 
 
 81-63 
 
 81-24 
 
 80-96 
 
 80-69 
 
 80-40 
 
 80-13 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 83-33 
 
 83-06 
 
 82-76 
 
 82-48 
 
 82-19 
 
 81-90 
 
 81-63 
 
 81-38 
 
 81-06 
 
 87 
 
 88 
 
 84-29 
 
 84-01 
 
 83-71 
 
 83-42 
 
 83-13 
 
 82-84 
 
 82-67 
 
 82-27 
 
 81-99 
 
 88 
 
 89 
 
 86-25 
 
 84-96 
 
 84-66 
 
 84-37 
 
 84-08 
 
 83-78 
 
 83-60 
 
 83-22 
 
 82-93 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 86-21 
 
 85-92 
 
 85-62 
 
 85-32 
 
 85-02 
 
 84-72 
 
 84-44 
 
 84-14 
 
 83-86 
 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 87-48 
 88-44 
 89-40 
 90-36 
 91-33 
 
 87-17 
 
 86-87 
 
 86-57 
 
 86-27 
 
 86-96 
 
 86-66 
 
 86-38 
 
 85-07 
 
 84-79 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 88-13 
 
 87-83 
 
 87-52 
 
 87-22 
 
 86-91 
 
 86-60 
 
 86-32 
 
 86-01 
 
 85-72 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 39 -03 
 
 88-78 
 
 88-47 
 
 88-16 
 
 87-86 
 
 87-64 
 
 87-26 
 
 86-95 
 
 86-66 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 90-84 
 
 89-73 
 
 89-42 
 
 8911 
 
 88-80 
 
 88-49 
 
 8S-19 
 
 87-88 
 
 87-69 
 
 94 
 
 96 
 
 91-80 
 
 90-68 
 
 90-38 
 
 90-06 
 
 89-74 
 
 89-43 
 
 89-13 
 
 88-82 
 
 88-52 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 92-29 
 93-25 
 94-21 
 96-17 
 06-13 
 
 91-96 
 
 91-64 
 
 91-83 
 
 91-01 
 
 90-69 
 
 90-37 
 
 90-07 
 
 89-75 
 
 89-46 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 98 
 99 
 
 92-92 
 
 92-59 
 
 92-28 
 
 91-96 
 
 91-63 
 
 91-31 
 
 91-00 
 
 90-68 
 
 90-38 
 
 97 
 
 93-t7 
 
 93-56 
 
 93-23 
 
 92-90 
 
 92-58 
 
 92-26 
 
 91-94 
 
 91-62 
 
 91-31 
 
 98 
 
 94-83 
 
 94-60 
 
 94-18 
 
 93-85 
 
 93-62 
 
 93-19 
 
 92-88 
 
 92-65 
 
 92-24 
 
 99 
 
 96-79 
 
 96-46 
 
 96-13 
 
 94-80 
 
 94-47 
 
 94-14 
 
 93-82 
 
 93-49 
 
 93-18 
 
 100 
 
40 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 20— 
 I. Table for reduciDg the volumes of 
 
 0°. 
 
 21°. 
 
 22". 
 
 £3». 
 
 24*. 
 
 25-. 
 
 26". 
 
 27-. 
 
 28'. 
 
 29°. 
 
 0'. 
 
 1 
 
 0-929 
 
 0-926 
 
 0-922 
 
 0-919 
 
 0-916 
 
 0-913 
 
 0-910 
 
 0-907 
 
 0-904 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1-857 
 
 1-861 
 
 1-846 
 
 1-839 
 
 1-832 
 
 1-826 
 
 1-820 
 
 1-814 
 
 1-808 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2-786 
 
 2-777 
 
 2-767 
 
 2-768 
 
 2-749 
 
 2-739 
 
 2-730 
 
 2-721 
 
 2-712 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 3-714e 
 
 3-702 
 
 3-690 
 
 8-677 
 
 3-665 
 
 3-652 
 
 3-640 
 
 8-628 
 
 3-616 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4-643 
 
 4-628 
 
 4-612 
 
 4-597 
 
 4-681 
 
 4-666 
 
 4-561 
 
 4-636 
 
 4-620 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6-672 
 
 5-553 
 
 5-534 
 
 6-516 
 
 5-497 
 
 5-479 
 
 5-461 
 
 5-442 
 
 S-424 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6-600 
 
 6-479 
 
 6-457 
 
 6-435 
 
 6-413 
 
 6-392 
 
 6-871 
 
 6-349 
 
 6-828 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7-429 
 
 7-404 
 
 7-379 
 
 7-354 
 
 7-830 
 
 7-305 
 
 7-281 
 
 7-256 
 
 7-282 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8-357 
 
 8-830 
 
 8-302 
 
 8-274 
 
 8-246 
 
 8-218 
 
 8-191 
 
 8-163 
 
 8-186 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9-286 
 
 9-255 
 
 9-224 
 
 9-193 
 
 9-162 
 
 9-131 
 
 9-101 
 
 9-070 
 
 9-040 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10-21 
 
 10-18 
 
 10-16 
 
 10-11 
 
 10-07 
 
 10-04 
 
 10-01 
 
 9-98 
 
 9-94 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 11-14 
 
 11-11 
 
 11-07 
 
 11:03 
 
 10-99 
 
 10-96 
 
 10-92 
 
 10-88 
 
 10-86 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 12-07 
 
 12-03 
 
 11-99 
 
 11-96 
 
 11-91 
 
 11-87 
 
 11-83 
 
 11-79 
 
 11-75 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 13-00 
 
 12-96 
 
 12-91 
 
 12-87 
 
 12-83 
 
 12-78 
 
 12-74 
 
 12-70 
 
 12-66 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 13-93 
 
 18-88 
 
 13-84 
 
 13-79 
 
 13-74 
 
 13-70 
 
 13-65 , 
 
 13-61 
 
 18-66 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 14-86 
 
 14-81 
 
 14-76 
 
 14-71 
 
 14-66 
 
 14-61 
 
 14-66 
 
 14-61 
 
 14-46 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 15-79 
 
 15-73 
 
 15-68 
 
 15-63 
 
 15-58 
 
 16-62 
 
 15-47 
 
 15-42 
 
 16-37 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 16-71 
 
 16-66 
 
 16-60 
 
 16-55 
 
 16-49 
 
 16-44 
 
 16-88 
 
 16-33 
 
 16-27 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 17-6* 
 
 17-68 
 
 17-68 
 
 17-47 
 
 17-41 
 
 17-86 
 
 17-29 
 
 17-23 
 
 17-18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 18-57 
 
 18-61 
 
 18-45 
 
 18-39 
 
 18-32 
 
 18-26 
 
 18-20 
 
 18-14 
 
 18-08 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 19-50 
 
 19-43 
 
 19-37 
 
 19-31 
 
 19-24 
 
 19-17 
 
 19-11 
 
 19-05 
 
 18-98 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 20-43 
 
 20-86 
 
 20-29 
 
 20-28 
 
 20-16 
 
 20-09 
 
 20-02 
 
 19-96 
 
 19-89 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 21-36 
 
 21-29 
 
 21-21 
 
 21-15 
 
 21-07 
 
 21-00 
 
 20-98 
 
 20-86 
 
 20-79 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 22-28 
 
 22.-21 
 
 22-14 
 
 22-07 
 
 21-99 
 
 21-91 
 
 21-84 
 
 21-77 
 
 21-70 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 23-21 
 
 23-14 
 
 23-06 
 
 22-99 
 
 22-90 
 
 22-83 
 
 22-76 
 
 22-68 
 
 22-60 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 24-14 
 
 24-06 
 
 23-98 
 
 28-91 
 
 23-82 
 
 28-74 
 
 28-66 
 
 23-58 
 
 23-50 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 25-07 
 
 24-99 
 
 24-90 
 
 24-88 
 
 24-73 
 
 24-66 
 
 24-67 
 
 24-49 
 
 24-41 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 26-00 
 
 25-91 
 
 25-82 
 
 25-74 
 
 25-65 
 
 25-67 
 
 25-48 
 
 25-40 
 
 26-81 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 26-93 
 
 26-84 
 
 26-75 
 
 26-67 
 
 26-67 
 
 26-48 
 
 26-39 
 
 26-30 
 
 26-22 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 27-86 
 
 27-77 
 
 27-67 
 
 27-68 
 
 27-49 
 
 27-39 
 
 27-80 
 
 27-21 
 
 27-12 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 28-79 
 
 28-70 
 
 28-59 
 
 28-50 
 
 28-41 
 
 28-30 
 
 28-21 
 
 28-12 
 
 28-02 
 
 81 
 
 32 
 
 29-72 
 
 29-62 
 
 29-51 
 
 29-42 
 
 29-32 
 
 29-22 
 
 29-12 
 
 29-02 
 
 28-93 
 
 32 
 
 S3 
 
 30-65 
 
 30-56 
 
 30-44 
 
 30-84 
 
 30-24 
 
 30-18 
 
 30-08 
 
 29-93 
 
 29-83 
 
 38 
 
 34 
 
 81-67 
 
 31-47 
 
 31-86 
 
 81-26 
 
 31-16 
 
 31-04 
 
 80-94 
 
 30-84 
 
 30-74 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 82-50 
 
 32-40 
 
 82-28 
 
 32-18 
 
 32-07 
 
 81-96 
 
 31-85 
 
 31-76 
 
 81-64 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 33-43 
 
 33-82 
 
 33-20 
 
 38-10 
 
 82-99 
 
 32-87 
 
 32-76 
 
 82-66 
 
 82-54 
 
 86 
 
 37 
 
 34-86 
 
 34-26 
 
 84-12 
 
 34-02 
 
 83-90 
 
 83-78 
 
 38-67 
 
 33-66 
 
 33-46 
 
 37 
 
 88 
 
 85-29 
 
 35-17 
 
 35-05 
 
 84-98 
 
 34-82 
 
 34-70 
 
 84-68 
 
 34-47 
 
 84-85 
 
 88 
 
 89 
 
 86-22 
 
 36-10 
 
 35-97 
 
 35-85 
 
 86-74 
 
 85-61 
 
 35-49 
 
 86-47 
 
 86-26 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 3r-14 
 
 37 02 
 
 36-90 
 
 36-77 
 
 36-65 
 
 36-52 
 
 36-40 
 
 36-28 
 
 36-16 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 8807 
 
 87-95 
 
 37-82 
 
 37-69 
 
 37-57 
 
 87-43 
 
 37-81 
 
 87-19 
 
 37-06 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 39-00 
 
 88-87 
 
 38-74 
 
 88-61 
 
 38-48 
 
 38-86 
 
 88-22 
 
 88-09 
 
 37-97 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 39-93 
 
 39-80 
 
 39-66 
 
 39-53 
 
 39-40 
 
 89-26 
 
 89-13 
 
 89-00 
 
 38-87 
 
 48 
 
 44 
 
 40-85 
 
 40-72 
 
 40-59 
 
 40-45 
 
 40-32 
 
 40-17 
 
 40-04 
 
 39-91 
 
 89-78 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 41-78 
 
 41-65 
 
 41-51 
 
 41-37 
 
 41-23 
 
 41-09 
 
 40-95 
 
 40-82 
 
 40-68 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 42-71 
 
 42-57 
 
 42-48 
 
 42-29 
 
 42-16 
 
 42-00 
 
 41-86 
 
 41-72 
 
 41-68 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 43-64 
 
 43-60 
 
 48-85 
 
 43-21 
 
 43 06 
 
 42-91 
 
 42-77 
 
 42-63 
 
 42-49 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 44-67 
 
 44-42 
 
 44-27 
 
 44-12 
 
 43-98 
 
 48-88 
 
 43 68 
 
 43-64 
 
 43-39 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 45-60 
 
 45-85 
 
 4519 
 
 45-04 
 
 44-89 
 
 44-74 
 
 44-59 
 
 44-44 
 
 44-30 
 
 49 
 
 60 
 
 46-43 
 
 46-28 
 
 4612 
 
 46-97 
 
 46-81 
 
 46-66 
 
 46-51 
 
 45 35 
 
 45-20 
 
 50 
 
REDUCTION OF THE VOLUME OF GASES 41 
 
 Continued. 
 
 gases to a temperature of 0° C. — Contimued. 
 
 0°. 
 
 21°. 
 
 22-. 
 
 23'. 
 
 24". 
 
 25°. 
 
 26°. 
 
 27°. 
 
 23°. 
 
 29°. 
 
 0°. 
 
 61 
 
 47-36 
 
 47-20 
 
 47-04 
 
 46-89 
 
 46-73 
 
 46-57 
 
 46-42 
 
 46-26 
 
 46-10 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 48-29 
 
 48-13 
 
 47-96 
 
 47-31 
 
 47-64 
 
 47-49 
 
 47-33 
 
 47-16 
 
 47-01 
 
 52 
 
 63 
 
 49-22 
 
 49-06 
 
 48-89 
 
 48-78 
 
 48-66 
 
 48-40 
 
 48-24 
 
 48-07 
 
 47-91 
 
 63 
 
 61 
 
 50-14 
 
 49-98 
 
 49-81 
 
 49-66 
 
 49-43 
 
 49-31 
 
 49-15 
 
 48-98 
 
 48-32 
 
 64 
 
 55 
 
 61-07 
 
 50-91 
 
 60-73 
 
 60-67 
 
 50-39 
 
 50-23 
 
 50-06 
 
 49-89 
 
 49-72 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 62-00 
 
 61-83 
 
 61-65 
 
 51-49 
 
 51-31 
 
 51-14 
 
 60-97 
 
 50-79 
 
 50-62 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 52-93 
 
 62-76 
 
 62-58 
 
 52-41 
 
 62-22 
 
 62-06 
 
 61-88 
 
 61-70 
 
 51-63 
 
 67 
 
 53 
 
 53-86 
 
 63-68 
 
 63-60 
 
 53-32 
 
 63-14 
 
 52-97 
 
 62-79 
 
 62-61 
 
 62-43 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 64-79 
 
 64-61 
 
 54-42 
 
 64-24 
 
 64-06 
 
 63-88 
 
 63-70 
 
 68-61 
 
 53-34 
 
 69 
 
 60 
 
 55-72 
 
 65-53 
 
 56-34 
 
 56-16 
 
 64-97 
 
 54-79 
 
 64-61 
 
 64-42 
 
 64-24 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 66-65 
 
 56-46 
 
 56-26 
 
 66-08 
 
 56-89 
 
 66-70 
 
 55-52 
 
 66-33 
 
 55-14 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 67-58 
 
 57-38 
 
 67-19' 
 
 57-00 
 
 66-80 
 
 56-62 
 
 56-43 
 
 66-23 
 
 66-06 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 68-51 
 
 68-31 
 
 68-11 
 
 67-92 
 
 67-72 
 
 67-53 
 
 57-34 
 
 57-14 
 
 66-96 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 59-42 
 
 59-23 
 
 69-03 
 
 68-84 
 
 58-64 
 
 58-44 
 
 68-25 
 
 58-06 
 
 67-86 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 60-36 
 
 60-16 
 
 69-96 
 
 59-76 
 
 69-66 
 
 69-36 
 
 69-16 
 
 58-96 
 
 58-76 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 61-29 
 
 61-08 
 
 60-87 
 
 60-68 
 
 60-47 
 
 60-27 
 
 60-07 
 
 59-86 
 
 69-66 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 62-22 
 
 62-01 
 
 61-79 
 
 61-60 
 
 61-38 
 
 61-18 
 
 60-98 
 
 60-77 
 
 60-67 
 
 67 
 
 63 
 
 63-16 
 
 62-93 
 
 62-72 
 
 62-51 
 
 62-30 
 
 62-10 
 
 61-89 
 
 61-68 
 
 61-47 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 64-08 
 
 63-86 
 
 63-64 
 
 63-43 
 
 63-22 
 
 63-01 
 
 62-80 
 
 62-68 
 
 62-33 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 66-00 
 
 64-79 
 
 64-57 
 
 64-36 
 
 64-13 
 
 63-92 
 
 63-71 
 
 63-49 
 
 63-28 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 65-93 
 
 65-71 
 
 66-49 
 
 66-27 
 
 65-06 
 
 64-33 
 
 64-62 
 
 64-40 
 
 64-18 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 66-86 
 
 66-64 
 
 66-42 
 
 60-19 
 
 65-96 
 
 65 76 
 
 65-53 
 
 65-30 
 
 66-09 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 67-79 
 
 67-57 
 
 67 34 
 
 67-11 
 
 66-88 
 
 66-66 
 
 66-44 
 
 66-21 
 
 66-99 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 68-61 
 
 68-49 
 
 68-26 
 
 68-03 
 
 67-80 
 
 67-67 
 
 67-36 
 
 67-12 
 
 66-90 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 69-64 
 
 69-42 
 
 69-18 
 
 68-95 
 
 68-71 
 
 68-49 
 
 68-26 
 
 68-03 
 
 67-80 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 70-57 
 
 70-34 
 
 70-10 
 
 69-87 
 
 69-03 
 
 69-40 
 
 69-17 
 
 68-93 
 
 63-70 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 71-50 
 
 71-27 
 
 71-03 
 
 70-79 
 
 70-54 
 
 70-31 
 
 70-08 
 
 09-84 
 
 69-61 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 72-43 
 
 72-19 
 
 71-96 
 
 71-70 
 
 71-46 
 
 71-22 
 
 70-99 
 
 70-75 
 
 70-51 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 73-36 
 
 73-12 
 
 72-87 
 
 72-62 
 
 72-88 
 
 72-14 
 
 71-90 
 
 71-65 
 
 71-42 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 74-29 
 
 74-04 
 
 73-79 
 
 73-54 
 
 73-30 
 
 73-06 
 
 72-81 
 
 72-66 
 
 72-32 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 76-22 
 
 74-97 
 
 74-71 
 
 74-46 
 
 74-22 
 
 73-96 
 
 73-72 
 
 73-47 
 
 73-22 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 76-16 
 
 75-89 
 
 76-63 
 
 75-38 
 
 76-13 
 
 74-83 
 
 74-63 
 
 74-37 
 
 74-13 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 77-08 
 
 76-82 
 
 76-56 
 
 76-30 
 
 76-06 
 
 76-79 
 
 76-54 
 
 76-23 
 
 75-03 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 78-00 
 
 77-74 
 
 77-48 
 
 77-22 
 
 76-96 
 
 76-70 
 
 76-45 
 
 76-19 
 
 76-94 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 78-93 
 
 73-67 
 
 78-40 
 
 78-14 
 
 77-88 
 
 77-02 
 
 77-36 
 
 77-10 
 
 76-34 
 
 35 
 
 86 
 
 79-86 
 
 79-69 
 
 79-32 
 
 79-06 
 
 78-30 
 
 73-63 
 
 73-27 
 
 78-00 
 
 77-74 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 80-79 
 
 80-62 
 
 80-25 
 
 79-98 
 
 79-71 
 
 79-44 
 
 79-18 
 
 78-91 
 
 78-66 
 
 87 
 
 88 
 
 81-72 
 
 81-44 
 
 81-17 
 
 80-90 
 
 80-63 
 
 80-36 
 
 80-09 
 
 79-82 
 
 79-65 
 
 38 
 
 89 
 
 82-65 
 
 32-37 
 
 82-09 
 
 81-82 
 
 81-65 
 
 31-27 
 
 81-00 
 
 80-72 
 
 80-46 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 83-67 
 
 83-30 
 
 83-02 
 
 82-74 
 
 82-46 
 
 82-18 
 
 81-91 
 
 81-63 
 
 81-36 
 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 84-50 
 
 34-22 
 
 83-94 
 
 33-66 
 
 83-38 
 
 33-09 
 
 82-82 
 
 82-64 
 
 82-26 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 86-43 
 
 86-16 
 
 84-86 
 
 84-63 
 
 84-29 
 
 84-01 
 
 83-78 
 
 83-44 
 
 83-17 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 86-36 
 
 86-08 
 
 86-79 
 
 86-50 
 
 36-21 
 
 84-92 
 
 84-64 
 
 84-36 
 
 84-07 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 87-28 
 
 87-00 
 
 86-71 
 
 86-42 
 
 86-13 
 
 86-83 
 
 85-65 
 
 85-26 
 
 34-98 
 
 94 
 
 95 
 
 88-21 
 
 87-93 
 
 87-63 
 
 87-34 
 
 87-04 
 
 86-75 
 
 86-46 
 
 86-17 
 
 85-88 
 
 9c 
 
 96 
 
 89-14 
 
 88-85 
 
 88-55 
 
 83-26 
 
 87-96 
 
 , 87-66 
 
 87-37 
 
 87-07 
 
 86-78 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 90-07 
 
 89-78 
 
 89-48 
 
 89-18 
 
 88-87 
 
 88-57 
 
 88-28 
 
 87-98 
 
 87-69 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 91-00 
 
 90-70 
 
 90-40 
 
 90-09 
 
 39-79 
 
 89-48 
 
 39-19 
 
 88-89 
 
 88-59 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 91-93 
 
 91-63 
 
 91-32 
 
 91-01 
 
 90-71 
 
 90-40 
 
 90-10 
 
 89-79 
 
 89-50 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 02-86 
 
 92-56 
 
 92-24 
 
 91-93 
 
 91-02 
 
 91-31 
 
 91-01 
 
 90-70 
 
 90-40 
 
 100 
 
TABLE 20— Continued. II. Table for reducing the 
 
 Deduct from the barometric pressure 1 mm. for temperature between 0" and 12" 
 
 for the expansion 
 
 760 
 
 no 
 
 712 
 
 714 
 
 716 
 
 718 
 
 720 
 
 722 
 
 724 
 
 7-26 
 
 728 
 
 760 
 
 1 
 
 0-934 
 
 0-937 
 
 0-940 
 
 0-942 
 
 0-945 
 
 0-947 
 
 0-950 
 
 0-953 
 
 0-955 
 
 0-958 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1-868 
 
 1-874 
 
 1-879 
 
 1-884 
 
 1-890 
 
 1-895 
 
 1-900 
 
 1-905 
 
 1-911 
 
 1-916 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2-803 
 
 2-810 
 
 2-818 
 
 2-826 
 
 2-834 
 
 2-842 
 
 2-850 
 
 2-858 
 
 2-866 
 
 2-874 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3-738 
 
 3-747 
 
 3-758 
 
 3-768 
 
 3-779 
 
 3-789 
 
 3-800 
 
 3-810 
 
 3-821 
 
 3-832 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4-672 
 
 4-685 
 
 4-697 
 
 4-711 
 
 4-724 
 
 4-736 
 
 4-750 
 
 4-763 
 
 4-777 
 
 4-790 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5-607 
 
 6-621 
 
 6-637 
 
 5-663 
 
 5-669 
 
 6-684 
 
 6-700 
 
 5-716 
 
 5-732 
 
 5-747 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6-640 
 
 6-568 
 
 6-677 
 
 6-696 
 
 6-614 
 
 6-681 
 
 6-650 
 
 6-668 
 
 6-687 
 
 6-706 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7-474 
 
 7-494 
 
 7-616 
 
 7-637 
 
 7-668 
 
 7-678 
 
 7-600 
 
 7-621 
 
 7-642 
 
 7-663 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8-409 
 
 8-431 
 
 8-456 
 
 8-479 
 
 8-503 
 
 8-626 
 
 8-650 
 
 8-673 
 
 8-698 
 
 8-621 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9-34 
 
 9-37 
 
 9-40 
 
 9-42 
 
 9-45 
 
 9-47 
 
 9-50 
 
 9-63 
 
 9-65 
 
 9-68 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10-28 
 
 10-81 
 
 10-34 
 
 10-86 
 
 10-39 
 
 10-42 
 
 10-45 
 
 10-48 
 
 10-61 
 
 10-54 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 11-21 
 
 11-24 
 
 11-27 
 
 11-30 
 
 11-34 
 
 11-37 
 
 11-40 
 
 11-43 
 
 11-46 
 
 11-60 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 12-14 
 
 12-18 
 
 12-21 
 
 12-24 
 
 12-28 
 
 12-31 
 
 12-35 
 
 12-38 
 
 12-41 
 
 12-46 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 13-08 
 
 13-12 
 
 13-16 
 
 13-19 
 
 13-23 
 
 13-26 
 
 13-80 
 
 13-34 
 
 13-37 
 
 13-41 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 14-02 
 
 14-06 
 
 14-10 
 
 14-13 
 
 14-17 
 
 14-21 
 
 14-25 
 
 14-29 
 
 14-33 
 
 14-37 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 14-95 
 
 14-99 
 
 16-03 
 
 16-07 
 
 16-11 
 
 16-15 
 
 15-20 
 
 16-24 
 
 16-28 
 
 15-33 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 16-88 
 
 15-93 
 
 16-98 
 
 16-02 
 
 16-06 
 
 16-10 
 
 16-15 
 
 16-19 
 
 16-23 
 
 16-28 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 16-82 
 
 16-87 
 
 16-92 
 
 16-96 
 
 17-01 
 
 17-06 
 
 17-10 
 
 17-16 
 
 17-19 
 
 17-24 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 17-76 
 
 17-81 
 
 17-86 
 
 17-90 
 
 17-95 
 
 18-00 
 
 18-06 
 
 18-10 
 
 18-16 
 
 18-21 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 18-68 
 
 18-74 
 
 18-79 
 
 18-84 
 
 18-90 
 
 18-96 
 
 19-00 
 
 19-05 
 
 19-11 
 
 19-16 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 19-62 
 
 19-68 
 
 19-73 
 
 19-78 
 
 19-84 
 
 19-90 
 
 19-95 
 
 20-00 
 
 20-06 
 
 20-12 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 20-66 
 
 20-61 
 
 20-67 
 
 20-72 
 
 20-78 
 
 20-84 
 
 20-90 
 
 20-96 
 
 21-01 
 
 21-07 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 21-49 
 
 21-65 
 
 21-61 
 
 21-66 
 
 21-73 
 
 21-79 
 
 21-86 
 
 21-91 
 
 21-97 
 
 22-03 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 22-43 
 
 22-49 
 
 22-56 
 
 22-61 
 
 22-68 
 
 22-74 
 
 22-80 
 
 22-86 
 
 22-92 
 
 22-99 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 23-36 
 
 23-42 
 
 23-49 
 
 23-56 
 
 23-62 
 
 23-69 
 
 23-75 
 
 23-81 
 
 23-88 
 
 23-95 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 24-29 
 
 24-36 
 
 24-43 
 
 24-50 
 
 24-67 
 
 24-64 
 
 24-70 
 
 24-77 
 
 24-83 
 
 24-90 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 25-23 
 
 26-30 
 
 25-37 
 
 25-44 
 
 25-51 
 
 26-68 
 
 25-66 
 
 25-72 
 
 25-79 
 
 26-86 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 26-16 
 
 26-23 
 
 26-30 
 
 26-37 
 
 26-45 
 
 26-63 
 
 26-60 
 
 26-67 
 
 26-74 
 
 26-82 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 27-10 
 
 27-17 
 
 27-24 
 
 27-31 
 
 27-40 
 
 27-48 
 
 27-56 
 
 27-62 
 
 27-70 
 
 27-78 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 28-03 
 
 28-10 
 
 28-18 
 
 28-26 
 
 28-34 
 
 28-42 
 
 28-60 
 
 28-68 
 
 28-66 
 
 28-74 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 28-97 
 
 29-04 
 
 29-12 
 
 29-20 
 
 29-29 
 
 29-37 
 
 29-45 
 
 29-63 
 
 29-62 
 
 29-70 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 20-90 
 
 29-98 
 
 30-06 
 
 30-14 
 
 30-23 
 
 30-32 
 
 30-40 
 
 30-48 
 
 30-57 
 
 30-66 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 30-83 
 
 30-91 
 
 31-00 
 
 31-08 
 
 31-17 
 
 31-26 
 
 31-35 
 
 31-43 
 
 31-62 
 
 31-61 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 31-77 
 
 81-86 
 
 31-94 
 
 32-03 
 
 32-12 
 
 82-21 
 
 32-30 
 
 32-39 
 
 32-48 
 
 32-67 
 
 34 
 
 86 
 
 32-71 
 
 32-79 
 
 32-88 
 
 32-97 
 
 33-07 
 
 33-16 
 
 33-26 
 
 33-34 
 
 aaii 
 
 33-63 
 
 85 
 
 36 
 
 33-64 
 
 38-73 
 
 33-82 
 
 33-91 
 
 34-01 
 
 34-10 
 
 34-20 
 
 34-29 
 
 84-39 
 
 34-49 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 34-67 
 
 34-66 
 
 34-76 
 
 34-86 
 
 34-96 
 
 85-05 
 
 36-16 
 
 35-25 
 
 85-35 
 
 35-45 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 36-60 
 
 35-60 
 
 36-70 
 
 35-80 
 
 85-90 
 
 86-00 
 
 36-10 
 
 36-20 
 
 36-30 
 
 36-40 
 
 SS 
 
 39 
 
 36-44 
 
 86-54 
 
 S6-64 
 
 36-74 
 
 36-85 
 
 36-95 
 
 37-05 
 
 37-15 
 
 37-26 
 
 37-37 
 
 39 
 
 10 
 
 37-38 
 
 37-48 
 
 37-68 
 
 37-68 
 
 37-79 
 
 37-89 
 
 SS-00 
 
 38-10 
 
 38-21 
 
 38-32 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 38-31 
 
 38-41 
 
 38-52 
 
 38-62 
 
 38-74 
 
 38-84 
 
 38-95 
 
 39-05 
 
 39-17 
 
 39-28 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 39-23 
 
 39-35 
 
 39-46 
 
 39-67 
 
 39-69 
 
 39-79 
 
 39-90 
 
 40-01 
 
 40-12 
 
 40-23 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 40-13 
 
 40-29 
 
 40-40 
 
 40-61 
 
 40-62 
 
 40-73 
 
 40-85 
 
 40-96 
 
 41-08 
 
 41-19 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 41-11 
 
 41-22 
 
 41-34 
 
 41-44 
 
 41-66 
 
 41-68 
 
 41-80 
 
 41-91 
 
 42-03 
 
 42-16 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 42-06 
 
 42-16 
 
 42-28 
 
 42-89 
 
 42-62 
 
 42-63 
 
 42-75 
 
 42-87 
 
 42-99 
 
 43-11 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 42-98 
 
 43-10 
 
 43-22 
 
 43-34 
 
 43-46 
 
 43-68 
 
 43-70 
 
 43-82 
 
 43-94 
 
 44-06 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 43-91 
 
 44-03 
 
 44-15 
 
 44-27 
 
 44-40 
 
 44-52 
 
 44-66 
 
 44-77 
 
 44-90 
 
 46-03 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 44-84 
 
 44-96 
 
 45-09 
 
 45-22 
 
 45-35 
 
 46-47 
 
 45-60 
 
 45-72 
 
 46-85 
 
 45-98 
 46-94 
 47-90 
 
 48 
 49 
 60 
 
 49 
 
 45-78 
 
 45-91 
 
 46-04 
 
 46-17 
 
 46-30 
 
 46-42 
 
 46-66 
 
 46-67 
 
 46-80 
 
 60 
 
 46-72 46S5 461)7 
 
 «7-ll 
 
 47-24 
 
 47-36 
 
 47-60 
 
 47-63 
 
 47-77 
 
volumes of gases to a pressure of 760 mm. 
 
 C, and 2 mm. between 13° and 19' C, 3 mm. between S 
 of mercury. 
 
 " and 25'' 0., to compensate 
 
 760 
 
 710 
 
 712 
 
 714 
 
 716 
 
 718 
 
 720 
 
 722 
 
 721 
 
 726 
 
 728 
 
 760 
 
 61 
 
 47-66 
 
 47-79 
 
 47-02 
 
 48-06 
 
 48-18 
 
 48-31 
 
 48-46 
 
 48-59 
 
 48-73 
 
 48-86 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 48-68 
 
 48-72 
 
 48-86 
 
 48-99 
 
 49-13 
 
 49-26 
 
 49-40 
 
 49-64 
 
 49-68 
 
 49-82 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 49-62 
 
 49-06 
 
 49-79 
 
 49-03 
 
 50-07 
 
 60-21 
 
 60-35 
 
 60-48 
 
 50-64 
 
 50-78 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 60-46 
 
 60-59 
 
 50-73 
 
 60-87 
 
 61-01 
 
 61-16 
 
 51-30 
 
 61-44 
 
 61-69 
 
 51-73 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 51-88 
 
 51-63 
 
 51-67 
 
 61-82 
 
 61-96 
 
 52-10 
 
 62-26 
 
 52-39 
 
 62-64 
 
 52-69 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 62-32 
 
 62-47 
 
 52-61 
 
 62-76 
 
 62-91 
 
 68-05 
 
 63-20 
 
 63-35 
 
 63-60 
 
 53-65 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 53-26 
 
 63-41 
 
 63-56 
 
 53-70 
 
 63-86 
 
 54-00 
 
 64-15 
 
 64-30 
 
 64-45 
 
 54-60 
 
 57 
 
 68 
 
 54-19 
 
 54-34 
 
 54-49 
 
 54-64 
 
 54-79 
 
 54-94 
 
 66-10 
 
 56-25 
 
 55-41 
 
 65-66 
 
 68 
 
 59 
 
 65-13 
 
 66-28 
 
 55-43 
 
 65-59 
 
 65-74 
 
 66-89 
 
 66-06 
 
 66-21 
 
 56-37 
 
 66-52 
 
 69 
 
 60 
 
 66-07 
 
 66-22 
 
 66-87 
 
 56-63 
 
 66-69 
 
 66-84 
 
 67-00 
 
 67-16 
 
 67-32 
 
 67-47 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 67-00 
 
 57-15 
 
 57-31 
 
 57-47 
 
 67-63 
 
 67-79 
 
 67-96 
 
 68-11 
 
 68-27 
 
 58-43 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 67-93 
 
 58-09 
 
 68-26 
 
 58-41 
 
 68-68 
 
 68-74 
 
 68-90 
 
 69-06 
 
 69-23 
 
 69-39 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 68-87 
 
 69-03 
 
 69-19 
 
 69-36 
 
 69-62 
 
 69-68 
 
 69-85 
 
 60-01 
 
 60-18 
 
 60-35 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 69-80 
 
 69-96 
 
 60-13 
 
 60-80 
 
 60-47 
 
 60-63 
 
 60-80 
 
 60-97 
 
 61-14 
 
 61-30 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 60-74 
 
 60-90 
 
 61-07 
 
 61-24 
 
 61-41 
 
 61-68 
 
 61-76 
 
 61-92 
 
 62-09 
 
 62-26 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 61-67 
 
 61-84 
 
 62-01 
 
 62-18 
 
 62-36 
 
 62-52 
 
 62-70 
 
 62-87 
 
 63-05 
 
 63-22 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 62-60 
 
 62-77 
 
 62-95 
 
 63-12 
 
 63-30 
 
 63-47 
 
 63-65 
 
 63-82 
 
 64-00 
 
 64-18 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 63-64 
 
 63-71 
 
 63-89 
 
 64-06 
 
 64-24 
 
 64-42 
 
 64-60 
 
 64-78 
 
 64-96 
 
 66-18 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 64-47 
 
 64-65 
 
 64-83 
 
 66-01 
 
 66-19 
 
 65-37 
 
 66-65 
 
 66-73 
 
 66-91 
 
 66-09 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 66-40 
 
 65-58 
 
 66-77 
 
 66-95 
 
 66-14 
 
 66-32 
 
 66-60 
 
 66-68 
 
 66-87 
 
 67-05 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 66-34 
 
 66-62 
 
 66-71 
 
 66-89 
 
 67-08 
 
 67-26 
 
 67-46 
 
 67-68 
 
 67-82 
 
 68-01 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 67-27 
 
 67-46 
 
 67-65 
 
 67-83 
 
 68-02 
 
 68-21 
 
 68-40 
 
 68-59 
 
 68-78 
 
 68-97 
 
 72 
 
 7S 
 
 68-20 
 
 68-39 
 
 68-68 
 
 68-77 
 
 68-97 
 
 69-16 
 
 69-35 
 
 69-64 
 
 69-73 
 
 69-92 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 69-14 
 
 69-33 
 
 69-63 
 
 69-72 
 
 69-92 
 
 70-11 
 
 70-SO 
 
 70-49 
 
 70-69 
 
 70-88 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 7007 
 
 70-27 
 
 70-47 
 
 70-66 
 
 70-86 
 
 71-06 
 
 71-26 
 
 71-44 
 
 71-64 
 
 71-84 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 71-01 
 
 71-21 
 
 71-41 
 
 71-60 
 
 71-80 
 
 72-00 
 
 72-20 
 
 72-40 
 
 72-60 
 
 72-80 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 71-94 
 
 72-14 
 
 72-34 
 
 72-54 
 
 72-76 
 
 72-95 
 
 73-16 
 
 78-35 
 
 73-65 
 
 73-76 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 72-87 
 
 7307 
 
 73-28 
 
 73-48 
 
 73-69 
 
 73-89 
 
 74-10 
 
 74-30 
 
 74-51 
 
 74-71 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 73-80 
 
 74-01 
 
 74-22- 
 
 74-42 
 
 74-63 
 
 74-84 
 
 75-06 
 
 76-26 
 
 76-46 
 
 76-67 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 74-74 
 
 74-94 
 
 76-16 
 
 76-37 
 
 76-68 
 
 75-78 
 
 76-00 
 
 76-21 
 
 76-42 
 
 76-68 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 75-67 
 
 76-88 
 
 76-10 
 
 76-31 
 
 76-63 
 
 76-74 
 
 76-95 
 
 77-16 
 
 77-37 
 
 77-58 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 76-60 
 
 76-82 
 
 77-04 
 
 77-26 
 
 77-47 
 
 77-68 
 
 77-90 
 
 78-11 
 
 78-33 
 
 78-64 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 77-64 
 
 77-76 
 
 77-98 
 
 78-19 
 
 78-41 
 
 78-68 
 
 78-85 
 
 79-07 
 
 79-28 
 
 79-60 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 78-47 
 
 78-69 
 
 78-91 
 
 79-13 
 
 79-36 
 
 79-67 
 
 79-80 
 
 80-02 
 
 80-24 
 
 80-46 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 79-41 
 
 79-63 
 
 79-86 
 
 80-08 
 
 80-81 
 
 80-53 
 
 80-76 
 
 80-97 
 
 81-19 
 
 81-41 
 
 86 
 
 86 
 
 80-34 
 
 80-67 
 
 80-80 
 
 81-02 
 
 81-26 
 
 81-47 
 
 81-70 
 
 81-92 
 
 82-15 
 
 82-37 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 81-28 
 
 81-60 
 
 81-74 
 
 81-96 
 
 82-19 
 
 82-42 
 
 82-66 
 
 82-87 
 
 83-10 
 
 83-33 
 
 87 - 
 
 88 
 
 82-21 
 
 82-44 
 
 82-68 
 
 82-90 
 
 83-13 
 
 83-36 
 
 83-60 
 
 88'88 
 
 84-06 
 
 84-29 
 
 88 
 
 89 
 
 83-16 
 
 83-33 
 
 83-62 
 
 83-86 
 
 84-08 
 
 84-31 
 
 84-66 
 
 84-78 
 
 86-02 
 
 85-25 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 84-09 
 
 84-31 
 
 84-66 
 
 84-79 
 
 85 03 
 
 86-26 
 
 86-60 
 
 86-73 
 
 86-98 
 
 86-21 
 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 85-02 
 
 85-26 
 
 86-50 
 
 86-73 
 
 86-98 
 
 86-21 
 
 86-45 
 
 86-69 
 
 86-93 
 
 87-17 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 86-95 
 
 86-19 
 
 86-44 
 
 86-68 
 
 86-92 
 
 87-16 
 
 87-40 
 
 87-64 
 
 87-89 
 
 88-18 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 86-89 
 
 87-12 
 
 87-38 
 
 87-62 
 
 87-87 
 
 88-11 
 
 88-86 
 
 88-69 
 
 88-84 
 
 89-08 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 87-82 
 
 88-06 
 
 88-32 
 
 88-66 
 
 88-81 
 
 89-05 
 
 89-30 
 
 89-64 
 
 89-80 
 
 90-04 
 
 94 
 
 96 
 
 88-76 
 
 89-01 
 
 89-26 
 
 89-50 
 
 89-76 
 
 90-00 
 
 90-26 
 
 90-60 
 
 90-76 
 
 91-00 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 89-69 
 
 89-94 
 
 90-20 
 
 90-45 
 
 90-70 
 
 90-95 
 
 91-20 
 
 91-45 
 
 91-70 
 
 91-95 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 90-62 
 
 90-87 
 
 91-13 
 
 91-38 
 
 91-64 
 
 91-89 
 
 92-15 
 
 92-40 
 
 92-66 
 
 92-91 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 91-66 
 
 91-82 
 
 92-07 
 
 92-33 
 
 92-69 
 
 92-84 
 
 83-10 
 
 93-35 
 
 93-62 
 
 93-87 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 92-49 
 
 92-75 
 
 93-01 
 
 98-26 
 
 93-63 
 
 93-79 
 
 94-06 
 
 94-31 
 
 94-67 
 
 94-83 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 93-42 
 
 93-68 
 
 93-95 
 
 94-21 
 
 94-47 
 
 94-74 
 
 06-00 
 
 96-26 
 
 95-53 
 
 96-79 
 
 100 
 
44 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 2Q— Continued. II. Table for reducing the 
 
 760 
 
 730 
 
 732 
 
 734 
 
 736 
 
 788 
 
 740 
 
 742 
 
 744 
 
 746 
 
 748 
 
 760 
 
 1 
 
 0-961 
 
 0-963 
 
 0-966 
 
 0-968 
 
 0-971 
 
 0-974 
 
 0-976 
 
 0-979 
 
 0-982 
 
 0-984 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1-921 
 
 1-926 
 
 1-932 
 
 1-987 
 
 1-942 
 
 1-947 
 
 1-963 
 
 1-968 
 
 1-963 
 
 1-968 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 2-882 
 
 2-889 
 
 2-898 
 
 2-905 
 
 2-918 
 
 2-921 
 
 2-929 
 
 2-937 
 
 2-945 
 
 2-953 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3-S42 
 
 3-862 
 
 3-864 
 
 3-874 
 
 3-884 
 
 3-896 
 
 3-906 
 
 3-916 
 
 3-926 
 
 3-987 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4-803 
 
 4-816 
 
 4-830 
 
 4-842 
 
 4-865 
 
 4-868 
 
 4-882 
 
 4-896 
 
 4-908 
 
 4-921 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5-763 
 
 6-779 
 
 5-796 
 
 6-810 
 
 6-826 
 
 6-842 
 
 6-858 
 
 5-874 
 
 5-890 
 
 5-906 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6-724 
 
 6-742 
 
 6-762 
 
 6-779 
 
 6-797 
 
 6-816 
 
 6-834 
 
 6 '853 
 
 6-871 
 
 6-889 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7-684 
 
 7-706 
 
 7-728 
 
 7-747 
 
 7-768 
 
 7-790 
 
 7-810 
 
 7-832 
 
 7-853 
 
 7-874 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8-645 
 
 8-668 
 
 8-693 
 
 8-716 
 
 8-739 
 
 8-763 
 
 8-787 
 
 8-811 
 
 8-834 
 
 8-868 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9-61 
 
 9-63. 
 
 9-66 
 
 9-68 
 
 9-71 
 
 9-74 
 
 9-76 
 
 9-79 
 
 9-82 
 
 9-84 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10-57 
 
 10-59 
 
 10-62 
 
 10-65 
 
 10-68 
 
 10-71 
 
 10-74 
 
 10-77 
 
 10-80 
 
 10-82 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 11-63 
 
 11-66 
 
 11-59 
 
 11-62 
 
 11-65 
 
 11-68 
 
 11-71 
 
 11-76 
 
 11-78 
 
 11-81 
 
 12 
 
 IS 
 
 12-49 
 
 12-62 
 
 12-65 
 
 12-69 
 
 12-62 
 
 12-66 
 
 12-69 
 
 12-73 
 
 12-76 
 
 12-79 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 13-45 
 
 13-48 
 
 18-52 
 
 13-66 
 
 13-59 
 
 18-63 
 
 13-66 
 
 13-70 
 
 13-74 
 
 13-78 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 14-41 
 
 14-44 
 
 14-48 
 
 14-52 
 
 14-56 
 
 14-60 
 
 14-64 
 
 14-69 
 
 14-73 
 
 14-77 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 15-87 
 
 16-41 
 
 16-45 
 
 16-49 
 
 15-53 
 
 15-68 
 
 15-62 
 
 15-67 
 
 16-71 
 
 16-76 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 16-33 
 
 16-37 
 
 16-41 
 
 16-46 
 
 16-60 
 
 16-66 
 
 16-60 
 
 16-65 
 
 16-69 
 
 16-73 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 17-29 
 
 17-33 
 
 17-38 
 
 17-43 
 
 17-47 
 
 17-62 
 
 17-57 
 
 17-62 
 
 17-67 
 
 17-72 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 18-26 
 
 18-29 
 
 18-36 
 
 18-40 
 
 18-45 
 
 18-60 
 
 18-56 
 
 18-60 
 
 18-65 
 
 18-70 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 19-21 
 
 19-26 
 
 19-32 
 
 19-37 
 
 19-42 
 
 19-47 
 
 19-63 
 
 19-63 
 
 19-63 
 
 19-68 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 20-17 
 
 20-22 
 
 20-28 
 
 20-34 
 
 20-39 
 
 20-44 
 
 20-60 
 
 20-66 
 
 20-61 
 
 20-66 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 21-13 
 
 21-19 
 
 21-26 
 
 21-31 
 
 21-36 
 
 21-42 
 
 21-48 
 
 21-64 
 
 21-59 
 
 21-66 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 22-09 
 
 22-16 
 
 22-21 
 
 22-27 
 
 22-88 
 
 22-39 
 
 22-46 
 
 22-6] 
 
 22-57 
 
 22-64 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 23-05 
 
 23-11 
 
 23-18 
 
 28-24 
 
 23-30 
 
 23-36 
 
 23-43 
 
 23-60 
 
 28-56 
 
 23-63 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 24-01 
 
 24-07 
 
 24-14 
 
 24-21 
 
 24-27 
 
 24-34 
 
 24-41 
 
 24-48 
 
 24-64 
 
 24-61 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 24-97 
 
 26-04 
 
 26-11 
 
 25-18 
 
 26-24 
 
 26-31 
 
 26-38 
 
 26-46 
 
 26-62 
 
 26-69 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 25-93 
 
 26-00 
 
 26-07 
 
 26-14 
 
 26-21 
 
 26-28 
 
 26-36 
 
 26-43 
 
 26-60 
 
 26-58 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 26-89 
 
 26-96 
 
 27-04 
 
 27-12 
 
 27-18 
 
 27-26 
 
 27-83 
 
 27-41 
 
 27-48 
 
 27-66 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 27-85 
 
 27-92 
 
 28-00 
 
 28-08 
 
 28-15 
 
 28-23 
 
 28-81 
 
 28-39 
 
 28-47 
 
 28-65 
 
 29 
 
 80 
 
 28-82 
 
 28-89 
 
 28-97 
 
 29-06 
 
 29-18 
 
 29-21 
 
 29-29 
 
 29-37 
 
 29-46 
 
 29-53 
 
 30 
 
 81 
 
 29-78 
 
 29-86 
 
 29-94 
 
 80-02 
 
 80-10 
 
 30-18 
 
 80-26 
 
 30-35 
 
 30-48 
 
 30-51 
 
 31 
 
 82 
 
 30-74 
 
 30-82 
 
 30.-91 
 
 30-99 
 
 81-07 
 
 81-16 
 
 31-24 
 
 31-33 
 
 31-41 
 
 31-60 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 31-70 
 
 31-78 
 
 31-87 
 
 31-96 
 
 82-04 
 
 82-13 
 
 32-21 
 
 32-30 
 
 32-39 
 
 32-48 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 82-66 
 
 32-76 
 
 32-84 
 
 82-98 
 
 83-01 
 
 88-10 
 
 33-19 
 
 33-28 
 
 33-37 
 
 33-46 
 
 34 
 
 85 
 
 33-62 
 
 33-71 
 
 83-80 
 
 83-89 
 
 33-98 
 
 34-07 
 
 34-17 
 
 34-27 
 
 34-36 
 
 34-45 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 84-58 
 
 34-67 
 
 34-77 
 
 34-86 
 
 84-95 
 
 36-06 
 
 36-16 
 
 35-25 
 
 36-34 
 
 36-43 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 35-64 
 
 86-63 
 
 36-73 
 
 36-83 
 
 86-92 
 
 86-02 
 
 86-12 
 
 36-22 
 
 36-32 
 
 36-42 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 86-80 
 
 86-60 
 
 36-70 
 
 86-80 
 
 36-90 
 
 87-00 
 
 37-10 
 
 37-20 
 
 37-80 
 
 87-40 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 87-47 
 
 87-67 
 
 87-67 
 
 37-77 
 
 37-87 
 
 37-97 
 
 38-07 
 
 38-18 
 
 38-28 
 
 38-39 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 88-42 
 
 88-52 
 
 38-64 
 
 88-74 
 
 38-84 
 
 88-95 
 
 39-05 
 
 39-16 
 
 89-26 
 
 89-37 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 39-88 
 
 39-48 
 
 39-60 
 
 39-71 
 
 39-81 
 
 89-92 
 
 40-02 
 
 40-14 
 
 40-24 
 
 40-36 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 40-84 
 
 40-44 
 
 40-56 
 
 40-68 
 
 40-78 
 
 40-89 
 
 41-00 
 
 41-12 
 
 41-22 
 
 41-34 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 41-80 
 
 41-4] 
 
 41-63 
 
 41-64 
 
 41-76 
 
 41-86 
 
 41-97 
 
 42-10 
 
 42-20 
 
 42-32 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 42-27 
 
 42-38 
 
 42-60 
 
 42-62 
 
 42-73 
 
 42-84 
 
 42-95 
 
 43-07 
 
 43-18 
 
 48-30 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 43-22 
 
 48-84 
 
 48-46 
 
 43-68 
 
 43-69 
 
 48-81 
 
 43-98 
 
 44-06 
 
 44-17 
 
 44-29 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 44-18 
 
 44-30 
 
 44-42 
 
 44-64 
 
 14-66 
 
 44-78 
 
 44-90 
 
 46-08 
 
 45-15 
 
 46-27 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 45-16 
 
 45-26 
 
 46-39 
 
 45-52 
 
 46-64 
 
 46-76 
 
 45-88 
 
 46-01 
 
 46-18 
 
 46-26 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 46-10 
 
 46-23 
 
 46-86 
 
 46-49 
 
 46-61 
 
 46-73 
 
 46-86 
 
 46-99 
 
 47-12 
 
 47-24 
 
 43 
 
 49 
 
 47-06 
 
 47-19 
 
 47-82 
 
 47-44 
 
 47-67 
 
 47-70 
 
 47-83 
 
 47-97 
 
 48-10 
 
 48-23 
 
 49 
 
 6C 
 
 48-03 
 
 48-16 
 
 48-30 
 
 48-42 
 
 48-66 
 
 48-68 
 
 48-82 
 
 48-95 
 
 49-08 
 
 49-21 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
REDUCTION OF THE VOLUME OF GASES 45 
 volumes of gases to a pressure of 760 mm. — Contimud. 
 
 760 
 
 780 
 
 732 
 
 734 
 
 736 
 
 738 
 
 740 
 
 742 
 
 744 
 
 746 
 
 748 
 
 760 
 
 61 
 
 48-99 
 
 49-12 
 
 49-26 
 
 49-89 
 
 49-62 
 
 49-65 
 
 49-79 
 
 49-93 
 
 60-06 
 
 60-19 
 
 61 
 
 52 
 
 49-96 
 
 50-08 
 
 60-22 
 
 50-36 
 
 60-49 
 
 60-68 
 
 60-77 
 
 50-91 
 
 61-04 
 
 51-18 
 
 62 
 
 68 
 
 60-91 
 
 51-05 
 
 61-19 
 
 61-83 
 
 61-46 
 
 51-60 
 
 61-75 
 
 61-89 
 
 62-02 
 
 52-16 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 61-87 
 
 52-01 
 
 62-16 
 
 52-30 
 
 62-44 
 
 52-68 
 
 62-72 
 
 52-87 
 
 53-01 
 
 63-16 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 62-88 
 
 62-98 
 
 63-18 
 
 53-27 
 
 68-41 
 
 58-65 
 
 63-70 
 
 53-85 
 
 68-99 
 
 64-14 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 63-79 
 
 63-94 
 
 54-09 
 
 64-28 
 
 54-87 
 
 64-62 
 
 64-68 
 
 64-83 
 
 54-97 
 
 65-11 
 
 56 
 
 67 
 
 64-75 
 
 54-90 
 
 66-06 
 
 65-20 
 
 66-35 
 
 65-50 
 
 65-65 
 
 66-80 
 
 66-96 
 
 66-10 
 
 67 
 
 6S 
 
 55-71 
 
 65-86 
 
 66-02 
 
 56-17 
 
 66-82 
 
 66-47 
 
 66-63 
 
 66-78 
 
 66-98 
 
 67-08 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 56-67 
 
 66-83 
 
 66-99 
 
 67-14 
 
 57-29 
 
 67-44 
 
 67-60 
 
 67-76 
 
 67-92 
 
 68-07 
 
 69 
 
 60 
 
 67-63 
 
 67-79 
 
 67-95 
 
 58-10 
 
 58-26 
 
 68-42 
 
 68-68 
 
 68-74 
 
 58-90 
 
 69-05 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 58-69 
 
 58-75 
 
 68-91 
 
 69-07 
 
 69-23 
 
 69-89 
 
 69-66 
 
 69-72 
 
 59-88 
 
 60-04 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 59-65 
 
 59-72 
 
 69-88 
 
 60-04 
 
 60-20 
 
 60-86 
 
 60-53 
 
 60-70 
 
 60-86 
 
 61-02 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 60-51 
 
 60-68 
 
 60-86 
 
 61-01 
 
 61-17 
 
 61-34 
 
 61-51 
 
 61-68 
 
 61-84 
 
 62-00 
 
 68 
 
 64 
 
 61-47 
 
 61-64 
 
 61-81 
 
 61-98 
 
 62-16 
 
 62-82 
 
 62-49 
 
 62-66 
 
 62-82 
 
 62-99 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 62-43 
 
 62-60 
 
 62-77 
 
 62-94 
 
 68-11 
 
 63-28 
 
 63-46 
 
 63-64 
 
 68-81 
 
 68-98 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 63-39 
 
 63-67 
 
 63-74 
 
 63-91 
 
 64-08 
 
 64-26 
 
 64-44 
 
 64-62 
 
 64-79 
 
 64-96 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 64-35 
 
 64-53 
 
 64-71 
 
 64-88 
 
 66-06 
 
 66-23 
 
 65-41 
 
 66-69 
 
 65-77 
 
 65-94 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 65-31 
 
 66-50 
 
 65-68 
 
 05-85 
 
 66-02 
 
 66-20 
 
 66-38 
 
 66-56 
 
 66-74 
 
 66-92 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 66-27 
 
 66-46 
 
 66-64 
 
 66-82 
 
 67-00 
 
 67-18 
 
 67-37 
 
 67-56 
 
 67-73 
 
 67-91 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 67-24 
 
 67-42 
 
 67-61 
 
 67-79 
 
 67-97 
 
 68-16 
 
 68-34 
 
 68-63 
 
 68-71 
 
 68-89 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 68-20 
 
 68-39 
 
 68-58 
 
 68-76 
 
 68-94 
 
 69-13 
 
 69-82 
 
 69-51 
 
 69-69 
 
 69-88 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 69-16 
 
 69-36 
 
 69-64 
 
 69-78 
 
 69-92 
 
 70-11 
 
 70-30 
 
 70-49 
 
 70-68 
 
 70-86 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 70-12 
 
 70-31 
 
 70-61 
 
 70-69 
 
 70-88 
 
 71-08 
 
 71-27 
 
 71-47 
 
 71-66 
 
 71-85 
 
 78 
 
 74 
 
 71-08 
 
 71-28 
 
 71-48 
 
 71-66 
 
 71-85 
 
 72-06 
 
 72-25 
 
 72-46 
 
 72-64 
 
 72-83 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 72-04 
 
 72-24 
 
 72-44 
 
 72-68 
 
 72-82 
 
 78-02 
 
 73-22 
 
 73-42 
 
 73-62 
 
 73-82 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 73-00 
 
 73-20 
 
 78-40 
 
 73-60 
 
 73-80 
 
 74-00 
 
 74-20 
 
 74-40 
 
 74-60 
 
 74-80 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 78-96 
 
 74-17 
 
 74-37 
 
 74-57 
 
 74-77 
 
 74-97 
 
 76-18 
 
 76-39 
 
 75-69 
 
 75-79 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 74-98 
 
 76-12 
 
 76-33 
 
 75-63 
 
 75-74 
 
 76-96 
 
 76-16 
 
 76-37 
 
 76-67 
 
 76-77 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 76-88 
 
 76-09 
 
 76-80 
 
 76-60 
 
 76-71 
 
 76-92 
 
 77-13 
 
 77-34 
 
 77-65 
 
 77-76 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 76-84 
 
 77-05 
 
 77-27 
 
 77-47 
 
 77-68 
 
 77-90 
 
 78-10 
 
 78-82 
 
 78-53 
 
 78-74 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 77-80 
 
 78-02 
 
 78-28 
 
 78-44 
 
 78-66 
 
 78-87 
 
 79-08 
 
 79-30 
 
 79-51 
 
 79-72 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 78-76 
 
 78-98 
 
 79-20 
 
 79-41 
 
 79-62 
 
 79-84 
 
 80-06 
 
 80-28 
 
 80-60 
 
 80-71 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 79-72 
 
 79-94 
 
 . 80-16 
 
 80-88 
 
 80-60 
 
 80-82 
 
 81-04 
 
 81-26 
 
 81-48 
 
 81-69 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 80-68 
 
 80-90 
 
 81-12 
 
 81-84 
 
 81-66 
 
 81-79 
 
 82-01 
 
 82-24 
 
 82-46 
 
 82-68 
 
 84 
 
 86 
 
 81-64 
 
 81-87 
 
 82-10 
 
 82-81 
 
 82-63 
 
 82-76 
 
 82-90 
 
 88-22 
 
 83-44 
 
 83-66 
 
 85 
 
 86 
 
 82-60 
 
 82-83 
 
 88-06 
 
 83-28 
 
 83-60 
 
 83-73 
 
 88-97 
 
 84-20 
 
 84-42 
 
 84-64 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 83-66 
 
 83-79 
 
 84-02 
 
 84-26 
 
 84-48 
 
 84-71 
 
 84-94 
 
 86-17 
 
 85-40 
 
 85-62 
 
 87 
 
 88 
 
 84-52 
 
 84-76 
 
 86-00 
 
 85-22 
 
 85-46 
 
 85-68 
 
 85-92 
 
 86-16 
 
 86-38 
 
 86-61 
 
 88 
 
 89 
 
 86-48 
 
 86-72 
 
 85-08 
 
 86-19 
 
 86-42 
 
 86-66 
 
 80-S9 
 
 87-18 
 
 87-36 
 
 87-69 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 86-45 
 
 86-68 
 
 86-98 
 
 87-16 
 
 87-39 
 
 87-63 
 
 87-87 
 
 88-11 
 
 88-34 
 
 88-68 
 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 87-41 
 
 87-65 
 
 87-89 
 
 88-12 
 
 88-36 
 
 88-61 
 
 88-86 
 
 89-09 
 
 89-88 
 
 89-56 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 88-37 
 
 88-61 
 
 88-86 
 
 89-09 
 
 89-33 
 
 89-68 
 
 89-82 
 
 00-07 
 
 90-31 
 
 90-66 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 89-33 
 
 89-57 
 
 89-82 
 
 90-06 
 
 90-30 
 
 90-56 
 
 90-80 
 
 91-05 
 
 91-29 
 
 91-68 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 90-29 
 
 90-54 
 
 90-79 
 
 91-03 
 
 91-27 
 
 91-53 
 
 91-78 
 
 92-03 
 
 92-27 
 
 92-61 
 
 94 
 
 95 
 
 91-25 
 
 91-50 
 
 91-76 
 
 92-00 
 
 92-26 
 
 92-60 
 
 92-76 
 
 93-00 
 
 93-25 
 
 93-50 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 92-21 
 
 92-46 
 
 92-72 
 
 92-97 
 
 98-22 
 
 93-47 
 
 93-78 
 
 93-98 
 
 94-28 
 
 94-48 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 98-17 
 
 93-43 
 
 93-68 
 
 93-98 
 
 94-19 
 
 94-45 
 
 94-71 
 
 94-96 
 
 95-22 
 
 96-47 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 94-13 
 
 94-39 
 
 94-66 
 
 94-90 
 
 95-16 
 
 95-42 
 
 05-68 
 
 96-94 
 
 96-20 
 
 96-45 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 95-09 
 
 96-35 
 
 96-61 
 
 96-87 
 
 96-13 
 
 96-39 
 
 96-66 
 
 96-92 
 
 97-18 
 
 97-43 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 96-06 
 
 96-82 
 
 96-58 
 
 96-84 
 
 97-11 
 
 97-37 
 
 97-63 
 
 97-89 
 
 98-16 
 
 98-42 
 
 100 
 
46 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 20— Continued. II. Table for reducing the 
 
 760 
 
 760 
 
 762 
 
 754 
 
 756 
 
 768 
 
 762 
 
 764 
 
 766 
 
 768 
 
 770 
 
 760 
 
 1 
 
 0-9S7 
 
 0-989 
 
 0-092 
 
 0-996 
 
 0-997 
 
 1-003 
 
 1-605 
 
 1-098 
 
 1-011 
 
 1-013 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1-974 
 
 1-979 
 
 1-984 
 
 1-989 
 
 1-995 
 
 2-906 
 
 2-011 
 
 2-016 
 
 2-821 
 
 2-826 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2-9i0 
 
 2-968 
 
 2-976 
 
 2-984 
 
 2-992 
 
 3-8*7 
 
 3016 
 
 3-024 
 
 3-832 
 
 3-039 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3-947 
 
 ,3-958 
 
 8-968 
 
 3-979 
 
 3-990 
 
 4-010 
 
 4-021 
 
 4-032 
 
 4-042 
 
 4-852 
 
 4 
 
 S 
 
 4-934 
 
 4-947 
 
 4-960 
 
 4-974 
 
 4-987 
 
 6-013 
 
 5-026 
 
 5-040 
 
 6-063 
 
 5-066 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6-921 
 
 5 -937 
 
 5-952 
 
 6-968 
 
 6-984 
 
 6-016 
 
 6-082 
 
 6-047 
 
 6-063 
 
 6-079 
 
 6 
 
 V 
 
 S'908 
 
 6-92S 
 
 6-944 
 
 6-963 
 
 6-982 
 
 7-018 
 
 7-037 
 
 7-055 
 
 7-974 
 
 7-092 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7-894 
 
 7-916 
 
 7-936 
 
 7-968 
 
 7-979 
 
 8-021 
 
 8-942 
 
 8-063 
 
 8-984 
 
 8-106 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8-SSl 
 
 8-995 
 
 8-929 
 
 8-952 
 
 8-977 
 
 9-023 
 
 9-04S 
 
 9-071 
 
 9-896 
 
 9-110 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9-87 
 
 9-89 
 
 9-92 
 
 9-96 
 
 9-97 
 
 10-03 
 
 10-05 
 
 10-08 
 
 10-11 
 
 10-13 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10-85 
 
 10-88 
 
 10-91 
 
 10-94 
 
 10-97 
 
 11-03 
 
 11-06 
 
 11-09 
 
 11-12 
 
 11-14 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 11-84 
 
 11-87 
 
 11-9(1 
 
 11-94 
 
 11-97 
 
 12-04 
 
 12-07 
 
 12-10 
 
 12-13 
 
 12-16 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 12-83 
 
 12-86 
 
 12-89 
 
 12-93 
 
 12-96 
 
 13-04 
 
 18-07 
 
 13-10 
 
 18-14 
 
 13-17 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 13-82 
 
 13-86 
 
 13-18 
 
 13-92 
 
 13-96 
 
 14-04 
 
 14-07 
 
 14-11 
 
 14-15 
 
 14-17 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 14-81 
 
 14-84 
 
 14-87 
 
 14-92 
 
 14-96 
 
 16-04 
 
 15-08 
 
 15-12 
 
 15-16 
 
 15-19 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 15-79 
 
 15-83 
 
 15-87 
 
 16-91 
 
 15-95 
 
 16-05 
 
 16-89 
 
 16-13 
 
 16-17 
 
 16-21 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 16-78 
 
 l«-«2 
 
 16-S6 
 
 16-91 
 
 16-95 
 
 17-85 
 
 17-99 
 
 17-14 
 
 17-18 
 
 17-22 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 17-77 
 
 17-81 
 
 17-85 
 
 17-90 
 
 17-95 
 
 18-66 
 
 18-10 
 
 18-16 
 
 18-19 
 
 18-28 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 18-75 
 
 18-8» 
 
 18-86 
 
 18-98 
 
 18-95 
 
 19-05 
 
 19-10 
 
 19-16 
 
 19-20 
 
 19-26 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 19-74 
 
 19-79 
 
 19-84 
 
 19-89 
 
 19-95 
 
 20-06 
 
 20-11 
 
 29-16 
 
 20-21 
 
 20-26 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 20-72 
 
 29-77 
 
 20-83 
 
 20-89 
 
 20-94 
 
 21-05 
 
 21-11 
 
 21-17 
 
 21-22 
 
 21-27 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 21-71 
 
 21-76 
 
 21 -S2 
 
 21-88 
 
 21-94 
 
 22-95 
 
 22-12 
 
 22-18 
 
 22-23 
 
 22-28 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 22-70 
 
 22-75 
 
 22-81 
 
 22-88 
 
 22-94 
 
 23-06 
 
 23-12 
 
 23-18 
 
 23-24 
 
 23-38 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 23-69 
 
 23-74 
 
 23-80 
 
 23-87 
 
 23-93 
 
 24-06 
 
 24-13 
 
 24-19 
 
 24-25 
 
 24-31 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 24-67 
 
 24-73 
 
 24-SO 
 
 24-87 
 
 24-93 
 
 25-06 
 
 25-13 
 
 25-20 
 
 25-26 
 
 25-32 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 25-66 
 
 26-72 
 
 25-79 
 
 25-86 
 
 25-93 
 
 26-06 
 
 26-14 
 
 26-21 
 
 26-27 
 
 26-34 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 26-66 
 
 26-71 
 
 26-78 
 
 26-86 
 
 28-93 
 
 27-07 
 
 27-16 
 
 27-22 
 
 27-28 
 
 27-36 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 27-63 
 
 27-70 
 
 27-77 
 
 27-S6 
 
 27-92 
 
 28-97 
 
 28-15 
 
 28-23 
 
 28-20 
 
 28-36 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 28-62 
 
 28-69 
 
 28-76 
 
 28-84 
 
 28-92 
 
 29-97 
 
 29-16 
 
 29-24 
 
 29-30 
 
 29-87 
 
 29 
 
 80 
 
 29-60 
 
 29-68 
 
 29-7S 
 
 29-84 
 
 29-92 
 
 30-07 
 
 30-16 
 
 30-24 
 
 30-32 
 
 30-39 
 
 80 
 
 SI 
 
 30-69 
 
 30-67 
 
 39-75 
 
 30-84 
 
 30-92 
 
 31-08 
 
 31-17 
 
 31-26 
 
 31-33 
 
 81-41 
 
 31 
 
 82 
 
 31-68 
 
 31-66 
 
 31-74 
 
 31-83 
 
 31-92 
 
 32-08 
 
 32-17 
 
 82-26 
 
 32-34 
 
 82-42 
 
 82 
 
 33 
 
 32-66 - 
 
 32-65 
 
 32-73 
 
 32-82 
 
 82-91 
 
 83-98 
 
 33-18 
 
 83-27 
 
 33-36 
 
 38-43 
 
 33 
 
 84 
 
 33-66 
 
 33-64 
 
 83-73 
 
 33-82 
 
 33-91 
 
 34-09 
 
 84-18 
 
 84-28 
 
 34-36 
 
 34-45 
 
 34 
 
 3S 
 
 34-54 
 
 34-63 
 
 34-72 
 
 34-82 
 
 34-91 
 
 35-09 
 
 35-19 
 
 36-28 
 
 36-37 
 
 36-46 
 
 35 
 
 86 
 
 36-62 
 
 35-62 
 
 35-71 
 
 36-81 
 
 36-91 
 
 36-09 
 
 36-19 
 
 36-29 
 
 86-88 
 
 36-47 
 
 36 
 
 87 
 
 36-51 
 
 36-61 
 
 36-71 
 
 36-81 
 
 36'9« 
 
 37-09 
 
 37-20 
 
 37-30 
 
 37-39 
 
 37-49 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 37-60 
 
 87-60 
 
 37-70 
 
 87-80 
 
 87-90 
 
 38-10 
 
 38-20 
 
 38-30 
 
 38-40 
 
 38-60 
 
 88 
 
 89 
 
 38-49 
 
 38-59 
 
 38-69 
 
 35 -8» 
 
 38-90 
 
 39-10 
 
 39-21 
 
 39-31 
 
 39-41 
 
 39-61 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39-47 
 
 89-68 
 
 39-68 
 
 39-79 
 
 39-90 
 
 40-10 
 
 40-21 
 
 40-32 
 
 40-42 
 
 40-52 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 40-46 
 
 40-66 
 
 40-67 
 
 40-79 
 
 40-89 
 
 41-11 
 
 41-22 
 
 41-38 
 
 41-43 
 
 41-64 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 41-44 
 
 41-56 
 
 41-66 
 
 41-78 
 
 41-89 
 
 4211 
 
 42-22 
 
 42-34 
 
 42-44 
 
 42-65 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 42-43 
 
 42-54 
 
 42-66 
 
 42-78 
 
 42-89 
 
 48-11 
 
 43-23 
 
 43-35 
 
 43-46 
 
 43-56 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 43-42 
 
 43-53 
 
 43-65 
 
 43-77 
 
 43-89 
 
 44-12 
 
 44-28 
 
 44-35 
 
 44-46 
 
 44-58 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 44-40 
 
 44-62 
 
 44-64 
 
 44-76 
 
 44-88 
 
 45-12 
 
 46-24 
 
 45-36 
 
 45-47 
 
 45-69 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 45-39 
 
 45-51 
 
 45-63 
 
 45-76 
 
 45-88 
 
 46-12 
 
 46-24 
 
 46-86 
 
 46-48 
 
 46-60 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 46-88 
 
 46-60 
 
 46-63 
 
 46-76 
 
 46-88 
 
 47-12 
 
 47-25 
 
 47-38 
 
 47-49 
 
 47-61 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 47-36 
 
 47-49 
 
 47-62 
 
 47-76 
 
 47-87 
 
 48-18 
 
 48-26 
 
 48-39 
 
 48-61 
 
 48-63 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 48-36 
 
 48-48 
 
 48-61 
 
 48-74 
 
 48-87 
 
 49-13 
 
 49-26 
 
 49-40 
 
 49-52 
 
 49-64 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 49-34 
 
 49-47 
 
 49-60 
 
 49-74 
 
 49-87 
 
 50-13 
 
 60-26 
 
 60-40 
 
 50-53 
 
 50-66 
 
 60 
 
REDUCTION OF THE VOLUME OF GASES 47 
 
 volumes of gases to a pressure of 760 mm. — Continued. 
 
 760 
 
 750 
 
 762 
 
 754 
 
 756 
 
 758 
 
 762 
 
 764 
 
 786 
 
 788 
 
 770 
 
 760 
 
 61 
 
 60-33 
 
 60-46 
 
 60-60 
 
 60-74 
 
 60-87 
 
 61-14 
 
 61-27 
 
 51-41 
 
 61-54 
 
 61-67 
 
 61 
 
 52 
 
 61-32 
 
 51-45 
 
 51-69 
 
 61-73 
 
 61-87 
 
 62-14 
 
 62-28 
 
 62-42 
 
 62-66 
 
 52-68 
 
 62 
 
 53 
 
 52-30 
 
 52-44 
 
 62-68 
 
 52-78 
 
 62-87 
 
 63-14 
 
 63-28 
 
 53-42 
 
 63-56 
 
 63-70 
 
 63 
 
 54 
 
 53-29 
 
 63-43 
 
 63-67 
 
 63-72 
 
 53-86 
 
 64-14 
 
 64-28 
 
 54-48 
 
 64-67 
 
 64-72 
 
 64 
 
 55 
 
 64-28 
 
 64-42 
 
 64-56 
 
 64-71 
 
 54-86 
 
 65-15 
 
 65-29 
 
 55-44 
 
 66-68 
 
 65-73 
 
 65 
 
 56 
 
 65-26 
 
 55-41 
 
 56-56 
 
 55-71 
 
 56-86 
 
 56-16 
 
 66-29 
 
 68-45 
 
 66-69 
 
 66-74 
 
 56 
 
 67 
 
 56-26 
 
 56-40 
 
 66-56 
 
 66-70 
 
 68-86 
 
 67-15 
 
 57-30 
 
 67-45 
 
 67-60 
 
 67-76 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 67-24 
 
 67-39 
 
 67-64 
 
 67-69 
 
 67-85 
 
 58-16 
 
 68-80 
 
 58-46 
 
 58-61 
 
 68-77 
 
 63 
 
 69 
 
 58-22 
 
 58-38 
 
 58-53 
 
 68-69 
 
 68-85 
 
 59-16 
 
 69-31 
 
 69-47 
 
 59-62 
 
 69-78 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 59-21 
 
 69-S7 
 
 59-62 
 
 69-68 
 
 59-84 
 
 60-16 
 
 80-32 
 
 60-47 
 
 80-83 
 
 60-79 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 60-20 
 
 60-36 
 
 60-52 
 
 60-68 
 
 60-84 
 
 61-16 
 
 61-32 
 
 81-48 
 
 61-64 
 
 81-81 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 61-19 
 
 61-35 
 
 61-61 
 
 61-67 
 
 61-84 
 
 62-16 
 
 62-33 
 
 62-49 
 
 82-86 
 
 62-82 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 62-17 
 
 62-34 
 
 62-60 
 
 62-67 
 
 62-83 
 
 68-17 
 
 63-38 
 
 68-50 
 
 63-67 
 
 63-84 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 63-16 
 
 63-33 
 
 63-49 
 
 63-68 
 
 63-83 
 
 84-17 
 
 64-34 
 
 64-51 
 
 64-68 
 
 64-85 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 64-16 
 
 64-32 
 
 64 49 
 
 64-66 
 
 64-83 
 
 66-17 
 
 85-34 
 
 65-61 
 
 66-69 
 
 65-86 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 65-13 
 
 66-31 
 
 86-43 
 
 86-65 
 
 65-82 
 
 68-17 
 
 86-35 
 
 66-52 
 
 66-70 
 
 66-88 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 66-12 
 
 66-30 
 
 66-47 
 
 66-64 
 
 68-82 
 
 67-18 
 
 67-36 
 
 87-53 
 
 87-71 
 
 67-89 
 
 87 
 
 63 
 
 67-10 
 
 67-29 
 
 67-46 
 
 67-64 
 
 67-82 
 
 68-18 
 
 68-36 
 
 68-64 
 
 68-72 
 
 68-90 
 
 63 
 
 69 
 
 68-09 
 
 68-28 
 
 68-45 
 
 68-63 
 
 68-82 
 
 69-18 
 
 69-38 
 
 69-54 
 
 89-73 
 
 69-91 
 
 89 
 
 70 
 
 69-08 
 
 69-26 
 
 69-44 
 
 69-63 
 
 69-82 
 
 70-18 
 
 70-37 
 
 70-65 
 
 70-74 
 
 70-92 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 70-07 
 
 70-25 
 
 70-43 
 
 70-62 
 
 70-81 
 
 71-19 
 
 71-87 
 
 71-56 
 
 71-75 
 
 71-94 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 71-05 
 
 71-24 
 
 71-43 
 
 71-62 
 
 71-81 
 
 72-19 
 
 72-38 
 
 72-67 
 
 72-76 
 
 72-96 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 72-04 
 
 72-23 
 
 72-42 
 
 72-81 
 
 72-81 
 
 73-19 
 
 73-38 
 
 73-67 
 
 73-77 
 
 73-97 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 73-03 
 
 73-22 
 
 73-41 
 
 73-61 
 
 73-80 
 
 74-19 
 
 74-39 
 
 74-68 
 
 74-78 
 
 74-98 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 74-01 
 
 74-21 
 
 74-40 
 
 74-60 
 
 74-80 
 
 75-20 
 
 76-39 
 
 76-69 
 
 75-79 
 
 76-99 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 75-00 
 
 75-20 
 
 76-40 
 
 75-60 
 
 75-80 
 
 76-20 
 
 78-40 
 
 78-60 
 
 76-80 
 
 77-01 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 75-99 
 
 76-19 
 
 76-39 
 
 76-59 
 
 76-79 
 
 77-20 
 
 77-40 
 
 77-60 
 
 77-81 
 
 78-02 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 76-97 
 
 77-18 
 
 77-38 
 
 77-58 
 
 77-79 
 
 78-20 
 
 78-41 
 
 78-61 
 
 78-82 
 
 79-03 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 77-96 
 
 78-17 
 
 78-37 
 
 78-58 
 
 78-79 
 
 79-21 
 
 79-41 
 
 79-82 
 
 79-83 
 
 80-04 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 78-94 
 
 79-16 
 
 79-36 
 
 79-68 
 
 79-79 
 
 80-21 
 
 80:42 
 
 80-63 
 
 80-84 
 
 81-08 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 79-93 
 
 80-15 
 
 80-35 
 
 80-67 
 
 80-79 
 
 81-21 
 
 81-42 
 
 81-64 
 
 81-86 
 
 82-07 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 80-92 
 
 81-14 
 
 81-36 
 
 81-56 
 
 81-78 
 
 82-21 
 
 82-43 
 
 82-66 
 
 82-87 
 
 88-09 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 81-91 
 
 82-13 
 
 82-34 
 
 82-66 
 
 82-78- 
 
 83-22 
 
 83-44 
 
 83-66 
 
 83-88 
 
 84-10 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 82-90 
 
 83-12 
 
 83-34 
 
 83-58 
 
 83-78 
 
 84-22 
 
 84-44 
 
 84-66 
 
 84-89 
 
 86-11 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 83-88 
 
 84-11 
 
 84-33 
 
 84-55 
 
 84-78 
 
 85-22 
 
 85-46 
 
 86-67 
 
 85-90 
 
 86-13 
 
 85 
 
 86 
 
 84-87 
 
 86-10 
 
 85-82 
 
 35-55 
 
 85-78 
 
 86-22 
 
 S6-46 
 
 86-67 
 
 86-91 
 
 87-14 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 86-85 
 
 86-08 
 
 86-81 
 
 88-54 
 
 86-77 
 
 87-23 
 
 87-46 
 
 87-68 
 
 87-92 
 
 88-15 
 
 87 
 
 88 
 
 86-84 
 
 87-07 
 
 87-80 
 
 87-64 
 
 87-77 
 
 88-23 
 
 88-47 
 
 88-69 
 
 88-93 
 
 89-17 
 
 88 
 
 89 
 
 87-82 
 
 88-06 
 
 88-29 
 
 88-63 
 
 88-77 
 
 89-23 
 
 89-47 
 
 89-70 
 
 89-94 
 
 90-18 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 88-81 
 
 89-05 
 
 89-29 
 
 89-52 
 
 89-77 
 
 90-23 
 
 90-48 
 
 90-71 
 
 90-95 
 
 91-19 
 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 89-80 
 
 90-04 
 
 90-28 
 
 90-62 
 
 90-76 
 
 91-24 
 
 91-48 
 
 91-72 
 
 91-98 
 
 92-21 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 90-79 
 
 91-03 
 
 91-27 
 
 91-61 
 
 91-78 
 
 92-24 
 
 92-49 
 
 92-73 
 
 02-97 
 
 93-22 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 91-77 
 
 92-02 
 
 92-26 
 
 92-51 
 
 92-76 
 
 93-24 
 
 93-49 
 
 98-74 
 
 98-93 
 
 94-23 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 92-76 
 
 93-01 
 
 93-26 
 
 93-60 
 
 93-76 
 
 94-24 
 
 94-49 
 
 94-74 
 
 04-99 
 
 96-24 
 
 94 
 
 95 
 
 93-74 
 
 94-00 
 
 94-25 
 
 94-60 
 
 94-76 
 
 96-26 
 
 95-50 
 
 96-76 
 
 96-00 
 
 98-26 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 94-78 
 
 94-98 
 
 95-24 
 
 95-49 
 
 95-75 
 
 96-25 
 
 96-51 
 
 96-78 
 
 97-01 
 
 97-27 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 95-72 
 
 95-97 
 
 96-28 
 
 98-49 
 
 98-76 
 
 97-25 
 
 97-61 
 
 97-77 
 
 08-02 
 
 98-29 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 96-70 
 
 96-96 
 
 97-22 
 
 97-48 
 
 97-74 
 
 98-26 
 
 98-52 
 
 98-77 
 
 9903 
 
 99-30 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 97-69 
 
 97-95 
 
 98-21 
 
 98-48 
 
 08-74 
 
 99-26 
 
 99-52 
 
 99-78 
 
 100-04 
 
 100-31 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 98-68 
 
 98-95 
 
 99-21 
 
 99-47 
 
 99-74 
 
 100-26 
 
 100-53 
 
 100-79 
 
 101-05 
 
 101-32 
 
 100 
 
48 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 21.— FACTORS FOR REDUCING A 
 
 TEMPERATURE 
 
 0° Centigrade, and 760 millimetres, or 32° 
 
 Centigrade. 
 
 00. 
 
 1-1. 
 
 2-2. 
 
 3-3. 
 
 4-4. 
 
 6-6. 
 
 6-7. 
 
 7-8. 
 
 8-9. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 32°. 
 
 34". 
 
 36". 
 
 38°. 
 
 40". 
 
 42". 
 
 44". 
 
 46°. 
 
 48". 
 
 In. 
 
 Milli- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 metres. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27-5 
 
 698-6 
 
 -9191 
 
 -9154 
 
 ■9116 
 
 ■9079 
 
 ■9043 
 
 -9007 
 
 ■8972 
 
 -8936 
 
 -8890 
 
 27-6 
 
 701-0 
 
 -9224 
 
 •9188 
 
 ■9149 
 
 ■9112 
 
 ■9076 
 
 •9039 
 
 -9005 
 
 ■8969 
 
 -8932 
 
 27-7 
 
 703-6 
 
 -9268 
 
 -9221 
 
 ■9183 
 
 ■9145 
 
 ■9109 
 
 •9072 
 
 ■9037 
 
 ■9001 
 
 -8964 
 
 27-8 
 
 706-1 
 
 •9291 
 
 ■9254 
 
 •9216 
 
 ■9179 
 
 ■9142 
 
 •9106 
 
 ■9070 
 
 ■9034 
 
 -8996 
 
 27-9 
 
 708-6 
 
 -9325 
 
 •9288 
 
 •9249 
 
 •9212 
 
 ■9174 
 
 •9138 
 
 ■9102 
 
 ■9067 
 
 -9029 
 
 28-0 
 
 ni-2 
 
 •9358 
 
 -9321 
 
 •9282 
 
 •9244 
 
 ■9208 
 
 •9170 
 
 •9135 
 
 ■9099 
 
 -9061 
 
 28-1 
 
 713-7 
 
 -9391 
 
 ■9354 
 
 •9315 
 
 •9278 
 
 ■9241 
 
 •9203 
 
 •9167 
 
 ■0131 
 
 ■9093 
 
 28-2 
 
 716-3 
 
 -9425 
 
 ■9387 
 
 •9348 
 
 ■9310 
 
 ■9273 
 
 •9236 
 
 ■9200 
 
 ■9164 
 
 ■9126 
 
 28-3 
 
 718-8 
 
 •9468 
 
 ■9421 
 
 •9382 
 
 ■9344 
 
 ■9306 
 
 •9289 
 
 •9233 
 
 ■9197 
 
 ■9168 
 
 28-4 
 
 721-3 
 
 -9491 
 
 ■9464 
 
 •9416 
 
 ■9377 
 
 -9339 
 
 •9801 
 
 ■9265 
 
 ■9229 
 
 ■9190 
 
 28-6 
 
 723-9 
 
 -9526 
 
 ■9487 
 
 •9448 
 
 -9410 
 
 -9372 
 
 -9334 
 
 ■9298 
 
 '9262 
 
 ■9223 
 
 28-6 
 
 726-4 
 
 •9558 
 
 ■9620 
 
 •9481 
 
 -9443 
 
 -9405 
 
 •9367 
 
 •9331 
 
 ■9294 
 
 ■9265 
 
 28-7 
 
 728-9 
 
 •9592 
 
 ■9654 
 
 ■9514 
 
 -9476 
 
 -9438 
 
 •9400 
 
 ■9364 
 
 ■9327 
 
 ■9287 
 
 28-8 
 
 731-5 
 
 •9626 
 
 •9687 
 
 •9647 
 
 ■9509 
 
 ■9471 
 
 •9432 
 
 ■9396 
 
 ■9369 
 
 ■0320 
 
 28-9 
 
 734-0 
 
 •9669 
 
 •9620 
 
 ■9680 
 
 ■9542 
 
 ■9604 
 
 -9465 
 
 ■9429 
 
 ■9392 
 
 ■9362 
 
 29-0 
 
 786-6 
 
 •9692 
 
 •9654 
 
 •9613 
 
 ■9676 
 
 ■9536 
 
 -9498 
 
 -9462 
 
 ■9424 
 
 -9885 
 
 29-1 
 
 789-1 
 
 •9726 
 
 •9687 
 
 ■9647 
 
 •9608 
 
 ■9569 
 
 •9631 
 
 •9494 
 
 -9457 
 
 -9417 
 
 29-2 
 
 741-6 
 
 •9759 
 
 ■9720 
 
 ■9680 
 
 •9640 
 
 ■9602 
 
 -9663 
 
 ■9527 
 
 ■9489 
 
 ■9449 
 
 29-3 
 
 744-2 
 
 ■9792 
 
 •9763 
 
 ■9713 
 
 •9674 
 
 ■9635 
 
 -9696 
 
 ■9669 
 
 ■9522 
 
 •9481 
 
 29-4 
 
 746-7 
 
 -9826 
 
 •9787 
 
 -9746 
 
 •9707 
 
 ■9668 
 
 -9629 
 
 ■9592 
 
 ■9654 
 
 ■9514 
 
 29-6 
 
 749-3 
 
 •9869 
 
 ■9820 
 
 ■9779 
 
 ■9740 
 
 ■9701 
 
 •9662 
 
 -9624 
 
 •9687 
 
 ■9546 
 
 29-6 
 
 751-8 
 
 •9893 
 
 ■9863 
 
 ■9812 
 
 ■9773 
 
 ■9733 
 
 •9694 
 
 ■9667 
 
 ■9619 
 
 ■9578 
 
 29-7 
 
 754-3 
 
 •9926 
 
 ■9887 
 
 •9846 
 
 -9806 
 
 ■9766 
 
 •9727 
 
 ■9690 
 
 •9652 
 
 •9611 
 
 29-8 
 
 766-9 
 
 -9969 
 
 ■9920 
 
 •9879 
 
 •9839 
 
 ■9800 
 
 -9760 
 
 ■9722 
 
 •9684 
 
 '9643 
 
 29-9 
 
 769-4 
 
 ■9993 
 
 ■9964 
 
 ■9912 
 
 -9872 
 
 ■9832 
 
 -9793 
 
 ■9755 
 
 ■9717 
 
 '9676 
 
 300 
 
 762-0 
 
 1-0026 
 
 ■9987 
 
 ■9946 
 
 -9906 
 
 ■9866 
 
 -9826 
 
 ■9788 
 
 ■9749 
 
 ■9708 
 
 80-1 
 
 764-5 
 
 1-0060 
 
 1-0020 
 
 ■9978 
 
 ■9938 
 
 ■9898 
 
 -9858 
 
 ■9820 
 
 ■9782 
 
 •9740 
 
 30-2 
 
 767-0 
 
 1-0093 
 
 10063 
 
 l^OOll 
 
 ■9971 
 
 ■9931 
 
 ■9891 
 
 ■9853 
 
 ■9814 
 
 ■9778 
 
 30-3 
 
 769-6 
 
 1-om 
 
 1-0086 
 
 1-0044 
 
 10004 
 
 ■9964 
 
 '9924 
 
 •9885 
 
 ■9846 
 
 '9805 
 
 80-4 
 
 772-1 
 
 1-0160 
 
 1-0120 
 
 1-0078 
 
 10087 
 
 ■9997 
 
 •9957 
 
 ■9918 
 
 ■9879 
 
 '9837 
 
 80-B 
 
 774-7 
 
 1^0194 
 
 1-0153 
 
 1-0111 
 
 1-0070 
 
 1-0030 
 
 ■9989 
 
 ■9960 
 
 ■9911 
 
 ■9870 
 
 30-6 
 
 777-2 
 
 1-0227 
 
 1-0186 
 
 1-0144 
 
 1-0103 
 
 1-0063 
 
 1-0022 
 
 ■9983 
 
 ■9944 
 
 '9902 
 
 80-7 
 
 779-7 
 
 1-0260 
 
 1-0220 
 
 1-0177 
 
 1-0136 
 
 1-0096 
 
 10055 
 
 1-0016 
 
 ■9976 
 
 '9935 
 
 80-8 
 
 782-3 
 
 1-0294 
 
 1-0253 
 
 1-0210 
 
 1-0169 
 
 10128 
 
 1-0087 
 
 10048 
 
 r0009 
 
 ■9967 
 
 30-9 
 
 784-8 
 
 1-0827 
 
 1-0286 
 
 1-0243 
 
 1-0202 
 
 1-0164 
 
 1-0120 
 
 10081 
 
 1-0041 
 
 10000 
 
 31-0 
 
 787-4 
 
 10360 
 
 1-0319 
 
 1-0276 
 
 1-0236 
 
 1-0194 
 
 1-0168 
 
 1-0114 
 
 1-0074 
 
 10032 
 
NORMAL TEMPEllATUEE AND PRESSURE 49 
 
 GIVEN VOLUME OF GAS TO NORMAL 
 AND PRESSURE. 
 
 Fahrenheit, and 29 '92 inches barometric pressure. 
 
 Centigrade. 
 
 10-0. 
 
 11-1. 
 
 12^2. 
 
 18-3. 
 
 14^4. 
 
 16^6. 
 
 16-7. 
 
 ■ 17-8. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 60-. 
 
 62". 
 
 54". 
 
 56". 
 
 68'. 
 
 60". 
 
 62-. 
 
 64°. 
 
 In. 
 
 Milli- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 metres. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27-5 
 
 698-6 
 
 •8867 
 
 ■8832 
 
 •8797 
 
 •8763 
 
 ■8728 
 
 •8696 
 
 ■8661 
 
 -8628 
 
 27-6 
 
 701-0 
 
 -8900 
 
 ■8864 
 
 •8829 
 
 •8795 
 
 ■8760 
 
 •8726 
 
 ■8603 
 
 •8660 
 
 27-7 
 
 703-6 
 
 •8932 
 
 ■8897 
 
 •8861 
 
 ;8827 
 
 •8792 
 
 •8758 
 
 •8724 
 
 •8691 
 
 27-8 
 
 706-1 
 
 -8964 
 
 ■8928 
 
 ■8803 
 
 •8859 
 
 ■8823 
 
 •8790 
 
 •8766 
 
 -8722 
 
 27-9 
 
 708-6. 
 
 •8996 
 
 ■8960 
 
 •8926 
 
 •8890 
 
 ■8856 
 
 •8821 
 
 •8787 
 
 -8764 
 
 28-0 
 
 711-2 
 
 •9029 
 
 •8992 
 
 •8957 
 
 •8922 
 
 ■8887 
 
 •8853 
 
 •8819 
 
 -8785 
 
 28-1 
 
 713-7 
 
 •9060 
 
 ■9025 
 
 •8989 
 
 •8964 
 
 •8910 
 
 •8884 
 
 •8860 
 
 -8816 
 
 28-2 
 
 716-3 
 
 ■9093 
 
 ■9067 
 
 ■9021 
 
 •8986 
 
 ■8061 
 
 •8916 
 
 •8882 
 
 -8848 
 
 28 -S 
 
 718-8 
 
 •9125 
 
 •9089 
 
 ■9053 
 
 •9018 
 
 ■8983 
 
 •8948 
 
 •8913 
 
 -8879 
 
 28-4 
 
 721-3 
 
 •9157 
 
 •9121 
 
 ■9085 
 
 ■9050 
 
 ■9014 
 
 •8979 
 
 •8945 
 
 -8011 
 
 28-5 
 
 723-9 
 
 •9189 
 
 •9153 
 
 ■9117 
 
 ■9082 
 
 ■9046 
 
 •9011 
 
 ■8976 
 
 -8942 
 
 28-6 
 
 726-4 
 
 -9222 
 
 ■9185 
 
 ■9149 
 
 ■9114 
 
 ■9077 
 
 •9043 
 
 ■ooos 
 
 -8073 
 
 28-7 
 
 728-9 
 
 -9254 
 
 ■9218 
 
 ■9181 
 
 ■9146 
 
 ■9109 
 
 ■9074 
 
 ■9030 
 
 -9005 
 
 28-8 
 
 731-6 
 
 -9286 
 
 ■9250 
 
 ■9213 
 
 ■9177 
 
 ■0141 
 
 ■9106 
 
 ■9071 
 
 -9036 
 
 28-9 
 
 734-0 
 
 •9318 
 
 ■9282 
 
 ■9245 
 
 ■9209 
 
 ■0173 
 
 ■9188 
 
 ■9102 
 
 -0067 
 
 29-0 
 
 736-6 
 
 •9351 
 
 ■9314 
 
 ■9277 
 
 ■9241 
 
 ■9206 
 
 ■9169 
 
 ■9134 
 
 -9009 
 
 29-1 
 
 739-1 
 
 •9383 
 
 ■9846 
 
 ■9309 
 
 ■9278 
 
 ■9236 
 
 ■9201 
 
 ■9165 
 
 ■0130 
 
 29-2 
 
 741-6 
 
 •9416 
 
 ■9378 
 
 ■0341 
 
 ■9305 
 
 •0268 
 
 ■9233 
 
 ■9197 
 
 ■0162 
 
 29-3 
 
 744-2 
 
 •9448 
 
 ■9410 
 
 ■9373 
 
 ■9336 
 
 ■9300 
 
 ■9264 
 
 ■9S28 
 
 ■9198 
 
 29 '1 
 
 746-7 
 
 -9480 
 
 ■9443 
 
 ■9405 
 
 ■0368 
 
 ■9332 
 
 ■9296 
 
 ■9260 
 
 ■9224 
 
 29-5 
 
 749-3 
 
 ■9512 
 
 ■9475 
 
 ■9437 
 
 ■9400 
 
 ■9363 
 
 ■0328 
 
 ■9291 
 
 ■9266 
 
 29-6 
 
 761-8 
 
 •9544 
 
 ■9606 
 
 ■9469 
 
 ■0432 
 
 ■9896 
 
 •9359 
 
 ■9323 
 
 ■9287 
 
 29-7 
 
 764-8 
 
 -9577 
 
 ■9539 
 
 ■9601 
 
 ■9464 
 
 ■9427 
 
 ■9300 
 
 ■9354 
 
 ■9318 
 
 29-8 
 
 756-9 
 
 -9609 
 
 ■9571 
 
 ■9633 
 
 ■9406 
 
 ■9459 
 
 ■9422 
 
 ■9386 
 
 ■9360 
 
 29-9 
 
 759-4 
 
 -9641 
 
 ■9603 
 
 ■9666 
 
 ■9628 
 
 ■9490 
 
 ■9454 
 
 ■9417 
 
 ■9381 
 
 80-0 
 
 762-0 
 
 -9673 
 
 ■0636 
 
 ■9697 
 
 ■9560 
 
 ■9622 
 
 ■9486 
 
 ■9449 
 
 ■9413 
 
 30-1 
 
 764-5 
 
 -9706 
 
 ■9667 
 
 •9629 
 
 ■9691 
 
 ■9654 
 
 ■0617 
 
 ■9480 
 
 -9444 
 
 30-2 
 
 767-0 
 
 -9738 
 
 ■9700 
 
 ■9661 
 
 ■9623 
 
 •9586 
 
 ■9649 
 
 ■9512 
 
 -9475 
 
 30-8 
 
 769-6 
 
 -9770 
 
 •9781 
 
 ■9693 
 
 •9655 
 
 •9617 
 
 ■0680 
 
 ■9643 
 
 -9607 
 
 30-4 
 
 772-1 
 
 •9802 
 
 ■9764 
 
 ■0726 
 
 ■9687 
 
 ■9640 
 
 •9612 
 
 •9575 
 
 -9638 
 
 3«-5 
 
 774-7 
 
 -9836 
 
 ■9796 
 
 ■9767 
 
 ■9719 
 
 ■0681 
 
 ■9643 
 
 ■9606 
 
 -9569 
 
 30-6 
 
 777-2 
 
 •9867 
 
 ■9828 
 
 ■9789 
 
 ■0751 
 
 ■9712 
 
 ■9675 
 
 ■9638 
 
 -9601 
 
 30-7 
 
 779-7 
 
 ■9899 
 
 •9860 
 
 ■9821 
 
 ■9782 
 
 ■9744 
 
 ■9707 
 
 ■9669 
 
 -9632 
 
 30-8 
 
 782-3 
 
 •9931 
 
 •9892 
 
 ■9863 
 
 ■9816 
 
 ■9776 
 
 •9738 
 
 •9701 
 
 -9664 
 
 30-9 
 
 784-8 
 
 •9963 
 
 •9924 
 
 ■9885 
 
 •9846 
 
 ■9807 
 
 ■9770 
 
 •9732 
 
 •0696 
 
 31-0 
 
 787-4 
 
 •9996 
 
 •9966 
 
 •9917 
 
 •9878 
 
 ■9840 
 
 ■9801 
 
 ■9764 
 
 -9726 
 
50 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 TABLE 21— Cora«WMed!. 
 
 Centigrade. 
 
 18-9. 
 
 20. 
 
 21-1. 
 
 22-2. 
 
 23^3. 
 
 24^4. 
 
 25-6. 
 
 26-7. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 66'. 
 
 68'. 
 
 70°. 
 
 72". 
 
 74-. 
 
 76-. 
 
 78°. 
 
 80°. 
 
 In. 
 
 MQU- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 metres. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27-5 
 
 698-5 
 
 -8695 
 
 •8563 
 
 -8630 
 
 -8498 
 
 •8466 
 
 •8435 
 
 -8403 
 
 ■8372 
 
 27-6 
 
 701-0 
 
 •8626 
 
 •8594 
 
 ■8661 
 
 -8629 
 
 •8497 
 
 ■8465 
 
 -8434 
 
 -8403 
 
 27-7 
 
 703-6 
 
 -8658 
 
 •8625 
 
 •8592 
 
 -8560 
 
 •8628 
 
 -8496 
 
 •8464 
 
 -8433 
 
 27-8 
 
 706-1 
 
 -8689 
 
 •8666 
 
 ■8623 
 
 ■8691 
 
 •8669 
 
 -8527 
 
 •8496 
 
 •8463 
 
 27-9 
 
 708-6 
 
 ■8720 
 
 •8687 
 
 •8664 
 
 •8622 
 
 •8589 
 
 ■8667 
 
 •8526 
 
 •8494 
 
 28 
 
 711-2 
 
 ■8751 
 
 •8718 
 
 •8685 
 
 ■8653 
 
 •8620 
 
 -8588 
 
 •8656 
 
 •8524 
 
 28-1 
 
 713-7 
 
 -8783 
 
 •8760 
 
 •8716 
 
 ■8684 
 
 •8051 
 
 ■8619 
 
 •8587 
 
 •8565 
 
 28-2 
 
 716-3 
 
 ■8814 
 
 -8781 
 
 •8747 
 
 ■8714 
 
 •8682 
 
 •8649 
 
 •8617 
 
 •8586 
 
 28-3 
 
 718-8 
 
 •8845 
 
 -8812 
 
 •8778 
 
 ■8745 
 
 •8713 
 
 ■8680 
 
 •8648 
 
 •8616 
 
 28-4 
 
 721-8 
 
 •8876 
 
 -8843 
 
 •8809 
 
 •8776 
 
 •8743 
 
 ■8711 
 
 •8678 
 
 •8646 
 
 28-6 
 
 723-9 
 
 ■8908 
 
 -8874 
 
 ■8840 
 
 •8807 
 
 •8774 
 
 ■8741 
 
 •8709 
 
 ■8677 
 
 28-6 
 
 726-4 
 
 -8939 
 
 •8905 
 
 ■8872 
 
 -8838 
 
 -8805 
 
 -8772 
 
 •8739 
 
 ■8707 
 
 28-7 
 
 728-9 
 
 ■8970 
 
 •8986 
 
 ■8903 
 
 •8869 
 
 -8836 
 
 ■8803 
 
 •8770 
 
 ■8738 
 
 28-8 
 
 731-5 
 
 •9002 
 
 •8968 
 
 •8934 
 
 •8900 
 
 -8366 
 
 -8833 
 
 •8800 
 
 ■8768 
 
 28-9 
 
 734-0 
 
 ■9033 
 
 •8999 
 
 •8965 
 
 •8931 
 
 -8897 
 
 ■8864 
 
 •8831 
 
 ■8798 
 
 290 
 
 736-6 
 
 -9064 
 
 •9030 
 
 ■8996 
 
 -8962 
 
 -8928 
 
 -8895 
 
 •8862 
 
 ■8829 
 
 29-1 
 
 739-1 
 
 -9095 
 
 •9061 
 
 ■9027 
 
 -8993 
 
 -8969 
 
 -8925 
 
 -8892 
 
 ■8869 
 
 29-2 
 
 741-6 
 
 -9127 
 
 •0092 
 
 ■0068 
 
 -9023 
 
 -8990 
 
 -8956 
 
 •8923 
 
 ■8890 
 
 29-3 
 
 744-2 
 
 -9158 
 
 ■9123 
 
 ■9089 
 
 •9064 
 
 •9020 
 
 -8987 
 
 •8963 
 
 •8920 
 
 29-4 
 
 746-7 
 
 -9189 
 
 ■9154 
 
 ■9120 
 
 •9085 
 
 •9051 
 
 ■9017 
 
 •8984 
 
 •8951 
 
 29-6 
 
 749 -S 
 
 -9220 
 
 ■9186 
 
 ■9161 
 
 •9116 
 
 -9082 
 
 ■9043 
 
 ■9014 
 
 •8981 
 
 29-6 
 
 751-8 
 
 -9252 
 
 -9217 
 
 •9182 
 
 •9147 
 
 •9113 
 
 ■0079 
 
 ■9046 
 
 •9012 
 
 29-7 
 
 764-3 
 
 -9283 
 
 -9248 
 
 ■9213 
 
 •9178 
 
 -9144 
 
 ■9109 
 
 ■9076 
 
 -9042 
 
 29-8 
 
 766-9 
 
 -9314 ' 
 
 ■9279 
 
 ■9244 
 
 •9209 
 
 -9174 
 
 ■9140 
 
 ■9106 
 
 -9072 
 
 29 9 
 
 759-4 
 
 •9345 
 
 ■9310 
 
 ■9275 
 
 •9240 
 
 -9205 
 
 ■9171 
 
 •9137 
 
 -9103 
 
 800 
 
 762-0 
 
 ■9377 
 
 ■9341 
 
 ■9306 
 
 •9271 
 
 -9286 
 
 ■9201 
 
 ■9167 
 
 •9133 
 
 301 
 
 764-5 
 
 ■9408 
 
 -9372 
 
 ■9337 
 
 •9302 
 
 -9267 
 
 ■9232 
 
 ■9198 
 
 •9164 
 
 30-2 
 
 767-0 
 
 -9489 
 
 -9403 
 
 ■9368 
 
 •9338 
 
 •9297 
 
 •9263 
 
 ■9228 
 
 •9194 
 
 30-3 
 
 769-6 
 
 -9470 
 
 -9435 
 
 ■9329 
 
 •9363 
 
 -9328 
 
 •9293 
 
 ■9259 
 
 •9225 
 
 30-4 
 
 772-1 
 
 -9502 
 
 -0466 
 
 -9430 
 
 •9394 
 
 •9359 
 
 •9324 
 
 ■9289 
 
 •9256 
 
 30-5 
 
 774-7 
 
 -9533 
 
 ■9497 
 
 •9461 
 
 •9425 
 
 -9390 
 
 •9365 
 
 ■9320 
 
 •9286 
 
 30-6 
 
 777-2 
 
 •9664 
 
 ■9528 
 
 ■9492 
 
 •9466 
 
 •9421 
 
 -9385 
 
 ■9351 
 
 '9316 
 
 80-7 
 
 779-7 
 
 -9695 
 
 ■9559 
 
 -9623 
 
 •9487 
 
 -0461 
 
 •9416 
 
 ■9381 
 
 •9346 
 
 30-8 
 
 782-3 
 
 -9627 
 
 ■9590 
 
 -9654 
 
 •9618 
 
 •9482 
 
 •9447 
 
 •9412 
 
 •9377 
 
 30-9 
 
 784-8 
 
 •9658 
 
 ■9621 
 
 ■9585 
 
 •9649 
 
 •9613 
 
 •9477 
 
 •9442 
 
 •9407 
 
 31-0 
 
 787-4 
 
 •9689 
 
 ■9663 
 
 ■9616 
 
 •9580 
 
 •9544 
 
 •9608 
 
 •9473 
 
 ■9438 
 
WATEB AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES 51 
 
 TABLE 21a.— VOLUMES OF WATER AT DIFFER- 
 ENT TEMPERATURES. (Rossetti.) 
 
 Temp. 
 
 
 Temp. 
 
 
 Temp. 
 
 
 '0. 
 
 
 -c. 
 
 
 '0. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 14 
 
 1-000566 
 
 40 
 
 1-007531 
 
 1 
 
 '999947 
 
 15 
 
 1-000695 
 
 45 
 
 1-009541 
 
 2 
 
 0-999908 
 
 16 
 
 1-000846 
 
 50 
 
 1-011766 
 
 3 
 
 0-999885 
 
 17 
 
 1-001010 
 
 65 
 
 1-014100 
 
 i 
 
 0-999877 
 
 18 
 
 1-001184 
 
 60 
 
 1 -016590 
 
 6 
 
 0-999883 
 
 19 
 
 1-001370 
 
 65 
 
 1-019302 
 
 6 
 
 0-999903 
 
 20 
 
 1-001567 
 
 70 
 
 1-022246 
 
 7 
 
 0-999938 
 
 21 
 
 1-001776 
 
 75 
 
 1-025440 
 
 8 
 
 0-999986 
 
 22 
 
 1-001995 
 
 80 
 
 1-028581 
 
 9 
 
 1 -000048 
 
 23 
 
 1-002226 
 
 85 
 
 1-031894 
 
 10 
 
 1-000124 
 
 24 
 
 1-002465 
 
 90 
 
 1-035397 
 
 11 
 
 1-000213 
 
 25 
 
 1 -002715 
 
 95 
 
 1-039094 
 
 12 
 
 1-000314 
 
 30 
 
 1-004064 
 
 100 
 
 1-042986 
 
 13 
 
 1-000429 
 
 35 
 
 1-005697 
 
 
 
 TABLE 22.— REDUCTION OF WATER PRESSURE 
 TO MERCURIAL PRESSURE. 
 
 aq. 
 
 1 
 
 Hg. 
 
 aq. 
 
 Hg. 
 
 aq. 
 
 Hg. 
 
 aq. 
 
 Hg. 
 
 aq. 
 
 Hg. 
 
 0-07 
 
 23 
 
 1-70 
 
 45 
 
 3-32 
 
 67 
 
 4-94 
 
 89 
 
 6-57 
 
 2 
 
 0-16 
 
 24 
 
 1-77 
 
 46 
 
 3-39 
 
 68 
 
 6-02 
 
 90 
 
 6-64 
 
 3 
 
 0-22 
 
 25 
 
 1-84 
 
 47 
 
 3-47 
 
 69 
 
 5-09 
 
 91 
 
 6-72 
 
 4 
 
 0-30 
 
 26 
 
 1-92 
 
 48 
 
 3-64 
 
 70 
 
 6-17 
 
 92 
 
 6-79 
 
 5 
 
 0-37 
 
 27 
 
 1-98 
 
 49 
 
 3-62 
 
 71 
 
 5-24 
 
 93 
 
 6-86 
 
 6 
 
 0-44 
 
 28 
 
 2-07 
 
 50 
 
 3-69 
 
 72 
 
 5-31 
 
 94 
 
 6-94 
 
 7 
 
 0-52 
 
 29 
 
 2-14 
 
 61 
 
 3-76 
 
 73 
 
 5-39 
 
 95 
 
 7-01 
 
 8 
 
 0-59 
 
 30 
 
 2-21 
 
 52 
 
 3-84 
 
 74 
 
 5-46 
 
 96 
 
 7-08 
 
 9 
 
 0-66 
 
 31 
 
 2-29 
 
 53 
 
 3-91 
 
 75 
 
 6-64 
 
 97 
 
 7-16 
 
 10 
 
 0-74 
 
 32 
 
 2-36 
 
 54 
 
 3-99 
 
 76. 
 
 5-61 
 
 98 
 
 7-23 
 
 11 
 
 0-81 
 
 33 
 
 2-44 
 
 55 
 
 4-06 
 
 77 
 
 5-68 
 
 99 
 
 7-31 
 
 12 
 
 0-89 
 
 34 
 
 2-61 
 
 56 
 
 4-13 
 
 78 
 
 5-76 
 
 100 
 
 7-38 
 
 • 13 
 
 0-96 
 
 35 
 
 2-58 
 
 67 
 
 4-21 
 
 79 
 
 6-83 
 
 200 
 
 14-76 
 
 14 
 
 1-03 
 
 36 
 
 2-66 
 
 68 
 
 4-28 
 
 80 
 
 5-90 
 
 300 
 
 22-14 
 
 15 
 
 1-12 
 
 37 
 
 2-73 
 
 59 
 
 4-35 
 
 81 
 
 5-98 
 
 400 
 
 29-52 
 
 Ifi 
 
 1-18 
 
 38 
 
 2-80 
 
 60 
 
 4-43 
 
 82 
 
 6-05 
 
 600 
 
 36-90 
 
 17 
 
 1-26 
 
 39 
 
 2-88 
 
 61 
 
 4-50 
 
 83 
 
 6-13 
 
 600 
 
 44-28 
 
 18 
 
 1-33 
 
 40 
 
 2 95 
 
 62 
 
 4-58 
 
 84 
 
 6-20 
 
 700 
 
 51-66 
 
 19 
 
 1-40 
 
 41 
 
 3-03 
 
 63 
 
 4-65 
 
 85 
 
 6-27 
 
 800 
 
 59 04 
 
 20 
 
 1-48 
 
 42 
 
 3-10 
 
 64 
 
 4-72 
 
 86 
 
 6-35 
 
 900 
 
 66-42 
 
 21 
 
 1-55 
 
 43 
 
 3-17 
 
 65 
 
 4-80 
 
 87 
 
 6-42 
 
 1000 
 
 73-80 
 
 22 
 
 1-62 
 
 44 
 
 3-25 
 
 66 
 
 4-87 
 
 88 
 
 6-49 
 
 
 
52 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 23.— TENSION OP AQUEOUS VAPOUR 
 
 Between -20° and +118° O. in Millimetres Mercury. 
 (Magnus.) 
 
 T. 
 
 mm. 
 
 T. 
 
 mm. 
 
 T. 
 
 mm. 
 
 -20° 
 
 0-916 
 
 + 15° 
 
 12-677 
 
 + 50° 
 
 92-0 
 
 19 
 
 0-999 
 
 16 
 
 13-519 
 
 51 
 
 96-6 
 
 18 
 
 1-089 
 
 17 
 
 14-409 
 
 52 
 
 101-5 
 
 17 
 
 1-186 
 
 18 
 
 15-351 
 
 53 
 
 106-6 
 
 16 
 
 1-290 
 
 19 
 
 16-345 
 
 54 
 
 111-9 
 
 15 
 
 1-403 
 
 20 
 
 17-396 
 
 55 
 
 117-4 
 
 14 
 
 1-525 
 
 21 
 
 18-505 
 
 56 
 
 123-1 
 
 13 
 
 1-655 
 
 22 
 
 19-675 
 
 57 
 
 129-1 
 
 12 
 
 1-796 
 
 23 
 
 20-909 
 
 58 
 
 135-3 
 
 11 
 
 1-947 
 
 24 
 
 22-211 
 
 59 
 
 141-8 
 
 10 
 
 2-109 
 
 25 
 
 23-582 
 
 60' 
 
 148-6 
 
 9 
 
 2-284 
 
 26 
 
 25-026 
 
 61 
 
 155-6 
 
 8 
 
 2-471 
 
 27 
 
 26-547 
 
 62 
 
 162-9 
 
 7 
 
 2-671 
 
 28 
 
 28-148 
 
 63 
 
 170-5 
 
 6 
 
 2-886 
 
 29 
 
 29-832 
 
 64 
 
 178-4 
 
 S 
 
 3-110 
 
 30 
 
 31-602 
 
 65 
 
 186-6 
 
 i 
 
 3-361 
 
 31 
 
 33-5 
 
 66 
 
 195 -] 
 
 3 
 
 3-624 
 
 32 
 
 35-4 
 
 67 
 
 204-0 
 
 2 
 
 3-900 
 
 33 
 
 37-5 
 
 68 
 
 213-2 
 
 1 
 
 4-205 
 
 34 
 
 39-6 
 
 69 
 
 222-7 
 
 
 
 4-525 
 
 35 
 
 41-9 
 
 70 
 
 232-6 
 
 + 1 
 
 4-867 
 
 36 
 
 44-3 
 
 71 
 
 242-9 
 
 2 
 
 5-231 
 
 37 
 
 46-8 
 
 72 
 
 253-5 
 
 3 
 
 5-619 
 
 38 
 
 49-4 
 
 73 
 
 264-6 
 
 4 
 
 6-032 
 
 39 
 
 .52-1 
 
 74 
 
 276-0 
 
 5 
 
 6-471 
 
 40 
 
 55-0 
 
 75 
 
 287-9 
 
 6 
 
 6-939 
 
 41 
 
 58-0 
 
 76 
 
 300-2 
 
 7 
 
 7-436 
 
 42 
 
 61-1 
 
 77 
 
 312-9 
 
 8 
 
 7-964 
 
 43 
 
 64-4 
 
 78 
 
 326-1 
 
 9 
 
 8-525 
 
 44 
 
 67-8 
 
 79 
 
 339-8 
 
 10 
 
 9-126 
 
 45 
 
 71-4 
 
 80 
 
 353-9 
 
 11 
 
 9-756 
 
 46 
 
 75-2 
 
 81 
 
 368-6 
 
 12 
 
 10-421 
 
 47 
 
 79-1 
 
 82 
 
 383-7 
 
 13 
 
 11-130 
 
 48 
 
 83-2 
 
 83 
 
 399-4 
 
 14 
 
 11-882 
 
 49 
 
 87-5 
 
 84 
 
 415-6 
 
TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOUR 
 
 TABLE iS—Continued. 
 
 53 
 
 T. 
 
 mm. 
 
 T. 
 
 mm. 
 
 T. 
 
 mm. 
 
 + 85° 
 
 432-3 
 
 + 97° 
 
 681-7 
 
 + 109° 
 
 1041-3 
 
 86 
 
 449-6 
 
 98 
 
 707-0 
 
 110 
 
 1077-3 
 
 87 
 
 467-5 
 
 99 
 
 733-1 
 
 111 
 
 1114-3 
 
 88 
 
 486-0 
 
 100 
 
 760-0 
 
 112 
 
 1152-3 
 
 89 
 
 505-0 
 
 101 
 
 787-7 
 
 113 
 
 1191-4 
 
 90 
 
 524-8 
 
 102 
 
 816-3 
 
 114 
 
 1231-7 
 
 91 
 
 545-1 
 
 103 
 
 845-7 
 
 115 
 
 1273-0 
 
 92 
 
 566-1 
 
 104 
 
 876-0 
 
 116 
 
 1315-5 
 
 93 
 
 587-8 
 
 105 
 
 907-1 
 
 H7 
 
 1359-1 
 
 94 
 
 610-2 
 
 106 
 
 939-2 
 
 118 
 
 1403-9 
 
 95 
 
 633-3 
 
 107 
 
 972-3 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 657-1 
 
 108 
 
 1006-3 
 
 
 
 TABLE 24.— TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOUR FOR 
 TEMPERATURES FROM 40° 0. 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Tension in mm. 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Pressure per sq.om. 
 
 Centigrade. 
 
 of Mercury. 
 
 in atmospheres. 
 
 in kilos. 
 
 + 40° 
 
 54-906 
 
 0-072 
 
 0-07465 
 
 45 
 
 71 -391 
 
 0-094 
 
 0-09706 
 
 50 
 
 91-982 
 
 0-121 
 
 0-12505 
 
 55 
 
 117-478 
 
 0-154 
 
 0-15972 
 
 60 
 
 148-791 
 
 0-196 
 
 0-20323 
 
 66 
 
 186-945 
 
 0-246 
 
 0-25417 
 
 70 
 
 233-093 
 
 0-306 
 
 0-31692 
 
 75 
 
 288-517 
 
 0-380 
 
 0-39227 
 
 80 
 
 354-643 
 
 0-466 
 
 0-48217 
 
 85 
 
 433-04] 
 
 0-570 
 
 0-58877 
 
 90 
 
 525-450 
 
 0-691 
 
 0-71440 
 
 95 
 
 633-778 
 
 0-834 
 
 0-86168 
 
 100 
 
 760-00 
 
 1-000 
 
 1-03330 
 
 105 
 
 906-41 
 
 1-193 
 
 1-23236 
 
 110 
 
 1075-37 
 
 1-415 
 
 1-46210 
 
 115 
 
 1269-41 
 
 1-673 
 
 1-72592 
 
 120 
 
 1491-28 
 
 1-962 
 
 2-02755 
 
 125 
 
 1743-88 
 
 2-294 
 
 2-37098 
 
 130 
 
 2030-28 
 
 2-671 
 
 2-76037 
 
 135 
 
 2353-73 
 
 3-097 . 
 
 3-20013 
 
54 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 2i— Continued. 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Tension in mm. 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Pressure per sq.cm. 
 
 Ceutigrade. 
 
 of Mercury. 
 
 in atmospheres. 
 
 in kilos. 
 
 + 140° 
 
 2717-63 
 
 3-575 
 
 3-69490 
 
 145 
 
 3125-55 
 
 4-112 
 
 4-24960 
 
 150 
 
 3581-23 
 
 4-712 
 
 4-86904 
 
 155 
 
 4088-56 
 
 5-380 
 
 6-55881 
 
 160 
 
 4651-62 
 
 6-120 
 
 6-32434 
 
 165 
 
 5274-54 
 
 6-940 
 
 7-17127 
 
 170 
 
 5961-66 
 
 7-844 
 
 8-10547 
 
 175 
 
 6717-43 
 
 8-838 
 
 9-13302 
 
 180 
 
 7646-39 
 
 9-929 
 
 10-2601 
 
 185 
 
 8453-23 
 
 11-122 
 
 11-4930 
 
 190 
 
 9442-70 
 
 12-424 
 
 12-8383 
 
 195 
 
 10519-73 
 
 13-841 
 
 14-3026 
 
 200 
 
 11688-96 
 
 16-380 
 
 15-8923 
 
 205 
 
 12955-66 
 
 17-047 
 
 17-6145 
 
 210 
 
 14324-80 
 
 18-848 
 
 19-4760 
 
 215 
 
 15801-33 
 
 20-791 
 
 21-4835 
 
 220 
 
 17390-00 
 
 22-881 
 
 23-6439 
 
 225 
 
 19097-04 
 
 26-127 
 
 25-9643 
 
 230 
 
 20926-40 
 
 27-534 
 
 28-4615 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Tension in inches 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Pressure in lbs. per 
 
 Falirenheit. 
 
 of Mercury. 
 
 in atmospheres. 
 
 square inch. 
 
 100° 
 
 1-918 
 
 •064 
 
 •941 
 
 110 
 
 2 -.577 
 
 •086 
 
 1-267 
 
 120 
 
 3-427 
 
 •114 
 
 1^676 
 
 130 
 
 4-502 
 
 •150 
 
 2^205 
 
 140 
 
 5-858 
 
 •196 
 
 2-883 
 
 150 
 
 7-546 
 
 •252 
 
 3-705 
 
 160 
 
 9-628 
 
 •322 
 
 4-734 
 
 170 
 
 12-18 
 
 •407 
 
 6-984 
 
 180 
 
 15-27 
 
 ■610 
 
 7-498 
 
 190 
 
 19-01 
 
 ■636 
 
 9-336 
 
 200 
 
 23-46 
 
 •784 
 
 11-53 
 
 212 
 
 29-92 
 
 1-000 
 
 14-706 
 
 220 
 
 35-01 
 
 1-170 
 
 17-19 
 
 230 
 
 42-34 
 
 1-416 
 
 20-80 
 
 240 
 
 60-89 
 
 1-701 
 
 25-01 
 
TENSION OF AQUEOUS VAPOUR 
 
 TABLE Z4— Continued. 
 
 55 
 
 Tempsrature 
 
 Tension in inches 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Pressure in lbs per 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 of Mercury. 
 
 in atmospheres. 
 
 square inch. 
 
 250° 
 
 60-81 
 
 2-032 
 
 29-87 
 
 260 
 
 72-27 
 
 2-415 
 
 35-50 
 
 270 
 
 85-41 
 
 2-855 
 
 41-97 
 
 280 
 
 100-4 
 
 3-366 
 
 49-34 
 
 290 
 
 117-5 
 
 3-927 
 
 57-73 
 
 300 
 
 136-8 
 
 4-572 
 
 67-22 
 
 310 
 
 158-6 
 
 5-301 
 
 77-94 
 
 320 
 
 183-1 
 
 6-120 
 
 89-98 
 
 330 
 
 210-5 
 
 7-035 
 
 103-4 
 
 340 
 
 241-1 
 
 8-058 
 
 118-5 
 
 350 
 
 275-0 
 
 9-198 
 
 135-2 
 
 360 
 
 312-6 
 
 10-45 
 
 153-6 
 
 370 
 
 354-0 
 
 11-83 
 
 173-9 
 
 380 
 
 399-6 
 
 13-35 
 
 196-3 
 
 390 
 
 449-6 
 
 15-02 
 
 220-8 
 
 400 
 
 504-4 
 
 16-86 
 
 247-9 
 
 410 
 
 563-9 
 
 18-84 
 
 277-0 
 
 420 
 
 628-8 
 
 21-01 
 
 309-9 
 
 430 
 
 699-2 
 
 23-37 
 
 843-6 
 
 440 
 
 775-3 
 
 25-91 
 
 380-9 
 
 TABLE 25.— TENSION OP AQUEOUS VAPOUR IN 
 INCHES OP MERCURY PROM 1° TO 100° P. 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Inches of 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Inches of 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 1° 
 
 -046 
 
 11° 
 
 ■071 
 
 2 
 
 ■048 
 
 12 
 
 •074 
 
 3 
 
 •050 
 
 13 
 
 •078 
 
 4 
 
 ■052 
 
 14 
 
 •082 
 
 5 
 
 •054 
 
 15 
 
 •086 
 
 6 
 
 •057 
 
 16 
 
 •090 
 
 7 
 
 •060 
 
 17 
 
 ■094 
 
 8 
 
 •062 
 
 18 
 
 •098 
 
 9 
 
 •065 
 
 19 
 
 •103 
 
 10 
 
 •068 
 
 20 
 
 ■108 
 
56 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE ih—Gontimied. 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Inches of 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Inches of 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 21° 
 
 •113 
 
 61° 
 
 ■537 
 
 22 
 
 •118 
 
 62 
 
 •556 
 
 23 
 
 •123 
 
 63 
 
 •576 
 
 24 
 
 •129 
 
 64 
 
 •596 
 
 25 
 
 ■135 
 
 66 
 
 •617 
 
 26 
 
 •141 
 
 66. 
 
 ■639 
 
 27 
 
 •147 
 
 67 
 
 ■661 
 
 28 
 
 •163 
 
 68 
 
 ■685 
 
 29 
 
 •160 
 
 69 
 
 ■708 
 
 30 
 
 •167 
 
 70 
 
 ■733 
 
 31 
 
 •174 
 
 71 
 
 •759 
 
 32 
 
 •181 
 
 72 
 
 •785 
 
 33 
 
 •188 
 
 73 
 
 ■812 
 
 34 
 
 ■196 
 
 74 
 
 ■840 
 
 35 
 
 •204 
 
 75 
 
 ■868 
 
 36 
 
 •212 
 
 76 
 
 ■897 
 
 37 
 
 ■220 
 
 77 
 
 ■927 
 
 38 
 
 •229 
 
 78 
 
 •958 
 
 39 
 
 •238 
 
 79 
 
 •990 
 
 40 
 
 •247 
 
 80 
 
 1^023 
 
 41 
 
 •257 
 
 81 
 
 1-067 
 
 42 
 
 •267 
 
 82 
 
 1-092 
 
 43 
 
 •277 
 
 83 
 
 1-128 
 
 44 
 
 •288 
 
 84 
 
 1^165 
 
 45 
 
 •299 
 
 85 
 
 1-203 
 
 46 
 
 •311 
 
 86 
 
 1-242 
 
 47 
 
 •323 
 
 87 
 
 1^282 
 
 48 
 
 ■335 
 
 88 
 
 1-323 
 
 49 
 
 ■348 
 
 89 
 
 1^366 
 
 60 
 
 ■361 
 
 90 
 
 1^401 
 
 51 
 
 •374 
 
 91 
 
 1^455 
 
 52 
 
 ■388 
 
 92 
 
 1-501 
 
 53 
 
 ■403 
 
 93 
 
 1-648 
 
 54 
 
 ■418 
 
 94 
 
 1-696 
 
 55 
 
 ■433 
 
 95 
 
 1-646 
 
 66 
 
 ■449 
 
 96 
 
 1-697 
 
 67 
 
 ■465 
 
 97 
 
 1-751 
 
 58 
 
 •482 
 
 98 
 
 1-806 
 
 59 
 
 ■600 
 
 99 
 
 1-862. 
 
 60 
 
 ■618 
 
 100 
 
 1-918 
 
BOILING POINT OF WATER, ETC. 
 
 57 
 
 TABLE 26.— BOILING POINT OP WATER AT 
 DIFFERENT BAROMETRIC PRESSURES. 
 
 Barometric 
 
 Boiling 
 
 Barometric 
 
 Boiling 
 
 Pressure. 
 
 Point. 
 
 Pressure. 
 
 Point. 
 
 mm. 
 
 
 mm. 
 
 
 710 
 
 98-11 , 
 
 745 
 
 99-44 
 
 71.5 
 
 98-30 
 
 750 
 
 99-63- 
 
 720 
 
 98-49 
 
 755 
 
 99-82 
 
 725 
 
 98-69 
 
 760 
 
 100-00 
 
 730 
 
 - 98-88 . 
 
 765 
 
 100-18 
 
 735 
 
 99-07 
 
 770 
 
 100-37 
 
 740 
 
 99-26 
 
 775 
 
 100-55 
 
 TABLE 27.— SPECIFIC HEATS. 
 
 (a) Of Solids and Liquids. 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 0-2220 
 
 Iron (cast) . 
 
 0-1050 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 0-547 
 
 (wrought) . 
 
 0-1081 
 
 Antimony . 
 
 0-0493 
 
 Lead . . . 
 
 0-0309 
 
 Ashes 
 
 0-20 
 
 Limestone (marble) 
 
 0-21 
 
 Bismuth . 
 
 0-0303 
 
 Mercury . 
 
 0-0334 
 
 Brass . 
 
 0-0917 
 
 Nickel . 
 
 0-109 
 
 Bricks 
 
 0-22 
 
 Oil (lubricating) 
 
 0-40 
 
 Cement 
 
 0-19 
 
 Platinum . 
 
 0-0324 
 
 Carbon (wood) 
 
 0-1653 
 
 Sandstone . 
 
 0-22 
 
 (graphitf 
 
 ; . 0-1604 
 
 Slag . . . 
 
 0-18 
 
 (diamon 
 
 J) . 0-1042 
 
 Silver 
 
 0-0559 
 
 Copper 
 
 0-0936 
 
 Steel . 
 
 0-1070 
 
 Glass (for therm 
 
 ometers) 0-1988 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 0-1764 
 
 Gypsum . 
 
 0-20 
 
 Sulphuric acid . 
 
 0-332 
 
 Granite 
 
 0-20 
 
 Tin . . . 
 
 0-0552 
 
 Gold . 
 
 0-0316 
 
 Zinc . 
 
 0-0935 
 
 (6) Of Gases and Vapours for Constant Pressures between the 
 Temperatures of 0° and 200° C. (Lansen and Regnault.) 
 
 
 Cal. per 
 
 Cal. per 
 
 
 Cal. per 
 
 Cal. per 
 
 
 1kg. 
 
 1 cb.m. 
 
 
 1kg. 
 
 1 cb.m. 
 
 Atmospheric air . 
 
 0-2389 
 
 0-3082 
 
 Carbon monoxide 
 
 0-2466 
 
 0-3082 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 0-2158 
 
 0-3082 
 
 Methane 
 
 0-5930 
 
 0-4241 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 0-2459 
 
 0-3082 
 
 Ethylene 
 
 0-4040 
 
 0-6053 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 3-452 
 
 0-3082 
 
 Sulphur dioxide . 
 
 0-1544 
 
 0-4413 
 
 Carbon dioxide . 
 
 0-2092 
 
 0-4109 
 
 Aqueous vapour . 
 
 0-4542 
 
 0-3654 
 
58 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 28.— HEATING BPPECTS. 
 
 (a) Definitions. 
 
 A metrical gram-ealorle (cal. ) is the quantity of heat required 
 to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1° 0. The kilogram- 
 calorie = 1000 cal. 
 
 The normal calorie is that which raises 1 gram water of 14 "5° 
 to 15-5° C. 
 
 The Britisli heat unit is the quantity of heat required to raise 
 the temperature of 1 pound of water from 32° to 33° Fahr., and 
 is = 252 gram-calories. This unit is required only where the absolute 
 values of the heat units are considered. Usually the question is only 
 of relative values — e.g., grams or pounds of fuel on the one hand, 
 against grams or pounds of water on the other. For these compari- 
 sons the simple proportion of British heat units to gram-calories = 5:9 
 is used, as the unit of fuel weight is the same as that of the water, and 
 only the degrees Centigrade and Fahrenheit differ as above. 1 British 
 heat unit is, therefore, = f = 0-5656 gram-calorie. 
 
 1 Joule (j) = 10 million ergs = 0-2391 gram-calorie. 
 
 1 Gram-calorie = 4-183 j. 
 
 IJ = 1000 j = 239-1 cal. = 10" erg. 
 
 (6) Calorific Value of Fuels. 
 
 (The data given are the upper heating values, j. e. , they are referred 
 to the combustion of hydrogen to liquid water as found in the 
 calorimeter.) 
 
 
 met, cal. 
 
 Ether 
 
 . 9,000 
 
 Alcohol . 
 
 . 7,100 
 
 Lignite-tar oil . 
 
 . 9,950 
 
 Wood 
 
 . 4,100 
 
 Methyl alcohol . 
 
 . 5,300 
 
 Charcoal (C to COg) . 
 
 . 8,000 
 
 „ (CtoCO) . 
 
 . 2,300 
 
 
 met. cal. 
 
 Petroleum residue 
 
 . 10,500 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 . 11,000 
 
 Fatty oils . 
 
 . 9,300 
 
 Tallow 
 
 . 8,370 
 
 Beeswax . 
 
 . 9,000 
 
 Cellulose . 
 
 . 4,200 
 
 (c) Calorific Value of G-ases. 
 
 
 ! 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 28 
 78 
 128 
 28 
 
 Moleo. Calories 
 when burnt to 
 
 Calories per cub. 
 met. when burnt to 
 
 Liquid 
 Water. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Liquid 
 Water. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Hydrogen, Hj . 
 Methane, CH- . 
 Ethylene, C2H4 
 Benzene vapour, CuH,, 
 Naphthalene vapour, CuHg 
 Carbon monoxide, CO 
 
 69-0 
 
 213-5 
 
 334-S 
 
 788-0 
 
 1258-4 
 
 68-4 
 
 58-1 
 
 192-1 
 
 313-4 
 
 755-9 
 
 1230-6 
 
 68-4 
 
 3064 
 
 9566 
 
 14,999 
 
 35,302 
 
 56,376 
 
 3064 
 
 2585 
 
 8606 
 
 14,060 
 
 33,864 
 
 55,131 
 
 3064 
 
AIR COMPRESSION 
 
 59 
 
 TABLE 29.— AIR COMPRESSION. 
 
 The following table is compiled with a view to facilitate calculations 
 of problems connected with the application of compressed gases. The 
 table is strictly correct only for air, but is applicable also to other 
 gases,' such as lime-kiln gases. The table relates to 1 cub. foot of 
 atmospheric air measured at 60° F. and 29-92 inches barometric 
 pressure, and shows the volumer"£emperature, and pressure after 
 adiabatic compr^sion ; also the height of a column of water which 
 the compressed gas will just balance, and the power required to 
 compress the air in foot-pounds (33,000 ft. -lbs. per minute = 1 indicated 
 horse-power), and the mean pressure on the air piston. 
 
 Final Pressure 
 lbs. per sq. in. 
 
 above 
 Atmosphere. 
 
 Column of 
 Water tlie 
 
 Volume of 
 compressed 
 
 Temperature 
 after 
 
 Mean 
 Pressure on 
 
 Foot-pounds 
 
 of 
 
 Work per 
 
 balance. 
 
 Air. 
 
 Compression. 
 
 Piston. 
 
 cub. foot 
 atmosph. air. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Cub. feet. 
 
 Degrees F. 
 
 Lbs.persq.in. 
 
 
 10 
 
 23-12 
 
 0-692 
 
 144-5 
 
 8-23 
 
 1186-3 
 
 12 
 
 27-75 
 
 0-655 
 
 158-1 
 
 9-58 
 
 1387 
 
 14 
 
 32-87 
 
 0-622 
 
 171-0 
 
 10-86 
 
 1564 
 
 16 
 
 87-00 
 
 0-593 
 
 184-0 
 
 12-08 
 
 1739 
 
 18 
 
 41-62 
 
 0-567 
 
 196-0 
 
 13-23 
 
 1907 
 
 20 
 
 46-25 
 
 0-544 
 
 207-3 
 
 14-35 
 
 2066 
 
 22 
 
 50-87 
 
 0-623 
 
 218-8 
 
 16-42 
 
 2220 
 
 24 
 
 55-60 
 
 0-504 
 
 228-6 
 
 16-45 
 
 2368 
 
 26 
 
 60-12 
 
 0-486 
 
 239-0 
 
 17-48 
 
 2510 
 
 28 
 
 64-75 
 
 0-469 
 
 249-0 
 
 18-39 
 
 2647 
 
 30 
 
 69-37 
 
 0-454 
 
 258-2 
 
 19-32 
 
 2782 
 
 82 
 
 74-00 
 
 0-440 
 
 267-5 
 
 20-21 
 
 2910 
 
 34 
 
 78-62 
 
 0-428 
 
 276-4 
 
 21-07 
 
 3034 
 
 86 
 
 83-25 
 
 0-416 
 
 285-3 
 
 21-92 
 
 3156 
 
 38 
 
 87-87 
 
 0-404 
 
 293-5 
 
 22-74 
 
 3275 
 
 40 
 
 92-50 
 
 0-394 
 
 301-8 
 
 23-63 
 
 3389 
 
 In Metrical Units. 
 
 Final Pressure 
 
 above 
 
 1 atm. per 
 
 sq.cm. 
 
 Column of 
 
 Water the 
 
 Gas will 
 
 balance. 
 
 Volume of 
 1 cub.m. air 
 after Com- 
 pression. 
 
 Temperature 
 
 after 
 Compression. 
 
 Mean 
 
 Pressure on 
 
 Piston. 
 
 Work per 
 1 cub.m. in 
 metre-kg. 
 
 Kg. 
 
 m. 
 
 cub.m. 
 
 •c. 
 
 Kg. per sq.cm. 
 
 
 0-703 
 
 7-05 
 
 0-692 
 
 62-5 
 
 0-679 
 
 5,789 
 
 0-844 
 
 8-44 
 
 0-665 
 
 70-1 
 
 0-674 
 
 6,769 
 
 0-984 
 
 9-87 
 
 0-622 
 
 77-2 
 
 0-764 
 
 7.633 
 
 1-125 
 
 11-28 
 
 0-593 
 
 84-4 
 
 0-849 
 
 8,48« 
 
 1-266 
 
 12-69 
 
 0-567 
 
 91-1 
 
 0-930 
 
 9,307 
 
60 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS" HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE Zd—Contimied. 
 
 Final Pressure 
 
 above 
 
 1 atm. per 
 
 sq.cm. 
 
 Column of 
 Water the 
 Gas will 
 balance. 
 
 Volume of 
 
 1 cub. m. air 
 
 after Ck)m- 
 
 pression. 
 
 Temperature 
 
 after 
 OompresBion. 
 
 Mean 
 
 Pressure on 
 
 Piston. 
 
 Work per 
 1 cub.tn. in 
 metre- leg. 
 
 Kg. 
 
 ' 14-10 
 
 cub.m. 
 
 -0. 
 
 Kg.persq.cni. 
 
 
 1-406 
 
 0-544 
 
 97-4 
 
 1-009 
 
 9,791 
 
 1-547 
 
 15-50 
 
 0-523 
 
 103-5 
 
 1-084 
 
 10,835 
 
 1-687 
 
 16-91 
 
 0-504 
 
 109-2 
 
 1-157 
 
 11,557 
 
 1-828 
 
 18-32 
 
 0-486 
 
 115-9 
 
 1-226 
 
 12,251 
 
 1-969 
 
 19-74 
 
 0-469 
 
 120-6 
 
 1-293 
 
 12,919 
 
 2-109 
 
 21-14 
 
 0-454 
 
 125-7 
 
 1-358 
 
 13,573 
 
 2-250 
 
 22-55 
 
 0-440 
 
 130-8 
 
 1-421 
 
 14,203 
 
 2-391 
 
 . 23-96 
 
 0-428 
 
 135-8 
 
 1-481 
 
 14,808 
 
 2-531 
 
 25-37 
 
 0-416 
 
 140-7 
 
 1-541 
 
 15,403 
 
 2-374 
 
 26-78 
 
 0-404 
 
 145-4 
 
 1-599 
 
 15,984 
 
 2-812 
 
 28-19 
 
 0-394 
 
 149-9 
 
 1-654 
 
 16,541 
 
 TABLE 30.— EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES OP GASES 
 AND AIR. (Eitner.) 
 
 
 Volumes of Gas. 
 
 Volumes of Air. 
 
 Acetylene 
 
 3-5-52-2 
 
 96-5-47-8 
 
 Hydrogen . 
 
 
 
 9-5-66-3 
 
 90-5-3S-7 
 
 Carbon monoxide 
 
 
 
 16-6-74-8 
 
 83-4-25-2 
 
 Ethylene . 
 
 
 
 4-2-14-5 
 
 95-8-85-5 
 
 Methane . 
 
 
 
 6-2-12-7 
 
 93-8-87-3 
 
 Coal-gas 
 
 
 
 8-0-19 
 
 92-0-81 
 
 Benzene vapour . 
 
 
 
 2-7- 6-3 
 
 97-3-93-7 
 
 Petroleum spirit vapour 
 
 
 
 2-5- 4-8 
 
 97-5-95-2 
 
 F.tlier 
 
 
 2.-9- 7-0 
 
 97-1-92-5 
 
PROPERTIES OF THE LIQUEFIED GASES 61 
 
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62 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 32.— ELECTRICAL UNITS. 
 
 1. The unit of quantity, the coulomb, is that quantity of current 
 which precipitates I'llS mg. silver from a solution of silver nitrate. 
 
 2. The unit of current, the ampere, is that current which conveys 
 1 coulomb through the circuit in 1 second. 
 
 1 ampere-hour is = the quantity of current which gives per hour 
 
 1 ampere, or per n hours, — amperes = 3600 coulombs. 
 n 
 
 3. The unit of resistance, the olim, is equal to the resistance of a 
 column of mercury at 0° C. of a sectional area of 1 x 1 mm., 106 '3 cm. 
 long, possessing a mass of 14-4251 grams. Other units in use are the 
 Siemens unit=0-944 ohm, and the British Association unit (B.A.U.) 
 = 0-989 ohm. 
 
 4. The unit of electromotive force, the volt, is the force which in 
 a conductor with a resistance of 1 ohm gives a current = 1 ampere. 
 
 Electromotive force of a Daniell cell = 1-12 volts. 
 „ „ Bunsen cell = 2 volts. 
 
 Clark ceU = 1-4328 volts. 
 Weston cell = 0-0186 volt. 
 ,, „ lead storage cell = 2-1-1-9 volts. 
 
 6. The farad is the capacity of a condenser in which a charge of 1 
 coulomb produces a difference of potential of 1 volt. 
 
 6. A -watt or volt-ampere is the amount of work produced during 
 1 second by a current of 1 ampere under an electromotive force of 1 
 volt. It is = 1 metre-kilogram ^^^^^ ^ g.^^g ^^.j^ ^^^^^ ^ 
 
 9-81 ^ 
 
 horse-power = 735-5 watts. The British Board of Trade Unit is = 1000 
 watt hours. 1 kilowatt (kw) = 1000 watts = 1-36 horse-power. 
 
 A current of 1 ampere, at a resistance of w ohms, produces during 
 t seconds a quantity of heat = 0-239 wt gram-calorie. 1 cal. = 4-19 
 joules. 
 
 TABLE 33.— ELECTRO-CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 The separation of a gram equivalent requires 96,540 coulombs 
 = 26-86 ampere hours. 1 ampere hour is capable of yielding : — 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Silver . ... 
 
 4-0228 
 
 Ohlorine . 
 
 1-B228 
 
 Copper (from solutions ot oapric salts) 
 
 1-1862 
 
 Bromine . 
 
 2-982 
 
 Zinc ... 
 
 1-219 
 
 Iodine . 
 
 4-7828 
 
 Nickel . ... 
 
 1-0941 
 
 Oxygen . 
 
 0-2983 
 
 Hydrogen ..... 
 
 0376 
 
 Potassium chlorate 
 
 0-7618 
 
 Alnminium 
 
 0-3369 
 
 Potassium hydroxide . 
 
 2094 
 
 Lead 
 
 8-862 
 
 Sodium hydroxide 
 
 1-494 
 
 Gold 
 
 2-4612 
 
 
 
 Potassinm 
 
 1-4680 
 
 
 '■ 
 
 Hagnesium 
 
 0-4534 
 
 
 
 Platinum 
 
 3-6396 
 
 
 
 Mercury ... 
 
 8-7290 
 
 
 
 Tin 
 
 2-2188 
 
 
 
MATHEMATICAL TABLES 
 
 63 
 
 TABLE 34.— MATHEMATICAL TABLES. 
 
 Circumference and area of circles, squares, cubes, square and cube roots. 
 
 n 
 
 Til 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 »2 
 
 «» 
 
 s/n 
 
 ^n 
 
 1-0 
 
 3-142 
 
 0-7854 
 
 1-000 
 
 1-000 
 
 1-0000 
 
 1-0000 
 
 1-1 
 
 3-456 
 
 0-9503 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-331 
 
 1-0488 
 
 1-0323 
 
 1-2 
 
 3-770 
 
 1-1310 
 
 1-440 
 
 1-728 
 
 1-0955 
 
 1-0627 
 
 1-3 
 
 4-084 
 
 1-3273 
 
 1-690 
 
 2-197 
 
 1-1402 
 
 1-0914 
 
 1-4 
 
 4-398 
 
 1-5394 
 
 1-960 
 
 2-744 
 
 1-1832 
 
 1-1187 
 
 1-5 
 
 4-712 
 
 1-7672 
 
 2-250 
 
 3-375 
 
 1-2247 
 
 1-1447 
 
 1-6 
 
 5-027 
 
 2-0106 
 
 2-560 
 
 4-096 
 
 1-2649 
 
 1-1696 
 
 1-7 
 
 5-341 
 
 2-2698 
 
 2-890 
 
 4-913 
 
 1-3038 
 
 1-1935 
 
 1-8 
 
 5-655 
 
 2-5447 
 
 3-240 
 
 5-832 
 
 1-3416 
 
 1-2164 
 
 1-9 
 
 5-969 
 
 2-8353 
 
 3-610 
 
 6-859 
 
 1-3784 
 
 1-2386 
 
 2-0 
 
 6-283 
 
 3-1416 
 
 4-000 
 
 8-000 
 
 1-4142 
 
 1-2599 
 
 2-1 
 
 6-597 
 
 3-4636 
 
 4-410 
 
 9-261 
 
 1-4491 
 
 1-2806 
 
 2-2 
 
 6-912 
 
 3-8013 
 
 4-840 
 
 10-648 
 
 1-4832 
 
 1-3006 
 
 2-3 
 
 7-226 
 
 4-1548 
 
 5-290 
 
 12-167 
 
 1-5166 
 
 1-3200 
 
 2-4 
 
 7-640 
 
 4-5239 
 
 5-760 
 
 13-824 
 
 1-5492 
 
 1-3389 
 
 2-5 
 
 7-854 
 
 4-9087 
 
 6-250 
 
 15-625 
 
 1-5811 
 
 1-3572 
 
 2-6 
 
 8-168 
 
 5-3093 
 
 6-760 
 
 17-576 
 
 1-6126 
 
 1-3761 
 
 2-7 
 
 8-482 
 
 5-7256 
 
 7-290 
 
 19-683 
 
 1-6432 
 
 1-3925 
 
 2-8 
 
 8-797 
 
 6-1575 
 
 7-840 
 
 21-952 
 
 1-6733 
 
 1-4095 
 
 2-9 
 
 9-111 
 
 6-6052 
 
 8-410 
 
 24-389 
 
 1-7029 
 
 1-4260 
 
 3-0 
 
 9-425 
 
 7-0686 
 
 9-00 
 
 27-000 
 
 1-7321 
 
 1-4422 
 
 3-1 
 
 9-739 
 
 7-5477 
 
 9-61 
 
 29-791 
 
 1-7607 
 
 1-4581 
 
 3-2 
 
 10-053 
 
 8-0426 
 
 10-24 
 
 32-768 
 
 1-7889 
 
 1-4736 
 
 3-3 
 
 10-367 
 
 8-5530 
 
 10-89 
 
 35-937 
 
 1-8166 
 
 1-4888 
 
 3-4 
 
 10-681 
 
 9-0792 
 
 11-66 
 
 39-304 
 
 1-8439 
 
 1-5037 
 
 3-5 
 
 10-996 
 
 9-6211 
 
 12-25 
 
 42-875 
 
 1-8708 
 
 1-5183" 
 
 3-6 
 
 11-310 
 
 10-179 
 
 12-96 
 
 46-666 
 
 1-8974 
 
 1-5326 
 
 3-7 
 
 11-624 
 
 10-752 
 
 13-69 
 
 50-653 
 
 1-9235 
 
 1-5467 
 
 3-8 
 
 11-938 
 
 11-341 
 
 14-44 
 
 54-872 
 
 1-9494 
 
 1-5605 
 
 3-9 
 
 12-252 
 
 11-946 
 
 15-21 
 
 59-319 
 
 1-9748 
 
 1-5741 
 
 4-0 
 
 12-566 
 
 12-566 
 
 16-00 
 
 64-000 
 
 2-0000 
 
 1-5874 
 
 4-1 
 
 12-881 
 
 13-203 
 
 16-81 
 
 68-921 
 
 2-0249 
 
 1-6006 
 
 4-2 
 
 13-195 
 
 13-854 
 
 17-64 
 
 74-088 
 
 2-0494 
 
 1-6134 
 
 4-3 
 
 13-509 
 
 14-522 
 
 18-49 
 
 79-507 
 
 2-0736 
 
 1-6261 
 
 4-4 
 
 13-823 
 
 15-205 
 
 19-36 
 
 85-184 
 
 2-0976 
 
 1-6386 
 
 4-5 
 
 14-137 
 
 15-904 
 
 20;25 
 
 91-125 
 
 2-1213 
 
 1-6510 
 
 4-6 
 
 14-451 
 
 16-619 
 
 21-16 
 
 97-336 
 
 2-1448 
 
 1-6631 
 
 4-7 
 
 14-765 
 
 17-349 
 
 22-09 
 
 103-823 
 
 2-1680 
 
 1-6751 
 
64 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 34:— Continued. 
 
 
 
 m2 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 O 
 
 IT 
 
 4 
 
 • 
 
 »» 
 
 ■n? 
 
 s/^T 
 
 V^ 
 
 4-8 
 
 15-080 
 
 18-096 
 
 23-04 
 
 110-592 
 
 2-1909 
 
 1-6869 
 
 4-9 
 
 15-394 
 
 18-857 
 
 24-01 
 
 117-649 
 
 2-2136 
 
 1-6985 
 
 5-0 
 
 15-708 
 
 19-635 
 
 25-00 
 
 125-000 
 
 2-2361 
 
 1-7100 
 
 5-1 
 
 16-022 
 
 20-428 
 
 26-01 
 
 132-651 
 
 2-2583 
 
 1-7213 
 
 5-2 
 
 16-336 
 
 21-237 
 
 27-04 
 
 140-608 
 
 2-2804 
 
 1-7325 
 
 5-3 
 
 16-650 
 
 22-062 
 
 28-09 
 
 148-877 
 
 2-3022 
 
 1-7435 
 
 5-4 
 
 16-965 
 
 22-902 
 
 29-16 
 
 157-464 
 
 2-3238 
 
 1-7544 
 
 5-0 
 
 17-279 
 
 23-758 
 
 30-25 
 
 166-375 
 
 2-3452 
 
 1-7652 
 
 5-6 
 
 17-593 
 
 24-630 
 
 31-36 
 
 175-G16 
 
 2-3664 
 
 1-7758 
 
 5-7 
 
 17-907 
 
 25-518 
 
 ' 32-49 
 
 185-193 
 
 2-3875 
 
 1-7863 
 
 5-8 
 
 18-221 
 
 26-421 
 
 33-64 
 
 195-112 
 
 2-4083 
 
 1-7967 
 
 5-9 
 
 18-535 
 
 27-340 
 
 34-81 
 
 205-379 
 
 2-4290 
 
 1-8070 
 
 6-0 
 
 18-850 
 
 28-274 
 
 36-00 
 
 216-000 
 
 2-4495 
 
 1-8171 
 
 6-1 
 
 19-164 
 
 29-225 
 
 37-21 
 
 226-981 
 
 2-4698 
 
 1-8272 
 
 6-2 
 
 19-478 
 
 30-191 
 
 38-44 
 
 238-328 
 
 2-4900 
 
 1-8371 
 
 6-3 
 
 19-792 
 
 31-173 
 
 39-69 
 
 250-047 
 
 2-5100 
 
 1-8469 
 
 6-4 
 
 20-106 
 
 32-170 
 
 40-96 
 
 262-144 
 
 2-5298 
 
 1-8566 
 
 6-5 
 
 20-420 
 
 33-183 
 
 42-25 
 
 274-625 
 
 2-5495 
 
 1-8663 
 
 6-6 
 
 20-735 
 
 34-212 
 
 43-56 
 
 287-496 
 
 2-5691 
 
 1-8758 
 
 6-7 
 
 21-049 
 
 35-257 
 
 44-89 
 
 300-763 
 
 2-6884 
 
 1-8852 
 
 6-8 
 
 21-363 
 
 36-317 
 
 46-24 
 
 314-432 
 
 2-6077 
 
 1-8945 
 
 6-9 
 
 21-677 
 
 37-393 
 
 47-61 
 
 328-509 
 
 2-6268 
 
 1-9038 
 
 7-0 
 
 21-991 
 
 38-485 
 
 49-00 
 
 343-000 
 
 2-6458 
 
 1-9129 
 
 7-1 
 
 22-305 
 
 39-592 
 
 50-41 
 
 357-911 
 
 2-6646 
 
 1-9920 
 
 . 7-2 
 
 22-619 
 
 40-715 
 
 51-84 
 
 373-248 
 
 2-6833 
 
 1-9310 
 
 7-3 
 
 22-934 
 
 41-854 
 
 53-29 
 
 389-017 
 
 2-7019 
 
 1-9399 
 
 7-4 
 
 23-248 
 
 43-008 
 
 54-76 
 
 405-224 
 
 2-7203 
 
 1-9487 
 
 7-5 
 
 23-562 
 
 44-179 
 
 56-25 
 
 421-875 
 
 2-7386 
 
 1-9574 
 
 7-6 
 
 23-876 
 
 45-365 
 
 57-76 
 
 438-976 
 
 2-7568 
 
 1-9661 
 
 7-7 
 
 24-190 
 
 46-566 
 
 59-29 
 
 456-533 
 
 2-7749 
 
 1-9747 
 
 7-8 
 
 24-504 
 
 47-784 
 
 60-84 
 
 474-552 
 
 2-7929 
 
 1-9832 
 
 7-9 
 
 24-819 
 
 49-017 
 
 62-41 
 
 493-039 
 
 2-8107 
 
 1-9916 
 
 8-0 
 
 25-133 
 
 50-266 
 
 64-00 
 
 512-000 
 
 2-8284 
 
 2-0000 
 
 8-1 
 
 25-447 
 
 51-530 
 
 65-61 
 
 531-441 
 
 2-8461 
 
 2-0083 
 
 8-2 
 
 25-761 
 
 52-810 
 
 67-24 
 
 551-368 
 
 2-8636 
 
 2-0165 
 
 8-3 
 
 26-075 
 
 54-106 
 
 68-89 
 
 571-787 
 
 2-8810 
 
 2-0247 
 
 8-4 
 
 26-389 
 
 55-418 
 
 70-56 
 
 592-704 
 
 2-8983 
 
 2-0328 
 
MATHEMATICAL TABLES 
 
 TABLE 34— Continued. 
 
 65 
 
 n 
 
 7r« 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 «2 
 
 „3 
 
 \/« 
 
 ^« 
 
 8-5 
 
 26-704 
 
 56-745 
 
 72-25 
 
 614-125 
 
 2-9155 
 
 2-0408 
 
 8-6 
 
 27-018 
 
 58-088 
 
 73-96 
 
 636-056 
 
 2-9326 
 
 2-0488 
 
 8-7 
 
 27-332 
 
 59-447 
 
 75-69 
 
 658-503 
 
 2-9496 
 
 2-0567 
 
 8-8 
 
 27-646 
 
 60-821 
 
 77-44 
 
 681-472 
 
 2-9665 
 
 2-0646 
 
 8-9 
 
 27-960 
 
 62-211 
 
 79-21 
 
 704-969 
 
 2-9833 
 
 2-0724 
 
 9-0 
 
 28-274 
 
 63-617 
 
 81-00 
 
 729-000 
 
 3-0000 
 
 2-0801 
 
 9-1 
 
 28-588 
 
 65-039 
 
 82-81 
 
 753-671 
 
 3-0166 
 
 2-0878 
 
 9-2 
 
 28-903 
 
 66-476 
 
 84-64 
 
 778-688 
 
 3-0332 
 
 2-0964 
 
 9-3 
 
 29-217 
 
 67-929 
 
 86-49 
 
 804-357 
 
 3-0496 
 
 2-1029 
 
 9-4 
 
 29-531 
 
 69-39b 
 
 88-36 
 
 830-584 
 
 3-0659 
 
 2-1105 
 
 9-5 
 
 29-845 
 
 70-882 
 
 90-25 
 
 857-375 
 
 3-0822 
 
 2-1179 
 
 9-6 
 
 30-159 
 
 72-382 
 
 92-16 
 
 884-736 
 
 3-0984 
 
 2-1253 
 
 9-7 
 
 30-473 
 
 73 -SO,- 
 
 94-09 
 
 912-673 
 
 3-1146 
 
 2-1327 
 
 9-8 
 
 30-788 
 
 75,-430 
 
 96-04 
 
 941-192 
 
 3-1305 
 
 2-1400 
 
 9-9 
 
 31-102 
 
 76-977 
 
 98-01 
 
 970-299 
 
 3-1464 
 
 2-1472 
 
 10-0 
 
 31-416 
 
 78-540 
 
 100-00 
 
 1000-000 
 
 3-1623 
 
 2-1544 
 
 10-1 
 
 31-730 
 
 80-119 
 
 102-01 
 
 1030-301 
 
 3-1780 
 
 2-1616 
 
 10-2 
 
 32-044 
 
 81-713 
 
 104-04 
 
 1061-208 
 
 3-1937 
 
 2-1687 
 
 10-3 
 
 32-358 
 
 83-323 
 
 106-09 
 
 1092-727 
 
 3-2094 
 
 2-1757 
 
 10-4 
 
 32-673 
 
 84-949 
 
 108-16 
 
 1124-864 
 
 3-2249 
 
 2-1828 
 
 10-5 
 
 32-987 
 
 86-590 
 
 110-25 
 
 1157-625 
 
 3-2404 
 
 2-1897 
 
 10-6 
 
 33-301 
 
 88-247 
 
 112-36 
 
 1191-016 
 
 3-2568 
 
 2-1967 
 
 10-7 
 
 33-615 
 
 89-920 
 
 114-49 
 
 1225-043 
 
 3-2711 
 
 2-2036 
 
 10-8 
 
 33-929 
 
 91-609 
 
 116-64 
 
 1259-712 
 
 3-2863 
 
 2-2104 
 
 10-9 
 
 34-243 
 
 93-313 
 
 118-81 
 
 1295-029 
 
 3-3015 
 
 2-2172 
 
 11-0 
 
 34-558 
 
 95-033 
 
 121-00 
 
 1331-000 
 
 3-3166 
 
 2-2239 
 
 11-1 
 
 34-872 
 
 96-769 
 
 123-21 
 
 1367-631 
 
 3-3317 
 
 2-2307 
 
 11-2 
 
 35 •186 
 
 98-520 
 
 125-44 
 
 1404-928 
 
 3-3466 
 
 2-2374 
 
 11-3 
 
 35-500 
 
 100-29 
 
 127-69 
 
 1442-897 
 
 3-3615 
 
 2-2441 
 
 11-4 
 
 35-814 
 
 102-07 
 
 129-96 
 
 1481-544 
 
 3-3754 
 
 2-2506 
 
 11-5 
 
 36-128 
 
 103-87 
 
 132-25 
 
 1520-875 
 
 3-3912 
 
 2-2572 
 
 11-6 
 
 36-442 
 
 105-68 
 
 134-56 
 
 1560-896 
 
 3-4069 
 
 2-2637 
 
 11-7 
 
 36-757 
 
 107-51 
 
 136-89 
 
 1601-613 
 
 3-4206 
 
 2-2702 
 
 11-8 
 
 37-071 
 
 109-36 
 
 139-24 
 
 1643-032 
 
 3-4361 
 
 2-2766 
 
 11-9 
 
 37-385 
 
 111-22 
 
 141-61 
 
 1685-159 
 
 3-4496 
 
 2-2831 
 
 12-0 
 
 37-699 
 
 113-10 
 
 144-00 
 
 1728-000 
 
 3-4641 
 
 2-2894 
 
 12-1 
 
 38-013 
 
 114-99 
 
 146-41 
 
 1771-561 
 
 3-4785 
 
 2-2957 
 
 12-2 
 
 38-327 
 
 116-90 
 
 148-84 
 
 1816-848 
 
 3-4928 
 
 2-3021 
 
66 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE Zi—Gontinmd. 
 
 n 
 
 irn 
 O 
 
 "4- 
 
 • 
 
 n? 
 
 ns 
 
 ijn 
 
 v/» 
 
 12-3 
 
 38-642 
 
 118-82 
 
 151-29 
 
 1860-867 
 
 3-5071 
 
 2-3084 
 
 12-4 
 
 38-956 
 
 120-76 
 
 153-76 
 
 1906-624 
 
 3-5214 
 
 2-3146 
 
 12-5 
 
 39-270 
 
 122-72 
 
 156-.15 
 
 1953-125 
 
 3-5355 
 
 2-3208 
 
 12-6 
 
 39-584 
 
 124-69 
 
 158-76 
 
 2000-376 
 
 3-5496 
 
 2-3270 
 
 12-7 
 
 39-898 
 
 126-68 
 
 161-29 
 
 2048-383 
 
 3-5637 
 
 2-3331 
 
 12-8 
 
 40-212 
 
 128-68 
 
 163-84 
 
 2097-152 
 
 3-5777 
 
 2-3392 
 
 12-9 
 
 40-527 
 
 130-70 
 
 166-41 
 
 2146-689 
 
 3-5917 
 
 2-3453 
 
 13-0 
 
 40-841 
 
 132-73 
 
 169-00 
 
 2197-000 
 
 3-6056 
 
 2-3513 
 
 13-1 
 
 41-155 
 
 134-78 
 
 171-61 
 
 2248-091 
 
 3-6194 
 
 2-3573 
 
 13-2 
 
 41-469 
 
 136-85 
 
 174-24 
 
 2299-968 
 
 3-6332 
 
 2-3633 
 
 13-3 
 
 4] -783 
 
 138-93 
 
 176-89 
 
 2352-637 
 
 3-6469 
 
 2-3693 
 
 13-4 
 
 42-097 
 
 141-03 
 
 179-56 
 
 2406-104 
 
 3-6606 
 
 2-3752 
 
 13-5 
 
 42-412 
 
 143-14 
 
 182-25 
 
 2460-375 
 
 3-6742 
 
 2-3811 
 
 13-6 
 
 42-726 
 
 145-27 
 
 184-96 
 
 2515-456 
 
 3-6878 
 
 2-3870 
 
 13-7 
 
 43-040 
 
 147-41 
 
 187-69 
 
 2571-353 
 
 3-7013 
 
 2-3928 
 
 13-8 
 
 43-354 
 
 149-57 
 
 190-44 
 
 2628-072 
 
 S-7148 
 
 2-3986 
 
 13-9 
 
 43-668 
 
 151-75 
 
 193-21 
 
 2685-619 
 
 3-7283 
 
 2-4044 
 
 14-0 
 
 43-892 
 
 153-94 
 
 196-00 
 
 2744-000 
 
 3-7417 
 
 2-4101 
 
 14-1 
 
 44-296 
 
 156-15 
 
 198-81 
 
 2803-221 
 
 3-7550 
 
 2-4159 
 
 14-2 
 
 44-611 
 
 158-37 
 
 201-64 
 
 2863-288 
 
 3-7683 
 
 2-4216 
 
 14-3 
 
 44-925 
 
 160-61 
 
 204-49 
 
 2924-207 
 
 3-7815 
 
 2-4272 
 
 14-4 
 
 45-239 
 
 162-86 
 
 207-36 
 
 2985-984 
 
 3-7947 
 
 2-4329 
 
 14-5 
 
 45-553 
 
 165-13 
 
 210-25 
 
 3048-625 
 
 3-8079 
 
 2-4385 
 
 14-6 
 
 45-867 
 
 167-42 
 
 213-16 
 
 3112-136 
 
 3-8210 
 
 2-4441 
 
 14-7 
 
 46-181 
 
 169-72 
 
 216-09 
 
 3176-623 
 
 3-8341 
 
 2-4497 
 
 14-8 
 
 46-496 
 
 172-03 
 
 219 04 
 
 3241-792 
 
 3-8471 
 
 2-4552 
 
 14-9 
 
 46-810 
 
 174-37 
 
 222-01 
 
 3307-949 
 
 3-8600 
 
 2-4607 
 
 15-0 
 
 47-124 
 
 176-72 
 
 225-00 
 
 3375-000 
 
 3-8730 
 
 2-4662 
 
 15-1 
 
 47-438 
 
 179-08 
 
 228-09 
 
 3442-951 
 
 3-8859 
 
 2-4717 
 
 15-2 
 
 47-752 
 
 181-46 
 
 231-04 
 
 3511-808 
 
 3-8987 
 
 2-4772 
 
 15-3 
 
 48-066 
 
 183-85 
 
 234-09 
 
 3581-577 
 
 3-9115 
 
 2-4825 
 
 15-4 
 
 48-381 
 
 186-27 
 
 237-16 
 
 3652-264 
 
 3-9243 
 
 2-4879 
 
 15-5 
 
 48-695 
 
 188-69 
 
 240-25 
 
 3723-875 
 
 3-9370 
 
 2-4933 
 
 15-6 
 
 49-009 
 
 191-13 
 
 243-36 
 
 3796-416 
 
 3-9497 
 
 2-4986 
 
 15-7 
 
 49-323 
 
 193-59 
 
 246-49 
 
 3869-893 
 
 3-9623 
 
 2-5039 
 
 IS -8 
 
 49-637 
 
 196-07 
 
 249-64 
 
 3944-312 
 
 3-9749 
 
 2-5092 
 
 15-9 
 
 49-951 
 
 198-56 
 
 252-81 
 
 4019-679 
 
 3-9875 
 
 2-5146 
 
MATHEMATICAL TABLES 
 TABLE Z4:— Continued. 
 
 67 
 
 ft 
 
 16-0 
 
 7r» 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 tfi 
 
 n? 
 
 n/» 
 
 V» 
 
 50-265 
 
 201-06 
 
 256-00 
 
 4096-000 
 
 4-0000 
 
 2-6198 
 
 16-1 
 
 50-580 
 
 203-58 
 
 259-21 
 
 4173-281 
 
 4-0125 
 
 2-6251 
 
 16-2 
 
 50-894 
 
 206-13 
 
 262-44 
 
 4251-628 
 
 4-0249 
 
 2-5303 
 
 16-3 
 
 51-208 
 
 208-67 
 
 266-69 
 
 4330-747 
 
 4-0373 
 
 2-5355 
 
 16-4 
 
 51-522 
 
 211-24 
 
 268-56 
 
 4410-944 
 
 4-0497' 
 
 2-5406 
 
 16-5 
 
 61-836 
 
 213-83 
 
 272-25 
 
 4492-125 
 
 4-0620 
 
 2-5458 
 
 16-6 
 
 52-150 
 
 216-42 
 
 275-56 
 
 4574-296 
 
 4-0743 
 
 2-5509 
 
 16-7 
 
 52-465 
 
 219-04 
 
 278-89 
 
 4657-463 
 
 4-0866 
 
 2-5561 
 
 16-8 
 
 52-779 
 
 221-67 
 
 282-24 
 
 4741-632 
 
 4-0988 
 
 2-5612 
 
 16-9 
 
 53-093 
 
 224-32 
 
 285-61 
 
 4826-809 
 
 4-1110 
 
 2-6663 
 
 17-0 
 
 53-407 
 
 226-98 
 
 299-00 
 
 4913-000 
 
 4-1231 
 
 2-6713 
 
 17-1 
 
 53-721 
 
 229-66 
 
 292-41 
 
 5000-211 
 
 4-1352 
 
 2-5763 
 
 17-2 
 
 54-035 
 
 232-35 
 
 295-84 
 
 5088-448 
 
 4-1473 
 
 2-5813 
 
 17-3 
 
 54-350 
 
 235-06 
 
 299-29 
 
 5177-717 
 
 4-1593 
 
 2-5863 
 
 17-4 
 
 54-664 
 
 237-79 
 
 302-76 
 
 5268-024 
 
 4-1713 
 
 2-5913 
 
 17-5 
 
 54-978 
 
 240-53 
 
 306-25 
 
 5359-375 
 
 4-1833 
 
 2-5963 
 
 17-6 
 
 55-292 
 
 243-29 
 
 309-76 
 
 5451-776 
 
 4-1952 
 
 2-6012 
 
 17-7 
 
 65-606 
 
 246-06 
 
 313-29 
 
 5545-233 
 
 4-2071 
 
 2-6061 
 
 17-8 
 
 55-920 
 
 248-85 
 
 316-84 
 
 5639-752 
 
 4-2190 
 
 2-6109 
 
 17-9 
 
 56-235 
 
 251-65 
 
 320-41 
 
 6735-339 
 
 4-2308 
 
 2-6158 
 
 18-0 
 
 56-549 
 
 254-47 
 
 324-00 
 
 5832-000 
 
 4-2426 
 
 2-6207 
 
 18-1 
 
 56-863 
 
 257-30 
 
 327-61 
 
 5929-741 
 
 4-2544 
 
 2-6256 
 
 18-2 
 
 57-177 
 
 260-16 
 
 331-24 
 
 6028-568 
 
 4-2661 
 
 2-6304 
 
 18-3 
 
 57-491 
 
 263-02 
 
 334-89 
 
 6128-487 
 
 4-2778 
 
 2-6352 
 
 18-4 
 
 57-805 
 
 265-90 
 
 338-56 
 
 6229-504 
 
 4-2896 
 
 2-6400 
 
 18-5' 
 
 58-119 
 
 268-80 
 
 342-25 
 
 6331-625 
 
 4-3012 
 
 2-6448 
 
 18-6 
 
 58-434 
 
 271-72 
 
 345-96 
 
 6434-856 
 
 4-3128 
 
 2-6495 
 
 18-7 
 
 58-748 
 
 274-65 
 
 349-69 
 
 6539-203 
 
 4-3243 
 
 2-6543 
 
 18-8 
 
 59-062 
 
 277-69 
 
 353-44 
 
 6644-672 
 
 4-3459 
 
 2-6590 
 
 18-9 
 
 59-376 
 
 280-55 
 
 357-21 
 
 6751-269 
 
 4-3474 
 
 2-6637 
 
 19-0 
 
 59-690 
 
 283-63 
 
 361-00 
 
 6869-000 
 
 4-3589 
 
 2-6684 
 
 19-1 
 
 60-004 
 
 286-52 
 
 364-81 
 
 6967-871 
 
 4-3703 
 
 2-6731 
 
 19'2 
 
 60-319 
 
 289-63 
 
 368-64 
 
 7077-888 
 
 4-3818 
 
 2-6777 
 
 19-3 
 
 60-633 
 
 292-65 
 
 372-49 
 
 7189-057 
 
 4-3942 
 
 2-6824 
 
 19-4 
 
 60-947 
 
 295-59 
 
 376-36 
 
 7301-384 
 
 4-4045 
 
 2-6869 
 
 19-5 
 
 61-261 
 
 298-65 
 
 380-26 
 
 7414-875 
 
 4-4159 
 
 2-6916 
 
 19-6 
 
 61 -575 
 
 301 -72 
 
 384-16 
 
 7629-536 
 
 4-4272 
 
 2-6962 
 
 19-7 
 
 61-889 
 
 304-81 
 
 388-09 
 
 7642-373 
 
 4-4385 
 
 2-7008 
 
68 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 TABLE 3i— Continued. 
 
 n 
 
 irn 
 O 
 
 4 
 
 • 
 
 B- 
 
 n> 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 19-8 
 
 62-204 
 
 307-91 
 
 392-04 
 
 7762-392 
 
 4-4497 
 
 2-7053 
 
 19-9 
 
 62-518 
 
 311-03 
 
 396-01 
 
 7880-599 
 
 4-4609 
 
 2-7098 
 
 20-0 
 
 62-832 
 
 314-16 
 
 400-00 
 
 8000-000 
 
 4-4721 
 
 2-7144 
 
 20-1 
 
 63-146 
 
 317-31 
 
 404-01 
 
 8120-601 
 
 4-4833 
 
 2-7189 
 
 20-2 
 
 63-460 
 
 320-47 
 
 408-04 
 
 8242-408 
 
 4-4944 
 
 2-7234 
 
 20-3 
 
 63-774 
 
 323-66 
 
 412-09 
 
 8365-427 
 
 4-6055 
 
 2-7279 
 
 20-4 
 
 64-088 
 
 326-85 
 
 416-16 
 
 8489-664 
 
 4-5166 
 
 2-7324 
 
 20-5 
 
 64-403 
 
 330-06 
 
 420-25 
 
 8615-125 
 
 4-5277 
 
 2-7368 
 
 20-6 
 
 64-717 
 
 333-29 
 
 424-36 
 
 8741-816 
 
 4-5387 
 
 2-7413 
 
 20-7 
 
 65-031 
 
 336-54 
 
 428-49 
 
 8869-743 
 
 4-5497 
 
 2-7457 
 
 20-8 
 
 65-345 
 
 339-80 
 
 432-64 
 
 8998-912 
 
 4-5607 
 
 2-7502 
 
 20-9 
 
 65-659 
 
 343-07 
 
 436-81 
 
 9129-329 
 
 4-5716 
 
 2-7545 
 
 21-0 
 
 65-973 
 
 346-36 
 
 441-00 
 
 9261-000 
 
 4-5826 
 
 2-7589 
 
 21-1 
 
 66-288 
 
 349-67 
 
 445-21 
 
 9393-931 
 
 4-5935 
 
 2-7633 
 
 21-2 
 
 66-602 
 
 352-99 
 
 449-44 
 
 9528-128 
 
 4-6043 
 
 2-7676 
 
 21-3 
 
 66-916 
 
 356-33 
 
 453-69 
 
 9663-597 
 
 4-6152 
 
 2-7720 
 
 21-4 
 
 67-230 
 
 359-68 
 
 457-96 
 
 9800-344 
 
 4-6260 
 
 2-7763 
 
 21-5 
 
 67-544 
 
 363-05 
 
 462-25 
 
 9938-375 
 
 4-6368 
 
 2-7806 
 
 21-6 
 
 67-858 
 
 366-44 
 
 466-56 
 
 10077-696 
 
 4-6476 
 
 2-7849 
 
 21-7 
 
 68-173 
 
 369-84 
 
 470-89 
 
 10218-313 
 
 4-6583 
 
 2-7893 
 
 21-8 
 
 68-487 
 
 373-25 
 
 475-24 
 
 10360-232 
 
 4-6690 
 
 2-7935 
 
 21-9 
 
 68-801 
 
 376-69 
 
 479-41 
 
 10503-459 
 
 4-6797 
 
 2-7978 
 
 22-0 
 
 69-115 
 
 380-13 
 
 484-00 
 
 10648-000 
 
 4-6904 
 
 2-8021 
 
 22-1 
 
 69-429 
 
 383-60 
 
 488-41 
 
 10793-861 
 
 4-7011 
 
 2-8063 
 
 22-2 
 
 69-743 
 
 387-08 
 
 492-84 
 
 10941-048 
 
 4-7117 
 
 2-8105 
 
 22-3 
 
 70-058 
 
 390-57 
 
 497-29 
 
 11089-567 
 
 4-7223 
 
 2-8147 
 
 22-4 
 
 70-372 
 
 394-08 
 
 501-76 
 
 11239-424 
 
 4-7329 
 
 2-8189 
 
 22-5 
 
 70-686 
 
 397-61 
 
 506-25 
 
 11390-625 
 
 4-7434 
 
 2-8231 
 
 22-6 
 
 71-000 
 
 401-15 
 
 510-76 
 
 11543-176 
 
 4-7539 
 
 2-8273 
 
 22-7 
 
 71-314 
 
 404-71 
 
 515-29 
 
 11697-083 
 
 4-7644 
 
 2-8314 
 
 22-8 
 
 71-628 
 
 408-28 
 
 519-84 
 
 11852-352 
 
 4-7749 
 
 2-8356 
 
 22-9 
 
 71-942 
 
 411-87 
 
 524-41 
 
 12008-989 
 
 4-7854 
 
 2-8397 
 
 23-0 
 
 72-257 
 
 415-48 
 
 529-00 
 
 12167-000 
 
 4-7958 
 
 2-8438 
 
 23-1 
 
 72-571 
 
 419-10 
 
 533-61 
 
 12326-391 
 
 4-8062 
 
 2-8479 
 
 23-2 
 
 72-885 
 
 422-73 
 
 538-24 
 
 12487-168 
 
 4-8166 
 
 2-8521 
 
 23-3 
 
 73-199 
 
 426-39 
 
 542-89 
 
 12649-337 
 
 4-8270 
 
 2-8562 
 
 23-4 
 
 73-513 
 
 430-05 
 
 547-56 
 
 12812-904 
 
 4-8373 
 
 2-8603 
 
MATHEMATICAL TABLES 
 TABLE 3i— Continued. 
 
 69 
 
 n 
 
 7r» 
 O 
 
 4 
 
 • 
 
 «» 
 
 »3 
 
 >Jn 
 
 :/» 
 
 23-5 
 
 73-827 
 
 433-74 
 
 • 652-25 
 
 12977-875 
 
 4-8477 
 
 2-8643 
 
 23-6 
 
 74-142 
 
 437 
 
 44 
 
 566-96 
 
 13144-256 
 
 4-8680 
 
 2-8684 
 
 23-7 
 
 74-456 
 
 441 
 
 16 
 
 561-69 
 
 13312-063 
 
 4-8683 
 
 2-8724 
 
 23-8 
 
 74-770 
 
 444 
 
 88 
 
 566-44 
 
 13481-272 
 
 4-8785 
 
 2-8766 
 
 23-9 
 
 75-084 
 
 448 
 
 63 
 
 571-21 
 
 13651-919 
 
 4-8888 
 
 2-8805 
 
 24-0 
 
 75-398* 
 
 452 
 
 39 
 
 676-00 
 
 13824-000 
 
 4-8990 
 
 2-8845 
 
 24-1 
 
 76-712 
 
 456 
 
 17 
 
 580-81 
 
 13997-521 
 
 4-9092 
 
 2-8886 
 
 24-2 
 
 76-027 
 
 459 
 
 96 
 
 585-64 
 
 14172-488 
 
 4-9192 
 
 2-8925 
 
 24-3 
 
 76-341 
 
 463 
 
 77 
 
 590-49 
 
 14348-907 
 
 4-9295 
 
 2-8966 
 
 24-4 
 
 76-655 
 
 467 
 
 60 
 
 596-36 
 
 14626-784 
 
 4-9396 
 
 2-9004 
 
 24-5 
 
 76-969 
 
 471 
 
 44 
 
 600-25 
 
 14706-125 
 
 4-9497 
 
 2-9044 
 
 24-6 
 
 77-283 
 
 475 
 
 29 
 
 606-16 
 
 14886-936 
 
 4-9598 
 
 2-9083 
 
 24-7 
 
 77-697 
 
 479 
 
 16 
 
 610-09 
 
 16069-223 
 
 4-9699 
 
 2-9123 
 
 24-8 
 
 77-911 
 
 483 
 
 05 
 
 615-04 
 
 15252-992 
 
 4-9799 
 
 2-9162 
 
 24-9 
 
 78-226 
 
 486 
 
 96 
 
 620-01 
 
 15438-249 
 
 4-9899 
 
 2-9201 
 
 25-0 
 
 78-540 
 
 490 
 
 87 
 
 626-00 
 
 15625-000 
 
 6-0000 
 
 2-9241 
 
 25-1 
 
 78-854 
 
 494 
 
 81 
 
 630-01 
 
 16813-251 
 
 5-0099 
 
 2-9279 
 
 25-2 
 
 79-168 
 
 498 
 
 76 
 
 635-04 
 
 16003-008 
 
 6-0199 
 
 2-9318 
 
 25-3 
 
 79-482 
 
 502 
 
 73 
 
 640-09 
 
 16194-277 
 
 5-0299 
 
 2-9366 
 
 26-4 
 
 79-796 
 
 506 
 
 71 
 
 645-16 
 
 16387-064 
 
 5-0398 
 
 2-9395 
 
 25 -D 
 
 80-111 
 
 510 
 
 71 
 
 650-26 
 
 16581-375 
 
 6-0497 
 
 2-9434 
 
 25-6 
 
 80-425 
 
 514 
 
 72 
 
 655-36 
 
 16777-216 
 
 5-0596 
 
 2-9472 
 
 25-7 
 
 80-739 
 
 518 
 
 75 
 
 660-49 
 
 16974-593 
 
 6-0696 
 
 2-9510 
 
 25-8 
 
 81-053 
 
 522 
 
 79 
 
 665-64 
 
 17173-512 
 
 6-0793 
 
 2-9549 
 
 26-9 
 
 81-367 
 
 526 
 
 83 
 
 670-81 
 
 17373-979 
 
 5-0892 
 
 2-9586 
 
 26-0 
 
 81-681 
 
 530 
 
 93 
 
 676-00 
 
 17576-000 
 
 5-0990 
 
 2-9624 
 
 26-1 
 
 81-996 
 
 535 
 
 02 
 
 681-21 
 
 17779-681 
 
 5-1088 
 
 2-9662 
 
 26-2 
 
 82-310 
 
 639 
 
 13 
 
 686-44 
 
 17984-728 
 
 5-1185 
 
 2-9701 
 
 26-3 
 
 82-624 
 
 543 
 
 25 
 
 691-69 
 
 18191-447 
 
 5-1283 
 
 2-9738 
 
 26-4 
 
 82-938 
 
 547 
 
 39 
 
 696-96 
 
 18399-744 
 
 5-1380 
 
 2-9776 
 
 26-6 
 
 83-252 
 
 551 
 
 55 
 
 702-25 
 
 18609-625 
 
 5-1478 
 
 2-9814 
 
 26-6 
 
 83-566 
 
 556 
 
 72 
 
 707-56 
 
 18821-096 
 
 5-1576 
 
 2-9851 
 
 26-7 
 
 83-881 
 
 559 
 
 90 
 
 712-89 
 
 19034-163 
 
 5-1672 
 
 2-9888 
 
 26-8 
 
 84-195 
 
 564 
 
 10 
 
 718-24 
 
 19248-832 
 
 5-1768 
 
 2-9926 
 
 26-9 
 
 84-509 
 
 568 
 
 32 
 
 723-61 
 
 19465-109 
 
 5-1865 
 
 2-9963 
 
 27-0 
 
 84-823 
 
 372 
 
 56 
 
 729-00 
 
 19683-000 
 
 5-1962 
 
 3-0000 
 
 27-1 
 
 85-137 
 
 576 
 
 80 
 
 734-41 
 
 19902-511 
 
 5-2057 
 
 3-0037 
 
 27-2 
 
 85-451 
 
 581-07 
 
 739-84 
 
 20123-648 
 
 5-2153 
 
 3-0074 
 
70 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 TABLE U—Contvimed. 
 
 n 
 
 O 
 
 7r — 
 4 
 
 • 
 
 ■n? 
 
 ns 
 
 ^ 
 
 U- 
 
 27-3 
 
 85-765 
 
 585-35 
 
 745-29 
 
 20S46-417 
 
 5-2249 
 
 3-0111 
 
 27-4 
 
 86-080 
 
 589-65 
 
 750-76 
 
 2057.0-824 
 
 5-2345 
 
 3-0147 
 
 27-5 
 
 86-394 
 
 593-96 
 
 756-25 
 
 20796-875 
 
 5-2440 
 
 3-0184 
 
 27-6 
 
 86-708 
 
 598-29 
 
 761-76 
 
 21024-576 
 
 5-2535 
 
 3-0221 
 
 27-7 
 
 87-022 
 
 602-63 
 
 767-29 
 
 21253-933 
 
 5-2630 
 
 3-0257 
 
 27-8 
 
 87-336 
 
 606-99 
 
 772-84 
 
 21484-952 
 
 5-2725 
 
 3-0293 
 
 27-9 
 
 87-650 
 
 611-36 
 
 778-41 
 
 21717-639 
 
 5-2820 
 
 3-0330 
 
 28-0 
 
 87-965 
 
 615-75 
 
 784-00 
 
 21952-000 
 
 5-2915 
 
 3-0366 
 
 28-1 
 
 88-279 
 
 620-16 
 
 789-61 
 
 22188-041 
 
 5-3009 
 
 3-0402 
 
 28-2 
 
 88-593 
 
 624-58 
 
 795-24 
 
 22425-768 
 
 5-3103 
 
 3-0438 
 
 28-3 
 
 88-907 
 
 629-02 
 
 800-89 
 
 22665-187 
 
 5-3197 
 
 3-0474 
 
 28-4 
 
 89-221 
 
 633-47 
 
 806-56 
 
 22906-304 
 
 5-3291 
 
 3-0510 
 
 28-5 
 
 89-535 
 
 637-94 
 
 812-25 
 
 23149-125 
 
 5-3385 
 
 3-0546 
 
 28-6 
 
 89-850 
 
 642-42 
 
 817-96 
 
 23393-656 
 
 5-3478 
 
 3-0581 
 
 28-7 
 
 90-164 
 
 646-93 
 
 823-69 
 
 23639-903 
 
 5-3572 
 
 3-0617 
 
 28-8 
 
 90-478 
 
 651-44 
 
 829-44 
 
 23887-872 
 
 5-3665 
 
 3-0652 
 
 28-9 
 
 90-792 
 
 665-97 
 
 835-21 
 
 24137-569 
 
 5-3758 
 
 3-0688 
 
 29-0 
 
 91-106 
 
 660-52 
 
 841-00 
 
 24389-000 
 
 5-3852 
 
 3-0723 
 
 29-1 
 
 91-420 
 
 665-08 
 
 846-81 
 
 24642-171 
 
 5-3944 
 
 3-0758 
 
 29-2 
 
 91-735 
 
 669-66 
 
 852-64 
 
 24897-088 
 
 5-4037 
 
 3-0794 
 
 29-3 
 
 92-049 
 
 674-26 
 
 858-49 
 
 25153-757 
 
 5-4129 
 
 3-0829 
 
 29-4 
 
 92-363 
 
 678-87 
 
 864-36 
 
 25412-184 
 
 5-4221 
 
 3-0864 
 
 29-5 
 
 92-677 
 
 683-49 
 
 870-25 
 
 25672-375 
 
 5-4313 
 
 3-0899 
 
 29-6 
 
 92-991 
 
 688-13 
 
 876-16 
 
 25934-336 
 
 5-4405 
 
 3-0934 
 
 29-7 
 
 93-305 
 
 692-79 
 
 882-09 
 
 26198-073 
 
 5-4497 
 
 3-0968 
 
 29-8 
 
 93-619 
 
 697-47 
 
 888-04 
 
 26463-592 
 
 5-4589 
 
 3-1003 
 
 29-9 
 
 93-934 
 
 702-15 
 
 894-01 
 
 26730-899 
 
 5-4680 
 
 3-1038 
 
 30-0 
 
 94-248 
 
 706-86 
 
 900-00 
 
 27000-000 
 
 5-4772 
 
 3-1072 
 
 30-1 
 
 94-562 
 
 711-58 
 
 906-01 
 
 27270-901 
 
 5-4863 
 
 3-1107 
 
 30-2 
 
 94-876 
 
 716-32 
 
 912-04 
 
 27543-608 
 
 5-4954 
 
 3-1141 
 
 30-3 
 
 95-190 
 
 721-07 
 
 918-09 
 
 27818-127 
 
 5-5045 
 
 3-1176 
 
 30-4 
 
 95-504 
 
 725-83 
 
 924-16 
 
 28094-464 
 
 5-5136 
 
 3-1210 
 
 30-5 
 
 95-819 
 
 730-62 
 
 930-25 
 
 28372-625 
 
 5-5226 
 
 3-1244 
 
 30-6 
 
 96-133 
 
 735-42 
 
 936-36 
 
 28652-616 
 
 5-5317 
 
 3-1278 
 
 30-7 
 
 96-447 
 
 740-23 
 
 942-49 
 
 28934-443 
 
 5-5407 
 
 3-1312 
 
 30-8 
 
 96-761 
 
 745-06 
 
 948-64 
 
 29218-112 
 
 5-5497 
 
 3-1346 
 
 30-9 
 
 97-075 
 
 749-91 
 
 954-81 
 
 29503-629 
 
 5-5587 
 
 3-1380 
 
MATHEMATICAL TABLES 
 TABLE Si— Continued. 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 n2 
 
 n 
 
 Trm 
 
 TT 
 
 i 
 
 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 31-0 
 
 97-389 
 
 754-77 
 
 31-1 
 
 97-704 
 
 759-65 
 
 31-2 
 
 98-018 
 
 764-54 
 
 31-3 
 
 98-332 
 
 769-45 
 
 31-4 
 
 98-646 
 
 774-37 
 
 31-5 
 
 98-960 
 
 779-31 
 
 31-6 
 
 99-274 
 
 784-27 
 
 31-7 
 
 99-588 
 
 789-24 
 
 31-8 
 
 99-903 
 
 794-23 
 
 31-9 
 
 100-22 
 
 799-23 
 
 32-0 
 
 100-53 
 
 804-25 
 
 32-1 
 
 100-85 
 
 809-28 
 
 32-2 
 
 101-16 
 
 814-33 
 
 32-3 
 
 101-47 
 
 819-40 
 
 32-4 
 
 101-79 
 
 824-49 
 
 32-5 
 
 102-10 
 
 829-58 
 
 32-6 
 
 102-42 
 
 834-69 
 
 32-7 
 
 102-73 
 
 839-82 
 
 32-8 
 
 103-04 
 
 844-96 
 
 32-9 
 
 103-36 
 
 850-12 
 
 33 '0 
 
 103-67 
 
 855-30 
 
 33-1 
 
 103-99 
 
 860-49 
 
 33-2 
 
 104-30 
 
 865-70 
 
 33-3 
 
 104-62 
 
 870-92 
 
 33-4 
 
 104-93 
 
 876-19 
 
 33-5 
 
 105-24 
 
 881-41 
 
 33-6 
 
 105-56 
 
 886-68 
 
 33-7 
 
 105-87 
 
 891-97 
 
 33-8 
 
 106-19 
 
 897-27 
 
 33-9 
 
 106-50 
 
 902-59 
 
 34-0 
 
 106-81 
 
 907-92 
 
 34-1 
 
 107-13 
 
 913-27 
 
 34-2 
 
 107-44' 
 
 918-63 
 
 34-3 
 
 107-76 
 
 924-01 
 
 34-4 
 
 108-07 
 
 929-41 
 
 34-5 
 
 108-38 
 
 934-82 
 
 34-6 
 
 108-70 
 
 940-25 
 
 34-7 
 
 109-01 
 
 945-69 
 
 961 -00 
 967-21 
 973-44 
 979-69 
 985-96 
 
 992-25 
 
 998-56 
 
 1004-89 
 
 1011-24 
 
 1017-61 
 
 1024-00 
 1030-41 
 1036-84 
 1043-29 
 1049-76 
 
 1056-25 
 1062-76 
 1069-29 
 1075-84 
 1082-41 
 
 1089-00 
 1095-61 
 1102-24 
 1108-89 
 1115-56 
 
 1122-25 
 1128-96 
 1135-69 
 1142-44 
 1149-21 
 
 1156-00 
 1162-81 
 1169-64 
 1176-49 
 1183-36 
 
 1190-25 
 1197-16 
 1204-09 
 
 29791-000 
 30080-231 
 30371-328 
 30664-297 
 30959-144 
 
 31255-875 
 31554-496 
 31855-013 
 32157-432 
 32461-759 
 
 32768-000 
 33076-161 
 33386-248 
 33698-267 
 34012-224 
 
 34328-125 
 34645-976 
 34965-783 
 35287-552 
 35611-289 
 
 35937-000 
 36264-691 
 36594-368 
 36925-037 
 37259-704 
 
 37595-375 
 37933-056 
 38272-753 
 38614-472 
 38958-219 
 
 39304-000 
 39651-821 
 40001 -688 
 40353-607 
 40707-584 
 
 41063-525 
 41421-736 
 41781-923 
 
 v« 
 
 IF 
 
 5-5678 
 
 3-1414 
 
 5-6767 
 
 3-1448 
 
 5-5857 
 
 3-1481 
 
 5-5946 
 
 3-1515 
 
 6-6036 
 
 3-1649 
 
 6-6124 
 
 3-1682 
 
 5-6213 
 
 3-1616 
 
 5-6302 
 
 3-1648 
 
 5-6391 
 
 3-1681 
 
 5-6480 
 
 3-1716 
 
 5-6569 
 
 3-1748 
 
 6-6656 
 
 3-1781 
 
 6-6745 
 
 3-1814 
 
 5-6833 
 
 3-1847 
 
 6-6921 
 
 3-1880 
 
 5-7008 
 
 3-1913 
 
 5-7066 
 
 3-1946 
 
 6-7183 
 
 3-1978 
 
 5-7271 
 
 3-2010 
 
 6-7358 
 
 3-2043 
 
 5-7447 
 
 3-2075 
 
 6-7532 
 
 3-2108 
 
 5-7619 
 
 3-2140 
 
 6-7706 
 
 3-2172 
 
 5-7792 
 
 3-2204 
 
 6-7879 
 
 3-2237 
 
 6-7966 
 
 3-2269 
 
 6-8051 
 
 3-2301 
 
 5-8137 
 
 3-2332 
 
 5-8223 
 
 3-2364 
 
 5-8310 
 
 3-2396 
 
 5-8396 
 
 3-2424 
 
 6-8480 
 
 3-2460 
 
 5-8566 
 
 3-2491 
 
 5-8761 
 
 3-2522 
 
 5-8736 
 
 3-2554 
 
 5-8821 
 
 3-2586 
 
 6-8906 
 
 3-2617 
 
72 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE M— Continued. 
 
 n 
 
 O 
 
 «2 
 
 • 
 
 «2 
 
 n» 
 
 iJn 
 
 :/» 
 
 34-8 
 
 109-33 
 
 951-15 
 
 1211-04 
 
 42144-192 
 
 5-8991 
 
 3-2648 
 
 34-9 
 
 109-64 
 
 956-62 
 
 1218-01 
 
 42508-649 
 
 5-9076 
 
 3-2679 
 
 35-0 
 
 109-96 
 
 962-11 
 
 1225-00 
 
 42875-000 
 
 5-9161 
 
 3-2710 
 
 35-1 
 
 110-27 
 
 967-62 
 
 1232-01 
 
 43243-551 
 
 6-9245 
 
 3-2742 
 
 35-2 
 
 110-58 
 
 973-14 
 
 1239-04 
 
 43614-208 
 
 5-9326 
 
 3-2773 
 
 35-3 
 
 110-90 
 
 978-68 
 
 1246-09 
 
 43986-977 
 
 5-9413 
 
 3-2804 
 
 35-4 
 
 111-21 
 
 984-23 
 
 1253-16 
 
 44361-864 
 
 6-9497 
 
 3-2836 
 
 35-5 
 
 111-53 
 
 989-80 
 
 1260-25 
 
 44738-875 
 
 5-9681 
 
 3-2866 
 
 35-6 
 
 111-84 
 
 995-38 
 
 1267-36 
 
 45118-016 
 
 5-9665 
 
 3-2897 
 
 35-7 
 
 112-15 
 
 1000-98 
 
 1274-49 
 
 45499-293 
 
 5-9749 
 
 3-2927 
 
 35-8 
 
 112-47 
 
 1006-60 
 
 1281-64 
 
 45882-712 
 
 5-9833 
 
 3-2958 
 
 35-9 
 
 112-78 
 
 1012-23 
 
 1288-81 
 
 46268-279 
 
 6-9916 
 
 3-2989 
 
 3B-0 
 
 113-10 
 
 1017-88 
 
 1296-00 
 
 46656-000 
 
 6-0000 
 
 3-3019 
 
 36-1 
 
 113-41 
 
 1023-54 
 
 1303-21 
 
 47045-881 
 
 6-0083 
 
 3-3050 
 
 36-2 
 
 113-73 
 
 1029-22. 
 
 1310-44 
 
 ■47437-928 
 
 6-0166 
 
 3-3080 
 
 36-3 
 
 114-04 
 
 1034-91 
 
 1317-69 
 
 47832-147 
 
 6-0249 
 
 3-3111 
 
 36-4 
 
 114-35 
 
 1040-62 
 
 1324-96 
 
 48228-544 
 
 6 0332 
 
 3-3141 
 
 36-5 
 
 114-67 
 
 1046-35 
 
 1332-25 
 
 48627-125 
 
 6 0415 
 
 3-3171 
 
 36-6 
 
 114-98 
 
 1052-09 
 
 1339-56 
 
 49017-896 
 
 6-0497 
 
 3-3202 
 
 36-7 
 
 115-30 
 
 1057-84 
 
 1346-89 
 
 49430-863 
 
 6-0680 
 
 3-3232 
 
 36-8 
 
 115-61 
 
 1063-62 
 
 1354-24 
 
 49836-032 
 
 6-0663 
 
 3-3262 
 
 36-9 
 
 115-92 
 
 1069-41 
 
 1361-61 
 
 50243-409 
 
 6 0745 
 
 3-3292 
 
 37-0 
 
 116-24 
 
 1075 -21 ■ 
 
 1369-00 
 
 50653 000 
 
 6-0827 
 
 3-3322 
 
 37-1 
 
 116-65 
 
 1081-03 
 
 1376-41 
 
 51064-811 
 
 6-0909 
 
 3-3352 
 
 37-2 
 
 116-87 
 
 1086-87 
 
 1383-84 
 
 51478-848 
 
 6-0991 
 
 3-3382 
 
 37-3 
 
 117-18 
 
 1092-72 
 
 1391-29 
 
 51895-117 
 
 6-1073 
 
 3-3412 
 
 37-4 
 
 117-50 
 
 1098-58 
 
 1398-76 
 
 52313-624 
 
 61155 
 
 3-3442 
 
 37-5 
 
 117-81 
 
 1104-47 
 
 1406-25 
 
 52734-375 
 
 6-1237 
 
 3-3472 
 
 37-6 
 
 118-12 
 
 1110-36 
 
 1413-76 
 
 53157-376 
 
 6-1318 
 
 3-3601 
 
 37-7 
 
 118-44 
 
 1116-28 
 
 1421-29 
 
 53582-633 
 
 6-1400 
 
 3-3631 
 
 37-8 
 
 118-75 
 
 1122-21 
 
 1428 -84 
 
 54010152 
 
 6-1481 
 
 3-3561 
 
 37-9 
 
 119-07 
 
 1128-15 
 
 1436-41 
 
 54439-939 
 
 6-1563 
 
 3-3690 
 
 38-0 
 
 119-38 
 
 1134-11 
 
 1444-00 
 
 54872-000 
 
 6-1644 
 
 3-3620 
 
 38-1 
 
 119-69 
 
 1140-09 
 
 1451-61 
 
 55306-341 
 
 6-1726 
 
 3-3649 
 
 38-2 
 
 120-01 
 
 1146-08 
 
 1459-24 
 
 55742-968 
 
 61806 
 
 3-3679 
 
 38-3 
 
 120-32 
 
 1152-U9 
 
 1466-89 
 
 56181-887 
 
 6-1887 
 
 3-3708 
 
 38-4 
 
 120-64 
 
 1168-12 
 
 1474-66 
 
 96623-104 
 
 6-1967 
 
 3-3737 
 
MATHEMATICAL TABLES 
 TABLE SA—Cmtimted. 
 
 73 
 
 n 
 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 rfi 
 
 J.3 
 
 \ln 
 
 V^ 
 
 38-5 
 
 120-95 
 
 1164-16 
 
 1482-25 
 
 57066-625 
 
 6-2048 
 
 3-3767 
 
 38-6 
 
 121-27 
 
 1170-21 
 
 1489-96 
 
 57512-466 
 
 6-2129 
 
 3-3797 
 
 38-7 
 
 121-58 
 
 1176-28 
 
 1497-69 
 
 67960-603 
 
 6-2209 
 
 3-3825 
 
 38-8 
 
 121-80 
 
 1182-37 
 
 1505-44 
 
 68411-072 
 
 6-2289 
 
 3-3854 
 
 38-9 
 
 122-21 
 
 1188-47 
 
 1613-21 
 
 58863-869 
 
 6-2370 
 
 3-3883 
 
 39-0 
 
 122-52 
 
 1194-59 
 
 1621-00 
 
 59319-000 
 
 6-2450 
 
 3-3912 
 
 39-1 
 
 122-84 
 
 1200-7'2- 
 
 1528-81 
 
 69776-471 
 
 6-2530 
 
 3-3941 
 
 39-2 
 
 123-15 
 
 1206-87 
 
 1536-64 
 
 60236-288 
 
 6-2610 
 
 3-3970 
 
 39-3 
 
 123-46 
 
 1213-04 
 
 1544-49 
 
 60698-467 
 
 6-2689 
 
 3-3999 
 
 39-4 
 
 123-78 
 
 1219-22 
 
 1662-36 
 
 61162-984 
 
 6-2769 
 
 3-4028 
 
 39*5 
 
 124-09 
 
 1225-42 
 
 1560-25 
 
 61629-875 
 
 6-2849 
 
 3-4066 
 
 39-6 
 
 124-41 
 
 1231-63 
 
 1568-16 
 
 62099-136 
 
 6-2928 
 
 3-4085 
 
 39-7 
 
 124-72 
 
 1237-86 
 
 1576-09 
 
 62570-773 
 
 6-3008 
 
 3-4114 
 
 39-8 
 
 125-04 
 
 1244-10 
 
 1684-04 
 
 63044-792 
 
 6-3087 
 
 3-4142 
 
 39-9 
 
 125-35 
 
 1250-36 
 
 1692-01 
 
 63521-199 
 
 6-3166 
 
 8-4171 
 
 40-0 
 
 125-66 
 
 1256-64 
 
 1600-00 
 
 64000-000 
 
 6-3245 
 
 3-4200 
 
 40-1 
 
 125-98 
 
 1262-93 
 
 1608-01 
 
 64481-201 
 
 6-3325 
 
 3-4228 
 
 40-2 
 
 126-29 
 
 1269-23 
 
 1616-04 
 
 64964-808 
 
 6-3404 
 
 3-4266 
 
 40-3 
 
 126-61 
 
 1275-56 
 
 1624-09 
 
 65450-827 
 
 6-3482 
 
 3-4285 
 
 40-4 
 
 126-92 
 
 1281-90 
 
 1632-16 
 
 65939-264 
 
 6-3561 
 
 3-4313 
 
 40-5 
 
 127-23 
 
 1288-25 
 
 1640-25 
 
 66430-126 
 
 6-3639 
 
 3-4341 
 
 40-6 
 
 127-55 
 
 1294-62 
 
 1648-36 
 
 66923-416 
 
 6-3718 
 
 3-4370 . 
 
 40-7 
 
 127-86 
 
 1301-00 
 
 1656-49 
 
 67419-143 
 
 6-3796 
 
 3-4398 
 
 40-8 
 
 128-18 
 
 1307-41 
 
 1664-64 
 
 67917-312 
 
 6-3875 
 
 3-4426 
 
 40-9 
 
 128-49 
 
 1313-82 
 
 1672-81 
 
 68417-929 
 
 6-3953 
 
 3-4464 
 
 41-0 
 
 128-81 
 
 1320-25 
 
 1681-00 
 
 68921-000 
 
 6-4031 
 
 3-4482 
 
 41-1 
 
 129-12 
 
 1326-70 
 
 1689-21 
 
 69426-631 
 
 6-4109 
 
 3-4510 
 
 41-2 
 
 129-43 
 
 1333-17 
 
 1697-44 
 
 69934-528 
 
 6-4187 
 
 3-4638 
 
 41-3 
 
 129-75 
 
 1339-65 
 
 1705-69 
 
 70444-997 
 
 6-4265 
 
 3-4666 
 
 41-4 
 
 130-06 
 
 1346-14 
 
 1713-96 
 
 70967-944 
 
 6-4343 
 
 3-4594 
 
 41-5 
 
 130-38 
 
 1352-65 
 
 1722-25 
 
 71473-375 
 
 6-4421 
 
 3-4622 
 
 41-6 
 
 130-69 
 
 1359-18 
 
 1730-56 
 
 71991-296 
 
 6-4498 
 
 3-4650 
 
 41-7 
 
 131-00 
 
 1365-72 
 
 1738-89 
 
 72511-719 
 
 6-4575 
 
 3-4677 
 
 41-8 
 
 131-32 
 
 1372-28 
 
 1747-24 
 
 73034-632 
 
 6-4653 
 
 3-4705 
 
 41-9 
 
 131-63 
 
 1378-85 
 
 1755-61 
 
 73660-059 
 
 6-4730 
 
 3-4733 
 
 42-0 
 
 131-95 
 
 1385-44 
 
 1764-00 
 
 74088-000 
 
 6-4807 
 
 3-4760 
 
 42 •! 
 
 132-26 
 
 1392-05 
 
 1772-41 
 
 74618-461 
 
 6-4884 
 
 3-4788 
 
 42-2 
 
 132-58 
 
 1398-67 
 
 1780-84 
 
 75151-448 
 
 6 4961 
 
 3-4815 
 
74 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 TABLE 3i— Continued. 
 
 n 
 
 Trn 
 O 
 
 "4- 
 
 • 
 
 n" 
 
 «» 
 
 n/» 
 
 l/» 
 
 42-3 
 
 132-89 
 
 1405-31 
 
 1789-29 
 
 75686-967 
 
 6-5038 
 
 3-4843 
 
 42-4 
 
 133-20 
 
 1411-96 
 
 1797-76 
 
 76225-024 
 
 6-5115 
 
 3-4870 
 
 42-5 
 
 133-52 
 
 1418-63 
 
 1806-25 
 
 76765-625 
 
 6-5192 
 
 3-4898 
 
 42-6 
 
 133-83 
 
 1425-31 
 
 1814-76 
 
 77308-776 
 
 6-5268 
 
 3-4925 
 
 42-7 
 
 134-15 
 
 1432-01 
 
 1823-29 
 
 77854-483 
 
 6-5345 
 
 3-4952 
 
 42-8 
 
 134-46 
 
 1438-72 
 
 1831-84 
 
 78402-752 
 
 6-5422 
 
 3-4980 
 
 42-9 
 
 134-77 
 
 1445-45 
 
 1840-41 
 
 78953-589 
 
 6-5498 
 
 3-5007 
 
 43-0 
 
 135-09 
 
 1452-20 
 
 1849-00 
 
 79507-000 
 
 6-5574 
 
 3-5034 
 
 43-1 
 
 135-40 
 
 1458-96 
 
 1857-61 
 
 80062-991 
 
 6-5651 
 
 3-5061 
 
 43-2 
 
 135-72 
 
 1465-74 
 
 1866-24 
 
 80621-568 
 
 6-5727 
 
 3-5088 
 
 43-3 
 
 136-03 
 
 1472-54 
 
 1874-89 
 
 81182-737 
 
 6-5803 
 
 3-5115 
 
 43-4 
 
 136-35 
 
 1479-34 
 
 1883-56 
 
 81746-504 
 
 6-5879 
 
 3-5142 
 
 43-6 
 
 136-66 
 
 1486-17 
 
 1892-25 
 
 82312-87S 
 
 6-5954 
 
 3-5169 
 
 43-6 
 
 136-97 
 
 1493-01 
 
 1900-98 
 
 82881-856 
 
 6-6030 
 
 3-5196 
 
 43-7 
 
 137-29 
 
 1499-87 
 
 1909-69 
 
 83453-453 
 
 6-6106 
 
 3-5223 
 
 43-8 
 
 137-60 
 
 1506-74 
 
 1918-44 
 
 84027-672 
 
 6-6182 
 
 3-5250 
 
 43-9 
 
 137-92 
 
 1513-63 
 
 1927-21 
 
 84604-519 
 
 6-6257 
 
 3-5277 
 
 44-0 
 
 138-23 
 
 1520-53 
 
 1936-00 
 
 85184-000 
 
 6-6333 
 
 3-5303 
 
 44-1 
 
 138-54 
 
 1527-45 
 
 1944-81 
 
 85766-121 
 
 6-6408 
 
 3-5330 
 
 44-2 
 
 138-86 
 
 1534-39 
 
 1953-64 
 
 86350-888 
 
 6-6483 
 
 3-5357 
 
 44-3 
 
 139-17 
 
 1541-34 
 
 1962-49 
 
 86938-307 
 
 6-6558 
 
 3-5384 
 
 44-4 
 
 139-49 
 
 1548-30 
 
 1971-36 
 
 87628-384 
 
 6-6633 
 
 3-5410 
 
 44-5 
 
 139-80 
 
 1555-28 
 
 1980-25 
 
 88121 -125 
 
 6-6708 
 
 3-5437 
 
 44-6 
 
 140-12 
 
 1562-28 
 
 1989-16 
 
 88716-536 
 
 6-6783 
 
 3-5463 
 
 44-7 
 
 140-43 
 
 1569-30 
 
 1998-09 
 
 89314-623 
 
 6-6858 
 
 3-5490 
 
 44-8 
 
 140-74 
 
 1576-33 
 
 2007-04 
 
 89915-392 
 
 6-6933 
 
 3-5516 
 
 44-9 
 
 141-06 
 
 1583-37 
 
 2016 01 
 
 90518-849 
 
 6-7007 
 
 3-5543 
 
 45-0 
 
 141-37 
 
 1590-43 
 
 2025-00 
 
 91125-000 
 
 6-7082 
 
 3-5569 
 
 45-1 
 
 141-69 
 
 1597-51 
 
 2034-01 
 
 91733-851 
 
 6-7156 
 
 3-5595 
 
 45-2 
 
 142-00 
 
 1604-60 
 
 2043-04 
 
 92345-408 
 
 6-7231 
 
 3-5621 
 
 45-3 
 
 142-31 
 
 1611-71 
 
 2052-09 
 
 92959-677 
 
 6-7305 
 
 3-5648 
 
 45-4 
 
 142-63 
 
 1618-83 
 
 2061-16 
 
 93576-664 
 
 6-7379 
 
 3-5674 
 
 45-5 
 
 142-94 
 
 1625-97 
 
 2070-25 
 
 94196-375 
 
 6-7454 
 
 3-5700 
 
 45-6 
 
 143-26 
 
 1633-13 
 
 2079-36 
 
 94818-816 
 
 6-7528 
 
 3-5726 
 
 45-7 
 
 143-57 
 
 1640-30 
 
 2088-49 
 
 95443-993 
 
 6-7602 
 
 3-5752 
 
 45-8 
 
 143-88 
 
 1647-48 
 
 2097-64 
 
 96071-912 
 
 6-7676 
 
 3-5778 
 
 45-9 
 
 144-20 
 
 1654-68 
 
 2106-81 
 
 96702-579 
 
 6-7749 
 
 3-5805 
 
MATHEMATICAL TABLES 
 TABLE Zi—Gontvrmed. 
 
 75 
 
 n 
 
 irn 
 O 
 
 4 
 
 • 
 
 n^ 
 
 «= 
 
 \Jn 
 
 :/» 
 
 46-0 
 
 144-51 
 
 1661-90 
 
 2116-00 
 
 97336-000 
 
 6-7823 
 
 3-5830 
 
 46-1 
 
 144,-83 
 
 1669-14 
 
 2125-21 
 
 97972-181 
 
 6-7897 
 
 3-5856 
 
 46-2 
 
 145-14 
 
 1676-39 
 
 2134-44 
 
 98611-128 
 
 6-7971 
 
 3-5882 
 
 46-3 
 
 145-46 
 
 1683-65 
 
 2143-69 
 
 99252-847 
 
 6-8044 
 
 3-5908 
 
 46-4 
 
 145-77 
 
 1690-93 
 
 2152-96 
 
 99897-344 
 
 6-8117 
 
 3-5934 
 
 46-5 
 
 146-08 
 
 1698-23 
 
 2162-25 
 
 100544-625 
 
 6-8191 
 
 3-5960 
 
 46-6 
 
 146-40 
 
 1705-54 
 
 2171-56 
 
 101194-696 
 
 6-8264 
 
 3-6986 
 
 46-7 
 
 146-71 
 
 1712-87 
 
 2180-89 
 
 101847-563 
 
 6-8337 
 
 3-6011 
 
 46-8 
 
 147-03 
 
 1720-21 
 
 2190-24 
 
 102503-232 
 
 6-8410 
 
 3-6037 
 
 46-9 
 
 147-34 
 
 1727-57 
 
 2199-61 
 
 103161-709 
 
 6-8484 
 
 3-6063 
 
 47-0 
 
 147-65 
 
 1734-94 
 
 2209-00 
 
 103823-000 
 
 6-8556 
 
 3-6088 
 
 47-1 
 
 147-97 
 
 1742-34 
 
 2218-41 
 
 104487-111 
 
 6-8629 
 
 3-6114 
 
 47-2 
 
 148-28 
 
 1749-74 
 
 2227-84 
 
 105154-048 
 
 6-8702 
 
 3-6139 
 
 47-3 
 
 148-60 
 
 1757-16 
 
 2237-29 
 
 105823-817 
 
 6-8775 
 
 3-6165 
 
 47-4 
 
 148-91 
 
 1764-60 
 
 2246-76 
 
 106496-424 
 
 6-8847 
 
 3-6190 
 
 47-5 
 
 149-23 
 
 1772-05 
 
 2256-25 
 
 107171-875 
 
 6-8920 
 
 3-6216 
 
 47-6 
 
 149-54 
 
 1779-52 
 
 2265-76 
 
 107850-176 
 
 6-8993 
 
 3-6241 
 
 47-7 
 
 149-85 
 
 1787-01 
 
 2275-29 
 
 108531 -333 
 
 6-9065 
 
 3-6267 
 
 47-8 
 
 150-17 
 
 1794-51 
 
 2284-84 
 
 109215-352 
 
 6-9137 
 
 3-6292 
 
 47-9 
 
 150-48 
 
 1802-03 
 
 2294-41 
 
 109902-239 
 
 6-9209 
 
 3-6317 
 
 48-0 
 
 150-80 
 
 1809-56 
 
 2304-00 
 
 110592-000 
 
 6-9282 
 
 3-6342 
 
 48-1 
 
 151-11 
 
 1817-11 
 
 2313-61 
 
 111284-641 
 
 6-9354 
 
 3-6368 
 
 48-2 
 
 151-42 
 
 1824-67 
 
 2323-24 
 
 111980-168 
 
 6-9426 
 
 3-6393 
 
 48-3 
 
 151-74 
 
 1832-25 
 
 2332-89 
 
 112678-587 
 
 6-9498 
 
 3-6418 
 
 48-4 
 
 152-05 
 
 1839-84 
 
 2342-56 
 
 113379-904 
 
 6-9570 
 
 3-6443 
 
 48-5 
 
 152-37 
 
 1847-45 
 
 2352-25 
 
 114084-125 
 
 6-9642 
 
 3-6468 
 
 48-6 
 
 152-68 
 
 1855-08 
 
 2361-96 
 
 114791-256 
 
 6-9714 
 
 3-6493 
 
 48-7 
 
 153-00 
 
 1862-72 
 
 2371-69 
 
 115501-303 
 
 6-9785 
 
 3-6518 
 
 48-8 
 
 153-31 
 
 1870-38 
 
 2381-44 
 
 116214-272 
 
 6-9857 
 
 3-6543 
 
 48-9 
 
 153-62 
 
 1878-05 
 
 2391-21 
 
 116930-169 
 
 6-9928 
 
 3-6568 , 
 
 49-0 
 
 153-94 
 
 1885-74 
 
 2401-00 
 
 117649-000 
 
 7-0000 
 
 3-6593 
 
 49-1 
 
 154-25 
 
 1893-45 
 
 2410-81 
 
 118370-771 
 
 7-0071 
 
 3-6618 
 
 49-2 
 
 154-57 
 
 1901-17 
 
 2420-64 
 
 119095-488 
 
 7-0143 
 
 3-6643 
 
 49-3 
 
 154-88 
 
 1908-90 
 
 2430-49 
 
 119823-157 
 
 7-0214 
 
 3-6668 
 
 49-4 
 
 155-19 
 
 1916-65 
 
 2440-36 
 
 120553-784 
 
 7-0285 
 
 3-6692 
 
 49 '5 
 
 155-51 
 
 1924-42 
 
 2450-25 
 
 121287-375 
 
 7-0356 
 
 3-6717 
 
 49-6 
 
 155-82 
 
 1932-21 
 
 2460-16 
 
 122023-936 
 
 7-0427 
 
 3-6742 
 
 49-7 
 
 156-14 
 
 1940-00 
 
 2470-09 
 
 122763-473 
 
 7-0498 
 
 3-6767 
 
76 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 TABLE Zi— Continued. 
 
 n 
 
 Trn 
 O 
 
 »2 
 
 TT 
 
 4 
 
 • 
 
 n^ 
 
 n' 
 
 Vn 
 
 ^» 
 
 49-8 
 
 156-45 
 
 1947-82 
 
 2480-04 
 
 123505-992 
 
 7-0569 
 
 3-6791 
 
 49-9 
 
 156'77 
 
 1955-65 
 
 2490-01 
 
 124251-499 
 
 7-0640 
 
 3-6816 
 
 50-0 
 
 157-08 
 
 1963-50 
 
 2600-00 
 
 125000-000 
 
 7-0711 
 
 3-6840 
 
 51-0 
 
 160-22 
 
 2042-82 
 
 2601-00 
 
 132651-000 
 
 7-1414 
 
 3-7084 
 
 52-0 
 
 163-36 
 
 2123-72 
 
 2704-00 
 
 140608-000 
 
 7-2111 
 
 3-7325 
 
 53-0 
 
 166-50 
 
 2206-19 
 
 2809-00 
 
 148877-000 
 
 7-2801 
 
 3-7563 
 
 54-0 
 
 169-64 
 
 2290-22 
 
 2916-00 
 
 157464-000 
 
 7-3485 
 
 3-7798 
 
 65-0 
 
 172-78 
 
 2375-83 
 
 3025-00 
 
 166375-000 
 
 7-4162 
 
 3-8030 
 
 56-0 
 
 175-93 
 
 2463-01 
 
 3136-00 
 
 175616-000 
 
 7-4833 
 
 3-8259 
 
 57-0 
 
 179-07 
 
 2551-76 
 
 3249-00 
 
 185193-000 
 
 7-5498 
 
 3-8485 
 
 58-0 
 
 182-21 
 
 2642-08 
 
 3364-00 
 
 195112-000 
 
 7-6158 
 
 3-8709 
 
 59-0 
 
 185-35 
 
 2733-97 
 
 3481-00 
 
 205379-000 
 
 7-6811 
 
 3-8930 
 
 60-0 
 
 188-49 
 
 2827-44 
 
 3600-00 
 
 216000-000 
 
 7-7460 
 
 3-9149 
 
 61-0 
 
 191-63 
 
 2922-47 
 
 3721 -00 
 
 226981-000 
 
 7-8102 
 
 3-9365 
 
 62-0 
 
 194-77 
 
 3019-07 
 
 3844-00 
 
 238328-000 
 
 7-8740 
 
 3-9579 
 
 63-0 
 
 197-92 
 
 3117-25 
 
 3969-00 
 
 250047-000 
 
 7-9373 
 
 3-9791 
 
 64-0 
 
 201-06 
 
 3216-99 
 
 4096-00 
 
 262144-000 
 
 8-0000 
 
 4-0000 
 
 65-0 
 
 204-20 
 
 3318-31 
 
 4225-00 
 
 274625-000 
 
 8-0623 
 
 4-0207 
 
 66-0 
 
 207-34 
 
 3421-20 
 
 4356-00 
 
 287496-000 
 
 8-1240 
 
 4-0412 
 
 67-0 
 
 210-48 
 
 3525-66 
 
 4489-00 
 
 300763-000 
 
 8-1854 
 
 4-0615 
 
 68-0 
 
 213-63 
 
 3631-69 
 
 4624-00 
 
 314432-000 
 
 8-2462 
 
 4-0817 
 
 690 
 
 216-77 
 
 3739-29 
 
 4761-00 
 
 328509-000 
 
 8-3066 
 
 4-1016 
 
 70-0 
 
 219-91 
 
 3848-46 
 
 4900-00 
 
 343000-000 
 
 8-3666 
 
 4-1213 
 
 71-0 
 
 223-05 
 
 3959-20 
 
 5041-00 
 
 357911-000 
 
 8-4261 
 
 4-1408 
 
 72-0 
 
 226-19 
 
 4071-51 
 
 5184-00 
 
 373248-000 
 
 8-4853 
 
 4-1602 
 
 73-0 
 
 229-33 
 
 4185-39 
 
 5329-00 
 
 389017-000 
 
 8-5440 
 
 4-1793 
 
 74-0 
 
 232-47 
 
 4300-85 
 
 5476-00 
 
 406224-000 
 
 8-6023 
 
 4-1983 
 
 75-0 
 
 235-62 
 
 4417-87 
 
 5625-00 
 
 421875-000 
 
 8-6603 
 
 4-2172 
 
 76-0 
 
 238-76 
 
 4536-47 
 
 5776-00 
 
 438976-000 
 
 8-7178 
 
 4-2358 
 
 77-0 
 
 241-90 
 
 4656-83 
 
 5929-00 
 
 456533-000 
 
 8-7750 
 
 4-2643 
 
 78-0 
 
 245-04 
 
 4778-37 
 
 6084-00 
 
 474552-000 
 
 8-8318 
 
 4-2727 
 
 79-0 
 
 248-18 
 
 4901-68 
 
 6241-00 
 
 493039-000 
 
 8-8882 
 
 4-2908 
 
 80-0 
 
 251-32 
 
 5026-56 
 
 6400-00 
 
 512000-000 
 
 8-9443 
 
 4-3089 
 
 81-0 
 
 254-47 
 
 5153-01 
 
 6561-00 
 
 531441-000 
 
 9-0000 
 
 4-3267 
 
 82-0 
 
 257-61 
 
 5281-03 
 
 6724-00 
 
 551368-000 
 
 9-0654 
 
 4-3445 
 
 83-0 
 
 260-75 
 
 5410-62 
 
 6889-00 
 
 571787-000 
 
 9-1104 
 
 4-3621 
 
 84-0 
 
 263-89 
 
 5541-78 
 
 7056-00 
 
 592704-000 
 
 9-1652 
 
 4-3795 
 
AREAS AND SOLID CONTENTS 
 
 TABLE Zi— Continued. 
 
 77 
 
 n 
 
 tttc 
 
 o 
 
 m2 
 
 7r — . 
 
 4 
 
 • 
 
 tfi 
 
 »3 
 
 vm 
 
 l/» 
 
 85-0 
 
 267-03 
 
 5674-50 
 
 7225-00 
 
 614125-000 
 
 9-2195 
 
 4-3968 
 
 86-0 
 
 270-17 
 
 5808-81 
 
 7396-00 
 
 636056-000 
 
 9-2736 
 
 4-4140 
 
 87-0 
 
 273-32 
 
 5944-69 
 
 7569-00 
 
 658503-000 
 
 9-3274 
 
 4-4310 
 
 88-0 
 
 276-46 
 
 6082-13 
 
 7744-00 
 
 681472-000 
 
 9-3808 
 
 4-4480 
 
 89-0 
 
 279-60 
 
 6221-13 
 
 7921-00 
 
 704969-000 
 
 9-4330 
 
 4-4647 
 
 90-0 
 
 282-74 
 
 6361-74 
 
 8100-00 
 
 729000-000 
 
 9-4868 
 
 4-4814 
 
 91-0 
 
 285-88 
 
 6503-89 
 
 8281-00 
 
 753571-000 
 
 9-5394 
 
 4-4979 
 
 92-0 
 
 289-02 
 
 6647-62 
 
 8464-00 
 
 778688-000 
 
 9-5917 
 
 4-5144 
 
 93-0 
 
 292-17 
 
 6792-92 
 
 8649-00 
 
 804357-000 
 
 9-6437 
 
 4-5307 
 
 94-0 
 
 295-31 
 
 6939-78 
 
 8836-00 
 
 830584-000 
 
 9-6954 
 
 4-6468 
 
 95-0 
 
 298-45 
 
 7088-23 
 
 9025-00 
 
 857375-000 
 
 9-7468 
 
 4-5629 
 
 96-0 
 
 301-59 
 
 7238-24 
 
 9216-00 
 
 884736-000 
 
 9-7980 
 
 4-5789 
 
 97-0 
 
 304-73 
 
 7389-83 
 
 9409-00 
 
 912673-000 
 
 9-8489 
 
 4-5947 
 
 98-0 
 
 307-87 
 
 7542-98 
 
 9604-00 
 
 941192-000 
 
 9-8995 
 
 4-6104 
 
 99-0 
 
 311-02 
 
 7697-68 
 
 9801-00 
 
 970299-000 
 
 9-9499 
 
 4-6261 
 
 100-0 
 
 314-16 
 
 7854-00 
 
 100000-00 
 
 1000000-000 
 
 10-0000 
 
 4-6416 
 
 Approximately ^0^+6 = + 5- and ^a^±6 = 0+3-2 
 
 TABLE 35.— POBMULiE FOR MENSURATION OP 
 AREAS AND SOLID CONTENTS. 
 
 1. — Triangle. 
 Area = -5- x base x height. 
 If all the sides, a, b, c, are known and half their sum Is represented 
 
 u 1.1. 1. a + h + c ,, 
 
 by s, so that s = — - — then 
 
 A= n/s(«-o)(s-6)(s-c) 
 
 2.— Circle. 
 Area of circle, if 4=dlameter, r=radius, and Tr=3-14159 
 
 A =^i» = j-V . . ■ (j = 0-7854^ 
 
 d = 1-12838 n/X 
 
78 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 Area of segment of circle of an arc of a" 
 
 Or, if ci is the diameter and h the height of segment, calculate 
 -J- and find the value x, in the following table, corresponding to 
 
 -J- ; the square of the diameter multiplied by as, gives the area of 
 
 the segment. 
 
 Area of segment = x6P. 
 
 h 
 
 
 h 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 h 
 
 
 d 
 
 X 
 
 d 
 
 X 
 
 d 
 
 X 
 
 d 
 
 X 
 
 •01 
 
 •00133 
 
 •14 
 
 •06683 
 
 •27 
 
 •17109 
 
 •40 
 
 •29337 
 
 ■02 
 
 •00375 
 
 •15 
 
 •07387 
 
 •28 
 
 •18002 
 
 •41 
 
 •30319 
 
 •03 
 
 •00687 
 
 •16 
 
 •08111 
 
 •29 
 
 •18905 
 
 •42 
 
 •31304 
 
 •04 
 
 •01054 
 
 •17 
 
 •08854 
 
 •30 
 
 •19817 
 
 •43 
 
 •32293 
 
 ■05 
 
 •01468 
 
 •18 
 
 •09613 
 
 •31 
 
 •20737 
 
 •44 
 
 •33284 
 
 •06 
 
 •01924 
 
 •19 
 
 •10390 
 
 •32 
 
 •21667 
 
 •45 
 
 ■34278 
 
 •07 
 
 ■02417 
 
 •20 
 
 •11182 
 
 •33 
 
 •22603 
 
 •46 
 
 ■35274 
 
 ■08 
 
 •02944 . 
 
 •21 
 
 •11990 
 
 •34 
 
 ■23547 
 
 •47 
 
 ■36272 
 
 ■09 
 
 ■03501 
 
 •22 
 
 •12811 
 
 •35 
 
 •24498 
 
 •48 
 
 ■37270- 
 
 •10 
 
 •04087 
 
 •23 
 
 •13646 
 
 •36 
 
 •25455 
 
 •49 
 
 •38270 
 
 •11 
 
 •04701 
 
 •24 
 
 •14495 
 
 •37 
 
 •26418 
 
 •50 
 
 •39270 
 
 ■12 
 
 ■05338 
 
 •25 
 
 •15355 
 
 •38 
 
 ■27386 
 
 
 
 •13 
 
 •06000 
 
 •26 
 
 •16226 
 
 •39 
 
 •28369 
 
 
 
 S. — Cone and Pyramid. 
 
 Solid content : S = — base x height, 
 o 
 
 A rea o f convex surface of right cone : When s = side of cone 
 
 = iJi^ X A^ where r = radius of base and h = height of cone, the area 
 
 of convex surface will be 
 
 A = Trrs. 
 
 Area of convex surface 
 Content of cylinder 
 
 -Cylinder. 
 
 = 27rrft. 
 
 : base X height. 
 
 Convex surface 
 Surface of segment 
 
 5.- 
 
 A = 
 A = 
 
 -Sphere. 
 
 47rr'=12^56636r2. 
 
 2Trh, h = height of segment. 
 
 Sohd content of sphere S = ,-j'3jr = 4-1888}-'. 
 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 79 
 
 Solid content of sphere S = -vd' = 0-5236dK 
 
 Radius r = 0-62035 ^content. 
 
 Content of segment of sphere : If a is the radius of the sectional 
 area, h the height of the segment, and r the radius of the sphere, 
 
 
 
 = lTh\Zr-h). 
 
 Solid content of spherical zone : If a and 6 are the respective radii 
 of the two terminal surfaces, and h the height, 
 
 S = i7rA(3a2 + 36^ + ^2). 
 
 TABLE 36.— WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OP 
 DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. 
 
 1. Metric System (compulsory in France, Germany, Austria, the 
 Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, Switzerland, Italy, Greece, 
 Turkey, Roumania, Spain, Portugal, and most of the South 
 American Republics ; optional in Great Britain, the United 
 States, and Russia). 
 
 1 metre (m.) = 443 '296 Paris lignes = 3-280899 English feet=3-18620 
 Prussian feet=l •00000301 mtoes des archives. 
 
 1 kilometre (km.) = 10 hectometres (hm.) = 0-6214 English mile 
 = 0-1328 Prussian mile-0-9375 Russian verst= 0-5390 nautical 
 mile = 0-1347 geographical mile (15 to 1 degree of longitude). 
 
 1 lieue (France) = 1 myriametre=10 km. 
 
 1 German mile = 7J km. =0-996 Prussian mile=4-66 English 
 miles. 
 
 1 hectare (ha.) = 100 ares (a.) = 10,000 sq.m. = 0-01 sq.km.=2-471 
 English acres. 
 
 1 litre (l.) = 0-001 cb.m. =1000 c.cm. =0-2201 gallon. 
 
 1 hectolitre (hl.) = 0-l cb.m. =100 1. =22-01 gallons. 
 
 1 kilogram (kg.)=1000 g.^weight of 1 litre of water at +4° C. 
 =2 German and Swiss pounds (zollpfund) = -999999842 
 kilogram prototype = 2-2046 pounds avoirdupois = 1-7857 
 Austrian pounds = 2-3511 Swedish pounds=2-4419 Russian 
 pounds. 
 
 1 gram (g.)=15-432 grains (English). 
 
 1 quintal=100 kg.=196-84 lbs. avoirdupois = 1 cwt. 3 qrs. 0-84 lb. 
 
 1 metrical ton = 1000 kg. =0-9842 English ton = 1-023 American 
 short tons (at 2000 lbs.). 
 
80 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 36— Continued. 
 
 2. Oreat Britain and Ireland. 
 
 1 foot=0-3047943 m. 
 
 1 inch = 25 -3995 mm. 
 
 1 yard = 3 feet=0-9143835 m. 
 
 1 fathom = 2 yards = 1-829 m. 
 
 1 rod (pole, perch) = 5J yards = 5 '029109 m. 
 
 1 statute mile = 8 furlongs = 320 poles = 1760 yards = 6280 feet 
 
 = 1-6093 kilometre (km.). 
 1 nautical mile=YVth degree (at the equator). 
 
 6082-66 feet=1854-96m. 
 1 acre = 4 roods = 160 poles = 0-40467 ha. =43560 square feet = 4047 
 
 square metres. 
 1 square mile = 640 acres = 258 -989 ha. 
 
 1 gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints = 277 -274 cubic inches = 4 -536 litres. 
 1 cubic foot=l728 cubic inches = 28-3153 1. 
 1 cubic inch = 16-3862 c.cm. 
 
 1 quarter=8 bushels = 32 pecks = 64 gallons = 2 -903 hi. 
 1 bushel = 8 gallons = 0-3628 hi. 
 1 fluid ounce = ^th pint = 28 -35 c.cm. 
 1 pound avoirdupois (lb.) = 16 ounces (oz. )= 7000 grains = -4635926 
 
 kg. 
 1 ounce avoirdupois = 437^ grains = 28 -35 g. 
 1 gallon = 10 lbs. water = 70,000 grains = 4-535926 kg. water. 
 1 hundredweight (cwt.) = 4 quarters (qr.)=8 stones = 112 lbs. 
 
 = .')0-8024kg. 
 1 ton = 20 cwt.=2240 lbs. = 1016-648 kg. 
 
 Apothecaries' Weight. 
 
 1 pound troy = 12 ounces troy=96 drams = 288 scruples = 5760 
 
 grains = 373 -24195 g. 
 1 ounce troy = 8 drams = 24 scruples = 480 grains = 31 -1035 g. 
 1 ounce troy (for gold and precious stones)=20 pennyweight 
 
 (dwt.) = 480 grains = 31 -1035 g. 
 1 pennyweight (dwt. ) = 1 -552 g. 
 1 grain (common to avoirdupois and troy weight) = 0-06479895 g. 
 
 3. Austria (old measures and weights, now abolished for the metric 
 
 system). 
 
 1 foot=0-316102 m., at 12 inches of 12 lines each. 
 
 3 ruthen = 5 klafter = 30 feet = 360 zoU. 
 
 1 meile=4000 klafter=7586-455 m. 
 
 1 maass = 1-415 1. 
 
 1 eimer = 40 maass = 160 seidel. 
 
 1 metze = 6r4995 1. 
 
 1 Wiener pfund = 560-012 g. 
 
 1 centner=5 stein = 100 pfund = 3200 loth. 
 
 4. Denmark and Nor-way employ, as unit of measure, the Prussian 
 
 foot, as unit of weight the units of the metrical system, viz., 
 kilos, etc. 
 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 81 
 
 TABLE BG—Oontinued. 
 
 6. Prussia (old system, now abolished for the metric system). 
 
 1 foot (Rhenish foot)=12 zoU (inches)=144 llnien = 0-313863 m. 
 1 ruthe = 12 fuss = 3 -76624 m. 
 1 lachter (fathom) = 80 zoll = 2-09326 m. 
 1 meile = 24,000 fuss = 7532-5 m. 
 1 morgeD = 180 square ruthen = 0'2553 ha. 
 1 quart=64 cubic inches=^V cubic foot=l'14503 1. 
 1 scheffel = 16 Metzen = 48 quarts = 0-64961 hi. 
 1 tonne =4 scheffel=2-19846 hi. 
 1 klafter=108 cubic fuss = 3 -3389 cb.m. 
 1 schachtruthe = 144 cubic fuss = 4-4519 cb.m. 
 1 pfund=30 loth = 300 quentchen = 500 g. 
 
 1 centner=100 pfund=50 kg. (Formerly 1 pfund=32 loth 
 = 467-711 g. ; 1 centner=110 pfund.) 
 
 6. Russia. 
 
 lfoot=l English foot. 
 
 lsashehn = 7 feet=3 arshin = 12 tchetvert = 48 vershok=2-13357 m. 
 
 1 verst= 500 sashehn = 1066-78 m. 
 
 1 dessatine=2400 square sashehns = 10925 m. 
 
 1 vedro = 10 krushky (stoof}= 12-299 1. 
 
 1 tchetvert=l osmini = 4 payok = 8 tchetverlk=209'9 1. 
 
 1 pound = 32 loth = 96 solotmk=9216 doli = 0-9028 Eng. lb. 
 
 = 409-531 g. 
 1 berkovets = 10 pud=400 pounds = 163-81 kg. 
 1 pud=40 pounds = 36-112 Eng. lb. = 16-3805 kg. 
 
 7. Siweden. 
 
 1 foot=10 zoU (inches) = 100 lines =;0-97408 Eng. foot = 0-296901 m. 
 1 famn (fathom) = 3 alnar (ells) = 6 feet=5-58445 Eng. feet 
 
 = 1-7814 m. 
 1 mile = 6000 fathoms = 6-6417 Eng. statute niiles = 10-6884 km. 
 1 kanne = 100 cubic inches = 0-57694 Eng. gallon = 2-617 1. 
 1 skalpund=100 korn (at 100 art) = 0-9378 Eng. lb. = 425-3395 g. 
 1 centner = 100 skalpund. 
 1 skipspund = 20 liespund = 400 skalpund. 
 
 8. Switzerland. Metrical measure and weight. The following are 
 
 sometimes still employed : — 
 1 fuss = 0-3000 m. = 0-9843 Eng. foot. 
 1 juchart = 36 are = 0-88956 Eng. acre. 
 1 maass = l-51 1. 
 1 saum = 100 maass = 151 1. 
 
 9. United States. Weights and measures as in Great Britain, but 
 
 instead of the " long ton " (gross ton) of 2240 lbs., more frequently 
 
 the "short ton ' (net ton) of 2000 lbs. = 907-1852 kg. = 0-89285 
 
 long ton, is employed. 
 
 The U.S. gallon differs from the British gallon; it is = 3'7854 
 
 litres. For timber, the measure is the " cord " = 4x4x8 feet 
 
 = 128 cubic feet=about 2i cubic metres. 
 
 F 
 
82 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 36— Continued. 
 
 10. South America (Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, 
 
 Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, San Salvador, Venezuela) — 1 
 quintal =46 -0093 kg. 
 
 Argentina. . . 1 quintal =45 -9367 kg. 
 
 Brazil . . . 1 „ =58-752 „ 
 
 Paraguay . . . 1 „ =46-008 „ 
 
 Uruguay . . . 1 ,, =45-94 „ 
 
 Square Feet, Square Metre. 
 
 1 square metre (sq.m.) = 10-764 square feet (English and Russian) 
 = 10-008 square feet (Austrian)= 10-152 square feet (Prussian 
 and Danish) = 11 -344 square feet (Swedish). 
 
 1 square foot (English and Russian)= 0-09290 square metre. 
 
 Cubic Feet, Cubic Metre. 
 
 1 cubic metre (cb.m.)= 35-316 cubic feet (English and Russian). 
 
 1 ,, „ =31-66 „ (Austrian). 
 
 1 ,, „ =32-346 „ (Prussian and Danish). 
 
 1 „ „ =38-209 „ (Swedish). 
 
 1 cubic foot (English and Russian) = 0-028315 cubic metre. 
 
 1 Kilogram per Running Metre 
 
 = 0-6719 English pound per running foot. 
 
 = 0-6277 zollpfund per Prussian foot. 
 
 1 English pound per 1 English foot =1-4882 kg. per running metre. 
 
 1 Kilogram per Square Centimetre (for steam pressure) 
 
 = 14-223 English pounds per square inch. 
 = 13-631 zollpfund per Prussian square inch. 
 = 13-878 zollpfund per Austrian square inch. 
 
 HORSB-PO'WBR (per second). 
 
 Kg.-m. 
 
 Austria. 
 Foot-pounds. 
 
 Prussia. 
 Foot-pounds. 
 
 England. 
 Foot-pounds. 
 
 Sweden. 
 Foot-pounds. 
 
 Russia. 
 Foot-pounds. 
 
 75 
 76-041 
 
 474-53 
 481-11 
 
 477-93 
 484-56 
 
 542-47 
 550 
 
 593-90 
 602-14 
 
 600-85 
 609-19 
 
 75 kilogram-metres taken as unit, 
 550 English foot-pounds taken as unit, 
 
 = 1 Admiralty horse-power per second ; 
 or, 33,000 foot-pounds per minute. 
 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
 
 83 
 
 TABLE 37.— TABLES FOR REDUCING ENGLISH 
 TO METRICAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, 
 AND VICE VERSA. 
 
 Reduction of Metrical Measure to Engiisli Measure. 
 
 Metre. 
 Sq.m. 
 Cub.m. ' 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Inclies. 
 
 Square 
 feet. 
 
 Square 
 inches. 
 
 Cubio 
 feet. 
 
 Cubio 
 inches. 
 
 1 
 
 3-2809 
 
 39-3706 
 
 10-7642 
 
 1550-05 
 
 35-3161 
 
 61026-2 
 
 2 
 
 6-5618 
 
 78-7412 
 
 21-5284 
 
 3100-09 
 
 70-6322 
 
 122052-4 
 
 3 
 
 9-8427 
 
 118-1118 
 
 32-2926 
 
 4650-13 
 
 105-9483 
 
 183078-6 
 
 4 
 
 13-1235 
 
 157-4824 
 
 43-0568 
 
 6200-18 
 
 141-2644 
 
 244104-9 
 
 5 
 
 16-4044 
 
 196-8530 
 
 53-8210 
 
 7750-23 
 
 176-5805 
 
 305131-1 
 
 6 
 
 19-6853 
 
 236-2237 
 
 64-5852 
 
 9300-27 
 
 211-8966 
 
 366157-3 
 
 7 
 
 22-9662 
 
 275-5943 
 
 75-3494 
 
 10860-31 
 
 247-2126 
 
 427183-5 
 
 8 
 
 26-2471 
 
 314-9649 
 
 86-1136 
 
 12400-36 
 
 282-5287 
 
 488209-7 
 
 9 
 
 29-5280 
 
 354-3355 
 
 96-8778 
 
 13950-40 
 
 317-8448 
 
 649235-9 
 
 Bnglisli Feet = Metres. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 0. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 i. 
 
 6. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 
 
 0-0000 
 
 3048 
 
 0-6096 
 
 0-9144 
 
 1-2192 
 
 1-5240 
 
 1-8288 
 
 2-1886 
 
 2-4384 
 
 2-7432 
 
 10 
 
 3-0479 
 
 8-3527 
 
 3-6575 
 
 3-9623 
 
 4-2671 
 
 4-6719 
 
 4-8767 
 
 5-1815 
 
 5-4863 
 
 5-7911 
 
 20 
 
 6-0969 
 
 6-4007 
 
 6-7065 
 
 7-0108 
 
 7-8161 
 
 7-6199 
 
 7-9247 
 
 8-2295 
 
 8-5342 
 
 8-8890 
 
 SO 
 
 9-1488 
 
 9-4486 
 
 0-7634 
 
 10-068 
 
 10-863 
 
 10-668 
 
 10-973 
 
 11-277 
 
 11-582 
 
 11-887 
 
 40 
 
 12-192 
 
 12-497 
 
 12-801 
 
 13-106 
 
 13-411 
 
 18-716 
 
 14-021 
 
 14-826 
 
 14-680 
 
 14-936 
 
 50 
 
 16-240 
 
 15-646 
 
 15-849 
 
 16-164 
 
 16-459 
 
 16-764 
 
 17-068 
 
 17-873 
 
 17-678 
 
 17-983 
 
 60 
 
 18-288 
 
 18-592 
 
 18-897 
 
 19-202 
 
 19-507 
 
 19-812 
 
 20-116 
 
 20-421 
 
 20-726 
 
 21-081 
 
 70 
 
 21-336 
 
 21-640 
 
 21-946 
 
 22-250 
 
 22-556 
 
 22-860 
 
 23-164 
 
 28-469 
 
 23-774 
 
 24-079 
 
 80 
 
 24-384 
 
 24-688 
 
 24-993 
 
 25-298 
 
 25-603 
 
 25-908 
 
 26-211 
 
 26-517 
 
 26-882 
 
 27-127 
 
 90 
 
 27-432 
 
 27-786 
 
 28-041 
 
 28-346 
 
 28-651 
 
 28-966 
 
 29-260 
 
 29-565 
 
 29-870 
 
 30-175 
 
 100 
 
 80-479 
 
 80-784 
 
 31-089 
 
 31-394 
 
 31-699 
 
 82-003 
 
 82-808 
 
 32-618 
 
 82-918 
 
 83-223 
 
 110 
 
 83-627 
 
 38-832 
 
 34-187 
 
 34-442 
 
 34-747 
 
 36-061 
 
 36-866 
 
 85-661 
 
 36-966 
 
 36-271 
 
 120 
 
 36-676 
 
 36-880 
 
 87-186 
 
 37-490 
 
 87-795 
 
 88-099 
 
 38-404 
 
 38-709 
 
 89-014 
 
 89-818 
 
 130 
 
 39-623 
 
 89-928 
 
 40-233 
 
 40-538 
 
 40-842 
 
 41-147 
 
 41-462 
 
 41-757 
 
 42-062 
 
 42-366 
 
 140 
 
 42-671 
 
 42-976 
 
 48-281 
 
 48-586 
 
 48-890 
 
 44-196 
 
 44-600 
 
 44-806 
 
 45-110 
 
 45-414 
 
 160 
 
 46-719 
 
 40-024 
 
 46-320 
 
 46-634 
 
 46-938 
 
 47-243 
 
 47-548 
 
 47-858 
 
 48-168 
 
 48-462 
 
 160 
 
 48-767 
 
 49-072 
 
 49-877 
 
 49-642 
 
 49-986 
 
 50-291 
 
 60-696 
 
 60-901 
 
 61-206 
 
 51-610 
 
 iro 
 
 61-816 
 
 62-120 
 
 52-426 
 
 52-729 
 
 63-084 
 
 68-839 
 
 63-664 
 
 63-943 
 
 54-268 
 
 54-668 
 
 180 
 
 54-863 
 
 66-168 
 
 65-473 
 
 65-777 
 
 66-082 
 
 66-887 
 
 56-692 
 
 66-997 
 
 67-301 
 
 67-606 
 
 190 
 
 57-911 
 
 58-216 
 
 68-521 
 
 68-826 
 
 69-130 
 
 69-435 
 
 69-740 
 
 60-046 
 
 60-349 
 
 60-664 
 
84 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 English Inches = Millimetres. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 MiUimotres. 
 
 iDchea. 
 
 Millimetres. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Millimetres. 
 
 A 
 
 0-39 
 
 1 
 
 25-4 
 
 7 
 
 177-8 
 
 w 
 
 0-79 
 
 2 
 
 50-8 
 
 8 
 
 203-2 
 
 ^ 
 
 1-59 
 
 3 
 
 76-2 
 
 9 
 
 228-6 
 
 i 
 
 3-17 
 
 4 
 
 101-6 
 
 10 
 
 254-0 
 
 i 
 
 6-35 
 
 5 
 
 127-0 
 
 11 
 
 279-4 
 
 4 
 
 12-70 
 
 6 
 
 162-4 
 
 12 
 
 304-8 
 
 Snglish Square Feet = Square Metres. 
 
 Sq.ft. 
 
 0. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 6. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 
 
 0-0000 
 
 0-0929 
 
 01868 
 
 0-2787 
 
 0-3716 
 
 0-4645 
 
 0-5574 
 
 0-6503 
 
 0-7432 
 
 0-8361 
 
 10 
 
 0-9290 
 
 1-0219 
 
 1-1148 
 
 1-2077 
 
 1-3006 
 
 1-3935 
 
 1-4864 
 
 1-6793 
 
 1-6722 
 
 1-7661 
 
 20 
 
 1-8580 
 
 1-9509 
 
 2-0438 
 
 2-1307 
 
 2-2296 
 
 2-3226 
 
 2-9164 
 
 2-6083 
 
 2-6012 
 
 2-6941 
 
 30 
 
 2-7870 
 
 2-8799 
 
 2-9728 
 
 3-0657 
 
 3-1586 
 
 3-2615 
 
 3-3444 
 
 3-4373 
 
 3-5302 
 
 3-6231 
 
 40 
 
 3-7160 
 
 3-8089 
 
 3-9018 
 
 3-9947 
 
 4-0876 
 
 4-1805 
 
 4-2734 
 
 4-3663 
 
 4-4592 
 
 4-6621 
 
 60 
 
 4-6460- 
 
 4-7379 
 
 4-8308 
 
 4-9237 
 
 5-0166 
 
 6-1095 
 
 6-2024 
 
 6-2953 
 
 6 -3882 
 
 6-4811 
 
 60 
 
 6 -5740 
 
 5-6669 
 
 6-7598 
 
 6-8627 
 
 5-9456 
 
 6-0386 
 
 6-1314 
 
 6-2243 
 
 6-3172 
 
 6-4101 
 
 70 
 
 6-6030 
 
 6-5959 
 
 6 6888 
 
 6-7817 
 
 6-8746 
 
 6-9676 
 
 7-0604 
 
 7-1533 
 
 7-2462 
 
 7-3391 
 
 80 
 
 7-4320 
 
 r-5249 
 
 7-6178 
 
 7-7107 
 
 7-8036 
 
 7-8966 
 
 7-9894 
 
 8-0823 
 
 8-1762 
 
 8-2681 
 
 90 
 
 8-3610 
 
 8-4539 
 
 8-5468 
 
 8-6397 
 
 8-7326 
 
 8-8265 
 
 8-9184 
 
 9-0113 
 
 9-1042 
 
 9-1971 
 
 Suglish Square laches =: Square Centimetres. 
 
 Sij. ius. 
 
 0. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 6. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 
 
 0-0000 
 
 0-4514 
 
 12-903 
 
 19-354 
 
 25-806 
 
 32-257 
 
 38-708 
 
 45-160 
 
 61-611 
 
 68-062 
 
 10 
 
 64-614 
 
 70-965 
 
 77-416 
 
 83-868 
 
 90-319 
 
 96-771 
 
 103-22 
 
 109 67 
 
 116-12 
 
 122-58 
 
 20 
 
 129-03 
 
 135-48 
 
 141-93 
 
 148-38 
 
 164-88 
 
 161-28 
 
 167-74 
 
 174-19 
 
 180-64 
 
 187-09 
 
 30 
 
 193-64 
 
 199-99 
 
 206-44 
 
 212-90 
 
 219-36 
 
 226-80 
 
 232-25 
 
 238-70 
 
 246-16 
 
 261-60 
 
 40 
 
 268-05 
 
 264-61 
 
 270-96 
 
 277-41 
 
 283-86 
 
 290-31 
 
 296-76 
 
 303-21 
 
 309-67 
 
 316-12 
 
 60 
 
 322-67 
 
 329-02 
 
 335-47 
 
 341-92 
 
 348-37 
 
 354-83 
 
 361-28 
 
 367-78 
 
 374-18 
 
 380-63 
 
 60 
 
 337-08 
 
 393-63 
 
 399-98 
 
 406-44 
 
 412-89 
 
 419-34 
 
 426-79 
 
 432-24 
 
 438-69 
 
 446 14 
 
 •70 
 
 461-60 
 
 468-06 
 
 464-60 
 
 470-95 
 
 477-40 
 
 483-85 
 
 490-30 
 
 496-76 
 
 603-21 
 
 509-69 
 
 80 
 
 616-11 
 
 622-56 
 
 625-01 
 
 535-46 
 
 641-91 
 
 548-37 
 
 664-82 
 
 561-27 
 
 667-72 
 
 674-17 
 
 90 
 
 580-62 
 
 587-07 
 
 693-53 
 
 699-98 
 
 606-48 
 
 612-88 
 
 619-33 
 
 626-78 
 
 632-23 
 
 638-6p 
 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
 
 85 
 
 English Cubic Feet = Cubic Metres. 
 
 Cub. ft. 
 
 0. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 6. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 
 
 0-0000 
 
 0-0283 
 
 0-0666 
 
 0-0849 
 
 0-1133 
 
 0-1416 
 
 0-1699 
 
 0-19S2 
 
 0-2266 
 
 0-2548 
 
 10 
 
 0-2832 
 
 0-3116 
 
 0-3398 
 
 0-3681 
 
 0-3964 
 
 0-4247 
 
 0-4530 
 
 0-4814 
 
 0-5097 
 
 0-6380 
 
 20 
 
 0-6663 
 
 6-5946 
 
 0-6229 
 
 0-6513 
 
 0-6796 
 
 0-7079 
 
 0-7362 
 
 0-7646 
 
 0-7928 
 
 0-8311 
 
 30 
 
 0-8494 
 
 0-8778 
 
 0-9061 
 
 0-9344 
 
 0-9627 
 
 0-9910 
 
 1-0194 
 
 1-0477 
 
 1-0760 
 
 1-1043 
 
 40 
 
 1-1326 
 
 1-1609 
 
 1-1892 
 
 1-2176 
 
 1-2459 
 
 1-2742 
 
 1-3026 
 
 1-3308 
 
 1-3591 
 
 1-3875 
 
 60 
 
 1-4168 
 
 1-4441 
 
 1-4724 
 
 1-5007 
 
 1-6290 
 
 1-6573 
 
 1-6867 
 
 1-6140 
 
 1-6423 
 
 1-6706 
 
 60 
 
 1-69S9 
 
 1-7272 
 
 1-7655 
 
 1-7839 
 
 1-8122 
 
 1-8406 
 
 1-8688 
 
 1-8971 
 
 1-9264 
 
 1-9638 
 
 VQ 
 
 1-9821 
 
 2-0104 
 
 2-0387 
 
 2-0670 
 
 2-0953 
 
 2-1230 
 
 2-1620 
 
 2-1803 
 
 2-2086 
 
 2-2369 
 
 80 
 
 2-2652 
 
 2-2935 
 
 2-8219 
 
 2-3602 
 
 2-3785 
 
 2-4068 
 
 2-4351 
 
 2-4634 
 
 2-4917 
 
 2-5201 
 
 90 
 
 2-6484 
 
 2-6767 
 
 2-6050 
 
 2-6333 
 
 2-6616 
 
 2-6900 
 
 2-71S3 
 
 2-7466 
 
 2-7749 
 
 2-8032 
 
 English Cubic Inches = Cubic Centimetres. 
 
 Cub. ill. 
 
 0. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 6. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 
 
 o-oooo 
 
 16-386 
 
 32-772 
 
 49-159 
 
 66-646 
 
 81-931 
 
 98-317 
 
 114-70 
 
 131-09 
 
 147-48 
 
 10 
 
 163-86 
 
 180-25 
 
 196-63 
 
 213-02 
 
 229-41 
 
 246-79 
 
 262-18 
 
 278-56 
 
 294-95 
 
 311-34 
 
 20 
 
 327-72 
 
 344-11 
 
 360-50 
 
 376-88 
 
 393-27 
 
 409-65 
 
 426-04 
 
 442-43 
 
 458-81 
 
 476-20 
 
 30 
 
 491-59 
 
 507-97 
 
 524-36 
 
 540-74 
 
 557-18 
 
 673-62 
 
 689-90 
 
 606-29 
 
 622-67 
 
 639-06 
 
 40 
 
 655-46 
 
 671-83 
 
 688-22 
 
 704-61 
 
 720-99 
 
 737-38 
 
 753-76 
 
 770-15 
 
 786-64 
 
 802-92 
 
 60 
 
 819-31 
 
 835-69 
 
 852-08 
 
 868-47 
 
 884-86 
 
 901-24 
 
 917-63 
 
 934-01 
 
 950-40 
 
 966-78 
 
 60 
 
 933-17 
 
 999-56 
 
 1016-9 
 
 1032-3 
 
 1048-7 
 
 1066-1 
 
 1081-6 
 
 1097-9 
 
 1114-3 
 
 1130-6 
 
 70 
 
 1147-0 
 
 1163-4 
 
 1179-8 
 
 1196-2 
 
 1212-6 
 
 1229-0 
 
 1246-3 
 
 1261-7 
 
 1278-1 
 
 1294-6 
 
 80 
 
 1310-9 
 
 1327-3 
 
 1343-7 
 
 1360-1 
 
 1376-4 
 
 1392-8 
 
 1409-2 
 
 1462-6 
 
 1440-9 
 
 1468-4 
 
 90 
 
 1474-8 
 
 1491-1 
 
 1607-6 
 
 1523-9 
 
 1540-3 
 
 1566-7 
 
 1573-1 
 
 1589-6 
 
 1605-8 
 
 1622-2 
 
 English Pounds := Kilograms. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 0. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 
 
 0-0000 
 
 0-4586 
 
 0-9072 
 
 1-3608 
 
 1-8144 
 
 2-2680 
 
 2-7216 
 
 3-1761 
 
 3-6287 
 
 4-0823 
 
 10 
 
 4-6369 
 
 4-9896 
 
 6-4431 
 
 5-8967 
 
 6-3603 
 
 6-8039 
 
 7-2676 
 
 7-7111 
 
 8-1647 
 
 8-6188 
 
 20 
 
 9-0719 
 
 9-6254 
 
 9-9790 
 
 10-433 
 
 10-886 
 
 11-340 
 
 11-793 
 
 12-247 
 
 12-701 
 
 .^8-154 
 
 30 
 
 13-608 
 
 14-061 
 
 14-515 
 
 14-969 
 
 15-422 
 
 16-876 
 
 16-329 
 
 16-783 
 
 17-237 
 
 17-690 
 
 40 
 
 18144 
 
 18-597 
 
 19-061 
 
 19-604 
 
 19-958 
 
 20-412 
 
 29-866 
 
 21-319 
 
 21-772 
 
 22-226 
 
 60 
 
 22-680 
 
 23133 
 
 23-687 
 
 24-040 
 
 24-494 
 
 24-948 
 
 25-401 
 
 26-855 
 
 26 308 
 
 26-762 
 
 60 
 
 27-216 
 
 27-669 
 
 28-123 
 
 28-576 
 
 29-030 
 
 29-484 
 
 29-937 
 
 30-391 
 
 30-844 
 
 31-296 
 
 70 
 
 31-761 
 
 32-206 
 
 32-659 
 
 33-112 
 
 33-666 
 
 34-019 
 
 34-473 
 
 34-927 
 
 35-380 
 
 35-834 
 
 SO 
 
 36-287 
 
 30-741 
 
 37-196 
 
 37-648 
 
 38-102 
 
 38-555 
 
 39-009 
 
 39-463 
 
 39-916 
 
 40-370 
 
 90 
 
 40-823 
 
 41-277 
 
 41-731 
 
 42-184 
 
 42-638 
 
 43-091 
 
 43-545 
 
 43-998 
 
 44-452 
 
 44-906 
 
86 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 Englisli Tons = Kilograms. 
 
 1 
 
 0. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 
 
 0-0000 
 
 1016 
 
 2032 
 
 3048 
 
 4064 
 
 6080 
 
 6096 
 
 7112 
 
 8129 
 
 9145 
 
 10 
 
 10161 
 
 11177 
 
 12193 
 
 13209 
 
 14225 
 
 15241 
 
 16257 
 
 17273 
 
 18289 
 
 19305 
 
 20 
 
 20321 
 
 2 1 337 
 
 22363 
 
 23369 
 
 24386 
 
 25402 
 
 26418 
 
 27434 
 
 28450 
 
 29466 
 
 30 
 
 30432 
 
 31498 
 
 32614 
 
 33530 
 
 34646 
 
 36562 
 
 36678 
 
 37694 
 
 38610 
 
 39627 
 
 40 
 
 40643 
 
 41659 
 
 42675 
 
 43691 
 
 44707 
 
 46723 
 
 46739 
 
 47765 
 
 48771 
 
 49787 
 
 60 
 
 50803 
 
 61819 
 
 62835 
 
 53851 
 
 64868 
 
 55884 
 
 66900 
 
 67916 
 
 68932 
 
 69948 
 
 60 
 
 60964 
 
 61980 
 
 62996 
 
 64012 
 
 65028 
 
 66044 
 
 67060 
 
 68076 
 
 69092 
 
 70108 
 
 70 
 
 71125 
 
 72141 
 
 73167 
 
 74173 
 
 76189 
 
 76205 
 
 77221 
 
 78237 
 
 79263 
 
 80269 
 
 80 
 
 81286 
 
 82302 
 
 83317 
 
 84333 
 
 85346 
 
 86366 
 
 87382 
 
 88398 
 
 89414 
 
 90430 
 
 90 
 
 91446 
 
 92246 
 
 98478 
 
 94494 
 
 96610 
 
 96626 
 
 97642 
 
 98568 
 
 99574 
 
 100590 
 
 English Grains = Grams. 
 
 s 
 ■g 
 
 a 
 
 0. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 6. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 
 
 
 ■065 
 
 -1296 
 
 ■194 
 
 -269 
 
 •324 
 
 •389 
 
 -454 
 
 -518 
 
 -683 
 
 10 
 
 ■648 
 
 -713 
 
 -778 
 
 -842 
 
 -907 
 
 972 
 
 1-037 
 
 1-102 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-231 
 
 20 
 
 1-296 
 
 1-361 
 
 1-426 
 
 1-490 
 
 1-555 
 
 1^620 
 
 1-685 
 
 1-749 
 
 1-814 
 
 1-879 
 
 30 
 
 1-944 
 
 2-009 
 
 2-074 
 
 2-138 
 
 2-203 
 
 2-268 
 
 2-333 
 
 2-397 
 
 2-462 
 
 2-627 
 
 40 
 
 2-692 
 
 2-667 
 
 2-721 
 
 2-786 
 
 2-861 
 
 2-916 
 
 2-981 
 
 3-045 
 
 3-110 
 
 3-175 
 
 60 
 
 3-240 
 
 3-306 
 
 3-369 
 
 3-434 
 
 3-499 
 
 3-564 
 
 3-629 
 
 3-693 
 
 3-768 
 
 3-823 
 
 60 
 
 3-888 
 
 3-963 
 
 4-018 
 
 4-082 
 
 4-147 
 
 4-212 
 
 4-277 
 
 4-341 
 
 4-406 
 
 4-471 
 
 70 
 
 4-636 
 
 4-601 
 
 4-666 
 
 4-730 
 
 4-795 
 
 4-860 
 
 4-926 
 
 4-989 
 
 6-054 
 
 5-119 
 
 80 
 
 6-184 
 
 8 249 
 
 5-314 
 
 6-378 
 
 6-443 
 
 6-608 
 
 6-673 
 
 5-637 
 
 5-702 
 
 6-767 
 
 90 
 
 6-832 
 
 6-897 
 
 5-962 
 
 6-026 
 
 6-091 
 
 6-166 
 
 6-221 
 
 6-286 
 
 6-360 
 
 6-415 
 
 Grams = English Grains. 
 
 en 
 
 a 
 g 
 
 0. 
 
 -1. 
 
 -2. 
 
 -3. -4. 
 
 -5. 
 
 ■6. 
 
 -7. 
 
 •8. 
 
 -9. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-643 
 
 8-036 
 
 4-629 
 
 6-172 
 
 7-716 
 
 9-26S 
 
 10-802 
 
 12-345 
 
 13-808 
 
 1 
 
 15-432 
 
 16-976 
 
 18-518 
 
 20-06] 
 
 21-604 
 
 23-148 
 
 24-691 
 
 26-234 
 
 27-777 
 
 29-320 
 
 2 
 
 30-864 
 
 32-407 
 
 33-960 
 
 35-493 
 
 37036 
 
 38-580 
 
 40-123 
 
 41-666 
 
 43-209 
 
 44-752 
 
 3 
 
 46-296 
 
 47-839 
 
 49-382 
 
 60-925 
 
 62-468 
 
 54012 
 
 55-555 
 
 57-098 
 
 58-641 
 
 60-184 
 
 4 
 
 61-728 
 
 63-271 
 
 64-814 
 
 66-375 
 
 67-900 
 
 69-444 
 
 70-987 
 
 72-630 
 
 74073 
 
 76-616 
 
 5 
 
 77-160 
 
 78-703 
 
 80-246 
 
 81-789 
 
 83-332 
 
 84-876 
 
 86-419 
 
 87-962 
 
 89-505 
 
 91-048 
 
WEIGHT OF SHEET METALS 
 
 87 
 
 1 English pound (lb.) per sq. foot = 4*883 kg. persq. metre (sq.m.). 
 
 1 ,, ,, „ sq. inch = 0'07031 kg. per sq.m. 
 
 1 „ ton per sq. inch = 158 kg. per sq.cm. 
 
 1 „ pound per cub. foot = 16 "02 gm. per litre. 
 
 1 kilogram per sq. metre = 0'2048 lb. per sq. foot. 
 
 1 English grain per gallon = ■014286 gm. per litre. 
 
 1 ,, „ ,, English cub. foot = 2-287 gm. per cub. metre. 
 
 1 grm. per Utre = 70 grains per gallon = ■06243 lb. per cub. foot. 
 
 1 metre-kilogram (rakg.) = 7 -235 foot-pounds. 
 
 1 foot-pound = 0-1382 mkg. 
 
 1 foot-pound per cub. foot = 4-8807 mkg. per cub. met. 
 
 TABLE 38.— WEIGHT OP SHEET METALS. 
 Weight of a Superficial Foot. 
 
 Thick, 
 uess. 
 
 ■Wrought 
 Iron. 
 
 Cast 
 Iron. 
 
 Steel. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Brass. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Lb. 
 
 Lb. 
 
 Lb. 
 
 Lb. 
 
 Lb. 
 
 Lb. 
 
 Lb. 
 
 A 
 
 2-53 
 
 2-34 
 
 2-55 
 
 2-89 
 
 2-73 
 
 3-71 
 
 2-34 
 
 i 
 
 5-05 
 
 4-69 
 
 5-10 
 
 5-78 
 
 5-47 
 
 7-42 
 
 4-69 
 
 A 
 
 7-58 
 
 7-03 
 
 7-66 
 
 8-67 
 
 8 20 
 
 11-13 
 
 7-03 
 
 i 
 
 10-10 
 
 9-38 
 
 10-21 
 
 11-76 
 
 10-94 
 
 14-83 
 
 9-38 
 
 A 
 
 12-63 
 
 11-72 
 
 12-76 
 
 14-45 
 
 13-67 
 
 18-54 
 
 11-72 
 
 i 
 
 15-16 
 
 14-06 
 
 15-31 
 
 17-34 
 
 16-41 
 
 22-25 
 
 14-06 
 
 A 
 
 17-68 
 
 16-41 
 
 17-87 
 
 20-28 
 
 19-14 
 
 25-96 
 
 16-41 
 
 i 
 
 20-21 
 
 18-75 
 
 20-42 
 
 23-13 
 
 21-88 
 
 29-67 
 
 18-75 
 
 ■A 
 
 22-73 
 
 21-09 
 
 22-97 
 
 26-02 
 
 24-61 
 
 33-38 
 
 21-09 
 
 § 
 
 25-27 
 
 23-44 
 
 25-52 
 
 28-91 
 
 27-34 
 
 37-08 
 
 23-44 
 
 H 
 
 27-79 
 
 25-78 
 
 28-07 
 
 31-80 
 
 30-08 
 
 40-79 
 
 25-78 
 
 i 
 
 30-31 
 
 • 28-13 
 
 30-63 
 
 34-69 
 
 32-81 
 
 44-50 
 
 28-13 
 
 if 
 
 32-84 
 
 30-47 
 
 33-18 
 
 37-58 
 
 35-55 
 
 48-21 
 
 30-47 
 
 i 
 
 35-87 
 
 32-81 
 
 35-73 
 
 40-47 
 
 38-28 
 
 51-92 
 
 32-81 
 
 H 
 
 37-90 
 
 35-16 
 
 38-28 
 
 43-36 
 
 41-02 
 
 55-63 
 
 35-16 
 
 1 
 
 40-42 
 
 37-50 
 
 40-83 
 
 46-25 
 
 43-75 
 
 59-33 
 
 37-50 
 
88 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 39. -COINAGE OF DIFFERENT 
 COUNTRIES. 
 
 Exact Value in 
 
 Austria — £ s. d. 
 
 1 Vereins Thaler (=1 former Prussian Thaler) . 2 11-24 
 
 1 Gulden = 100 Neukreuzer 1 11-49 
 
 1 Maria Theresia Thaler 4 1-46 
 
 1 Dukaten 9 4-78 
 
 4 Gulden Gold = 1 Francs ; 8 Gulden Gold - 20 Francs 
 
 Belslum = France. 
 
 Brazil — 
 
 1 Mareis = 1000 Reales ...... 2 3-48 
 
 Chili— 
 1 Peso = 100 Centavos 3 11-58 
 
 Denmark — 
 
 1 Rigsbankdaler=6 Marks = 90 Skillings . . 2 2-67 
 1 Krone = 100 Oere 1 0-83 
 
 Bast India — 
 1 Rupee = 16 Annas 14 
 
 Egypt — 
 
 1 Bag of Gold = 30,000 Piastres . . . . 273 2 10 
 1 Piastre = 40 Para 2-5 
 
 France — 
 
 1 Franc = 100 Centimes 9-516 
 
 The 20-Franc piece contains 5-8065 g. fine gold . 15 10-31 
 The 5-Franc piece contains 22-5 g. fme silver . 3 11 "58 
 
 German Empire — 
 
 1 Mark = 100 Pfennig 11-748 
 
 The 20 Mark piece contains 7-1685 g. fine gold . 19 6-96 
 The 5-Mark piece contains 25 g. fine silver . 
 
 Great Britain — 
 
 1 Pound Sterling contains 7-3224 g. fine gold . 10 
 1 Shilling contains 5-231 g. fine silver ... 1 
 
COINAGE OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES 89 
 
 TABLE 39— Continued. 
 
 Exact Value in 
 Qreece — £ s. d. 
 
 1 Drachma =100 Lepta = l Franc ( = France). . 9-516 
 
 Italy— 
 
 1 Lira =1 Franc (= France) 9-516 
 
 Japan — 
 
 1 Gold Yen 4 1 
 
 Mezico — 
 
 1 Piastre (Peso, Mexican Dollar) = 8 Reales = 100 
 
 Cents 4 3-5 
 
 1 DobIon = 16 Piastres 3 8 8 
 
 Netherlands — 
 
 1 Guilder =100 Cents 18 
 
 1 WiUems d'Or 16 6-4 
 
 1 Ducat 9 4-5 
 
 Norivay — 
 
 1 Krone=100 Oere 1 0-83 
 
 1 Species Daler = 120 Skillings . . . . 4 5-43 
 
 Persia — 
 
 1 Toman =10 Keran 9 0-31 
 
 1 Rupee Silver 16-2 
 
 Peru — 
 
 1 Sol(Peso) = 10Dineros = 100Centavos . . 3 U-58 
 
 Portugal — 
 
 1 Milreis (in accounts) 4 6 -75 
 
 1 Milreis (silver) . 4 0-46 
 
 1 Tostao = 100Reis 4-8 
 
 Bonuiania — 
 1 Piastre = 1 Franc (France) 9-516 
 
90 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABLE 39— Contimied. 
 
 Russia — 
 
 1 Silver Rouble = 100 Kopeks .... 
 1 Half-Imperial = 5 Rouble Gold = 5 '9987 g. fine gold 
 1 Paper Rouble 
 
 Servla — 
 1 Dinar =1 Franc ( = France) 
 
 Spain— 
 
 1 Peseta=l Franc (=France) .... 
 1 Duro (Spanish Dollar) = 2 Escudos = 5 Pesetas 
 
 Exact value iti 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2-06 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 4-61 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 7-7 
 
 = 20 Reales 
 
 9-516 
 
 9-516 
 11-58 
 
 Sweden — 
 1 Kronor=100 Oere 
 
 0-83 
 
 Sivitzerland = France. 
 
 Turkey — 
 
 1 Piastre = 40 Para =120 Asper 
 1 Turkish Pound (Yuslik) 
 
 United States — 
 
 1 Dollar =10 Dimes = 100 Cents 
 
 1 Eagle = 10 DoUars = 15-0463 g. fine gold 
 
 
 18 
 
 2-1 
 1 
 
 1-15 
 1-16 
 
SPECIAL PART 
 
FUEL AND FURNACES 93 
 
 I. FUEL AND FURNACES. 
 
 A. — Fuel. 
 
 Should be tested in the case of lignite, peat, coal, coke. Eefer 
 to the Appendix as to sampling. 
 
 1. Moisture. — Heat 100 to 200 g. of coal to 110° (not above), 
 for two hours, preventing access of air as much as possible. At a 
 higher temperature the result might be too high, owing to escape 
 of volatile matters, or too low, owing to a partial oxidation. The 
 sample should be broken up quickly into pieces not smaller than 
 a bean, otherwise too much water would evaporate during the 
 process. Lignite and peat are heated to 100° for five or six hours, 
 and repeatedly weighed, till no further diminution of weight takes 
 place. Coke is heated to 110° for two hours. 
 
 All other tests are made with air-dried material. The average 
 sample is weighed before taking the samples for the tests ; it is 
 then spread out in a thin layer and allowed to lie in ordinary dry 
 air for forty-eight hours. It is then weighed again, and the 
 results obtained with such air-dried fuel are calculated on the 
 original (undried) material. 
 
 2. Residml Coke {Fixed Carbon). — One g. of finely powdered 
 coal is placed in a platinum crucible at least Ij in. deep, weighing 
 from 20 to 30 g., provided with a tightly fitting cover. The crucible 
 should then be heated by means of an ordinary Bunsen burner, 
 the flame of which should not be less than 7 in. high. The crucible 
 should be supported on a triangle of thin platmum wire, and it 
 should be so placed that the space between the bottom of the 
 crucible and the top of the burner is 25 to 3 in. The heating 
 ought not to last longer than a few minutes, but must be con- 
 tinued as long as any appreciable quantity of inflammable matter 
 escapes. The surface ot the crucible cover should then be clean, 
 but its lower side should be covered with carbon. If the flame be 
 smaller, or the crucible be supported by a stout wire triangle, the 
 yield of coke will be too high. The results should always be 
 calculated upon coal or coke free from ash, in order to render them 
 comparative. Good coal for reverberatory furnaces should yield 
 from 60 to 70 per cent, of coke. 
 
 3. Ash. — This estimation is very simple for lignite or peat ; 
 coke requires a very high temperature ; coal which cakes presents 
 most difficulties. The latter must be powdered very finely, and 
 heated up gradually, so that the volatile matters may escape 
 before the powder can form a cake. If an analysis is only 
 occasionally required, 2 to 5 g. of finely ground coal is heated 
 in a platinum crucible, which is fitted in a hole into a stoneware 
 
94 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 slab, or, better, in asbestos board (Fig. 1). This is placed in a 
 slanting position on a tripod stand. The slab serves to separate 
 the air required for oxidation from the gases of the burner, and 
 greatly hastens the combustion, which is thus completed in two 
 hours, whereas without the slab it frequently remains incomplete 
 even after eight or ten hours' heating. Tt is not advisable to use 
 a blowpipe, because the chance of mechanical loss is thereby 
 greatly increased. If determinations have to be made frequently, 
 it is preferable to effect the combustion in a muffle furnace, or 
 still more quickly in a platinum boat placed in a heated porcelain 
 tube, through which a current of oxygen is passed. When using 
 the latter, the coal or coke should be broken into small pieces, and 
 not ground fine, or else the oxygen does not come sufficiently into 
 contact with the lower strata. 
 
 Where frequent tests have to be made, several platinum dishes 
 can be placed in a muffle at the same 
 time. It is best to cover the dishes 
 or boats at first by a mica plate and 
 to remove this only when the gases 
 have been driven off, after which the 
 ignition is continued, until no more 
 black spots are visible and the weight 
 remains constant. 
 
 4. Sidphur (Eschka's method). — 
 Mix 0'5 to 1 g. of the finely ground coal 
 with Ij times its weight of an inti- 
 mate mixture of 2 parts of well-burnt 
 magnesia and 1 part of anhydrous 
 sodium carbonate. The mixture is made in a platinum crucible by 
 means of a glass rod, and the crucible, without putting on the 
 cover, is heated in an inclined position, in such manner that only 
 its lower portion attains a red heat. This is most conveniently 
 done by placing it in an asbestos board, provided with a hole, as 
 shown in Fig. 1. The combustion of the sulphides to sulphates 
 should be promoted by frequent stirring with a thick platinum 
 wire ; it will be finished in about an hour, during which time the 
 grey colour of the mixture mostly passes into yellow, red, or 
 brown. The calcined mass is covered with hot water, and bromine 
 water is added until the liquid shows a slight yellow colour. Then 
 heat the whole to boiling, decant the liquid through a filter, and 
 wash the residue with hot water. Add hydrochloric acid to the 
 aqueous solution, boil till all the bromine has been removed and 
 the liquid has been decolorised, and add a solution of barium 
 chloride, drop by drop, always at a boiling heat, until the precipi- 
 tation is complete. If the magnesia or the sodium carbonate 
 employed are not quite free from sulphates, these must be 
 separately estimated and the amount deducted from the total 
 sulphur found. Even if the gas employed for heating the crucible 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
FUEL AND FURNACES 95 
 
 should contain a notable quantity of sulphur, there is no error 
 caused by this, if the products of combustion are kept away from 
 the contents of the crucible by the asbestos shield as shown in 
 the- figure. One part BaS04 indicates 0"1374 part S. 
 
 5. The calorific power of fuel can be estimated by ascertaining 
 the percentage of carbon and hydrogen, according to the ordinary 
 methods of elementary analysis, and calculating the results accord- 
 ing to Dulong's formula. In the case of coal it is necessary to 
 take account of the volatile sulphur — that is, that which is 
 determined by heating in a current of oxygen, passing the gases 
 through neutralised hydrogen peroxide, and titrating the sulphuric 
 acid formed. If the percentage of C, H, and (volatile) S, and that 
 of the moisture (W), is known, the percentage of the oxygen is 
 expressed by the equation : — 
 
 = 100 -(C + H + S + W+ash). 
 
 The nitrogen contained in the coal may be neglected. The calorific 
 power of the coal, expressed in gram-calories, is then 
 
 = 81C-F290 ('H--5-^+25S-6■W. 
 
 A direct estimation of the heating power of fuel can be made 
 by means of the calorimetric bomb, of which a description is 
 given in Tech. Meth., vol. i., p. 254. 
 
 B. — Furnaces. 
 
 1. Chimney Gases. — In these, CO2, O, CO, and N (the latter 
 by diflFerence) are most conveniently estimated by the Orsat 
 apparatus, shown in Fig. 2. This consists of a gas-burette. A, 
 connected with the water-filled level-bottle B by means of a 
 rubber tube. A is filled to the zero point with water, and by 
 lowering B gas is aspirated, either from the supply tube C or from 
 the absorption pipettes, D, E, F. The gas is forced into each of 
 these pipettes by opening its special tap and raising B. For 
 reading the volume of gas in A, the bottle B must be held in such 
 a position that the level of water is the same in A and B. 
 
 The absorption pipettes are charged as follows ; — Tube D 
 receives 110 c.c. of caustic potash solution of specific gravity 1'20 
 to 1'28. This absorbs CO2, and can serve for a long time. Tube 
 E serves for absorbing the oxygen by means of very thin sticks 
 of phosphorus, kept under water. This tube, when not in use, 
 should be protected from the light by a covering of black paper. 
 Any tarry matters getting into this tube render the phosphorus 
 inactive, and must therefore be kept out by filtering the gas before 
 entering into C, through asbestos, cotton-wool, or other suitable 
 material. The absorption of the oxygen by the phosphorus only 
 
96 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 sets in at 16° C, better at 18° C. In case the room is at a lower 
 temperature, the vessel E must be cautiously warmed up by a 
 spirit-lamp. In tube F the carbon monoxide is absorbed. For 
 this purpose a solution is prepared by shaking up in a closed 
 bottle 250 g. cuprous chloride with a solution of 250 g. am- 
 monium chloride in 750 c.c. water. When completed, a spiral 
 of copper wire, reaching from top to bottom, is introduced into 
 the stock bottle. This bottle is always kept well closed when 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 not in use. Before charging tube F, 3 vols, of the solution from 
 the stock bottle are mixed with 1 vol. liquor ammonise, specific 
 gravity 0*905. One c.c. of this mixture ought to absorb 16 
 c.cm. CO, but this requires prolonged shaking. The reagent in F 
 must be frequently renewed ; if this is neglected, it may even yield 
 up some CO to gases containing too little of it. The reagent in 
 F also absorbs ethylensj but this gas does not occur in chimney 
 gases. Since the solution in F also absorbs oxygen, the latter 
 must always be removed before employing pipette F. 
 
FUEL AND FURNACES 97 
 
 For daily use it is mostly sufficient to test merely for CO2, by 
 means of the caustic potash solution in pipette D. 
 
 Checking the working of Furnaces. — The estimation of CO2 in 
 the chimney gases, if combined with an observation of tempera- 
 ture, admits of checking both the efficiency of a furnace or boiler 
 and the daily work of the firemen, according to a formula worked 
 out by Lunge (Zsch.f. angew. Chem., 1889, p. 240). A consecu- 
 tive number, say from 10 to 15 tests for CfOj, are made by an 
 Orsat apparatus in the flue leading from the furnace to the 
 chimney, and the mean volume percentage of CO2 found is 
 called n. At the same time, a thermometer with very long stem, 
 tightly inserted in the testing hole in such .manner that its bulb 
 is well within the flue, but that the scale can be read ofif outside, 
 is observed at frequent intervals, and the mean temperature of 
 the gases is called t', that of the air outside t. c is the specific 
 heat of a cubic metre of CO2, expressed in gram-calories ; c' that 
 of N or O (see below). The total volume of exit gases produced 
 by the combustion of 1 kg. dF carbon burnt on the grate is 
 
 = 1"854 -I- 1'854 ( ^ j cubic metres, and the loss of heat in the 
 
 exit gases, expressed in gram-oalories : — 
 
 L = 1 -854 ({' - 1!) c + 1 -854 («' - n^^Z±\ c'. 
 
 The loss, expressed in per cent, of the heat theoretically given out 
 by the carbon, is : — 
 
 100 L 
 8080 
 
 The value of c' may be assumed for all temperatures =0"31 ; 
 that of c varies with the temperature, and must be taken as 
 follows : — 
 
 i' is below 
 
 150° C, 
 
 c=0-41. 
 
 „ between 
 
 150-200° 
 
 = 0-43. 
 
 ,» i» 
 
 200-250° 
 
 = 0-44. 
 
 
 250-300° 
 
 = 0-45. 
 
 ,, ,, 
 
 300-350° 
 
 = 0-46. 
 
 Note. — The observations of n and t' must be made several 
 times in succession, and the average value taken as final. For 
 accurate investigations several series of tests must be made at 
 different times of the day. 
 
 Instruments have been devised for a continuous approximate 
 check of the percentage of CO2 in chimney gases, such as Arndt's 
 CEconometer. 
 
 2. Gas from Producers {Generators). — In producer gas usually 
 only CO2 and CO are estimated by means of Orsat's apparatus, as 
 described, p. 95. Any ethylene present in the producer gas would 
 
 G 
 
98 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 be absorbed and estimated togetier with the CO. Hydrogen can 
 be estimated in the residue from absorbing COj, CO, C2H4, and 
 O, by mixing it with a measured volume of air, and passing the 
 mixture over gently heated platinum or palladium asbestos.* 
 The estimation is most conveniently done in Lunge's modification 
 of Orsat's apparatus. Fig. 3. The indicating letters correspond 
 to those in Fig. 2, but there is an additional U-tube, G, connected 
 with a capillary, H, of refractory glass. H contains platinum or 
 
 falladium asbestos and can be heated by the small spirit lamp 
 , turning on a pivot. The U-tube G is filled with water. The 
 gas freed from CO2, CO, C2H4, and O (if this be present) is mixed 
 m the gas-burette A with as much air as the space will allow, and 
 
 * This can be obtained ready-made or is prepared by soaking a few threads of long 
 soft asbestos in a strong solution of platinum or palladium chloride, mixed with a 
 saturated solution of sodium formate and enough sodium carbonate to produce an 
 alkaliiie reaction. After oneLour's soaking th^ asbestos is dried completely in a water- 
 bath, whereby the metal is precipitated in a very minute state of division. The soluble 
 salts are then washed out by hot water and the asbestos Is again dried. 
 
FUEL AND FURNACES 
 
 99 
 
 a reading is taken. This air will suflSce for a quantity of hydrogen 
 corresponding to ^ of the employed volume of air (i.e. twice the 
 volume of oxygen contained in that air). If more H be present, 
 which will only occur in the case of " water gas," either less than 
 100 c.c. of gas must be employed at the commencement for the 
 analysis, or the residual gas is mixed with oxygen instead of with 
 air. The capillary tube H is heated very gently by means of the 
 lamp I, and the gaseous mixture is quickly passed once through 
 it into G and back again, when one end of the platinum asbestos 
 should become red hot. The residual gas is again measured and 
 f of the diminution in volume .calculated as hydrogen. If 
 methane (marsh gas, CHj) is to be estimated, the residue from 
 the last operation is mixed with more air and burnt by means of 
 an electrically heated palladium or platinum wire, enclosed in a 
 capillary tube. If a capillary platinum tube is employed, filled 
 
 with a few platinum wires, so as to leave a very small space for 
 the gases to pass through, the electric heating may be replaced 
 by that of a broad gas flame, producing a strong red heat. 
 
 3. Speed of Draught. — A convenient apparatus for measuring 
 this in chemical works, where any fine mechanism would soon 
 be ruined, is Fletcher's anemometer, based upon the movement 
 of a column of ether in a U-tube (described in Lunge's Sulphuric 
 Add amd Alkali, 4th edition, vol. i., p. 768). Fig. 4 shows this in 
 the simpler form, leaving out the microscopes, which are quite 
 unnecessary for reading the divisions of the scale or the vernier. 
 The ends of the glass tubes a b should be placed rather less than 
 one-sixth of the diameter of the flue from its inner wall. The 
 straight end of a ought to be as exactly parallel as possible to the 
 
100 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 direction of the draughts ; the end of 6 ought to be exactly at a . 
 right angle to this, and so that the current blows straight into it. 
 Without this precaution a mistake is made, which is avoided by 
 the arrangement shown in Fig. 5, and proposed by Hurter, viz., 
 employing tubes with ends bent in opposite directions. The 
 tubes a h communicate with the ether tube c d ; the draught 
 causes the ether to rise in a by aspiration and to fall in 6 by the 
 pressure of the air blowing into the tube. The difference of level 
 between c and d is read off by means of the scale and vernier. 
 The sliding disc e is then turned through 180°, whereby the 
 currents are reversed. There will now be a difference of levels in 
 the opposite direction, but equal in amount to the first, if the 
 observation is correct. The sum of these two differences is the 
 " anemometer reading " given in the tables. 
 
 The following tables show the application of the readings of the 
 Anemometer for calculating the speed of draughts, both for instru- 
 ments graduated on the inch scale and for those on the metrical 
 scale. 
 
 o.— TABLE TO SHOW THE SPEED OP CnRRBNTS OF AIR. 
 
 At a temperature of 15' C.=60° F. ; Barometer, 760 mm. = 29-92 inches. 
 A. — Readings in Inches. 
 
 Anemom- 
 
 Speed. 
 
 Anemom- 
 
 Speed. 
 
 Anemom- 
 
 Speed. 
 
 Anemom- 
 
 Speed. 
 
 eter 
 
 Feet 
 
 eter 
 
 Feet 
 
 eter 
 
 Feet 
 
 eter 
 
 Feet 
 
 Beading. 
 
 per 
 
 Beading. 
 
 per 
 
 Beading. 
 
 per 
 
 B«ading. 
 
 per 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Second. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Second. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Second. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Second. 
 
 •01 
 
 2'855 
 
 ■16- 
 
 11^42 
 
 •32 
 
 16^15 
 
 •95 
 
 27-83 
 
 •02 
 
 4 •038 
 
 •17 
 
 11^77 
 
 •34 
 
 16^65 
 
 1-00 
 
 28-55 
 
 •03 
 
 4^945 
 
 -18 
 
 12^11 
 
 •36 
 
 17^13 
 
 ^25 
 
 31-93 
 
 ■04 
 
 o^7lO 
 
 -19 
 
 12^45 
 
 •38 
 
 17^60 
 
 1^50 
 
 34^97 
 
 •05 
 
 6 ■384 
 
 •20 
 
 12^77 
 
 •40 
 
 18-06 
 
 1^75 
 
 37^77 
 
 •06 
 
 6^993 
 
 •21 
 
 13^08 
 
 •45 
 
 19^15 
 
 2^00 
 
 40 •S? 
 
 •07 
 
 7^554 
 
 •22 
 
 13^39 
 
 •50 
 
 20-18 
 
 
 • •• 
 
 •08 
 
 8-075 
 
 •23 
 
 13^70 
 
 •55 
 
 21-17 
 
 
 
 •09 
 
 8-666 
 
 •24 
 
 13^99 
 
 •60 
 
 22^12 
 
 
 .•. 
 
 •10 
 
 9-028 
 
 •26 
 
 14^28 
 
 •65 
 
 23-02 
 
 
 
 •11 
 
 0-469 
 
 •26 
 
 14 •se 
 
 •70 
 
 23-89 
 
 
 
 •12 
 
 9-891 
 
 •27 
 
 14^84 
 
 •75 
 
 24-73 
 
 
 • <• 
 
 •13 
 
 10-29 
 
 •28 
 
 15^11 
 
 •80 
 
 25-54 
 
 
 • *• 
 
 •14 
 
 10 •es 
 
 •29 
 
 15 •as 
 
 •85 
 
 26^32 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ■15 
 
 11 •oe 
 
 •30 
 
 15^64 
 
 •90 
 
 27 •OS 
 
 ... 
 
 "' , 
 
FUEL AND FURNACES 
 B. — Readings in Millimetres. 
 
 101 
 
 Bead- 
 ing. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 Bead- 
 ing. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 Bead- 
 ing. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 Bead- 
 ing. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 Bead- 
 ing. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 Bead- 
 ing. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 mm. 
 
 m- 
 
 mm. 
 
 m. 
 
 mm. 
 
 m. 
 
 mm. 
 
 m. 
 
 mm. 
 
 m. 
 
 mm. 
 
 m. 
 
 0-1 
 
 0-676 
 
 1-4 
 
 2-040 
 
 2-7 
 
 2-833 
 
 6-0 
 
 3-866 
 
 10-0 
 
 6-462 
 
 19-0 
 
 7-515 
 
 0-2 
 
 0-771 
 
 1-6 
 
 2-111 
 
 2-8 
 
 2-886 
 
 6-2 
 
 3-931 
 
 10-6 
 
 6-586 
 
 20-0 
 
 7-710 
 
 0-S 
 
 0-944 
 
 1-6 
 
 2-181 
 
 2-9 
 
 2-936 
 
 6-4 
 
 4-006 
 
 11-0 
 
 6-718 
 
 21 
 
 7-900 
 
 0-4 
 
 1-090 
 
 1-7 
 
 2-248 
 
 3-0 
 
 2-986 
 
 5-6 
 
 4-080 
 
 11-6 
 
 6-846 
 
 22 
 
 8-086 
 
 0-5 
 
 1-205 
 
 1-8 
 
 2-313 
 
 3-2 
 
 8-077 
 
 6-8 
 
 4-162 
 
 12-0 
 
 6-972 
 
 23 
 
 8-268 
 
 0-6 
 
 1-341 
 
 1-9 
 
 2-376 
 
 8-4 
 
 3-179 
 
 ■ 6-0 
 
 4-223 
 
 12-5 
 
 6-096 
 
 24 
 
 8-446 
 
 0-V 
 
 1-442 
 
 2-0 
 
 2-43S 
 
 3-6 
 
 3-271 
 
 6-6 
 
 4-896 
 
 13-0 
 
 6-216 
 
 25 
 
 8-620 
 
 0-8 
 
 1-560 
 
 2-1 
 
 2-498 
 
 3-8 
 
 8-361 
 
 7-0 
 
 4-661 
 
 13-6 
 
 6-834 
 
 80 
 
 9-443 
 
 0-9 
 
 1-636 
 
 2-2 
 
 2-667 
 
 4-0 
 
 3-448 
 
 7-5 
 
 4-721 
 
 14-0 
 
 6-460 
 
 36 
 
 10-199 
 
 1-0 
 
 1-724 
 
 2-3 
 
 2-615 
 
 4-2 
 
 3-469 
 
 8-0 
 
 4-876 
 
 16-0 
 
 6-667 
 
 40 
 
 10-903 
 
 1-1 
 
 1-808 
 
 2-4 
 
 2-671 
 
 4-4 
 
 3-616 
 
 8-6 
 
 6-026 
 
 16-0 
 
 6-896 
 
 45 
 
 11-566 
 
 1-2 
 
 1-889 
 
 2-6 
 
 2-726 
 
 4-6 
 
 3-69S 
 
 9-0 
 
 6-172 
 
 17-0 
 
 7-108 
 
 50 
 
 12-190 
 
 1-S 
 
 1-966 
 
 2-6 
 
 2-779 
 
 4-8 
 
 8-777 
 
 9-5 
 
 6-314 
 
 18-0 
 
 7-314 
 
 
 
 /3.— CORRECTIONS FOR TSMPEiRATOREi. 
 
 Column a shows the temperature of the chimney or flue, column h 
 the factor for multiplying the figure found in Table a in order to arrive 
 at the real speed of the current of gas. 
 
 A. — Readings In Degrees Fahrenheit. 
 
 Fahr. ' 
 a. 
 
 l>. 
 
 „. 
 
 ft. 
 
 * 
 
 h. 
 
 u- 
 
 6. 
 
 
 
 1-0634 
 
 90 
 
 0-9723 
 
 180 . 
 
 0-9012 
 
 380 
 
 0-7865 
 
 5 
 
 1-0577 
 
 95 
 
 0-9679 
 
 185 
 
 0-8977 
 
 400 
 
 0-7763 
 
 10 
 
 1-0520 
 
 100 
 
 0-9636 
 
 190 
 
 0-8943 
 
 425 
 
 0-7663 
 
 15 
 
 1-0464 
 
 105 
 
 0-9593 
 
 195 
 
 0-8909 
 
 450 
 
 0-7556 
 
 20 
 
 1-0409 
 
 110 
 
 0-9661 
 
 200 
 
 0-8875 
 
 476 
 
 0-7454 
 
 26 
 
 1-0355 
 
 115 
 
 0-9509 
 
 210 
 
 0-8808 
 
 500 
 
 0-7366 
 
 30 
 
 1 -0302 
 
 120 
 
 0-9468 
 
 220 
 
 0-8743 
 
 625 
 
 0-7261 
 
 35 
 
 1-0250 
 
 125 
 
 0-9428 
 
 230 
 
 0-8680 
 
 560 
 
 0-7171 
 
 40 
 
 1-0198 
 
 130 
 
 0-9388 
 
 240 
 
 0-8614 
 
 575 
 
 0-7085 
 
 45 
 
 1-0148 
 
 135 
 
 0-9348 
 
 250 
 
 0-8567 
 
 600 
 
 0-7000 
 
 50 
 
 1-0098 
 
 140 
 
 0-9309 
 
 260 
 
 0-8497 
 
 650 
 
 0-6841 
 
 55 
 
 1-0049 
 
 145 
 
 0-9270 
 
 270 
 
 0-8438 
 
 700 
 
 0-6691 
 
 60 
 
 1-0000 
 
 160 
 
 0-9232 
 
 280 
 
 0-8380 
 
 750 
 
 0-6552 
 
 65 
 
 0-9952 
 
 165 
 
 0-9194 
 
 290 
 
 0-8324 
 
 800 
 
 0-6420 
 
 70 
 
 0-9905 
 
 160 
 
 0-9166 
 
 300 
 
 0-8269 
 
 860 
 
 0-6297 
 
 75 
 
 0-9858 
 
 165 
 
 0-9119 
 
 320 
 
 0-8163 
 
 900 
 
 0-6181 
 
 80 
 
 0-9812 
 
 170 
 
 0-9083 
 
 340 
 
 0-8060 
 
 960 
 
 0-6070 
 
 85 
 
 0-9767 
 
 175 
 
 0-9047 
 
 360 
 
 0-7960 
 
 1000 
 
 0-5964 
 
102 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 
 
 B.- 
 
 —Readings In Decrees Centigrade. 
 
 
 
 a. 
 
 ro. 
 
 t. 
 
 a. 
 t°C. 
 
 b. 
 
 a. 
 f C. 
 
 b. 
 
 a. 
 
 rc. 
 
 t. 
 
 a. 
 fC. 
 
 t. 
 
 a. 
 r.'C. 
 
 6. 
 
 -10 
 
 1-046 
 
 IS 
 
 0-996 
 
 42 
 
 0-956 
 
 66 
 
 0-922 
 
 140 
 
 0-835 
 
 260 
 
 0-735 
 
 5 
 
 1036 
 
 20 
 
 0-991 
 
 44 
 
 0-953 
 
 68 
 
 0-919 
 
 160 
 
 0-825 
 
 270 
 
 0-728 
 
 
 
 1-027 
 
 22 
 
 0-988 
 
 46 
 
 0-950 
 
 70 
 
 0-916 
 
 160 
 
 0-815 
 
 280 
 
 0-721 
 
 2 
 
 1-023 
 
 24 
 
 0-985 
 
 48 
 
 0-947 
 
 76 
 
 0-909 
 
 170 
 
 0-S06 
 
 290 
 
 0-715 
 
 4 
 
 1-020 
 
 26 
 
 0-981 
 
 50 
 
 0-944 
 
 80 
 
 0-903 
 
 180 
 
 0-797 
 
 300 
 
 0-709 
 
 6 
 
 1-016 
 
 28 
 
 0-978 
 
 52 
 
 0-941 
 
 85 
 
 0-897 
 
 190 
 
 0-788 
 
 320 
 
 0-697 
 
 8 
 
 1-012 
 
 30 
 
 0-975 
 
 54 
 
 0-938 
 
 90 
 
 0-890 
 
 200 
 
 0-780 
 
 340 
 
 0-686 
 
 10 
 
 1-009 
 
 32 
 
 0-972 
 
 66 
 
 0-935 
 
 95 
 
 0-884 
 
 210 
 
 0-772 
 
 360 
 
 0-676 
 
 12 
 
 1-005 
 
 34 
 
 0-968 
 
 58 
 
 0-933 
 
 100 
 
 0-878 
 
 220 
 
 0-764 
 
 400 
 
 0-654 
 
 14 
 
 1-003 
 
 86 
 
 0-965 
 
 60 
 
 0-930 
 
 110 
 
 0-867 
 
 230 
 
 0-766 
 
 450 
 
 0-631 
 
 IB 
 
 1-000 
 
 38 
 
 0-962 
 
 62 
 
 0-927 
 
 120 
 
 0-856 
 
 240 
 
 0-749 
 
 500 
 
 0-603 
 
 16 
 
 0-998 
 
 40 
 
 0-959 
 
 64 
 
 0-924 
 
 130 
 
 0-845 
 
 260 
 
 i 
 
 0-742 
 
 
 . 
 
 A very simple and cheaper instrument is Seger's Differential 
 Anemometer, Fig. 6. Tte U-tube A is surmounted by two 
 enlargements, B and C. D is a sliding 
 scale, adjustable by slits a a and screw- 
 ji-Maaii -B, pins 6 6. The tube is filled with two non- 
 % \ riMT 1 miscible liquids of nearly equal specific 
 ! i! '1 m t B gravity ; for instance, paraffin oil and dilute 
 spirits of wine (coloured). The line of con- 
 tact, at X, is the zero point of the scale D. 
 If an aspirating force is acting on the sur- 
 face of the liquid in C, the level of the 
 liquid will be raised in C, and the point X 
 will be lowered in a multiplied ratio, corre- 
 sponding to the difference in the sectional 
 areas of the narrow part of A and the 
 enlargements in C, say 1 :^0. 
 
 C. — Temperature. 
 
 The measurement of temperatures up 
 to about 300° calls for no special remark, 
 as the ordinary mercurial thermometers are 
 always used. For higher temperatures a 
 large number oi pyrometers have been con- 
 structed. All of these are unreliable after 
 prolonged use, many of them even from the 
 very beginning, and they require a frequent 
 control of their indications by calorimetric 
 methods. Among these "empirical" pyrometers those mostly 
 used are : Gauntlett's (up to 900° C. or 1600° F.), Steinle and 
 
FUEL AND FURNACES 103 
 
 Hartung's graphite pyrometer (up to 1200° C), and Klinghammer's 
 Thalpotasimeter. In many cases Prinsep's metallic alloys, of 
 definite fusing points, and Seger's cones, do good service ; the 
 fusing points corresponding to the commercial forms of these have 
 been given on p. 35. 
 
 The calorimetric control can be effected by any of the well- 
 known calorimeters, such as Mahler's or Fischer's, but is a some- 
 what difficult and complicated operation, and the working of the 
 air pyrometer is even more so. 
 
 Most of the drawbacks formerly connected with pyrometry 
 have been removed by the construction of Le Chatelier s Thermo- 
 dectric Pyrometer. Its working part is shown in Fig. T. It con- 
 sists of a thermocouple, composed of a wire a of pure platinum, 
 and a wire b of an alloy of 90 parts of platinum +10 parts of 
 rhodium, soldered to the former. These wires are insulated by 
 porcelain tubes c, d, about 3 feet long, and protected on the out- 
 side, against heating gases, by the iron pipe e e. The wiresjare 
 
 •^ 1000 mm 
 
 PiQ. 7. 
 
 connected vrith platinum or copper wires, leading to a galvan- 
 ometer, and the indications of the needle of the latter show the 
 temperature at the point where a and b are soldered together. 
 The temperature scale marked on the galvanometer is fixed by 
 comparing it with an air pyrometer at the works where the 
 instruments are made. 
 
 The following rules must be observed for the use of this 
 pyrometer. The galvanometer should be placed in a horizontal 
 position and so as to be protected against mechanical oscillations, 
 preferably on a wall-bracket, and this may be at some distance 
 from the pyrometer itself — e.g. in the manager's office. Before 
 moving the galvanometer from its place, the needle should be 
 always arrested. After fixing it on its bracket, the arresting- 
 screw is cautiously loosened, until the needle begins to move. 
 If it does not point to zero after being placed in a horizontal 
 position, this must be effected by moving the adjusting screws. 
 
104 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 The electric resistance of the conducting wire should not appreci- 
 ably exceed- 1 ohm ; up to distances of about 300 feet this will be 
 attained by employing insulated copper wire of ^-inch thickness. 
 The junction of the couple with the conducting wires ought not 
 to be much above the ordinary temperature. If one of the wires 
 should break, the contact can be re-established by twisting the 
 ends tightly together for a length of about ^ inch ; it is preferable 
 to fuse them together in an oxyhydrogen flame. If the tempera- 
 ture within the furnace does not exceed 1000°, the pyrometer 
 may be left permanently inside ; for higher temperatures, which 
 would cause the iron pipe to soften and to burn away too rapidly, 
 the pyrometer should be taken out and introduced merely for 
 taking an observation, which may be done ten minutes afterwards. 
 Even then it is best to provide a fireclay slab on which the 
 instrument can rest. Le Chatelier's pyrometer may be employed 
 for temperatures up to 1500° C. For higher temperatures, up to 
 2100°, W. C. HeriBus (Hanau, Germany) has constructed a thermo- 
 couple, consisting of a wire of piire iridium, fused to another wire 
 of an alloy of 90 parts iridium -I- 10 ruthenium. 
 
 For such high temperatures Wanner's pyrometer is now fre- 
 quently used. It allows a photometric comparison of the polarised 
 light from a small electric lamp with that of "the furnace, etc., to 
 be tested, by means of an instrument like a telescope ; it is easy 
 to handle, and is serviceable for approximately measuring tempera- 
 tures above 1500°, where Le Chatelier's pyrometer cannot be 
 employed. It is also more convenient than the latter for estimat- 
 ing temperatures inside the furnace at some distance from the 
 front of the furnaces. (Supplied by Townson & Mercer, London.) 
 
 D. — Peed-Water for Steam-Boilers, etc. 
 
 1. Hardmess. — The English degrees of hardness are based on 
 the unit of 1 part CaCOa, or its equivalent of MgCOs, in 70,000 
 parts of water (grains to the gallon). The French degrees signify 
 each 1 part CaCOs (or MgCOa) in 100,000 water, the German 
 degrees that of 1 part CaO (or MgO) in 100,000 water. 
 
 The testing for hardness was formerly mostly effected by 
 Clark's soap test. The methods to be described here are both 
 simpler and more accurate than the soap test. 
 
 (a) Temporary Hardness (alkalinity) is that which is removed 
 by prolonged boiling, by which operation nearly all the GaCOa 
 and some of the MgCOs is precipitated. This can be estimated 
 with sufficient approximation by testing the water alkalimetrically, 
 employing \ normal hydrochloric acid and methyl orange as indi- 
 cator, at the ordinary temperature, until the first reddish tint 
 appears. "When employing 200 c.c. of the water for this test, the 
 number of c.c. of ^ normal acid used, multiplied by 3'5, indicates 
 
FUEL AND FURNACES 105 
 
 the English degrees of temporary hardness (for French degrees 
 multiply by 5, for German degrees by 2 '8). 
 
 Where feed-water, purified by means of sodium carbonate, is 
 tested in this way, an error may be caused by the presence of an 
 excess of Na2C03, which makes the hardness appear too high. 
 In such cases the 200 c.c. of water employed should be boiled 
 in a porcelain dish for some time, the precipitated carbonates 
 removed by filtration, and the filtrate titrated as above. The 
 acid then used corresponds to the Na^COa and a little unpre- 
 cipitated MgCOs- 
 
 (b) Total Hardness. — Add to 200 c.c. of the feed-water hydro- 
 chloric acid in slight excess, boil down to about 50 c.c. ■ wash this 
 into a 100 c.c. flask, neutralise exactly with caustic soda solution, 
 employing methyl orange as indicator ; add 20 c.c. of a mixture of 
 equal volumes of J normal caustic soda solution and \ normal 
 sodium carbonate solution, boil, allow to cool, fill up the flask to 
 the 100 c.c. mark with distilled water, pour through a dry filter, 
 and estimate the unsaturated alkali in 50 c.c. of the filtrate by 
 ^ normal hydrochloric acid and methyl orange. Multiply the c.c. 
 of acid used by 2, and deduct this from 20; the remainder = a 
 shows the alkali consumed for precipitating the alkaline earths 
 contained in 200 c.c. of water. The total hardness is hence, = 3"5(x 
 in English degrees, 5a in French, 2"8a in German degrees. This 
 process is accurate also in presence of magnesia. By deducting 
 the degrees of alkalinity found in a from the total hardness found 
 in 6, the permanent hardness is obtained — i.e. that which is caused 
 by calcium sulphate. 
 
 Water having- a total hardness of less than 8° (English) is 
 considered as soft, from 8° to 15° as moderately hard, above 15° as 
 hard. 
 
 (c) Residue on Evaporation. — In the case of water containing 
 but little MgO, a convenient check for the total hardness — i.e. 
 the sum of alkalinity a and permanent hardness 6 — is afforded 
 by evaporating 500 c.c. down to dryness, heating to decompose 
 the organic matter, moistening with a solution of CO2 in distilled 
 water, and drying at 110°. Since the degrees of hardness are 
 all calculated for CaO, the value of c will not be quite equal 
 to a+h, if any considerable quantity of magnesia is present, 
 and this indirectly proves the presence of more magnesia than 
 usual. 
 
 2. Estimation of the Reagents (lime water and sodium, carbonate) 
 required for Purifying Water. — Add to 500 c.c. of the water 10 
 c.c. of a ^ normal sodium carbonate solution, evaporate to dry- 
 ness, take up the residue with a small quantity of water, filter 
 through a small filter, wash till there is no further alkaline 
 reaction, and estimate the unconsumed sodium carbonate in the 
 
106 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 filtrate plus washings by titrating with methyl orange and ^ normal 
 hydrochloric acid. If a c.o. of \ normal sodium carbonate are 
 used in the titration, then 2ax0'0106 shows the grams of pure 
 sodium carbonate required per litre of the water for removing the 
 calcium sulphate — i.e. the permanent hardness. _ 
 
 The amount of lime water required for removing the temporary 
 hardness is estimated as follows : — To 500 c.c. of water add 100 
 c.c. of clear lime water, after having previously determined its 
 percentage of CaO by titrating with ^ normal hydrochloric acid 
 and phenolphthalein (methyl orange is not applicable in this case, 
 because this would indicate also the CaCOs present in small 
 quantities along vdth Ca(0H)2, which would be wrong). Heat 
 the mixture during half an hour in a covered flask (to keep out 
 CO2), allow to cool, pour through a dry filter, and titrate, without 
 delay, 500 c.c. of the filtrate. The HCl now used, increased by 
 one-fifth (since the original 500 c.c. of water had been brought to 
 600 c.c), shows the quantity of lime not used up. By deducting 
 this from the CaO originally contained in 100 c.c. of the lime 
 water, the quantity of CaO required for destroying the temporary 
 hardness of § litre of the water to be tested is ascertained. 
 
 II. SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE. 
 
 A. — Brimstone. 
 
 1. Moislmre.^-Hhis, should be estimated by drying an average 
 sample of 100 g. at 70° for a few hours, in an oven or water-bath. 
 The sample must be prepared without losing any moisture during 
 the operation ; the brimstone for this purpose must, therefore, not 
 be ground, but only coarsely crushed, as quickly as possible. 
 
 2. Bituminous Substances (Fresenius). — Eemove the sulphur 
 by heating the sample for some time a little over 200°, taking 
 care that it does not take fire, weigh the residue, and deduct the 
 ash found in No. 3. 
 
 3. Ash. — Bum 10 g. in a porcelain dish and weigh the residue. 
 Some samples of brimstone contain carbonaceous matter. In 
 this case (which is easily recognised by the appearance of the 
 sample) the flame must be removed immediately after the sulphur 
 has been burned, and before the carbon has taken fire, so that 
 the latter is not calculated as sulphur. 
 
 4. Arsenic. — Treat 10 g. brimstone with dilute liquor ammonise 
 at 70° to 80°, in order to dissolve the AS2S3, filter, neutralise the 
 filtrate exactly with dilute nitric acid, and titrate with dcci- 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 
 
 107 
 
 normal silver nitrate solution, until a drop gives a brown colour 
 with a solution of neutral potassium chromate. Each c.c. of the 
 silver nitrate solution indicates 0'041 per cent. AS2S3. If the 
 arsenic should be present as ferric or calcium arsenate (this never 
 occurs in the case of native brimstone, but it may do so in the 
 case of sulphur recovered from Leblanc soda residue), the sample 
 must be extracted with' carbon disulphide, the residue oxidised 
 by aqua regia, and the sulphur estimated as in pyrites (see 
 below). 
 
 5. Direct Estimation of Svlphur (Macagno, Ghem. News, v., 
 43, p. 192). — Fifty g. of the finely ground brimstone are dis- 
 solved in 200 c.c. carbon disulphide by digesting in a stoppered 
 bottle at the ordinary temperature, and the specific gravity of the 
 liquid =s is estimated. This must be reduced to the specific 
 gravity at 15°=S, by means of the formula (valid up to 25° C.) 
 S,=s-I-0'0014(<-15°). The following table gives, for each valueof 
 S, the percentage in this solution, which number must be multi- 
 plied by 4 to indicate the percentage of sulphur in the sample of 
 brimstone : — 
 
 Specific G-ravities of Solutions of Sulphur in 
 Carbon Disulphide at 15° (referred to Water of 4°). 
 
 Spec. 
 
 y 
 
 Spec. 
 
 X 
 
 Spec. 
 
 % 
 
 Spec. 
 
 / 
 
 Spec. 
 
 % 
 
 Grav. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Grav. 
 
 S 
 
 Grav. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Giav. 
 
 •3 
 
 Grav. 
 
 8 
 
 1-271 
 
 
 
 1-296 
 
 6-0 
 
 1-321 
 
 12-1 
 
 1-846 
 
 18-1 
 
 1-371 
 
 25-6 
 
 1-272 
 
 0-2 
 
 1-297 
 
 6-3 
 
 1-322 
 
 12-3 
 
 
 347 
 
 lS-4 
 
 1-372 
 
 26-0 
 
 1-273 
 
 0-4 
 
 1-298 
 
 6-5 
 
 1-323 
 
 12-6 
 
 
 348 
 
 18-6 
 
 1-373 
 
 26-5 
 
 1-274 
 
 0-6 
 
 1-299 
 
 6-7 
 
 1-324 
 
 12-8 
 
 
 349 
 
 18-9 
 
 1-374 
 
 26-9 
 
 1-275 
 
 0-9 
 
 1-SOO 
 
 7-0 
 
 1-325 
 
 13-1 
 
 
 350 
 
 19-0 
 
 1-375 
 
 27-4 
 
 1-276 
 
 1-2 
 
 1-801 
 
 7-2 
 
 1-826 
 
 13-3 
 
 
 351 
 
 19-3 
 
 1-376 
 
 28-1 
 
 1-277 
 
 1-4 
 
 1-302 
 
 7-6 
 
 1-327 
 
 13-5 
 
 
 352 
 
 19-6 
 
 1-377 
 
 28-6 
 
 1-278 
 
 1-6 
 
 1-30S 
 
 r-8 
 
 1-328 
 
 13-8 
 
 
 363 
 
 19-9 
 
 1-378 
 
 29-0 
 
 1-279 
 
 1-9 
 
 1-304 
 
 8-0 
 
 1-329 
 
 140 
 
 
 354 
 
 20-1 
 
 1-379 
 
 29-7 
 
 1-280 
 
 2-1 
 
 1-306 
 
 8-2 
 
 1-330 
 
 14-2 
 
 
 355 
 
 20-4 
 
 1-380 
 
 30-2 
 
 1-281 
 
 2-4 
 
 1-306 
 
 8-6 
 
 1-331 
 
 14-5 
 
 
 356 
 
 20-6 
 
 1-381 
 
 80-8 
 
 1-282 
 
 2-6 
 
 1-307 
 
 8-7 
 
 1-332 
 
 14-7 
 
 
 367 
 
 21-0 
 
 1-382 
 
 31-4 
 
 1-283 
 
 2-9 
 
 1-308 
 
 8-9 
 
 1-333 
 
 15-0 
 
 
 358 
 
 21-2 
 
 1-383 
 
 31-9 
 
 1-284 
 
 8-1 
 
 1-309 
 
 9-2 
 
 1-334 
 
 15-2 
 
 
 359 
 
 21-6 
 
 1-384 
 
 32'6 
 
 1-285 
 
 3-4 
 
 1-310 
 
 9-4 
 
 1-3S5 
 
 15-4 
 
 
 360 
 
 21-8 
 
 1-385 
 
 33-2 
 
 1-286 
 
 3-6 
 
 1-311 
 
 9-7 
 
 1-336 
 
 15-6 
 
 
 861 
 
 22-1 
 
 1-386 
 
 33-8 
 
 1-287 
 
 3-B 
 
 1-312 
 
 9-9 
 
 1-837 
 
 15-9 
 
 
 362 
 
 22-3 
 
 1-387 
 
 34-6 
 
 1-288 
 
 4-1 
 
 1-313 
 
 10-2 
 
 1-338 
 
 16-1 
 
 
 363 
 
 22-7 
 
 1-388 
 
 85-2 
 
 1-289 
 
 4-4 
 
 1-B14 
 
 10-4 
 
 1-339 
 
 16-4 
 
 
 364 
 
 23-0 
 
 1-389 
 
 36-1 
 
 1-290 
 
 4-6 
 
 1-316 
 
 10-6 
 
 1-340 
 
 16-6 
 
 
 365 
 
 23-2 
 
 1-890 
 
 86-7 
 
 1-291 
 
 4-8 
 
 1-316 
 
 10-9 
 
 1-341 
 
 16-9 
 
 
 386 
 
 23-6 
 
 1-391 
 
 37-2 
 
 1-292 
 
 6-0 
 
 1-317 
 
 11-1 
 
 1-342 
 
 17-1 
 
 
 367 
 
 24-0 
 
 (satui 
 
 !ihaf1\ 
 
 1-293 
 
 5-3 
 
 1-318 
 
 11-3 
 
 1-343 
 
 17-4 
 
 
 368 
 
 24-3 
 
 aoea; 
 
 1-294 
 
 6-6 
 
 1-319 
 
 11-6 
 
 1-344 
 
 17-6 
 
 
 369 
 
 24-8 
 
 
 
 1-295 
 
 6-8 
 
 1-320 
 
 11-8 
 
 1-345 
 
 17-9 
 
 1-370 
 
 25-1 
 
 
 
108 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 6. Selenium, is found by fusing a sample with potassium nitrate, 
 dissolving the mass in hydrochloric acid, and treating with sulphur 
 dioxide, which precipitates the selenium. 
 
 7. The degree of fineness of ground brimstone is estimated in 
 France by means of Chancel's sulphurimeter, i.e. a glass tube, 
 closed at one end, provided with a glass stopper at the other, and 
 graduated in 100 parts. In this, the ground brimstone is shaken 
 up for some time with pure, anhydrous ether, and after allowing 
 the tube to rest in a vertical position, the number of divisions 
 occupied by the brimstone is read oflf (degrees Chancel). 
 
 B. — Spent Oxide of Gas-works. See "Ooal-Gas.' 
 
 C. — Pyrites. 
 
 1. Moisture. — The ground pyrites is dried at 105° C. tiU the 
 weight remains constant. For the following tests the pyrites is 
 not employed in the dried state, but the finely ground average 
 sample, kept in a well-sealed bottle. Compare the Appendix as 
 to taking and reducing an average sample. 
 
 The analytical results are calculated for dry pyrites, for which 
 purpose a special estimation of moisture is made with the average 
 sample. 
 
 2. Sidphur (Lunge's method). — About 0"5 g. of pyrites is 
 treated with abOut 10 c.c. of a mixture of 3 vols, nitric acid 
 (specific gravity 1'4) and 1 vol. strong hydrochloric acid, both 
 ascertained to be absolutely free from sulphuric acid, due care 
 being taken to avoid all spurting. Quite exceptionally, the 
 separation of a little free sulphur will be observed ; if this takes 
 place, the sulphur must be oxidised by adding a little potassium 
 chlorate. Evaporate to dryness on a water-bath, add 5 c.c. 
 hydrochloric acid, evaporate once more (no nitrous fumes ought 
 to escape now), add 1 c.c. concentrated hydrochloric acid and 
 100 c.c. hot water, filter through a small filter, and wash with 
 hot water. The insoluble residue may be dried, ignited, and 
 weighed. It may contain, besides silicic acid and silicates, the 
 sulphates of barium, lead, and even calcium, the sulphur of which, 
 as being useless, is purposely neglected. The filtrate and washings 
 are saturated with ammonia, avoiding much excess and keeping 
 the liquid at 60°-70° for about ten or fifteen minutes before 
 filtration, but Twt boiling, till all the ammonia is expelled (in 
 which case the precipitate contains some basic sulphate). The 
 precipitated ferric hydroxide is filtered and washed. This can be 
 done in from half to one hour, by employing the following pre- 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 109 
 
 cautions : (1) Filter hot, and wasli on the filter with hot water, 
 avoiding channels in the mass, but so that the whole precipitate 
 is thoroughly churned up with the water each time (washing by 
 decantation would produce too great a bulk of liquid) ; (2) 
 employ sufficiently dense, but rapidly filtering paper; (3) use 
 funnels, made at an angle of exactly 60°, whose tube is not too 
 wide, and is completely filled by the liquid running through. A 
 filter pump may also be employed, with the usual precautions. 
 Wash till about 1 c.c. of the washings, on adding BaCl2, shows 
 no opalescence, even after a few minutes. (If there is any doubt 
 on this point, the complete absence of basic sulphates should be 
 investigated by drying the precipitated ferric hydroxide, fusing 
 it with pure sodium carbonate, and testing the aqueous solution 
 of the melt for sulphates.) 
 
 The filtrate and washings should not appreciably exceed 300 
 c.c, or else should be concentrated by evaporation. Acidulate 
 with pure hydrochloric acid in very slight excess, preferably by 
 adding acid till methyl orange is just reddened, and then adding 
 just 1 c.c. of strong HCl. Then heat to boiling, remove the 
 burner, and add a solution of BaClj, previously heated to boiling. 
 A large excess of BaClj must be decidedly avoided. For 0'5 g. 
 pyrites, 20 c.c. of a 10 per cent, solution of BaCl2 is always more 
 than sufficient. This is roughly measured off in a test-tube, pro- 
 vided with a mark, and heated in the same tube ; it is then 
 poured into the hot liquid all at once, not drop by drop. It is true 
 that this procedure will cause a little barium chloride to be carried 
 down along with the sulphate, but the error caused by this just 
 compensates the opposite error, caused by the slight solubility of 
 barium sulphate in the hot solution, containing free HCl and 
 ammonium chloride. 
 
 After precipitation the liquid is left to stand for half an hour, 
 when the precipitate should be completely settled. It is quite 
 unnecessary to wait for a longer time, as is sometimes prescribed ; 
 this is not merely a waste of time, but it unnecessarily retards the 
 work by the cooling of the liquid. Decant the clear portion as 
 carefully as possible through a filter, pour 100 c.c. boiling water 
 on the precipitate, and stir up. Wait two or three minutes, when 
 the liquid ought to have settled completely, and decant again. 
 Repeat the treatment with boiling water, and the decantation, 
 three or four times, till tha liquid ceases to give an acid reaction. 
 Wash the precipitate on to the filter, dry, and ignite. It should 
 be a perfectly white and loose powder. One part of it is equal to 
 0'13743 sulphur. 
 
 3. Copper. — The method employed at the Duisburg Copper 
 Works, in its most recent form, is as follows : — Of the powdered 
 pyrites, dried at 100° C, 5 g. is gradually dissolved in 60 c.c. of 
 nitric acid, spec. grav. 1'2, in a flask placed in a slanting position. 
 
no THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 When the first violent reaction is over, the flask is heated and the 
 evaporation continued until thick, white fames of sulphuric acid 
 escape. Dissolve the dry residue in 50 c.c. hydrochloric acid, spec, 
 grav. 1'19, add 2 g. sodium hypophosphite, dissolved in 5 c.c. 
 water, for the purpose of removing the arsenic and reducing the 
 ferric chloride, boil for some time, then add an excess of concen- 
 trated hydrochloric acid, diluted with about 300 c.c. hot water, 
 pass hydrogen sulphide into the liquid, separate the precipitate 
 from the liquid by filtration, and wash it well. Pierce the filter 
 paper with a glass rod, wash the precipitate back into th6 precipi- 
 tating flask, dissolve the sulphides adhering to the filter and the 
 principal portion of the precipitate by means of nitric acid, and 
 evaporate the contents of the flask to dryness on the water-bath. 
 Treat the residue with nitric acid and water, neutralise with 
 ammonia, and add sulphuric acid in slight excess. After the 
 liquid has cooled down, separate the clear liquid from the insoluble 
 lead sulphate, etc., wash out the flask and filter with water con- 
 taining a little sulphuric acid, add to the filtrate 3 to 8 c.c. nitric 
 acid, spec. grav. Vi, and precipitate the copper electrolytically. 
 From the ascertained percentage of copper deduct O'Ol per cent, 
 for bismuth and antimony. 
 
 4. Lead remains in the residue from the treatment with aqua 
 regia (No. 2) or nitric acid (No. 3), as lead sulphate. This is 
 extracted from the residue (preferably that from the nitric acid 
 treatment) by heating with a concentrated solution of ammonium 
 acetate. The solution is evaporated, with addition of a little 
 pure sulphuric acid, the evaporation completed in a porcelain 
 crucible, and the residue dried and ignited. One part PbS04 
 =0-6831 Pb. 
 
 5. Zinc is sometimes estimated in pyrites, because the sulphur 
 combined with it is hardly recoverable in the pyrites burners. 
 The following method (communicated to the author by Messrs 
 Hassreidter and Prost) should be employed in this case, in lieu of 
 Schaflher's method described subsequently for zinc blende, because 
 in the case of pyrites the presence of iron renders gravimetric 
 preferable to volumetric analysis : — Dissolve 1 g. pyrites in aqua 
 regia, as described on p. 108, expel the nitric acid, take up the 
 residue with about 20 c.c. concentrated hydrochloric acid, dilute 
 with water, treat the acid solution with HjS in order to precipi- 
 tate lead, etc., filter, expel the H2S from the filtrate by boiling, 
 and oxidise the liquid with aqua regia. When cooled down, add 
 ammonium carbonate until the precipitate formed redissolves 
 but slowly, then add ammonium acetate, boil for a short time, 
 and filter the liquid from the precipitated basic ferric sulphate. 
 As this contains a little zinc, dissolve it in hydrochloric acid, 
 precipitate it again as above, and repeat this treatment until no 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 111 
 
 more zinc is found in the filtrate. Hie united filtrates are 
 concentrated by evaporation. Then precipitate the zinc in the 
 hot solution by HaS, allow to stand for twenty-four hours, 
 pour off the clear liquid, filter, wash the ZnS, dissolve it (without 
 removing the filter) in dilute HCl, boil off the HjS, precipitate 
 with sodium carbonate, wash the ZnCOs, dry and ignite it. One 
 part ZnO=0'8034 Zn. For very accurate work the SiOa, FeaOs, 
 and AI2O3 retained in the ZnO should be estimated and deducted, 
 but this is very rarely necessary. 
 
 6. The Carbonates (of Ca, etc.) are sometimes estimated in 
 pyrites, because they convert a certain quantity of sulphur into 
 sulphate. Since their quantity is always small, the CO2 is 
 estimated directly by expelling with strong acids, and is easily 
 estimated gravimetrically by absorbing it in soda-lime, etc., 
 or, more accurately and quickly, by the volumetrical process of 
 Lunge and Rittener, which will be described later on in connection 
 with the analysis of carbonated spda liquors. 
 
 v. Arsenic. — Eeich's method, modified by M'Cay : — Decompose 
 0"5 g. pyrites by concentrated nitric acid in a porcelain crucible, 
 remove the free acid by evaporation, but not to complete dryness, 
 add 4 g. sodium carbonate, heat on the sand-bath untU the mass 
 is quite dry, add 4 g. potassium nitrate, and heat until the mass 
 has fused quietly for ten minutes. After cooling, wash it with 
 hot water, acidulate the filtered solution with a little nitric acid, 
 heat for some time till all CO2 is expelled, add silver nitrate, 
 and neutralise carefully with dilute ammonia. The precipitate 
 fornied contains all the arsenic as AggAsO^. Dissolve it in dilute 
 nitric acid, and either estimate the silver volumetricaUy by 
 ammonium thiocyanate (Volhard's method), or evaporate the 
 solution in a porcelain dish, dry, and weigh the residue. One 
 part Ag3As04= 0-1620 As, or 1 part Ag=0-2316 As. 
 
 D. — -Burnt Pyrites (Cinders). 
 
 1. Sulphur. — Mix exactly 2 g. sodium bicarbonate of known 
 alkalimetric value, in a nickel crucible of 20 or 30 c.c. capacity, 
 intimately with 3'207 g. of ground cinders, by means of a glass rod 
 flattened at the end. Heat the crucible by a small gas-flame, the 
 point of which reaches just to the bottom of the crucible for ten 
 minutes. Stir the mass up again, heat it again for fifteen minutes 
 by a stronger flame, but not to the fusing point. During the 
 heating the crucible should be covered, and no stirring should 
 take place during this time, to prevent the escaping CO2 from 
 carrying away any dust. Empty the contents of the crucible into 
 a porcelain dish, wash it out with water, add a concentrated 
 
112 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 solution of sodium chloride, free from magnesium chloride and 
 perfectly neutral (without this addition it is difficult to avoid 
 some ferric oxide passing through the filter later on), boil for ten 
 minutes, filter, wash the insoluble residue till there is no alkaline 
 reaction, allow the filtrate, etc., to cool down, and titrate it with 
 methyl orange and normal hydrochloric acid (1 c.c.=0'05300 
 NaaCOa, indicating 0'01604 S). If we call the number of c.c. of 
 the acid required by 2 g. bicarbonate = a, and the c.c. of acid 
 used for titrating =6, the percentage of sulphur in the cinders 
 
 corresponds to ^^— . 
 
 2. Copper is estimated as in fresh pyrites (p. 109), but the 
 solution of 1 g. of the sample is effected by hydrochloric acid with 
 only a few drops of nitric acid, and no deduction for Bi and Sb 
 is made from the electrolytically estimated Cu. 
 
 3. Iron. — Dissolve 0"5 cinders in concentrated hydrochloric 
 acid by prolonged heating ; reduce the boiling solution by zinc, 
 free from iron, or more conveniently by stannous chloride, the 
 excess of the latter being removed by a little mercuric chloride 
 solution ; pour the solution thus obtained into a half-litre of 
 water, to which about 2 g. manganous sulphate has been added, 
 and which has been just reddened by one or two drops of potas- 
 sium permanganate. Determine the iron by titrating with deci- 
 normal potassium permanganate, each c.c. of which indicates 
 0'005584 g., or in 0"5 g. cinders 1'117 per cent. Fe. 
 
 E. — Zinc Blende. 
 
 1. Total Sidphur. — Decompose 0"5 of the finely ground 
 sample by pure fuming nitric acid, cooling the beaker until 
 the first violent reaction is over, and add hydrochloric acid, drop 
 by drop, gently heating, until the decomposition is finished. 
 Eemove the iron by precipitation with ammonia, as in the case 
 of pyrites (p. 108), and precipitate the sulphate by adding the 
 requisite quantity of the dilute hot solution of barium chloride, 
 all at once, in which case the BaS04 remaining in solution is just 
 compensated by the BaCl2 carried down with the precipitate 
 (compare p. 109). 
 
 2. Zinc. — The following modification of Schaffner's method is 
 employed at the Rhenish and Belgian zinc works, as com- 
 municated to the author by Messrs Hassreidter and Frost : — Treat 
 2'5 g. of the finely ground blende (dried at 100° C.) in a 250 c.c. 
 Erlenmeyer flask with 12 c.c. fuming nitric acid, first without 
 heating, then heating gently until no more red vapours come off. 
 Add 20 to 25 c.c. concentrated hydrochloric acid, evaporate to 
 dryness on a sand-bath, dissolve in 5 c.c. hydrochloric acid and a 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 113 
 
 little water, heat for some time, add 50 or 60 c.c. water, and heat 
 to 60 or 70° C. until everything except gangue and sulphur has 
 passed into solution. Pass a moderate current of HjS into the 
 solution, and gradually add, with continuous stirring, 50 to 100 
 c.c. water, until all Pb and Cd have been precipitated. This will 
 be recognised by the fact that the bubbles of gas evolved are 
 transparent. _ Any excessive dilution or too much prolonged 
 treatment with HjS must be avoided. Filter and wash with 
 100 c.c. sulphuretted hydrogen water, to which 5 c.c. hydrochloric 
 acid has been added, until a drop of the filtrate gives no reaction 
 for zinc with ammonium sulphide. Boil the filtrate and washings 
 (together about 300 c.c.) in order to expel the HjS (test by 
 lead paper), and oxidise the ferrous salt by adding 5 c.c. concen- 
 trated nitric acid and 10 c.c. hydrochloric acid. When partially 
 cooled down, put the solution into a half -litre flask, add 100 c.c. 
 liquor ammonise (specific gravity 0*9 to 0'91) and 10 c.c. of a cold 
 saturated solution of ammonium carbonate, shake well and allow 
 to cool. This solution we call A. 
 
 In the meantime an ammoniacal zinc solution of known 
 strength, the "titre," is prepared by dissolving a quantity of 
 chemically pure zinc, approximately equal to that contained in 
 the ore, in another half -litre flask, in 5 c.c. nitric acid +20 c.c. 
 hydrochloric acid, adding 250 c.c. water, 100 c.c. liquor ammonise, 
 and 10 c.c. of ammonium carbonate solution, shaking up and 
 allowing to stand till cool. (If manganese be present, add 10 c.c. 
 hydrogen peroxide before adding the liquor ammonise.) This solu- 
 tion we call B. When all is cool, fill both flasks up to the mark, 
 and filter the solution A (made from the ore) through a dry pleated 
 filter. For the titration itself take from each of the solutions A 
 and B 100 c.c, run this into stout glass cylinders ("battery 
 glasses ") and dilute each with 200 c.c. water. The titration is 
 effected by a concentrated solution of commercial crystallised 
 sodium sulphide, diluted with ten or twenty times its volume of 
 water and indicating per c.c. 0*005 to O'OIO g. Zn. This solution is 
 placed in two 50 c.c. burettes, standing side by side, and is run by 
 turns into the zinc solutions A and B. At first 2 or 3 c.c. less 
 than is ultimately required is run in. Agitate the solutions and 
 place at the same time a drop of each, by means of a thin glass 
 rod, on to a strip of sensitive lead paper. After the action has 
 lasted fifteen or twenty seconds, blow away the drops by means of 
 a small wash-bottle and continue the addition of NajS, until both 
 drops, after acting for the same time, produce a slight but distinct 
 brownish colour of the same intensity. If too much liquid has 
 been used in these drop tests, the titration must be repeated 
 once or twice ; at all events, the final reaction must take place 
 equally in both glasses, and the readings must be accurate to 
 0-05 C.C. 
 
 ' If we call the quantity of pure zinc weighed out as ".titre " 
 
 H 
 
114 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 a, that of the c.c. sodium sulphide solution used for the " titre " 
 
 b, and the c.c. used for 100 c.c. of the ore solution (=0'5 g. ore) 
 
 c, the expression — ; — gives the percentage of zinc in the ore. 
 
 6 
 
 For exact estimations, a quantity of ferric chloride, equal to 
 the content of iron in the ore, is added to the " titre," in order to 
 meet the objection that the ferric hydroxide may carry down a 
 little zinc. 
 
 Some blendes, containing a large proportion of silicates, obstin- 
 ately resist the ordinary meuiods of testing (Jensch, Zsch.f. angew. 
 Chem., 1894, p. 155). 
 
 3. Lead. — The sulphides precipitated in No. 2 are, if necessary, 
 digested with a concentrated solution of sodium sulphide ; then 
 dilute, filter, wash the residue, dissolve it (together with the filter) 
 in nitric acid (sp. gr. 1"20), filter, add an excess of sulphuric acid, 
 evaporate to dryness, and weigh the lead as sulphate. One part 
 PbSO4=0-6831 Pb. 
 
 4. Lime and Magnesia are estimated, because they form 
 sulphates in the roasting process. Digest 2"5 g. blende with 
 50 c.c. dilute sulphuric acid (1 : 10), with application of heat, 
 decant the clear portion ; repeat this treatment once or twice, 
 wash the residue, expel the HgS from the filtrates by boiling, 
 oxidise with bromine water, precipitate with ammonium carbonate, 
 and in the filtrate precipitate first the calcium by ammonium 
 oxalate (weigh this as CaO after strongly igniting), and in the 
 filtrate from this the magnesium by ammonium phosphate (com- 
 pare p. 148). 
 
 5. Arsenic is estimated as described on p. 111. 
 
 6. Car6(»i.2)ioa;idemaybeestimatedasinpyrites,p. 111. This 
 is useful, even when CaO and MgO are estimated, since blende 
 contains sometimes ferrous and zinc carbonate. 
 
 7. Available Svlphur. — From the total sulphur found in No. 1 
 (p. 112) deduct : 
 
 For each part of Pb found in No. 3, 0-1550 part. 
 CaO „ „ 4, 0-5715 „ 
 
 MgO „ „ 4, 0-7944 „ 
 
 The remainder indicates the sulphur available for the manufac- 
 ture of sulphuric acid. The S of BaSO^, etc., remains in the 
 residue from the dissolving process. 
 
 P. — Cinders from Blende. 
 
 1. Sulphur (according to Lunge and Stierlin, Zsch.f. angew. 
 Chemt, 1906, p. 26). — The process is carried out as described for 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 115 
 
 pyrites cinders on p. Ill, but 2 g. ground potassium chlorate is 
 added to the mixture. The bottom of the crucible should finally 
 be at a red heat, but the contents should merely frit together, 
 not fuse entirely. The crucible must be covered during the heat- 
 ing, and its contents must not be stirred up. The calculation is 
 
 as on p. 112 — that is, the percentage of S= ^^— . 
 
 An addition of potassium chlorate is already required in the 
 case of cinders from iron pyrites containing much zinc. In case 
 the cinders contain upwards of 6 per cent. S, the mixture should 
 be : 1-603 g. cinders, 2-000 NaHCOs, 4-0 KCIO3, 2-3 ferric oxide 
 (free from S). The percentage of sulphur is then =11 -6, where 
 a is the c.c. of normal acid corresponding to the 2-000 bicarbonate, 
 6 the c.c. of acid required for titration after the heating. 
 
 This process is also applicable to fresh (unroasted) blende, by 
 using the following mixture : 0-3207 g. blende, 2-000 NaHCOs, 
 2KCIO3, 2Fe203 ; percentage of S = 5 (a - 6). 
 
 A crude test is made by the foreman at the works, in this 
 manner : he hfeats a sample of the cinders with 10 c.c. hydro- 
 chloric acid (1 : 2 water) m a flask, holding in its neck a strip of 
 paper soaked in a neutral or faintly alkaline solution of lead 
 acetate, and he judges of the more or less complete state of roast- 
 ing by the depth of the brown colour developed on the paper. 
 
 2. Zinc, as on p. 110. 
 
 Gr. — Gases. 
 
 I. Chamber Process. 
 
 1. Burner Gases. — (a) SO2 is estimated by Reich's method. 
 The gas is aspirated through a solution of iodine, contained in a 
 wide-necked 200 c.c. bottle, and coloured blue by starch solution, 
 till the colour is just discharged. This bottle is connected with a 
 larger bottle, converted into an aspirator by having a tap near the 
 bottom, or by a siphon with a pinchcock. Water is run from 
 this into a graduated 250 c.c. jar. The iodine bottle is shaken up 
 during the aspiration, and at the moment when the colour is 
 discharged, the tap of the aspirator is closed and the volume of 
 water in the jar is read off. It is equal to the volume of the 
 water run out, increased by that of the SO2 absorbed. The absorb- 
 ing-bottle is charged with 10 c.c. of a decinormal solution of 
 iodine (12-692 g. iodine per litre, preparation and valuation in the 
 Appendix), along with about 50 c.c. of water, a little starch solu- 
 tion, and a little sodium bicarbonate. The above quantity of 
 iodine is = 0-03207 g. SO2 = 10'95 c.c. at 0° C. and a pressure of 
 760 mm. The latter figure, multiplied by 100 and divided by 
 10'95 c.c. -I- the volume of the water run out, yields the percentage 
 of SO2 in the gas by volume. 
 
116 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 This calculation is saved by the following table, in which the 
 10'95 c.c. are taken into account. 
 
 c.c. Water in the 
 
 Per cent. SO2 
 
 c.c 
 
 Water in the 
 
 Per cent. 80; 
 
 Measuring Jar. 
 
 by Volume. 
 
 Measuring Jar. 
 
 by 
 
 Volume. 
 
 80-3 
 
 12-0 
 
 
 126-0 
 
 
 8-0 
 
 84-3 
 
 11-5 
 
 
 135-1 
 
 
 7-5 
 
 88-6 
 
 11-0 
 
 
 145-5 
 
 
 7-0 
 
 93-4 
 
 10-5 
 
 
 157-6 
 
 
 6-6 
 
 98-6 
 
 10-0 
 
 
 171-6 
 
 
 6-0 
 
 104-4 
 
 9-5 
 
 
 188-2 
 
 
 5-5 
 
 110-3 
 
 9-0 
 
 
 208-1 
 
 
 5-0 
 
 117-9 
 
 8-5 
 
 
 
 
 
 In this no notice is taken of temperature and barometer. If 
 these are to be observfed, the volume read off is reduced to 0° and 
 760 mm. by the Tables 20 and 21, and then looked up in the above 
 table. 
 
 (6) Since Reich's test takes no account of the SO,, always 
 present in burner gases, it is preferable to estimate the total 
 acids (SO2+SO3), either along with the test (a) or exclusively. 
 This is performed in the same apparatus, but the absorbing- 
 bottle is preferably provided with a gas entrance tube, closed at 
 the bottom and perforated by numerous pinholes, through which 
 the gas issues in small bubbles. The gas is passed through a 
 solution of decinormal sodium hydroxide, coloured by phenol- 
 phthalein, untU the colour is just discharged. The calculation is 
 made as for pure SO2, employing the table given in (a) (Lunge, 
 Zseh.f. angew. Chem., 1890, p. 563). 
 
 In both cases — (a) and (6) — an error is sometimes caused by 
 arsenions oxide collecting in the aspirating tube ; this is avoided 
 by filtering the gases through asbestos. 
 
 2. Chamber Gases. — In these, svlphur dioxide and nitrom 
 gases are estimated (as described by Raschig, Zsch. angew. Chem., 
 1909, xxii., p. 1182) by means of a Reich apparatus (p. 115), 
 charged with 10 c.c. decinormal iodine solution, '100 c.c. water, 
 a little starch solution, and 10 c.c. of a cold saturated solution of 
 sodium acetate. The estimation is performed as described on 
 p. 115, taking care that no droplets of sulphuric acid get into the 
 iodine solution, which is effected by passing the chamber gases 
 through glass wool. The calculation of SO2 is effected as 
 described supra. In order to estimate the nitrous gases, add, 
 after estimating the SO2, a drop of phenolphthalein solution 
 to the decolorised solution, and titrate with decinormal caustic 
 soda solution up to the appearance of a red colour. From the 
 number of c.c. used deduct 10 c.c. for the hydriodic acid and 
 10 c.c. for the sulphuric acid formed, according to the equation : 
 S02+J2+2H30 = H2S04+2HJ. The c.c. of decinormal soda 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 117 
 
 solution, used over and above these 20 c.c, indicate nitric or 
 nitrous acid. 
 
 3. Chamber Exit Gases. — (a) Oxygen. Before estimating this, 
 the acids are removed from the gas by washing with a solution of 
 potassium or sodium hydroxide. Single samples can be takeu at 
 odd times during the day, but it is recommended to take an 
 average sample for the whole day, by aspirating at least 10 or 20 
 litres of gas, and analysing a portion of this. The estimation of 
 oxygen is best made by moist phosphorus in an Orsat apparatus 
 (p. 95^ with two absorbing tubes, one of which is filled with 
 potassium hydroxide solution for removing the acids, the other 
 with small pieces of phosphorus. The manipulation is exactly as 
 in testing flue gases, but it should be observed that the tempera- 
 ture must be at least 16°, better 18° C, otherwise the tube must be 
 warmed a little. 
 
 (b) Sulphur amd Nitnrogen Acids. — The different acid com- 
 pounds of sulphur and nitrogen are estimated together, whatever 
 their degree of oxidation. The following methods agree in the 
 main with those published by the British Alkali Makers' Associa- 
 tion in 1878, but are improved in some analytical details. A con- 
 tinuous test over twenty-four hours is taken of the gases escaping 
 from the exit pipes of the Gay-Lussac towers, aspirating at least 
 one cubic foot per hour by means of any aspirator acting at a 
 constant rate and recording the volume of gas=V by means of 
 gauging the aspirator or by a gas meter. The volume V is reduced 
 to 0° C. and 760 mm. pressure ( = 32° F. and 29-92 inches*) by the 
 Tables 20 and 21, and is called V^. In order to allow comparisons, 
 the number of cubic feet of chamber space per pound of sulphur, 
 burnt and passing into the chambers is recorded, excluding towers, 
 but including tunnels, the amount of sulphur being taken by the 
 weekly average, each firm to state the distance of the testing hole 
 from the point at which the gases leave the Gay-Lussac towers. 
 The absorption apparatus consists of four bottles or tubes, con- 
 taining not less then 100 c.c. of absorbing liquid each, with a 
 depth of at least 3 in. in each bottle, the aperture of inlet tubes 
 not to exceed -^ in. in diameter, and to be measured by a standard 
 wire. The first three bottles each contain 100 c.c. of normal 
 caustic soda solution (Sl'OO g. per litre), the fourth 100 c.c. dis- 
 tilled water. The caustic soda used must be free from nitrogen 
 acids. The gases are tested (1) for total acidity, stated in grains 
 of SO3 per cubic foot of gas, or in grams per cubic metre; 
 (2) sulphur acids ; (3) nitrogen acids, both stated in grains of 
 S and N per cubic foot (or grams per cubic metre). The 
 analysis is carried out as follows : — The contents of the four 
 
 * The law prescribes the cubic feefc to be measured at 60° F. and 30 inches, which 
 necessitates the use of other tables or factors than those mentioned in the text, but the 
 difference is hardly perceptible, and certainly within the limits of experimental error. 
 
118 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 bottles are united, taking care not to unnecessarily augment the 
 bulk of the liquids, and are divided into three equal parts,_one of 
 which is reserved for accidents, etc. The first part is titrated 
 with normal sulphuric acid (49'04 g. SO4H2 per litre), to ascertain 
 total acidity. The number of cubic centimetres of acid necessary 
 for neutralisation is called x. The second part of the liquid is 
 gradually poured into a warm solution of potassium permanganate, 
 strongly acidified with pure sulphuric acid. A small excess of 
 permanganate must be present, and must be afterwards reduced by 
 the addition of a few drops of sulphurous acid solution, until 
 only a faint red tint is visible. Now all nitrogen acids are present 
 as HNO3, but no excess of SO2. The HNO3 is estimated by its 
 action on FeS04. Twenty-five c.c. of a solution, containing per 
 litre 100 g. crystallised ferrous sulphate and 100 c.c. pure sulphuric 
 acid (the same solution which is used for estimating MnOj, p. 
 156) are put into a flask, 20 c.c. to 25 c.c. pure concentrated 
 sulphuric acid is added, the mixture is allowed to cool, and the 
 other mixture, treated with permanganate, etc., is added. The 
 flask is closed by a cork with glass tubes. A current of CO2 
 passes through and issues beneath the surface of some water, to 
 prevent entrance of air. First, all the air is expelled in this way 
 by means of an apparatus giving a constant current of CO2 ; 
 then the solutions are introduced, and the contents of the flask 
 are heated to boiling, till the dark colour produced by the forma- 
 tion of NO has changed to a clear light yellow. This takes from 
 a quarter of an hour to one hour, according ta the quantity of 
 NO3H, present and that of the sulphuric acid added. The 
 unoxidised ferrous sulphate is titrated by a seminormal perman- 
 ganate solution (yielding 0*004 g. oxygen per cubic centimetre — 
 compare Appendix). _ The cubic centimetre used=iy. Since the 
 titre of the iron solution changes somewhat quickly, it should be 
 tested daily by taking out 25 c.c. with the same pipette as is used 
 for the above operation, and ascertaining the amount of perman- 
 ganate required for oxidising it=z c.c. The data required are 
 found by the following equations : — 
 
 1. Tuiai /icidilT/ in grams per 1. Total jlctdtii/ in grains per 
 
 cubic metre = cubic foot = 
 
 „„_ 0-120(100-3!) _ 1-852(100-2!) 
 
 OU3 — :yj &U3 — yl 
 
 2. Sulphwr in grams per cubic 2. Sulphur in grains per cubic 
 
 metre = foot = 
 
 _ 0-008(600-6j!-z-l-y) - _ 0-12346(600-6a!-z+y) 
 
 8. Nitrogen, in grams per cubic 8. Nitrogen in grains per cubic 
 metre = foot = 
 
 „ _ 0-00 7 (z-y) „ _ 0-10803(z-y) 
 
 " ~ yi yi 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 119 
 
 The legal limit for total acidity in the lead-chamber process 
 is 4 grains of SO3 per cubic foot, before admixture with air, 
 smoke, or other gases ; for the contact process, the " best practi- 
 cable means " are to be adopted.* 
 
 For the purposes of the Alkali Act, it is suflScient, in lieu of the 
 above process, to estimate toted acidity only by the test describedon 
 p. 118, employing decinormal soda solution and phenolphthalein. 
 
 (c) Nitric Oxide (NO) may be present in the exit gases after 
 passing through the absorbing-bottles. If it is to be estimated, 
 an absorption-tube (Fig. 8) t is interposed between the tubes of 
 the apparatus described above and the aspirator. This tube con- 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 Fig. S. 
 
 tains 30 c.c. of seminormal permanganate and 1 c.c. of sulphuric 
 acid, specific gravity 1'25. The gas is passed through for twenty- 
 four hours, and the tube then emptied and washed out. Now add 
 50 c.c. ferrous sulphate solution, corresponding to 2 z perman- 
 ganate (compare last paragraph), and retitrate the decolorised 
 liquid with permanganate. The quantity of the latter now used is 
 called M. The NO has consumed (30-1- m-Ss) c.c. permanganate, 
 which is equal — 
 
 In grams of nitrogen per cubic In grains of nitrogen per cubic 
 
 metre of the volume VI. foot. 
 
 _ 0-007 (30 -t-K- 22) _ 0-10803 (30 -I- m-2z ) 
 
 II. Contact Process. 
 
 1. The Untering Gases are analysed like those of the Chamber 
 Process (p. 115). 
 
 2. The Catalysed Gases are passed through a measured quantity 
 of iodine solution, and then through a vessel containing thio- 
 sulphate solution. The non-consumed iodine is retitrated by 
 thiosulphate, and the total acidity is a,scertained by baryta 
 solution or by decinormal soda solution, with phenolphthalein as 
 
 » Alkali Act, 1906. 
 
 t This shape of bulb-tubes has been found to be far superior to any other form of 
 absorption-tubes tried. 
 
120 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 indicator, making the same deduction as prescribed in the Reich- 
 Easchig method (p. 116). If the c.c. of 1/10 iV iodine solution 
 consumed are designated by a, and those of 1/10 TV soda solution 
 (or baryta solution) by 6, the formula a; = 0"003207a indicates the 
 quantity of non-catalysed SO2, and i/=0'004 {b-2a) that of the 
 SO3, formed. The yield of SO3 in volume per cent, is shown by 
 the formula : — 
 
 (6-2o)100 
 
 H. — Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 1. Specific Gravity. — The specific gravity tables of sulphuric 
 acid refer, of course, to chemically pure acid. Since, in the case of 
 high-grade acids, the impurities alv^ays present in commercial acids 
 quite sensibly increase the specific gravity, the table in the case 
 of acids over 90 per cent. H2SO4 should only be employed for the 
 private use of the works, but sales should always be effected on the 
 basis of a real analysis, as described later on under No. 9, p. 135. 
 
 The following table is based on that which the author 
 formerly worked out from a series of very careful investigations, 
 carried on with Isler and Naef ; some corrections introduced by 
 the Imperial German Standards Commission are incorporated. 
 
 It should be noted that the highest percentages show lower 
 specific gravities than those just below, the maximum being at 
 99"35 per cent. H2SO4. 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 
 
 121 
 
 1. SPBOIFIC GRAVITY OP SULPHURIC ACID 
 AT 60° P. 
 
 
 
 100 parts 
 
 by weight 
 
 
 1 Cubic Foot of Acid 
 
 Speciac 
 
 Degrees 
 
 contain 
 
 Kilo per 
 litie. 
 
 60- 
 
 P. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Twaddell. 
 
 80s. 
 
 HaS04. 
 
 HaSOi. 
 
 Weighs 
 lbs. avoir. 
 
 Contains 
 
 lbs. avoir. 
 
 H2SO4. 
 
 1-200 
 
 40 
 
 22-30 
 
 27-32 
 
 0-328 
 
 74-82 
 
 20-44 
 
 1-205 • 
 
 41 
 
 22-82 
 
 27-95 
 
 0-337 
 
 75-14 
 
 21-00 
 
 1-210 
 
 42 
 
 23-33 
 
 28-58 
 
 0-346 
 
 75-45 
 
 21-57 
 
 1-215 
 
 43 
 
 23-84 
 
 29-21 
 
 0-355 
 
 75-76 
 
 22-14 
 
 1-220 
 
 44 
 
 24-36 
 
 29-84 
 
 0-364 
 
 76-07 
 
 22-71 
 
 1-225 
 
 45 
 
 24-88 
 
 30-48 
 
 0-373 
 
 76-38 
 
 23-28 
 
 1-2315 
 
 46 
 
 25-39 
 
 31-11 
 
 0-382 
 
 76-69 
 
 23-85 
 
 1-235 
 
 47 
 
 25-88 
 
 31-70 
 
 0-391 
 
 77-00 
 
 24-41 
 
 1-240 
 
 48 
 
 26-35 
 
 32-28 
 
 0-400 
 
 77-32 
 
 24-97 
 
 1-245 
 
 49 
 
 26-83 
 
 32-86 
 
 0-409 
 
 77-63 
 
 25-54 
 
 1-250 
 
 50 
 
 27-29 
 
 33-43 
 
 0-418 
 
 77-94 
 
 26-10 
 
 1-255 
 
 51 
 
 27-76 
 
 34-00 
 
 0-426 
 
 78-25 
 
 26-66 
 
 1-260 
 
 52 
 
 28-22 
 
 34-57 
 
 0-435 
 
 78-56 
 
 27-23 
 
 1-265 
 
 53 
 
 28-69 
 
 35-14 
 
 0-444 
 
 78-87 
 
 27-79 
 
 1-270 
 
 54 
 
 29-15 
 
 35-71 
 
 0-454 
 
 79-19 
 
 28-35 
 
 1-275 
 
 55 
 
 29-62 
 
 36-29 
 
 0-462 
 
 79-50 
 
 28-92 
 
 1-280 
 
 66 
 
 30-10 
 
 36-87 
 
 0-472 
 
 79-81 
 
 29-48 
 
 1-285 
 
 57 
 
 30-57 
 
 37-45 
 
 0-481 
 
 80-12 
 
 30-04 
 
 1-290 
 
 58 
 
 31-04 
 
 38-03 
 
 0-490 
 
 80-43 
 
 30-60 
 
 1-295 
 
 59 
 
 31-52 
 
 38-61 
 
 0-500 
 
 80-74 
 
 31-17 
 
 1-300 
 
 60 
 
 31-99 
 
 39-19 
 
 0-510 
 
 81-06 
 
 31-74 
 
 1-305 
 
 61 
 
 32-46 
 
 39-77 
 
 0-519 
 
 81-37 
 
 32-32 
 
 1-310 
 
 62 
 
 32-94 
 
 40-35 
 
 0-529 
 
 81-68 
 
 32-89 
 
 1-315 
 
 63 
 
 33-41 
 
 40-93 
 
 0-538 
 
 81-99 
 
 33-46 
 
 1-320 
 
 64 
 
 33-88 
 
 41-50 
 
 0-548 
 
 82-30 
 
 34-03 
 
 1-325 
 
 65 
 
 34-35 
 
 42-08 
 
 0-657 
 
 82-62 
 
 34-60 
 
 1-330 
 
 66 
 
 34-80 
 
 42-66 ' 
 
 0-567 
 
 82-93 
 
 35-18 
 
 1-335 
 
 67 
 
 35-27 
 
 43-20 
 
 0-577 
 
 83-24 
 
 35-79 
 
 1-340 
 
 68 
 
 35-71 
 
 43-74 
 
 0-586 
 
 83-65 
 
 36-40 
 
 1-345 
 
 69 
 
 36-14 
 
 44-28 
 
 0-696 
 
 83-86 
 
 37-01 
 
 1-350 
 
 70 
 
 36-58 
 % 
 
 44-82 
 
 0-605 
 
 84-17 
 
 37-63 
 
122 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 SPBOIPIO GRAVITY OP SULPHTTRIO AGIO— Contimied. 
 
 
 
 100 parts 
 
 by weight 
 
 
 1 Cubic Foot of Acid 
 
 
 
 contain 
 
 Kilo per 
 
 60' 
 
 F. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Degrees 
 
 
 
 litre. 
 
 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Twaddell. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Contains 
 
 
 
 SO3. 
 
 H2SO4. 
 
 H2SO4. 
 
 ■ffeigbs 
 lbs. avoir. 
 
 lbs. avoir. 
 H2SO4. 
 
 1-355 
 
 71 
 
 37-02 
 
 45-35 
 
 0-614 
 
 84-49 
 
 38-24 
 
 1-360 
 
 72 
 
 37-45 
 
 45-88 
 
 0-624 
 
 84-80 
 
 38-85 
 
 1-365 
 
 73 
 
 37-89 
 
 46-41 
 
 0-633 
 
 85-11 
 
 39-46 
 
 1-370 
 
 74 
 
 38-32 
 
 46-94 
 
 0-643 
 
 85-42 
 
 40-07 
 
 1-375 
 
 75 
 
 38-75 
 
 47-47 
 
 0-653 
 
 85-73 
 
 40-68 
 
 1-380 
 
 76 
 
 39-18 
 
 48-00 
 
 0-662 
 
 86-04 
 
 41-29 
 
 1-385 
 
 77 
 
 39-62 
 
 48-53 
 
 0-672 
 
 86-36 
 
 41-91 
 
 1-390 
 
 78 
 
 40-05 
 
 49-06 
 
 0-682 
 
 86-67 
 
 42-52 
 
 1-395 
 
 79 
 
 40-48 
 
 49-59 
 
 0-692 
 
 86-98 
 
 43-13 
 
 1-400 
 
 80 
 
 40-91 
 
 50-11 
 
 0-702 
 
 87-29 
 
 43-74 
 
 1-405 
 
 81 
 
 41-33 
 
 50-63 
 
 0-711 
 
 87-60 
 
 44-36 
 
 1-410 
 
 82 
 
 41-76 
 
 51-15 
 
 0-721 
 
 87-92 
 
 44-97 
 
 1-415 
 
 83 
 
 42-17 
 
 51-66 
 
 0-730 
 
 88-23 
 
 45-58 
 
 1-420 
 
 84 
 
 42-57 
 
 52-15 
 
 0-740 
 
 88-54 
 
 46-18 
 
 1-425 
 
 85 
 
 42-96 
 
 52-63 
 
 0-750 
 
 88-85 
 
 46-78 
 
 1-430 
 
 86 
 
 43-36 
 
 53-11 
 
 0-759 
 
 "89-16 
 
 47-38 
 
 1-435 
 
 87 
 
 43-75 
 
 53-59 
 
 0-769 
 
 89-47 
 
 47-99 
 
 1-440 
 
 88 
 
 44-14 
 
 54-07 
 
 0-779 
 
 89-79 
 
 48-59 
 
 1-445 
 
 89 
 
 44-53 
 
 54-55 
 
 0-789 
 
 90-10 
 
 49-19 
 
 1-450 
 
 90 
 
 44-92 
 
 55-03 
 
 0-798 
 
 90-41 
 
 49-79 
 
 1-455 
 
 91 
 
 45-31 
 
 65-50 
 
 0-808 
 
 90-72 
 
 50-39 
 
 1-460 
 
 92 
 
 45-69 
 
 55-97 
 
 0-817 
 
 91-03 
 
 50-99 
 
 1-465 
 
 93 
 
 46-07 
 
 56-43 
 
 0-827 
 
 91-35 
 
 51-59 
 
 1-470 
 
 94 
 
 46-45 
 
 56-90 
 
 0-837 
 
 91-66 
 
 52-19 
 
 1-475 
 
 95 
 
 46-83 
 
 57-37 
 
 0-846 
 
 91-97 
 
 52-79 
 
 1-480 
 
 96 
 
 47-21 
 
 57-83 
 
 0-856 
 
 92-28 
 
 53-39 
 
 1-485 
 
 97 
 
 47-57 
 
 58-28 
 
 0-866 
 
 92-59 
 
 64-00 
 
 1-490 
 
 98 
 
 47-95 
 
 58-74 
 
 0-876 
 
 92-90 
 
 64-60 
 
 1-495 
 
 99 
 
 48-34 
 
 •59-22 
 
 0-886 
 
 93-22 
 
 65-20 
 
 1-500 
 
 100 
 
 48-73 
 
 59-70 
 
 0-896 
 
 93-53 
 
 55-84 
 
 1-505 
 
 101 
 
 49-12 
 
 60-18 
 
 0-906 
 
 93-84 
 
 56-47 
 
 1-510 
 
 102 
 
 49-51 
 
 60-65 
 
 0-916 
 
 94-15 
 
 57-10 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 123 
 
 SPBOIPIO GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID— Oontinmd. 
 
 
 
 100 parts by weight 
 
 
 1 Cubic Foot of Acid 
 
 
 Degrees 
 
 contain 
 
 Kilo per 
 litre. 
 
 00- 
 
 F. 
 
 Specific 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 TwaddeU. 
 
 
 
 
 
 rjnntains 
 
 
 
 SO3. 
 
 H2SO4. 
 
 HaS04. 
 
 Weigbs 
 lbs. avoir. 
 
 lbs. avoir. 
 H2SO4. 
 
 1-515 
 
 103 
 
 49-89 
 
 61-12 
 
 0-926 
 
 94-46 
 
 57-73 
 
 1-520 
 
 104 
 
 50-28 
 
 61-59 
 
 0-936 
 
 94-77 
 
 58-36 
 
 1-525 
 
 105 
 
 50-66 
 
 62-06 
 
 0-946 
 
 95-09 
 
 59-00 
 
 1'530 
 
 106 
 
 51-04 
 
 62-53 
 
 0-957 
 
 95-40 
 
 59-62 
 
 1-535 
 
 107 
 
 51-43 
 
 63-00 
 
 0-967 
 
 95-71 
 
 60-26 
 
 1-540 
 
 108 
 
 51-78 
 
 63-43 
 
 0-977 
 
 96-02 
 
 60-89 
 
 1-545 
 
 109 
 
 52-12 
 
 63-85 
 
 0-987 
 
 96-33 
 
 61-52 
 
 1-550 
 
 110 
 
 52-46 
 
 64-26 
 
 0-996 
 
 96-65 
 
 62-15 
 
 1-555 
 
 111 
 
 52-79 
 
 64-67 
 
 1-006 
 
 96-96 
 
 62-78 
 
 1-560 
 
 112 
 
 53-22 
 
 65-20 
 
 1-017 
 
 97-27 
 
 63-49 
 
 1-565 
 
 113 
 
 53-59 
 
 65-65 
 
 1-027 
 
 97-58 
 
 64-10 
 
 1-570 
 
 114 
 
 53-95 
 
 66-09 
 
 1-038 
 
 97-89 
 
 64-79 
 
 1-575 
 
 115 
 
 54-32 
 
 66-53 
 
 1-048 
 
 98-20 
 
 65-42 
 
 1-580 
 
 116 
 
 54-65 
 
 66-95 
 
 1-058 
 
 98-52 
 
 66-04 
 
 1-585 
 
 117 
 
 55-03 
 
 67-40 
 
 1-068 
 
 98-83 
 
 66-67 
 
 1-590 
 
 118 
 
 55-37 
 
 67-83 
 
 1-078 
 
 99-14 
 
 67-77 
 
 1-595 
 
 119 
 
 55-73 
 
 68-26 
 
 1-089 
 
 99-45 
 
 67-96 
 
 1-600 
 
 120 
 
 56-09 
 
 68-70 
 
 1-099 
 
 99-76 
 
 68-60 
 
 1-605 
 
 121 
 
 56-44 
 
 69-13 
 
 1-110 
 
 100-07 
 
 69-29 
 
 1-610 
 
 122 
 
 56-79 
 
 69-56 
 
 1-120 
 
 100-39 
 
 69-92 
 
 1-615 
 
 123 
 
 57-15 
 
 70-00 
 
 1-131 
 
 100-70 
 
 70-60 
 
 1-620 
 
 124 
 
 57-49 
 
 70-42 
 
 1-141 
 
 101-01 
 
 71-20 
 
 1-625 
 
 125 
 
 57-84 
 
 70-85 
 
 1-151 
 
 101-32 
 
 71-85 
 
 1-630 
 
 126 
 
 58-18 
 
 71-27 
 
 1-162 
 
 101-64 
 
 72-54 
 
 1-635 
 
 127 
 
 58-53 
 
 71-70 
 
 1-172 
 
 101-95 
 
 73-16 
 
 1-640 
 
 128 
 
 58-88 
 
 72-12 
 
 1-182 
 
 102-26 
 
 73-79 
 
 1-645 
 
 129 
 
 59-22 
 
 72-55 
 
 1-193 
 
 102-57 
 
 74-47 
 
 1-650 
 
 130 
 
 59-67 
 
 72-96 
 
 1-204 
 
 102-88 
 
 75-16 
 
 1-655 
 
 131 
 
 59-92 
 
 73-40 
 
 1-215 
 
 103-19 
 
 75-84 
 
 1-660 
 
 132 
 
 60-26 
 
 73-81 
 
 1-225 
 
 103-50 
 
 76-47 
 
 1-665 
 
 133 
 
 60-60 
 
 74-24 
 
 1-236 
 
 103-82 
 
 77-16 
 
124 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 SPBCIFIO GRAVITY OF SULPHURIC ACID—ContimMd. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 Degrees 
 Twaddell. 
 
 100 parts by weight 
 contain 
 
 Kilo per 
 litre. 
 
 HjS04. 
 
 1 Cubic Foot of Acid 
 60' F. 
 
 SO3. 
 
 H2SO4. 
 
 Weiglis 
 lbs. avoir. 
 
 Contains 
 
 lbs. avoir. 
 
 H2SO4. 
 
 1-670 
 1-675 
 
 134 
 135 
 
 60-95 
 61-29 
 
 74-66 
 75-08 
 
 1-246 
 1-259 
 
 104-13 
 104-44 
 
 77-78 
 78-59 
 
 1-680 
 1-685 
 1-690 
 1-695 
 1-700 
 
 136 
 137 
 138 
 139 
 140 
 
 61-63 
 61-93 
 62-29 
 62-64 
 63-00 
 
 75-50 
 75-86 
 76-30 
 76-73 
 77-17 
 
 1-268 
 1-278 
 1-289 
 1-301 
 1-312 
 
 104-75 
 105-07 
 105-38 
 105-69 
 106-00 
 
 79-16 
 80-12 
 80-81 
 81-51 
 82-21 
 
 1-705 
 1-710 
 1-715 . 
 1-720 
 1-725 
 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 144 
 145 
 
 63-35 
 63-70 
 64-07 
 64-43 
 64-78 
 
 77-60 
 78-04 
 78-48 
 78-92 
 79-36 
 
 1-323 
 1-334 
 1-346 
 1-357 
 1-369 
 
 106-31 
 106-62 
 106-94 
 107-25 
 107-56 
 
 82-90 
 83-60 
 84-29 
 84-99 
 85-69 
 
 1-730 
 1-735 
 1-740 
 1-745 
 1-750 
 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 150 
 
 65-14 
 65-50 
 65-86 
 66-22 
 66-58 
 
 79-80 
 80-24 
 80-68 
 81-12 
 81-56 
 
 1-381 
 1-392 
 1-404 
 1-416 
 1-427 
 
 107-87 
 108-18 
 108-49 
 108-80 
 109-12 
 
 86-38 
 87-08 
 87-77 
 88-47 
 89-17 
 
 1-755 
 1-760 
 1-765 
 1-770 
 
 1-775 
 
 151 
 152 
 153 
 154 
 155 
 
 66-94 
 67-30 
 67-76 
 68-17 
 68-60 ^ 
 
 82-00 
 82-44 
 83-01 
 83-41 
 84-02 
 
 1-439 
 1-451 
 1-465 
 1-478 
 1-491 
 
 109-43 
 109-74 
 110-05 
 110-36 
 110-68 
 
 89-86 
 90-56 
 91-45 
 92-26 
 93-07 
 
 1-780 
 1-785 
 1-790 
 1-795 
 1-800 
 
 156 
 157 
 158 
 159 
 160 
 
 68-98 
 69-47 
 69-96 
 
 70-45 
 70-96 
 
 84-50 
 85-10 
 85-70 
 86-30 
 86-92 
 
 1-504 
 1-519 
 1-534 
 1-549 
 1-565 
 
 110-99 
 111-30 
 111-61 
 111-92 
 112-23 
 
 93-81 
 94-74 
 95-67 
 96-60 
 97-69 
 
 1-805 
 1-810 
 1-815 
 
 161 
 162 
 163 
 
 71-50 • 
 
 72-08 
 
 72-69 
 
 87-60 
 88-30 
 89-05 
 
 1-581 
 1-598 
 1-621 
 
 112-67 
 112-98 
 113-29 
 
 98-69 
 
 99-75 
 
 101-19 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 125 
 
 SPBOIPIO GRAVITY OP SULPHURIC ACID— Continued. 
 
 
 
 100 parts by weight 
 
 
 1 Cubic Foot of Acid 
 
 
 
 contain 
 
 Kilo per 
 
 60° 
 
 F. 
 
 Speoiflo 
 
 Degrees 
 
 
 
 litre. 
 
 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Twaddell. 
 
 SO3. 
 
 H2SO4. 
 
 H2SO4. 
 
 Weighs 
 lbs. avoir. 
 
 Contains 
 
 lbs. avoir. 
 
 HaS04. 
 
 1-820 
 
 164 
 
 73-51 
 
 90-05 
 
 1-639 
 
 113-61 
 
 102-31 
 
 1-821 
 
 
 73-63 
 
 90-20 
 
 1-643 
 
 113-67 
 
 102-56 
 
 1-822 
 
 ... 
 
 73-80 
 
 90-40 
 
 1-647 
 
 113-73 
 
 102-89 
 
 1-823 
 
 ... 
 
 73-96 
 
 90-60 
 
 1-661 
 
 113-80 
 
 103-06 
 
 1-824 
 
 ... 
 
 74-12 
 
 90-80 
 
 1-656 
 
 113-85 
 
 103-38 
 
 1-825 
 
 165 
 
 74-29 
 
 91-00 
 
 1-661 
 
 113-92 
 
 103-68 
 
 1-826 
 
 ... 
 
 74-49 
 
 91-25 
 
 1-666 
 
 113-99 
 
 104-00 
 
 1-827 
 
 ... 
 
 74-69 
 
 91-50 
 
 1-671 
 
 114-04 
 
 104-31 
 
 1-828 
 
 
 74-86 
 
 91-70 
 
 1-676 
 
 114-11 
 
 104-62 
 
 1-829 
 
 
 75-03 
 
 91-90 
 
 1-681 
 
 114-19 
 
 104-93 
 
 1-830 
 
 166 
 
 75-19 
 
 92-10 
 
 1-685 
 
 114-23 
 
 105-18 
 
 1-831 
 
 
 75-46 
 
 92-43 
 
 1-692 
 
 114-30 
 
 105-62 
 
 1-832 
 
 
 75-69 
 
 92-70 
 
 1-698 
 
 114-36 
 
 105-99 
 
 1-833 
 
 
 75-89 
 
 92-97 
 
 1-704 
 
 114-42 
 
 106-38 
 
 1-834 
 
 
 76-12 
 
 93-25 
 
 1-710 
 
 114-47 
 
 106-74 
 
 1-835 
 
 167 
 
 76-35 
 
 93-56 
 
 1-717 
 
 114-54 
 
 107-43 
 
 1-836 
 
 
 76-57 
 
 93-80 
 
 1-722 
 
 114-61 
 
 107-49 
 
 1-837 
 
 
 76-90 
 
 94-20 
 
 1-730 
 
 114-67 
 
 107-99 
 
 1-838 
 
 
 77-23 
 
 94-60 
 
 1-739 
 
 114-73 
 
 108-55 
 
 1-839 
 
 
 77-55 
 
 95-00 
 
 1-748 
 
 114-80 
 
 109-12 
 
 1-840 
 
 168 
 
 78-04 
 
 95-60 
 
 1-759 
 
 114-86 
 
 109-80 
 
 1-8405 
 
 
 78-33 
 
 95-95 
 
 1-765 
 
 114-89 
 
 110-18 
 
 1-8410 
 
 
 78-69 
 
 96-30 
 
 1-784 
 
 114-92 
 
 110-73 
 
 1-8415 
 
 
 79-47 
 
 97-35 
 
 1-792 
 
 114-95 
 
 111-86 
 
 1-8410 
 
 
 80-16 
 
 98-20 
 
 1-808 
 
 114-92 
 
 112-86 
 
 1-8405 
 
 
 80-43 
 
 98-52 
 
 1-814 
 
 114-89 
 
 113-23 
 
 1-8400 
 
 
 80-59 
 
 98-72 
 
 1-816 
 
 114-86 
 
 113-36 
 
 1-8395 
 
 
 80-63 
 
 98-77 
 
 1-817 
 
 114-83 
 
 113-48 
 
 1-8390 
 
 
 80-93 
 
 99-12 
 
 1-823 
 
 114-80 
 
 113-80 
 
 1-8385 
 
 
 81-08 
 
 99-31 
 
 1-826 
 
 114-76 
 
 113-98 
 
126 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS* HANDBOOK 
 
 2. TABLE FOB REDUCING THE SPBOIPIO GRAVITIES OP 
 SULPHURIC ACID OP VARIOUS STRENGTHS TO ANY 
 OTHER TEMPERATURE (DEGREES C). 
 
 0°. 
 
 5°. 
 
 10°. 
 
 15°. 
 
 20°. 
 
 25°. 
 
 30°. 
 
 35°. 
 
 40°. 
 
 45°. 
 
 50°. 
 
 1-857 
 
 1-852 
 
 1-846 
 
 1-840 
 
 1-836 
 
 1-830 
 
 1-825 
 
 1-821 
 
 1-816 
 
 1-811 
 
 1-806 
 
 1-847 
 
 1-841 
 
 1-836 
 
 1-830 
 
 1-825 
 
 1-820 
 
 1-815 
 
 1-810 
 
 1-805 
 
 1-800 
 
 1-796 
 
 1-887 
 
 1-831 
 
 1-825 
 
 1-820 
 
 1-815 
 
 1-809 
 
 1-804 
 
 1-799 
 
 1-794 
 
 1-789 
 
 1-784 
 
 1-827 
 
 1-821 
 
 1-815 
 
 1-810 
 
 1-805 
 
 1-799 
 
 1-793 
 
 1-788 
 
 1-783 
 
 1-778 
 
 1-773 
 
 1-817 
 
 1-811 
 
 1-805 
 
 1-800 
 
 1-794 
 
 1-788 
 
 1-783 
 
 1-777 
 
 1-772 
 
 1-766 
 
 1-V61 
 
 1-807 
 
 1-801 
 
 1-796 
 
 1-790 
 
 1-784 
 
 1-778 
 
 1-773 
 
 1-767 
 
 1-762 
 
 1-756 
 
 1-761 
 
 1-797 
 
 1-791 
 
 1-786 
 
 1-780 
 
 1-774 
 
 1-768 
 
 1-763 
 
 1-767 
 
 1-762 
 
 1-746 
 
 1-741 
 
 1-786 
 
 1-781 
 
 1-776 
 
 1-770 
 
 1-765 
 
 1-759 
 
 1-764 
 
 1-748 
 
 1-743 
 
 1-737 
 
 1-732 
 
 1-776 
 
 1-770 
 
 1-766 
 
 1-760 
 
 1-755 
 
 1-749 
 
 1-744 
 
 1-738 
 
 1-733 
 
 1-728 
 
 1-723 
 
 1-765 
 
 1-760 
 
 1-755 
 
 1-750 
 
 1-745 
 
 1-740 
 
 1-736 
 
 1-730 
 
 1-726 
 
 1-720 
 
 1-715 
 
 1-754 
 
 1-760 
 
 1-745 
 
 1-740 
 
 1-735 
 
 1-730 
 
 1-726 
 
 1-721 
 
 1-716 
 
 1-711 
 
 1-706 
 
 1-744 
 
 1-740 
 
 1-735 
 
 1-730 
 
 1-726 
 
 1-720 
 
 1-716 
 
 1-711 
 
 1-706 
 
 1-701 
 
 1-696 
 
 1-734 
 
 1-730 
 
 1-725 
 
 1-720 
 
 1-715 
 
 1-710 
 
 1-706 
 
 1-701 
 
 1-696 
 
 1-691 
 
 1-686 
 
 1-724 
 
 1-720 
 
 1-715 
 
 1-710 
 
 1-705 
 
 1-700 
 
 1-696 
 
 1-691 
 
 1-686 
 
 1-681 
 
 1-676 
 
 1-714 
 
 1-710 
 
 1-705 
 
 1-700 
 
 1-695 
 
 1-690 
 
 1-686 
 
 1-681 
 
 1-676 
 
 1-671 
 
 1-667 
 
 1-704 
 
 1-roo 
 
 1-695 
 
 1-690 
 
 1-685 
 
 1-680 
 
 1-676 
 
 1-671 
 
 1-666 
 
 r661 
 
 1-666 
 
 1-694 
 
 1-690 
 
 1-685 
 
 1-680 
 
 1-676 
 
 1-670 
 
 1-666 
 
 1-661 
 
 1-656 
 
 1-651 
 
 1-646 
 
 1-684 
 
 1-680 
 
 1-675 
 
 1-670 
 
 1-665 
 
 1-660 
 
 1-656 
 
 1-661 
 
 1-646 
 
 1-641 
 
 1-637 
 
 1-674 
 
 1-670 
 
 1-665 
 
 1-660 
 
 1-655 
 
 1-650 
 
 1-646 
 
 1-641 
 
 1-636 
 
 1-632 
 
 1-628 
 
 1-664 
 
 1-660 
 
 1-656 
 
 1-660 
 
 1-645 
 
 1-640 
 
 1-636 
 
 1-632 
 
 1-627 
 
 1-622 
 
 1-618 
 
 1-654 
 
 1-650 
 
 1-645 
 
 1-640 
 
 1-635 
 
 1-631 
 
 1-626 
 
 1-622 
 
 1-617 
 
 1-612 
 
 1-608 
 
 1-644 
 
 1-640 
 
 1-635 
 
 1-630 
 
 1-626 
 
 1-621 
 
 1-616 
 
 1-612 
 
 1-607 
 
 1-602 
 
 1-698 
 
 1-634 
 
 1-630 
 
 1-625 
 
 1-620 
 
 1-615 
 
 1-611 
 
 1-606 
 
 1-602 
 
 1-597 
 
 1-592 
 
 1-588 
 
 1-624 
 
 1-620 
 
 1-616 
 
 1-610 
 
 1-605 
 
 1-601 
 
 1-696 
 
 1-592 
 
 1-587 
 
 1-682 
 
 1-678 
 
 1-614 
 
 1-610 
 
 1-605 
 
 1-600 
 
 1-595 
 
 1-591 
 
 1-686 
 
 1-582 
 
 1-577 
 
 1-572 
 
 1-668 
 
 1-604 
 
 1-600 
 
 1-596 
 
 1-590 
 
 1-586 
 
 1-581 
 
 1-676 
 
 1-672 
 
 1-567 
 
 1-562 
 
 1-558 
 
 1-594 
 
 1-589 
 
 1-584 
 
 1-680 
 
 1-575 
 
 1-670 
 
 1-566 
 
 1-562 
 
 1-558 
 
 1-553 
 
 1-548 
 
 1-684 
 
 1-579 
 
 1-574 
 
 1-570 
 
 1-666 
 
 1-561 
 
 1-556 
 
 1-662 
 
 1-548 
 
 1-643 
 
 1-539 
 
 1-674 
 
 1-669 
 
 1-564 
 
 1-660 
 
 1-656 
 
 1-562 
 
 1-547 
 
 1-543 
 
 1-539 
 
 1-534 
 
 1-630 
 
 1-563 
 
 1-668 
 
 1-554. 
 
 1-550 
 
 1-546 
 
 1-642 
 
 1-638 
 
 1-534 
 
 1-630 
 
 1-525 
 
 1-521 
 
 1-652 
 
 1-548 
 
 1-644 
 
 1-540 
 
 1-586 
 
 1-532 
 
 1-628 
 
 1-624 
 
 1-520 
 
 1-616 
 
 1-612 
 
 1-542 
 
 1-538 
 
 1-534 
 
 1-630 
 
 1-526 
 
 .1-622 
 
 1-618 
 
 1-614 
 
 1-510 
 
 1-506 
 
 1-502 
 
 1-532 
 
 1-528 
 
 1-624 
 
 1-620 
 
 1-516 
 
 1-512 
 
 1-508 
 
 1-604 
 
 1-500 
 
 1-497 
 
 1-492 
 
 1-622 
 
 1-518 
 
 1-614 
 
 1-510 
 
 1-506 
 
 1-502 
 
 1-498 
 
 1-494 
 
 1-490 
 
 1-486 
 
 1-482 
 
 1-512 
 
 1-608 
 
 1-604 
 
 1-500 
 
 1-496 
 
 1-492 
 
 1-488 
 
 1-484 
 
 1-480 
 
 1-476 
 
 1-472 
 
 1-502 
 
 1-498 
 
 1-494 
 
 1-490 
 
 1-486 
 
 1-482 
 
 1-478 
 
 1-474 
 
 1-470 
 
 1-466 
 
 1-462 
 
 1-492 
 
 1-488 
 
 1-484 
 
 1-480 
 
 1-476 
 
 1-472 
 
 1-468 
 
 1-465 
 
 1-461 
 
 1-467 
 
 1-453 
 
 1-482 
 
 1-478 
 
 1-474 
 
 1-470 
 
 1-466 
 
 1-462 
 
 1-458 
 
 1-455 
 
 1-451 
 
 1-447 
 
 1-443 
 
 1-472 
 
 1-468 
 
 1-464 
 
 1-460 
 
 1-456 
 
 1-452 
 
 1-448 
 
 1-445 
 
 1-442 
 
 1-438 
 
 1-434 
 
 1-462 
 
 1-468 
 
 1-454 
 
 1-460 
 
 1-446 
 
 1-442 
 
 1-438 
 
 1-436 
 
 1-432 
 
 1-429 
 
 1-426 
 
 1-452 
 
 1-448 
 
 1-444 
 
 1-440 
 
 1-436 
 
 1-432 
 
 1-429 
 
 1-426 
 
 1-423 
 
 1-420 
 
 1-416 
 
 1-442 
 
 1-438 
 
 1-434 
 
 1-430 
 
 1-426 
 
 1-422 
 
 1-419 
 
 1-416 
 
 1-413 
 
 1-409 
 
 1-405 
 
 1-432 
 
 1-428 
 
 1-424 
 
 1-420 
 
 1-416 
 
 1-413 
 
 1-410 
 
 1-406 
 
 1-402 
 
 1-398 
 
 1-394 
 
 1-422 
 
 1-418 
 
 1-414 
 
 1-410 
 
 1-406 
 
 1-403 
 
 1-399 
 
 1-396 
 
 1-392 
 
 1-388 
 
 1-384 
 
 1-412 
 
 1-408 
 
 1-404 
 
 1-400 
 
 1-396 
 
 1-398 
 
 1-389 
 
 1-386 
 
 1-382 
 
 1-378 
 
 1-37* 
 
 1-402 
 
 1-398 
 
 1-394 
 
 1-390 
 
 1-886 
 
 1-388 
 
 1-879 
 
 1-372 
 
 1-372 
 
 1-868 
 
 1-364 
 
 1-392 
 
 1-388 
 
 1-884 
 
 1-380 
 
 1-876 
 
 1-378 
 
 1-370 
 
 1-362 
 
 1-362 
 
 1-359 
 
 1-865 
 
 1-382 
 
 1-378 
 
 1-874 
 
 1-370 
 
 1-366 
 
 1-368 
 
 1-360 
 
 1-852 
 
 1-362 
 
 1-349 
 
 1-346 
 
 1-872 
 
 1-368 
 
 1-864 
 
 1-360 
 
 1-866 
 
 1-858 
 
 1-850 
 
 1-844 
 
 1-344 
 
 1-840 
 
 1-336 
 
 1-362 
 
 1-368 
 
 1-354 
 
 1-350 
 
 1-346 
 
 1-343 
 
 1-340 
 
 1-334 
 
 1-334 
 
 1-330 
 
 1-326 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 
 
 TABIiE 2 — Continmed. 
 
 12'! 
 
 6B'. 
 
 60'. 
 
 65'. 
 
 70°. 
 
 75°. 
 
 80°. 
 
 85°. 
 
 90°. 
 
 95°. 
 
 100°. 
 
 1-801 
 
 1-796 
 
 1-792 
 
 1-787 
 
 1-782 
 
 1-778 
 
 1-774 
 
 1-770 
 
 1-766 
 
 1-762 
 
 1-790 
 
 1-787 
 
 1-781 
 
 1-776 
 
 1-770 
 
 1-766 
 
 1-762 
 
 1-767 
 
 1-762 
 
 1-748 
 
 1-779 
 
 1-774 
 
 1-769 
 
 1-764 
 
 1-769 
 
 1-764 
 
 1-740 
 
 1-744 
 
 1-789 
 
 1-734 
 
 1-767 
 
 1-762 
 
 1-757 
 
 1-762 
 
 1-747 
 
 1-741 
 
 1-786 
 
 1-781 
 
 1-726 
 
 1-721 
 
 1-765 
 
 1-760 
 
 1-744 
 
 1-739 
 
 1-734 
 
 1-729 
 
 1-724 
 
 1-719 
 
 1-714 
 
 1-708 
 
 1-746 
 
 1-741 
 
 1-785 
 
 1-780 
 
 1-726 
 
 1-720 
 
 1-715 
 
 1-710 
 
 1-706 
 
 1-700 
 
 1-786 
 
 1-731 
 
 1-726 
 
 1-721 
 
 1-716 
 
 1-712 
 
 1-707 
 
 1-702 
 
 1-697 
 
 1-692 
 
 1-727 
 
 1-722 
 
 1-717 
 
 1-712 
 
 1-707 
 
 1-702 
 
 1-697 
 
 1-698 
 
 1-688 
 
 1-683 
 
 1-718 
 
 1-713 
 
 1-708 
 
 1-703 
 
 1-698 
 
 1-693 
 
 1-688 
 
 1-684 
 
 1-679 
 
 1-674 
 
 1-710 
 
 1-706 
 
 1-700 
 
 1-696 
 
 1-699 
 
 1-686 
 
 1-681 
 
 1-676 
 
 1-671 
 
 1-667 
 
 1-702 
 
 1-697 
 
 1-692 
 
 1-688 
 
 1-683 
 
 1-678 
 
 1-674 
 
 1-669 
 
 1-664 
 
 1-660 
 
 1-692 
 
 1-687 
 
 1-688 
 
 1-678 
 
 1-673 
 
 1-668 
 
 1-664 
 
 1-669 
 
 1-664 
 
 1-660 
 
 1-682 
 
 1-677 
 
 1-678 
 
 1-668 
 
 1-668 
 
 1-669 
 
 1-664 
 
 1-649 
 
 1-644 
 
 1-640 
 
 1-672 
 
 1-667 
 
 1-663 
 
 1-668 
 
 1-658 
 
 1-649 
 
 1-644 
 
 1-639 
 
 1-636 
 
 1-630 
 
 1-662 
 
 1-667 
 
 1-668 
 
 1-648 
 
 1-644 
 
 1-689 
 
 1-634 
 
 1-680 
 
 1-625 
 
 1-620 
 
 1-662 
 
 1-647 
 
 1-642 
 
 1-638 
 
 1-634 
 
 1-630 
 
 1-625 
 
 1-620 
 
 1-615 
 
 1-610 
 
 1-642 
 
 1-687 
 
 1-632 
 
 1-628 
 
 1-624 
 
 1-620 
 
 1-615 
 
 1-611 
 
 1-606 
 
 1-602 
 
 1-633 
 
 1-628 
 
 1-623 
 
 1-619 
 
 1-615 
 
 1-611 
 
 1-606 
 
 1-602 
 
 1-697 
 
 1-693 
 
 1-623 
 
 1-619 
 
 1-614 
 
 1-610 
 
 1-606 
 
 1-602 
 
 1-597 
 
 1-698 
 
 1-688 
 
 1-684 
 
 1-614 
 
 1-610 
 
 1-606 
 
 1-600 
 
 1-596 
 
 1-692 
 
 1-688 
 
 1-6S3 
 
 1-679 
 
 1-676 
 
 1-604 
 
 1-600 
 
 1-595 
 
 1-591 
 
 1-686 
 
 1-682 
 
 1-578 
 
 1-674 
 
 1-670 
 
 1-566 
 
 1-694 
 
 1-590 
 
 1-686 
 
 1-681 
 
 1-677 
 
 1-573 
 
 1-569 
 
 1-666 
 
 1-561 
 
 1-566 
 
 1-684 
 
 1-680 
 
 1-576 
 
 1-572 
 
 1-668 
 
 1-564 
 
 1-560 
 
 1-556 
 
 1-662 
 
 1-547 
 
 1-674 
 
 1-670 
 
 1-566 
 
 1-662 
 
 1-558 
 
 1-554 
 
 1-560 
 
 1-546 
 
 1-642 
 
 1-637 
 
 1-664 
 
 1-600 
 
 1-566 
 
 1-652 
 
 1-648 
 
 1-544 
 
 1-540 
 
 1-636 
 
 1-631 
 
 1-527 
 
 1-664 
 
 1-650 
 
 1-545 
 
 1-641 
 
 1-637 
 
 1-633 
 
 1-629 
 
 1-626 
 
 1-521 
 
 1-616 
 
 1-544 
 
 1-639 
 
 1-635 
 
 1-531 
 
 1-527 
 
 1-628 
 
 1-619 
 
 1-515 
 
 1-610 
 
 1-606 
 
 1-635 
 
 1-631 
 
 1-626 
 
 1-522 
 
 1-618 
 
 1-518 
 
 1-609 
 
 1-606 
 
 1-601 
 
 1-496 
 
 1-626 
 
 1-522 
 
 1-617 
 
 1-513 
 
 1-509 
 
 1-604 
 
 1-600 
 
 1-490 
 
 1-492 
 
 1-487 
 
 1-617 
 
 1-513 
 
 1-509 
 
 1-604 
 
 1-500 
 
 1-496 
 
 1-491 
 
 1-487 
 
 1-483 
 
 1-478 
 
 1-508 
 
 1-604 
 
 1-600 
 
 1-496 
 
 1'491 
 
 1-486 
 
 1-482 
 
 1-478 
 
 1-473 
 
 1-469 
 
 1-49S 
 
 1-494 
 
 1-490 
 
 1-485 
 
 1-481 
 
 1-476 
 
 1-472 
 
 1-468 
 
 1-463 
 
 1-469 
 
 1-488 
 
 1-484 
 
 1-480 
 
 1-476 
 
 1-472 
 
 1-467 
 
 1-462 
 
 1-468 
 
 1-453 
 
 1-449 
 
 1-478 
 
 1-474 
 
 1470 
 
 1-466 
 
 1-462 
 
 1-467 
 
 1-452 
 
 1-448 
 
 1-443 
 
 1-438 
 
 1-468 
 
 1-464 
 
 1-460 
 
 1-465 
 
 1-461 
 
 1-446 
 
 1-442 
 
 1-438 
 
 1-433 
 
 1-428 
 
 1-458 
 
 1-454 
 
 1-460 
 
 1-442 
 
 l-44l' 
 
 1-437 
 
 1-433 
 
 1-429 
 
 1-424 
 
 1-419 
 
 1-449 
 
 1-445 
 
 1-441 
 
 1-436 
 
 1-432 
 
 1-428 
 
 1-424 
 
 1-419 
 
 1-414 
 
 1-410 
 
 1-439 
 
 1-485 
 
 1-431 
 
 1-427 
 
 1-423 
 
 1-418 
 
 1-414 
 
 1-409 
 
 1-405 
 
 1-401 
 
 1-430 
 
 1-426 
 
 1-422 
 
 1-418 
 
 1-418 
 
 1-409 
 
 1-405 
 
 1-400 
 
 1-396 
 
 1-392 
 
 1-421 
 
 1-417 
 
 1-413 . 
 
 1-409 
 
 1-404 
 
 1-400 
 
 1-396 
 
 1-391 
 
 1-387 
 
 1-883 
 
 1-412 
 
 1-407 
 
 1-403 
 
 1-899 
 
 1-395 
 
 1-391 
 
 1-386 
 
 1-382 
 
 1-878 
 
 1-374 
 
 1-401 
 
 1-397 
 
 1-393 
 
 1-389 
 
 1-886 
 
 1-380 
 
 1-876 
 
 1-872 
 
 1-868 
 
 1-364 
 
 1-390 
 
 1-886 
 
 1-882 
 
 1-378 
 
 1-874 
 
 1-370 
 
 1-366 
 
 1-362 
 
 1-858 
 
 1-368 
 
 1-380 
 
 1-876 
 
 1-372 
 
 1-368 
 
 1-364 
 
 1-860 
 
 1-366 
 
 1-852 
 
 1-848 
 
 1-343 
 
 1-370 
 
 1-366 
 
 1-862 
 
 1-358 
 
 1-364. 
 
 1-360 
 
 1-346 
 
 1-842 
 
 1-838 
 
 1-838 
 
 1-360 
 
 1-856 
 
 1-362 
 
 1-848 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-851 
 
 1-346 
 
 1-342 
 
 1-388 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-342 
 
 1-837 
 
 1-384 
 
 1-329 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-832 
 
 1-827 
 
 1-823 
 
 1-819 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-322 
 
 1-817 
 
 1-814 
 
 1-810 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
128 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 TABIiEi 2 — Continued. 
 
 0°. 
 
 6'. 
 
 10% 
 
 15". 
 
 20°. 
 
 25°. 
 
 30° 
 
 35°. 
 
 40° 
 
 45°. 
 
 60'. 
 
 1-352 
 
 1-348 
 
 1-344 
 
 1-340 
 
 1-336 
 
 1-333 
 
 1-330 
 
 1-327 
 
 1-324 
 
 1-820 
 
 1-316 
 
 1-341 
 
 1-337 
 
 1-333 
 
 1-330 
 
 1-327 
 
 1-324 
 
 1-321 
 
 1-818 
 
 1-314 
 
 1-310 
 
 1-306 
 
 1-330 
 
 1-326 
 
 1-323 
 
 1-320 
 
 1-317 
 
 1-314 
 
 1-311 
 
 1-308 
 
 1-304 
 
 1-801 
 
 1-297 
 
 1-320 
 
 1-316 
 
 1-313 
 
 1-310 
 
 1-307 
 
 1-304 
 
 1-801 
 
 1-298 
 
 1-294 
 
 1-291 
 
 1-287 
 
 1-310 
 
 l-306r 
 
 1-303 
 
 1-300 
 
 1-297 
 
 1-294 
 
 1-291 
 
 1-288 
 
 1-284 
 
 1-281 
 
 1-277 
 
 1-300 
 
 1-296 
 
 1-293 
 
 1-290 
 
 1-287 
 
 1-284 
 
 1-280 
 
 1-277 
 
 1-274 
 
 1-270 
 
 1-267 
 
 1-290 
 
 1-286 
 
 1-283 
 
 1-280 
 
 1-277 
 
 1-274 
 
 1-270 
 
 1-267 
 
 1-264 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-256 
 
 1-2S0 
 
 1-276 
 
 1-273 
 
 1-270 
 
 1-267 
 
 1-264 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-257 
 
 1-254 
 
 1-250 
 
 1-246 
 
 1-270 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-263 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-257 
 
 1-254 
 
 1-251 
 
 1-248 
 
 1-245 
 
 1-241 
 
 1-237 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-256 
 
 1-253 
 
 1-250 
 
 1-247 
 
 1-244 
 
 1-241 
 
 1-238 
 
 1-235 
 
 1-231 
 
 1-227 
 
 1-250 
 
 1-246 
 
 1-243 
 
 1-240 
 
 1-237 
 
 1-234 
 
 1-230 
 
 1-227 
 
 1-224 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-217 
 
 1-240 
 
 1-236 
 
 1-233 
 
 1-230 
 
 1-227 
 
 1-224 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-217 
 
 1-214 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-207 
 
 1-230 
 
 1-226 
 
 1-223 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-217 
 
 1-214 
 
 V210 
 
 1-207 
 
 1-204 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-197 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-216 
 
 1-213 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-206 
 
 1-204 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-197 
 
 1-194 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-187 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-206 
 
 1-203 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-193 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-183 
 
 1-180 
 
 1-176 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-193 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-183 
 
 1-180 
 
 1-176 
 
 1-173 
 
 1-169 
 
 1-165 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-183 
 
 1-180 
 
 1-176 
 
 1-173 
 
 1-170 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-163 
 
 1-159 
 
 1-155 
 
 1-180 
 
 1-176 
 
 1-173 
 
 1-170 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-163 
 
 1-160 
 
 1-156 
 
 1-153 
 
 1-149 
 
 1-146 
 
 1-169 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-163 
 
 1-160 
 
 1-157 
 
 1-163 
 
 1-150 
 
 1-147 
 
 1-144 
 
 1-141 
 
 1-138 
 
 1-159 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-153 
 
 1-150 
 
 1-147 
 
 1-14S 
 
 1-140 
 
 1-137 
 
 1-134 
 
 1-131 
 
 1-128 
 
 1-149 
 
 1-146 
 
 1-143 
 
 1-140 
 
 1-137 
 
 1-134 
 
 1-131 
 
 1-128 
 
 1-126 
 
 1-122 
 
 1-119 
 
 1-138 
 
 1-135 
 
 1-133 
 
 1-130 
 
 1-127 
 
 1-125 
 
 1-122 
 
 1-119 
 
 1-116 
 
 1-llS 
 
 1-110 
 
 1-128 
 
 1-125 
 
 1-123 
 
 1-120 
 
 1-118 
 
 1-115 
 
 1-112 
 
 1-110 
 
 1-107 
 
 1-104 
 
 1-102 
 
 1-118 
 
 1-115 
 
 1-118 
 
 1-110 
 
 1-108 
 
 1-105 
 
 1-102 
 
 1-100 
 
 1-097 
 
 1-094 
 
 1-092 
 
 1-lOS 
 
 1-105 
 
 1-103 
 
 1-100 
 
 1-097 
 
 1-094 
 
 1-092 
 
 1-090 
 
 1-087 
 
 1-084 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-098 
 
 1-096 
 
 1-093 
 
 1-090 
 
 1-087 
 
 1-084 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-077 
 
 1-074 
 
 1-072 
 
 1-088 
 
 1-085 
 
 1-0S3 
 
 1-OSO 
 
 1-077 
 
 1-074 
 
 1-072 
 
 1-070 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-064 
 
 1-062 
 
 1-078 
 
 1-075 
 
 1-073 
 
 1-070 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-064 
 
 1-062 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-057 
 
 1-054 
 
 1-052 
 
 1-OOS 
 
 1-065 
 
 1-063 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-057 
 
 1-064 
 
 1-062 
 
 1-050 
 
 1-048 
 
 1-044 
 
 1-042 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-055 
 
 1-053 
 
 1-050 
 
 1-047 
 
 1-044 
 
 1-042 
 
 1-040 
 
 1-038 
 
 1-034 
 
 1-032 
 
 1048 
 
 1045 
 
 1-043 
 
 1-040 
 
 1-037 
 
 1-034 
 
 1-032 
 
 1-030 
 
 1-028 
 
 1-024 
 
 1-022 
 
 1-038 
 
 1035 
 
 1-033 
 
 1-030 
 
 1-027 
 
 1-024 
 
 1-022 
 
 1-020 
 
 1-018 
 
 1-014 
 
 1-012 
 
 1-02S 
 
 I 025 
 
 1023 
 
 1-020 
 
 1-017 
 
 1-014 
 
 1-012 
 
 1-010 
 
 1-008 
 
 1-004 
 
 1-002 
 
 1-018 
 
 1-015 
 
 1-018 
 
 1-010 
 
 1-007 
 
 1-004 
 
 1-002 
 
 1-000 
 
 0-998 
 
 0-994 
 
 0-992 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 
 
 TABIiB 2 — Continued. 
 
 129 
 
 66°. 
 
 60°. 
 
 66°. 
 
 70°. 
 
 75°. 
 
 80". 
 
 86°. 
 
 90°. 
 
 95°. 
 
 100°. 
 
 1-312 
 
 1-S08 
 
 1-304 
 
 1-300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-302 
 
 1-298 
 
 1-294 
 
 1-290 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-293 
 
 1-280 
 
 1-284 
 
 1-280 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-283 
 
 1-279 
 
 1-274 
 
 1-270 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-273 
 
 1-269 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-260 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-268 
 
 1-269 
 
 1-256 
 
 1-260 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-262 
 
 1-243 
 
 1-244 
 
 1-240 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-242 
 
 1-238 
 
 1-284 
 
 1-230 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-233 
 
 1-224 
 
 1-224 
 
 1-220 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-223 
 
 1-214 
 
 1-214 
 
 1-210 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-209 
 
 1-204 
 
 1-200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-204 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-190 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-lM 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-185 
 
 1-180 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-183 
 
 1-179 
 
 1-175 
 
 1-170 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-172 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-164 
 
 1-160 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-162 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-154 
 
 1-160 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-152 
 
 1-148 
 
 1-144 
 
 1-140 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-143 
 
 1-139 
 
 1-136 
 
 1-131 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-136 
 
 1-131 
 
 1-127 
 
 1-123 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-125 
 
 1-122 . 
 
 1-118 
 
 1-114 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-116 
 
 1-113 
 
 1-109 
 
 1-106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-107 
 
 1-104 
 
 1-100 
 
 1-097 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-099 
 
 1-096 
 
 1-092 
 
 1-OSS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-089 
 
 1-086 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-078 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-079 
 
 1-076 
 
 1-072 
 
 1-068 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-069 
 
 1-065 
 
 1-062 
 
 1-058 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-069 
 
 1-056 
 
 1-062 
 
 1-048 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-049 
 
 1-046 
 
 1-042 
 
 1-038 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-036 
 
 1-086 
 
 1-032 
 
 1-028 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-039 
 
 1-025 
 
 1-022 
 
 1-018 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-019 ■ 
 
 1-015 
 
 1-012 
 
 1-008 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-009 
 
 1-005 
 
 1-002 
 
 0-998 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;; 
 
 
 0-999 
 
 0-995 
 
 0-992 
 
 0-988 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 0-989 
 
 0-985 
 
 0-982 
 
 0-978 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
130 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 S. SPBCIPIC GRAVITIES OP COMMERCIAL (NORDHATTSEN) 
 OIL OP VITRIOL. 
 
 (Messel, Joum. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1885, p. 573.) 
 
 Specimens. 
 
 Percentage 
 ofSOs. 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 At SO" F. 
 = 26-ti° 0. 
 
 At 60° P. 
 = 15-6°C. 
 
 Liquid 
 
 Crystalline nnass, resembling nitre . 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 Liquid 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Crystallised 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 30-0 
 40-0 
 44-5 
 46-2 
 59-4 
 60-8 
 6.5-0 
 69-4 
 V2-8 
 80-0 
 82-0 
 
 ■842 
 •930 
 •956 
 •961 
 •963 
 •980 
 •992 
 •992 
 •002 
 •984 
 •959 
 •953 
 
 1-852 
 1-940 
 1-970 
 1-975 
 1^977 
 1^994 
 2^006 
 2^006 
 2^016 
 1^988 
 1^973 
 1-967 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 
 
 131 
 
 4. SPBCIPIO GRAVITIES AND PBROBNTAGK OP FUMING 
 (NORDHAUSBN) OIL OP VITRIOL AT DIPPBRBNT 
 TBMPBRATURBS. 
 
 
 
 Density at 
 
 
 
 SO3 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15*. 
 
 20% 
 
 26-. 
 
 SO". 
 
 S5". 
 
 
 1-8417 
 
 1-8371 
 
 1-8323 
 
 1-8287 
 
 1 -8240 
 
 76-67 
 
 1-8427 
 
 1-8378 
 
 1-8333 
 
 1 -8295 
 
 1-8249 
 
 77-49 
 
 1-8428 
 
 1-8388 
 
 1-8351 
 
 1 -8302 
 
 1-8255 
 
 78-34 
 
 1-8437 
 
 1-8390 
 
 1-8346 
 
 1-8300 
 
 1-8257 
 
 79-04 
 
 1-8427 
 
 1-8386 
 
 1-8351 
 
 1-8297 
 
 1-8250 
 
 79-99 
 
 1-8420 
 
 1 -8372 
 
 1-8326 
 
 1-8281 
 
 1-8234 
 
 80-46 
 
 1-8398 
 
 1-8350 
 
 1-8305 
 
 1-8263 
 
 1-8218 
 
 80-94 
 
 1-8446 
 
 1-8400 
 
 1-8353 
 
 1-8307 
 
 1-8262 
 
 81-37 
 
 1-8509 
 
 1-8466 
 
 1-8418 
 
 1-8371 
 
 1-8324 
 
 81-91 
 
 1-8571 
 
 1-8522 
 
 1-8476 
 
 1-8432 
 
 1-8385 
 
 82-17 
 
 1-8697 
 
 1-8647 
 
 1-8595 
 
 1-8545 
 
 1-8498 
 
 82-94 
 
 1-8790 
 
 1-8742 
 
 1-8687 
 
 1-8640 
 
 1-8592 
 
 83-25 
 
 1-8875 
 
 1-8823 
 
 1-8767 
 
 1-8713 
 
 1-8661 
 
 83-84 
 
 1-8942 
 
 1-8888 
 
 1-8833 
 
 1-8775 
 
 1-8722 
 
 84-12 
 
 1-8990 
 
 1-8940 
 
 1-8890 
 
 1-8830 
 
 1-8772 
 
 84-33 
 
 1-9034 
 
 1-8984 
 
 1-8930 
 
 1-8874 
 
 1 -8820 
 
 84-67 
 
 1-9072 
 
 1-9021 
 
 1-8950 
 
 1-8900 
 
 1-8845 
 
 84-82 
 
 1-9095 
 
 1-9042 
 
 1-8986 
 
 1-8932 
 
 1-8866 
 
 84-99 
 
 1-9121 
 
 1-9053 
 
 1-8993 
 
 1 -8948 
 
 1-8892 
 
 85-14 
 
 1-9250 
 
 1-9193, 
 
 1-9135 
 
 1-9082 
 
 1-9028 
 
 85-54 
 
 1-9290 
 
 1-9236 
 
 1-9183 
 
 1-9129 
 
 1-9073 
 
 85-68 
 
 1-9368 
 
 1-9310 
 
 1-9250 
 
 1-9187 
 
 1-9122 
 
 85-88 
 
 1-9447 
 
 1-9392 
 
 1-9334 
 
 1-9279 
 
 1-9222 
 
 86-51 
 
 1-9520 
 
 1-9465 
 
 1-9402 
 
 1-9338 
 
 1 -9278 
 
 86-72 
 
 1-9584 
 
 1-9528 
 
 1-9466 
 
 1-9406 
 
 1-9340 
 
 87-03 
 
 1-9632 
 
 1-9573 
 
 1-9518 
 
 1-9457 
 
 1-9398 
 
 87-46 
 
 cryst. 
 
 cryst. 
 
 1-9740 
 
 1-9666 
 
 1-9740 
 
 88-00 
 
 The above table Is only intended for control in works, but not for 
 commercial purposes, because the specific gravity is anything but 
 a certain guide for the percentage of Nordhausen acid, and altogether 
 fails as such, for strengths just below the monohydrate. The table 
 was not made for chemically pure acids, but for commercial acid. 
 
132 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 5. FREEZING AND MELTING POINTS OP 
 SULPHURIC ACID.* 
 
 Specific Gravity at 16'. 
 
 Freezing Point. 
 
 Melting Point. 
 
 1-671 
 
 Liquid at -20° 
 
 
 1-691 
 
 Liquid at -20° 
 
 ... 
 
 1-712 
 
 Liquid at - 20° 
 
 
 1-727 
 
 -7-5° 
 
 -7-5° 
 
 1-732 
 
 -8-5° 
 
 -8-5° 
 
 1-749 
 
 -0-2° 
 
 + 4-5° 
 
 1-767 
 
 + 1-6° 
 
 + 6-5° 
 
 1-778 
 
 + 8-5° 
 
 + 8-5° 
 
 1-790 
 
 + 4-5° 
 
 + 8-0° 
 
 1-807 
 
 -9-0° 
 
 -6-0° 
 
 1-822 
 
 Liquid at -20° 
 
 
 1-840 
 
 Liquid at -20° 
 
 
 * Lunge, Benclite d. dmtsch. cAero. Ges., 1881, s. 2649. 
 
 6. BOILING POINTS OF SULPHURIC ACID. 
 (Lunge, Ber. d. d. chem. Ges., 11, 370.) 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 SO4H2. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Boiling 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 SO4H2. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Boiling 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 SO4H2. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Boiling 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Point. 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Point. 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Point. 
 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 5 
 
 1-031 
 
 101 
 
 56 
 
 1-459 
 
 133 
 
 82 
 
 1-758 
 
 218-5 
 
 10 
 
 1-069 
 
 102 
 
 60 
 
 1-503 
 
 141-5 
 
 84 
 
 1-773 
 
 227 
 
 15 
 
 1-107 
 
 103-5 
 
 62-5 
 
 1-530 
 
 147 
 
 86 
 
 1-791 
 
 238-5 
 
 20 
 
 1-147 
 
 105 
 
 65 
 
 1-557 
 
 153-5 
 
 88 
 
 1-807 
 
 251-5 
 
 25 
 
 1-184 
 
 106-5 
 
 67-5 
 
 1-585 
 
 161 
 
 90 
 
 1-818 
 
 262-5 
 
 30 
 
 1-224 
 
 108 
 
 70 
 
 1-615 
 
 170 
 
 91 
 
 1-824 
 
 268 
 
 35 
 
 1-265 
 
 110 
 
 72 
 
 1-639 
 
 174-5 
 
 92 
 
 1-830 
 
 274-5 
 
 40 
 
 1-307 
 
 114 
 
 74 
 
 1-661 
 
 180-5 
 
 93 
 
 1-834 
 
 281-5 
 
 45 
 
 1-352 
 
 118-5 
 
 76 
 
 1-688 
 
 189 
 
 94 
 
 1-837 
 
 288-5 
 
 50 
 
 1-399 
 
 124 
 
 78 
 
 1-710 
 
 199 
 
 95 
 
 1-840 
 
 295 
 
 53 
 
 1-428 
 
 128-5 
 
 80 
 
 1-733 
 
 207 
 
 
 
 
 Monohydrate (100 per cent.) boils at 338° (Marignac). 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 
 
 133 
 
 7. FUSING POINTS* OP SULPHURIC ACID AND OP 
 NORDHAUSBN OIL OP VITRIOL. (KNIBTSOH.) 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 ic Acid. 
 
 
 Nordhauaen Oil of Vitriol. 
 
 Percentage 
 
 ofSOa 
 (as H2S64). 
 
 Fusing 
 Point. 
 
 Percentage 
 of SO.) 
 
 Fusing 
 Point. 
 
 Percentage of 
 
 Fusing Point. 
 
 •c. 
 
 (as H2Sb4). 
 
 °C. 
 
 free SO3. 
 
 ■c. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 1 SO3 
 
 - 0-6 
 
 69 SO3 
 
 + 7-0 
 
 SO3 
 
 + 10-0 
 
 2 „ 
 
 - 1-0 
 
 70 „ 
 
 + 4-0 
 
 5 „ 
 
 + 3-5 
 
 3 „ 
 
 - 1-7 
 
 71 „ 
 
 - 1-0 
 
 10 „ 
 
 - 4-8 
 
 4 „ 
 
 - 2-0 
 
 72 „ 
 
 - 2-0 
 
 15 „ 
 
 -11-2 
 
 5 „ 
 
 - 2-7 
 
 73 „ 
 
 -16-2 
 
 20 „ 
 
 -11-0 
 
 6 „ 
 
 - 3-6 
 
 74 „ 
 
 -25-0 
 
 25 „ 
 
 - 0-6 
 
 7 „ 
 
 - 4-4 
 
 75 „ 
 
 -34-0 
 
 30 „ 
 
 + 15-2 
 
 8 ,, 
 
 - 5-3 
 
 ?«166° 
 78 J E^ 
 
 -32-0 
 
 35 „ 
 
 + 26-0 
 
 9 ,. 
 
 - 6-0 
 
 -33-0 
 
 40 „ 
 
 + 33-8 
 
 10 „ 
 
 - 6-7 
 
 -16-5 
 
 45 „ 
 
 + 34-8 
 
 11 „ 
 
 - 7-2 
 
 79 „ 
 
 - 5-2 
 
 50 „ 
 
 + 28-5 
 
 12 „ 
 
 - 7-9 
 
 80 „ 
 
 + 3-0 
 
 55 „ 
 
 + 18-4 ■ 
 
 13 „ 
 
 - 8-2 
 
 81 „ 
 
 + 7-0 
 
 60 „ 
 
 + 0-7 
 
 14 „ 
 
 - 9-0 
 
 82 „ 
 
 + 8-2 
 
 65 „ 
 
 + 0-8 
 
 15 „ 
 
 - 9-3 
 
 83 „ 
 
 - 0-8 
 
 70 „ 
 
 + 9-0 
 
 16 „ 
 
 - 9-8 
 
 84 „ 
 
 - 9-2 
 
 75 „ 
 
 + 17-2 
 
 17 „ 
 
 -11-4 
 
 85 „ 
 
 -11-0 
 
 80 „ 
 
 + 22-0 
 
 18 „ 
 
 -13-2 
 
 86 „ 
 
 - 2-2 
 
 85 „ 
 
 + 33-0 (27 )t 
 
 19 „ 
 
 -15-2 
 
 87 „ 
 
 + 13-5 
 
 90 „ 
 
 + 34-0(2.^) 
 
 20 „ 
 
 -17-1 
 
 88 „ 
 
 + 26-0 
 
 95 „ 
 
 + 36-0 ( 6) 
 
 21 „ 
 
 -22-5 
 
 89 „ 
 
 + 34-2 
 
 100 „ 
 
 + 40-0(15) 
 
 22 „ 
 
 -31-0 
 
 90 „ 
 
 + 34-2 
 
 
 
 23 „ 
 
 -40-1 
 
 91 „ 
 
 + 25-8 
 
 
 
 ::: ;: } 
 
 below 
 
 92 „ 
 
 + 14-2 
 
 
 
 -40 
 
 93 „ 
 
 + 0-8 
 
 
 
 61 „ 
 
 -40-0 
 
 94 „ 
 
 + 4-5 
 
 
 
 62 „ 
 
 -20-0 
 
 95 „ 
 
 + 14-8 
 
 
 
 63"! 60° 
 64/ B^ 
 
 -11-5 
 
 96 „ 
 
 + 20-3 
 
 
 
 - 4-8 
 
 97 „ 
 
 + 29-2 
 
 
 
 65 „ 
 
 - 4-2 
 
 98 „ 
 
 + 33-8 
 
 
 
 66 „ 
 
 + 1-2 
 
 99 ,, 
 
 + 36-0 
 
 
 
 67\ 62° 
 68/ B^ 
 
 + 8-0 
 
 100 „ 
 
 + 40-0 
 
 
 
 + 8-0 
 
 
 
 
 
 * " Fusing Poiut " is understood to be the temperature to which the mercury of 
 the thermometer, dipping into the solidifying liquid, rises and at which it remains 
 constant. It should be noticed that la/rge quantities of Nordhausen oil of vitriol, 
 such as exist in transportation vessels, frequently do not behave in accord with the 
 above data, because during the carriage and storage a separation often takes place in 
 the acid, crystals of a different concentration being formed, which of course possess a 
 correspondingly different fusing point. 
 
 t The figures in parentheses signify the fasing points of freshly made Nordhausen 
 oil of vitriol, which has not polymerised. 
 
134 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 8. PERCENTAGE OP SO3 IN NORDHAUSEN OIL 
 OF VITRIOL. (GNEHM.) 
 
 Found by 
 
 Contains per 
 
 Found by 
 
 Contains per 
 
 Found by 
 
 Contains per 
 cent ■ 
 
 Titrating. 
 SO3. 
 
 en 
 
 
 Titrating. 
 SO3. 
 
 
 
 Titrating. 
 SO3. 
 
 
 
 SO4H2. 
 
 SOs. 
 
 SO4H2. 
 
 SO3. 
 
 SO4H2. 
 
 SO3 
 
 81-6326 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 87-8775 
 
 66 
 
 34 
 
 93-9387 
 
 33 
 
 67 
 
 81-8163 
 
 99 
 
 1 
 
 88-0612 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 94-1224 
 
 32 
 
 68 
 
 82-0000 
 
 98 
 
 2 
 
 88-2448 
 
 64 
 
 36 
 
 94-3061 
 
 31 
 
 69 
 
 82-1836 
 
 97 
 
 3 
 
 88-4285 
 
 63 
 
 37 
 
 94-4897 
 
 30 
 
 70 
 
 82-3674 
 
 96 
 
 4 
 
 88-6122 
 
 62 
 
 38 
 
 94-6734 
 
 29 
 
 71 
 
 82-5510 
 
 95 
 
 5 
 
 88-7959 
 
 61 
 
 39 
 
 94-8571 
 
 28 
 
 72 
 
 82-7346 
 
 94 
 
 6 
 
 88-9795 
 
 60 
 
 40 
 
 95-0408 
 
 27 
 
 73 
 
 82-9183 
 
 93 
 
 7 
 
 89-1632 
 
 59 
 
 41 
 
 95-2244 
 
 26 
 
 74 
 
 83-1020 
 
 92 
 
 8 
 
 89-3469 
 
 58 
 
 42 
 
 95-4081 
 
 25 
 
 • •• 
 
 83-2857 
 
 91 
 
 9 
 
 89-5306 
 
 57 
 
 43 
 
 95-5918 
 
 24 
 
 
 83-4693 
 
 90 
 
 10 
 
 89-7142 
 
 56 
 
 44 
 
 95-7755 
 
 23 
 
 
 83-6530 
 
 89 
 
 11 
 
 89-8979 
 
 55 
 
 45 
 
 95-9591 
 
 22 
 
 
 83-8367 
 
 88 
 
 12 
 
 90-0816 
 
 54 
 
 46 
 
 96-1428 
 
 21 
 
 
 84-0204 
 
 87 
 
 13 
 
 90-2653 
 
 53 
 
 47 
 
 96-3265 
 
 20 
 
 
 84-2040 
 
 86 
 
 14 
 
 90-4489 
 
 52 
 
 48 
 
 96-6102 
 
 19 
 
 
 84-3877 
 
 85 
 
 15 
 
 90-6326 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 
 96-6938 
 
 18 
 
 
 84-5714 
 
 84 
 
 16 
 
 90-8163 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 96-8775 
 
 17 
 
 
 84-7551 
 
 83 
 
 17 
 
 91-0000 
 
 49 
 
 51 
 
 97-0612 
 
 16 
 
 
 84-9387 
 
 82 
 
 18 
 
 91-1836 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 97-2448 
 
 15 
 
 
 85-1224 
 
 81 
 
 19 
 
 91-3673 
 
 47 
 
 53 
 
 97-4285 
 
 14 
 
 
 85-3061 
 
 SO 
 
 20 
 
 91-5510 
 
 46 
 
 54 
 
 97-6122 
 
 13 
 
 
 85-4897 
 
 79 
 
 21 
 
 91-7346 
 
 45 
 
 55 
 
 97-7959 
 
 12 
 
 
 85-6734 
 
 78 
 
 22 
 
 91-9183 
 
 44 
 
 56 
 
 97-9795 
 
 11 
 
 
 85-8571 
 
 77 
 
 23 
 
 92-1020 
 
 43 
 
 57 
 
 98-1632 
 
 10 
 
 
 86-0408 
 
 76 
 
 24 
 
 92-2857 
 
 42 
 
 58 
 
 98-3469 
 
 9 
 
 
 86-2244 
 
 75 
 
 25 
 
 92-4093 
 
 41 
 
 59 
 
 98-5306 
 
 8 
 
 
 86-4081 
 
 74 
 
 26 
 
 92-6530 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 98-7142 
 
 7 
 
 
 86-5918 
 
 73 
 
 27 
 
 92-8367 
 
 39 
 
 61 
 
 98-8979 
 
 6 
 
 
 86-7755 
 
 72 
 
 28 
 
 93-0204 
 
 38 
 
 62 
 
 99-0816 
 
 5 
 
 
 86-9591 
 
 71 
 
 29 
 
 93-2040 
 
 37 
 
 63 
 
 99-2653 
 
 4 
 
 
 87-1428 
 
 70 
 
 30 
 
 93-3877 
 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 99-4489 
 
 3 
 
 
 87-3265 
 
 69 
 
 •31 
 
 93-5714 
 
 35 
 
 65 
 
 99-6326 
 
 2 
 
 .« 
 
 87-5102 
 
 68 
 
 32 
 
 93-7551 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 99-8163 
 
 1 
 
 i-fc. 
 
 87-6938 
 
 67 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 135 
 
 9. The Quantitative Examination of Free 
 Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 The quantitative examination of free sulphuric acid is 
 made by titrating a weighed quantity. It is not suflSciently 
 accurate to measure the acid by a pipette, etc., especially in the 
 case of concentrated acid. The titration is performed by means 
 of standard sodium hydroxide solution, and the results are 
 expressed in terms of H2SO4. 
 
 Weigh from 2 to 3 g. acid in a glass-tap pipette (Fig. 12, p. 145), 
 after cleaning the latter on the outside ; run its contents into at 
 least 100 c.c. water, and weigh the pipette again, without washing 
 it out. This enables another pipette full of acid to be taken and 
 tested, without washing and drying the instrument, and so forth. 
 The same procedure is also very well adapted for slightly fuming 
 mixtures of sulphuric and nitric acid, and for Nordhausen oil of 
 vitriol {cf. p. 145). 
 
 The standard sodium hydroxide solution is " normal," i.e. con- 
 taining 004001 NaOH g. per litre. It is controlled by means of 
 standard hydrochloric acid (0'03647 g. HCl per litre), the strength 
 of which has been fixed by pure sodium carbonate. The method 
 is described in detail in the Appendix. 
 
 As indicator, methyl orange is used always in the cold, and 
 so much only is taken that the colour produced is just visible. 
 Nitrous acid destroys this colouring matter, but ordinary com- 
 mercial acid never contains sufficient to cause any trouble, and 
 even " nitrous vitriol " or fuming nitric acid can be treated with 
 methyl orange, if the indicator is added (or renewed) shortly 
 before the last quantity of alkali has been added ; or else an 
 excess of alkali is added, then methyl orange, and titrated back. 
 Nitrous acid behaves towards methyl orange like the strong 
 mineral acids ■ that is, the change of colour takes place when the 
 compound NaN02 has been formed. 
 
 10. Examination of Sulphuric Acid for other 
 Substances. 
 
 (a) Nitrous Add (Nitrososulphuric Acid) is titrated with 
 seminormal permanganate. (Preparation in the Appendix.) This 
 can be done without loss of NO by manipulating as follows 
 (Lunge, Berliner Berichte, x., 1075) : — Put the nitrous vitriol 
 into a burette fitted with a glass tap, run it slowly into a 
 measured quantity of permanganate, diluted with five times its 
 volume of tepid water (30° C. to 40° C.), and agitate continuously 
 
-136 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS" HANDBOOK 
 
 till the colour just vanishes. Sometimes during this process a 
 little manganese dioxide is separated, which makes it difiScult to 
 recognise the end of the reaction, but this is avoided by keeping 
 
 TABIiB FOR ESTIMATING NITROUS VITRIOL. 
 
 Employ 50 c.c. of seminormal permanganate. The results are 
 expressed as NO3H and NOaNa. The column y refers to acid 
 of 140° Tw. as unit :— 
 
 ■g 
 
 ^1 
 
 NO3H. 
 
 NOaNa. 
 
 11 
 
 NO3H. 
 
 NOsNa. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a. 
 
 t. 
 
 a. 
 
 i. 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 
 a. 
 
 6. 
 
 y. 
 
 g. per 
 
 per 
 
 g. per 
 
 per 
 
 y. 
 
 g. per 
 
 per 
 
 g. per 
 
 per 
 
 CO. 
 
 litie. 
 
 cent. 
 
 litre. 
 
 cent. 
 
 C.C. 
 
 litre. 
 
 cent. 
 
 litre. 
 
 cent. 
 
 10 
 
 78-75 
 
 4-61 
 
 106-29 
 
 6-22 
 
 36 
 
 21-88 
 
 1-28. 
 
 29-53 
 
 1-73 
 
 11 
 
 71-69 
 
 4-19 
 
 96-63 
 
 5-65 
 
 37 
 
 21-28 
 
 1-24 
 
 28-72 
 
 1-68 
 
 12 
 
 65-63 
 
 3-84 
 
 88-58 
 
 5-18 
 
 38 
 
 20-72 
 
 1-21 
 
 27-97 
 
 1-64 
 
 13 
 
 60-58 
 
 3-54 
 
 81-76 
 
 4-78 
 
 39 
 
 20-19 
 
 1-18 
 
 27-25 
 
 1-59 
 
 14 
 
 56-25 
 
 3-29 
 
 . 75-92 
 
 4-44 
 
 40 
 
 19-69 
 
 1-16 
 
 26-63 
 
 1-55 
 
 15 
 
 52-50 
 
 3-07 
 
 70-86 
 
 4-14" 
 
 41 
 
 19-21 
 
 1-12 
 
 25-83 
 
 1-51 
 
 16 
 
 49-22 
 
 2-88 
 
 66-43 
 
 3-88 
 
 42 
 
 18-75 
 
 1-10 
 
 26-31 
 
 1-48 
 
 17 
 
 46-32 
 
 2-71 
 
 62-52 
 
 3-65 
 
 43 
 
 18-27 
 
 1-07 
 
 24-66 
 
 1-44 
 
 18 
 
 43-75 
 
 2-56 
 
 59-05 
 
 3-45 
 
 44 
 
 17-90 
 
 1-05 
 
 24-16 
 
 1-41 
 
 19 
 
 41-45 
 
 2-42 
 
 55-95 
 
 3-27 
 
 45 
 
 17-76 
 
 1-02 
 
 23-67 
 
 1-38 
 
 20 
 
 39-38 
 
 2-30 
 
 53-15 
 
 3-11 
 
 46 
 
 17-12 
 
 1-00 
 
 23-11 
 
 1-35 
 
 21 
 
 37-50 
 
 2-19 
 
 50-61 
 
 2-96 
 
 47 
 
 16-72 
 
 0-978 
 
 22-57 
 
 1-32 
 
 22 
 
 35-80 
 
 2-09 
 
 48-32 
 
 2-83 
 
 48 
 
 16-41 
 
 0-960 
 
 22-15 
 
 1-30 
 
 23 
 
 34-24 
 
 2-00 
 
 46-21 
 
 2-70 
 
 49 
 
 16-04 
 
 0-938 
 
 21-65 
 
 1-27 
 
 24 
 
 32-81 
 
 1-92 
 
 44-28 
 
 2-59 
 
 50 
 
 15-75 
 
 0-921 
 
 21-26 
 
 1-24 
 
 25 
 
 31-50 
 
 1-84 
 
 42-52 
 
 2-49 
 
 65 
 
 14-32 
 
 0-837 
 
 19-33 
 
 1-13 
 
 26 
 
 30-29 
 
 1-77 
 
 40-88 
 
 2-39 
 
 60" 
 
 13-13 
 
 0-768 
 
 17-72 
 
 1-04 
 
 27 
 
 29-17 
 
 1-71 
 
 39-37 
 
 2-30 
 
 65 
 
 12-12 
 
 0-709 
 
 16-36 
 
 0-957 
 
 28 
 
 28-13 
 
 1-65 
 
 37-97 
 
 2-22 
 
 70 
 
 11-25 
 
 0-668 
 
 15-18 
 
 0-888 
 
 29 
 
 27-16 
 
 1-59 
 
 36-66 
 
 2-14 
 
 75 
 
 10-50 
 
 0-614 
 
 14-17 
 
 0-829 
 
 30 
 
 26-25 
 
 1-54 
 
 35-43 
 
 2-07 
 
 80 
 
 9-86 
 
 0-576 
 
 13-29 
 
 0-777 
 
 31 
 
 25-40 
 
 1-49 
 
 34-28 
 
 2-00 
 
 85 
 
 9-26 
 
 0-642 
 
 12-60 
 
 0-731 
 
 32 
 
 24-61 
 
 1-44 
 
 33-22 
 
 1-94 
 
 90 
 
 8-73 
 
 0-511 
 
 11-78 
 
 0-689 
 
 33 
 
 23-86 
 
 1-40 
 
 32-20 
 
 1-88 
 
 95 
 
 8-29 
 
 0-485 
 
 11-19 
 
 0-654 
 
 34 
 
 23-16 
 
 1-35 
 
 31-26 
 
 1-83 
 
 100 
 
 7-88 
 
 0-461 
 
 10-64 
 
 0-622 
 
 35 
 
 22-50 
 
 1-32 
 
 30-37 
 
 1-78 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N.B. — The figures in colnmn a also indicate 0*01 lb. avoirdupois per gallon, or nearly 
 ounces per cubic foot. 
 
 the temperature not above 40° and by diluting the permanganate, 
 say to 200 c.c. (The same method holds good for the analysis of 
 sodium nitrite, but in this case the permanganate solution must be 
 previously acidulated to such an extent that the NaNOj solution 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 137 
 
 is immediately decomposed when run into the permanganate.) 
 Each cubic centimetre of the permanganate indicates 0'009502 g. 
 N2O3, hence more or less of it is employed, according as to 
 whether an acid containing more or less N2O3 is titrated. For 
 chamber acid, employ at most 5 c.c. ; for good Gay-Lussac acid, 
 up to 50 c.c. of permanganate. _ If the quantity of permanganate 
 is called x, and that of the vitriol consumed for decolorising it y, 
 the quantity of N2O3 present in grams per litre of acid is : — 
 
 9 -5 02a! 
 
 Calculated as NO3H = 
 
 as NaNOa = 
 
 y 
 
 The preceding table, p. 136, saves the calculation for all cases in 
 which a; =50. The column y gives the number of cubic centi- 
 metres of nitrous vitriol used, a the percentage in grams per 
 litre, and b the percentage by weight, for acid of 140° Tw. (For 
 other strengths the percentage by weight is calculated by dividing 
 the figures of column a by 10 x specific gravity.) 
 
 (b) Total Nitrogen Acids. — These are contained in sulphuric 
 acid as N2O3, or more correctly as nitrososulphuric acid, 
 802(0 H)(ONO), and NO3H. NO can be present only in minute 
 quantity, and only in absence of NO3H. N2O4 is decomposed 
 by sulphuric acid into nitrososulphuric and nitric acid. The 
 estimation made according to (a) only indicates N2O3. The total 
 nitrogen acids are converted into NO by shaking up the nitrous 
 vitriol with mercury ; the quantity of NO formed is estimated 
 by volume (Crum's reaction). This is done by Lunge's Nitrometer, 
 Fig. 9, p. 138. Fill the graduated limb a with mercury by raising 
 the level tube & ; put the three-way tap so that it communicates 
 with any of the openings ; run the nitrous vitriol into the top cup 
 of a from a 1 c.c. pipette graduated in j^ c.c, employing only 
 0'5 c.c. of very strong, but up to 5 c.c. of very weak nitrous vitriol : 
 lower the level tube, open the tap carefully so that the vitriol 
 runs in without any air entering; pour 2 or 3 c.c. of pure strong 
 sulphuric acid, free from nitrogen compounds, into the cup ; let 
 this acid enter the nitrometer, and repeat the washing of the 
 cup with 1 or 2 c.c. of pure acid. Start the evolution of gas 
 by taking the tube a out of the clamp, inclining_ it several times 
 till almost horizontal, and suddenly righting it again, so that 
 mercury and acid are well mixed ; shake for one or two minutes 
 till no more gas is evolved. Place the tubes so that the mercury 
 in b is as much higher than that in a as is required for balancing 
 
138 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 the acid in a ; this requires 1 mm. of Hg for 6 j mm. of acid. An 
 exact reading can only be obtained when the gas has attained 
 the temperature of the room and all froth has subsided. Read 
 off the volume of the gas, also a thermometer hung up close by, 
 and the barometer. In order to check the levelling, open the 
 tap, when the level of a should not change. If it rises, the 
 pressure has been in excess, and the reading must be increased 
 a little, say by 01 c.c. If it sinks, the reverse is the case, i.e. 
 always in the opposite sense to the change of level. Another 
 plan is, to put a little acid into the cup before opening the tap. 
 
 This wUl be sucked in if the pressure was too low, or raised if too 
 high. With adroit manipulation the reading can then soon be 
 corrected. Finally, lower the graduated tube a, lest any air 
 should enter on opening the tap ; open the tap, raise the tube 6, 
 force the gas and all acid into the cup, and turn the tap so that 
 the acid flows through into a vessel held below ; the last portions 
 are drawn off by blotting-paper. The nitrometer is then ready 
 for the next experiment. 
 
 A test must always be made to see whether the glass tap is 
 gas-tight. It ivill hardly remain so without greasing it occasion- 
 ally with vaseline, but this ought to be done very slightly, so as 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 
 
 139 
 
 to avoid any grease getting into the bore, for if the grease comes 
 in contact with acid, troublesome froth is formed * 
 
 0.0. NO read off. 
 
 a. 
 
 Absolute 
 
 weiglit, mg. 
 
 6. 
 Per cent, by 
 weight, wben em- 
 ploying 1 CO. acid 
 of 140° Tw. in 
 the Nitrometer. 
 
 Nitrogen, Nj .... 
 Nitric oxide, NO . 
 Nitrogen trioxide, N^Os 
 Nitric acid, real, HNO3 
 Sodium nitrate, NaNOg 
 Potassium nitrate, KNOg 
 
 0-6256 
 1-3403 
 1-6974 
 2-8143 
 3-7963 
 4-5176 
 
 0-0366 
 0-0784 
 0-0993 
 0-1646 
 0-2221 
 0-2642 
 
 (Multiples of these figures are given in Table 5, p. 15.) 
 
 This process is interfered with by the presence of sulphurous 
 acid, the best test for which is the smell. To remove it, tne acid 
 is stirred up with a very small quantity of powdered potassium 
 permanganate. Any great excess of this acid makes the process 
 very troublesome and inaccurate. 
 
 In highly concentrated acids a notable quantity (up to 3 per 
 cent, by volume) of NO may be dissolved ; therefore a little water 
 must be added to such acids in the nitrometer, sufficient to reduce 
 their strength to about 90 per cent. H2SO4. The volume of NO 
 read off is reduced to 0° C. and 760 mm. (32° F. and 29-92 in.) by 
 means of the tables, pages 36 et seq., and calculated for the 
 nitrogen compounds present by the table on this page, in which 
 column a gives milligrams, b per. cent, by weight, when employing 
 1 C.C. acid of 140° Tw. 
 
 Nitrometers (and gas-volumeters) should of course be obtained 
 from a reliable dealer, so that the correctness of the graduations 
 and the tightness of the taps can be depended upon. 
 
 The reduction to 0° and 760 mm. can be effected without 
 thermometer and barometer, and without the use of any tables, 
 by means of Lunge's Gas-volumeter, Fig. 10, which serves 
 also for numerous other analytical operations. It consists of the 
 gas-measuring tube A, the reduction tube B, and the level tube C, 
 all connected by thick rubber tubing with the three-way tube a. 
 B and C are held in two arms of the same clamp, so as to be each 
 either individually movable in its own arm, or both together by 
 
 * Such froth may also be formed in the presence of too much water, by the 
 separation of mercuric sulphate, but this hardly ever happens in the case of nitrous 
 vitriol, and even in the analysis of sodium nitrate only when the description given for 
 the estimation is not properly adhered to. 
 
140 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 means of the common clamp. Tube A may be an ordinary 
 nitrometer with three-way tap and funnel; it is, however, 
 best employed merely as a gas-measuring tube, and for some pur- 
 poses this tube is made to hold upwards of 100 c.c, in which case 
 the upper portion is in the shape of a bulb, the division beginning 
 below this, say, at 90 or 100 c.c. The most convenient shape, 
 which serves both for small and large quantities of gas, is 
 a tube possessing a bulb in the middle, and graduated above 
 
 this from (at the tap) to 40 c.c, below the bulb from 100 to 
 140 c.c. A two-way tap, g, allows communication either with 
 the straight outlet tube h, or with the right-angle tube e. 
 
 Instead of carrying out the decomposition in tube A, it is 
 decidedly preferable to employ for this purpose a separate 
 tube, D, provided with a two-way tap, /, a funnel, d, and an 
 outlet tube, c, corresponding to the tube e on A. D has its own 
 level tube E. All these tubes are held in clamps, which can 
 be moved up and down on the two bars of a heavy iron stand. 
 
 The " reduction tube " B is enlarged at the top, and 
 the narrow portion below is graduated from 100 to 125 c.c. 
 in -^g C.C. It contains a volume of dry air which at 0° 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 141 
 
 and 760 mm. pressure would occupy exactly 100 c.c. This 
 is obtained by taking, once for all, a reading of the thermom- 
 eter and the barometer, and calculating what would be the 
 volume of 100 c.c. of dry air under the prevailing atmospheric 
 conditions. In reading the barometer, a deduction must be 
 made for the expansion of the mercury, viz., 1 mm. between 0° 
 and 12°, 2 mm. between 13° and 19°, 3 mm. between 20° and 25°. 
 For calculating the volume of 100 c.c. air at " normal conditions " 
 from the observed temperature * and the barometric reading 6 
 (corrected as above), we have the formula : — 
 
 y _ 100(273 + 0760 
 2736 
 
 A drop of concentrated sulphuric acid is previously introduced 
 through the open end of b, most conveniently by suction. After 
 setting the level in B to the point indicated by the equation, the 
 capillary end of b is sealed by fusing it up ; in order to prevent 
 the heat from expanding the air in B, a cardboard shield is put 
 between the flame and B. 
 
 This is avoided by replacing the open capillary tube 6 by 
 Lunge's "beaker-tap" (Ber., 1892, p. 3157), and still better by 
 Gockel's gas-tap with annular mercury seal (supplied by Dr 
 H. Gockel, Luisenstrasse 6, Berlin, N.W.)._ 
 
 The "laboratory vessel" or "decomposition tube" D, in which 
 the reaction is carried out, is provided with the fittings of an 
 ordinary nitrometer, viz., the three-way tap /, the cup d, the 
 lateral outlet c, and the special level tube E. It holds about 150 
 cc. and is not graduated. Mercury is poured in through E. By 
 raising E, the vessel D is completely filled with mercury, till it 
 begins to run out at c. The tap /is shut, the end of c closed by 
 a glass or rubber cap, and the nitrous vitriol placed in d ; this is 
 sucked into D, then some pure acid sucked in, to wash the cup 
 and tap, tap / closed (no bubbles of air must remain below it !), 
 and the decomposition brought about in the usual manner by 
 shaking the vitriol with the mercury, to evolve all the nitrogen 
 acids as NO. The tubes D and A are then brought opposite to 
 each other (A having been previously filled, by raising 0, with 
 mercury till it flows out at e) ; c and e are joined by a short piece 
 of rubber tubing till they touch, so that no air remains in the 
 space between ; C is lowered, E raised, and by cautiously opening 
 tap /, the NO contained in D is transferred into A. As soon as 
 all the gas is in A, and the acid following it has_ filled the narrow 
 tube e, tap g is closed. Now tube C is raised tUl the mercury in 
 B has risen to the mark 100, and B and C are simultaneously 
 moved up or down, as may be required, till the levels in A and B 
 coincide, that in B being still at 100 c.c. Since the air in B is 
 now compressed to the point which it would occupy in the dry 
 
142 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 state at 0° and 760 mm., and the gas in A is placed under exactly 
 the same pressure (the temperature of these two parallel tubes 
 being presumably the same), the reading in A gives the volume of 
 NO reduced to the same conditions of 0° and 760 mm. The 
 temperature in A and B must be exactly the same; this is 
 ensured by the conductivity of the mercury, but in the case of 
 large quantities bf NO it is necessary to wait at least ten minutes 
 before finally adjusting the levels. 
 
 If only one gas-volumeter is available, and that is adjusted for 
 moist gases (as is required for other purposes), it may be used also 
 for dry gases, but it is then necessary to avoid any sulphuric acid 
 passing from D into A, and to suck a drop of water into A, before 
 transferring the gas into it from D. Another way for measuring 
 dry gases with a T/ioist reduction tube is as follows : observe the 
 temperature ; take the tension of aqueous vapour corresponding 
 to this from the table, p. 52=/, and adjust the mercury in the 
 measuring tube A higher by/ mm. than in the reduction tube B, 
 where, as usual, the mercury is adjusted by means of the level 
 tube C to the point marking lOO'OO c.c. If, on the other hand, a 
 reduction tube has been prepared for dry gases, by introducing a 
 drop of concentrated acid, it may be used for Tnoist gases (as 
 in the testing of manganese ore, bleaching powder, potassium 
 permanganate, etc.), by adjusting the mercury in A/ mm. lower 
 than in B. 
 
 (c) Relative Proportions of the three Nitrogen Adds. — In order 
 to find from the result of the permanganate titration and from the 
 estimation of total nitrogen in the nitrometer (as NO) the relative 
 proportions of N2O3, N2O4, and NO5H in a mixture of all three 
 nitrogen acids absorbed by sulphuric acid, we may employ the 
 following formula ; — 
 
 a = c.c. NO found in the nitrometer. 
 
 5 = c.c. O, calculated from the permanganate titration. 
 
 (1 c.c. = 1-4292 mg. ; 1 c.c. seminormal permanganate 
 = 0-004 g. =2-7975 c.c. oxygen.) 
 
 X = vols. NO, corresponding to the NgOj present. 
 y=„ NO, „ „ N2O4 „ 
 
 z = „ NO, „ „ NO3H „ 
 
 If 46 be > a, 
 
 x=ib-a; y = 2(a - 2b), or =a-x. 
 
 If 46 be < u, 
 
 y = ih i z = a- ib. 
 
 (d) Qualitative Test for Traces of Nitrogen Acids. — These can 
 be detected by means of diphenylamine. Dissolve a few grams 
 of diphenylamine in 100 parts of pure sulphuric acid. This acid 
 
SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE 143 
 
 should be completely free from nitrogen oxides, and can be made 
 so, if not at hand, by boiling with a trace of ammonium sulphate. 
 Dilate the acid with t'ffth volume of water before dissolving the 
 diphenylamine. This solution may be employed at once, or kept, 
 as it keeps quite well. Pour about 2 c.c. of the vitriol to be 
 tested into a test-tube, and add about 1 c.c. of the diphenylamine 
 solution so that the layers mix only gradually. In the case of 
 dilute acids, or other lighter liquids, proceed in the opposite manner. 
 The slightest traces of nitrogen acids are detected by the appear- 
 ance of a brilliant blue colour at the area of contact of the liquids. 
 The smallest traces of nitrous acid are detected, even in the 
 presence of nitric acid, by the reagent proposed by Griess, as 
 modified by Ilosvay and by Lunge. This reagent is prepared by 
 
 (1) dissolvmg 0"5 g. sulphanilic acid in 150 c.c. dilute acetic acid'; 
 
 (2) boiling O'l g. solid a-naphthylamine with 20 c.c. water, pouring 
 the colourless liquid off from the purple residue, and mixing it 
 with 150 c.c. dilute acetic acid. The two solutions are united, 
 and can thus be kept for an indefinite time in a bottle, well pro- 
 tected against air (which often contains traces of nitrogen acids). 
 Add a few c.c. of this solution to the solution to be tested, and 
 heat to 70° or 80°. If as little as 1 part nitrous acid be present in 
 1000 million parts of the liquid, a red colour is formed in about 
 one minute. More concentrated solutions of HNO3, say 1 : 1000, 
 do not yield the blue colour, but a yellow solution. 
 
 In the presence of selenium the diphenylamine test fails, as Se 
 gives the same reaction as nitrogen acids. In that case test for 
 somewhat large quantities of nitrogen acids by the decoloration 
 of indigo solution ; for traces, by the reddening of a solution of 
 brucine sulphate. 
 
 (e) Selenium in sulphuric acid can be recognised by adding to 
 the acid a strong solution of ferrous sulphate, when a brownish- 
 red precipitate will make its appearance, which cannot be con- 
 fused with the colour produced by NO, or else by the green 
 colour, produced in a solution of codein. 
 
 (f) Exa/minationfor Lead. — Dilute the acid, if concentrated, 
 with an equal volume of water and twice its volume of alcohol. 
 Allow the mixture to stand for some time, filter any precipitate of 
 PbS04, wash it with dilute alcohol, and dry and ignite in a porce- 
 lain crucible, burning the filter separately. 1 g. PbSO4=0'6831 
 g. Pb. 
 
 (g) Exammuxtionfor Iron. — Boil the acid, if free from nitrogen, 
 with a drop of nitric acid to oxidise the iron. Dilute a little, 
 allow to cool, and add a solution of potassium thiocyanate. A 
 red colour proves the presence of iron. If there is not too little, 
 it can be quantitatively estimated in another sample by heating 
 with pure zinc (free from iron), pouring off from the zinc, washing 
 
144 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 tte latter, allowing to cool, and titrating with, permanganate. 
 This is best employed as ^th normal, indicating 0'002792 g. Fe 
 per cubic centimetre. Not less than 50 c.c. of the acid should 
 be taken for this test, as it generally contains very little iron. 
 
 The smallest traces of iron can be estimated colorimetrically 
 (Lunge, Zsch.f. angew. Chem., 1896, p. 3). 
 
 (h) Arsenic is detected qualitatively by the well-known 
 methods of Marsh or of Reinsch. For quantitative estimation 
 dilute 20 c.c. of the acid with water, and treat with a current of 
 SO2, until there is a strong smeU of the gas. This reduces As20g 
 to AS2O3, but that requires a pretty long time and a considerable 
 excess of SO2. Now drive off this excess by heating and passing 
 in a current of CO2, neutralise exactly with Na2C03 and a little 
 NaHCOs, and titrate with decinormal iodine and starch. 1 c.c. 
 of the iodine solution indicates 0"004948 g. AS2O5. (Any consider- 
 able proportion of iron should be previously removed.) 
 
 (i) Chlorides. — Boil 10 c.c. of the acid in a flask, pass the 
 vapours on to the surface of a little water, contained in a flask, 
 and estimate the absorbed HCl acidimetrically, or after neutral- 
 ising with NajCOa, by titrating with decinormal sUver nitrate 
 (p. 146). 
 
 11. Analysis of Fuming Sulphuric Acid (Nordhausen 
 Oil of Vitriol) and of Sulphuric Anhydride. 
 
 The substance is either weighed in glass bulbs or in a glass- tap 
 tube. The former are very thin bulbs of about 2 cm. diameter, 
 ending on each side in a capillary tube. Melt the acid, if solid, 
 till it is completely homogeneous, and suck 3 g. to 5 g. into 
 the bulb, which ought to be half-filled with it. The sucking 
 is best done by means of a bottle closed with a rubber cork, 
 through which passes a tightly fitting glass tap, 
 connected at its free end with a rubber tube. 
 Suction is applied to the latter, the tap 
 closed, the rubber tube drawn over one of 
 the capillary ends of the weighing bulb, and by 
 opening the tap a sufficient quantity of acid 
 admitted into the bulb. The tube is cleaned 
 outside, and one of the capillary ends is sealed 
 off. The other end can be left open without 
 fear of any loss of SO3 or attraction of moisture 
 during weighing. The weighing is best done 
 FiQ. 11. on a small platinum crucible with two nicks, 
 
 on which the ends of the bulb can rest. If the 
 latter should be accidentally broken, the acid runs into the 
 crucible, not on to the balance. Put the bulb, after weighing, open 
 
SALTCAKE AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID 145 
 
 end downwards into a small Erienmeyer flasb, into the neck of 
 which it ought to fit exactly (Fig. 11), and which contains so 
 much water that the capillary tube dips well into it, to prevent 
 any loss of SO3 on mixing the acid with water. Break oflf the 
 other point, allow the acid to run out, squirt a few drops of 
 water into the upper capillary, and ultimately rinse the whole 
 bulb tube by repeated aspiration of water. Dilute the liquid to 
 500 c.c. and take 50 c.c. for each test. This is done with i normal 
 sodium carbonate solution (1 c.c.=O'OO8O07 g. SO3), and methyl 
 orange as indicator. From the acidity found, that due to SO2 
 is_ deducted, which is ascertained by titrating another sample 
 with iodine. 
 
 Lunge and Key's glass-tap pipette (Fig. 12) r-ag 
 
 (the taps of which must be tight without greas- 
 ing !) is more convenient than the bulb tube. 
 Shut the lower tap c, open the upper tap a, 
 apply suction (with the mouth) at d, and shut a 
 whilst sucking. Immerse the point e in the 
 acid to be tested, and open c ; the partial 
 vacuum in bulb b suffices for drawing up 
 enough acid, which must not be allowed to 
 reach the tap c. Shut c, clean the point e, 
 put the pipette in the outer glass vessel/, and 
 weigh. Take the pipette out of /, place it 
 point downwards in water, and slowly run 
 out the contents. Then squirt some water 
 from above into 6, allow to stand for a moment, 
 and rinse thoroughly with water. 
 
 The strongest fuming oil of vitriol cannot 
 be run directly into water without loss. Such 
 oil of vitriol is weighed out in small glass 
 bulbs, as described above; both ends are 
 sealed up, the bulb is placed in a bottle con- 
 taining a considerable quantity of water, the 
 stopper put in, the bulb broken by shaking 
 the bottle, and after waiting a little the solu- 
 tion titrated. 
 
 Solid products of this class must be melted F""- i^- 
 
 by moderate heating ; they then remain long 
 enough in the liquid state to complete the weighing and run- 
 ning out without being heated again. But products which are 
 not far removed from real SO3 in composition would give out 
 too much vapour in this operation. Such products are weighed 
 out in a stoppe'red bottle, and mixed in this with a known and 
 exactly analysed quantity of monohydrate, at a temperature 
 of 30° to 40° C. This ought to produce a mixture containing 
 about 70 per eent. SO3 which will remain liquid at ordinary 
 temperatures. 
 
 K 
 
146 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 If only 0'5 to 1 g. of acid has been weighed off, titrate directly. 
 This is more accurate than diluting and titrating only part of the 
 liquid, but the latter method cannot be avoided when a larger 
 quantity of acid has been weighed. 
 
 The acidinietric determination, of course, indicates the total 
 percentage of acid. From this we must deduct in the first instance 
 any SO2 present. This is estimated in the usual way by deci- 
 normal iodine, and for each c.c. of this 0'05 c.c. normal sodium 
 carbonate solution is deducted (since with methyl orange the 
 colour changes when SO2 has passed into NaHSOa). If we call 
 the c.c. of normal sodium carbonate used =to, those of decinormal 
 iodine used for the same quantity of oil of vitriol =7re, the acidity 
 due to H-2SO4+SO3 is=(n-0-05 m) 0-040035 SO3. To the SO3 
 thus found add the SO2 (calculated =0'0032035 m), and assume 
 the residue to be water.* By multiplying this HjO by 4'445, we 
 obtain the quantity of SO3 combined with it to form H2SO4, 
 and by deducting this from the total SO3 acidity, that of the 
 free SO^. 
 
 in. SALTOAKB AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID. 
 
 A. — Salt (Common Salt, Rock-Salt). 
 
 1. Moisture. — Ignite 5 g. of salt in a covered platinum crucible 
 (to prevent loss by spirting) ; heat first quite gradually, then for 
 some minutes, up to a low red heat. If the sample is too damp, or 
 if several samples are to be tested at the same time, weigh off the 
 5 g. samples in fiat-bottomed Erlenmeyer flasks, with funnels on, 
 heat a number of these on a sand-bath for three or four hours 
 to 140° or 150° (without funnel), and allow them to cool with the 
 funnel in, which saves the use of a desiccator. Afterwards the 
 small remainder of chemically combined water may be removed 
 by heating on a wire-gauze, but this is mostly unnecessary. 
 
 2. Insoluble matter. — Dissolve 5 g., filter the insoluble matter, 
 wash, dry, and ignite. 
 
 3. Chlorine. — Weigh off 5"846 g. of the moist salt, dissolve it, 
 and dilute to 500 c.c. ; take out 25 c.c. by means of a pipette, 
 add so much of a solution of neutral potassium chromate that the 
 liquid is distinctly _ yellow, and titrate vsdth decinormal silver 
 solution (cf. Appendix). Add the silver solution from a 50 c.c. 
 
 • In case any weighaMe quantity of solid impurities is present, this must be of 
 course equally deducted. 
 
SALTCAKE AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID 147 
 
 burette, till the precipitate, even after agitation, shows a distinct 
 but_ faint pink colour. 0"2 c.c. is deducted from the number of 
 cubic centimetres of silver solution used, as being required for 
 producing the colour. The remainder, multiplied by 2, gives the 
 percentage of NaCl in the salt. In lieu of potassium chromate, 
 sodium arsenate may be employed as indicator. This is even 
 more sensitive, and no deduction from the silver solution used 
 should be made in this case. 
 
 4. Lime. — Dissolve 5 g. of the salt in water, if necessary 
 with the aid of a little HCl. When analysing impure roct-salt, 
 the treatment with dilute HCl must be continued for some time, 
 in order to dissolve all CaS04. It is also necessary to filter' off 
 any clay, etc., but non-argillaceous salt ought to dissolve com- 
 pletely, excepting any grains of sand and the like. In the clear 
 solution precipitate the lime with ammonia and ammonium 
 oxalate, allow to stand for twelve hours, filter the precipitate 
 through a fine filter-paper in a well-shaped funnel (c/. p. 109), 
 wash, dry, and ignite it in a platinum crucible till it is completely 
 converted into CaO. This is done by first gently heating till the 
 calcium oxalate is decomposed, and then igniting at nearly a 
 white heat for twenty minutes, either over a gas blowpipe or, 
 more conveniently, in a Hempel's gas-oven or over a Muencke . 
 burner. One part CaO is equal to 2-4281 CaSOi, and is calcu- 
 lated as such. 
 
 5. Sulphates. — Dissolve 10 g_. of the salt in tepid water, with 
 addition of a little hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1 litre, filter 
 through a dry pleated filter, and precipitate 250 c.c. (=2"5 g. salt) 
 by barium chloride {cf. p. 108). The sulphate is usually calculated 
 as CaS04. 
 
 6. Magnesium chloride may be titrated directly by drying the 
 salt, extracting it with absolute alcohol, filtering, evaporating off 
 the alcohol from the filtrate (which contains nothing but MgClj), 
 and titrating with silver nitrate. 
 
 B. — Saltcake (Sulphate of Soda). 
 
 (N.B. — Nos. 1 and 2 are suflScient for the daily checking of 
 the manufacture -, the others are employed for saltcake when 
 bought and sold.) 
 
 1. Free Add. — Dissolve 20 g. saltcake, dilute to 250 c.c, take 
 out 50 c.c. with a pipette, and methyl orange, and titrate with 
 standard sodium carbonate to the point of neutralisation. Each 
 
148 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 cubic centimetre of the standard alkali is equal to 1 per cent. SO3. 
 The total acidity is calculated as SO3, including HCl and NaHS04. 
 (If litmus were employed as indicator, the presence of salts of 
 ■ iron and alumina would cause trouble in the titration ; with 
 methyl orange this is nat the case.) 
 
 2. Sodium GUoride. — Take another 50 c.c. of the solution made 
 for the test No. 1, add the same quantity of standard alkali as 
 used for this test, so that the acid is exactly neutralised, then a 
 little neutral potassium chromate, and titrate with decinormal 
 silver solution, as in A, 3. Each cubic centimetre of silver 
 solution (after deducting 0'2 from the whole) is equal to 0'1462 per 
 cent. NaCl. Or else employ a solution containing 2*906 g. AglSfOs 
 per litre and indicating 0"001 g. NaCl per cubic centimetre. This 
 would, in the present case, indicate 0'025 per cent. NaCl per 
 cubic centimetre. 
 
 3. Iron. — Dissolve 10 g. of sulphate in water, reduce the iron 
 salts to the ferrous state by a little sulphuric acid and zinc, and 
 titrate with potassium permanganate {cf. p. 143). 
 
 4. Residue, insoluble in water, is estimated as usual, if present. 
 
 5. Lime. — Dissolve 10 g, in water, if necessary with a little 
 HCl ; add NH4CI and NH3, precipitate with ammonium oxalate, 
 ignite, and weigh as CaO {cf. A, 4). If any appreciable quantity 
 of FegOs has been found, this must be deducted. 
 
 6. Magnesia is precipitated in the filtrate from No. 5 by 
 ammonium phosphate ; allow to stand for twenty-four hours ; 
 filter, wash with dilute ammonia, dry, ignite, and weigh the 
 magnesium pyrophosphate, of which 1 part=0'3621 MgO. 
 
 7. Alumina. — The solution of the saltcake is precipitated by 
 ammonia (free from CO2). The precipitate is ignited and weighed. 
 Deducting the weight of FcjOj found in No. 3, the remainder 
 is=Al203. 
 
 8. Sodium Sulphate {direct estimation). — Dissolve 1 g. of the 
 saltcake ; precipitate any lime together with ferric oxide, etc., as 
 in No. 5 ; filter ; evaporate the filtrate to dryness after adding a 
 few drops of pure sulphuric acid ; ignite ; repeat this after adding 
 a small piece of ammonium carbonate, and weigh. Deduct from 
 this weight (1) the NaCl found in test No. 2, calculated for 
 Na2S04 (1"0000 NaCl = 1 "2151 NagSOi, or each cubic centimetre of 
 decinormal silver solution employed in test No. 2=0'001776 g. 
 Na2S04) ; (2) the MgO found in test No. 6 calculated as MgSOj 
 (1-000 MgO=2-9859 MgS04). The remainder is equal to the 
 sodium sulphate actually present in 1 g. saltcake. 
 
SALTCAKE AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID 149 
 
 C. — Chimney-Testing, 
 
 Act of Parliament. — By the Alkali Works Eegulation Act of 
 1906, it is enacted that " Every alkali work shall be carried on in 
 such a manner as to secure the condensation to the satisfaction of 
 the chief inspector, (as) of the muriatic acid gas evolved in such 
 ■work to the extent of 95 per centum, and to such an extent 
 that in each cubic foot of air, smoke, or chimney gases escaping 
 from the works into the atmosphere, there is not contained more 
 than one-Jifih 'part of the grain [=0'457 g. per cubic centimetre] 
 of muriatic acid ; (6) of the acid gases of sulphur and nitrogen 
 which are evolved in the process of the manufacture of sul- 
 phuric acid in that work to such an extent that the total acidity 
 of such gases in each cubic foot of residual gases after com- 
 pletion of the process, and before admixture with air, smoke, or 
 other gases, does not exceed what is equivalent to four grains of 
 sulphuric anhydride ; (c) in the residual gases from the con- 
 centration of distillation of sulphuric acid, the total acidity of 
 gases in each cubic foot must not exceed the equivalent of 
 Ij grain of sulphuric anhydride." 
 
 Hyd/rochloric Acid in Chimney Gases. — In order to ascertain the 
 HCl in chimney gases, an aspirator is used known as Fletcher's 
 flexible aspirator, or bellows. This aspirator is supposed to draw 
 at one aspiration one-tenth of a cubic foot. It is not safe to 
 trust to this supposed capacity, and moreover the capacity of a 
 new aspirator varies for some time. To ascertain the real 
 capacity, fill a very large beaker or other cylindrical vessel with 
 water, and invert it under water. Completely fill the aspirator 
 with air, and expel this air into the inverted beaker. Mark the 
 point to which the beaker is filled when the water inside the 
 beaker is level with that outside. Measure the capacity of the 
 beaker to that mark; say it contains V cubic centimetres of water. 
 Then the number of aspirations which must be made with this 
 aspirator in order to draw 1 cubic foot of air is : — 
 
 j^ ^ 28290. 
 
 or if the capacity of the beaker is measured in grains ; — 
 jj ^ 436485 
 
 N will usually be a mixed number, but the nearest integral 
 number is substituted, and it will be safest to substitute the next 
 higher integral number. Thus, if N be found 9"3, it will be safest 
 
150 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 to consider 10 as the number of aspirations necessary to draw 1 
 cubic foot. The aspirator must be air-tigbt. The gas is with- 
 drawn from the chimney through a glass tube, which should be 
 sufficiently long to reach a considerable distance into the chimney, 
 say 6 feet. The glass tube should be of at least | in. diameter, 
 otherwise the aspiration is tedious. In flues where the tempera- 
 ture is too high for glass, a platinum tube must be employed. 
 The bellows and tube are washed with distilled water until the 
 washings give no reaction with silver nitrate. 100 or 200 cubic 
 centimetres of distilled water, free from chloride, are then charged 
 into the bellows, and after each aspiration the gas is well washed 
 by shaking the contents of the aspirator violently. When the 
 number N of aspirations has been made, some water is forced 
 into the glass tube, and allowed to flow back into the bellows to 
 wash out any acid which may have condensed in the tube. The 
 liquid is then transferred into a porcelain dish (or into a beaker 
 standing on a porcelain slab). If the liquid is so highly charged 
 with soot that it would be impossible to recognise the change of 
 colour, it miist be filtered through a filter previously washed free 
 from chlorides. The liquid is then oxidised by potassium 
 permanganate, and any excess of this reagent removed by a 
 trace of ferrous sulphate, neutralised by pure sodium carbonate, 
 coloured by potassium chromate, and titrated with decinormal 
 silver solution. (See p. 146 A, 3, and Appendix.) Some use a 
 oentinormal silver solution. Call the number of cubic centimetres 
 consumed =a;; then the hydrochloric acid, in grains per cubic foot 
 of gas, will be ; — 
 
 G = 0-05633a; grains. 
 
 In order to calculate the percentage escape, the velocity of the 
 gas in the chimney must be ascertained and reduced to 60° F. 
 No notice is usually taken of the barometric pressure, since the 
 measurement by the bellows is anyhow inaccurate. In addition, 
 the diameter of the chimney and the number of tons of salt 
 decomposed during twenty-four hours in the furnaces connected 
 with the chimney must be known. 
 
 If G = number of grains of HCl per cubic foot. 
 If V = velocity at 60° F. in feet per second, 
 If D = diameter of chimney at testing-hole in feet. 
 If T = tons of salt decomposed per twenty-four hours assumed 
 to contain 93 per cent. NaCl, 
 
 the percentage escape will be : — 
 
 0-7468 X GW_ 
 
SALTCAKE AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID 151 
 
 D. — Testing of the Gases in the Hargreaves' 
 Process. 
 
 (a) Total acidity, as described p. IIV. 
 
 (b) Svlphur dioxide, as p. 116. 
 
 (c) Hydrogen chloride is estimated in the sample taken for 
 (a), as described p. 149. By deducting (b) and (c) from (a), the 
 amount of SO3 is found. 
 
 LE.— Hydeochloeic Acid 
 
152 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 E. — Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 SPBCIFIO GRAVITY OF PURE HYDROCHLORIC ACID 
 AT 15° C. COMPARED 'WITH -WATER AT 4°, AND 
 REDUCED TO VACUUM. (Iiunge and Marchlewskl. ) 
 
 
 
 100 parts by weight correspond to 
 
 
 
 
 Specific 
 
 parts by weight of 
 
 
 
 
 (&avity 
 
 
 
 llitre 
 
 1 cubic 
 
 Degrees 
 
 
 
 
 contains 
 
 foot 
 
 Twaddell. 
 
 
 Acid of 
 
 Acid of 
 
 g. of 
 
 contains 
 
 
 4 
 in vacuo. 
 
 HCl. 
 
 spec, gravity 
 
 1-1426 
 = 28-6°Tw. 
 
 spec, gravity 
 
 1-162 
 = 30-4° Tw. 
 
 Hca. 
 
 lbs. ofHCI. 
 
 
 
 1-000 
 
 0-16 
 
 0-57 
 
 0-53 
 
 1-6 
 
 0-10 
 
 1 
 
 1-006 
 
 1-15 
 
 4-08 
 
 3-84 
 
 12 
 
 0-75 
 
 2 
 
 1-010 
 
 2-14 
 
 7-60 
 
 7-14 
 
 22 
 
 1-37 
 
 3 
 
 1-015 
 
 3-12 
 
 11-80 
 
 10-41 
 
 32 
 
 1-99 
 
 4 
 
 1-020 
 
 4-13 
 
 14-67 
 
 13-7? 
 
 41 
 
 2-62 
 
 6 
 
 1-025 
 
 5-16 
 
 ns-so' 
 
 17-19 ~ 
 
 3-30 
 
 6 
 
 1-030 
 
 6-16 
 
 21-86 
 
 20-53 
 
 64 
 
 3-99 
 
 7 
 
 1-035 
 
 7-15 
 
 26-40 
 
 23-87 
 
 74 
 
 4-61 
 
 8 
 
 1-040 
 
 8-16 
 
 28-99 
 
 27-24 
 
 85 
 
 6-30 
 
 9 
 
 1-045 
 
 9-16 
 
 32-55 
 
 30-58 
 
 96 
 
 5-98 
 
 10 
 
 1-050 
 
 10-17 
 
 36-14 
 
 33-95 
 
 107 
 
 6-67 
 
 11 
 
 1-065 
 
 11-18 
 
 39-73 
 
 37-33 
 
 118 
 
 7-35 
 
 12 
 
 1-060 
 
 12-19 
 
 43-32 
 
 40-70 
 
 129 
 
 8-04 
 
 13 
 
 1-065 
 
 13-19 
 
 46-87 
 
 44-04 
 
 141 
 
 8-79 
 
 14 
 
 1-070 
 
 14-17 
 
 50-35 
 
 47-31 
 
 152 
 
 9-48 
 
 15 
 
 1-075 
 
 16-16 
 
 63-87 
 
 60-62 
 
 163 
 
 10-16 
 
 16 
 
 1-080 
 
 16-15 
 
 67-39 
 
 63-92 
 
 174 
 
 10-85 
 
 17 
 
 1-086 
 
 17-13 
 
 60-87 
 
 57-19 
 
 186 
 
 11-69 
 
 18 
 
 1-090 
 
 18-11 
 
 64-35 
 
 60-47 
 
 197 
 
 12-28 
 
 19 
 
 1-096 
 
 19-06 
 
 67-78 
 
 63-64 
 
 209 
 
 13-03 
 
 20 
 
 1-100 
 
 20-01 
 
 71-11 
 
 66-81 
 
 220 
 
 13-71 
 
 21 
 
 1-105 
 
 20-97 
 
 74-52 
 
 70-01 
 
 232 
 
 14-46 
 
 22 
 
 1-110 
 
 21-92 
 
 77-89 
 
 73-19 
 
 243 
 
 15-16 
 
 23 
 
 1-115 
 
 22-86- 
 
 81-23 
 
 76-32 
 
 255 
 
 15-90 
 
 24 
 
 1-120 
 
 23-82 
 
 84-64 
 
 79-63 
 
 267 
 
 16-66 
 
 2S 
 
 1-125 
 
 24-78 
 
 88-06 
 
 82-74 
 
 278 
 
 17-33 
 
 26 
 
 1-130 
 
 26-75 
 
 01-60 
 
 86-97 
 
 291 
 
 18-14 
 
 27 
 
 1-135 
 
 26-70 
 
 94-88 
 
 89-16 
 
 303 
 
 18-89 
 
 28 
 
 1-140 
 
 27-66 
 
 98-29 
 
 92-35 
 
 315 
 
 19-64 
 
 29 
 
 1-145 
 
 28-61 
 
 101-67 
 
 96-52 
 
 328 
 
 20-45 
 
 30 
 
 1-160 
 
 29-57 
 
 • 106-08 
 
 98-73 
 
 340 
 
 21-20 
 
 31 
 
 1-155 
 
 30-65 
 
 108-68 
 
 102-00 
 
 363 
 
 22-01 
 
 32 
 
 1-160 
 
 31-62 
 
 112-01 
 
 106-24 
 
 366 
 
 22 82 
 
 83 
 
 1-165 
 
 32-49 
 
 115-46 
 
 108-48 
 
 379 
 
 23-63 
 
 S4 
 
 1-170 
 
 33-46 
 
 118-91 
 
 111-71 
 
 392 
 
 24-44 
 
 35 
 
 1-176 
 
 84-42 
 
 122-32 
 
 114-92 
 
 404 
 
 25-19 
 
 36 
 
 1-180 
 
 35-39 
 
 125-76 
 
 118-16 
 
 418 
 
 26-06 
 
 37 
 
 1-186 
 
 36-31 
 
 129-03 
 
 121-23 
 
 430 
 
 26-81 
 
 38 
 
 1-190 
 
 37-23 
 
 132-30 
 
 124-30 
 
 443 
 
 27-62 
 
 3!l 
 
 1-196 
 
 38-16 
 
 186-61 
 
 127-41 
 
 456 
 
 28-43 
 
 , 40 
 
 1-200 . 
 
 39-11 
 
 138-98 
 
 130-58 
 
 469 
 
 29-24 
 
SALTCAKE AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID 153 
 
 INFLUENCE! OF TEMPERATURE! ON THE SPECIFIC 
 GRAVITY OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID. 
 
 0°. 
 
 5'. 
 
 10'. 
 
 16'. 
 
 20°. 
 
 25°. 
 
 30°. 
 
 35°. 
 
 40°. 
 
 45°. 
 
 50° 
 
 1-168 
 1-158 
 1-148 
 1-138 
 1-128 
 
 1-118 
 1-108 
 1-098 
 1-088 
 1-078 
 
 1-068 
 1-058 
 1-048 
 1-038 
 1-028 
 
 1-018 
 
 1-165 
 1-155 
 1-145 
 1-135 
 1-125 
 
 1-115 
 1-105 
 1-095 
 1-085 
 1-075 
 
 1-065 
 1-065 
 1-045 
 1-035 
 1-026 
 
 1-016 
 
 1-163 
 1-163 
 1-143 
 1-138 
 1-123 
 
 1-113 
 1-103 
 1-093 
 1-083 
 1-073 
 
 1-063 
 1-063 
 1-043 
 1-033 
 1-023 
 
 1-013 
 
 1-160 
 1-150 
 1-140 
 1-130 
 1-120 
 
 1-110 
 1-100 
 1-090 
 1-080 
 1-070 
 
 1-060 
 1-050 
 1-040 
 1-030 
 1-020 
 
 1-010 
 
 1-157 - 
 
 1-147 
 
 1-137 
 
 1-127 
 
 1-117 
 
 1-107 
 1-097 
 1-087 
 1-077 
 1-068 
 
 1-058 
 1-048 
 1-037 
 1-027 
 1-017 
 
 1-007 
 
 1-154 
 1-145 
 1-134 
 1-125 
 1-115 
 
 1'105 
 1-095 
 1-085 
 1-075 
 1-065 
 
 1-055 
 1-045 
 1-036 
 1-024 
 1-014 
 
 1-004 
 
 1-152 
 1-142 
 1-132 
 1-122 
 1-112 
 
 1-103 
 1-092 
 1-082 
 1-073 
 1-063 
 
 1-063 
 1-043 
 1-032 
 1-022 
 1-012 
 
 1-002 
 
 1-U9 
 1-139 
 1-J29 
 1-119 
 1-110 
 
 1-101 
 1-090 
 1-080 
 1-070 
 1-061 
 
 1-050 
 1-040 
 1-030 
 1-019 
 1-009 
 
 0-999 
 
 1-147 
 1-137 
 1-127 
 1-117 
 1-108 
 
 1-099 
 1-088 
 1-077 
 1-008 
 1-059 
 
 1-048 
 1-038 
 1-027 
 1-017 
 1-007 
 
 0-997 
 
 1-144 
 1-134 
 1-125 
 1-114 
 1-106 
 
 1-097 
 1-086 
 1-075 
 1-066 
 1-057 
 
 1-046 
 1-036 
 1-025 
 1-014 
 1-004 
 
 0-994 
 
 
 1-142 
 1-132 
 1-123 
 1-112 
 1-103 
 
 1-094 
 1-084 
 1-078 
 1-064 
 1-055 
 
 1-044 
 1-033 
 1-022 
 1-012 
 1-002 
 
 0-992 
 
 
 
 56'. 
 
 60°. 
 
 65'. 
 
 70°. 
 
 75\ 
 
 60°. 
 
 85°. 
 
 90°. 
 
 95°. 
 
 100°. 
 
 1-140 
 1-130 
 1-120 
 1-109 
 1-101 
 
 1-093 
 1-082 
 
 1-on 
 
 1-062 
 1-053 
 
 1-042 
 1-031 
 1-020 
 1-010 
 1-000 
 
 0-990 
 
 1-138 
 1-128 
 1-118 
 1-107 
 1-099 
 
 1-090 
 1-080 
 1-069 
 1-060 
 1-051 
 
 1-040 
 1-029 
 1-018 
 1-008 
 0-998 
 
 0-988 
 
 1-136 
 1-126 
 1-116 
 1-104 
 1-096 
 
 1-088 
 1-078 
 1-067 
 1-058 
 1-049 
 
 1-038 
 1-027 
 1-016 
 1-005 
 0-995 
 
 0-985 
 
 1-133 
 1-123 
 1-113 
 1-102 
 1-094 
 
 1085 
 1-076 
 1-065 
 1-056 
 1-048 
 
 1-036 
 1-025 
 1-014 
 1-003 
 0-003 
 
 0-983 
 
 1-131 
 1-121 
 1-111 
 1-100 
 1-091 
 
 1-083 
 1-073 
 1-063 
 1-064 
 1-046 
 
 1-034 
 1-023 
 1-011 
 1-001 
 0-991 
 
 0-981 
 
 1-129 
 1-119 
 1-108 
 1-097 
 1-089 
 
 1-080 
 1-071 
 1-061 
 1-053 
 1-044 
 
 1-033 
 1-021 
 1-009 
 0-990 
 0-980 
 
 0-979 
 
 1-127 
 1-116 
 1-106 
 1-096 
 1-086 
 
 1-078 
 1-069 
 1-059 
 1-051 
 1-043 
 
 1-031 
 1-019 
 1-007 
 0-997 
 0-987 
 
 0-977 
 
 1-125 
 1-114 
 1-104 
 1-093 
 1-084 
 
 1-075 
 1-066 
 1-067 
 1-049 
 1-041 
 
 1-029 
 1-017 
 1-005 
 0-995 
 0-985 
 
 0-975 
 
 1-123 
 1-112 
 1-102 
 1-090 
 1-081 
 
 1-073 
 1-064 
 1-055 
 1-047 
 1-039 
 
 1-027 
 1-015 
 1-003 
 0-993 
 0-983 
 
 0-973 
 
 1-121 
 1-110 
 1-009 
 1-088 
 1-079 
 
 1-070 
 1-001 
 1-053 
 1-045 
 1-037 
 
 1-025 
 1-013 
 1-001 
 0-991 
 0-981 
 
 0-971 
 
 3. ANALYSIS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID. 
 
 (a) Estimation of HCl. — Measure ofif, by means of an accurate 
 pipette, 10 c.c. of the acid, the specific gravity of which should be 
 known, dilute to 200 c.c, take out 10 c.c. Or else employ a glass- 
 tap pipette, as described p. 145, for fuming sulphuric acid ; in this 
 case its contents are run into water and employed directly for 
 
154 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 titration. Add sodium carbonate, free from chloride, till the 
 reaction is neutral or faintly alkaline. This point will be hit 
 quickly, and without the loss of many drops for testing, if the 
 percentage of the acid is ascertained from its specific gravity by 
 the table (p. 152) and the corresponding quantity of sodium 
 carbonate solution is run in from a burette. Now add a little 
 neutral potassium chromate, and titrate with decinormal silver 
 solution till a faint pink colour is produced (c/. p. 146). 
 Deduct 02 c.c. from the silver solution employed ; the remainder, 
 multiplied by 72'94 and divided by the specific gravity of the acid, 
 indicates its percentage of HCl." This test would fail in the 
 presence of metallic chlorides, which are, however, hardly ever 
 present in appreciable quantity in ordinary hydrochloric acid. 
 The free HCl can also be ascertained by estimating the total 
 acidity and deducting therefrom that due to sulphuric acid, 
 making allowance for any sodium sulphate present. 
 
 (b) Estimation of Svlj^huric Acid. — Neutralise the acid almost, 
 but not quite, with sodium carbonate free from sulphate, and 
 precipitate the sulphuric acid by barium chloride, as on p. 108. If 
 the acid be partially saturated with NH3, or not saturated at all, 
 the result is too low. Each part of BaS04 is equal to 0"3430SO3. 
 
 (c) Estimation of Iron. — Reduce this to ferrous iron by d igesting 
 the acid for a short time with a rod of zinc free from iron, wash 
 the rod, dilute the whole with water, add some manganous 
 chloride or sulphate (in order to counteract the action of HCl on 
 permanganate), and titrate with a twentieth normal solution of 
 potassium permanganate, each cubic centimetre of which indicates 
 0'002792 g. Fe. In case of SO2 being present, this must first be 
 oxidised to sulphuric acid, before reducing the ferric salt and 
 titrating. 
 
 (d) Free Chlorine. — Introduce a sample of the acid into a 
 flask, remove the air from the empty space by CO2 ; shake the 
 acid with a strip of clean metallic copper. The latter is 
 converted into chloride by the free chlorine, and the copper thus 
 dissolved can be detected by potassium ferrocyanide, etc. This 
 will show the smallest traces of chlorine. For ordinary purposes 
 it is sufllcient to heat the acid gently and hold a strip of KI 
 starch paper in the vapour ; this will at once turn blue in the 
 presence of free CI. 
 
 (e) Svlphur dioxide.— O^iAxs^ with permanganate, or iodine, 
 or H2O2 to sulphuric acid, estimate the total H2SO4 now present 
 as in No. 2, and deduct the quantity there found ; the remainder 
 
 = S02. 
 
 (f) Arsenic. — Eeduce all to trichloride by passing in SO2 for 
 some time, and precipitate by H2S as AS2S3. Wash the precipitate, 
 dissolve it on the filter in ammonia, evaporate the solution in a 
 glass or porcelain dish, dry at 100°, and weigh. One part AS2S3 
 =0-6091 As =0-8041 AS2O3. 
 
BLEACHING POWDER, ETC. 
 
 155 
 
 IV. BLEACHING POWDER AND CHLORATE 
 OP POTASH MANUFACTURE. 
 
 A. — Natural Manganese Ore. 
 
 1. Mcmganese Dioxide. — Weigh r0866 g. of manganese ore, 
 ground as fine as possible, and dried for some time at 100° C. ; 
 put it into the flask (Fig. -13) closed by a rubber (Bunsen) valve, 
 or, preferably, into a flask provided with a Contat-Gockel 
 bulb (Fig. 14), which has been half-filled with a concentrated 
 solution of sodium carbonate ; put into the flask 75 c.c. (in 
 three portions with a 25 c.c. pipette) of a solution containing 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 100 g. pure crystallised ferrous sulphate and 100 c.c. pure con- 
 centrated sulphuric acid, diluted to 1 litre, and standardised on 
 the same day by means of the same 25 c.c. pipette, with deci- 
 normal potassium permanganate. Close the flask with its cork or 
 valve, and heat till the manganese is completely decomposed, 
 leaving a light-coloured residue. On cooling, the valve must act 
 properly, which will be seen by the collapsing of the rubber 
 tube, Fig. 13, or by the running in of sodium carbonate solution, 
 Fig. 14. After complete cooling add 200 c.c. of water, and titrate 
 with potassium permanganate to a faint pink coloration. Deduct 
 the quantity of permanganate required from that correspond- 
 ing to the 75 c.c. of iron solution ; the remainder indicates for 
 each cubic centimetre 0'02173 g., equal to 2 per cent. Mn02. 
 
 2. Carbon Dioxide is estimated gravimetrically by expelling it 
 with dilute sulphuric or nitric acid and absorbing it with soda-lime, 
 by means of the apparatus and process described (p. Ill, No. 6). 
 Or more quickly by Lunge and Rittener's gas-volumetric process, 
 see p. 171. 
 
156 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 3. Estimation of the Hydrochloric Acid required for Decom- 
 posing the Ore. — Dissolve 1 g. of manganese ore in a flask provided 
 with a reflux condenser in 10 c.c. of ordinary strong hydrochloric 
 acid the titre of which is known, employing heat as far as necessary. 
 Allow the solution to cool, and add standard alkali till reddish- 
 brown flakes of ferric hydroxide appear, which do not redissolve on 
 agitation. Calculate the standard alkali corresponding to the acid 
 employed for dissolving the ore, and deduct the quantity thus 
 found from the 10 c.c. flrst employed. 
 
 B. — Recovered Manganese Mud and Weldon 
 Liquors. 
 
 1. Mn02 in Weldon Mud. — Standardise an acid iron solution 
 (100 g. pure crystallised ferrous sulphate +100 c.c. pure concen- 
 trated sulphuric acid in 1 litre) by seminormal potassium 
 permanganate {cf. Appendix), by diluting 25 c.c. of the 
 former with 100 c.c. or 200 c.c. of cold water, and adding the 
 permanganate from a stopcock burette, till, on agitating, the 
 pink colour is not discharged immediately, but remains at least 
 for half a minute. Subsequent decolorisation is not taken into 
 account. This test should be made once each day. Call the cubic 
 centimetres of permanganate employed x. Now, put another 25 
 c.c. of the iron solution into a beaker. Take 10 c.c. of manganese 
 mud out of the well-shaken bottle (mere stirring does not ensure 
 a proper mixture) containing it ; wash the pipette outside, run its 
 contents into the beaker containing the iron solution, and wash 
 the mud remaining inside into the same beaker. When all has 
 dissolved, on agitating, add 100 c.c. of water, and titrate by 
 potassium permanganate. The number of cubic centimetres now 
 used we call y. The quantity of Mn02 in grams per litre of 
 mud equals 2'i73 (x-y). 
 
 2. Total Manganese of the Mud, expressed in Grams of 
 theoretically possible Mn02 per Litre. — Take 10 c.c. of the mud, 
 with the same precautions as in test No. 1. Boil with strong 
 hydrochloric acid till all chlorine is driven ofi'; saturate the 
 excess of acid by ground marble or precipitated calcium carbonate ; 
 add a concentrated filtered- solution of bleaching powder ; boil a 
 few minutes till the colour turns a decided pink, and the excess of 
 bleaching powder can be smelt, and again destroy the pink colour 
 by adding alcohol drop by drop. All manganese is now present as 
 Mn02 ; filter and wash. The filtrate should not produce any 
 brown colour with a bleaching-powder solution, which would 
 show the presence of Mn in solution. Continue the washing till 
 starch and KI do not give any reaction. Transfer the filter with 
 the precipitate into 25 c.c. of the acid iron solution employed in 
 test No. 1. If all Mn02 is not dissolved, add another 25 c.c. of 
 
BLEACHING POWDER, ETC. 157 
 
 iron solution; dilute witli 100 c.c. of water, and titrate with 
 permanganate. Calculation as in No. 1. 
 
 3. Estimation of the " Base," i.e. the Monoxides, etc., of the Mud 
 which combiTie with HCl without yielding Free Chlorine. — Dilute 
 25 CO., or in case of a very rich base 50 c.c, of normal oxalic acid 
 (63"03 g. crystallised oxalic acid in 1 litre) to 100 c.c. ; heat to 60° 
 to 80° C., add 10 c.c. manganese mud by means of a pipette, with 
 the precautions stated in No. 1, and agitate till the colour of the 
 precipitate is no longer yellowish but pure white, which ought to 
 take place very soon at the above temperature. Dilute to 202 c.c. 
 (2 c.c. correspond to the volume of the precipitate, and are 
 marked on the neck of the 200 c.c. flask) ; pour through a dry 
 filter, and titrate 100 c.c. of the filtrate with standard alkali, 
 employing phenolphthalein as indicator. (Methyl orange is not 
 applicable for oxalic acid.) Call the number of cubic centimetres 
 of standard alkali used, z. The oxalic acid serves (1) for reducing 
 the Mn02 with formation of MnO and COj ; (2) for saturating the 
 MnO thus formed ; (3) for saturating the monoxides originally 
 present, i.e. the base. The oxalic acid not thus used is equal to 
 22!. The acid used for reducing MnOj is equal to that used for 
 neutralising the MnO formed, and both amounts together are 
 equal to the value x — y obtained by the Mn02 test, since the 
 oxalic acid is normal and the permanganate half normal. The 
 amount of oxalic acid consumed by the bases of the mud is found 
 by deducting from the total acid used that required for the Mn02 
 {x - y), and that which was not neutralised at all by the mud = 2z, 
 therefore in all a; - y - 2z. The " base " is equal to the ratio of this 
 
 value to that found in test No. 1, viz., „' • 
 
 It is, therefore, if 25 c.c. of oxalic acid had been employed, equal 
 to: 
 
 50-2a!-4z + 2y _ / 50-4z \ _ g. 
 x-y \ x-y ) 
 
 or, if 50 cc had been employed, equal to : — 
 
 2. 
 
 / 100-fe \ 
 
 C. — Limestone. 
 
 1. Insoluble Matter. — Dissolve 1 g. in hydrochloric acid, filter 
 the residue, wash, dry, and ignite. In the presence of appreci- 
 able quantities of organic matter, weigh the filter after drying 
 at 100°, and ignite afterwards. The difference is calculated as 
 organic matter. 
 
 2. Lime. — Dissolve 1 g. in 25 c.c. normal hydrochloric acid 
 
158 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS* HANDBOOK 
 
 and titrate with normal alkali. Deduct the volume of the latter 
 used from 25 and multiply the remainder with 2'8 to find the 
 percentage of CaO, or with 5 to find that of CaCOs. (iT.^.— Here 
 MgO is calculated as CaO. This is admissible for most limestones 
 employed in alkali and bleaching-powder making, because they 
 contain but little MgO ; otherwise the MgO or MgCOs found as 
 in No. 3 must be deducted.) 
 
 3. Magnesia need only be estimated in limestone used for 
 manganese recovery. Dissolve 2 g. of limestone in HCl, precipi- 
 tate the CaO by NH3 and ammonium oxalate, and precipitate 
 the magnesia in the filtrate by sodium phosphate (c/. p. 148). 
 
 4. Iron is usually estimated only in limestone used for bleach- 
 fng-powder making. Dissolve 2 g. HCl, reduce by zinc, dilute, 
 add some manganese solution free from iron, and titrate by 
 permanganate (c/. p. 143). 
 
 D. — Quicklime. 
 
 1. Free CaO.— Weigh 100 g. of an average sample carefully 
 taken, slake it completely, put the milk into a half -litre flask, fill 
 up to the mark, shake well, take 100 c.c. out, run it into a half- 
 litre flask, fill up, mix well, and employ 25 c.c. of the contents, 
 equal to 1 g. quicklime, for the test. Titrate by normal oxalic 
 acid and phenolphthalein as indicator, adding the a,cid very slowly 
 and shaking well after each addition. The colour is changed 
 when all free lime has been saturated and before the CaCOs is 
 attacked. One c.c. normal HCl =0-02804 g. CaO. 
 
 2. Carbon Dioxide.— TitT&te CaO and CaCOj together by 
 dissolving in an excess of standard hydrochloric acid and titrating 
 back with standard alkali. By deducting the CaO estimated as 
 in No. 1 the quantity of CaCOs is obtained. For very accurate 
 estimations the CO2 is expelled by HOI, absorbed in soda-lime, 
 and weighed ; or it is estimated by volume in Lunge and 
 Eittener'a apparatus (p. 171). 
 
 S. — Slaked Lime. 
 
 1. Water. — Weigh about 1 g. in a stoppered glass tube, and 
 heat it gradually in a platinum crucible, at last to a strong red 
 heat (c/. p. 146) ; allow to cool in the exsiccator, and weigh. The 
 loss of weight is equal to HjO + CO2. 
 
 2. Carbon Dioxide is estimated as above in D, 2. 
 
 3. Estimation of the percentage of Caustic Lime in Milk of 
 Lime by means of the specific gravity (Blattner). — Thin miUc of 
 lime is poured into the cylinder and the reading of the hydrometer 
 is taken quickly, before the lime subsides. For thick milk of lime 
 employ a somewhat wide cylinder, put the hydrometer in without 
 
BLEACHING POWDER, ETC. 
 
 159 
 
 using any force and turn the cylinder slowly round, so that it 
 receives a slight shaking, until the hydrometer ceases to sink. 
 The following table is valid for 15° C. 
 
 TABLE 
 
 SHOWING 
 
 AMOUNT 
 
 OP LIMB 
 
 IN MILK 
 
 OF LIMB. 
 
 
 (Calculated from Blattner.) 
 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Grms. CaO 
 
 Lbs. CaO per 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Grms. OaO 
 
 Lbs. CaO per 
 
 Twaddell. 
 
 per litre. 
 
 cubic foot. 
 
 Twaddell. 
 
 per litre. 
 
 cubic foot. 
 
 2 
 
 11-7 
 
 0-7 
 
 28 
 
 177 
 
 11-1 
 
 4 
 
 24-4 
 
 1-5 
 
 30 
 
 190 
 
 11-9 
 
 6 
 
 37-1 
 
 2-3 
 
 32 
 
 203 
 
 12-7 
 
 8 
 
 49-8 
 
 3-1 
 
 34 
 
 216 
 
 13-5 
 
 10 
 
 62-5 
 
 3-9 
 
 36 
 
 229 
 
 14-3 
 
 12 
 
 75-2 
 
 4-7 
 
 38 
 
 242 
 
 15-1 
 
 14 
 
 87-9 
 
 5-5 
 
 40 
 
 265 
 
 15-9 
 
 16 
 
 100 
 
 6-3 
 
 42 
 
 268 
 
 16-7 
 
 18 
 
 113 
 
 7-1 
 
 44 
 
 281 
 
 17-6 
 
 20 
 
 126 
 
 7-9 
 
 46 
 
 294 
 
 18-4 
 
 22 
 
 138 
 
 8-7 
 
 48 
 
 307 
 
 19-2 
 
 24 
 
 152 
 
 9-5 
 
 50 
 
 321 
 
 20-0 
 
 26 
 
 164 
 
 10-3 
 
 
 
 
 P. — Bleaching Powder. 
 
 1. Available GMorine (Penot's Method)— Weigh. 7;092 g. of 
 the sample, previously well mixed ; grind it with a little water 
 in a porcelain mortar (the lip of which has been greased a 
 little underneath) till a completely homogeneous thin paste 
 has been obtained ; dilute with more water, wash the whole 
 into a litre flask, fill up_ to the mark, and take for each test 
 50 c.c.=0'3546 g. bleaching powder, having shaken up the flask 
 immediately before. Run into the above, with continuous 
 agitation, an alkaline decinormal arsenite solution, containing 
 4"948 g. AS2O3 per litre (cf. Appendix) till the expected point 
 is not very far off. Then place a drop of the mixture on to 
 a piece of filter paper, moistened with a starch solution con- 
 taining potassium iodide. If there is very much chlorine left, 
 a brown spot will be produced ; if less chlorine, the spot 
 will be blue. According to the depth of this colour more or 
 less arsenite solution is run in, and the above test is repeated till 
 the paper is coloured hardly perceptibly, or not at all. Each 
 cubic centimetre of the arsenite solution indicates 1 per cent, 
 available chlorine. (For sampling of bleach, cf. Appendix.) 
 
 Another very accurate method, requiring no standard solution, 
 
160 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 consists in decomposing the bleaching powder by hydrogen 
 peroxide in a nitrometer or gas-volumeter (Lunge, S.C.I., 1890, 
 22). 
 
 2. Comparison of the Percentage, of Bleaching Powder with the 
 French (Gay-Ltissac) Degrees. — The latter are understood to mean 
 the number of litres of chlorine gas at 0° 0. and 760 mm. pressure 
 which can be given oflf by 1 kilogram of bleaching powder. 
 The oxygen given oflf in -the hydrogen peroxide method (cf. last 
 paragraph) shows this directly. 
 
 French 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 French 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 French 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 French 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 ChiOTine. 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 Chlorine. 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 Chlorine. 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 Chlorine. 
 
 63 
 
 20-28 
 
 81 
 
 26-07 
 
 99 
 
 31-87 
 
 116 
 
 37-34 
 
 64 
 
 20-60 
 
 82 
 
 26-40 
 
 100 
 
 32-10 
 
 117 
 
 37-66 
 
 65 
 
 20-92 
 
 83 
 
 26-72 
 
 101 
 
 32-51 
 
 118 
 
 37-99 
 
 66 
 
 21-25 
 
 84 
 
 27 04 
 
 102 
 
 32-83 
 
 119 
 
 38-31 
 
 67 
 
 21-57 
 
 85 
 
 27-31 
 
 103 
 
 33-16 
 
 120 
 
 38-63 
 
 68 
 
 21-89 
 
 86 
 
 27-36 
 
 104 
 
 33-48 
 
 121 
 
 38-95 
 
 69 
 
 22-21 
 
 87 
 
 28-01 
 
 105 
 
 33-80 
 
 122 
 
 39-27 
 
 70 
 
 22-55 
 
 88 
 
 28-33 
 
 106 
 
 34-12 
 
 123 
 
 39-51 
 
 71 
 
 22-86 
 
 89 
 
 28-65 
 
 107 
 
 34-47 
 
 124 
 
 39-92 
 
 72 
 
 23-18 
 
 90 
 
 28-97 
 
 108 
 
 34-78 
 
 125 
 
 40-24 
 
 73 
 
 23-50 
 
 91 
 
 29-29 
 
 109 
 
 35-09 
 
 126 
 
 40-56 
 
 74 
 
 23-82 
 
 92 
 
 29-62 
 
 110 
 
 35-41 
 
 127 
 
 40-88 
 
 75 
 
 24-14 
 
 93 
 
 29-94 
 
 111 
 
 35-73 
 
 128 
 
 41-20 
 
 76 
 
 24-47 
 
 94 
 
 30-26 
 
 112 
 
 36-05 
 
 129 
 
 41-63 
 
 77 
 
 24-79 
 
 95 
 
 30-63 
 
 113 
 
 36-38 
 
 130 
 
 41-85 
 
 78 
 
 25-11 
 
 96 
 
 30-90 
 
 114 
 
 36-70 
 
 131 
 
 42-17 
 
 79 
 
 25-40 
 
 97 
 
 31-23 
 
 115 
 
 37-02 
 
 132 
 
 42-49 
 
 80 
 
 25-75 
 
 98 
 
 31-55 
 
 
 
 
 
 3. Carbon Dioxide in Bleaching Powder or Bleach Liqvors by 
 Lunge and Rittener's Process. — The same apparatus is employed 
 as that described later on for sodium carbonate solutions (p. 171), 
 and the operation is carried out in the same way, but no aluminium 
 must be used in this case for expelling the gases, but 2 or 3 c.c. 
 of a 3 per cent, solution of hydrogen peroxide which during the 
 final boiling gives out oxygen gas. 
 
 Employ only so much of the substance that not more than 50 
 or 60 c.c. of gas (COj and Clj) is formed ; read off the volume of the 
 gases=c in the Bunte burette, charged with concentrated sodium 
 chloride solution, after allowing twenty minutes for cooling, and 
 after putting the level-bottle in the proper position. Introduce 
 into the burette funnel an excess of decinormal arsenic solution 
 =d c.c. ; run this slowly into the burette, so that it forms a layer 
 above the salt solution ; wash the funnel two or three times with 
 a few c.c. of water ; shut off the connection with the level-bottle, 
 
BLEACHING POWDER, ETC. 
 
 161 
 
 shake for two minutes ; run into tlie burette so mucli of a 30 per 
 cent, solution of sodium hydroxide that, on shaking, no more will 
 run in ; read off the volume of gas = b. The figure c — b, or, after 
 reduction to 0° and 760 mm. Cj - fej. indicates the absorbed c.c. 
 CO2+CI2. Now run the contents of the burette into a flask, wash 
 the burette with water, add to the whole an excess of NaHCOs, 
 and titrate with decinormal iodine; the c.c. used=e. Since 
 
 20,000 c.c. ^ arsenic solution indicate 22,030 c.c. Clj, we have 
 
 had in the burette. 
 
 22030 
 20000 
 
 and together with this, 
 
 X {d-e) c.c. chlorine. 
 
 22030 
 20000 
 
 {d-e)cc. CO2. 
 
 4. Testing the Atmosphere of the Chambers for Chlorine before 
 opening them.^-ln England a maximum of 5 grains chlorine per 
 cubic foot ( = 11 '5 g. per cubic metre) is 
 prescribed before the chamber may be 
 opened. This is ascertained by the appar- 
 atus, Fig. 15. A is a rubber pressure ball 
 holding about 100 c.c, B a hole in its 
 mouthpiece, D a glass tube reaching nearly 
 to the bottom of the glass jar E- its lower 
 end is contracted so that only a thin needle 
 can pass through. E is charged with 26 c.c. 
 of a solution, so prepared that ten deliveries 
 of the bulb indicate 2^ grains (or five de- 
 liveries 5 grains^ chlorine per cubic foot. It 
 is prepared by dissolving 0'3485 g. arsenious 
 acid in sodium carbonate solution, neutral- 
 ising with sulphuric acid, adding 25 g. 
 potassium iodide, 5 g. precipitated calcium 
 carbonate, 6 to 10 drops liquor ammonise, 
 and diluting the whole to 1 litre. To the 
 26 c.c. of this solution add a little starch 
 solution, introduce the outer end of D into 
 the bleaching-powder chamber 2 feet above 
 the bottom, compress A and cTose the hole B 
 by a finger, whereupon the pressure on A is 
 relieved. By the expansion of the rubber 
 ball A chamber air is aspirated into the 
 liquid contained in E. Note the number of 
 times the ball A must be employed as de- 
 scribed, before the liquid is coloured by the separation of iodine. 
 According to the prescribed limit, this number should be at least 5. 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
162 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 G. — Deacon Process. 
 
 1. Proportion of ^G\ and CI in the Gases. — Aspirate 5 litres 
 of gas, issuing from the decomposer, placing the apparatus as 
 near to the outlet of the decomposer as possible, and absorb the 
 hydrochloric acid and chlorine in a solution of caustic soda, sp. 
 gr. 1'075, of which about 250 c.c. are distributed into two or three 
 absorbing-bottles. The time of absorption ought to agree with 
 the tiiue occupied by the charge in the saltcake pan. Unite the 
 contents of the several bottles and dilute to 500 c.c. 
 
 (a) Take 100 c.c. of this solution, and add it gradually to 25 
 c.c. of an iron solution (prepared and standardised as directed on 
 page 155) in a flask as shown in Fig. 13, p. 155, and heat to 
 boiling. Allow to cool, dilute with 200 c.c. of water, and titrate 
 with seminormal permanganate solution. Say it required y c.c. 
 Suppose that when standardising the iron solution 25 c.c. of iron 
 solution required x c.c. 
 
 (6) Take 10 c.c. of the solution to be tested, add a little solution 
 of sulphurous acid, acidify with dilute sulphuric acid ; if it does 
 not smeU of sulphurous acid, add a little more. Heat to boiling. 
 When cool, add, if necessary, a few drops of permanganate to 
 oxidise any sulphurous acid in excess. Neutralise with pure 
 carbonate of soda, dilute with water, and after adding a few 
 drops potassium chromate, titrate with decinormal silver solution. 
 Suppose it requires z c.c. of silver sodium. Then 
 
 50a! - y 
 
 is the percentage of hydrochloric acid decomposed, and 
 44.94 + 5^ 
 
 equals the amount of air present for every volume of hydrochloric 
 acid. If any other volume, /, of gas instead of 5 litres be employed, 
 the constant 44'94 becomes 
 
 1 
 
 60x0003647 
 
 assuming that the other directions are strictly followed, and that 
 1 litre of hydrochloric acid weighs r639 g. at 15° C. at 760 mm. 
 pressure. 
 
 2. Carbon Dioxide. — Pass 20 litres of the gas, from which the 
 HCl has been removed by water, into an ammoniacal solution of 
 barium chloride, heat this finally, filter the BaCOs and estimate 
 
BLEACHING POWDER, ETC. 163 
 
 this by igniting, or by converting it into BaSOj, of which 1 g. 
 =0-1885 g. CO2. Cf. also below, sub H. 
 
 3. Steam. — Pass the gas through a weighed tube, containing 
 pumice moistened with strong sulphuric acid, and before reweigh- 
 ing remove the other gases by a current of air. 
 
 H. — Electrolytic Chlorine. 
 
 Exxmiination for Carbon Dioxide. — Chlorine gas produced by 
 means of gas-caroon electrodes may contain up to 12 per cent, 
 carbon dioxide. This COj is estimated by Ferchland's process, 
 as modified in Lunge's laboratory. 
 
 A dry Bunte burette, the content of which (from tap to tap=t)) 
 is exactly known, is filled with the chlorine by passing this 
 through for some time, the gas passing in from below, so as to 
 rise regularly below the lighter air. When filled with the chlorine 
 gas under atmospheric pressure, the burette is fixed in a clamp in 
 a vertical position, and a level tube is attached by means of a 
 strong rubber tube, filled with mercury to the bottom tap, which 
 has a single bore. The rubber tube must be entirely filled with 
 mercury, so that no air can get into the burette, and it is secured 
 against slipping off by iron wire. When the bottom tap of the 
 burette is opened, mercury enters into the burette and absorbs 
 the chlorine, at first pretty quickly, but later on its surface is 
 covered by a pellicle, which precludes further action. Then the 
 bottom tap is closed, and by agitating the burette the complete 
 absorption of the chlorine is effected. The sides of the burette 
 are thereby covered with a non-transparent layer, and a mixture 
 of mercurous chloride and mercury floats on the top of the 
 mercury, which prevent reading off the volume. When the 
 absorption of the chlorine is finished, open the bottom tap, put 
 the level of the mercury approximately equal in the burette and 
 the level tube, and allow ten or fifteen -minutes for the equalisa- 
 tion of the temperature. Now put 1 c.c. saturated solution of 
 sodium chloride into the top beaKer, and allow this to enter the 
 burette by lowering the level tube. This causes the pulverulent 
 mixture on the top of the mercury to subside, and an easily read- 
 able surface to be formed. Then adjust the levels for atmospheric 
 pressure, as described in the case of the nitrometer (p. 137) and 
 read the volume of gas=a. Now introduce a little concentrated 
 solution of potassium hydroxide through the funnel into the 
 burette, absorb the CO3 by shaking, re-establish atmospheric 
 pressure, and read the new volume of gas =6. The formula 
 
 — — ^ shows the percentage of CO2 in the crude chlorine gas. 
 
 No correction for vapour tension of water need be made in this 
 case, if concentrated solutions have been used. 
 
164 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 I. — Chlorate of Potash. 
 
 1. Chlorate Liquors contain calcium chlorate and chloride, 
 but these are calciilated as potassium salts for the sake of con- 
 venience. 
 
 (a) Chlorate is estimated both in order to check the work and 
 to calculate the necessary addition of KCl. Measure 2 c.c. of 
 liquor in an accurate pipette, run it into a flask (Fig. 13, p. 155), 
 add a little hot water and one drop of alcohol, boU (without the 
 valve) tin all smell of chlorine and the pink colour have dis- 
 appeared, allow to cool, add 25 c.c. of the strongly acid ferrous 
 sulphate solution (c/. p. 155, and requiring a c.c. of seminormal 
 permanganate), close the flask with its valve, and boU for ten 
 minutes. After cooling, titrate with seminormal permanganate. 
 The number of cubic centimetres required to produce a faint 
 pink =6. The liquor then contains calcium chlorate equivalent 
 to 5"105 (a-b) g. KCIO3 per litre, and it will theoretically require 
 an amount of 3" 106 (a-b) g. of pure KCl per litre. 
 
 (b) Chloride is estimated in order to check the work, and is 
 therefore calculated as KCl, although present as CaCl2. Treat 1 
 c.c. of liquor as above, to destroy the free chlorine and pink 
 colour, allow to cool, add a little neutral potassium chromate, and 
 titrate with decinormal silver nitrate (as described p. 146). Each 
 cubic centimetre of the latter indicates chloride equivalent to 
 7-456 g. KCl per litre. 
 
 2. Commercial Chlorate of Potash is only tested for chlorides, 
 calculated as KCl. As their quantity is very small, it is advisable 
 to dissolve 50 g. of the salt in water absolutely free from chlorine, 
 and to test with decinormal silver nitrate, as in 1 (b). Each 
 cubic centimetre of this solution =0'007456 g. KC1=0"015 per 
 cent. KCl. 
 
 E. — Bleach Liquors. 
 
 These are tested like Bleaching Powder, p. 159. 
 Electrolytic Bleach Liquor, see p. 193. 
 
BLEACHING POWDER, ETC. 
 
 165 
 
 L.— PRESSURE AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF LIQUID 
 CHLORINE. (Knletseh). 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Pressure. 
 
 specific Gravity. ^r^^S!'* 
 
 -88° 
 
 37-5 mm. Hg. 
 
 
 
 -85 
 
 45-0 
 
 
 
 -80 
 
 62-5 
 
 1-6602 
 
 
 -75 
 
 88-0 
 
 1-6490 
 
 
 -70 
 
 118 
 
 1-6382 
 
 
 -65 
 
 159 
 
 1-6273 
 
 
 -60 
 
 210 
 
 1-6167 
 
 
 -55 
 
 275 
 
 1-6055 
 
 0-001409 
 
 -50 
 
 350 
 
 1-5945 
 
 
 -45 
 
 445 
 
 1-5830 
 
 
 -40 
 
 560 
 
 1-5720 
 
 
 -35 
 
 705 
 
 1-5589 
 
 
 -33-6 
 
 760 
 
 1-5575 
 
 
 -30 
 
 l'20atm. 
 
 1-5485 
 
 
 -26 
 
 1-50 „ 
 
 1-5358 
 
 
 -20 
 
 1-84 „ 
 
 1-5230 
 
 
 -15 
 
 2-23 „ 
 
 1-5100 
 
 0-001793 
 
 -10 
 
 2-63 „ 
 
 1-4965 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 3-14 „ 
 
 1-4830 
 
 
 ± 
 
 3-66 „ 
 
 1-4690 
 
 
 + 5 
 + 10 
 
 4-25 „ 
 4-95 „ 
 
 1-4548 
 1-4405 
 
 1 0-001978 
 
 + 15 
 + 20 
 
 5-75 „ 
 6-62 „ 
 
 1-4273 
 1 -4118 
 
 1 0-002030 
 
 + 25 
 + 30 
 
 7 -63 „ 
 8-75 „ 
 
 1 -3984 
 1-3815 
 
 1 0-002190 
 
 + 35 
 + 40 
 
 9-95 „ 
 11-50 „ 
 
 1 -3683 
 1-3610 
 
 1 0-002260 
 
 50 
 60 
 
 14-70 „ 
 18-60 „ 
 
 1 -3170 
 1-2830 
 
 1 0-002690 
 
 70 
 SO 
 
 23-00 „ 
 28-40 „ 
 
 1-2430 
 1-2000 
 
 1 0-003460 
 
 90 
 
 34-60 „ 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 41-70 „ 
 
 
 
 110 
 
 50-80 „ 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 60-40 „ 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 71-60 ., 
 
 
 
 146 
 
 93-50 „ 
 
 Critical 
 
 Point 
 
166 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 V. SODA ASH MANUFACTURE BY THE 
 LEBLANC PROCESS. 
 
 A. — Ra-w Materials. 
 
 1. Saltoake.— ((7/. p. 147.) 
 
 2. Limestone or Chalk, for mixing. 
 
 (a) Insoluble.— {Gf. p. 157.) 
 
 (b) Lime (+MgO).— (P. 158.) 
 
 (c) Magnesia (only in limestones containing muci magnesia). — 
 (P. 156.) 
 
 3. Mdong Coal (slack). 
 
 (a) Moisture.— (?. 93.) 
 
 (b) Fixed Carbon.— {Y. 93.) 
 
 _(c) Ash (p. 93). — In the case of unknown descriptions of coal 
 it is not sufficient to estimate the total percentage of ash, but 
 the latter should be analysed, and silica, alumina, and ferric oxide 
 estimated according to the methods for the analysis of silicates. 
 
 (d) Sulphwr.—(P. 94.) 
 
 (e) Nitrogen is estimated by igniting with soda-lime and absorb- 
 ing the ammonia formed in standard sulphuric acid, according to 
 the method employed in organic analysis. 
 
 B. — Black-Ash. 
 
 Digest 50 g. of the finely powdered average sample with 480 
 c.c. of water at 45° C, which have been previously freed from CO, 
 and O by boiling and cooling down in a corked bottle. This will 
 produce 500 c.c. of liquid. Shake at once and afterwards fre- 
 quently, at least during two hours. The following tests are made 
 partly with the muddy mixture, partly with the clear portion ; 
 the former ones must be made to begin with. 
 
 1. Tests made with the Muddy Mixtuee. — Each time 
 before taking out a sample, the flask is thoroughly shaken up, 
 and before the deposit settles again a sample is taken by means 
 of a 5 c.c. pipette, with a short and somewhat wide outlet (to 
 prevent obstruction by the mud). The mud outwardly adhering 
 IS washed oflF, the contents of the pipette are run out into a beaker, 
 and the mud adhering to the inside of the pipette is washed into 
 the same beaker. 
 
 (a) Free Lime (or its equivalent of sodium hydroxide) is 
 estimated by adding to 6 c.c. of the mixture an excess of 
 
SODA ASH MANUFACTURE 167 
 
 barium chloride solution, as well as a drop of phenolphthalein 
 solution, and titrating with ^ normal oxalic acid, till the red 
 colour has just vanished. Each c.c. of the acid=0005607 g. CaO. 
 (b) Total Lime. — 5 c.c. of the muddy mixture are put into a 
 flask, a few c.c. of concentrated hydrochloric acid are added, and 
 the whole is boiled till all the gases have been expelled. Cool 
 down a little, add a drop of methyl orange solution, and neutralise 
 exactly with sodium carbonate, i.e. till the red colour has just 
 gone. Then add 30 c.c. of J normal sodium carbonate solution, 
 measured exactly, and heat to boiling, to precipitate all the lime 
 as CaCOj (together with any ferric oxide, alumina, and magnesia, 
 the quantity of which is too insignificant to be regarded for this 
 test). Wash the jjhole into a 200 c.c. flask, fill up to the mark, 
 take 100 c.c. of the clear liquid, and titrate back with ^ normal 
 hydrochloric acid. Deduct the c.c. used x 2 from 30 ; the differ- 
 ence X 0'005607 = total lime, or x 0'010007 = calcium carbonate. 
 
 {N.B. — These tests cannpt be expected to give very accurate 
 results, owing to the almost insurmountable difficulty of obtaining 
 a real average sample of black-ash ball. This, however, applies to 
 all tests made with black-ash.) 
 
 2. Tests made with the Clear Portion. — After having 
 made all the tests described under 1, allow the mixture to settle 
 down in the well-corked flask, and take samples of the supernatant, 
 clear liquid for the following tests : — 
 
 (a) Available Alkali cmd Sodium Carbonate. — 10 c.c. (=1 g. 
 black-ash) is titrated cold with hydrochloric acid and methyl 
 orange. This indicates the total available alkali, i.e., NajCOs, 
 NaOH, and NajS. (The small quantity of alumina and silica 
 present causes no appreciable error.) By deducting the quantities 
 found in tests Nos. 2 and 3 the quantity of sodium carbonate is 
 found, viz., 0'05300 g. for each cubic centimetre of normal HCl. 
 It is, however, expressed, like all other sodium compounds, in 
 terms 'of NajO, by multiplying the cubic centimetres of normal 
 acid used by 0-03100. 
 
 (b) Caustic Soda is estimated by adding to 20 c.c. of solution, 
 contained in a 100 c.c. flask, an excess of barium chloride (10 c.c. 
 of a 10 per cent, solution of BaCl2, 2H2O, will always more than 
 suffice for this), adding boiling water up to the mark, shaking up, 
 and corking the flask. After a few minutes the precipitate 
 settles. Take out 50 c.c. of the clear portion, without filtering,* 
 and titrate with normal hydrochloric acid. When employing 
 methyl orange as indicator, the liquid must be cooled first and 
 the titration must be made slowly, with constant shaking. Each 
 cubic centimetre of the standard acid indicates 0'04001 g. of 
 NaOH in 1 g. of black-ash =0'03100 g. NajO, but sodium sulphide 
 is also included. 
 
 * The filter paper absorbs an appreciable portion of barium salt. 
 
168 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 (c) Sodium Sulphide.— D^inA^ 10 c.c. of solution to about 200 c.c, 
 employing water freed from oxygen by boiling, acidulate with 
 acetic acid, and titrate quickly with iodine solution, using starch 
 as an indicator. When employing a decinormal iodine solution 
 (12'692 g. I per litre), each cubic centimetre indicates 0'003904 g. 
 Na2S ( =0'0031 00 g. NajO). A solution containing 3"251 g. I per litre 
 would indicate O'OOl g. NagS per cubic centimetre. In the former 
 case the number • of cubic centimetres of decinormal solution 
 divided by 10 can be deducted at once from the acid employed in 
 test No. 1, whereby the sulphide is eliminated from the alkali 
 test. Other sulphur compounds (except sulphate) need not be 
 taken account of in fresh black-ash. 
 
 (d) Sodium Chloride. — Neutralise 10. c.c^of the liquor as 
 accurately as possible with nitric acid, preterably by adding 
 exactly as many cubic centimetres of standard nitric acid (63'02 
 g. HNO3 per litre) as had been employed in test No. 1 . Boil till 
 all HgS has been expelled, filter from any suljjhur precipitated, 
 add a little neutral potassium chromate, and titrate with silver 
 solution (as described p. 146). Each cubic centimetre of deci- 
 normal silver solution indicates 0'005846 g. NaCl. A solution con- 
 taining 2'9061 g. AgNOj per litre corresponds to O'OOl g. NaCl per 
 cubic centimetre. 
 
 (e) Sodium Sidphate. — Acidulate 10 c.c. with a very slight 
 excess of HCl, boil, add barium chloride, filter, wash, and ignite 
 the precipitated BaS04. Since the quantity is very small, it can 
 be washed with hot water on the filter itself, which is then placed 
 in the moist state in a platinum crucible and ignited. Each part 
 of BaS04= 0-6086 NajSOi. 
 
 (f) Prepare an average sample of all batches by pouring a 
 certain quantity of the liquor belonging to each batch into a 
 common vessel ; carbonate this by passing OO2 through it, filter, 
 evaporate the jiltrate to dryness, and estimate Na2C03, Na2S04, 
 and NaCl in the residue. 
 
 C— Tank Waste (Vat Waste). 
 
 Take a large, really representative, average sample, which 
 should be kept protected from air, and of which 50 g. should be 
 weighed out quickly and in the moist state. Drying in contact 
 with air would considerably change its composition. Moist tank 
 waste may be assumed, without any great error, to contain 40 per 
 cent, of water. Digest the above 50 g. waste with 490 c.c. water 
 of 40° C, which will yield 500 c.c. of liquid. 
 
 1. Available Soda (NajCOs, or NagS).— Take 100 c.c. of the 
 liquor, pass into it a current of well-washed carbon dioxide, heat 
 the liquid to boiling, bring up the volume again to 100 c.c, pour 
 through a dry filter, and titrate 50 c.c. of the clear portion with 
 
SODA ASH MANUFACTURE 169 
 
 decinormal hydrochloric acid, of which each c.c. will indicate 
 O'OOSIOO g. NagO, or, in this case, 0'0620 per cent. NagO on the 
 moist waste. 
 
 2. Total Soda (mcltmve of Insoluble Sodium, Salts). — Heat 
 17'71 g.* tank waste in a porcelain or iron dish with sulphuric 
 acid of specific gravity 1'5, till all has been decomposed and 
 converted into a stiflf paste, evaporate to dryness, heat till all free 
 sulphuric acid has been driven off, add hot water, scrape out the 
 mass, and put it into a 250 c.c. cylinder. Neutralise any free 
 acid left, and precipitate any magnesia present by adding pure 
 milk of lime (obtained from ordinary slaked lime by pouring off 
 the first water, which may contain some alkali), fill up to the 
 mark, allow to settle, take out 50 c.c. of the clear liquor, add 10 
 c.c. of saturated baryta water, pour the mixture through a dry 
 filter, take 50 c.c. of the filtrate, precipitate all baryta by passing 
 through the liquid COj and boiling, filter, and titrate the filtrate 
 with decinormal hydrochloric acid. Each cubic centimetre of 
 this will indicate O'l. per cent, of NajO in the waste, taking into 
 account its bulk. 
 
 3. Total and Oxidisdble Sidphv/r. — Boil 2 g. of the waste with 
 hydrochloric acid, filter, wash with dilute HCl, neutralise the 
 filtrate almost completely by adding sodium carbonate, precipitate 
 with barium chloride, filter, wash, and ignite the barium sulphate. 
 From this the sulphur present as sulphate is calculated (a). 
 Another sample of 2 g. waste is oxidised by a strong bleaching- 
 powder solution and hydrochloric acid, or by a solution of bromine 
 in strong hydrochloric acid. When a strong smell of chlorine 
 persists, all S is oxidised to sulphuric acid. Filter and estimate 
 the SO4H2 in the filtrate. This indicates the total sulphur (6). 
 The difference 6 — a is the oxidisable sulphur, i.e. the theoretically 
 recoverable maximum of sulphur in the waste. 
 
 D. — Tank Liquor (Vat Liquor). 
 
 Vat liquor is tested while hot, or else it is kept at about 40° C, 
 to prevent crystallisation. Take out only small samples (2 to 5 
 c.c.) with an accurate pipette. This greatly facilitates the work. 
 
 l._ Sodium Carbonate. — Titrate 2 c.c. with standard hydro- 
 chloric acid. When employing methyl orange as indicator, first 
 add some cold water. From the volume required deduct that 
 found in test No. 2, and one-tenth of that in test No. 3. 
 
 2. Sodium Hydroxide (estimated as on p. 167). 
 
 3. Sodium, Sulphide is estimated by decmormal iodine solution 
 
 * Thia amount is correct, not 18-6 g., as calculation would seem to show, because 
 an allowance must be made for tlie biilk of tbe insoluble residue in the measuring- 
 vessels. 
 
170 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 (as on p. 168). The error caused by other sulphur compounds is 
 hardly appreciable, and for practical purposes of no consequence. 
 In any case this test must be made in order to correct test No. 1. 
 
 4. Sodium Sulphate (as on p. 168). 
 
 5. Total SvlpKwr. — Oxidise the liquor with bleaching jjowder 
 and hydrochloric acid (as described, C. 3, p. 169), and precipitate 
 with barium chloride. 
 
 6. Sodium Chloride (as on p. 168). 
 
 7. SodivMi Ferrocyanide. — Acidulate 20 c.c. of liquor (or more) 
 with HCl, and add strong bleaching-powder solution from a 
 burette, constantly agitating. From time to time mix a drop of 
 the" mixture on a white slab with a drop of dilute ferric chloride 
 solution, free from ferrous chloride. When no more Prussian 
 blue is formed, but the mixture of both drops turns brown, aU is 
 oxidised, hence also all ferrocyanide is tujned into ferricyanide. 
 A drop of bleach solution in excess does no harm, but if too much 
 excess ha^ been used, or if too much liquor has been lost by taking 
 out test drops, a fresh sample is taken out, which can then 
 be oxidised by running the requisite quantity of bleach liquor 
 from the burette without losing much by making the drop-tests. 
 This method gives quicker and more accurate results than adding 
 an excess of bleach and driving out the chlorine by heating, in 
 which case some ferricyanide may be decomposed. The oxidised 
 liquor is titrated with decinormal copper solution, containing 
 3'1785 g. Cu. or 12"486 g. crystallised cupric sulphate per litre, which 
 precipitates yellow Cu3Fe3Cyi2. From time to time test a drop 
 of the liquid by bringing it together on a porcelain slab with a 
 drop of a dilute ferrous sulphate solution. So long as a blue 
 colour is produced by the action of FeS04 on NaaFeC^ye more 
 copper solution is added, till the test on the slab does not turn 
 blue or grej^ but reddish. Now no more NasFeCyo is present, 
 and the FeSOi on the slab reduces the yellow copper ferri- 
 cyanide to red ferrocyanide. The first sensible reddening must 
 be taken as the final reaction, although, it vanishes after a short 
 time. According to theory, each cubic centimetre of the copper 
 solution ought to indicate O'OIOIS g. NaiFeCyc ; but direct experi- 
 ments (Chem. Ind., 1882, p. 79) have shown this not to be 
 the case. Too httle copper solution is employed, and each cubic 
 centimetre of this must therefore be regarded as equal to 0'0123 g. 
 NasFeCyo, or, still better, the copper solution must be standardised 
 by pure potassium ferrocyanide. 
 
 8. Silica, Alumina, and Ferric Oxide (PameU). — Supersaturate 
 100 c.c. of liquor with HCl, boil, add a large quantity of ammonium 
 chloride and ammonia in excess, and boil till all smell of NH3 has 
 ceased. The precipitate settles easily, and can be well washed. 
 On washing with hot water it turns intensely blue (owing to the 
 formation of Prussian blue ?) ; on igniting it leaves SiOj, AljO^, 
 and FcoOj. 
 
SODA ASH MANUFACTURE 
 
 171 
 
 9. A large sample of tte liquor is carbonated by passing CO2 
 tlirough it; it is then filtered, evaporated to diyness, and the 
 residue tested for available alkali, NajSOj and KaCl. 
 
 B. — Carbonated Liquor. 
 
 This is tested like tank liquor (No. D) ; also for bicarbonate. 
 This is done with sufiBcient accuracy for practical purposes as 
 follows : — Titrate 10 c.c. of liquor, without diluting it, in the cold 
 with normal hydrochloric acid, em- 
 ploying phenolphthalein as indi- 
 cator, until this is decolorised. The 
 temperature should not be much 
 
 above 0°. The c.c. of ^ HCl used 
 
 =a. Now add a drop of methyl 
 orange and more acid, until the 
 
 colour changes ; the c.c. -^ HCl 
 
 used for this = b. Then b-a indi- 
 cates the bicarbonate, 2a the soda 
 present as NajCOs, a+b the total 
 soda. For other methods, see 
 "Bicarbonate," p. 186. 
 
 The most accurate and at the 
 same time the quickest method for 
 estimating carbon dioxide, both in 
 small and in large quantities, is 
 that of Lunge and Kittener {Z. 
 angew. Chem., 1906, p. 1849). 
 Their apparatus is shown in Fig. 
 16. The small flask B, holding 
 
 about 30 C.C., is provided with a tap funnel C and a long capillary 
 D, which is connected with the lateral capillary of the two-way 
 tap E of the gas-burette A. D should be cut off at the lower 
 surface of the rubber stopper of B. Introduce so much substance 
 (solid or liquid) into B that it cannot yield more than 80 
 c.c. CO2; also 15 c.c. of very fine aluminium wire, rolled up in 
 a spiral. Then close B and connect D with tap E of burette A. 
 This is an ordinary Bunte burette ; as usual, it is divided in c.c, 
 beginning below the tap E with 100, going downwards to B, then 
 again to - 10 c.c, leaving a few c.c. of undivided space down to the 
 tap F. A level-bottle, G, can be connected with F in the ordinary 
 manner ; it contains a* saturated solution of sodium chloride. At 
 the beginning of the operation F is not connected with G, but 
 with a water-pump which is turned on for two or three minutes, 
 in ordet to evacuate the apparatus B - D - A. F is then closed 
 
172 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 and the capillary below this tap connected with the rubber tube 
 of the level-bottle G. By cautiously opening F, a little of the 
 salt solution is allowed to pass from G through F, till it appears 
 just above this tap in the capillary space of A. This is done in 
 order to check any leak at F. 
 
 If a solution is to be tested which is not previously contained 
 in flask B, it is poured into funnel C, and by cautiously opening 
 the tap it enters into B. Kinse C twice or thrice with a little 
 water, and then introduce through C enough hydrochloric acid to 
 decompose the carbonate and dissolve the aluminium wire. If B 
 contains initially a solid substance or a solution, the acid is of 
 course run in directly through C. In any case this is done drop 
 by drop, to avoid a violent reaction. When the reaction slackens, 
 heat B gently, until the aluminium is dissolved, and then bring the 
 solution to the boil, until drops of water condense in E. Now 
 close E and allow water to enter through C, to completely fill the 
 flask B and the capillary C. If a few small bubbles of gas should 
 remain in C, they are transferred to A by cautiously opening E 
 for a few moments. Next detach the capillary D from E, and wait 
 twenty to twenty-five minutes, so that the gas in A is cooled down 
 to the temperature of the outer air. Read the thermometer H, 
 attached to the upper part of A by means of rubber rings, note 
 also the barometer, cautiously open tap E, until the liquid in G 
 and A stands at the same level, close F, and read the volume of 
 gas in A, preferably by means of a Gockel reading-screen. 
 
 Now run a strong solution of caustic soda (1 : 2 water) through 
 E into A, without taking notice of any precipitation of calcium 
 carbonate, which will take place in A, if a solution of impure 
 common salt has been used in the level-bottle G. Close E, shake 
 A, in order to promote the absorption of COg, adjust the liquid in 
 G and A to the same level, read off the volume in A, and introduce 
 more caustic soda solution until this causes no further contraction 
 of the volume of gas. 
 
 The difference between the first readiug a and that taken after 
 absorption of the 002=6 shows the volume of the CO2 originally 
 present, which is reduced to 0° and 760 mm. in the usual way. Of 
 course regard must be had to the fact that the tension of a 
 saturated NaCl solution is less than that of pure water; for 
 ordinary temperatures it may be put =80 per cent, of the tension 
 of pure water (Table 24, p. 53), so that, e.g., at 15° C. it will be 
 12 mm. instead of 15 mm. 
 
 If you call the volumes of gas, reduced to the normal state, a^ 
 and 61 and the weight (or volume) of substance employed m, its 
 percentage of CO2 is : — 
 
 0-19768 (g^- 6') 
 
 Instead of absorbing the COj in the burette A, as described, it 
 
SODA ASH MANUFACTURE 173 
 
 miglit be transferred, by raising G, into a Hempel's or Dreh- 
 schmidt's absorption-pipette, attached to a. This pipette is filled 
 ■with caustic soda solution. After the CO2 has been absorbed, the 
 remaining gas is retransferred to A, by raising G. E is then 
 closed, the liquid adjusted to the same level in A and G, and the 
 volume of the gas read and reduced to normal conditions as above. 
 
 F. — Mother Liquor. 
 
 This is tested like uncarbonated tank liquor, p. 169. But in 
 this case it is necessary to estimate sulphide, sulphate, sulphite, 
 and thiosulphate in the presence of one another. The most con- 
 venient method for this purpose is that of Lunge and Smith 
 {Chem. Ind., 1883, p. 301), which is as follows : — 
 
 (a) Sulphate is estimated by displacing the air in the flask by 
 CO2 (to prevent oxidation by air), heating, acidulating, and pre- 
 cipitating with BaCl2. 
 
 (b) Other Compov/nds of Stdphur. —In a second sample deter- 
 mine the consumption of decinormal iodine solution, after diluting 
 with water free from air and acidulating with acetic acid. 
 
 (c) To a sample, four times the amount of (b), add zinc acetate 
 or cadmium carbonate, in order to remove the NajS, dilute it to a 
 known volume, allow to settle, and take a quarter of the clear 
 liquid for each of the following tests : — 
 
 (1) The consumption of decinormal iodine =M. 
 
 (2) To another quarter add, v?ithout acidulating it, a large 
 excess of permanganate solution of the value W (see below), the 
 solution to be tested being run into the permanganate solution ; 
 then an acid solution of ferrous sulphate, of known value against 
 KMn04, is added in excess, and the excess is titrated back by 
 permanganate, The total permanganate solution used, less that 
 corresponding to the ferrous sulphate, is called N. 
 
 (The value W signifies the quantity of permanganate solution 
 used in accordance with the equation : — 
 
 SNaaSaOa + SKMnOi + HgO = 3Na2S04 + 3K2SO4 + SMnOa + 2K0H, 
 
 which is found by calculation, or else experimentally by titration 
 of pure sodium thiosulphate.) 
 
 If we call the sulphur of thiosulphate S, that of sulphate s, we 
 have : — 
 
 S = ■J-(8WN-0-0064M) 
 « = 2WN-2S. 
 
 By deducting M from the result of the original iodine titra- 
 tion (b) you find the amount of NagS. 
 
 Another method for the same purpose, by Richardson and 
 Ackroyd, has been pubUshed in Jow-n. Soc, Chem. Ind., 1896, p. 
 
 172. 
 
174 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 G. — Tables. 
 
 SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF SODITJM 
 CARBONATE AT 15° O. 
 
 
 
 
 Fer cent. 
 
 by weight. 
 
 1 cubic metre contains 
 kilog. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Degrees 
 
 
 
 
 
 gravity. 
 
 TwaddeU. 
 
 Baume. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NaaOOa. 
 
 ^.^^a^^- 
 
 NasCOs. 
 
 NaaCOg, 
 10 aq. 
 
 1-000 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 1-005 
 
 1 
 
 0-7 
 
 0-45 
 
 1-21 
 
 4-52 
 
 12-16 
 
 1-010 
 
 2 
 
 1-4 
 
 0-91 
 
 • 2-46 
 
 9-19 
 
 24-85 
 
 1-015 
 
 3 
 
 2-1 
 
 1-39 
 
 3-75 
 
 14-11 
 
 38-06 
 
 1-020 
 
 4 
 
 2-7 
 
 1-90 
 
 5-13 
 
 19-38 
 
 52-33 
 
 1-025 
 
 5 
 
 3-4 
 
 2-35 
 
 6-34 
 
 24-09 
 
 64-99 
 
 1-030 
 
 6 
 
 4-1 
 
 2-82 
 
 7-61 
 
 29-05 
 
 78-38 
 
 1-035 
 
 7 
 
 4-7 
 
 3-27 
 
 8-82 
 
 33-84 
 
 91-29 
 
 1-040 
 
 8 
 
 5-4 
 
 3-74 
 
 10-09 
 
 38-90 
 
 104-94 
 
 1-045 
 
 9 
 
 6-0 
 
 4-21 
 
 11-36 
 
 43-99 
 
 118-71 
 
 1-050 
 
 10 
 
 6-7 
 
 4-70 
 
 12-68 
 
 49-35 
 
 133-14 
 
 1-055 
 
 11 
 
 7-4 
 
 5-17 
 
 13-95 
 
 54-54 
 
 147-17 
 
 1-060 
 
 12 
 
 8-0 
 
 5-65 
 
 15-24 
 
 59-89 
 
 161-64 
 
 1-065 
 
 13 
 
 8-7 
 
 6-15 
 
 16-69 
 
 65-50 
 
 176-68 
 
 1-070 
 
 14 
 
 9-4 
 
 6-63 
 
 17-89 
 
 70-94 
 
 191-42 
 
 1-075 
 
 15 
 
 10-0 
 
 7-08 
 
 19-10 
 
 76-11 
 
 205-33 
 
 1-080 
 
 16 
 
 10-6 
 
 7-56 
 
 20-40 
 
 81-65 
 
 220-32 
 
 1-085 
 
 17 
 
 11-2 
 
 8-03 
 
 21-67 
 
 87-13 
 
 235-12 
 
 1-090 
 
 18 
 
 11-9 
 
 8-48 
 
 22-88 
 
 92-43 
 
 249-39 
 
 1-095 
 
 19 
 
 12-4 
 
 8-90 
 
 24-01 
 
 97-46 
 
 262-91 
 
 1-100 
 
 20 
 
 13-0 
 
 9-31 
 
 25-12 
 
 102-41 
 
 276-32 
 
 1-105 
 
 21 
 
 13-6 
 
 9-80 
 
 26-44 
 
 108-29 
 
 292-16 
 
 1-110 
 
 22 
 
 14-2 
 
 10-27 
 
 27-71 
 
 114-00 
 
 307-58 
 
 1-115 
 
 23 
 
 14-9 
 
 10-75 
 
 29-00 
 
 119-86 
 
 323-35 
 
 1-120 
 
 24 
 
 15-4 
 
 11-22 
 
 30-27 
 
 125-66 
 
 339-02 
 
 1-125 
 
 26 
 
 16-0 
 
 11-67 
 
 31-49 
 
 131-29 
 
 354-26 
 
 1-130 
 
 26 
 
 16-5 
 
 12-17 
 
 32-83 
 
 137-62 
 
 370-98 
 
 1-135 
 
 27 
 
 17-0 
 
 12-64 
 
 34-10 
 
 143-46 
 
 387-04 
 
 1-140 
 
 28 
 
 17-7 
 
 13-08 
 
 35-29 
 
 149-11 
 
 402-31 
 
 1-145 
 
 29 
 
 18-3 
 
 13-60 
 
 36-42 
 
 154-58 
 
 417-01 
 
 1-150 
 
 30 
 
 18-8 
 
 13-94 
 
 37-61 
 
 160-31 
 
 432-52 
 
 1-165 
 
 31 
 
 19-3 
 
 14-34 
 
 38-69 
 
 165-63 
 
 446-87 
 
SODA ASH MANUFACTURE 
 
 175 
 
 2. SPBCIPIC GRAVITIES OP CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS 
 OP SODIUM CARBONATE AT 80° C* 
 
 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 by weight. 
 
 1 cubic metre contains 
 kilog. 
 
 Speciflo 
 gravity 
 at 80'. 
 
 Degrees 
 Twaddell. 
 
 Degrees 
 Baum6. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 NajCOs. 
 
 NagCOs, 
 10 aq. 
 
 NaaCOs. 
 
 NajCOs, 
 10 aq. 
 
 1-310 
 
 62 
 
 34-2 
 
 28-08 
 
 75-76 
 
 367-85 
 
 S92-46 
 
 1-305 
 
 61 
 
 33-7 
 
 27-66 
 
 74-63 
 
 360-96 
 
 973-92 
 
 1-300 
 
 60 
 
 33-3 
 
 27-25 
 
 73-52 
 
 354-25 
 
 955-76 
 
 1-295 
 
 59 
 
 32-8 
 
 26-84 
 
 72-41 
 
 347-58 
 
 937-71 
 
 1-290 
 
 58 
 
 32-4 
 
 26-42 
 
 71-28 
 
 340-82 
 
 919-51 
 
 1-285 
 
 57 
 
 32-0 
 
 26-00 
 
 70-15 
 
 334-10 
 
 901-43 
 
 1-280 
 
 56 
 
 31-5 
 
 25-60 
 
 69-07 
 
 327-68 
 
 884-10 
 
 1-275 
 
 55 
 
 31-1 
 
 25-18 
 
 67-94 
 
 321-05 
 
 866-24 
 
 1-270 
 
 54 
 
 30-6 
 
 24-74 
 
 66-75 
 
 314-20 
 
 847-73 
 
 1-265 
 
 53 
 
 30-2 
 
 24-28 
 
 65-51 
 
 307-14 
 
 828-70 
 
 1-260 
 
 52 
 
 29-7 
 
 23-85 
 
 64-35 
 
 300-51 
 
 810-81 
 
 1-255 
 
 51 
 
 29-3 
 
 23-43 
 
 63-21 
 
 294-05 
 
 793-29 
 
 1-250 
 
 50 
 
 28-8 
 
 23-03 
 
 62-14 
 
 287-88 
 
 776-75 
 
 1-245 
 
 49 
 
 28-4 
 
 22-63 
 
 61-06 
 
 281-74 
 
 760-20 
 
 1-240 
 
 48 
 
 27-9 
 
 22-22 
 
 59-95 
 
 275-53 
 
 743-38 
 
 1-235 
 
 47 
 
 .27-4 
 
 21-80 
 
 58-82 
 
 269-23 
 
 726-43 
 
 1-230 
 
 46 
 
 26-9 
 
 21-37 
 
 57-66 
 
 262-85 
 
 709-22 
 
 1-225 
 
 45 
 
 26-4 
 
 20-96 
 
 56-55 
 
 256-76 
 
 692-73 
 
 1-220 
 
 44 
 
 26-0 
 
 20-55 
 
 55-44 
 
 250-71 
 
 676-37 
 
 1-215 
 
 43 
 
 25-5 
 
 20-12 
 
 54-28 
 
 244-46 
 
 659-60 
 
 1-210 
 
 42 
 
 25-0 
 
 19-67 
 
 53-07 
 
 238-01 
 
 642-15 
 
 1-205 
 
 41 
 
 24-5 
 
 19-26 
 
 51-96 
 
 232-08 
 
 626-12 
 
 1-200 
 
 40 
 
 24-0 
 
 18-83 
 
 50-80 
 
 225-96 
 
 609-60 
 
 1-195 
 
 39 
 
 23-5 
 
 18-42 
 
 49-70 
 
 220-42 
 
 594-22 
 
 1-190 
 
 38 
 
 23-0 
 
 18-00 
 
 48-56 
 
 214-20 
 
 677-84 
 
 1-185 
 
 37 
 
 22-5 
 
 17-65 
 
 47-35 
 
 207-97 
 
 561-10 
 
 1-180 
 
 36 
 
 22-0 
 
 17-09 
 
 46-11 
 
 201-66 
 
 544-10 
 
 1-175 
 
 35 
 
 21-4 
 
 16-62 
 
 44-84 
 
 195-29 
 
 526-87 
 
 1-170 
 
 34 
 
 20-9 
 
 16-16 
 
 43-60 
 
 189-07 
 
 510-12 
 
 1-165 
 
 33 
 
 20-3 
 
 15-70 
 
 42-36 
 
 182-91 
 
 493-49 
 
 1-160 
 
 32 
 
 19-8 
 
 15-25 
 
 41-14 
 
 176-90 
 
 477-22 
 
 1-155 
 
 31 
 
 19-3 
 
 14-84 
 
 40-04 
 
 171 -40 
 
 462-46 
 
 1-150 
 
 30 
 
 18-8 
 
 14-42 
 
 38-91 
 
 165-83 
 
 447-47 
 
 1-145 
 
 29 
 
 18-3 
 
 14-02 
 
 37-83 
 
 160-53 
 
 433-15 
 
 1-140 
 
 28 
 
 17-7 
 
 13-61 
 
 36-72 
 
 155-15 
 
 418-61 
 
 * ThiB temperature has been apecially chosen, because the higher ooncentrationa 
 of sodium sarbonate cannot exist in solution at lo'vrer temperatures. 
 
176 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 8. INPLTJENOB OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SPECIFIC 
 
 O'C. 
 
 5'. 
 
 10°. 
 
 15°, 
 
 20°. 
 
 26° 
 
 30°. 
 
 85°. 
 
 40°. 
 
 45° 
 
 60°. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-285 
 
 1-282 
 
 1-279 
 
 1-276 
 
 1-273 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 1-274 
 
 1-271 
 
 1-267 
 
 1-265 
 
 1-262 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ' 
 
 ... 
 
 1-263 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-257 
 
 1-254 
 
 1-251 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 1-252 
 
 1-250 
 
 1-247 
 
 1-244 
 
 1-240 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-241 
 
 1-239 
 
 1-236 
 
 1-233 
 
 1-230 
 
 
 
 
 1-240 
 
 1-238 
 
 1-236 
 
 1-234 
 
 1-232 
 
 1-230 
 
 1-227 
 
 1-224 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 1-230 
 
 1-228 
 
 1-225 
 
 1-223 
 
 1-221 
 
 1-219 
 
 1-216 
 
 1-213 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-218 
 
 1-215 
 
 1-213 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-208 
 
 1-205 
 
 1-201 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-208 
 
 1-206 
 
 1-204 
 
 1-201 
 
 1-199 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-192 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-198 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-194 
 
 1-192 
 
 1-189 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-183 
 
 1-198 
 
 1-195 
 
 1-193 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-188 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-184 
 
 1-182 
 
 1-179 
 
 1-176 
 
 1-173 
 
 1-188 
 
 1-185 
 
 1-183 
 
 1-180 
 
 1-178 
 
 1-176 
 
 1-174 
 
 1-172 
 
 1-169 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-163 
 
 1-177 
 
 1-174 
 
 1-172 
 
 1-170 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-164 
 
 1-162 
 
 1-160 
 
 1-157 
 
 1-154 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-164 
 
 1-162 
 
 1-160 
 
 1-158 
 
 1-156 
 
 1-154 
 
 1-152 
 
 1-150 
 
 1-148 
 
 1-145 
 
 1-156 
 
 1-154 
 
 1-152 
 
 1-150 
 
 1-148 
 
 1-146 
 
 1-144 
 
 1-142 
 
 1-139 
 
 1-136 
 
 1-134 
 
 1-146 
 
 1-144 
 
 1-142 
 
 1-140 
 
 1-138 
 
 1-136 
 
 1-134 
 
 1-132 
 
 1-129 
 
 1-126 
 
 1-123 
 
 1-136 
 
 1-134 
 
 1-132 
 
 1-130 
 
 1-128 
 
 1-126 
 
 1-124 
 
 1-122 
 
 1-120 
 
 1-117 
 
 1-114 
 
 1-126 
 
 1-124 
 
 1-122 
 
 1-120 
 
 1-118 
 
 1-116 
 
 1-114 
 
 1-112 
 
 1-110 
 
 1-107 
 
 1-104 
 
 1-116 
 
 1-114 
 
 1-112 
 
 1-110 
 
 1-108 
 
 1-106 
 
 1-104 
 
 1-102 
 
 1-100 
 
 1-098 
 
 1-095 
 
 1-106 
 
 1-104 
 
 1-102 
 
 1-100 
 
 1-098 
 
 1-096 
 
 1-094 
 
 1-092 
 
 1-090 
 
 1-088 
 
 1-085 
 
 1-096 
 
 1-094 
 
 1-092 
 
 1-090 
 
 1-088 
 
 1-086 
 
 1-084 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-078 
 
 1-075 
 
 1-086 
 
 1-084 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-078 
 
 1-076 
 
 1-074 
 
 1072 
 
 1-070 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-065 
 
 1-075 
 
 1-073 
 
 1-071 
 
 1-070 
 
 1-069 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-065 
 
 1-063 
 
 1-061 
 
 1-059 
 
 1-056 
 
 1-064 
 
 1-063 
 
 1-061 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-059 
 
 1-057 
 
 1-056 
 
 1-054 
 
 1-052 
 
 1-050 
 
 1-047 
 
 1-053 
 
 1-052 
 
 1-051 
 
 1-050 
 
 1-049 
 
 1-048 
 
 1-046 
 
 1-044 
 
 1-042 
 
 1-040 
 
 1-037 
 
 1-043 
 
 1-042 
 
 1-041 
 
 1-040 
 
 1-039 
 
 1-038 
 
 1-036 
 
 1-034 
 
 1-032 
 
 1-030 
 
 1-027 
 
 1-033 
 
 1-032 
 
 1-031 
 
 1-030 
 
 1-029 
 
 1-028 
 
 1-026 
 
 1-024 
 
 1-022 
 
 1-020 
 
 1-017 
 
 1-023 
 
 1-022 
 
 1-021 
 
 1-020 
 
 1-019 
 
 1-018 
 
 1-016 
 
 1-014 
 
 1-012 
 
 1-010 
 
 1-007 
 
 1-013 
 
 1-012 
 
 1-011 
 
 1-010 
 
 1-009 
 
 1-008 
 
 1-006 
 
 1-004 
 
 1-002 
 
 1-000 
 
 0-997 
 
SODA ASH MANUFACTURE 
 
 177 
 
 GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM CARBONATE, 
 
 66'. 
 
 60". 
 
 65°. 
 
 70". 
 
 75'. 
 
 80', 
 
 86°. 
 
 90". 
 
 95". 
 
 100". 
 
 1-270 
 
 1-267 
 
 1-264 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-256 
 
 1-252 
 
 1-247 
 
 1-243 
 
 1-238 
 
 1-234 
 
 1-259 
 
 1-256 
 
 1-253 
 
 1-249 
 
 1-244 
 
 1-240 
 
 1-236 
 
 1-232 
 
 1-228 
 
 1-224 
 
 1-248 
 
 1-245 
 
 1-241 
 
 1-237 
 
 1-233 
 
 1-229 
 
 1-226 
 
 1-222 
 
 1-218 
 
 1-215 
 
 1-237 
 
 1-234 
 
 1-230 
 
 1-227 
 
 1-224 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-217 
 
 1-213 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-206 
 
 1-226 
 
 1-223 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-216 
 
 1-213 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-207 
 
 1-204 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-197 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-217 
 
 1-213 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-206 
 
 1-203 
 
 1-199 
 
 1-195 
 
 1-191 
 
 1-188 
 
 1-209 
 
 1-206 
 
 1-202 
 
 1-199 
 
 1-195 
 
 1-192 
 
 1-188 
 
 1-184 
 
 1-181 
 
 1-178 
 
 1-198 
 
 1-194 
 
 1-191 
 
 1-188 
 
 1-184 
 
 1-181 
 
 1-178 
 
 1-174 
 
 1-171 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-189 
 
 1-185 
 
 1-182 
 
 1-178 
 
 1-175 
 
 1-172 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-165 
 
 1-162 
 
 1-159 
 
 1-179 
 
 1-176 
 
 1-172 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-165 
 
 1-162 
 
 1-158 
 
 1-155 
 
 1-152 
 
 1-149 
 
 1-169 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-163 
 
 1-159 
 
 1-156 
 
 1-153 
 
 1-149 
 
 1-146 
 
 1-143 
 
 1-140 
 
 1-160 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-153 
 
 1-150 
 
 1-147 
 
 1-144 
 
 1-140 
 
 1-137 
 
 1-134 
 
 1-131 
 
 1-151 
 
 1-147 
 
 1-144 
 
 1-141 
 
 1-138 
 
 1-135 
 
 1-131 
 
 1-128 
 
 1-125 
 
 1-122 
 
 1-142 
 
 1-139 
 
 1-136 
 
 1-133 
 
 1-130 
 
 1-126 
 
 1-123 
 
 1-120 
 
 1-117 
 
 1-114 
 
 1-131 
 
 1-128 
 
 1-125 
 
 1-122 
 
 1-119 
 
 1-116 
 
 1-113 
 
 1-110 
 
 1-107 
 
 1-104 
 
 1-120 
 
 1-118 
 
 1-115 
 
 1-112 
 
 1-109 
 
 1-106 
 
 1-103 
 
 1-100 
 
 1-097 
 
 1-094 
 
 1-111 
 
 1-108 
 
 1-105 
 
 1-102 
 
 1-099 
 
 1-096 
 
 1-093 
 
 1-090 
 
 1-087 
 
 1-084 
 
 1-101 
 
 1-098 
 
 1-095 
 
 1-092 
 
 1-089 
 
 1-086 
 
 1-083 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-077 
 
 1-074 
 
 1-092 
 
 1-089 
 
 1-086 
 
 1-083 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-077 
 
 1-074 
 
 1-071 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-065 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-079 
 
 1-076 
 
 1-073 
 
 1-070 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-064 
 
 1-061 
 
 1-058 
 
 1-055 
 
 1-072 
 
 1-070 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-064 
 
 1-061 
 
 1-058 
 
 1-055 
 
 1-052 
 
 1-049 
 
 1-046 
 
 1-062 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-057 
 
 1-054 
 
 1-052 
 
 1-049 
 
 1-046 
 
 1-043 
 
 1-040 
 
 1-038 
 
 1-053 
 
 1-051 
 
 1-048 
 
 1-045 
 
 1-043 
 
 1-040 
 
 1-037 
 
 1-034 
 
 1-032 
 
 1-029 
 
 1-044 
 
 1-041 
 
 1-038 
 
 1-036 
 
 1-032 
 
 1-030 
 
 1-028 
 
 1-025 
 
 1-023 
 
 1-020 
 
 1-034 
 
 1-032 
 
 1-029 
 
 1-027 
 
 1-024 
 
 1-021 
 
 1-019 
 
 1-016 
 
 1-014 
 
 1-011 
 
 1-024 
 
 1-022 
 
 1-019 
 
 1-017 
 
 1-015 
 
 1-012 
 
 1-010 
 
 1-007 
 
 1-005 
 
 1-003 
 
 1-014 
 
 1-012 
 
 1-009 
 
 1-007 
 
 1-005 
 
 1-002 
 
 1-000 
 
 0-997 
 
 0-995 
 
 0-993 
 
 1-004 
 
 1-002 
 
 0-999 
 
 0-997 
 
 0-995 
 
 0-992 
 
 0-990 
 
 0-987 
 
 0-985 
 
 0-983 
 
 0-994 
 
 0-992 
 
 0-989 
 
 0-987 
 
 0-985 
 
 0-982 
 
 0-980 
 
 0-977 
 
 0-975 
 
 0-973 
 
 M 
 
178 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 E. — Analysis of Commercial Soda Ash. 
 
 When merely the available alTcali (alkalimetrical degree) has 
 to be ascertained, it is convenient to weigh out 15"5 g., to dissolve 
 in a 500 c.c. flask, and to take for each test 50 c.c. (in Germany, 
 without filtering ; in England, sometimes with, sometimes with- 
 out). In this case each cubic centimetre of standard acid indi- 
 cates O'OSIOO g. NajO, or just 2 per cent, of available alkali (NajO). 
 The standard acid is normal hydrochloric acid, containing 36"468 g. 
 HCI per litre, and is standardised both with pure sodium carbonate 
 and with silver nitrate. {Gf. Appendix.) The indicator is either 
 litmus (in which case the solution has to be boiled for some time) 
 or more conveniently, methyl orange (which is used with cold 
 solutions). 
 
 If the percentage of alkali is to be calculated in terms of 
 NaaCOj, as is usual in Germany and other countries, 2"6500 g. is 
 weighed out, dissolved, and titrated (without filtering) with 
 normal hydrochloric acid, each c.c. of which indicates 2 per cent. 
 NajCOa in this case. In Germany the samples are ignited before 
 weighing, and the percentage is always stated for soda ash in 
 this dry state. 
 
 For a complete analysis of commercial soda ash 50 g. are 
 dissolved in warm water. 
 
 1. The Insoluble Residvs is filtered and washed, the filtrate 
 and washings are diluted up to 1 litre, and the following tests are 
 made with this solution. 
 
 2. Soditim Carbonate is found by titrating 20 c.c. (equal to'l g. 
 of soda ash) with normal HCI, deducting the amount of No. 3. 
 That of No. 4 is always too small to consider in this case. 
 
 3. Sodium Hydroxide is estimated by barium chloride, accord- 
 ing to p. 167. 
 
 4. Sodium Sulphide. — 100 c.c. (equal to 5 g. of ash) are 
 titrated with ammoniacal silver nitrate (c/. Appendix), containing 
 13'818 g.' Ag. per litre, and indicating 0"005 g. Na^S per cubic 
 centimetre. _ Heat the soda liquor to boiling, add ammonia, and 
 run in the silver solution from a burette divided in 3^ c.c, till no 
 further black precipitate of AgjS is produced. In order to 
 observe this more accurately the liquid is filtered towards the end 
 of the operation, and the titration is continued if necessary. This 
 filtration is repeated several times. Each cubic centimetre of 
 silver solution mdicates O'l per cent, of NajS in the alkali. 
 
 6. Sodium, Sulphide. — Acidulate 100 c.c. (egual to 5 g. soda 
 ash) with acetic acid, add starch solution, and titrate with iodine 
 till a blue colour appears. A decinormal iodine solution corre- 
 
SODA ASH MANUFACTURE ' 179 
 
 spends to 0'006304 g. NajSOs per cubic centimetre (in this case 
 0"126 per cent.). The solution mentioned on p. 169 of 3'251 g. 
 iodine per litre, corresponds to 0'001615 g. NajSOg (in this case 
 0"0323 per cent.). From this should be deducted the amount 
 corresponding to test No. 4 ; 1 c.c. of the silver solution can be 
 regarded as equal to 1'3 c.c. of the decinormal, or equal to 5'0 
 c.c. of the weaker iodine solution. 
 
 6. Sodium Stdfhate. — Acidulate 20 c.c. of the solution (equal to 
 1 g. soda ash) with hydrochloric acid, precipitate with barium 
 chloride, as on p. 109, and weigh the BaSOi, of which I'OOO part is 
 equal to 0"6086 part Ka2S04. 
 
 7. Sodivm, Chloride. — Neutralise 20 c.c. (equal to 1 g. soda ash) 
 exactly with nitric acid, preferably by adding exactly as many 
 cubic centimetres normal nitric acid from a burette as had been 
 used in test No. 1 ; then add neutral potassium chromate, and 
 titrate with decinormal silver nitrate as described onp. 146. Each 
 cubic centimetre of this corresponds to 0"005846 g. NaCl. 
 
 8. Iron. — Neutralise 100 c.c. (equal to 5 g. soda ash) with 
 sulphuric acid free from iron, reduce with zinc free from iron 
 (p. 143), and titrate with -^ normal potassium permanganate, of 
 which each cubic centimetre corresponds to 0'002793 g. Fe, or in 
 this case 0'0559 per cent. Fe. 
 
 9. Sodium Silicate is not present in appreciable quantities in 
 ordinary soda ash, but always m the ash recovered from the liquor 
 used in the manufacture of wood " cellulose." It is estimated by 
 acidulating 20 c.c. (equal to 1 g. soda ash) with HCl, filtering the 
 Si02, drying, and igniting. 1 g. SiO2=2'028 g. NagSiOa. 
 
 10. Table for comparing French, German, and English Com- 
 mercial Alkalimetrical Degrees. — The French or Descroizilles 
 degrees mean the quantity of real sulphuric acid, SO^Hg, neutral- 
 ised by 100 parts of soda ash. The German degrees express the 
 available alkali in terms of sodium carbonate, NajCOa. In 
 England some works invoice in real per cent, of soda, Na20, as 
 found in the first column of the foUowmg tables. The Newcastle 
 test is based on the equivalent 32 for NajO, or 59'26 degrees for 
 pure Na^COs, and invoices fractions of degrees. 
 
 [COMMBECIAI AlKALIMETBICAL DeGEEES. 
 
180 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 FRENCH, QSBMAN, AND SNQLISH COMMBBCIAL 
 AIiKALIUlEiTBICAIi DBOBEBS. 
 
 Real 
 
 German 
 
 New- 
 castls 
 
 
 Beal 
 
 German 
 
 New- 
 
 
 Soda. 
 
 degrees. 
 
 French 
 
 Soda. 
 
 degrees. 
 
 French 
 
 NagO. 
 
 NaaCOg. 
 
 -2 
 
 degrees. 
 
 degrees. 
 
 Na20. 
 
 NaaCOs. 
 
 degrees. 
 
 degrees. 
 
 0-5 
 
 0-86 
 
 0-51 
 
 0-79 
 
 18 
 
 30-78 
 
 18-23 
 
 28-45 
 
 1 
 
 1-71 
 
 1-01 
 
 1-68 
 
 18-5 
 
 31-64 
 
 18-74 
 
 29-24 
 
 1-6 
 
 2-57 
 
 1-52 
 
 2-37 
 
 19 
 
 32-49 
 
 19-25 
 
 30-03 
 
 2 
 
 3-42 
 
 2-03 
 
 3-16 
 
 19-5 
 
 33-35 
 
 19-76 
 
 30-82 
 
 2-5 
 
 4-28 
 
 2-54 
 
 3-95 
 
 20 
 
 34-20 
 
 20-26 
 
 31-61 
 
 3 
 
 5-13 
 
 3-04 
 
 4-74 
 
 20-5 
 
 35-06 
 
 20-77 
 
 32-40 
 
 3-5 
 
 5-99 
 
 3-55 
 
 5-53 
 
 21 
 
 35-91 
 
 21-27 
 
 33-19 
 
 4 
 
 6-84 
 
 4-05 
 
 6-32 
 
 21-5 
 
 36-77 
 
 21-78 
 
 33-98 
 
 4-5 
 
 7-70 
 
 4-56 
 
 7-11 
 
 22 
 
 37-62 
 
 22-29 
 
 34-77 
 
 5 
 
 8-55 
 
 5-06 
 
 7-90 
 
 22-5 
 
 38-48 
 
 22-80 
 
 35-56 
 
 5-5 
 
 9-41 
 
 6-57 
 
 8-69 
 
 23 
 
 39-33 
 
 23-30 
 
 36-35 
 
 6 
 
 10-26 
 
 6-08 
 
 9-48 
 
 23-5 
 
 40-19 
 
 23-81 
 
 37-14 
 
 6-5 
 
 11-12 
 
 . 6-59 
 
 10-27 
 
 24 
 
 41-04 
 
 24-31 
 
 37-93 
 
 7 
 
 11-97 
 
 7-09 
 
 11-06 
 
 24-5 
 
 41-90 
 
 24-82 
 
 38-72 
 
 7-5 
 
 12-83 
 
 7-60 
 
 11-85 
 
 25 
 
 42-75 
 
 25-32 
 
 39-51 
 
 8 
 
 13-68 
 
 8-10 
 
 12-64 
 
 25-5 
 
 43-61 
 
 25-83 
 
 40-30 
 
 8-5 
 
 14-54 
 
 8-61 
 
 13-43 
 
 26 
 
 44-46 
 
 26-34 
 
 41-09 
 
 9 
 
 15-39 
 
 9-12 
 
 14-22 
 
 26-5 
 
 45-32 
 
 26-85 
 
 41-88 
 
 9-5 
 
 16-25 
 
 9-63 
 
 15-01 
 
 27 
 
 46-17 
 
 27-35 
 
 42-67 
 
 10 
 
 17-10 
 
 10-13 
 
 15-81 
 
 27-5 
 
 47-03 
 
 27-86 
 
 43-46 
 
 10-5 
 
 17-96 
 
 10-64 
 
 16-60 
 
 28 
 
 47-88 
 
 28-36 
 
 44-25 
 
 11 
 
 18-81 
 
 U-14 
 
 17-39 
 
 28-5 
 
 48-74 
 
 28-37 
 
 45 04 
 
 11 '5 
 
 19-67 
 
 11-65 
 
 18-18 
 
 29 
 
 49-59 
 
 29-38 
 
 45-83 
 
 12 
 
 20-52 
 
 12-17 
 
 18-97 
 
 29-5 
 
 50-45 
 
 29-89 
 
 46-62 
 
 12-5 
 
 21-38 
 
 12-68 
 
 19-76 
 
 30 
 
 51-30 
 
 30-39 
 
 47-42 
 
 13 
 
 22-23 
 
 13-17 
 
 20-55 
 
 30-5 
 
 52-16 
 
 30-90 
 
 48-21 
 
 13-5 
 
 23-09 
 
 13-68 
 
 21-34 
 
 31 
 
 53-01 
 
 31-41 
 
 49-00 
 
 14 
 
 23-94 
 
 14-18 
 
 22-13 
 
 31-5 
 
 53-87 
 
 31-91 
 
 49-79 
 
 14-5 
 
 24-80 
 
 14-69 
 
 22-92 
 
 32 
 
 54-72 
 
 32-42 
 
 50-88 
 
 15 
 
 25-65 
 
 15-19 
 
 23-71 
 
 32-5 
 
 55-58 
 
 32-92 
 
 51-37 
 
 15-5 
 
 26-51 
 
 15-70 
 
 24-50 
 
 33 
 
 56-43 
 
 33-43 
 
 52-16 
 
 16 
 
 27-36 
 
 16-21 
 
 25-29 
 
 33-5 
 
 57-29 
 
 33-94 
 
 62-95 
 
 16-5 
 
 28-22 
 
 16-73 
 
 26-08 
 
 34 
 
 58-14 
 
 34-44 
 
 53-74 
 
 17 
 
 29-07 
 
 17-22 
 
 26-87 
 
 34-5 
 
 59-00 
 
 34-95 
 
 54-53 
 
 17-5 
 
 29-93 
 
 17-73 
 
 27-66 
 
 35 
 
 59-85 
 
 35-46 
 
 55-32 
 
SODA ASH MANUFACTURE 
 
 181 
 
 FRENCH, QEBMAN, AND ENGLISH COMMEBCIAL ALKALI- 
 
 METBIOAL DEQUEES— Oantimied. 
 
 Real 
 
 German 
 
 New- 
 castle 
 
 
 Real 
 
 German 
 
 New- 
 castle 
 
 
 Soda. 
 
 degrees. 
 
 French 
 
 Soda. 
 
 degrees. 
 
 French 
 
 NaaO. 
 
 NaaCOs. 
 
 degrees. 
 
 degrees. 
 
 NaaO. 
 
 NaaCOa. 
 
 degrees. 
 
 degrees. 
 
 35-5 
 
 60-71 
 
 35-96 
 
 56-11 
 
 53 
 
 90-63 
 
 53-70 
 
 83-77 
 
 36 
 
 61-56 
 
 36-47 
 
 56-90 
 
 53-5 
 
 91-49 
 
 54-20 
 
 84-56 
 
 36-5 
 
 62-42 
 
 36-98 
 
 57-69 
 
 54 
 
 92-34 
 
 54-71 
 
 85-36 
 
 37 
 
 63-27 
 
 37-48 
 
 58-48 
 
 54-5 
 
 93-20 
 
 55-22 
 
 86-14 
 
 37-5 
 
 64-13 
 
 37-98 
 
 59-27 
 
 55 
 
 94-05 
 
 55-72 
 
 86-93 
 
 38 
 
 64-98 
 
 38-50 
 
 60-06 
 
 65-5 
 
 94-91 
 
 56-23 
 
 87-72 
 
 38-5 
 
 65-84 
 
 39-00 
 
 60-85 
 
 56 
 
 95-76 
 
 56-74 
 
 88-52 
 
 39 
 
 66-69 
 
 39-51 
 
 61-64 
 
 56-5 
 
 96-62 
 
 57-24 
 
 89-31 
 
 39-5 
 
 67-55 
 
 40-02 
 
 62-43 
 
 57 
 
 97-48 
 
 57-75 
 
 90-10 
 
 40 
 
 68-40 
 
 40-62 
 
 63-22 
 
 57-5 
 
 98-33 
 
 58-26 
 
 90-89 
 
 40-5 
 
 69-26 
 
 41-03 
 
 64-01 
 
 58 
 
 99-18 
 
 58-76 
 
 91-68 
 
 41 
 
 70-11 
 
 41-54 
 
 64-81 
 
 59-5 
 
 100-04 
 
 59-72 
 
 92-47 
 
 41-5 
 
 70-97 
 
 42-04 
 
 65-60 
 
 59 
 
 100-89 
 
 59-77 
 
 93-26 
 
 42 
 
 71-82 
 
 42-55 
 
 66-39 
 
 69-5 
 
 101-75 
 
 60-28 
 
 94-06 
 
 42-5 
 
 72-68 
 
 43-06 
 
 67-18 
 
 60 
 
 102-60 
 
 60-79 
 
 94-84 
 
 43 
 
 73-53 
 
 43-57 
 
 67-97 
 
 60-5 
 
 103-46 
 
 61-30 
 
 95-63 
 
 43-5 
 
 74-39 
 
 44-07 
 
 68-76 
 
 61 
 
 104-31 
 
 61-80 
 
 96-42 
 
 44 
 
 75-24 
 
 44-58 
 
 69-55 
 
 61-5 
 
 105-17 
 
 62-31 
 
 97-21 
 
 44-5 
 
 76-10 
 
 45-08 
 
 70-34 
 
 62 
 
 106-02 
 
 62-82 
 
 98-00 
 
 45 
 
 76-95 
 
 45-69 
 
 71-13 
 
 62-5 
 
 106-88 
 
 63-32 
 
 98-79 
 
 45-5 
 
 77-81 
 
 46-10 
 
 71-92 
 
 63 
 
 107-73 
 
 63-83 
 
 99-58 
 
 46 
 
 78-66 
 
 46-60 
 
 72-71 
 
 63-5 
 
 108-59 
 
 64-33 
 
 100-37 
 
 46-5 
 
 79-52 
 
 47-11 
 
 73-50 
 
 64 
 
 109-44 
 
 64-84 
 
 101-16 
 
 47 
 
 80-37 
 
 47-62 
 
 74-29 
 
 64-5 
 
 110-30 
 
 65-35 
 
 101-95 
 
 47-5 
 
 81-23 
 
 48-12 
 
 75-08 
 
 65 
 
 111-15 
 
 65-85 
 
 102-74 
 
 48 
 
 82-08 
 
 48-63 
 
 75-87 
 
 65-5 
 
 112-01 
 
 66-36 
 
 103-53 
 
 48-5 
 
 82-94 
 
 49-14 
 
 76-66 
 
 66 
 
 112-86 
 
 66-87 
 
 104-32 
 
 49 
 
 83-79 
 
 49-64 
 
 77-45 
 
 66-5 
 
 113-72 
 
 67-37 
 
 105-11 
 
 49-5 
 
 84-65 
 
 50-15 
 
 78-24 
 
 67 
 
 114-57 
 
 67-88 
 
 105-90 
 
 50 
 
 85-50 
 
 50-66 
 
 79-03 
 
 67-5 
 
 115-43 
 
 68-39 
 
 106-69 
 
 50-5 
 
 86-36 
 
 51-16 
 
 79-82 
 
 68 
 
 116-28 
 
 68-89 
 
 107-48 
 
 51 
 
 87-21 
 
 51-67 
 
 80-61 
 
 68-5 
 
 117-14 
 
 69-40 
 
 108-27 
 
 51-5 
 
 88-07 
 
 52-18 
 
 81-40 
 
 69 
 
 117-99 
 
 69-91 
 
 109-06 
 
 52 
 
 88-92 
 
 52-68 
 
 82-19 
 
 69-5 
 
 118-85 
 
 70-41 
 
 109-85 
 
 52-5 
 
 89-78 
 
 53-19 
 
 82-98 
 
 70 
 
 119-70 
 
 70-92 
 
 110-64 
 
182 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 FRENCH, GERMAN, AND ENGLISH COMMEROIAIj ALKALI- 
 METRICAL DEGREES— OoMimwed 
 
 Real 
 
 German 
 
 New- 
 castle 
 degrees. 
 
 
 Eeal 
 
 German 
 
 New- 
 castle 
 degrees. 
 
 
 Soda. 
 NajO. 
 
 degrees. 
 NagCOs. 
 
 French 
 degrees. 
 
 Soda. 
 NaaO, 
 
 degrees. 
 NagCOs. 
 
 French 
 degrees. 
 
 70-5 
 
 120-56 
 
 71-43 
 
 111-43 
 
 75-5 
 
 129-11 
 
 76-49 
 
 119-34 
 
 71 
 
 121-41 
 
 71-93 
 
 112-23 
 
 76 
 
 129-96 
 
 77-00 
 
 120-13 
 
 71-5 
 
 122-27 
 
 72-44 
 
 113-02 
 
 76-5 
 
 130-82 
 
 77-51 
 
 120-92 
 
 72 
 
 123-12 
 
 72-95 
 
 113-81 
 
 77 
 
 131 -S7 
 
 78-01 
 
 121-71 
 
 72-5 
 
 123-98 
 
 73-45 
 
 114-60 
 
 77-5 
 
 132-53 
 
 78-52 
 
 122-50 
 
 73 
 
 124-83 
 
 73-96 
 
 115-39 
 
 
 
 
 
 73-5 
 
 125-69 
 
 74-47 
 
 116-18 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 126-54 
 
 74-97 
 
 116-97 
 
 
 
 
 
 74-5 
 
 127-40 
 
 75-48 
 
 117-76 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 128-25 
 
 75-99 
 
 118-55 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. — Sulphur Recovery (Chance Process). 
 
 1. JSstimation of Stdphur as Svlphide in Vat Waste. — The 
 apparatus consists of a small flask fitted with a stopcock funnel 
 and outlet tube connected with two Mohr's potash bulbs, the 
 first one being empty, the second containing a strong solution of 
 caustic potash. (In lieu of Mohr's bulbs a tube of the shape shown 
 in Fig. 8, p. 119, can be employed with great advantage.) It is 
 preferable to connect the last potash bulb to an aspirator or 
 Bunsen pump, to produce a slight vacuum. About 2 g. of vat 
 waste is put into the flask, and a sufficient quantity of water is 
 added. Then hydrochloric acid, diluted with its volume of water, 
 is run in from the funnel gradually. After the decomposition 
 has ceased, the solution is boiled, until the whole of the gases are 
 displaced by steam, most of the steam condensing in the first 
 empty potash bulbs. When enough steam has been produced to 
 bring the first bulb of the second set, filled with potash solu- 
 tion, up to boiling, the tap of the funnel is opened, and the 
 apparatus allowed to cool down. The potash solution is then 
 transferred to a J or ^ litre flask, made up to the mark, an aliquot 
 part taken, diluted with a large quantity of previously boiled 
 water (free from air), neutralised with acetic acid, and titrated 
 with decinormal iodine, each c.c. of which indicates 0-001604 g. S. 
 
 2. Svlphur as Svlphide in Carbonated Mvd. — About 6 g. is 
 taken for analysis ; otnerwise the test is conducted just like the 
 preceding one. 
 
 3. Svlphide-svlphw+ Carbonic Add in Vat Waste. — This test 
 
SODA ASH MANUFACTURE 183 
 
 (■which is only exceptionally made) is carried out in a small flask, 
 fitted with stopcock funnel, connected with a U-tube containing 
 sodium sulphate to absorb any traces of HCl passing over, and a 
 sufficient number of chloride of calcium tubes to thorouj;hly dry 
 the gases. To the last of these are connected two wei^rhed potash 
 bulbs containing a strong solution pi caustic potash, followed by 
 weighed CaClj tubes. The whole apparatus being connected, 2 g. 
 of vat waste is put into the flask, and some water added. A 
 current of nitrogen is then passed through the apparatus to dis- 
 place the air. [The nitrogen for this purpose is conveniently made 
 by passing lime-kiln gases through a solution of caustic soda, then 
 through a red-hot tube containing bright copper clippings to 
 absorb any oxygen, and flnally through solutions of caustic potash 
 and barium hydroxide.] The vat waste is then decomposed by 
 hydrochloric acid, and the contents of the flask are boiled. After- 
 wards a current of nitrogen is passed through the apparatus for a 
 considerable time to displace the H2S and CO2 in the flask and 
 drying tubes. The potash bulbs and the last drying tubes are 
 reweighed, the increase showing the amount of H2S+CO2 in the 
 vat waste employed. The potash solution is then transferred to a 
 measuring flask, and the H2S estimated as described in 1, Deduct- 
 ing the amount from the increase of weight of the absorbing 
 apparatus, we find the amount of CO2 present. 
 
 4. Sulphur as Siilphide in Solutions of Calcium or Sodium 
 Sulphydrates a/nd Sulphides. — 10 c.c. is diluted to 250, and of 
 this liquid a convenient portion is taken out, largely diluted 
 with air-free water, acidulated with acetic acid, and titrated with 
 iodine, as in test 1. If thiosulphates are present, they are esti- 
 mated as in 5, and deducted. If polysulphides are present, the 
 sulphur which would be precipitated by an acid is not estimated 
 by this method, but only that which would be liberated as H2S 
 by an acid. 
 
 5. Soda, Lime, and Thiosulphate in Sulphur Liqvars. — In one 
 sample of the liquor, say 5 c.c, estimate the total alkalinity, i.e. 
 NasO-l-CaO, by standard hydrochloric acid and methyl orange. 
 Take another sample, say 50 c.c, pass pure CO2 in till lead paper 
 shows the absence of all sulphides, boil to decompose calcium 
 bicarbonate, dilute with water to 500 c.c, aUow the precipitate to 
 settle, take 50 c.c. of the clear liquor and titrate again, the 
 alkalinity this time being due to Na20 only. CaO is found from 
 the difference between the two titrations. 
 
 Another sample of the' carbonated liquor is titrated with deci- 
 normal iodine for thiosulphate. Each c.c. of iodine solution 
 indicates 0"006414 g. S. as thiosulphate. 
 
 6. Lirhe-kiln Oases. — CO2 is estimated by an Orsat apparatus, 
 or a Honigmann burette, or any other similar apparatus. When 
 using an Orsat apparatus, the test for oxygen can be made as 
 on p. 95. 
 
184 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 7. Gas from Gas-holder. 
 
 (a) Hyd/rogen Sidphide + Carbon Dioxide are estimated by an 
 Orsat apparatus or a Honigmann burette, etc. 
 
 (b) Hydrogen Sidphide only. — A wide-mouthed bottle of 
 known capacity, holding about 500 c.c, is fitted with a rubber 
 cork and two tubes, one nearly reaching to the bottom, the 
 other ending just below the cork, both of them with stopcocks 
 outside. Gas is passed through for some time, till it has entirely 
 displaced- the air in the bottle. Then 20 or 25 c.c. of standard 
 potash solution is run in from a pipette, through one of the stop- 
 cocks, the bottle is well shaken until the whole of the HjS and 
 CO2 are absorbed, the contents of the bottle are poured into a 
 measuring flask, the bottle is rinsed out completely, and the total 
 liquid made up to the mark. 
 
 An aliquot portion is taken out, largely diluted with pre- 
 viously boiled water, acidified with acetic acid, and the HjS 
 estimated by iodine. In this case a solution of iodine is employed 
 containing 11'463 g. I per litre, each c.c. of which indicates 1 c.c. 
 of gaseous HjS at 0° C. and 760 mm. pressure. For somewhat 
 exact estimations, the temperature, pressure, and vapour tension 
 have to be taken into account ; but it is unnecessary to observe 
 the thermometer and barometer, and to make any complicated 
 calculations, if a Lunge's gas- volumeter be used (p. 139). In 
 this case the level-tube, C, of the instrument is placed so that 
 the mercury stands at the same height in C as in the reduction 
 tube B ; the height of mercury in the latter is read off, which 
 gives the volume occupied by 100 c.c. of dry air of 0° and 760 
 mm. under the prevailing atmospheric conditions ; the number of 
 c.c. of iodine solution, multiplied by 100, is divided by this figure, 
 and thus the correction of the normal volume effected. 
 
 8. Eodt Gases from the Glaus Kilns. — These contain SO2 and 
 HjS. Both these gases, on being passed through iodine solution, 
 produce 2HI for each atom of S ; but whilst HjS does not 
 further increase the acidity of the solution, SO.2 produces its 
 equivalent of H2SO4. Hence SO2 and H2S are measured together 
 by the amount of iodine converted into HI, and SO2 by the 
 acidity present after the HI has been saturated with caustic soda. 
 Since the current of gases carries away some iodine from the 
 decinormal solution, the gases must be passed through caustic 
 soda, or, better, through sodium thiosulphate, to intercept 
 this iodine. The manipulation is hence as follows : Aspirate one 
 or more litres of the gases through 50 c.c. of decinormal iodine 
 solution, contained in a bulb apparatus (Fig. 8, p. 119), or other 
 efficient absorbing-tubes, followed by another apparatus contain- 
 ing 50 c.c. of decinormal thiosulphate solution. Empty the con- 
 tents of both apparatus into a beaker, and titrate with deci- 
 normal iodine and starch solution, till a blue colour appears. The 
 number o# c.c. of iodine solution used, if multiplied by 0"001604 g. 
 
MANUFACTURE OF SODA 185 
 
 indicates the total sulphur present as SO2 and HjS. Now add 
 a drop of thiosulphate solution to discharge the blue colour, then 
 a drop of methyl orange, and decinormal caustic soda from a 
 burette, till the pink colour of the liquid is discharged. The 
 number of c,c. of caustic soda used, less those of iodine used in 
 the preceding test, multiplied by 0'001604, indicates the sulphur 
 present as SO2. 
 
 VI. MANUFACTURE OF SODA BY THE 
 AMMONIA PROCESS. 
 
 A. — RaAV Materials. 
 
 1. Rock Salt, compare p. 146. 
 
 2. Brine. — The following determinations are made : — 
 
 (a) Specific Gravity, by the hydrometer. 
 
 (b) Chlorine, expressed as NaCl. Dilute 10 c.c. to 1 litre, and 
 titrate 10 c.c. of the diluted solution as on p. 146. 
 
 (c) Sulphates. — Dilute 50 c.c. brine to 150 or 200 cc, add a 
 little hydrochloric acid, and precipitate with barium chloride as 
 on p. 109. . 
 
 (d) Ferric Oxide and Alumina. — To 500 c.c. brine add a little 
 nitric acid, heat to 80°, precipitate by an excess of ammonia, 
 digest for half an hour at 80°, filter, and wash well. As a check, 
 redissolve the precipitate in hydrochloric acid and reprecipitate 
 it by ammonia. 
 
 In the filtrate lime and magnesia may be estimated as on 
 p. 147. 
 
 (e) Bicarhondtes of Iron, Lime, and Magnesia. — Destroy the 
 bicarlDonates as such by prolonged boiling of 500 c.c, replace 
 the water driven off, filter the precipitate formed, wash it, dissolve 
 it in hydrochloric acid, and in the solution estimate the iron by 
 precipitation with NH3, and lime and magnesia in the ordinary 
 way. 
 
 3. Concentrated Gas Liquor or Sulphate of Ammonia, cf. 
 Chapter XL, pp. 217 and 219. 
 
 4. Limestone, cf. p. 157. 
 
 5. Quicklime, cf. p. 158. 
 
 6. Coals or Coke, cf . p. 93. 
 
 B. — Tests made during the Process of Manufacture. 
 
 1. Ammoniacal Brine from the receivers. 
 
 (a) Sodium Chloride. — Acidulate with nitric acid and estimate 
 the NaCl by AgNOg gravimetricaUy, or volumetrically in the 
 neutral or faintly alkaline solution as on p. 146. 
 
186 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 (b) Ammonia, free amd combined. — Dilute 10 c.c. to 100 c.c. 
 and boil in a distilling flask until all tie free ammonia^ and 
 ammonium carbonate has been expelled ; absorb this in a 
 measured volume of normal sulphuric acid, and titrate back. To 
 the solution remaining in the flask add caustic soda solution, distil 
 again, and absorb this " combined " ammonia also in sulphuric 
 acid. Of. Chapter XI., p. 217. 
 
 2. Carbonators. — Free and combined NH3 are estimated as 
 in No. 1 (b). 
 
 3. Mother Liqitxyr. — Estimate : — 
 
 (a) NH3, free and combined, as above. 
 
 (b) Undecomposed NaCl, by evaporating 10 c.c. in a platinum 
 dish, heating until aU NH4CI is expelled, and weighing. 
 
 4. Crude Bicarbonate. — Estimate : — 
 
 (a) The Alhalimetrical Degree, as on p. 167. 
 fb) CO2 as on p. 171. 
 
 (c) Moisture, by igniting and allowing for the CO2 present as 
 bicarbonate and found in (b). 
 
 5. Distillation of Anvmonia : — 
 
 (a) NH3, free and combined, in the mother liquor, as in No. 
 1(b). 
 
 (b) Milk of lime, as on p. 158. 
 
 (c) Excess of lime in the stills. Boil 100 c.c. until all NH3 
 has been expelled, add a little ammonium sulphate, and boil again. 
 The NH3 now set free, which corresponds to the excess of lime, is 
 absorbed in standard sulphuric acid and titrated. 
 
 6. Lime-hiln Gases. — Estimate the CO2 as on p. 95. 
 
 0. — Commercial Products. 
 
 1. Soda Ash, as on p. 178. 
 
 2. Gom/mercial Bicarbonate is tested like the crude, No. 1, or 
 very accurately by heating in an air-bath to 270° and receiving 
 the gas in a Lunge's gas-volumeter, p. 139 (compare Lunge, 
 Z. angew. Chem., 1897, p. 522). 
 
 VII. CAUSTIC SODA. 
 
 A. — Caustic Liquor. 
 
 (a) Test for available alkali and sodium carbonate (as described 
 p. 167). An exact estimation of CO2, which is rarely necessary in 
 this case, could be made by expelling it with dilute sulphuric acid, 
 and absorbing it in soda-lime, or, preferably, by Lunge and 
 Eittener's method, p. 171. 
 
CAUSTIC SODA 
 
 187 
 
 (5) SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OP SOIiUTIONS OP SODIUM 
 HYDROXIDE AT 15° C. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 cb.m. contains kg. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 Degrees 
 Twaddell. 
 
 Degrees 
 Bauin6. 
 
 Per cent. 
 NaaO. 
 
 Per cent. 
 NaOH. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NaaO. 
 
 NaOH. 
 
 1-000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-00 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-005 
 
 1 
 
 0-7 
 
 0-33 
 
 0-43 
 
 3-31 
 
 4-32 
 
 1-010 
 
 2 
 
 1-4 
 
 0-67 
 
 0-86 
 
 6-77 
 
 8-69 
 
 1-015 
 
 3 
 
 2-1 
 
 0-99 
 
 1-28 
 
 10-05 
 
 12-99 
 
 1-020 
 
 4 
 
 2-7 
 
 1-31 
 
 1-69 
 
 13-36 
 
 17-24 
 
 1-025 
 
 5 
 
 3-4 
 
 1-65 
 
 2-13 
 
 16-91 
 
 21-83 
 
 1-030 
 
 6 
 
 4-1 
 
 2-02 
 
 2-60 
 
 20-81 
 
 26-78 
 
 1-035 
 
 7 
 
 4-7 
 
 2-37 
 
 3-06 
 
 24-53 
 
 31-67 
 
 1-040 
 
 8 
 
 5-4 
 
 2-71 
 
 3-50 
 
 28-18 
 
 36-40 
 
 1-045 
 
 9 
 
 6-0 
 
 3-02 
 
 3-90 
 
 31-56 
 
 40-76 
 
 1-060 
 
 10 
 
 6-7 
 
 3-36 
 
 4-34 
 
 35-28 
 
 45-67 
 
 1-055 
 
 11 
 
 ,7-4 
 
 3-69 
 
 4-76 
 
 38-93 
 
 50-22 
 
 1-060 
 
 12 
 
 8-0 
 
 4-03 
 
 5-20 
 
 42-72 
 
 56-12 
 
 1-065 
 
 13 
 
 8-7 
 
 4-39 
 
 5-67 
 
 46-75 
 
 60-39 
 
 1-070 
 
 14 
 
 9-4 
 
 4-75 
 
 6-13 
 
 50-83 
 
 66-59 
 
 1-075 
 
 15 
 
 10-0 
 
 5-10 
 
 6-58 
 
 54-83 
 
 70-74 
 
 1-080 
 
 16 
 
 10-6 
 
 5-46 
 
 7-05 
 
 58-97 
 
 76-14 
 
 1-085 
 
 17 
 
 11-2 
 
 5-81 
 
 7-50 
 
 63-04 
 
 81-38 
 
 1-090 
 
 18 
 
 11-9 
 
 6-16 
 
 7-95 
 
 67-14 
 
 86-66 
 
 1-095 
 
 19 
 
 12-4 
 
 6-60 
 
 8-39 
 
 71-18 
 
 91-87 
 
 1-100 
 
 20 
 
 13-0 
 
 6-81 
 
 8-78 
 
 74-91 
 
 96-58 
 
 1-105 
 
 21 
 
 13-6 
 
 7-15 
 
 9-23 
 
 79-01 
 
 101-99 
 
 1-110 
 
 22 
 
 14-2 
 
 7-50 
 
 9-67 
 
 83-25 
 
 107-34 
 
 1-115 
 
 23 
 
 H-9 
 
 7-84 
 
 10-12 
 
 87-42 
 
 112-84 
 
 1-120 
 
 24 
 
 15-4 
 
 8-18 
 
 10-56 
 
 91-62 
 
 118-27 
 
 1-125 
 
 25 
 
 16-0 
 
 8-57 
 
 11-06 
 
 96-41 
 
 124-43 
 
 1-130 
 
 26 
 
 16-5 
 
 8-95 
 
 11-65 
 
 101-14 
 
 130-52 
 
 1-135 
 
 27 
 
 17-0 
 
 9-32 
 
 12-02 
 
 105-78 
 
 136-43 
 
 1-140 
 
 28 
 
 17-7 
 
 9-68 
 
 12-49 
 
 110-35 
 
 142-39 
 
 1-145 
 
 29 
 
 18-3 
 
 10-03 
 
 12-94 
 
 114-84 
 
 148-16 
 
 1-150 
 
 30 
 
 18-8 
 
 10-34 
 
 13-34 
 
 118-91 
 
 153-41 
 
 1-155 
 
 31 
 
 19-3 
 
 10-67 
 
 13-76 
 
 123-24 
 
 158-93 
 
 1-160 
 
 32 
 
 19-8 
 
 11-00 
 
 14-19 
 
 127-60 
 
 164-60 
 
 1-165 
 
 33 
 
 20-3 
 
 11-33 
 
 14-62 
 
 131-99 
 
 170-32 
 
 1-170 
 
 34 
 
 20-9 
 
 11-67 
 
 15-06 
 
 136-54 
 
 176-20 
 
 1-175 
 
 35 
 
 21-4 
 
 12-04 
 
 15-53 
 
 141-47 
 
 182-48 
 
 1-180 
 
 36 
 
 22-0 
 
 12-40 
 
 16-00 
 
 146-32 
 
 188-80 
 
 1-185 
 
 37 
 
 22-5 
 
 12-75 
 
 16-45 
 
 151-09 
 
 194-93 
 
 1-190 
 
 38 
 
 23-0 
 
 13-11 
 
 16-91 
 
 156-01 
 
 201-23 
 
 1-195 
 
 39 
 
 23-5 
 
 13-46 
 
 17-36 
 
 160-85 
 
 207-45 
 
 1-200 
 
 40 
 
 24-0 
 
 13-80 
 
 17-81 
 
 166-60 
 
 213-72 
 
 1-205 
 
 41 
 
 24-5 
 
 14-15 
 
 18-26 
 
 170-51 
 
 220-03 
 
188 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 (6) SPECIFIC GRAVITIBS OP SOLUTIONS OP SODIUM 
 HYDROXIDE AT 15° C.—Oontinued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 cb.m. contains kg. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 Degrees 
 TwaddeU. 
 
 Degrees 
 liaum^. 
 
 Per cent. 
 NaaO. 
 
 Per cent. 
 NaOH. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NajO. 
 
 NaOH. 
 
 1-210 
 
 42 
 
 25-0 
 
 14-50 
 
 18-71 
 
 175-45 
 
 226-39 
 
 1-215 
 
 43 
 
 25-5 
 
 14-87 
 
 19-18 
 
 180-67 
 
 233-04 
 
 1-220 
 
 44 
 
 26-0 
 
 15-23 
 
 19-65 
 
 185-81 
 
 239-73 
 
 1-225 
 
 45 
 
 26-4 
 
 15-59 
 
 20-12 
 
 190-98 
 
 246-47 
 
 1-230 
 
 46 
 
 26-9 
 
 15-97 
 
 20-60 
 
 196-43 
 
 253-38 
 
 1-235 
 
 47 
 
 27-4 
 
 16-30 
 
 21-03 
 
 201-31 
 
 259-72 
 
 1-240 
 
 48 
 
 27-9 
 
 16-64 
 
 21-47 
 
 206-34 
 
 266-23 
 
 1-245 
 
 49 
 
 28-4 
 
 16-97 
 
 21-90 
 
 211-28 
 
 272-66 
 
 1-250 
 
 50 
 
 28-8 
 
 17-31 
 
 22-33 
 
 216-38 
 
 279-13 
 
 1-255 
 
 51 
 
 29-3 
 
 17-65 
 
 22-77 
 
 221-51 
 
 285-76 
 
 1-260 
 
 52 
 
 29-7 
 
 18-01 
 
 23-23 
 
 226-93 
 
 292-70 
 
 1-265 
 
 53 
 
 30-2 
 
 18-35 
 
 23-68 
 
 232-13 
 
 299-55 
 
 1-270 
 
 54 
 
 30-6 
 
 18-70 
 
 24-13 
 
 237-62 
 
 306-45 
 
 1-275 
 
 55 
 
 31-1 
 
 19-05 
 
 24-58 
 
 242-89 
 
 313-40 
 
 1-280 
 
 56 
 
 31-5 
 
 19-41 
 
 25-04 
 
 248-45 
 
 320-51 
 
 1-285 
 
 57 
 
 32-0 
 
 19-77 
 
 25-50 
 
 254-04 
 
 327-68 
 
 1-290 
 
 58 
 
 32-4 
 
 20-12 
 
 25-96 
 
 259-55 
 
 334-88 
 
 1-295 
 
 59 
 
 32-8 
 
 20-47 
 
 26-41 
 
 265-09 
 
 342-01 
 
 1-300 
 
 60 
 
 33-3 
 
 20-81 
 
 26-85 
 
 270-53 
 
 349-05 
 
 1-305 
 
 61 
 
 33-7 
 
 21-20 
 
 27-35 
 
 276-66 
 
 356-92 
 
 1-310 
 
 62 
 
 34-2 
 
 21-59 
 
 27-85 
 
 282-83 
 
 364-83 
 
 1-315 
 
 63 
 
 34-6 
 
 21-97 
 
 28-34 
 
 288-91 
 
 372-67 
 
 1-320 
 
 64 
 
 35-0 
 
 22-35 
 
 28-83 
 
 295-02 
 
 380-56 
 
 1-325 
 
 65 
 
 35-4 
 
 22-73 
 
 29-32 
 
 301-17 
 
 388-40 
 
 1-330 
 
 66 
 
 35-8 
 
 23-10 
 
 29-80 
 
 307-23 
 
 396-34 
 
 1-335 
 
 67 
 
 36-2 
 
 23-47 
 
 30-28 
 
 313-32 
 
 404-24 
 
 1-340 
 
 68 
 
 36-6 
 
 23-83 
 
 30-74 
 
 319-32 
 
 411-92 
 
 1-345 
 
 69 
 
 37-0 
 
 24-18 
 
 31-20 
 
 325-22 
 
 419-64 
 
 1-350 
 
 70 
 
 37-4 
 
 24-61 
 
 31-75 
 
 332-24 
 
 428-63 
 
 1-355 
 
 71 
 
 37-8 
 
 25-02 
 
 32-28 
 
 339-02 
 
 437-39 
 
 1-360 
 
 72 
 
 38-2 
 
 25-42 
 
 32-79 
 
 345-71 
 
 445-94 
 
 1-365 
 
 73 
 
 38-6 
 
 25-78 
 
 33-26 
 
 351-90 
 
 454-00 
 
 1-370 
 
 74 
 
 39-0 
 
 26-14 
 
 33-73 
 
 358-12 
 
 462-10 
 
 1-375 
 
 75 
 
 39-4 
 
 26-62 
 
 34-22 
 
 364-65 
 
 470-53 
 
 1-380 
 
 76 
 
 39-8 
 
 26-90 
 
 34-71 
 
 371-22 
 
 479-00 
 
 1-385 
 
 77 
 
 40-1 
 
 27-28 
 
 35-20 
 
 377-83 
 
 487-52 
 
 1-390 
 
 78 
 
 40-5 
 
 27-66 
 
 35-68 
 
 384-47 
 
 495-95 
 
 1'395 
 
 79 
 
 40-8 
 
 28-02 
 
 36-15 
 
 390-88 
 
 504-29 
 
 1-400 
 
 80 
 
 41-2 
 
 28-42 
 
 36-67 
 
 397-88 
 
 513-38 
 
 1-405 
 
 81 
 
 41-6 
 
 28-81 
 
 37-17 
 
 404-78 
 
 522-24 
 
 1-410 
 
 82 
 
 42-0 
 
 29-18 
 
 37-65 
 
 411-44 
 
 530-87 
 
 1-415 
 
 83 
 
 42-3 
 
 29-58 
 
 38-16 
 
 418-56 
 
 539-96 
 
CAUSTIC SODA 
 
 189 
 
 (6) SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM 
 HYDROXIDE AT 15° O.— Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 cb.m. contains kg. 
 
 Speciflc 
 Gravity. 
 
 Degrees 
 TwaddeU. 
 
 Degrees 
 Baum6. 
 
 Per cent. 
 NaaO. 
 
 Per cent. 
 NaOH. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NaaO, 
 
 NaOH. 
 
 1-420 
 
 84 
 
 42-7 
 
 29-97 
 
 38-67 
 
 426-57 
 
 549-11 
 
 1-425 
 
 85 
 
 43-1 
 
 30-36 
 
 39-17 
 
 432-63 
 
 558-17 
 
 1-430 
 
 86 
 
 43-4 
 
 30-75 
 
 39-67 
 
 439-72 
 
 567-28 
 
 1-435 
 
 87 
 
 43-8 
 
 31-14 
 
 40-18 
 
 446-86 
 
 576-68 
 
 1-440 
 
 88 
 
 44-1 
 
 31-53 
 
 40-68 
 
 454-03 
 
 585-79 
 
 1-445 
 
 89 
 
 44-4 
 
 31-93 
 
 41-20 
 
 461-39 
 
 695-34 
 
 1-450 
 
 90 
 
 44-8 
 
 32-32 
 
 41-70 
 
 468-64 
 
 604-65 
 
 1-455 
 
 91 
 
 45-1 
 
 32-72 
 
 42-22 
 
 476-07 
 
 614-30 
 
 1-460 
 
 92 
 
 45-4 
 
 33-14 
 
 42-75 
 
 483-84 
 
 624-15 
 
 1-465 
 
 93 
 
 45-8 
 
 33-54 
 
 43-27 
 
 491-36 
 
 633-91 
 
 1-470 
 
 94 
 
 46-1 
 
 33-95 
 
 43-80 
 
 499-07 
 
 643 86 
 
 1-475 
 
 95 
 
 46-4 
 
 34-36 
 
 44-33 
 
 506-81 
 
 663-87 
 
 1-480 
 
 96 
 
 46-8 
 
 34-76 
 
 44-85 
 
 514-45 
 
 663-78 
 
 1-485 
 
 97 
 
 47-1 
 
 35-17 
 
 45-37 
 
 522-27 
 
 673-74 
 
 1-490 
 
 98 
 
 47-4 
 
 35-57 
 
 45-89 
 
 S29-99 
 
 683-76 
 
 1-495 
 
 99 
 
 47-8 
 
 35-98 
 
 46-42 
 
 637-90 
 
 693-98 
 
 1-600 
 
 100 
 
 48-1 
 
 36-38 
 
 46-94 
 
 545-70 
 
 704-10 
 
 1-505 
 
 101 
 
 48-4 
 
 36-79 
 
 47-47 
 
 563-69 
 
 714-42 
 
 1-510 
 
 102 
 
 48-7 
 
 37-20 
 
 48-00 
 
 561-72 
 
 724-80 
 
 1-515 
 
 103 
 
 49-0 
 
 37-61 
 
 48-53 
 
 569-79 
 
 735-23 
 
 1-520 
 
 104 
 
 49-4 
 
 38-02 
 
 49-05 
 
 577-90 
 
 745-56 
 
 1-525 
 
 105 
 
 49-7 
 
 38-42 
 
 49-58 
 
 685-91 
 
 756-10 
 
 1-530 
 
 106 
 
 50-0 
 
 38-83 
 
 50-10 
 
 594-10 
 
 766-53 
 
190 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 (c) INFLUBNOB OP TEMPERATURE ON THE SPBCIPIO 
 
 0"O. 
 
 16°. 
 
 20°. 
 
 1-360 
 
 1-357 
 
 1-350 
 
 1-347 
 
 1-340 
 
 1-338 
 
 1-330 
 
 1-328 
 
 1-320 
 
 1-318 
 
 1-310 
 
 1-308 
 
 1-300 
 
 1-297 
 
 1-290 
 
 1-287 
 
 1-280 
 
 1-277 
 
 1-270 
 
 1-267 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-267 
 
 1-250 
 
 1-247 
 
 1-240 
 
 1-237 
 
 1-230 
 
 1-227 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-217 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-207 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-1B7 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-187 
 
 1-180 
 
 1-177 
 
 1-170 
 
 1-167 
 
 1-160 
 
 1-157 
 
 1-150 
 
 1-148 
 
 1-140 
 
 1-138 
 
 1-130 
 
 1-128 
 
 1-120 
 
 1-118 
 
 1-110 
 
 1-108 
 
 1-100 
 
 1-098 
 
 1-090 
 
 1-088 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-078 
 
 1-070 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-050 
 
 1-048 
 
 1-040 
 
 1-038 
 
 1-030 
 
 1-028 
 
 1-020 
 
 1-018 
 
 1-010 
 
 1-008 
 
 1-367 
 
 1-364 
 
 1-367 
 
 1-354 
 
 1-347 
 
 1-344 
 
 1-338 
 
 1-336 
 
 1-328 
 
 1-325 
 
 1-318 
 
 1-315 
 
 1-308 
 
 1-305 
 
 1-298 
 
 1-295 
 
 1-288 
 
 1-285 
 
 1-278 
 
 1-275 
 
 1-268 
 
 1-265 
 
 1-257 
 
 1-256 
 
 1-247 
 
 1-246 
 
 1-237 
 
 1-235 
 
 1-227 
 
 1-226 
 
 1-217 
 
 1-215 
 
 1-207 
 
 1-205 
 
 1-197 
 
 1-195 
 
 1-187 
 
 1-185 
 
 1-176 
 
 1-174 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-164 
 
 1-156 
 
 1-164 
 
 1-146 
 
 1-144 
 
 1-136 
 
 1-134 
 
 1-126 
 
 1-124 
 
 1-115 
 
 1-113 
 
 1-105 
 
 1-108 
 
 1-094 
 
 1-093 
 
 1-084 
 
 1-083 
 
 1-074 
 
 1-078 
 
 1-064 
 
 1-063 
 
 1-054 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-044 
 
 1-043 
 
 1-034 
 
 1-033 
 
 1-024 
 
 1-023 
 
 1-014 
 
 1013 
 
 1-362 
 1-352 
 1-342 
 1-332 
 1-322 
 
 1-813 
 1-303 
 1-293 
 1-283 
 1-273 
 
 1-263 
 1-252 
 1-242 
 1-232 
 1-222 
 
 1-212 
 1-202 
 1-192 
 1-182 
 1-172 
 
 1-162 
 1-162 
 1-142 
 1-132 
 1-122 
 
 1-112 
 1-102 
 1-091 
 1-081 
 1-071 
 
 1-061 
 1-061 
 1-041 
 1-031 
 1-021 
 
 1-355 
 1-346 
 1-335 
 1-325 
 1-316 
 
 1-306 
 
 1-294 
 1-284 
 1-274 
 1-265 
 
 1-255 
 1-245 
 1-235 
 1-224 
 1-214 
 
 1-204 
 1-195 
 1-186 
 1-175 
 1-165 
 
 1-155 
 1-146 
 1-136 
 1-126 
 1-116 
 
 1-106 
 1-096 
 1-087 
 1-077 
 1-067 
 
 1-057 
 1-047 
 1-037 
 1-027 
 1-017 
 
 1-007 
 
 1-363 
 1-343 
 1-333 
 1-323 
 1-318 
 
 1-303 
 1-292 
 1-282 
 1-272 
 1-262 
 
 1-^2 
 1-242 
 1-232 
 1-222 
 1-212 
 
 1-203 
 1-193 
 1-183 
 1-173 
 1-163 
 
 1-153 
 1-144 
 1-134 
 1-124 
 1-114 
 
 1-104 
 1-095 
 1-086 
 1-076 
 1-066 
 
 1-066 
 1-046 
 1-036 
 1-026 
 1-016 
 
 1-006 
 
 1-350 
 1-340 
 1-330 
 1-320 
 1-310 
 
 1-300 
 1-289 
 1-279 
 1-269 
 1-260 
 
 1-250 
 1-240 
 1-230 
 1-220 
 1-210 
 
 1-200 
 1-190 
 1-180 
 1-170 
 1-161 
 
 1-151 
 1-142 
 1-132 
 1-122 
 1-112 
 
 1-102 
 1-093 
 
 1-084 
 1-074 
 1-064 
 
 1-054 
 1-044 
 1-034 
 1-024 
 1-014 
 
 1-348 
 1-337 
 1-327 
 1-317 
 1-307 
 
 1-297 
 1-287 
 1-277 
 1-267 
 1-258 
 
 1-248 
 1-238 
 1-228 
 1-218 
 1-208 
 
 1-198 
 1-188 
 1-178 
 1-168 
 1-158 
 
 1-148 
 1-140 
 1-130 
 1-120 
 1-110 
 
 1-100 
 1-092 
 1-082 
 1-072 
 1-062 
 
 1-052 
 1-042 
 1-032 
 1-022 
 1-012 
 
 1-004 1-002 
 
 I 
 
 1-345 
 1-336 
 1-325 
 1-316 
 1-305 
 
 1-294 
 1-284 
 1-274 
 1-264 
 1-265 
 
 1-245 
 1-235 
 1-226 
 1-215 
 1-206 
 
 1-196 
 1-186 
 1-176 
 1-166 
 1-156 
 
 1-146 
 1-137 
 1-127 
 1-118 
 1-108 
 
 1-099 
 1-090 
 1-080 
 1-070 
 1-060 
 
 1-060 
 1-040 
 1-030 
 1-020 
 1-010 
 
 1-000 
 
CAUSTIC SODA 
 
 GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OP CAUSTIC SODA. 
 
 191 
 
 65°. 
 
 60'. 
 
 65°. 
 
 70°. 
 
 75°. 
 
 80". 
 
 85°. 
 
 90°. 
 
 96°. 
 
 100°. 
 
 1-339 
 
 1-336 
 
 1-338 
 
 1-331 
 
 1-828 
 
 1-326 
 
 1-823 
 
 1-821 
 
 1-318 
 
 1-316 
 
 l-SSO 
 
 1-327 
 
 1-324 
 
 1-822 
 
 1-319 
 
 1-316 
 
 1-S14 
 
 1-311 . 
 
 1-808 
 
 1-806 
 
 1-320 
 
 1-817 
 
 1-314 
 
 1-312 
 
 1-309 
 
 1-306 
 
 1-804 
 
 1-301 
 
 1-298 
 
 1-296 
 
 1-310 
 
 1-307 
 
 1-804 
 
 1-302 
 
 1-299 
 
 1-296 
 
 1-294 
 
 1-291 
 
 1-288 
 
 1-286 
 
 1-800 
 
 1-297 
 
 1-294 
 
 1-292 
 
 1-289 
 
 1-286 
 
 1-283 
 
 1-280 
 
 1-277 
 
 1-274 
 
 1-289 
 
 1-286 
 
 1-284 
 
 1-281 
 
 1-278 
 
 1-276 
 
 1-272 
 
 1-269 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-263 
 
 1-279 
 
 1-276 
 
 1-274 
 
 1-271 
 
 1-268 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-262 
 
 1-259 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-268 
 
 1-269 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-264 
 
 1-261 
 
 1-268 
 
 1-256 
 
 1-262 
 
 1-249 
 
 1-245 
 
 1-242 
 
 1-259 
 
 1-256 
 
 1-264 
 
 1-261 
 
 1-248 
 
 1-245 
 
 1-242 
 
 1-239 
 
 1-236 
 
 1-282 
 
 1-250 
 
 1-247 
 
 1-246 
 
 1-242 
 
 1-239 
 
 1-286 
 
 1-238 
 
 1-281 
 
 1-228 
 
 1-226 
 
 1-240 
 
 1-287 
 
 1-235 
 
 1-232 
 
 1-229 
 
 1-226 
 
 1-223 
 
 1-221 
 
 1-218 
 
 1-216 
 
 1-231 
 
 1-228 
 
 1-226 
 
 1-223 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-218 
 
 1-216 
 
 1-213 
 
 1-209 
 
 1-207 
 
 1-221 
 
 1-218 
 
 1-216 
 
 1-218 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-208 
 
 1-205 
 
 1-208 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-197 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-208 
 
 1-206 
 
 1-202 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-198 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-192 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-187 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-198 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-192 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-188 
 
 1-185 
 
 1-182 
 
 1-180 
 
 1-177 
 
 1-191 
 
 1-189 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-184 
 
 1-181 
 
 1-179 
 
 1-176 
 
 1-178 
 
 1-171 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-182 
 
 1-180 
 
 1-177 
 
 1-175 
 
 1-172 
 
 1-169 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-163 
 
 1-161 
 
 1-158 
 
 1-1?2 
 
 1-169 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-164 
 
 1-161 
 
 1-158 
 
 1-156 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-160 
 
 1-147 
 
 1-162 
 
 1-169 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-163 
 
 1-151 
 
 1-148 
 
 1-146 
 
 1-143 
 
 1-140 
 
 1-137 
 
 1-152 
 
 1-149 
 
 1-146 
 
 1-148 
 
 1-140 
 
 1-138 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-132 
 
 1-130 
 
 1-127 
 
 1-142 
 
 1-139 
 
 1-136 
 
 1-lSS 
 
 1-130 
 
 1-128 
 
 1-126 
 
 1-122 
 
 1-120 
 
 1-117 
 
 1-132 
 
 1-130 
 
 1-127 
 
 1-124 
 
 1-121 
 
 1-118 
 
 1-116 
 
 1-113 
 
 1-110 
 
 1-107 
 
 1-122 
 
 1-120 
 
 1-117 
 
 1-114 
 
 1-111 
 
 1-108 
 
 1-ioa 
 
 1-108 
 
 1-100 
 
 1-097 
 
 1-llS 
 
 1-110 
 
 1-107 
 
 1-104 
 
 1-101 
 
 1-099 
 
 1-006 
 
 1-093 
 
 1-090 
 
 1-087 
 
 1-103 
 
 1-100 
 
 1-097 
 
 1-094 
 
 1-092 
 
 1-089 
 
 1-086 
 
 1-088 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-077 
 
 1-094 
 
 1-091 
 
 1-089 
 
 1-086 
 
 1-088 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-077 
 
 1-074 
 
 1-071 
 
 1-068 
 
 •1-084 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-079 
 
 1-076 
 
 1-073 
 
 1-070 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-064 
 
 1-061 
 
 1-058 
 
 1-075 
 
 1-073 
 
 1-070 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-064 
 
 1-061 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-066 
 
 1-062 
 
 1-048 
 
 1-066 
 
 1-063 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-054 
 
 1-061 
 
 1-048 
 
 1-046 
 
 1-043 
 
 1-040 
 
 1-066 
 
 1-053 
 
 1-050 
 
 1-047 
 
 1-044 
 
 1-042 
 
 1-089 
 
 1-036 
 
 1-033 
 
 1-030 
 
 1-046 
 
 1-043 
 
 1-040 
 
 1-037 
 
 1-084 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-029 
 
 1-026 
 
 1-028 
 
 1-020 
 
 1-036 
 
 1-033 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-027 
 
 1-024 
 
 1-021 
 
 1-019 
 
 1-016 
 
 1-018 
 
 1-010 
 
 1-026 
 
 1-023 
 
 1-020 
 
 1-017 
 
 1-014 
 
 1-011 
 
 1-009 
 
 1-006 
 
 1-003 
 
 1-000 
 
 1-016 
 
 1-013 
 
 1-010 
 
 1-007 
 
 1-004 
 
 1-001 
 
 0-999 
 
 0-996 
 
 0-998 
 
 0-990 
 
 1-006 
 
 1-003 
 
 1-000 
 
 0-997 
 
 0-994 
 
 0-991 
 
 0-989 
 
 0-986 
 
 0-983 
 
 0-980 
 
 0-906 
 
 0-99S 
 
 0-990 
 
 0-087 
 
 0-984 
 
 0-981 
 
 0-979 
 
 0-976 
 
 0-973 
 
 0-970 
 
192 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 B. — Lime Mud. 
 
 (a) Sodium as Carbonate and Hydroxide. — Evaporate to dry- 
 ness with addition of ainmonium carbonate (in order to decompose 
 the insoluble sodium compounds), repeat this, digest with hot 
 water, filter, wash, and test the filtrate for alkali. The soda may- 
 have been originally present as NaOH or as Na^COj. It is 
 expressed iu terms of NajO (O'OSIOO g. per cubic centimetre of 
 normal acid). 
 
 (b) Caustic Lime. — Titrate as described (p. 158) with normal 
 hydrochloric acid and phenolphthalein. This indicates NaOH as 
 well, for which half of the amount found in test (a) may be 
 assumed without any serious error. 
 
 (c) Calcium Carbonate. — Titrate with normal hydrochloric 
 acid and methyl orange, deduct from the cubic centimetres 
 required those required in tests (a) and (b). 
 
 0. — Fished Salts. 
 
 Dissolve 50 g. in 1 litre of water, and take 50 c.c. of the solu- 
 tion for every test. 
 
 (a) Available Alkali is tested for with normal hydrochloric 
 acid. 
 
 (b) Sodium Chloride. — Neutralise with nitric acid, preferably 
 running normal acid out of a burette, and proceed in other 
 respects as described on p. 146. 
 
 (c) Sodium Sulphate. — Add a slight excess of hydrochloric acid, 
 precipitate with barium chloride, and weigh the BaS04 (p. 109). 
 
 (d) Sodium Sulphite, Thiosvlphate, etc. — Add an excess of 
 bleaching-powder solution, then hydrochloric acid, till the reaction 
 is acid, and a smeU of chlorine is produced (p. 168) ; precipitate 
 with BaCl2, weigh the BaSOi, and deduct the amount found in 
 test (c). The remainder is calculated as " NajSOj from oxidisable 
 sulphur compounds." 
 
 D. — Caustic Bottoms. 
 
 Dissolve 10 g. in water, and filter. The washed residue is 
 dried and ignited, and yields": — 
 
 (a) Insoluble Matter. — If necessary, the contained iron is 
 estimated by dissolving in concentrated hydrochloric acid, reduc- 
 ing with zinc, adding manganous sulphate, and titrating with 
 permanganate as on p. 112. 
 
ELECTEOLYTIC ALKALI LIQUORS 193 
 
 (b) Available Alkali is estimated in the aqueous solutions by- 
 normal hydrochloric acid, using litmus or lacmoid as indicator. 
 (Methyl orange is not available in this case, owing to the presence 
 of alumina.) 
 
 (c) Sodium Carbonate is estimated as in commercial soda ash 
 (p. 178). 
 
 S. — Commercial Caustic Soda. 
 
 The sample must be very carefully taken. (Cf. Appendix.) 
 The single pieces must be freed from the outer crust by scraping 
 it off, before weighing. Dissolve 50 g. of the prepared sample 
 in 1 litre of water, and take aliquot portions for each of the 
 following tests with a pipette. 
 
 (a) Available Alkali is tested in at least 20 c.c. (equal to 1 g.) 
 by normal HCl. If the caustic soda contains more than traces 
 of alumina, methyl orange cannot be used as indicator, but litmus 
 or lacmoid should be employed. In the case of strong caustic 
 this is unnecessary. 
 
 (b) Sodiwn Carbonate is estimated by expelling the CO2 with 
 dilute sulphuric acid, and absorbing it in soda-lime (the pumice 
 saturated with cupric sulphate is left out here), or by Lunge and 
 Rittener's process, p. 171. The quantity of CO2 being so small, 
 any estimation by difference yields unsatisfactory results. Very 
 approximate results can, however, be obtained by titrating first 
 with phenolphthalein till the pink colour is discharged (when all 
 Na2C03 will have been changed into NaHCOj), noting the amount 
 of standard acid used, adding methyl orange and more standard 
 acid till the pink colour appears. The acid used in the second 
 test X 2 indicates Na2COs. 
 
 (c) The Table for comparing English, French, and German 
 Degrees is given on pp. 180 to 182. 
 
 Vni. ELECTROLYTIC ALKALI LIQUORS. 
 
 These are analysed just like bleach liquor, p. 164. 
 
 1. Hypochlorites are titrated as on p. 159. 
 
 2. Free Hypochlorous Acid. — Estimate the bleaching chlorine 
 as in No. 1, then chloride, chlorate, and other acids on the one 
 hand, and all bases on the other : the acidity in excess represents 
 free HOCl. 
 
 3. Chlorate may be estimated as on p. 164, but since there is 
 but little chlorate in presence of much hypochlorite, it is prefer- 
 
 N 
 
194 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 able to use the direct method of Fresenius, as follows : — To the 
 solution add an excess of neutral lead acetate solution ; this pro- 
 duces a precipitate which gradually turns brown, and which 
 contains a quantity of Pb02 corresponding to the chlorate. Allow 
 to stand for eight or ten hours, until there is no more smell of 
 chlorine, filter, wash, evaporate the filtrate to a small volume, 
 precipitate lead and lime by means of a little sodium carbonate, 
 and estimate the chlorate in the filtrate according to p. 164. 
 
 In mixtures of chlorate and hypochlorite, containing large 
 quantities of the latter, Ditz and Knopfehnacher estimate the 
 chlorate iodometrically, by decomposing it at the ordinary 
 temperature with concentrated hydrochloric acid and potassium 
 bromide. Put the substance, together with a sufficient excess of 
 KBr, into a small flask provided with a hollow glass stopper with 
 dropjjing funnel and lateral absorbing vessel for the retention of 
 bromine vapours. The latter is charged with 10 c.c. of a 5 per 
 cent, solution of KI. Pour 50 c.c. concentrated hydrochloric acid 
 through the dropping funnel into the flask, allow it to act for an 
 hour, pour in 300 c.c. water, then 20 c.c. of the solution of KI, 
 shake well, transfer the contents of the absorbing vessel to the 
 flask, and titrate the iodine which has been set free by thiosul- 
 phate. The quantity of chlorate + hypochlorite is thus ascertained. 
 If there is very much of the latter present, it should be 
 removed beforehand. 
 
 4. Chloride. — Employ the solution from No. 1, in which all 
 hypochlorite has been converted into chloride, with formation of 
 sodium arsenate, which is an excellent indicator for the titration 
 of the total chlorides by silver nitrate, p. 148, making no deduction 
 for any excess of silver nitrate required to produce the colour. 
 From the quantity of chloride thus found, deduct that which 
 corresponds to the hypochlorite. 
 
 5. Carbon Dioxide. — Destroy the hypochlorite by boiling with 
 liquor ammonias, free from COj, expel the CO2 by a strong acid, 
 and estimate it as on p. 171. 
 
 6. Bases. — Convert these into sulphates, by evaporation with 
 sulphuric acid, and estimate them in the residue by the ordinary 
 methods. 
 
 7. Free Alkali. — Add to the solution a little of Merck's 
 chemically pure hydrogen peroxide, which reacts as follows with 
 the hypochlorite : — 
 
 NaOCl + H2O2 = NaCl + BJO + O^. 
 
 NaOH and NagCOs remain unchanged in solution, and are titrated 
 as on p. 167. 
 
 In regard to the estimation of carbon dioxide in electrolytic 
 chlorine gas, see p. 163- 
 
NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE 195 
 
 IX. NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE. 
 
 A. — Commercial Nitrate of Soda. 
 
 According to the custom of the trade, which has held fon 
 many years, no direct estimation of the nitrate is made in the 
 commercial nitrate of soda exported from Chili. The rule is, to 
 estimate moisture, sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, and in- 
 soluble substances. The sum of these impurities is called the 
 " refraction," and everything else is assumed to be real nitrate of 
 soda. But as Chili saltpetre sometimes contains potassium 
 nitrate (in which the percentage of NO3 is less than in NaNOs), 
 errors up to 1 per cent. NaNOs or even more may be caused 
 • by this indirect method of testing. Therefore, besides the 
 above estimations, it ought to be insisted upon to estimate the 
 potassium present and to calculate the results accordingly, or 
 even better, to estimate the nitric-nitrogen directly. 
 
 The sampling ought to be done very carefully, since especially 
 the amount of moisture may vary considerably in different parts 
 of a cargo, and the reduction of the large sample to a smaller bult 
 ought to yield a really representative average sample. 
 
 1. Moisture. — Heat 10 g. or more of a good average sample in 
 a small glass or porcelain dish to 130° for four or five hours, till 
 the weight is constant. 
 
 2. Insoluble. — Dissolve 10 g. in water, filter, wash, and ignite. 
 If there is a very appreciable quantity of organic matter present, 
 first dry at 100° C. and weigh the filter with the precipitate before 
 igniting it. The solution is used for the tests Nos. 4 to 6. 
 
 3. Sodium Nitrate. — In order to obtain a really representative 
 sample, take about 20 g. of the carefully taken, large, average 
 sample, dry this at 110°, grind it very finely, mix it thoroughly, 
 and use it for the estimation of nitrate, etc. For the nitrate test, 
 weigh out about 0"35 g. (that is, a quantity which will yield 
 between 100 and 120 c.c. NO at the ordinary temperature and 
 barometric pressure) in a narrow weighing-tube. Pour its cour 
 tents as completely as possible into the decomposition vessel I) 
 of the gas-volumeter. Fig. 10, p. 140, so that the substance gets 
 as much as possible to the bottom of the beaker of D. Weigh 
 the weighing-tube again, with the small quantity of nitrate still 
 adhering to it, so as to ascertain the weight of nitrate taken = a, 
 in D. The three-way tap must be closed. Now run in 0'5 c.c. 
 water, wait until the nitrate has been entirely or nearly all dis- 
 solved, draw the solution with any small crystals into the inside 
 
196 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 of D, by lowering tte level-tube E and cautiously opening the 
 tap, rinse the beaker with J or at most 1 c.c. water, and then allow 
 15 c.c. of pure concentrated sulphuric acid to enter in the same 
 way. (It is important not to employ more than 1'5 c.c. water 
 altogether to 15 c.c. of strong acid, for if the acid is too much 
 diluted, a froth of basic mercuric sulphate is formed which pre- 
 vents an exact reading of the volume. On the other hand, the 
 addition of a little water to the strong acid prevents the solution 
 of an appreciable quantity of NO in the liquid.) 
 
 The reaction is finished by vigorous shaking of the acid 
 solution with the mercury (as in the ordinary nitrometer, p. 137). 
 During this period the level-tube should be roughly put into 
 position, to avoid any considerable differences of pressure and 
 possible leakages through the tap. When the agitating has been 
 finished, wait half an hour for cooling. Then connect tube c of 
 vessel D (Fig. 10, p. 140) with tube e of the measuring tube A, so 
 that glass touches glass, as described p. 141, and transfer all the. 
 gas to A, by raising E and lowering C, but not allowing any acid 
 to get into A. Then shut both taps, and by adjusting the tubes 
 A, B, C, in the manner described, p. 141, compress the gas volume 
 to that corresponding to 0° and 760 mm. pressure. 
 
 Of course it is also possible to employ, in lieu of the gas- 
 volumeter, an ordinary nitrometer, that is, to leave out the 
 "reduction-tube" B. In this case the volume NO is read off 
 under the prevailing atmospheric pressure, by adjusting the level- 
 tube accordingly ; the volume of NO is then reduced to 0° and 760 
 mm. by reading the thermometer and barometer, and employing 
 the Tables 20, 1, and II., pp. 36 et seq. The reduced volume of NO 
 we call X. Each c.c. of it corresponds to 0"0037963 g. NaNOs (com- 
 pare the table, p. 139) ; the whole, divided by the weight of the 
 nitrate employed a and multiplied by 100, indicates the percentage 
 of real nitrate ; that is : — 
 
 0-37963X 
 a ' 
 
 (B'.B.—The nitrometer should be tested whether it reaUy con- 
 tains exactly 100 c.c. to the mark 100, by inverting it, fiUmg in 
 mercury to the mark 100, running it off, and weighing. It should 
 weigh 1360 g. reduced to 0°, or 1355 g. at 15° 0. If there is an 
 error, this must be allowed for in each reading.) 
 
 4. Sodium Sulphate is estimated in the solution No 2 by 
 precipitation with BaClg and weighing the BaSO,. {Gf. pp. 109 
 and 148.) 
 
 5. Sodium Chloride is titrated with silver nitrate. (Gf. 
 p. 146.) _ ^ ■" 
 
 _ 6. Iodine is detected by reducing the iodic acid with zinc, heat- 
 ing the solution with concentrated sulphuric acid, which liberates 
 the iodine, diluting and agitating with carbon disulphide, which 
 
NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE 197 
 
 takes up the iodine, and is thereby coloured pink. The faintest 
 traces of iodate are found by dissolving 5 g. in 100 c.c. of boiled 
 water, adding a little nitric acid, a few drops of a solution of 
 potassium iodide in boiled water, and a drop of starch solution. 
 In the presence of as little as O'Ol mg. I in 1 g. of nitre, a blue 
 colour wOl appear. A check test must, however, be made with 
 the potassium, iodide employed for this test, as this often contains 
 some iodate. 
 
 7. Potassium. — Evaporate a special sample several times with 
 strong hydrochloric acid until all the nitrate is decomposed, and 
 estimate the K as in the analysis of potassium chloride, p. 205. 
 Calculate it as KNO3, 100 parts of which is equivalent with 84"08 
 of NaNOa. 
 
 8. Perchlorate (Gilbert). — Treat 20 g. of the dried substance with 
 2 or 3 c.c. concentrated hydrochloric acid in a flat platinum 
 dish ; add about 1 g. manganese dioxide, free from chlorine, 
 dry by heating over a small flame ; bring to fusion, put on the lid 
 and keep the dish at a red heat during one-quarter hour. 
 Dissolve the melt in hot water and dilute the solution to 250 c.c. 
 Take out 50 c.c. (=4 g. nitre), acidulate with nitric acid and add 
 a 1 per cent, solution of KMnOj, until the red colour persists for 
 a full minute. Then add ferric potassium sulphate (iron-alum), 
 and titrate the chloride by means of silver nitrate (Volhard's 
 method). From the CI thus found, deduct that which was 
 originally present (No. 5), and calculate the remainder as per- 
 chlorate. 1 part NaCl corresponds to 2'095 NaClOg. 
 
 B. — Nitre-Cake. 
 
 1. Free Acid is titrated with standard alkali (p. 147). If 
 considerable quantities of ferric oxide or alumina are present, 
 no indicator is employed, but normal alkali is added tiU the 
 first flakes of a precipitate indicate the end of the reaction. 
 
 2. Nitric Acid should be estimated in the gas-volumeter 
 (p. 139), or in the nitrometer (p. 137) ; the method employed is 
 exactly the same as described there, viz., dissolving in the beaker 
 in very little water, and decomposing with a large excess of 
 sulphuric acid. 
 
 3. Ferric Oxide amd Alumiiwi, (as pp. 143 and 148). 
 
 [C— NiTEic Acid. 
 
198 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 C. — Nitric Acid. 
 
 1. SPEOIPIC GRAVITY OF NITRIC ACID AT 15° C, COM- 
 PARED WITH WATER OP 4° O. (IN VACUO). 
 (Lunge and Rey.) 
 
 
 Degrees 
 Twad- 
 deU. 
 
 Percentage by weight. 
 
 Grams 
 
 per litre. 
 
 
 NaOs. 
 
 HNO3. 
 
 N2O6. 
 
 HNO3. 
 
 
 
 
 0-08 
 
 0-10 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 0-85 
 
 1-00 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 
 2 
 
 1-62 
 
 1-90 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 
 3 
 
 2-39 
 
 2-80 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 -17 
 
 3-70 
 
 33 
 
 38 
 
 
 5 
 
 3-94 
 
 4-60 
 
 40 
 
 47 
 
 
 6 
 
 4-71 
 
 5-50 
 
 49 
 
 57 
 
 
 7 
 
 5-47 
 
 6-38 
 
 57 
 
 66 
 
 
 8 
 
 6-22 
 
 7-26 
 
 64 
 
 75 
 
 
 9 
 
 6-97 
 
 8-13 
 
 73 
 
 85 
 
 
 10 
 
 7-71 
 
 8-99 
 
 81 
 
 94 
 
 
 11 
 
 8-43 
 
 9-84 
 
 89 
 
 104 
 
 
 12 
 
 9-15 
 
 10-68 
 
 97 
 
 113 
 
 
 13 
 
 9-87 
 
 11-51 
 
 105 
 
 123 
 
 
 14 
 
 10-57 
 
 12-33 
 
 113 
 
 132 
 
 
 15 
 
 11-27 
 
 13-15 
 
 121 
 
 141 
 
 
 16 
 
 11-96 
 
 13-95 
 
 129 
 
 151 
 
 
 17 
 
 12-64 
 
 14-74 
 
 137 
 
 160 
 
 
 18 
 
 13-31 
 
 15-33 
 
 145 
 
 169 
 
 
 19 
 
 13-99 
 
 16-32 
 
 . 153 
 
 179 
 
 
 20 
 
 14-67 
 
 17-11 
 
 161 
 
 188 
 
 
 21 
 
 15-34 
 
 17-89 
 
 170 
 
 198 
 
 
 22 
 
 16-00 
 
 18-67 
 
 177 
 
 207 
 
 
 23 
 
 16-67 
 
 19-45 
 
 186 
 
 217 
 
 
 24 
 
 17-34 
 
 20-23 
 
 195 
 
 227 
 
 
 25 
 
 18-00 
 
 21-00 
 
 202 
 
 236 
 
 
 26 
 
 18-66 
 
 21-77 
 
 211 
 
 246 
 
 
 27 
 
 19-32 
 
 22-54 
 
 219 
 
 256 
 
 
 28 
 
 19-98 
 
 23-31 
 
 228 
 
 266 
 
 
 29 
 
 20-64 
 
 24-08 
 
 237 
 
 276 
 
 
 30 
 
 21-29 
 
 24-84 
 
 245 
 
 286 
 
 
 31 
 
 21-94 
 
 25-60 
 
 254 
 
 296 
 
 
 32 
 
 22-60 
 
 26-36 
 
 262 
 
 306 
 
 
 33 
 
 23-25 
 
 27-12 
 
 271 
 
 316 
 
 34 
 
 23-90 
 
 27-88 
 
 279 
 
 326 
 
NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE 
 
 199 
 
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF NITRIC ACID AT 15° C, COMPARED 
 ■WITH WATER OF 4° C. (IN VA.aUO)— Continued. 
 
 Degrees 
 Twad- 
 dell. 
 
 Percentage by weight. 
 
 Grams per litre. 
 
 NjOj. 
 
 HNO3. 
 
 NaOj. 
 
 1 
 HKO3. 
 
 35 
 
 24-54 
 
 28-63 
 
 288 
 
 336 
 
 36 
 
 25-18 
 
 29-38 
 
 297 
 
 347 
 
 37 
 
 25-83 
 
 30-13 
 
 306 
 
 357 
 
 38 
 
 26-47 
 
 30-88 
 
 315 
 
 367 
 
 39 
 
 27-10 
 
 31-62 
 
 324 
 
 378 
 
 40 
 
 27-74 
 
 32-36 
 
 333 
 
 388 
 
 41 
 
 28-36 
 
 33-09 
 
 342 
 
 399 
 
 42 
 
 28-99 
 
 33-82 
 
 351 
 
 409 
 
 43 
 
 29-61 
 
 34-55 
 
 360 
 
 420 
 
 44 
 
 30-24 
 
 35-28 
 
 369 
 
 430 
 
 45 
 
 30-88 
 
 36-03 
 
 378 
 
 441 
 
 46 
 
 31-53 
 
 36-78 
 
 387 
 
 452 
 
 47 
 
 32-17 
 
 37-53 
 
 397 
 
 463 
 
 48 
 
 32-82 
 
 38-29 
 
 407 
 
 475 
 
 49 
 
 33-47 
 
 39-05 
 
 417 
 
 486 
 
 50 
 
 34-13 
 
 39-82 
 
 427' 
 
 498 
 
 51 
 
 34-78 
 
 40-58 
 
 437 
 
 509 
 
 52 
 
 35-44 
 
 41-34 
 
 447 
 
 521 
 
 53 
 
 36-09 
 
 42-10 
 
 457 
 
 533 
 
 54 
 
 36-75 
 
 42-87 
 
 467 
 
 544 
 
 55 
 
 37-41 
 
 43-64 
 
 477 
 
 556 
 
 56 
 
 38-07 
 
 44-41 
 
 487 
 
 568 
 
 57 
 
 38-73 
 
 45-18 
 
 498 
 
 581 
 
 58 
 
 39-39 
 
 45-95 
 
 508 
 
 593 
 
 59 
 
 40-05 
 
 46-72 
 
 519 
 
 605 
 
 60 
 
 40-71 
 
 47-49 
 
 529 
 
 617 
 
 61 
 
 41-37 
 
 48-26 
 
 540 
 
 630 
 
 62 
 
 42-06 
 
 49-07 
 
 551 
 
 643 
 
 63 
 
 42-76 
 
 49-89 
 
 562 
 
 656 
 
 64 
 
 43-47 
 
 50-71 
 
 573 
 
 669 
 
 65 
 
 44-17 
 
 51-53 
 
 585 
 
 683 
 
 66 
 
 44-89 
 
 52-37 
 
 597 
 
 697 
 
 67 
 
 45-62 
 
 53-22 . 
 
 609 
 
 710 
 
 68 
 
 46-35 
 
 54-07 
 
 621 
 
 725 
 
 69 
 
 47-08 
 
 54-93 
 
 633 789 
 
200 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF NITRIC ACID AT 15° 0., COMPARED 
 WITH WATER OF 4° C. ffN VACUO)— Continued. 
 
 Twad- 
 deU. 
 
 Percentage by weigM. 
 
 Grams per litre. 
 
 NjOj. 
 
 HNO3. 
 
 N2O6. 
 
 HNO3. 
 
 70 
 
 47-82 
 
 55-79 
 
 645 
 
 753 
 
 71 
 
 48-57 
 
 56-66 
 
 658 
 
 768 
 
 72 
 
 49-35 
 
 57-57 
 
 671 
 
 783 
 
 73 
 
 50-13 
 
 58-48 
 
 684 
 
 798 
 
 74 
 
 50-91 
 
 59-39 
 
 698 
 
 814 
 
 75 
 
 51-69 
 
 60-30 
 
 711 
 
 829 
 
 76 
 
 52-62 
 
 61-27 
 
 725 
 
 846 
 
 77 
 
 53-35 
 
 62-24 
 
 739 
 
 862 
 
 78 
 
 54-20 
 
 63-23 
 
 753 
 
 879 
 
 79 
 
 55-07 
 
 64-25 
 
 768 
 
 896 
 
 80 
 
 55-97 
 
 65-30 
 
 783 
 
 914 
 
 81 
 
 56-92 
 
 66-40 
 
 800 
 
 933 
 
 82 
 
 57-86 
 
 67-50 
 
 816 
 
 952 
 
 83 
 
 58-83 
 
 68-63 
 
 832 
 
 971 
 
 84 
 
 59-83 
 
 69-80 
 
 849 
 
 991 
 
 85 
 
 60-84 
 
 70-98 
 
 867 
 
 1011 
 
 86 
 
 61-86 
 
 72-17 
 
 885 
 
 1032 
 
 87 
 
 62-91 
 
 73-39 
 
 903 
 
 1053 
 
 88 
 
 64-01 
 
 74-68 
 
 921 
 
 1075 
 
 89 
 
 65-13 
 
 75-98 
 
 941 
 
 1098 
 
 90 
 
 66-24 
 
 ■77-28 
 
 961 
 
 1121 
 
 91 
 
 67-38 
 
 78-60 
 
 981 
 
 1144 
 
 92 
 
 68-56 
 
 79-98 
 
 1001 
 
 1168 
 
 93 
 
 69-79 
 
 81-42 
 
 1023 
 
 1193 
 
 94 
 
 71-06 
 
 82-90 
 
 1045 
 
 1219 
 
 95 
 
 72-39 
 
 84-45 
 
 1068- 
 
 1246 
 
 96 
 
 73-76 
 
 86-05 
 
 1092 
 
 1274 
 
 97 
 
 75-18 
 
 87-70 
 
 1116 
 
 1302 
 
 98 
 
 76-80 
 
 89-60 
 
 1144 
 
 1335 
 
 99 
 
 78-52 
 
 91-60 
 
 1174 
 
 1369 
 
 100 
 
 80-65 
 
 94-09 
 
 1210 
 
 1411 
 
 101 
 
 82-63 
 
 96-39 
 
 1244 
 
 1451 
 
 102 
 
 84-09 
 
 98-10 
 
 1270 
 
 1481 
 
 103 
 
 84-92 
 
 99-07 
 
 1287 
 
 1501 
 
 104 
 
 85-44 
 
 99-67 
 
 1299 
 
 1515 
 
NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE 
 
 201 
 
 2. INPLUBNCB OP TEMPERATURE ON THE SPECIPIO 
 GRAVITY OP NITRIC ACID. 
 
 O'C. 
 
 5° 
 
 10° ' 
 
 16' 
 
 20- 
 
 26" 
 
 80' 
 
 86* 
 
 40- 
 
 46° 
 
 60° 
 
 1-424 
 
 1-414 
 
 1-407 
 
 1-400 
 
 1-392 
 
 1-385 
 
 1-378 
 
 1-871 
 
 1-868 
 
 1-366 
 
 1-349 
 
 1-413 
 
 1-404 
 
 1-897 
 
 1-390 
 
 1-382 
 
 1-875 
 
 1-367 
 
 1-361 
 
 1-364 
 
 1-347 
 
 1-340 
 
 1-402 
 
 1-394 
 
 1-387 
 
 1-380 
 
 1-872 
 
 1-865 
 
 1-357 
 
 1-851 
 
 1-844 
 
 1-389 
 
 1-332 
 
 1-391 
 
 1-383 
 
 1-877 
 
 1-370 
 
 1-363 
 
 1-366 
 
 1-349 
 
 1-342 
 
 1-835 
 
 1-330 
 
 1-323 
 
 1-380 
 
 1-878 
 
 1-367 
 
 1-360 
 
 1-353 
 
 1-346 
 
 1-340 
 
 1-333 
 
 1-826 
 
 1-320 
 
 1-314 
 
 1-869 
 
 1-362 
 
 1-356 
 
 1-360 
 
 1-848 
 
 1-387 
 
 1-330 
 
 1-323 
 
 1-317 
 
 1-312 
 
 1-306 
 
 1-359 
 
 1-362 
 
 1-846 
 
 1-340 
 
 1-833 
 
 1-327 
 
 1-820 
 
 1-314 
 
 1-308 
 
 1-808 
 
 1-297 
 
 1-348 
 
 1-342 
 
 1-336 
 
 1-380 
 
 1-824 
 
 1-318 
 
 1-311 
 
 1-806 
 
 1-209 
 
 1-294 
 
 1-288 
 
 1-838 
 
 1-382 
 
 1-326 
 
 1-320 
 
 1-314 
 
 1-808 
 
 1-302 
 
 1-296 
 
 1-290 
 
 1-286 
 
 1-280 
 
 1-327 
 
 1-321 
 
 1-816 
 
 1-310 
 
 1-804 
 
 1-299 
 
 1-293 
 
 1-287 
 
 1-281 
 
 1-276 
 
 1-271 
 
 1-317 
 
 1-311 
 
 1-306 
 
 1-800 
 
 1-294 
 
 1-289 
 
 1-288 
 
 1-278 
 
 1-273 
 
 1-268 
 
 1-268 
 
 1-307 
 
 1-301 
 
 1-296 
 
 1-290 
 
 1-284 
 
 1-279 
 
 1-278 
 
 1-268 
 
 1-263 
 
 1-258 
 
 1-263 
 
 1-297 
 
 1-291 
 
 1-286 
 
 1-280 
 
 1-274 
 
 1-269 
 
 1-203 
 
 1-258 
 
 1-258 
 
 1-248 
 
 1-243 
 
 1-287 
 
 1-281 
 
 1-276 
 
 1-270 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-269 
 
 1-264 
 
 1-248 
 
 1-243 
 
 1-238 
 
 1-234 
 
 1-277 
 
 1-271 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-256 
 
 1-249 
 
 1-244 
 
 1-238 
 
 1-233 
 
 1-223 
 
 1-224 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-255 
 
 1-250 
 
 1-245 
 
 1-240 
 
 1-236 
 
 1-229 
 
 1-224 
 
 1-219 
 
 1-216 
 
 1-2B6 
 
 1-250 
 
 1-246 
 
 1-240 
 
 1-285 
 
 1-230 
 
 1-225 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-215 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-205 
 
 1-245 
 
 1-240 
 
 1-235 
 
 1-230 
 
 1-225 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-215 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-206 
 
 1-201 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-235 
 
 1-230 
 
 1-225 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-215 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-205 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-191 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-224 
 
 1-219 
 
 1-214 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-205 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-191 
 
 1-187 
 
 1-182 
 
 1-177 
 
 1-213 
 
 1-208 
 
 1-204 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-181 
 
 1-177 
 
 1-172 
 
 1-167 
 
 1-202 
 
 1-198 
 
 1-194 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-181 
 
 1-177 
 
 1-172 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-192 
 
 1-188 
 
 1-184 
 
 1-180 
 
 1-177 
 
 1-171 
 
 1-167 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-154 
 
 1-160 
 
 1-182 
 
 1-178 
 
 1-174 
 
 1-170 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-162 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-154 
 
 1-149 
 
 1-146 
 
 1-141 
 
 1-172 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-164 
 
 1-160 
 
 1-156 
 
 1-162 
 
 1-148 
 
 1-144 
 
 1-140 
 
 1-136 
 
 1-132 
 
 1-161 
 
 1-158 
 
 1-164 
 
 1-160 
 
 1-146 
 
 1-142 
 
 1-139 
 
 1-135 
 
 1-180 
 
 1-127 
 
 1-128 
 
 1-161 
 
 1-147 
 
 1-144 
 
 1-140 
 
 1-136 
 
 1-132 
 
 1-129 
 
 1-126 
 
 1-121 
 
 1-118 
 
 1-114 
 
 1-139 
 
 1-136 
 
 1-183 
 
 1-130 
 
 1-126 
 
 1-123 
 
 1-119 
 
 1-116 
 
 1-112 
 
 1-109 
 
 1-105 
 
 1-129 
 
 1-126 
 
 1-123 
 
 1-120 
 
 1-116 
 
 1-113 
 
 1-110 
 
 1-106 
 
 1-103 
 
 1-100 
 
 1-096 ' 
 
 1-118 
 
 1-116 
 
 1-112 
 
 1-110 
 
 1-107 
 
 1-104 
 
 1-101 
 
 1-097 
 
 1-094 
 
 1-091 
 
 1-087 
 
 1-108 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-102 
 
 1-100 
 
 1-097 
 
 1-094 
 
 1-091 
 
 1-088 
 
 1-085 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-079 
 
 1-098 
 
 1-096 
 
 1-092 
 
 1-090 
 
 1-087 
 
 1-084 
 
 1-081 
 
 1-078 
 
 1-076 
 
 1-073 
 
 1-070 
 
 1-088 
 
 1-085 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-077 
 
 1-074 
 
 1-071 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-065 
 
 1-063 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-077 
 
 1-075 
 
 1-072 
 
 1-070 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-064 
 
 1-061 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-066 
 
 1-054 
 
 1-061 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-064 
 
 1-062 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-057 
 
 1-065 
 
 1-062 
 
 1-050 
 
 1-048 
 
 1-046 
 
 1-048 
 
 1-057 
 
 1054 
 
 1-052 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-047 
 
 1-046 
 
 1-048 
 
 1-040 
 
 1-038 
 
 1-085 
 
 1-033 
 
 1-047 
 
 1044 
 
 1-042 
 
 1-040 
 
 1-087 
 
 1-035 
 
 1-033 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-028 
 
 1-025 
 
 1-023 
 
 1-037 
 
 1-034 
 
 1-032 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-027 
 
 1-025 
 
 1-023 
 
 1-020 
 
 1-018 
 
 1-015 
 
 1-013 
 
 1-027 
 
 1-024 
 
 1-022 
 
 1-020 
 
 1-017 
 
 1-015 
 
 1-013 
 
 1-010 
 
 1-008 
 
 1-005 
 
 1-008 
 
 1-017 
 
 1-014 
 
 1-012 
 
 1-010 
 
 1-007 
 
 1-005 
 
 1-008 
 
 1-000 
 
 0-998 
 
 0-996 
 
 0093 
 
202 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 INPLUBNCB OF TEMPBRATUBB ON THB SPBCIFIO 
 GRAVITY OP NITRIC ACID— Continued. 
 
 60' 
 
 70° 
 
 76- 
 
 1'336 
 
 1-327 
 1-319 
 1-310 
 1-302 
 
 1-294 
 1-286 
 1-278 
 1-269 
 1-261 
 
 1-263 
 1-244 
 1-234 
 1-226 
 1-216 
 
 1-206 
 1-198 
 1-187 
 1-177 
 1-168 
 
 1-168 
 1-160 
 1-141 
 1-132 
 1-124 
 
 1-116 
 1-107 
 1-099 
 1-090 
 1-081 
 
 1-073 
 1-064 
 1-066 
 1-046 
 1-088 
 
 1-028 
 1-018 
 1-008 
 0-999 
 0-989 
 
 1-329 
 1-320 
 1-312 
 1-304 
 1-296 
 
 1-288 
 1-280 
 1-272 
 1-264 
 1-266 
 
 1-248 
 .^-239 
 1-229 
 1-220 
 1-210 
 
 1-201 
 1-191 
 1-1S2 
 1-172 
 1-163 
 
 1-164 
 1-146 
 1-137 
 1-128 
 1-120 
 
 1-112 
 1-103 
 1-094 
 1-086 
 1-078 
 
 1-070 
 1-061 
 1-062 
 1-044 
 1-036 
 
 1-026 
 1-016 
 1-006 
 0-997 
 5-987 
 
 1-323 
 1-314 
 1-305 
 1-298 
 1-290 
 
 1-282 
 1-274 
 1-266 
 1-258 
 1-251 
 
 1-243 
 1-234 
 1-224 
 1-216 
 1-205 
 
 1-196 
 1-186 
 1-177 
 1-167 
 1-160 
 
 1-150 
 1-141 
 1-133 
 1-124 
 1-116 
 
 1-108 
 1-100 
 1-091 
 1-083 
 1-076 
 
 1-067 
 1-068 
 1-050 
 1-042 
 1-034 
 
 1-024 
 1-014 
 1-004 
 0-995 
 0-985 
 
 1-316 
 1-308 
 1-300 
 1-292 
 1-284 
 
 1-276 
 1-268 
 1-261 
 1-253 
 1-246 
 
 1-238 
 1-229 
 1-219 
 1-210 
 1-200 
 
 1-191 
 1-181 
 1-172 
 1-163 
 1-164 
 
 1-145 
 1-136 
 1-128 
 1-120 
 1-112 
 
 1104 
 1-096 
 1-088 
 1-080 
 1-072 
 
 1-064 
 1-055 
 1-047 
 1-089 
 1-031 
 
 1-021 
 1-011 
 1-001 
 0-992 
 0-982 
 
 1-SlO 
 1-302 
 1-293 
 1-286 
 1-278 
 
 1-270 
 1-263 
 1-256 
 1-248 
 1-240 
 
 1-232 
 1-223 
 1-214 
 1-205 
 1-195 
 
 1-186 
 1-177 
 1-168 
 1-158 
 1-149 
 
 1-140 
 1-182 
 1-124 
 1-116 
 1-108 
 
 1-100 
 1-093 
 1-084 
 1-076 
 1-068 
 
 1-061 
 1-052 
 1-044 
 1-037 
 1-029 
 
 1-019 
 1-009 
 0-999 
 0-990 
 0-980 
 
 1-303 
 1-294 
 1-286 
 1-279 
 1-272 
 
 1-266 
 1-267 
 1-260 
 1-243 
 1-236 
 
 1-227 
 1-218 
 1-209 
 1-199 
 1-190 
 
 1-181 
 1-172 
 1-163 
 1-153 
 1-144 
 
 1-136 
 1-128 
 1-120 
 1-113 
 1-105 
 
 1-097 
 1-090 
 1-OSl 
 1-073 
 1-066 
 
 1-058 
 1-050 
 1-042 
 1-034 
 1-026 
 
 1-015 
 1-007 
 0-997 
 0-988 
 0-978 
 
 1-296 
 1-288 
 1-280 
 1-274 
 1-266 
 
 1-269 
 1-252 
 1-245 
 1-238 
 1-230 
 
 1-222 
 1-218 
 1-204 
 1-195 
 1-185 
 
 1-176 
 1-167 
 1-158 
 1-148 
 1-140 
 
 1-181 
 1-123 
 1-116 
 1-108 
 1-101 
 
 1-096 
 1-086 
 1-078 
 1-070 
 1-063 
 
 1-055 
 1-048 
 1-040 
 1-031 
 1-028 
 
 1-014 
 1-004 
 0-994 
 0-985 
 0-97S 
 
 1-290 
 1-282 
 1'274 
 1-267 
 1-260 
 
 1-268 
 1-246 
 1-240 
 1-238 
 1-226 
 
 1-217 
 1-208 
 1-199 
 1-190 
 1-180 
 
 1-171 
 1-162 
 1-163 
 1-144 
 1-135 
 
 1-126 
 1-119 
 1-112 
 1-105 
 1-097 
 
 1090 
 1-082 
 1-075 
 1-067 
 1-060 
 
 1-052 
 1-045 
 1-088 
 1-029 
 1-021 
 
 1-012 
 1-002 
 0-993 
 0-983 
 0-978 
 
NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE 203 
 
 Z. Toted Acidity. — Titrate a diluted sample by standard 
 caustic soda solution. Methyl orange can be quite well used as 
 indicator, if the titration is performed as described^ p. 135, although 
 it would be destroyed by prolonged contact with nitrous acid. 
 Strong fuming acid is weighed in a bulb-tap pipette, Fig. 11, p. 
 144 ; from this the acid is slowly run on to the bottom of a flask, 
 containing ice-cold water, and the titration is performed quickly, 
 to prevent a decomposition of the nitrous acid. Less concentrated 
 nitric acids may be measured by pipettes or burettes, in lieu of 
 weighing. 
 
 4. Chlorine. — Saturate with sodium carbonate, free from 
 chloride, till the reaction is neutral or faintly alkaline, and titrate 
 with silver nitrate according to p. 146. 
 
 5. Sidphuric Acid. — Saturate almost completely with sodium 
 carbonate and precipitate with barium chloride as on p. 108. If 
 the acid on evaporating leaves any appreciable fixed residue, this 
 usually consists of sodium sulphate. 
 
 6. Nitrous Acid or Nitrogen Tetroxide are estimated by run- 
 ning the acid from a burette into a measured volume of warm, 
 dilute potassium permanganate (c/. p. 135). The result is usually 
 expressed in terms of nitrogen peroxide, N2O4. Each c.c. k 
 normal permanganate =0"023005 g. N2O4. Hence, if m c.c. acid 
 have been used and n c.c. permanganate required, the amount of 
 NjO, is :— 
 
 0-023005 n 
 
 — ^r-^- 
 
 The quantity of N2O4 is often so considerable that the specific 
 gravity tables give a very deceptive result as to the real percent- 
 age of HNO3, and an actual determination should be made. 
 
 7. Fixed Residue, consisting chiefly of sodium sulphate, with 
 a little ferric oxide, etc., is estimated by evaporating to dryness 
 in a place protected from dust, igniting, and weighing. 
 
 8. Iron. — Precipitate with excess of ammonia, filter, weigh, 
 and ignite the FeaOg. 
 
 9. Iodine is detected by digesting for a short time with pure 
 zinc, which reduces iodic acid and generates some nitrous acid ; 
 the latter sets the iodine of the HI free, and this can then be 
 recognised by shaking up with carbon disulphide, which thereby 
 assumes a pink colour. 
 
 iV^.5,— Tests Nos. 8 and 9 are only made with nitric acid sold 
 as chemically pure. 
 
204 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 D. — Mixtures of Sulphuric Acid and Nitric Acid. 
 
 Such mixtures are sold for the manufacture of explosives and 
 other nitrating purposes. They are analysed by the methods 
 described by Lunge and Berl, Z. angew. Chem., 1905, p. 1681 ; 
 Chem. Zeit., 1907, p. 485. 
 
 1. Total Acidity.— Weigh about 1 g. in a bulb-tap pipette. Fig. 
 11, p. 144, and titrate with normal caustic soda solution. When 
 employing methyl orange as indicator, either add it only towards 
 the end of the titration (or else renew it as destroyed), or else add 
 an excess of soda, then the indicator, and titrate back with 
 normal hydrochloric acid. 
 
 2. Nitrous Acid is estimated as on p. 135, by running the mixed 
 acid into a measured quantity of seminormal permanganate. It 
 may be calculated as HNO2, or N2O3, or even as N2O4. In the 
 latter case each c.c. of the ^ normal permanganate indicates 
 0"023005 g. N2O4. If we caU the c.c. of permanganate used x, the 
 c.c. of mixed acid required for decolorising it y, and s the specific 
 
 gravity of the latter, the N204is=?^ g. per litre, or ?-^ per cent, 
 by weight of NjOi in the mixed acid. 
 
 3. Total Nitrogen Acids are estimated by the nitrometer, 
 p. 137. From the NO given off deduct that corresponding to 
 the nitrous acid found in No. 2, and calculate the remainder 
 as HNO3. 
 
 4. Sulphuric Acid is found by deducting the nitrogen acids, 
 found in No. 3, from the total acidity foimd in No. 1. 
 
 If for 1 g. mixed acid we have used a c.c. ^ normal soda solu- 
 tion and found b c.c. NO (reduced to 0° and 760 mm.), and c c.c. 
 of seminormal permanganate to be required, the percentage of 
 the individual components is found by one of the following 
 formulae, according as to whether we assume N2O4 or N2O3 to 
 be present : — 
 
 H„SO4 = 0-9808 a -0-219 b H2SO4=0-9808 a -0-219 h 
 
 HNO3=0-28144 6-3-149c HNOs=0-28144 6-1-6745 c 
 
 N2O4 =2-30 c NgOs =0-9503 c 
 
 H2O =100-(H2SO4-l-HNO3 H2O =100-(H2SO4 + HNO3 
 + N2O4) +N2O3). 
 
POTASSIUM SALTS 205 
 
 X. POTASSIUM SALTS. 
 A. — Crude Salts (Carnallite, Kainite, etc.). 
 
 1. Moisture. — He,at 10 g. to 150° for some time, and allow to 
 cool in a desiccator. 
 
 2. Percentage of Potassium :* — 
 
 (a) In the Absence of more than 0'5 per cent. Potassium Sul- 
 phate. — Obtain a well-mixed sample ; dissolve 7'640 g. in a 
 half -litre flask, fill up to the mark, and filter. Place 20 c.c. of the 
 filtrate (=0"3056 of the crude salt) in a porcelain dish ; add 5 c.c. 
 of a solution of platinum chloride contaming 10 g. Pt. in 100 c.c. 
 Evaporate on the water-bath to a syrupy condition, with frequent 
 agitation, so that most of the HCl is driven ofif and the mass 
 appears dry after cooling. When cool, crush it with a flattened 
 glass rod, add 20 c.c. strong- alcohol (at least 94 per cent.), 
 mix well through and pour the liquid portion through a filter 
 which has been previously dried at 120° to 130° till the weight is 
 constant, then weighed and moistened with alcohol. The filter 
 should not be fiUed up to the top. Pour fresh alcohol on the 
 residue, and heat it on the water-bath nearly to boiling. Wash 
 the solid portion on to the filter, remove most of the liquid by 
 suction, press it between layers of filter paper and dry it till the 
 weight is constant at 120° to 130° (this wiU usually require only 
 twenty ittinutes). Each milligram of the jjotassium -platinum 
 chloride corresponds to O'l per cent. KCl in the quantity of 
 .substance employed. 
 
 (b) In the Presence of mare than O'bper cent. Potassium Sulphate. 
 — Dissolve 30"56 g. of the crude salt in a J-litre flask in 300 c.c. 
 water -t- 15 cc. strong hydrochloric acid by boiling, allow to cool, 
 and fill the flask up to the mark. Put 50 c.c. of the clear 
 solution into a 200 c.c. flask, heat to boiling, and precipitate 
 the sulphate with the exactly necessary quantity of barium 
 chloride, adding the principal portion of the reagent quickly, the 
 remainder in single drops, always waiting till the liquid shows 
 a clear layer and throwing into this a minute crystal of 
 barium chloride, until this ceases to produce a cloud. If too 
 
 » These are the methods given by Tietjens in Tech. Meth., vol. i., p. 620, as worlted 
 oat and practised at all the StassfUrt works. This applies also to the figures em- 
 ployed for the calculation of the results which are not based on the real atomic 
 weight of platinum (=19480) and on the formula KaPtOlj, but are empirical data, 
 based on many years' experience. The diflbrence is mainly caused by the fact that 
 the precipitate is not pure KaPtCle, but contains some chemically combined water 
 which is not given up even after prolonged drying. 
 
206 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 much BaCl2 should have been accidentally added, it must be 
 removed by a drop or two of dilute sulphuric acid. After cooling, 
 fill up to the mark and take 20 c.c. of the clear solution =0'3056 
 g. salt, which is then treated with platinum chloride as described 
 in No. 1. One mg. of the precipitate corresponds to 0"1 per cent. 
 KCl, if the K is to be calculated as such. 
 
 For the analysis of salts consisting essentially of K2SO4, like 
 kainite, dissolve 35"71 g., in which case each mg. of the platinum 
 precipitate indicates O'l per cent. K2SO4. When testing rich 
 sulphate (90 to 97 per cent. K2SO4) it is necessary to add to the 
 percentage thus found a correction of +0'3 per cent., but this 
 should not be made ia the case of potasso-magnesium sulphates. 
 
 3. Percentage of Sodium Chloride : — 
 
 (a) In Sigh-Grade Salts. — If there is little or no sul- 
 phate present, the NaCl is calculated from the difference be- 
 tween the KCl found directly by gravimetric analysis and 
 the total chlorides as found by titration with silver solution, 
 p. 147. If there is an appreciable proportion of sulphate 
 present, the percentage of (combined) SO3 must be esti- 
 mated, as well as that of potassium and chlorine. The barium 
 sulphate obtained is calculated to KCl (1 part BaSO4=0'7465 
 K2SO4=0'6388 KCl); this amount is deducted from the total 
 quantity of K, calculated as KCl ; the remaining KCl, which was 
 present as such and must be quoted as such in the analysis, is 
 deducted from that which is found when calculating aU the CI as 
 KCl. The now remaining nominal amount of KCl is calculated 
 as NaCl, 100 parts KCl being equivalent to 78-41 NaCl. The SO3 
 found is calculated as K2SO4. 
 
 (b) In Low-Grade Salts it is not usual to estimate the NaCl. 
 If it is to be done, a complete analysis is required. KCl is esti- 
 mated as above, in addition : Ga (p. 147), Mg (pp. 143 and 207), SO3 
 (p. 108), insoluble matter, and moisture. SO3 is calculated as 
 CaS04 ; if there is not enough Ca present for all the SO3, the 
 remainder is calculated as MgSO,, and after that as K2SO4. If 
 more Mg is present than is required to saturate the SO3 at dis- 
 posal, the remaining Mg is calculated as MgClj. Any excess of 
 CI over that required to form KCl and MgCl2 is calculated as 
 NaCl. 
 
 4. Magnesium Chloride. — In order to distinguish the carnaUite 
 salts (which give up the MgCl2 to alcohol) from the non-carnaUitic 
 salts (which do not do this), shake 10 g. of the crude salt for ten 
 minutes in a ^-litre flask with 100 c.c. 96 per cent, alcohol and 
 titrate 10 c.c. of the filtrate with ^ normal silver solution. Such 
 salts as contain upwards of 6 per cent. CI soluble in alcohol are 
 regarded as belonging to the carnallite group. 
 
POTASSIUM SALTS 207 
 
 _ 5. Total Magnesium. — Boil 10 g. of finely ground, crude salt 
 with 300 c.c. of water in a |-litre flask for an hour ; after cooling 
 add 50 c.c. twice-normal sodium hydroxide solution, in the case 
 of much lime being present also 20 c.c. of a 10 per cent, solution 
 of neutral potassium oxalate, fill the flask up to the mark, filter 
 after a quarter of an hour, and titrate 50 c.c. of the filtrate by 
 normal hydrochloric acid. Each c.c. of the twice-normal alkali 
 used up is=0'04032 g. MgClj. To the percentage of MgO 0'2 
 per cent, should be added (Precht. Z. arud. Chem., 1879, p. 438). 
 
 B. — Commercial Potasslimi Chloride. 
 
 Weigh out 7'640 g. and proceed exactly as described under A, 2 
 (a), p. 205_. The calculation is also made in the same manner. 
 
 Potassium chloride made from vinasses contains much sulphate 
 and a little carbonate, which is estimated alkalimetrically. 
 
 C. — PotasslTUu Sulphate. 
 
 Proceed just as in the case of sodium sulphate, p. 148. The 
 potassium must sometimes be estimated, which is done as on p. 
 205 for A, 2 (b). 
 
 D. — Leblauc Process for the Manufacture of 
 Potassium Carbonate. 
 
 Both the raw materials and the intermediate products are 
 tested like those for the soda process, pp. 166 et seg. 
 
 B. — Beet Ashes. 
 
 For this material, which seldom occurs in the English trade, 
 special methods have been worked out by Heyer (Ghemiker- 
 Zeitung, 1891, p. 1489 et seq.), and by Alberti and Hempel (ibid., 
 p. 1623). 
 
 P. — Commercial Carbonate of Potash. 
 
 1. Available Alkali is titrated with normal hydrochloric acid, 
 as on p. 178. 
 
 2. Total Potassium is estimated according to p. 205, A (b), so 
 that all sulphate is converted into chloride. Of course, initially. 
 
208 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 more hydrochloric acid must be employed in order to decompose 
 the carbonate. 
 
 3. Chloride is estimated by decinormal silver solution, p. 146. 
 1 CO. of this =0-007456 g. KCl. 
 
 4. Sulphate is estimated as BaSOi, p. 109. 1 g. BaSO4=0"7465 
 K2SO4. 
 
 5. Insoluble matter, as on p. 178. 
 
 6. Silicate. — Saturate the salt with hydrochloric acid, evaporate 
 to dryness, moisten with HCl, evaporate again, dissolve in dilute 
 HCl, filter, wash, and strongly ignite the SiOj. This test is only 
 made exceptionally, and the potassium silicate is calculated 
 together with the carbonate. 
 
 7. Phosphate is estimated by the magnesia method, and is 
 treated like the silicate. 
 
 8. Calculation of the Analyses. — Calculate : — 
 
 (a) K2CO3 from the difference between the total potassium 
 and that corresponding to the CI and SO3 found. 
 
 (b) NajCOa from the difference between the total available 
 alkali and the K2CO3 as calculated in (a). 
 
 (c) KCl and 
 
 (d) K2SO4 as above. 
 
 (e) Water and 
 
 (/) Insoluble matter, if necessary also iron, by a special test. 
 
POTASSIUM SALTS 
 
 209 
 
 1. SPBOIPIO GRAVITIES OP SOLUTIONS OP POTASSIUM 
 CARBONATE AT 16°. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 X cb.m. contains 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Twaddell. 
 
 Baum6. 
 
 KaCOj. 
 
 kg. K2CO3. 
 
 1-000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-005 
 
 1 
 
 0-7 
 
 0-50 
 
 5-0 
 
 1-010 
 
 2 
 
 1-4 
 
 1-04 - 
 
 10-50 
 
 1-015 
 
 3 
 
 2-1 
 
 1-60 
 
 16-24 
 
 1-020 
 
 4 
 
 2-7 
 
 2-10 
 
 21-42 
 
 1-025 
 
 5 
 
 3-4 
 
 2-64 
 
 27-06 
 
 1-030 
 
 6 
 
 4-1 
 
 3-21 
 
 33-06 
 
 1-035 
 
 7 
 
 4-7 
 
 3-77 
 
 39-02 
 
 1-040 
 
 8 
 
 5-4 
 
 4-34 
 
 45-14 
 
 1-045 
 
 9 
 
 6-0 
 
 4-90 
 
 51-21 
 
 1-050 
 
 10 
 
 6-7 
 
 5-47 
 
 57-44 
 
 1-055 
 
 11 
 
 7-4 
 
 6-00 
 
 63-30 
 
 1-060 
 
 12 
 
 8-0 
 
 6-50 
 
 68-90 
 
 1-065 
 
 13 
 
 8-7 
 
 7-07 
 
 75-30 
 
 1-070 
 
 14 
 
 9-4 
 
 7-60 
 
 81-32 
 
 1-075 
 
 15 
 
 10-0 
 
 8-10 
 
 87-08 
 
 1-080 
 
 16 
 
 10-6 
 
 8-67 
 
 93-64 
 
 1-085 
 
 17 
 
 11-2 
 
 9-20 
 
 99-82 
 
 1-090 
 
 18 
 
 11-9 
 
 9-70 
 
 105-73 
 
 1-095 
 
 19 
 
 12-4 
 
 10-20 
 
 111-69 
 
 1-100 
 
 20 
 
 13-0 
 
 10-70 
 
 117-70 
 
 1-105 
 
 21 
 
 13-6 
 
 11-26 
 
 124-42 
 
 1-110 
 
 22 
 
 14-2 
 
 11-80 
 
 130-98 
 
 1-115 
 
 23 
 
 14-9 
 
 12-30 
 
 137-15 
 
 1-120 
 
 24 
 
 15-4 
 
 12-80 
 
 143-36 
 
 1-125 
 
 25 
 
 16-0 
 
 13-30 
 
 149-63 
 
 1-130 
 
 26 
 
 16-5 
 
 13-80 
 
 155-94 
 
 1-135 
 
 27 
 
 17-0 
 
 14-30 
 
 162-31 
 
 1-140 
 
 28 
 
 17-7 
 
 14-80 
 
 168-72 
 
 1-145 
 
 29 
 
 18-3 
 
 15-30 
 
 175-19 
 
 1-150 
 
 30 
 
 18-8 
 
 15-80 
 
 181-70 
 
 1-155 
 
 31 
 
 19-3 
 
 16-30 
 
 188-27 
 
 1-160 
 
 32 
 
 19-8 
 
 16-80 
 
 194-88 
 
 1-165 
 
 33 
 
 20-3 
 
 17-30 
 
 201-55 
 
 1-170 
 
 34 
 
 20-9 
 
 17-80 
 
 208-26 
 
 1-175 
 
 35 
 
 21-4 
 
 18-30 
 
 215-03 
 
 1-180 
 
 36 
 
 22-0 
 
 18-80 
 
 221-84 
 
 1-185 
 
 37 
 
 22-5 
 
 "19-26 
 
 228-23 
 
210 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 SPBOIPIC GRAVITIES OP SOLUTIONS OP FOTASSIUKI 
 CARBONATE! AT 16° — Continued. 
 
 Speciflo 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 1 cb.m. contains 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Twaddell. 
 
 Baumd. 
 
 K2CO3. 
 
 kg. KaCOs. 
 
 1-199 
 
 38 
 
 23-0 
 
 19-70 
 
 234-43 
 
 1-195 
 
 39 
 
 23-5 
 
 20-20 
 
 241-39 
 
 1-200 
 
 40 
 
 24-0 
 
 20-70 
 
 248-40 
 
 1-205 
 
 41 
 
 24-5 
 
 21-15 
 
 254-86 
 
 1-210 
 
 42 
 
 25-0 
 
 21-60 
 
 261-36 
 
 1-215 
 
 43 
 
 25-5 
 
 22-05 
 
 267-91 
 
 1-220 
 
 44 
 
 26-0 
 
 ' 22-50 
 
 274-50 
 
 1-225 
 
 45 
 
 26-4 
 
 22-96 
 
 281-26 
 
 1-230 
 
 46 
 
 26-9 
 
 23-41 
 
 287-94 
 
 1-235 
 
 47 
 
 27-4 
 
 23-90 
 
 295-17 
 
 1-240 
 
 48 
 
 27-9 
 
 24-40 
 
 302-56 
 
 1-245 
 
 49 
 
 28-4 
 
 24-86 
 
 309-51 
 
 1-250 
 
 50 
 
 28-8 
 
 25-32 
 
 316-50 
 
 1-255 
 
 51 
 
 29-3 
 
 25-80 
 
 323-79 
 
 1-260 
 
 52 
 
 29-7 
 
 26-30 
 
 331-38 
 
 1-265 
 
 53 
 
 30-2 
 
 26-77 
 
 338-64 
 
 1-270 
 
 54 
 
 30-6 
 
 27-17 
 
 345-06 
 
 1-275 
 
 55 
 
 31-1 
 
 27-60 
 
 351-90 
 
 1-280 
 
 66 
 
 31-5 
 
 28-05 
 
 359-04 
 
 1-285 
 
 67 
 
 32-0 
 
 28-50 
 
 366-23 
 
 1-290 
 
 58 
 
 32-4 
 
 28-96 
 
 373-58 
 
 1-295 
 
 59 
 
 32-8 
 
 29-42 
 
 380-99 
 
 1-300 
 
 60 
 
 33-3 
 
 29-97 
 
 389-61 
 
 1-305 
 
 61 
 
 33-7 
 
 30-43 
 
 397-11 
 
 1-310 
 
 62 
 
 34-2 
 
 30-86 
 
 404-27 
 
 • 1-315 
 
 63 
 
 34-6 
 
 31-24 
 
 ^10-81 
 
 1-320 
 
 64 
 
 35-0 
 
 31-60 
 
 417-12 
 
 1-325 
 
 65 
 
 35-4 
 
 32-06 
 
 424-80 
 
 1-330 
 
 66 
 
 35-8 
 
 32-52 
 
 432-52 
 
 1-335 
 
 67 
 
 36-2 
 
 32-96 
 
 440-02 
 
 1-340 
 
 68 
 
 36-6 
 
 33-38 
 
 447-29 
 
 1-345 
 
 69 
 
 37-0 
 
 33-80 
 
 454-61 
 
 1-350 
 
 70 
 
 37-4 
 
 34-22 
 
 461-97 
 
 1-355 
 
 71 
 
 37-8 
 
 34-64 
 
 469-37 
 
 1-360 
 
 72 
 
 38-2 
 
 35-06 
 
 476-82 
 
 1-365 
 
 73 
 
 38-6 
 
 ■ 35-48 
 
 484-30 
 
 1-370 
 
 74 
 
 39-0 
 
 35-90 
 
 491-83 
 
POTASSIUM SALTS 
 
 211 
 
 SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF POTASSIUM 
 CARBONATE AT 15°— Continued. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Degress 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Icb.m. contains 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Twaddell. 
 
 Bsum6. 
 
 KaCOs. 
 
 kg. K2CO3. 
 
 1-375 
 
 75 
 
 39-4 
 
 36-32 
 
 499-40 
 
 1-380 
 
 76 
 
 39-8 
 
 36-74 
 
 507-01 
 
 1-385 
 
 77 
 
 40-1 
 
 37-17 
 
 614-80 
 
 1-390 
 
 78 
 
 40-5 
 
 37-60 
 
 622-64 
 
 1-395 
 
 79 
 
 40-8 
 
 38-02 
 
 530-38 
 
 1-400 
 
 80 
 
 41-2 
 
 38-45 
 
 538-30 
 
 1-405 
 
 81 
 
 41-6 
 
 38-88 
 
 546-26 
 
 1-410 
 
 82 
 
 42-0 
 
 39-30 
 
 554-13 
 
 1-415 
 
 83 
 
 42-3 
 
 39-73 
 
 562-19 
 
 1-420 
 
 84 
 
 42-7 
 
 40-16 
 
 570-27 
 
 1-425 
 
 85 
 
 43-1 
 
 40-59 
 
 578-41 
 
 1-430 
 
 86 
 
 43-4 
 
 41-02 
 
 586-59 
 
 1-435 
 
 87 
 
 43-8 
 
 41-45 
 
 594-81 
 
 1-440 
 
 88 
 
 44-1 
 
 41-85 
 
 602-64 
 
 1-445 
 
 89 
 
 44-4 
 
 42-22 
 
 610-08 
 
 1-450 
 
 90 
 
 44-8 
 
 42-58 
 
 617-41 
 
 1-455 
 
 91 
 
 45-1 
 
 42-97 
 
 625-21 
 
 1-460 
 
 92 
 
 45-4 
 
 43-37 
 
 633-20 
 
 1-465 
 
 93 
 
 45-8 
 
 43-77 
 
 641-23 
 
 1-470 
 
 94 
 
 46-1 
 
 44-17 
 
 649-30 
 
 1-475 
 
 95 
 
 46-4 
 
 44-57 
 
 657-41 
 
 1-480 
 
 96 
 
 46-8 
 
 44-96 
 
 665-41 
 
 1-485 
 
 97 
 
 47-1 
 
 45-38 
 
 673-89 
 
 1-490 
 
 98 
 
 47-4 
 
 45-81 
 
 682-57 
 
 1-495- 
 
 99 
 
 47-8 
 
 46-24 
 
 691-29 
 
 1-500 
 
 100 
 
 48-1 
 
 46-66 
 
 699-90 
 
 1-505 
 
 101 
 
 48-4 
 
 47-03 
 
 707-80 
 
 1-510 
 
 102 
 
 48-7 
 
 47-40 
 
 715-74 
 
 1-515 
 
 103 
 
 49-0 
 
 47-78 
 
 723-87 
 
 1-520 
 
 104 
 
 49-4 
 
 48-15 
 
 731-88 
 
 1-525 
 
 105 
 
 49-7 
 
 48-53 
 
 740-08 
 
 1-530 
 
 106 
 
 50-0 
 
 48-90 
 
 748-17 
 
 1-535 
 
 107 
 
 60-3 
 
 49-26 
 
 766-14 
 
 1-540 
 
 108 
 
 50-6 
 
 49-61 
 
 763-99 
 
 1-545 
 
 109 
 
 60-9 
 
 49-96 
 
 771-88 
 
 1-550 
 
 110 
 
 51-2 
 
 50-33 
 
 780-12 
 
 1-555 
 
 111 
 
 ■ 51-5 
 
 50-70 
 
 788-39 
 
 1-560 
 
 112 
 
 51-8 
 
 51-07 
 
 796-69 
 
 1-565 
 
 113 
 
 52-1 
 
 61-45 
 
 805-19 
 
212 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 2. INPLTJBNOB OP TEMPERATURE ON THE SPHCIPIO 
 
 
 
 O'O. 
 
 6°. 
 
 10-. 
 
 15°. 
 
 20°. 
 
 25". 
 
 30°. 
 
 35°. 
 
 40°. 
 
 45°. 
 
 60°. 
 
 1-688 
 
 1-586 
 
 1-683 
 
 1-580 
 
 1-577 
 
 1-674 
 
 1-671 
 
 1-66S 
 
 1-566 
 
 1-563 
 
 1-569 
 
 1-677 
 
 1-676 
 
 1-673 
 
 1-670 
 
 1-508 
 
 1-666 
 
 1-663 
 
 1-660 
 
 1-567 
 
 
 564 
 
 1-661 
 
 1-667 
 
 1-566 
 
 1-563 
 
 1-660 
 
 1-668 
 
 1-566 
 
 1-663 
 
 1-660 
 
 1-648 
 
 
 645 
 
 1-643 
 
 1-667 
 
 1-554 
 
 1-562 
 
 1-650 
 
 1-548 
 
 1-546 
 
 1-644 
 
 1-641 
 
 1-538 
 
 
 686 
 
 1-633 
 
 1-647 
 
 1-544 
 
 1-642 
 
 1-540 
 
 1-538 
 
 1-536 
 
 1-684 
 
 1-631 
 
 1-528 
 
 
 526 
 
 1-623 
 
 1-635 
 
 1-53* 
 
 1-632 
 
 1-630 
 
 1-628 
 
 1-520 
 
 1-524 
 
 1-621 
 
 1-618 
 
 
 616 
 
 1-512 
 
 1-626 
 
 1-524 
 
 1-622 
 
 1-620 
 
 1-518 
 
 1-516 
 
 1-514 
 
 1-611 
 
 1-508 
 
 
 506 
 
 1-602 
 
 1-616 
 
 1-614 
 
 1-612 
 
 1-610 
 
 1-608 
 
 1-606 
 
 1-503 
 
 1-600 
 
 1-498 
 
 
 496 
 
 1-492 
 
 1-506 
 
 1-504 
 
 1-502 
 
 1-600 
 
 1-498 
 
 1-496 
 
 1-493 
 
 1-490 
 
 1-488 
 
 
 486 
 
 1-482 
 
 1-496 
 
 1-494 
 
 1-492 
 
 1-490 
 
 1-488 
 
 1-486 
 
 1-484 
 
 1-481 
 
 1-478 
 
 
 476 
 
 1-472 
 
 1-486 
 
 1-484 
 
 1-482 
 
 1-480 
 
 1-478 
 
 1-476 
 
 1-474 
 
 1-471 
 
 1-468 
 
 
 466 
 
 1-462 
 
 1-476 
 
 1-474 
 
 1-472 
 
 1-470 
 
 1-468 
 
 1-466 
 
 1-464 
 
 1-461 
 
 1-468 
 
 
 455 
 
 1-452 
 
 1-466 
 
 1-464 
 
 1-462 
 
 1-460 
 
 1-468 
 
 1-466 
 
 1-464 
 
 1-451 
 
 1-448 
 
 
 445 
 
 1-442 
 
 1-466 
 
 1-464 
 
 1-462 
 
 1-460 
 
 1-448 
 
 1-446 
 
 1-444 
 
 1-441 
 
 1-438 
 
 
 436 
 
 1-432 
 
 1-446 
 
 1-444 
 
 1-442 
 
 1-440 
 
 1-438 
 
 1-436 
 
 1-484 
 
 1-431 
 
 1-428 
 
 
 425 
 
 1-422 
 
 1-436 
 
 1-434 
 
 1-432 
 
 1-430 
 
 1-428 
 
 1-426 
 
 1-424 
 
 1-420 
 
 1-418 
 
 
 414 
 
 1-411 
 
 1-426 
 
 1-424 
 
 1-422 
 
 1-420 
 
 1-418 
 
 1-416 
 
 1-414 
 
 1-410 
 
 1-408 
 
 
 404 
 
 1-401 
 
 1-416 
 
 1-414 
 
 1-412 
 
 1-410 
 
 1-408 
 
 1-406 
 
 1-404 
 
 1-401 
 
 1-398 
 
 
 395 
 
 1-392 
 
 1-406 
 
 1-404 
 
 1-402 
 
 1-400 
 
 1-898 
 
 1-396 
 
 1-394 
 
 1-391 
 
 1-3S8 
 
 
 385 
 
 1-382 
 
 1-396 
 
 1-394 
 
 1-392 
 
 1-390 
 
 1-388 
 
 1-386 
 
 1-384 
 
 1-881 
 
 1-378 
 
 
 376 
 
 1-373 
 
 1-386 
 
 1-384 
 
 1-382 
 
 1-380 
 
 1-878 
 
 1-376 
 
 1-374 
 
 1-871 
 
 1-368 
 
 
 366 
 
 1-363 
 
 1-376 
 
 1-374 
 
 1-872 
 
 1-370 
 
 1-868 
 
 1-366 
 
 1-364 
 
 1-861 
 
 1-35S 
 
 
 356 
 
 1-36S 
 
 1-366 
 
 1-364 
 
 1-362 
 
 1-360 
 
 1-358 
 
 1-366 
 
 1-364 
 
 1-351 
 
 1-348 
 
 
 346 
 
 1-843 
 
 1-356 
 
 1-354 
 
 1-352 
 
 1-360 
 
 1-848 
 
 1-346 
 
 1-344 
 
 1-341 
 
 1-338 
 
 
 336 
 
 1-333 
 
 1-346 
 
 1-344 
 
 1-342 
 
 1-340 
 
 1-838 
 
 1-386 
 
 1-884 
 
 1-331 
 
 1-328 
 
 
 326 
 
 1-323 
 
 1-336 
 
 1-334 
 
 1-332 
 
 1-830 
 
 1-828 
 
 1-326 
 
 1-824 
 
 1-321 
 
 1-818 
 
 
 316 
 
 1-313 
 
 1-326 
 
 1-324 
 
 1-822 
 
 1-320 
 
 1-318 
 
 1-316 
 
 1-314 
 
 1-311 
 
 1-308 
 
 
 306 
 
 1-303 
 
 1-816 
 
 1-314 
 
 1-312 
 
 1-310 
 
 1-308 
 
 1-306 
 
 1-303 
 
 1-300 
 
 1-298 
 
 
 296 
 
 1-292 
 
 1-306 
 
 1-304 
 
 1-302 
 
 1-300 
 
 1-298 
 
 1-296 
 
 1-293 
 
 1-290 
 
 1-288 
 
 
 286 
 
 1-282 
 
 1-296 
 
 1<294 
 
 1-292 
 
 1-290 
 
 1-288 
 
 1-286 
 
 1-283 
 
 1-280 
 
 1-278 
 
 
 275 
 
 1-273 
 
 1-286 
 
 1-284 
 
 1-282 
 
 1-280 
 
 1-278 
 
 1-276 
 
 1-278 
 
 1-270 
 
 1-268 
 
 
 266 
 
 1-263 
 
 1-276 
 
 1-274 
 
 1-272 
 
 1-270 
 
 1-268 
 
 1-265 
 
 1-263 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-267 
 
 
 265 
 
 1-262 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-264 
 
 1-262 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-258 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-253 
 
 1-250 
 
 1-247 
 
 
 245 
 
 1-242 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-264 
 
 1-262 
 
 1-250 
 
 1-248 
 
 1-246 
 
 1-243 
 
 1-240 
 
 1-288 
 
 
 235 
 
 1-232 
 
 1-246 
 
 1-244 
 
 1-242 
 
 1-240 
 
 1-238 
 
 1-236 
 
 1-238 
 
 1-230 
 
 1-228 
 
 
 226 
 
 1-222 
 
 1-236 
 
 1-234 
 
 1-232 
 
 1-230 
 
 1-228 
 
 1-226 
 
 1-224 
 
 1-222 
 
 1-219 
 
 
 217 
 
 1-214 
 
 1-226 
 
 1-224 
 
 1-222 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-218 
 
 1-216 
 
 1-214 
 
 1-212 
 
 1-209 
 
 
 207 
 
 1-204 
 
 1-216 
 
 1-214 . 
 
 1-212 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-208 
 
 1-206 
 
 1-204 
 
 1-202 
 
 1-109- 
 
 
 197 
 
 1-194 
 
 1-206 
 
 1-204 
 
 1-202 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-198 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-194 
 
 1-192 
 
 1-189 
 
 
 187 
 
 1-184 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-194 
 
 1-192 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-188 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-184 
 
 1-182 
 
 1-179 
 
 
 177 
 
 1-174 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-184 
 
 1-182 
 
 1-180 
 
 1-178 
 
 1-176 
 
 1-174 
 
 1-172 
 
 1-170 
 
 
 167 
 
 1-164 
 
 1-175 
 
 1-173 
 
 1-171 
 
 1-170 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-164 
 
 1-162 
 
 1-160 
 
 
 167 
 
 1-155 
 
 1-165 
 
 1-163 
 
 1-161 
 
 1-160 
 
 1-158 
 
 1-156 
 
 1-164 
 
 1-152 
 
 1-150 
 
 
 147 
 
 1-145 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-163 
 
 1-151 
 
 1-160 
 
 1-148 
 
 1-146 
 
 1-144 
 
 1-142 
 
 1-140 
 
 
 137 
 
 1-136 
 
 1-144 
 
 1-143 
 
 1-141 
 
 1-140 
 
 1-138 
 
 1-136 
 
 1-134 
 
 1-182 
 
 1-130 
 
 
 127 
 
 1-125 
 
 1-183 
 
 1-132 
 
 1-131 
 
 1-130 
 
 1-128 
 
 1-126 
 
 1-124 
 
 1-122 
 
 1-120 
 
 
 117 
 
 1-114 
 
 1-123 
 
 1-122 
 
 1-121 
 
 1-120 
 
 1-118 
 
 1-116 
 
 1-114 
 
 1-112 
 
 1-110 
 
 
 107 
 
 1-104 
 
 1-113 
 
 1-112 
 
 1-m 
 
 1-110 
 
 1-108 
 
 1-106 
 
 1-104 
 
 1-102 
 
 1-100 
 
 
 097 
 
 1-094 
 
 1-103 
 
 1-102 
 
 1-101 
 
 1-100 
 
 1-098 
 
 1-096 
 
 1-094 
 
 1-002 
 
 1-090 
 
 
 087 
 
 1-0S4 
 
 1-093 
 
 1-092 
 
 1-091 
 
 1-000 
 
 1-089 
 
 1-087 
 
 1-0S6 
 
 1-083 
 
 1-081 
 
 
 079 
 
 1-077 
 
 1-083 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-081 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-079 
 
 1-077 
 
 1-076 
 
 1-073 
 
 1-071 
 
 
 069 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-073 
 
 1-072 
 
 1-071 
 
 1-070 
 
 1-069 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-066 
 
 1-004 
 
 1-062 
 
 
 060 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-062 
 
 1-061 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-069 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-064 
 
 1-063 
 
 
 060 
 
 1-048 
 
 1-063 
 
 1-052 
 
 1-051 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-049 
 
 1-047 
 
 1-046 
 
 1-044 
 
 1-042 
 
 
 040 
 
 1-038 
 
 1-043 
 
 1-042 
 
 1-041 
 
 1-040 
 
 1-039 
 
 1-037 
 
 1-036 
 
 1-034 
 
 1-032 
 
 
 030 
 
 1-028 
 
 1-033 
 
 1-032 
 
 1-031 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-028 
 
 1-027 
 
 1-025 
 
 1-024 
 
 1-022 
 
 
 020 
 
 1-018 
 
 1-023 
 
 1022 
 
 1-021 
 
 1-020 
 
 1-018 
 
 1-017 
 
 1-016 
 
 1-014 
 
 1-012 
 
 
 010 
 
 1-008 
 
 1-013 
 
 1-012 
 
 1-011 
 
 1-010 
 
 1-008 
 
 1-007 
 
 1-005 
 
 1-004 
 
 1-002 
 
 1-000 
 
 0-998 
 
POTASSIUM SALTS 
 
 213 
 
 GRAVITIES OP SOLUTIONS OP POTASSIUM GABBONATB. 
 
 ,66-. 
 
 60°. 
 
 66". 
 
 70°. 
 
 75°. 
 
 80°. 
 
 85°. 
 
 90°. 
 
 96°. 
 
 100°. 
 
 1-566 
 
 1-563 
 
 1-560 
 
 1-646 
 
 1-542 
 
 1-588' 
 
 1-534 
 
 1-580 
 
 1-626 
 
 1-621 
 
 1-64S 
 
 1-645 
 
 1-641 
 
 1-687 
 
 1-633 
 
 1-530 
 
 1-626 
 
 1-522 
 
 1-518 
 
 1-513 
 
 1-689 
 
 1-536 
 
 1-582 
 
 1-528 
 
 1-626 
 
 1-622 
 
 1-617 
 
 1-518 
 
 1-609 
 
 1-606 
 
 1-530 
 
 1-527 
 
 1-624 
 
 1-621 
 
 1-617 
 
 1-513 
 
 1-509 
 
 1-504 
 
 1-601 
 
 1-498 
 
 1-620 
 
 1-617 
 
 1-514 
 
 1-511 
 
 1-608 
 
 1-504 
 
 1-600 
 
 1-407 
 
 1-494 
 
 1-490 
 
 1-609 
 
 1-507 
 
 1-604 
 
 1-600 
 
 1-497 
 
 1-494 
 
 1-491 
 
 1-488 
 
 1-485 
 
 1-481 
 
 1-499 
 
 1-497 
 
 1-494 
 
 1-490 
 
 1-487 
 
 1-484 
 
 1-481 
 
 1-478 
 
 1-475 
 
 1-471 
 
 1-4S0 
 
 1-487 
 
 1-484 
 
 1-4S0 
 
 1-477 
 
 1-474 
 
 1-471 
 
 1-468 
 
 1-465 
 
 1-461 
 
 1-479 
 
 1-470 
 
 1-474 
 
 1-470 
 
 1-467 
 
 1-464 
 
 1-461 
 
 1-458 
 
 1-465 
 
 1-451 
 
 1-469 
 
 1-466 
 
 1-464 
 
 1-460 
 
 1-457 
 
 1-464 
 
 1-460 
 
 1-447 
 
 1-444 
 
 1-441 
 
 1-469 
 
 1-466 
 
 1-464 
 
 1-450 
 
 1-447 
 
 1-444 
 
 1-440 
 
 1-437 
 
 1-484 
 
 1-431 
 
 1-449 
 
 1-446 
 
 1-444 
 
 1-440 
 
 1-487 
 
 1-434 
 
 1-431 
 
 1-428 
 
 1-424 
 
 1-421 
 
 1-439 
 
 1-436 
 
 1-434 
 
 1-480 
 
 1-427 
 
 1-424 
 
 1-421 
 
 1-418 
 
 1-414 
 
 1-411 
 
 1-429 
 
 1-426 
 
 1-428 
 
 1-420 
 
 1-417 
 
 1-414 
 
 1-410 
 
 1-408 
 
 1-406 
 
 1-402 
 
 1-419 
 
 1-416 
 
 1-418 
 
 1-410 
 
 1-407 
 
 1-404 
 
 1-400 
 
 1-898 
 
 1-396 
 
 1-892 
 
 1-409 
 
 1-406 
 
 1-404 
 
 1-401 
 
 1-898 
 
 1-396 
 
 1-301 
 
 1-388 
 
 1-386 
 
 1-382 
 
 1-399 
 
 1-396 
 
 1-394 
 
 1-891 
 
 1-8SB 
 
 1-385 
 
 1-881 
 
 1-37S 
 
 1-876 
 
 1-372 
 
 1-390 
 
 1-387 
 
 1-384 
 
 1-880 
 
 1-877 
 
 1-374 
 
 1-371 
 
 1-368 
 
 1-366 
 
 1-862 
 
 1-380 
 
 1-877 
 
 1-374 
 
 1-370 
 
 1-867 
 
 1-364 
 
 1-361 
 
 1-368 
 
 1-356 
 
 1-852 
 
 1-870 
 
 1-367 
 
 1-364 
 
 1-861 
 
 1-368 
 
 1-356 
 
 1-351 
 
 1-848 
 
 1-345 
 
 1-842 
 
 1-360 
 
 1-367 
 
 1-364 
 
 1-351 
 
 1-848 
 
 1-346 
 
 1-341 
 
 1-388 
 
 1-836 
 
 1-332 
 
 1-350 
 
 1-347 
 
 1-344 
 
 1-341 
 
 1-338 
 
 1-385 
 
 1-332 
 
 1-329 
 
 1-326 
 
 1-323 
 
 1-340 
 
 1-337 
 
 1-334 
 
 1-331 
 
 1-328 
 
 1-826 
 
 1-322 
 
 1-319 
 
 1-816 
 
 1-313 
 
 1-3S0 
 
 1-327 
 
 1-324 
 
 1-821 
 
 1-318 
 
 1-816 
 
 1-812 
 
 1-309 
 
 1-306 
 
 1-303 
 
 1-320 
 
 1-B17 
 
 1-314 
 
 1-311 
 
 1-308 
 
 1-306 
 
 1-802 
 
 1-299 
 
 1-296 
 
 1-293 
 
 1-310 
 
 1-307 
 
 1-S04 
 
 1-301 
 
 1-298 
 
 1-296 
 
 1-292 
 
 1-289 
 
 1-2S6 
 
 1-284 
 
 1-300 
 
 1-207 
 
 1-294 
 
 1-201 
 
 1-288 
 
 1-286 
 
 1-282 
 
 1-279 
 
 1-276 
 
 1-274 
 
 1-290 
 
 1-287 
 
 1-2S4 
 
 1-281 
 
 1-278 
 
 1-276 
 
 1-273 
 
 1-270 
 
 1-267 
 
 1-264 
 
 1-2S0 
 
 1-277 
 
 1-274 
 
 1-271 
 
 1-268 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-263 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-267 
 
 1-264 
 
 1-270 
 
 1-267 
 
 1-264 
 
 1-261 
 
 1-268 
 
 1-266 
 
 1-268 
 
 1-250 
 
 1-247 
 
 1-244 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-257 
 
 1-264 
 
 1-251 
 
 1-248 
 
 1-246 
 
 1-243 
 
 1-240 
 
 1-237 
 
 1-234 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-247 
 
 1-244 
 
 1-242 
 
 1-239 
 
 1-236 
 
 1-234 
 
 1-281 
 
 1-228 
 
 1-225 
 
 1-240 
 
 1-237 
 
 1-234 
 
 1-282 
 
 1-229 
 
 1-226 
 
 1-224 
 
 1-221 
 
 1-218 
 
 1-215 
 
 1-230 
 
 1-227 
 
 1-224 
 
 1-221 
 
 1-218 
 
 1-216 
 
 1-218 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-208 
 
 1-205 
 
 1-220 
 
 1-217 
 
 1-214 
 
 1-211 
 
 1-208 
 
 1-206. 
 
 1-208 
 
 1-200 
 
 1-198 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-212 
 
 1-209 
 
 1-206 
 
 1-202 
 
 1-198 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-194 
 
 l"l92 
 
 1-188 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-202 
 
 1-199 
 
 1-196 
 
 1-198 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-187 
 
 1-184 
 
 1-182 
 
 1-178 
 
 1-176 
 
 1192 
 
 1-189 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-183 
 
 1-180 
 
 1-178 
 
 1-176 
 
 1-172 
 
 1-169 
 
 1-167 
 
 1-182 
 
 1-179 
 
 1-176 
 
 1-173 
 
 1-171 
 
 1-168 
 
 1-165 
 
 1-162 
 
 1-159 
 
 1-167 
 
 1-172 
 
 1-169 
 
 1-166 
 
 1-164 
 
 1-161 
 
 1-158 
 
 1-165 
 
 1-152 
 
 1-149 
 
 1-146 
 
 1-162 
 
 1-169 
 
 1-156 
 
 1-164 
 
 1-161 
 
 1-148 
 
 1-145 
 
 1-142 
 
 1-139 
 
 1-186 
 
 1-162 
 
 1-150 
 
 1-147 
 
 1-144 
 
 1-141 
 
 1-188 
 
 1-185 
 
 1-182 
 
 1-120 
 
 1-126 
 
 1-142 
 
 1-140 
 
 1-187 
 
 1-134 
 
 1-181 
 
 1-128 
 
 1-125 
 
 1-122 
 
 1-119 
 
 1-116 
 
 1-132 
 
 1-130 
 
 1-128 
 
 1-126 
 
 1-122 
 
 1-118 
 
 1-115 
 
 1-112 
 
 1-109 
 
 1-106 
 
 1-122 
 
 1-120 
 
 1-118 
 
 1-116 
 
 1-112 
 
 1-108 
 
 1-106 
 
 1-102 
 
 1-099 
 
 1-096 
 
 1-112 
 
 1-110 
 
 1-108 
 
 1-106 
 
 1-102 
 
 1-098 
 
 1-096 
 
 1-092 
 
 1-089 
 
 1-086 
 
 1-102 
 
 1-100 
 
 1-098 
 
 1-096 
 
 1-092 
 
 1-088 
 
 1-086 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-078 
 
 1-076 
 
 1-092 
 
 1-090 
 
 1-087 
 
 1-084 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-079 
 
 1-076 
 
 1-072 
 
 1-069 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-080 
 
 1-077 
 
 1-074 
 
 1-072 
 
 1-069 
 
 1-065 
 
 1-062 
 
 1-059 
 
 1-057 
 
 1-074 
 
 1-071 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-066 
 
 1-063 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-067 
 
 1-054 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-048 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-062 
 
 1-059 
 
 1-068 
 
 1-054 
 
 1-051 
 
 1-048 
 
 1-045 
 
 1-041 
 
 1-038 
 
 1-056 
 
 1-053 
 
 1-060 
 
 1-047 
 
 1-046 
 
 1-042 
 
 1-089 
 
 1-036 
 
 1-082 
 
 1-029 
 
 1-046 
 
 1-044 
 
 1-041 
 
 1-088 
 
 1-036 
 
 1-038 
 
 1-030 
 
 1-020 
 
 1-028 
 
 1-020 
 
 1-036 
 
 1-033 
 
 1-031 
 
 1-028 
 
 1-026 
 
 1-022 
 
 1-019 
 
 1-016 
 
 1-018 
 
 1-010 
 
 1-026 
 
 1-023 
 
 1-021 
 
 1-018 
 
 1-016 
 
 1-012 
 
 1-009 
 
 1-006 
 
 1-003 
 
 1-000 
 
 I-Olfl 
 
 1-014 
 
 1-012 
 
 1-009 
 
 1-006 
 
 1-002 
 
 0-999 
 
 0-906 
 
 0-998 
 
 0-990 
 
 1-007 
 
 1-004 
 
 1-002 
 
 0-999 
 
 0-996 
 
 0-993 
 
 0-990 
 
 0-987 
 
 0-984 
 
 0-981 
 
 0-996 
 
 0-994 
 
 0-992 
 
 0-989 
 
 0-986 
 
 0-983 
 
 0-980 
 
 0-977 
 
 0-974 
 
 0-971 
 
2U THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 8. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OP SOLUTIONS OP POTASSIUM 
 15° 
 4° 
 obtained, by Pickering {Joum. Chem. Soc, Ixlii., 890). 
 
 HITDBOXIDB AT 
 
 Calculated £rom the results 
 
 
 
 
 100 parts by weight 
 contain 
 
 1 cb.m. contains kK. 
 
 Speetflo 
 Gravity. 
 
 Degrees 
 TwaddeU. 
 
 Degrees 
 Baum6. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KgO. 
 
 KOH. 
 
 KaO. 
 
 KOH. 
 
 1-000 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 1-005 
 
 1 
 
 0-7 
 
 0-50 
 
 0-60 
 
 5-03 
 
 6-03 
 
 1-010 
 
 2 
 
 1-4 
 
 0-99 
 
 1-18 
 
 10-00 
 
 11-92 
 
 1-015 
 
 3 
 
 2-1 
 
 1-45 
 
 1-73 
 
 14-72 
 
 17-56 
 
 1-020 
 
 4 
 
 2-7 
 
 1-91 
 
 2-28 
 
 19-48 
 
 23-26 
 
 1-025 
 
 5 
 
 3-4 
 
 2-37 
 
 2-82 
 
 24-29 
 
 28-91 
 
 1-030 
 
 6 
 
 4-1 
 
 2-82 
 
 3-36 
 
 29-05 
 
 34-61 
 
 1-035 
 
 7 
 
 4-7 
 
 3-27 
 
 3-90 
 
 33-84 
 
 40-37 
 
 1-040 
 
 8 
 
 5-4 
 
 3-73 
 
 4-44 
 
 38-79 
 
 46-18 
 
 1-045 
 
 9 
 
 6-0 
 
 4-19 
 
 4-99 
 
 43-79 
 
 52-15 
 
 1-050 
 
 10 
 
 6-7 
 
 4-64 
 
 5-53 
 
 48-72 
 
 58-07 
 
 1-055 
 
 11 
 
 7-4 
 
 5-10 
 
 6-08 
 
 53-81 
 
 64-14 
 
 1-060 
 
 12 
 
 8-0 
 
 5-54 
 
 6-60 
 
 58-72 
 
 69-96 
 
 1-065 
 
 13 
 
 8-7 
 
 6-00 
 
 7-15 
 
 63-90 
 
 76-15 
 
 1-070 
 
 14 
 
 9-4 
 
 6-45 
 
 7-68 
 
 69-02 
 
 82-18 
 
 1-075 
 
 15 
 
 10-0 
 
 6-90 
 
 8-22 
 
 74-18 
 
 88-37 
 
 1-080 
 
 16 
 
 10-6 
 
 7-35 
 
 8-76 
 
 79-38 
 
 94-61 
 
 1-085 
 
 17 
 
 11-2 
 
 7-79 
 
 9-28 
 
 84-62 
 
 100-69 
 
 1-090 
 
 18 
 
 11-9 
 
 8-24 
 
 9-82 
 
 89-82 
 
 107-04 
 
 1-095 
 
 19 
 
 12-4 
 
 8-68 
 
 10-37 
 
 95-05 
 
 113-22 
 
 1-100 
 
 20 
 
 13-0 
 
 9-13 
 
 10-87 
 
 100-43 
 
 119-57 
 
 1-105 
 
 21 
 
 13-6 
 
 9-62 
 
 11-46 
 
 106-30 
 
 126-63 
 
 1-110 
 
 22 
 
 14-2 
 
 10-00 
 
 11-92 
 
 110-00 
 
 132-31 
 
 1-115 
 
 23 
 
 14-9 
 
 10-44 
 
 12-44 
 
 116-41 
 
 138-71 
 
 1-120 
 
 24 
 
 15-4 
 
 10-88 
 
 12-96 
 
 121-86 
 
 145-15 
 
 1-125 
 
 25 
 
 16-0 
 
 11-32 
 
 13-48 
 
 127-35 
 
 151-65 
 
 1-130 
 
 26 
 
 16-5 
 
 11-76 
 
 14-01 
 
 132-89 
 
 158-31 
 
 1-135 
 
 27 
 
 17-0 
 
 12-21 
 
 14-53 
 
 138-58 
 
 164-92 
 
 1-140 
 
 28 
 
 17-7 
 
 12-63 
 
 15-04 
 
 143-98 
 
 171-46 
 
 1-145 
 
 29 
 
 18-3 
 
 13-06 
 
 15-56 
 
 149-53 
 
 178-16 
 
 1-150 
 
 30 
 
 18-8 
 
 13-50 
 
 16-08 
 
 155-25 
 
 184-92 
 
 1-155 
 
 31 
 
 19-3 
 
 13-92 
 
 16-58 
 
 160-78 
 
 191-50 
 
 1-160 
 
 32 
 
 19-8 
 
 14-36 
 
 17-10 
 
 166-58 
 
 198-36 
 
 1-165 
 
 33 
 
 20-3 
 
 14-79 
 
 17-62 
 
 172-30 
 
 205-27 
 
 1-170 
 
 34 
 
 20-9 
 
 15-22 
 
 18-13 
 
 178-07 
 
 212-12 
 
 1-175 
 
 L- a^ 
 
 35 
 
 21-4 
 
 15-65 
 
 18-64 
 
 183-89 
 
 219-02 
 
POTASSIUM SALTS 
 
 215 
 
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF POTASSIUM 
 
 
 HYDBO-XTDEl AT -^ 
 
 s — Gontirmed. 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 parts by weight 
 
 1 cb.m. contains Itg. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Degrees 
 Twaddell. 
 
 Degrees 
 Bauni6. 
 
 con 
 
 
 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K2O 
 
 KOH. 
 
 K2O. 
 
 KOH. 
 
 V180 
 
 36 
 
 22-0 
 
 16-08 
 
 19-15 
 
 189-74 
 
 225-97 
 
 1-185 
 
 37 
 
 22-5 
 
 16-51 
 
 19-66 
 
 195-64 
 
 232-97 
 
 1-190 
 
 38 
 
 23-0 
 
 16-93 
 
 20-17 
 
 201-47 
 
 240-02 
 
 1-195 
 
 39 
 
 23-5 
 
 17-35 
 
 20-66 
 
 207-33 
 
 246-89 
 
 1-200 
 
 40 
 
 24-0 
 
 17-77 
 
 21-17 
 
 213-24 
 
 254-04 
 
 1-205 
 
 41 
 
 24-5' 
 
 18-18 
 
 21-66 
 
 219-07 
 
 261 -00 
 
 1-210 
 
 42 
 
 25-0 
 
 18-60 
 
 22-16 
 
 225-06 
 
 268-14 
 
 1-215 
 
 43 
 
 25-5 
 
 19-03 
 
 22-67 
 
 231-21 
 
 275-44 
 
 1-220 
 
 44 
 
 26-0 
 
 19-45 
 
 23-17 
 
 237-29 
 
 282-67 
 
 1-225 
 
 45 
 
 26-4 
 
 19-86 
 
 23-66 
 
 243-29 
 
 289-84 
 
 1-230 
 
 46 
 
 26-9 
 
 20-27 
 
 24-14 
 
 249-32 
 
 296-92 
 
 1-235 
 
 47 
 
 27-4 
 
 20-69 
 
 24-64 
 
 255-52 
 
 304-30 
 
 1-240 
 
 48 
 
 27-9 
 
 21-10 
 
 25-13 
 
 261-64 
 
 311-61 
 
 1-245 
 
 49 
 
 28-4 
 
 21-51 
 
 25-62 
 
 267-80 
 
 318-97 
 
 1-250 
 
 50 
 
 28-8 
 
 21-91 
 
 26-10 
 
 273-88 
 
 326-25 
 
 1-255 
 
 51 
 
 29-3 
 
 22-32 
 
 26-59 
 
 280-12 
 
 333-70 
 
 1-260 
 
 52 
 
 29-7 
 
 22-73 
 
 27-07 
 
 286-40 
 
 341-08 
 
 1-265 
 
 53 
 
 30-2 
 
 23-14 
 
 27-56 
 
 292-72 
 
 348-63 
 
 1-270 
 
 54 
 
 30-6 
 
 23-54 
 
 28-04 
 
 298-96 
 
 356-11 
 
 1-275 
 
 55 
 
 31-1 
 
 23-94 
 
 28-52 
 
 305-24 
 
 363-63 
 
 1-280 
 
 56 
 
 31-5 
 
 24-35 
 
 29-00 
 
 311-68 
 
 371-20 
 
 1-285 
 
 57 
 
 32-0 
 
 24-75 
 
 29-48 
 
 318-04 
 
 378-82 
 
 1-290 
 
 58 
 
 32-4 
 
 25-15 
 
 29-96 
 
 324-44 
 
 386-48 
 
 1-295 
 
 59 
 
 32-8 
 
 25-55 
 
 30-43 
 
 330-87 
 
 394-07 
 
 1-300 
 
 60 
 
 33-3 
 
 25-95 
 
 30-91 
 
 337-35 
 
 401-83 
 
 1-305 
 
 61 
 
 33-7 
 
 26-34 
 
 31-37 
 
 343-74 
 
 409-38 
 
 1-310 
 
 62 
 
 34-2 
 
 26-73 
 
 31-84 
 
 350-16 
 
 417-10 
 
 1-315 
 
 63 
 
 34-6 
 
 27-13 
 
 32-31 
 
 356-76 
 
 424-88 
 
 1-320 
 
 64 
 
 35-0 
 
 27-52 
 
 32-78 
 
 363-26 
 
 432-70 
 
 1-325 
 
 65 
 
 35-4 
 
 27-91 
 
 33-24 
 
 369-81 
 
 440-43 
 
 1-330 
 
 66 
 
 35-8 
 
 28-29 
 
 33-70 
 
 376-26 
 
 448-21 
 
 1-335 
 
 67 
 
 36-2 
 
 28-68 
 
 34-16 
 
 382-88 
 
 456-04 
 
 1-240 
 
 68 
 
 36-6 
 
 29-07 
 
 34-63 
 
 389-54 
 
 464-04 
 
 1-345 
 
 69 
 
 37-0 
 
 29-46 
 
 35-09 
 
 396-24 
 
 471-96 
 
 1-350 
 
 70 
 
 37-4 
 
 29-85 
 
 35-55 
 
 402-98 
 
 479-93 
 
 1-355 
 
 71 
 
 37-8 
 
 30-23 
 
 36-01 
 
 409-62 
 
 487-94 
 
 1-360 
 
 72 
 
 38-2 
 
 30-61 
 
 36-46 
 
 416-30 
 
 495-86 
 
216 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OP SOLUTIONS OF POTASSIUM 
 HYDROXIDE AT— s- — Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 100 parts by weight 
 contain 
 
 1 cb.m. contains kg. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 Degrees 
 TwaddeU. 
 
 Degrees 
 Baum6. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KjO. 
 
 KO4. 
 
 K2O. 
 
 KO4. 
 
 1-365 
 
 73 
 
 38-6 
 
 30-99 
 
 36-92 
 
 423-01 
 
 503-96 
 
 1-370 
 
 74 
 
 39-0 
 
 31-37 
 
 37-37 
 
 429-77 
 
 511-97 
 
 1-375 
 
 75 
 
 39-4 
 
 31-76 
 
 37-83 
 
 436-70 
 
 520-16 
 
 1-380 
 
 76 
 
 39-8 
 
 32-14 
 
 38-28 
 
 443-63 
 
 528-26 
 
 1-385 
 
 77 
 
 40-1 
 
 32-52 
 
 38-73 
 
 450-40 
 
 536-41 
 
 1-390 
 
 78 
 
 40-5 
 
 32-89 
 
 39-18 
 
 457-17 
 
 644-60 
 
 1-395 
 
 79 
 
 40-8 
 
 33-27 
 
 39-63 
 
 464-12 
 
 552-84 
 
 1-400 
 
 80 
 
 41-2 
 
 33-66 
 
 40-09 
 
 471-24 
 
 561-26 
 
 1-405 
 
 81 
 
 41-6 
 
 34-03 
 
 40-53 
 
 478-12 
 
 669-46 
 
 1-410 
 
 82 
 
 42-0 
 
 34-40 
 
 40-98 
 
 485-04 
 
 677-82 
 
 1-415 
 
 83 
 
 42-3 
 
 34-77 
 
 41-42 
 
 492-00 
 
 586-09 
 
 1-420 
 
 84 
 
 42-7 
 
 35-15 
 
 41-87 
 
 499-13 
 
 594-55 
 
 1-425 
 
 85 
 
 43-1 
 
 35-53 
 
 42-32 
 
 506-30 
 
 603-06 
 
 1-430 
 
 86 
 
 43-4 
 
 35-90 
 
 42-76 
 
 513-37 
 
 611-47 
 
 1-435 
 
 87 
 
 43-8 
 
 36-27 
 
 43-20 
 
 520-47 
 
 619-92 
 
 1-440 
 
 88 
 
 44-1 
 
 36-63 
 
 43-63 
 
 527-47 
 
 628-27 
 
 1-445 
 
 89 
 
 44-4 
 
 36-99 
 
 44-06 
 
 534 -51 
 
 636-67 
 
 1-450 
 
 90 
 
 44-8 
 
 37-36 
 
 44-50 
 
 541-72 
 
 645-26 
 
 1-455 
 
 91 
 
 45-1 
 
 37-72 
 
 44-93 
 
 548-83 
 
 653-73 
 
 1-460 
 
 92 
 
 45-4 
 
 38-09 
 
 45-37 
 
 556-11 
 
 662-40 
 
 1-465 
 
 93 
 
 45-8 
 
 38-45 
 
 45-80 
 
 563-29 
 
 670-97 
 
 1-470 
 
 94 
 
 46-1 
 
 38-81 
 
 46-23 
 
 570-51 
 
 679-68 
 
 1-475 
 
 95 
 
 46-4 
 
 39-17 
 
 46-66 
 
 577-76 
 
 688-24 
 
 1-480 
 
 96 
 
 46-8 
 
 39-54 
 
 47-09 
 
 585-19 
 
 696-93 
 
 1-485 
 
 97 
 
 47-1 
 
 39-89 
 
 47-51 
 
 592-37 
 
 705-52 
 
 1-490 
 
 98 
 
 47-4 
 
 40-24 
 
 47-93 
 
 599-68 
 
 714-16 
 
 1-495 
 
 99 
 
 47-8 
 
 40-60 
 
 48-36 
 
 606-97 
 
 722-98 
 
 1-600 
 
 100 
 
 48-1 
 
 40-95 
 
 48-78 
 
 614-25 
 
 731-70 
 
 1-505 
 
 101 
 
 48-4 
 
 41-31 
 
 49-20 
 
 621-72 
 
 740-46 
 
 1-510 
 
 102 
 
 48-7 
 
 41-68 
 
 49-64 
 
 629-37 
 
 749-66 
 
 1-515 
 
 103 
 
 49-0 
 
 42-03 
 
 50-06 
 
 636-75 
 
 758-41 
 
 1-520 
 
 104 
 
 49-4 
 
 42-38 
 
 50-48 
 
 644-18 
 
 767-30 
 
 1-525 
 
 105 
 
 49-7 
 
 42-73 
 
 50-90 
 
 651-63 
 
 776-23 
 
 1-530 
 
 106 
 
 50-0 
 
 43-09 
 
 51-32 
 
 659-28 
 
 785-20 
 
 1-535 
 
 107 
 
 50-3 
 
 43-41 
 
 SI -74 
 
 666-80 
 
 794-21 
 
 1-540 
 
 108 
 
 50-6 
 
 43-78 
 
 62-15 
 
 674-2] 
 
 803-11 
 
AMMONIA MANUFACTURE 217 
 
 XI. AMMONIA MANUFACTURE. 
 
 A. — Gas-Liquor. 
 
 This liquor generally contains the ammonia principally in the 
 state of carbonate and sulphide, which can be driven off by boU- 
 ing, without employing lime or alkali, and which are indicated by 
 alkalimetrical testing {volatile ammonia). There is, however, 
 always a certain quantity of ammonia present in the state of salts 
 which are not appreciably volatilised by mere boiling, and not 
 indicated by simple testing with standard acid. These are the 
 chloride, thiocyanate, sulphite, thiosulphate, sulphate, ferro- 
 cyanide {fixed ammonia). No other salts need be enumerated. 
 
 For technical purposes, it is sufficient to make the following 
 tests : — 
 
 1. Volatile Ammonia. — Dilute 20 c.c. of gas-liquor with 100 
 c.c. water, add 30 c.c. of normal hydrochloric acid, and boil till 
 all CO2 and HjS is expelled. Titrate back with seminormal 
 alkali, employing the ordinary indicators. If the liquor is too 
 much coloured to see the change of the indicator, dilute it with 
 water or employ litmus paper. Or else run 10 c.c. of the gas-liquor 
 into a beaker containing 250 c.c. water, add 2 drops methyl orange 
 solution (1 : 1000), and titrate at once in the cold with normal 
 hydrochloric acid. If the indicator is destroyed by HjS, add 
 another drop of it. Each c.c. of normal acid corresponds to 
 0-01703 g. NH3, or to 0-08515 parts NH3 by weight, in 100 vols, of 
 gas-liquor : or to 0-4216 ounces of rectified oil of vitriol (of 93 per 
 cent. SO4H2) per gallon of gas-liquor. 
 
 2. Total Ammonia. — Put 20 c.c. of gas-liquor, with about as 
 much water, into the flask A, Fig. 17, and charge the receivers B 
 and C with 30 c.c. of normal hydrochloric acid previously diluted 
 to twice its volume. The greater portion of this mixture should 
 be contained in the U-tube B. Make the connection and run 
 3 c.c. concentrated caustic soda solution into A through the pinch- 
 cock funnel a. Apply heat and keep up a gentle distillation for 
 one or two hours, when all NH3 will be, driven off and absorbed 
 in B and C. Unite the contents of these vessels and titrate back 
 
 with seminormal caustic soda. If a c.c. of this are used, 30 - -^ 
 
 2 
 
 indicates the c.c. of acid corresponding to the total ammonia, and 
 
 calculated as in Test No. 1 . 
 
 3. Total Sulphur.— Rxm 50 c.c. of gas-liquor, drop by drop, 
 into bromine, covered by hydrochloric acid, evaporate to dryness 
 
218 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 on tlie water-bath, and precipitate the sulphuric acid formed by- 
 barium chloride, as described p. 109. 
 
 Sometimes it may be desirable to deduct from the total 
 sulphur that originally present in the gas-liquor as sulphate, 
 which is estimated by boiling the unoxidised gas-liquor with HCl 
 and proceeding as above. 
 
 4. Thiocycmate. — Evaporate 50 c.c. of gas-liquor to diyness, 
 heat the residue at 100° C., for three or four hours, digest it with 
 strong al&hol, filter, wash on the filter with alcohol, evaporate all 
 the alcoholic solutions to dryness, dissolve in water, filter from 
 
 Fia. 17. 
 
 any residue, add a mixed solution of sulphurous acid and cupric 
 sulphate, and heat gently, when cuprous thiocyanate will be 
 precipitated. Wash the precipitate of CuCNS into a flask, 
 dissolve it in nitric acid, boil for some time, and precipitate the 
 Cu as CuO by NaOH. The weight of GuOx 0-9561= the 
 equivalent amount of (NH4) CNS (Dyson, S.C.I., 1883, p. 231). 
 Or else proceed by titration, employing a solution containing 
 6"236 g. CUSO4, SHjO per litre, 1 c.c. of which is equivalent 
 to 0-00145 g. SON =0-00190 g. (NH4) SON, which is added to a 
 boiling solution, to which some sodium bisulphite has been added, 
 till a drop of the mixture, brought into contact with a drop of a 
 solution of potassium f errocyanide in 20 parts of water, produces 
 immediately a brown coloration (Barnes and Liddell, S.Cf.1 , 1883, 
 p. 122). 
 
AMMONIA MANUFACTURE 
 
 219 
 
 B. — Sulphate of Ammoma. 
 
 1. Estimation of Ammonia. — The average sample, carefully- 
 drawn, is well ground up, passed completely through a sieve with 
 10 holes to the linear inch, and a smaller sample is taken from 
 this. Weigh 17 "03 g. of the latter sample in a stoppered tube, 
 dissolve and dilute to 500 c.c, and place 50 c.c. of the solution 
 without filtration into the apparatus. Fig. 17 (p. 218). The test is 
 carried out exactly as in A, No. 2. Each c.c. of the quantity 
 
 30--^ is = 0-01703 g. NH3 or = I'O per cent. The analysis of 
 
 sulphate of ammonia is, however, best, and much more quickly 
 performed by the bromine method, in which the NH3 is converted 
 
 into nitrogen. This method can be carried out in the " Azoto- 
 meter," or in Lunge's gas-volumeter (p. 139), if the latter is 
 provided with a " decomposing flask," as shown in Fig. 18. The 
 necessary "brominated soda" is prepared by dissolving 100 g. 
 70 per cent, caustic soda in 1250 g. water, and cautiously adding 
 25 g. bromine. The reagent must be kept in a dark, cool place, 
 but even then does not keep more than a few days. The am- 
 monium salt, preferably dissolved in water, is introduced into 
 the outer space of the decomposing flask a. Fig. 1 9, and 25 or 30 
 c.c. brominated soda poured mto the inner vessel b. The cork/, 
 having been already attached to the volumeter-tube by means of 
 
220 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS'. HANDBOOK 
 
 a short rubber tube, is pressed tightly down into the flask a, 
 taking hold of this only by the neck ; the pressure thus produced 
 is relieved by momentarily pulling out the stopper of the volu- 
 meter-tap e. If thereby the mercury in A should sink a little, it 
 is brought back to the zero point by raising the "level-tube," 
 while A communicates through d with the outer air. When the 
 temperatures are equalised and the mercury is up to the tap, this 
 is put in such a position that a communicates through c with A ; 
 then the flask a is tilted so that the contents of b run into the 
 outer space ; the flask is then shaken till no more gas is evolved. 
 The mercury levels in A and the level-tube are made to coincide, 
 after waiting a quarter of an hour, or, better, haM an hour, in 
 order to cool down the flask. (This may be expedited by placing 
 a both before and after the operation, in a large vessel filled with 
 water of the temperature of the room.) When the levels have 
 been exactly adjusted, as described p. 141, so as to bring the gas 
 to the volume it would occupy at 0° and 760 mm. in the dry 
 state, read offthe number of c.c. of gas in A; eachc.c.=0'0012818g. 
 N'=0'0015582 g. NH3 (this includes the necessary correction for 
 absorption or incomplete evolution of N). In order to save all 
 calculations, dissolve 1'558 g. sulphate of ammonia in 100 c.c. of 
 water, and employ 10 c.c.=0"1558 g. for each test; in this case 
 each c.c. of gas contained in A=l per cent. NH3. 
 
 2. Thiocycmate.—Cf. p. 118, A, No. 4. 
 
 3. Free Acid is found by titration with decinormal soda solution 
 and methyl orange. 
 
 4. Moisture is estimated by drying 50 g. in a stove at 100° up 
 to constancy of weight. 
 
 C. — Liquor Aiumonise. 
 
 This is mostly sold bjr specific gravity, the relation of which 
 to the percentage of NH3 is shown in the subjoined table No. 1. 
 
 The empyreumatic substances in liquor ammonise are detected 
 qualitatively by the smell on exact neutralisation with sulphuric 
 acid. The pyridine bases (which do not redden phenolphthalein) 
 can be tested for by the method of Pennock and Morton (Journ. 
 Amer. Chem. Soc, vol. xxiv., p. 377). Neutralise 100 c.c. of the 
 liquor exactly by sulphuric acid, employing methyl orange as 
 indicator and cooling the vessel used from the outside ; distil into 
 a flask charged with 30 c.c. water until this volume has increased 
 to about 100 c.c, add phenolphthalein and a solution of mercuric 
 chloride until the liquid is decolorised, then a few more drops of 
 the mercury solution (thereby precipitating the NH3), filter, and 
 titrate with decinormal acid and methyl orange, each c.c. of 
 which =0'0079 g. pyridine. 
 
 The testing of liquid ammonia, as sent out in iron bottles, is 
 described in Tech. Meth., vol. ii. 
 
AMMONIA MANUFACTURE 
 
 221 
 
 1. SPBOIPIO GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OP AMMONIA 
 AT 15°. (Iiunse and WiernUr.) 
 
 Speoiflc Gravity. 
 
 Per cent. NH3. 
 
 1 litre contains 
 grams NH3 at 15°. 
 
 CoiTection of 
 
 specific gravity 
 
 for ± 1" C. 
 
 1-000 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00018 
 
 0-995 
 
 1-14 
 
 11-34 
 
 0-00019 
 
 0-990 
 
 2-31 
 
 22-87 
 
 0-00020 
 
 0-985 
 
 3-55 
 
 34-97 
 
 0-00021 
 
 0-980 
 
 4-80 
 
 47-04 
 
 0-00023 
 
 0-975 
 
 6-05 
 
 58-99 
 
 0-00024 
 
 0-970 
 
 7-31 
 
 70-91 
 
 0-00025 
 
 0-966 
 
 8-59 
 
 82-89 
 
 0-000265 
 
 0-960 
 
 9-91 
 
 95-13 
 
 0-00029 
 
 0-955 
 
 11-32 
 
 108-11 
 
 0-000:n5 
 
 0-950 
 
 12-74 
 
 121 -03 
 
 0-00034 
 
 0-945 
 
 14-17 
 
 133-91 
 
 0-000365 
 
 0-940 
 
 15-63 
 
 146-92 
 
 0-00039 
 
 0-935 
 
 17-12 
 
 160-07 
 
 0-00041 
 
 0-930 
 
 18-64 
 
 173-35 
 
 0-00042 
 
 0-925 
 
 20-18 
 
 186-67 
 
 0-000445 
 
 0-920 
 
 21-75 
 
 200-10 
 
 0-00047 
 
 0-915 
 
 23-35 
 
 213-65 
 
 0-000495 
 
 0-910 
 
 24-99 
 
 227-41 
 
 0-00052 
 
 0-905 
 
 26-64 
 
 241 -09 
 
 0-000515 
 
 0-900 
 
 28-33 
 
 254-97 
 
 0-00057 
 
 0-895 
 
 30-03 
 
 268-77 
 
 0-000595 
 
 0-890 
 
 31-73 
 
 282-40 
 
 O-O11O6I 
 
 0-885 
 
 33-67 
 
 297-98 
 
 0-000635 
 
 0-880 
 
 35-60 
 
 313-28 
 
 0-00066 
 
222 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 2. SPBOIPIC GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF COMMERCIAL 
 AMMONIUM CARBONATE, AT 15° C. (Lunge ana Smith.) 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Degrees 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 Per cent. 
 Commercial 
 
 Change of 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 tor ± !• C. 
 
 TwaddeU. 
 
 Banm6. 
 
 at 15°. 
 
 Aramoniam Car- 
 bonate. 
 
 1 
 
 0-6 
 
 1-005 
 
 1-66 
 
 0-0002 
 
 2 
 
 1-4 
 
 1-010 
 
 . 3-18 
 
 0-0002 
 
 3 
 
 2-1 
 
 1-015 
 
 4-60 
 
 0-0003 
 
 4 
 
 2-7 
 
 1-020 
 
 6-04 
 
 0-0003 
 
 5 
 
 3-4 
 
 1-025 
 
 7-49 
 
 0-0003 
 
 6 
 
 4-1 
 
 1-030 
 
 8-93 
 
 0-0004 
 
 7 
 
 4-7 
 
 1-035 
 
 10-35 
 
 0-0004 
 
 8 
 
 5-4 
 
 1-040 
 
 11-86 
 
 0-0004 
 
 9 
 
 6-0 
 
 1-045 
 
 13-36 
 
 0-0005 
 
 10 
 
 6-7 
 
 1-050 
 
 14-83 
 
 0-0005 
 
 11 
 
 7-4 
 
 1-055 
 
 16-16 
 
 0-0005 
 
 12 
 
 8-0 
 
 1-060 
 
 17-70 
 
 0-0005 
 
 13 
 
 8-7 
 
 1-065 
 
 19-18 
 
 0-0005 
 
 14 
 
 9-4 
 
 1-070 
 
 20-70 
 
 0-0005 
 
 15 
 
 10-0 
 
 1-075 
 
 22-25 
 
 0-0006 
 
 16 
 
 10-6 
 
 1-080 
 
 23-78 
 
 0-0006 
 
 17 
 
 11-2 
 
 1-085 
 
 25-31 
 
 0-0007 
 
 18 
 
 11-9 
 
 1-090 
 
 26-82 
 
 0-0007 
 
 19 
 
 12-4 
 
 1-095 
 
 28-33 
 
 0-0007 
 
 20 
 
 13-0 
 
 1-100 
 
 29-93 
 
 0-0007 
 
 21 
 
 13-6 
 
 1-105 
 
 31-77 
 
 0-0007 
 
 22 
 
 14-2 
 
 1-110 
 
 33-45 
 
 0-0007 
 
 23 
 
 14-9 
 
 1-115 
 
 35-08- 
 
 0-0007 
 
 24 
 
 15-4 
 
 1-120 
 
 36-88 
 
 0-0007 
 
 25 
 
 16-0 
 
 1-125 
 
 38-71 
 
 0-0007 
 
 26 
 
 16-5 
 
 1-130 
 
 40-34 
 
 0-0007 
 
 27 
 
 17-1 
 
 1-135 
 
 42-20 
 
 0-0007 
 
 28 
 
 17-8 
 
 1-140 
 
 44-29 
 
 0-0007 
 
 29 
 
 17-9 
 
 1-1414 
 
 44-90 
 
 0-0007 
 
 XII. MANUFACTURE OP COAL-GAS 
 (ILLUMINATING GAS). 
 
 A. — Coal-Gas. 
 
 For a satisfactory analysis of coal-gas the Orsat apparatus 
 (p. 95) is not sufBcieatly accurate, and the gas-burettes of Bunte, 
 Hempel, Drehschmidt, or Pfeiffer should be used. The following 
 
MANUFACTURE OF COAL-GAS 223 
 
 rules are taken from the private notes, printed for Professor Bunte's 
 students, with his permission. 
 
 The analysis is performed by means of Bunte burettes, which 
 must satisfy the following conditions : — The capillary tube below 
 the bottom tap must not allow any water to come out, even on 
 shaking. The upper (three-way) tap must be made so as to shut 
 off communication with any one of the three outlets. (The Greiner- 
 Friedrichs patent tap, with two oblique bores, as shown in Fig. 16, 
 p. 171, admits of doing .this without any difficulty.) The taps 
 should be greased with a mixture of 2 parts para-gum, 2 parts bees- 
 wax, and 10 parts taUow, and they must be tight even in a strong 
 vacuum. The coniining water must have the temperature of the 
 room, and this must remain unchanged during the whole time 
 occupied by the work. The burette must be held only at the top 
 funnel or at the capUlary tubes. The correctness of its graduation 
 must be controlled by running out its contents of water in portions 
 of 10 c.c, and weighing these. When one of the components of 
 the gas has been absorbed, first allow the water to rise from 
 below and then adjust the pressure by allowing water to run in 
 from the top funnel. To do this, fill it to the mark, open the tap 
 and wait a minute, until the surface of the water inside the burette 
 remains constant. 
 
 To take a sample of the gas to he tested, employ either an 
 empty burette, or one filled with water. In the former case, 
 connect the top tap (the funnel being charged with water) side- 
 ways with the gasholder or pipe, the bottom tap being open, and 
 allow the gas to pass through, until it has driven out aU the air ; 
 then shut first the bottom tap and immediately afterwards the 
 top tap. In the second case faU the burette with water, connect 
 the top tap vidth the gasholder or pipe, open the bottom tap, 
 until the water has sunk a little below the zero mark, then shut 
 first the top tap and afterwards the bottom tap. 
 
 If the gas is at a lower pressure than the atmospheric pressure, 
 take the sample by means of a rubber bellows, or a water aspirat- 
 ing bottle, or a water-pump, and connect then with the bottom 
 capillary. 
 
 Measuring the gas in the burette. — Adjust the three-way tap so 
 that all its bores are closed, fill the funnel with water up to the 
 mark, connect the rubber tube of the pressure bottle (levelling 
 bottle), previously entirely fiUed with water, with the bottom tap, 
 and allow the water to rise up to about 0'2 c.c. above the zero 
 mark. Now open the three-way tap, whereupon a little gas 
 escapes and the pressures are equalised. The water then usually 
 stands at the zero mark ; if not, read the actual volume and calcu- 
 late from this. Then turn the three-way tap, after having put a 
 short rubber tube on its lateral outlet, so as to run a little water 
 into this, and close the tube by a small piece of glass rod. As 
 long as the tap is not used, it remains in this position. 
 
224 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 Introditction of the absorbing liquids. — Draw oflf the confining 
 liquid by means of the aspirating bottle, holding the bottom tap 
 fast in its position, and shutting it at once when the water has got 
 down to the capillary. Take the rubber tube off and draw the 
 liquid back into the aspirating bottle, lest it should siphon itself 
 off. Then pour the absorbing liquid into a small porcelain capsule, 
 and allow it to rise in the burette. 
 
 The various gases are estimated, seriatim, as follows : — 
 
 1. Carbon Bioidde, CO2, by absorption with a solution of 
 caustic potash, 1 in 3 water — that is, specific gravity 1"23. Of thi.s 
 1 c.c. takes up 90-100 c.c. COj. It is sufficient, if the inside of the 
 burette is once wetted with the solution. Afterwards water is 
 allowed to enter from below and to run in from the top, to wash 
 the glass ; then the normal pressure is re-established and the 
 volume read off. In the case of crude gas the HjS must be first 
 removed by a tube containing pumice soaked with cupric sulphate. 
 
 2. Heavy hyd/rocarbons, C„H„. — Draw out the confining water 
 as completely as possible, rinse off the potash solution with a little 
 water (which is also drawn off), allow about 10 c.c. of water, 
 saturated with bromine, to enter, and shake the burette. When 
 the space above the liquid ceases to show the brown colour of the 
 bromine, draw off the liquid and replace it by fresh bromine 
 water. Finally, in order to absorb the bromine vapour, draw 
 about 1 c.c. of caustic potash solution into the burette, shake this 
 up in the burette, allow a little water to run in at the top, 
 establish the normal pressure, and read off the volume. Thus all 
 the iUuminants are absorbed — i.e., ethylene and the other un- 
 saturated hydrocarbons, also benzene vapour. 
 
 3. Oxygen is absorbed by drawing in about 2'5 c.c. of a solution 
 of pyrogallol (1 to 5 water) and after this 7"5 c.c. caustic potash 
 solution (1 : 3). Shake well for five minutes, run in water through 
 the funnel until the pressure is equalised, shake again, and con- 
 tinue this until no more water will enter the burette. Eun off 
 the dark liquid at the bottom, allowing water to run in at the 
 top, so that a layer of clear water remains at the top, which allows 
 a correct reading after re-establishing the pressure. 
 
 Accurate estimations of oxygen are made by titration with 
 potassium iodide, manganous chloride, and thiosulphate, as des- 
 cribed in Tech. Meth., vol. i., pp. 209 and 334. 
 
 4. Carbon Monoxide. — Draw off the confining water, wash 
 with more water, draw in 10 c.c. ammoniacal solution of cuprous 
 chloride (made by dissolving 200 g. commercial cuprous chloride 
 and 250 ammonium chloride in 750 water, placing a copper spiral 
 in the bottle, and before use mixing 3 vols, of this solution with 1 
 vol. liquor ammonise, specific gravity 0'905), shake for one minute, 
 draw off the solution, replace it by a fresh quantity, shake again, 
 and repeat this procedure at least twice. Alter the last removal 
 of the absorbent, run through the funnel 3 or 4 c.c. concentrated 
 
MANUFACTURE OF COAL-GAS 225 
 
 hydrochloric acid, and then a little water, which forms a layer at 
 the top. Draw off the liquid, wash with water, draw in 1 or 2 c.c. 
 concentrated potash solution, shake up, allow some water to enter, 
 re-establish the normal pressure, and take the reading. 
 
 5. Hydrogen. — The gas now contains nothing but H, CH4, and 
 N. The hydrogen is estimated by fractional combustion, for 
 which purpose a second burette (B) is needed. Measure in the 
 first burette (A) 22 to 25 c.c. of the residual gas under normal 
 pressure, and mix with air for burning the hydrogen. For this 
 purpose open first the bottom tap, then the top tap, so as to com- 
 municate outwards, whereupon water will run out and air enter. 
 When the level of the water has gone down to about 5 c.c. 
 below 0, quickly shut the top tap and after this the bottom tap, 
 mix the gases by shaking, regulate the pressure to that of the 
 atmosphere plus that of the column of water in the funnel, and 
 read the volume. Now fill burette B up to the capillary and 
 connect both three-way taps, interposing a palladium tube, C, 
 between them. C is a tube of glass of high melting point, 10 c.c. 
 long, 3 mm. bore, and 5 mm. thick. It contains a 100 mm. of 
 palladium wire, 0'3 mm. thick, folded into four and introduced 
 into the central part of tube C. By heating this part of the tube, 
 it is made to collapse and to hold the wire fast ; the remaining 
 portion of C is loosely filled with long fibrous asbestos. The 
 connection between C and the capillaries of A and B is made by 
 short, thick-walled rubber tubing. 
 
 Now turn both three-way taps so that both are closed, fill the 
 funnel of burette A with water, lower the pressure by opening 
 the bottom tap for a moment, turn both three-way taps at the 
 same time and quickly, so that C communicates with the interior 
 of both burettes, and heat C. The air in C thus increases its 
 volume, and forces the water in the capillaries back into both 
 burettes. Now connect- the rubber tube of the pressure bottle 
 with the lower tap of A, open this tap, heat C at its narrowed 
 part until the smaU flame turns yellow, and open the lower tap 
 of B, so that the gas passes from A through C into B in a moder- 
 ately quick current. The water should issue from B in a con- 
 tinuous jet, not in single drops, and the palladium wire should 
 not become red-hot on the side where the gas enters ; otherwise 
 some methane would be burnt together with the hydrogen. As 
 soon as the water has got to the top of the burette A, quickly shut 
 first the bottom tap of A and then that of B, and syphon the gas 
 back from B to A as described above. After cooling, the pressure 
 in A is made equal to the normal ; the volume is then read, and 
 the contraction ascertained. 
 
 Example : 100 c.c. coal-gas, taken for analysis, after absorbing 
 CO2, heavy hydrocarbons, O and CO, left 85 c.c. Of this 22-2 c.c. ' 
 were transferred to burette A, and diluted with air to 105"3. 
 After the combustion the volume was 86"3, .showing a contraction 
 
 P 
 
226 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 of 19'0. Calculating this upon a 100 c.c. of the original gas, we find 
 19'0 X 85-0 
 
 22-2 
 
 = 72-8. 
 
 2 X 72'8 
 Therefore the hydrogen amounts to ^ — =48"5 per cent. 
 
 o 
 
 As a final control, estimate the oxygen left after combustion ; 
 it must be less than that originally employed by two-thirds of the 
 contraction observed. 
 
 6. Methane is estimated, together with hydrogen, by burning 
 another portion of the gas remaining after the operations 1 to 4, 
 in the " explosion burette." For this, measure off 12 to 15 c.c. of 
 this gas, draw in an excess of air, shake up, ascertain the volume, 
 draw off the confining water, explode by means of an electric 
 spark (generated by a battery and- induction coil), ascertain the 
 contraction, let 1 or 2 c c. potash solution run down inside the 
 burette, and after this, slowly, some water, adjust the pressure 
 and ascertain the total contraction, which is equal to H20-t-C02. 
 From this deduct the amount corresponding to the hydrogen found 
 in No. 5 ; one-third of the remaining contraction corresponds to 
 the methane, for 1 vol. CH4+2 vols. 62=0 vols. CO2-HO vols. HgO. 
 
 Example : Kesidual gas employed, 12'7 c.c. (forming part of 
 the 86 c.c. remaining after the absorption of CO2, C„H„, O2, and 
 CO) ; after addition of air=104'l ; therefore air employed=9r4. 
 After the explosion remain 78"9 c.c. gas ; therefore contraction 
 
 85 X 25'5 
 = 25-2 ; calculated upon the total gas ^^.^ = 168-8. From this 
 
 deduct the contraction due to hydrogen, according to No. 5, = 72 '8; 
 this leaves for the methane a contraction of 168'8-72"8=96'0, or 
 one-third of it = 32'0 per cent, methane. 
 
 7. Nitror/en is represented by the deficit from 100 after esti- 
 mating all the other constituents. Suppose we have found : — 
 
 From No. 1, 2'0 per cent, (by volume) CO 
 „ „ 2, 4'0 „ heavy hydrocarbons 
 » I, 3, 0-4 „ O2 
 „ „ 4,_8;6_ „ CO 
 
 Together 15'0 „ 
 From No. 5, 48-0 „ H2 
 „ „ 6,32;0^ „ CH4 
 
 95-0 „ 
 Leaving 5'0 „ for N3 
 
 The estimation of ethylene, benzene, acetylene, naphthalene, 
 hydrogen sulphide, total sulphur, ammonia, cyanogen, etc., is 
 described in Lunge-Keane's Tech. Meih. of Ghem. Anal., vol. ii., 
 pp. 659 et seq. 
 
MANUFACTURE OF COAL-GAS 227 
 
 The calorific power of coal-gas is best ascertained by means 
 of the Junckers calorimeter, which is always sold with instruc- 
 tions for use. 
 
 B. Purifying Material (Spent Oxide). 
 
 _ 1. Cyanogen (Bueb). — Boil 20 g. of an average sample of spent 
 oxide (from which the sulphur has been previously extracted as 
 b.elow), or the same quantity of pressed " cyanide mud," with 100 
 c.c. caustic potash solution (specific gravity 1"26) and 200 c.c. 
 water for half an hour, dilute to 1010 c.c. (reckoning 10 c.c. for 
 the volume of the solid substance), and pass through a dry filter. 
 Take 25" c.c. of the filtrate, add 50 c.c. water and 10 c.c. dUute 
 sulphuric acid (1 : 10), and titrate with zinc solution. This solution 
 is made as follows : — Dissolve 10'2 g. of pure crystallised zinc 
 sulphate (ZnS04, THjO), together with 10 c.c. sulphuric acid of 
 specific gravity i'7 in water, make up to 1 litre, and compare 
 this with a freshly made solution of 10 g. pure crystallised 
 potassium f errocyanide in 1 litre, in the following manner : — To 
 25 c.c. of the ferrocyanide solution add 50 c.c. water and 10 c.c. 
 dilute sulphuric acid. This mixture is titrated with the zinc 
 solution, testing for the completion of the reaction by drops put 
 on to filter paper (preferably Schleicher and Schiill's, No. 601, 
 mark S) soaked with a 1 per cent, solution of ferric chloride. 
 The end of the reaction is reached when no blue coloration is 
 produced on the paper. 
 
 Other methods for the estimation of cyanides (described by 
 Knublauch and by Drehschmidt) are given in Tech. Meth., vol. i., 
 pp. 546 €t seq., and vol. ii., p. 725. 
 
 2. Sulphur. — Extract 15 g. of the air-dried mass in a Soxhlet 
 apparatus with 100 c.c. carbon disulphide in a 200 c.c. round- 
 bottomed flask of known weight. Heat on a water-bath, con- 
 densing the vapours by a reflux condenser, until twenty extractions 
 have been made. Distil oflf the OSj, remove the last portions 
 by hot air, and after cooling again weigh the flask. The difference 
 between the weighings =S. 
 
 Sometimes it is desirable to know the amount of S which on 
 burning the oxide forms SO2, since a certain quantity of S is 
 always retained by lime, etc., on burning the spent mass. For 
 this purpose Pfeiffer burns 1 g. of the sample, by j)utting a piece 
 of tinder in a litre flask filled with oxygen and previously charged 
 with 25 or 30 c.c. of normal caustic soda solution. Finally he 
 adds 1 c.c. neutral 30 per cent, hydrogen peroxide and titrates 
 back with standard HCl and methyl orange. Each c.c. of the 
 normal soda solution consumed corresponds to 1*6 per cent, of 
 S burnt. 
 
 Processes for estimating all the essential constituents of spent 
 oxide are described in Tech. Meth., vol. ii., pp. 723 to 730. 
 
228 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 Xm. OALOIUM CARBIDE AND ACETYLENE. 
 
 A. — Raw Materials. 
 
 (a) Coke, see p. 93. 
 
 (b) Limestone, see p. 157. 
 
 B. — Technical Calcium Carbide. 
 
 (a) The sampling in this case has to be done with special care, 
 since it is anything but easy to obtain a small sample representing 
 the real average quality. The sample is quickly crushed in an 
 iron mortar, provided with a rubber cover, or in a coffee-mill, 
 and the powder must be kept free from contact with air. 
 
 (b) The estimation of the yield of gas should always be made 
 by actual measurement of the gas, not by loss of weight. Take 
 50 g. carbide, and put it into a glass tube, 2 or 3 cm. wide inside, 
 which is connected -with the gas-generating flask (250 c.c.) by a 
 rubber tube so that the carbide can be dropped in small quantities 
 into the flask. 1 50 c.c. water, previously saturated with acetylene, 
 are first placed in the flask, the cork of which is also provided 
 with an exit-tube connected with a measuring bottle. This bottle 
 holds 20 litres, and has a division on which J litre can be read 
 oflF. It is connected by means of a lateral neck just over the 
 bottom and by a rubber tube with a level-bottle of the same size, 
 fiUed with water saturated with acetylene. By raising the level- 
 flask, the water is forced into the measuring flask up to its neck ; 
 during the time the gas is given off, the level-flask is lowered, so 
 that there is never any notable pressure in the measuring bottle. 
 When all the gas has been collected in the latter, the level-bottle 
 is placed so that the water is exactly at the same level in both 
 bottles, and about two hours are allowed for the temperature to 
 reach that of the surrounding air. Read the thermometer and 
 barometer, and reduce the volume of the gas by the tables, pp. 36 
 et seq., to the normal state, regarding it as saturated with moisture. 
 If, as usual, the reduction is to be made not to 0°, but to 15° C, 
 this can be done with sufficient accuracy by the formula : — 
 
 V = ^ (140-2-0-6«)=|^ 
 100 ^ ' 100 
 
 where V is the volume at 15°, -y the volume at t°, and B the (corrected 
 height) of the barometer. (Cf. Tech. Meth,, vol. ii., pp. 590 et seq.) 
 
 (c) Impurities. — It is best to test for these, not in the carbide, 
 but in the acetylene given off from it. Put 70 or 80 g. carbide, 
 crushed to the size of a pea, into a previously weighed, well-dried, 
 
MANUFACTURE OF FERTILISERS, 229 
 
 half -litre flask, and weigh it on an ordinary balance which turns 
 to 0"1 g. The cork of this iiask is fitted with a dropping funnel, 
 contracted at the outlet, with glass tap, and with a side tube 
 connected with a ten-bulb tube. Eke that shown in Fig. 8, p. 119. 
 The latter contains 75 cm. of a 2 to 3 per cent, solution of sodium 
 hypochlorite. Eun from the funnel three to seven drops of water 
 on to the carbide, and shake the flask gently from time to time. 
 The gas should all be liberated in three or four hours ; it may, 
 if required, be measured, or else allowed to escape. Then the 
 flask is filled up to its neck, so as to drive all the gas into the 
 bulb- tube, and in the contents of the latter the phosphoric acid 
 which has been formed by the h;^pochlorite from the hydrogen 
 phosphide contained in the gas, is estimated by the ordinary 
 magnesia method. 
 
 If it is required to estimate the sulphur also, which escapes 
 principally as H2S, divide the contents of the bulb-tube in two 
 portions, estimate in one of these the phosphoric acid as above, 
 and in the other the sulphuric acid, formed from the HoS, as 
 BaSOi. 
 
 XIV. EXAMINATION OF THE RAW MATERIALS 
 AND PRODUCTS OF THE MANUFACTURE OP 
 FERTILISERS. 
 
 N.B. — This section is based on the resolutions agreed to at 
 the Fifth International Congress of Applied Chemistry at Berlin 
 (1903). 
 
 A. — Sampling. 
 
 Samples must be taken out of every tenth sack in the case 
 of shipments in bulk, in at least ten places, by means of the 
 samplmg-auger, described on p. 251 ; in the case of ship cargoes, 
 from every fiftieth tub ; the total weight to be about 300 g. 
 for each of the three normal samples. In the case of unequal 
 composition, the samples must be ground and mixed ; in the case 
 of moist fertilisers, this must be done by hand. 
 
 B. — Moisture. 
 
 Moisture in crude phosphates, bone charcoal, etc., is estimated 
 by drying 10 g. at 100° up to constancy of weight ; in the case of 
 gypsum, during three hours. If the substance alters its percentage 
 of moisture during grinding, the moisture must be determined both 
 in the coarsely crushed and in the finely ground sample, and the 
 result of the analysis is to be calculated on the original coarsely 
 crushed sample. 
 
230 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 0. — The Insoluble Matter. 
 
 The insoluble matter is determined in 10 g. of the sample. 
 (a) When dissolving in mineral acids, after rendering the silica 
 insoluble by heating on the water-bath during several hours, or 
 on the air-bath to 120°, the residue must be ignited. (6) When 
 dissolving in water, the residue must be dried at 100° up to 
 constancy of weight. 
 
 D. — ^Phosphoric Acid. 
 1. Preparation of the Solutions. 
 
 (a) Phosphates soluble in water. — Shake 20 g. in a litre flask 
 with about 800 g. water for half an hour, and fiU up to the mark. 
 Solutions of so-called double superphosphates must be boUed with 
 addition of nitric acid (IQ c.c. concentrated nitric acid to 25 c.c. 
 of the solution) before precipitating the i)hosphoric acid, in order to 
 convert any pyrophosphoric acid present into orthophosphoric acid. 
 
 (b) Phosphates soluble in Ammonium, Citrate are treated 
 according to Petermann's method. In the case of super- 
 phosphates containing upwards of 20 per cent. P2O5, take 1 g. : of 
 those containing 12 to 20 per cent. P2O6, 2 g. ; if there is less 
 than 10 per cent., P2O5, and, in the case of composite fertilisers, 
 4 g. for each sample. Grind it first dry, then with 20 to 25 c.c. 
 water, decant on to a filter, and wash with water until the volume 
 of the filtrate is about 200 c.c. If the filtrate is not quite clear, 
 add a drop of nitric acid. Put the filter and residue into a 250 c.c. 
 flask, add 100 c.c. of the ammonium citrate solution (prepared as 
 below), digest about fifteen hours at the ordinary temperature, 
 with frequent shaking, then one hour at 40°, allow to cool, fiU up 
 to the mark, take 50 c.c. of the filtrate and 50 c.c. of the above 
 aqueous solution, mix these, boil vnth 10 c.c. concentrated nitric 
 acid for ten minutes, and estimate the total phosphoric ^.cid soluble 
 in water and in citrate by the molybdenum or the citrate method. 
 
 Preparation of the Ammonium, Citrate solution. — ^Dissolve 
 500 g. citric acid in water, neutralise with ammonia, allow to cool, 
 reduce the specific gravity to 1"09, and add to a litre of this 
 solution 50 c.c. liquor ammonise, specific gravity 0'92. The 
 specific gravity of the final solution should be from 1"082 to 1"083. 
 
 (c) Total Phosphoric Acid. — Boil 5 g. with a mixture of three 
 parts hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1"12), and 1 part nitric 
 acid (specific gravity 1'20), or with 20 c.c. concentrated nitric acid 
 and 50 c.c. concentrated sulphuric acid for half an hour, and make 
 up to 250 c.c. 
 
 (d) In Thomas-Slag Phosphates the phosphoric acid is esti- 
 mated in the portion which passes through a 2-niillimetre sieve, 
 but the result is calculated upon the whole sample, including the 
 coarser portion. The following estimations are made ; — 
 
MANUFACTURE OF FERTILISERS 231 
 
 1. Phosphoric Acid soluble in Citric Add. — Shake 5 g. Thomas 
 phosphate_ in a half -litre flask, previously charged with 5 c.o. 
 alcohol, with a 2 per cent, solution of pure citric acid during half 
 an hour at 17J°, in a revolving agitator which makes thirty to 
 forty revolutions per minute. 
 
 2. Total Phosphoric Acid. — Soak 10 g. Thomas phosphate (for 
 the analysis of fine Hour passed through sieve No. 100=0'19 mm. 
 mesh) in a half -litre flask with 5 c.c. water, then boil with 50 c.c. 
 concentrated sulphuric acid half an hour, stitring frequently, 
 and fill up to the mark. 
 
 2, — Examination of the Solutions. 
 
 For phosphoric acid, according to one of the following 
 methods : — 
 
 (a) Molybdenum method, according to Wagner. — To 25 or 50 c.c 
 solution, free from silica and containing from O'l to 0'2 g. P2O5, 
 add so much concentrated solution of ammonium nitrate (750 g. 
 per litre) and so much molybdenum solution (150 g. ammonium 
 molybdate, dissolved in 1 litre water and poured into 1 litre nitric 
 acid of specific gravity 1'2) that the total liquid contains 15 per 
 cent, ammonium nitrate, and for each O'l g. P2O5 not less than 
 50 c.c. molybdenum solution. Heat to 80° or 90° for ten minutes, 
 put aside for an hour, filter, wash the precipitate with dilute solu- 
 tion of ammonium nitrate (150 g. (NH4)NO3-1-10 c.c. nitric acid 
 in 1 litre) until there is no reaction for calcium, pierce the filter, 
 wash the precipitate into a beaker by means of a 2| per cent, 
 liquor ammoniae, dissolve it by stirring, and add so much ammonia 
 that the total volume is 75 c.c. Then add for each 0"1 g. P2O5 
 10 c.c. of magnesium mixture (55 g. crystallised magnesium 
 chloride -1-70 g. ammonium chloride, dissolved in 1 litre of 2'5 per 
 cent, liquor ammoniae), in single drops, stirring constantly, cover 
 the beaker, allow to stand for two hours, filter the precipitate, 
 wash it with 2'5 per cent, ammonia until the reaction for chlorine 
 ceases, and dry at 100°. Detach the precipitate from the filter, 
 place it in a platinum crucible, add the roUed-up filter, and 
 carbonise it in a covered crucible ; then heat the crucible for ten 
 minutes in an upright position over the Bunsen flame and for five 
 minutes on the blowpipe. 
 
 (b) Git/rate method. — In the case of aqueous solutions of super- 
 phosphate, employ 50 c.c. citrate solution for 50 c.c. of the phos- 
 phate solution, corresponding to 1 g. substance ; in that of acid 
 solutions of bone meal, fish guano, Thomas-slag, flour, etc., take 
 100 c.c. of the citrate solution for 50 c.c. of the phosphate solution 
 (=1 g. substance). The citrate solutionis, made by dissolving 1100 
 g. pure citric acid in water, adding 4 litres of 24 per cent, liquor 
 ammonise, and making up to 10 litres. After adding the citrate 
 solution, add at once 25 c.c. magnesium mixture (550 g. magnesium 
 chloride -t- 1050 ammonium chloride, dissolved in 6| litres water 
 
232 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 +3i litres 27 per cent, liquor ammonise), and shake or stir for 
 half an hour. Filter the precipitate, preferably by means of a 
 Gooch or Neubauer crucible (see below), rinse the beaker with 5 
 per cent, liquor ammonise, and wash the precipitate five or six 
 times with the same solution, using a filter pump. Dry the 
 crucible on a hot plate untU the mass begins to crack, ignite for 
 three to five minutes (preferably in a Roessler furnace), and allow 
 to cool in a desiccator. After weighing, the crucible may at once 
 be used for a fresh determination, without removing the precipi- 
 tate, and thus thirty or forty estimations can be made in it wifli- 
 out renewing the asbestos filter. 
 
 This method involves several errors, which, however, com- 
 pensate one another, so that when the above details are strictly 
 adhered to, the final result is perfectly correct. According to the 
 - resolutions of the Union of the German Agricultural Research 
 Stations in 1903, the citrate method' is the only one admissible 
 for all fertilisers, except crude phosphates. 
 
 The preparation of a Gooch crucible — that is, a platinum 
 crucible with platinum sieve and asbestos filter — is a little trouble- 
 some ; it is described in Tech. Meih., vol. i., p.'25. 
 
 The Neubauer crucible (sold by W. C. .Heraeus, Hanau) is 
 similar to the Gooch crucible, but contains a platinum sponge 
 filter on the sieve. It is ready for use, as obtained from the 
 dealers, and is nmch more convenient than a Gooch crucible. 
 
 B. — Free Acids. 
 
 (a) The total free acid is estimated by titration with caustic 
 soda solution and methyl orange. 
 
 (6) Free phosphoric acid is estimated gravimetrically in the 
 alcoholic extract, as described above. 
 
 P. — Ferric Oxide and Alumina. 
 
 In Germany the accepted method is that of E. Glaser. Dis- 
 solve 5 g. phosphate in 25 c.c. nitric acid (specific gravity 1:2) + 12-5 
 C.C. hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 112), and dilute to 500 
 c.c. Put 100 c.c. (=1 g. of the phosphate) in a 250 c.c. flask, add 
 25 c.c. concentrated sulphuric acid (specific gravity 1'84); after 
 five minutes' shaking add 100 c.c. 95 per cent, alcohol, allow to 
 cool, fill up to the mark with alcohol, shake well, and fill up again. 
 After waiting for half an hour, filter, heat 100 c.c. of the fifirate in 
 a platinum dish until the alcohol is driven off, transfer to a beaker, 
 add 50 c.c. water, and heat to boiling. Remove the flame, add 
 NH3 till the reaction is alkaline, boil ofi' the excess of NHg, allow 
 to cool, filter, wash with hot water, ignite, and weigh. The 
 weight found is assumed to be aluminium phosphate-)- ferric phos- 
 phate, or 50 per cent, of it=re203-t- AUO3. 
 
MANUFACTURE OF FERTILISERS 233 
 
 Gr. — Nitrogen. 
 
 1. Nitric-nitrogen is estimated gas-volumetrically by the 
 nitrometer (pp. 137 and 139), or by ScMoesing-Grandeau's method 
 {Tech. Meth., vol. ii., p. 381), or by one of the methods for reducing 
 it to NH3. The following method is due to Ulsch. Into a flat- 
 bottomed half-litre flask put 25 c.c. of the aqueous nitrate 
 solution (which ought to contain at most 0'5 g. KNO5=0"4 g. 
 NaNOs) and 10 c.c. dilute sulphuric acid (1 vol. concentrated 
 acid +2 vols, water), add 5 g. commercial "ferrum hydrogenio 
 reductum " (iron reduced by hydrogen), and close the flask with 
 a pear-shaped glass vessel of 25 c.c. capacity filled with water, 
 which at the same time serves as a reflux condenser. Heat 
 first cautiously, then more strongly, at least for half a minute to 
 fuU boiling (altogether five minutes), dilute with 50 c.c. water, 
 add 20 c.c. caustic soda solution (specific gravity 1'25), and distU 
 the IsTHa formed into titrated hydrochloric or sulphuric acid. 
 The distillation may be finished in five to seven minutes after the 
 commencement of the boUing. By titrating back the excess of 
 acid the quantity of NH3 is ascertained ; each c.c. normal acid 
 saturated =0-01401 g. N or 0-06302 HNO3 or 0-10116 KNO3 or 
 0-08506 NaNOa. 
 
 2. Ammoniacal nitrogen, cf. p. 217. Preferably distil with 
 freshly calcined magnesia, 3 g. to 1 g. NH3. In the case of 
 ammoniacal superphosphates, the solution prepared as on p. 230 
 should be used. 
 
 3. Total nitrogen is estimated in presence of nitrates by 
 Kjeldahl-Jodlbauer's method. Place 1 g. substance in a flask of 
 difficultly fusible glass holding about 350 c.c, slowly add 30 c.c. 
 phenolsulphuric acid (made by dissolving 200 g. P2O6 in 500 c.c. 
 concentrated sulphuric acid, and 40 g. phenol in 500 c.c. con- 
 centrated sulphuric acid, and uniting the two solutions, after 
 cooling), shaking continuously, and cooling by placing the flask in 
 cold water. When finished, agitate for another half -hour or hour, 
 add a drop of mercury (about 1 g.), and then gradually 2 to 3 g. 
 dried zinc dust, with good agitation and cooling. Allow to stand 
 for one or two hours ; then boil until the solution has become 
 clear and colourless, allow to cool, wash with water into a distilling 
 flask, add 110 c.c. of caustic soda solution of specific gravity 1-285 
 (which must be free from nitrogen compounds), distil the NH3 
 into normal hydrochloric acid, and estimate it by retitrating. The 
 calculation is made as above, svb G, 1. 
 
 Dwmp substances are ground up with a little gypsum before 
 adding the phenolsulphuric acid. 
 
 4. Organic nitrogen, in the absence of nitrates and ammonium 
 salts, is estimated according to Kjeldahl-Wilfarth's method. Put 
 1 g. substance in a 150 c.c. long-necked flask of Bohemian glass, 
 add a drop of mercury and 25 c.c. of concentrated sulphuric acid, 
 
234 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 to a litre of -whicli 200 g. P2O5 and 15 g. K2SO4 have been 
 added. Heat at first slowly, then to violent boiling, putting the 
 flask, or several flasks, on a wire gauze in a slanting position. 
 The whole is best placed on a sheet of lead with turned-up edges, 
 covered with a thick layer of sand and placed under a hood, so 
 that no damage is done if a flask is cracked. In the case of badly 
 frothing liquids put a little paraffin in the flask and close this 
 loosely by a Kreusler's stopper, i.e., a glass tube drawn out below 
 into a long point, and sealed at the bottom. Continue the boiling 
 until the contents of the flask are quite clear, which may take 
 half an hour to three hours. Then wash its contents by the aid 
 of 200 c.c. water into a half-litre flask, add 100 c.c. caustic soda 
 solution of specific gravity 1"285 (free from N) and 1 to 1"5 g. zinc 
 dust, and distil into titrated HCl, proceeding just as in No. 1. 
 
 In the case of substances which cannot be finely ground, 
 prepare a good average sample by weighing off 3 to 5 g., boU with 
 50 to 60 c.c. sulphuric acid and 2 to 3 g. mercury, wash, after 
 cooling, into a 300 c.c. flask, filling this up to the mark, mix by 
 shaking, and take 100 c.c. for the distillation with caustic soda 
 and zinc dust. 
 
 H. — Potash. 
 
 Potash is estimated as in potassium chloride containing 
 sulphate, p. 205, or by the perchloric acid method. Tech. Meth., 
 vol. ii., p. 413. 
 
 Details for the examination of the various fertilisers, ibid., 
 pp. 418 et seq. 
 
 XV. ALUMINA PREPARATIONS. 
 
 A. — Raw Materials. 
 
 1. Kaolin {china clay), see p. 238, sub " Clay." 
 
 2. Bauxite (a).— Dry 2'500 g. at 100° for eight hours, boil with 
 30 c.c. of a mixture of 1 part concentrated sulphuric acid + 1 water, 
 with good agitation, until vapours of SO3 begin to escape, allow 
 to cool, run the paste slowly into 300 c.c. cold water so as to 
 prevent heating (which would cause a precipitation of TiOj), add 
 10 c.c. hydrochloric acid, digest six hours with agitation, filter 
 the solution (a) from the precipitated crude silica and make it, 
 with the washings, up'to 500 c.c. Ignite the crude silica, weigh it, 
 evaporate with 2 c.c. hydrofluoric acid and three drops of dilute 
 sulphuric acid, and ignite ; the residue is weighed as AljO.,, and 
 by deducting it from the crude silica we obtain the pure Si02. 
 
 (b) Take 200 c.c. of the solution (a) ( = 1 '000 g. bauxite), neutral- 
 ise with sodium carbonate until a slight precipitate begins to 
 
ALUMINA PREPARATIONS 235 
 
 appear, bring this again into solution by adding a few drops of 
 dilute sulphuric acid, reduce the contained iron to the ferrous state 
 by NaHSOs or gaseous SO2, dilute to 400 or 450 c.c, boil for two 
 hours, replacing_ the evaporated water by an aqueous solution of 
 SO2. The iitom'caa'ci! is thus precipitated. Allow to cool, make up 
 to 500 c.c, pour through a dry filter and wash the Ti02 with warm 
 water containing a little ammonium chloride, but keep the washings 
 separate from the first filtrate. Dry, ignite, and weigh the Ti02. 
 
 (c)_Boil_125 c.c. of the first filtrate obtained in (b) ( = 0"250 g. 
 bauxite) till the SO2 has been removed, add a little zinc, dilute 
 strongly, and estimate the iron by titration with permanganate, 
 after having rendered the solution slightly acid by sulphuric acid, 
 as described p. 154. 
 
 (d) Alv/mina, Ferric oxide, and Titanic acid together are 
 estimated in the first solution (a). Take 25 c.c. of this solution 
 (=0'125 g. bauxite), add a little fuming nitric and hydrochloric 
 acid, dilute considerably, add NHg in slight excess, boil up for a 
 moment, filter, dissolve the precipitate again in hydrochloric acid, 
 precipitate again with NH3 wash, filter, dry, and weigh. By add- 
 ing the alumina found in (a), and deducting the Ti02 found in (b), 
 and the ferric oxide in (c), we obtain the Temaindei= Alumina. 
 
 (e) Ignite a fresh sample of dried bauxite for a quarter of an 
 hour by means of the blowpipe ; the loss of weight is = chemically 
 combined water + organic matter. 
 
 B.— Control of Working Conditions. 
 
 1. The residue from decomposing the bauxite is tested by 
 boiling 2 g. with 3 c.c. concentrated sulphuric acid +3 c.c. water 
 until the red colour is destroyed, diluting a little, filtering, and 
 making the filtrate up to 100 c.c. In this we estimate : 
 
 (a) Iron in 10 c.c. by reducing it to the ferrous state and 
 titrating with KMn04, p. 154. 
 
 (b) Ferric oxide + Alumina by precipitation with NH3. 
 
 (c) Soluble soda by boiling 20 c.c. with a solution of ammonium 
 chloride and absorbing the NH3 set free in titrated hydrochloric 
 acid. 
 
 2. Aluminate solution. — In this we estimate NajO and AI3O3 
 in the same operation, as described below for sodium aluminate. 
 
 C. — Commercial Products. 
 
 1. Sulphate of Alumina and Alum : — 
 
 (a) Estimation of Alumina — {a.) Gravimetric estimation. — Dis- 
 solve 10 g. in water, dilute to i litre, take 50 c.c. of the clear solu- 
 tion =1 g. of the substance, add ammonia in slight excess, boil up 
 for a moment, filter, wash, dry the precipitate, ignite, and weigh 
 the AI2O3. It is slightly contaminated with traces of iron, silicate, 
 and phosphoric acid, which may be neglected. 
 
236 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 (^) Volumetric Analysis. — Dissolve 5 g. in water, dilute to ^ 
 litre, take out 50 c.c.=0"5 g. substance, neutralise the free acid by 
 dilute solution of caustic soda (indicator : methyl orange, till the 
 pink changes to yellow), then add phenolphthalein, and titrate 
 with standard caustic soda solution until the red colour appears. 
 Each c.c. of the NaOH solution corresponds to O'l'ZOS g. AI2O3. 
 
 Jf.B. — This method gives only approximate results, unless 
 a number of precautions, detailed in Tech. Meth., vol. i., p. 613, 
 are observed. 
 
 (b) Iron cannot be estimated either gravimetrically or by 
 titration, on account of its small quantity. Hence it is estimated 
 colorimetrically by Lunge and Keler's method. We require for 
 this a number of small stoppered cylinders of white glass, 
 13 mm. internal diameter, 17 cm. high, containing 25 c.c. divided 
 in 0"1 c.c, and a free space of 5 c.c. above the 25 c.c. mark. 
 Also the following reagents : — (1) a 10 per cent, solution of 
 potassium thiocyanate ; (2) pure ether ; (3) a solution of 8'630 g. 
 ammonium-iron-alum and 5 c.c. concentrated sulphuric acid in 
 1 litre; (4) a solution prepared from (3) by diluting it in the 
 proportion of 1 : 100, so that this solution contains 10 mg. Fe 
 per litre. It should be kept protected from sunlight, but even 
 then keeps only for a few days, whereas solution (3), when pro- 
 tected from air and light, keeps a long time without getting 
 turbid ; (5) pure nitric acid. It is hardly possible to obtain nitric 
 acid absolutely free from iron, but this does not matter, if it gives 
 only a slight pink colour with potassium thiocyanate, since very 
 little of it is used, and an equal quantity for the check test as 
 for the actual test. 1 
 
 Dissolve 1 or 2 g. of the aluminium sulphate,_ weighed. exactly, 
 in a little water, add exactly 1 c.c. of the pure nitric acid (5), heat 
 a few minutes, allow to cool, and dilute to 50 c.c. Put 5 c.c. of this 
 solution into one of the colorimeter cylinders, A. {N.B. — If this 
 method is applied to estimate traces of iron in sulphuric acid, 
 this is diluted in the same way.) Into a second cylinder, B, put 
 5 c.c. of dilute nitric acid, obtained by diluting 1 c.c. of (5) to 
 50 c.c, and a certain accurately measured quantity of the iron- 
 alum solution (3), e.g., 1 c.c. Add as much pure water to 
 cylinder A as you put iron solution in B, so as to always have 
 the same degree of dilution in A and B. Then add to both A 
 and B 5 c.c. of the thiocyanate solution (1) and 10 c.c. of the 
 ether (2), put the stopper in and shake thoroughly, until the 
 aqueous layer has become colourless and the red colour has passed 
 over entirely into the ether. The comparison of the colours in A 
 and B is most accurate after a few hours, since they deepen a 
 little on standing, but marked differences can be observed at once, 
 so that three cylinders will suffice_, of which A receives the solution 
 to be tested, B and C the quantities of iron most nearly approach- 
 ing to A. The comparison is made by holding the cylinders a little 
 
ALUMINA PREPARATIONS 237 
 
 distance from a white surface {not putting them down upon it !) 
 and looking at them from the top downwards. It is then quite 
 easy to estimate differences of ± 0"1 c.c. of the iron-alum solution 
 (5), that is of ± O'OOl mg. Fe in the 5 c.c. employed for analysis, 
 but only when the total quantity of iron does not exceed 2 c.c. 
 of the solution, that is=0"02 mg. Fe. If there should be more 
 than this present, the permanganate method, p. 112, is appli- 
 cable. 
 
 (c) Free acid in aluminium sulphate cannot be directly titrated 
 by any of the hitherto known indicators. Beilstein and Grosse 
 proceed as follows : — Dissolve 1 or 2 g. of the sulphate in 5 c.c. 
 water, add 5 c.c. of a cold saturated solution of ammonium 
 sulphate, stir fifteen minutes, and precipitate with 50 c.c. 95 per 
 cent, alcohol. Wash the precipitate with 50 c.c. alcohol, evaporate 
 the alcohol from the mixed filtrate and washings on the water- 
 bath, and titrate the acid in the residue by decinormal soda 
 solution and phenolphthalein. 
 
 (d) Zinc only occurs occasionally in commercial sulphate of 
 alumina, but is very injurious. Estimate it by adding to the 
 solution of the sulphate a sufficient quantity of barium acetate to 
 precipitate all the sulphuric acid, and precipitating the zinc in the 
 filtrate as ZnS. 
 
 2. Aluminate of Soda : — 
 
 (a) Soda and Alumina. — Dissolve 2 g. in water, dilute to 
 100 c.c. and titrate 10 c.c. (=0"2 g. substance) quite hot, with 
 phenolphthalein as indicator, by fifth normal hydrochloric acid 
 until the red colour has vanished. The soda only is saturated 
 at this stage, and each c.c. of the acid corresponds to 0'0062 g. 
 NaaO. Now add a single drop of methyl orange and continue 
 the titration with the same acid, but at a temperature of 30°, until 
 the alumina first precipitated has been redissolved and the red 
 colour has appeared. Each c.c. of acid used in this second titra- 
 tion corresponds to 0'003407 g. AI2O3. The percentage is obtained 
 directly when employing 0'200 g. substance by multiplying the c.c. 
 used in the first titration (a) by 3'105=per cent. NajO, and those 
 used in the second titration (b) by l'704=per cent. AI2O3. 
 
 (b) Insoluble matter is estimated in 10 to 20 g. substance in the 
 usual manner, but employing "hardened" filtering paper, since 
 ordinary filter paper would not stand the strongly caustic solution. 
 
 (c) Silica is estimated by evaporating with hydrochloric acid, 
 digesting the residue with dilute HCl, filtering, washing, igniting, 
 and weighing the residue. 
 
 3. Commercial Alumina is either the hydrate or anhydrous. 
 In this the silica occurring as an impurity is estimated as in 2 (c) ; 
 total soda by igniting at a red heat, digesting with water, heating 
 with normal HCl, and titrating back the excess of acid ; soluble 
 soda by boiling with 100 c.c. water and titration with normal HCl 
 and phenolphthalein ; iron in the hydrochloric acid solution as in 
 
238 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 No. 1 (b); loss of weight on ignition ( = H20 + C02) by heating 
 for fifteen minutes over the blowpipe. 
 
 XVI. CEMENT INDUSTRY. 
 A. — Portland Cement. 
 
 1. Ra-w Materials. 
 
 (a) Limestone. — (a) Estimate carbon dioxide, as described 
 p. 158, by titration or by volumetric estimation of CO2, p. IVl. It 
 is calculated as CO2. In the presence of considerable quantities 
 of magnesia' (which is considered as an injurious constituent of 
 cement), estimate it in the hydrochloric acid solution, as on p. 148, 
 calculate it as MgCOs, and calculate the excess of CO2 as CaOOa. 
 
 (p) Argillaceous residue is the difference between 100 and the 
 carbonates found in (a). If there is much present, it may be 
 examined like clay, No. (b). 
 
 (b) Clay. — The percentage of coarse samd (quartz) is found by 
 elutriation. Weigh 50 g. of the coarsely ground, dried average 
 sample into a rather large porcelaia dish, pour over it 100 c.c. 
 dilute hydrochloric acid (1 concentrated acid + 8 water), boil for 
 about three hours, allow to cool, pour off the acid and direct a jet 
 of water on to the mass, carefully rubbing it up with the fingers, so 
 that only clay goes away with the water and pure sand remains 
 behind. This plan is better than the application of mechanical 
 elutriating apparatus. 
 
 The sand may be sorted by sieves into different sizes, viz., fine 
 dust (down to 0"025 mm.), dust (0'040 mm.), fine sand (0'20 mm.), 
 coarse sand (above this). 
 
 Complete analysis of clay (cf . Tech. Meth., vol. i., pp. 569 et seq., 
 and pp. 688 et seq.). 
 
 1. Decomposition by m,eans of alkaline ca/rbonate, i.e., a mixture 
 of equal parts potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate, of 
 which 6 to 10 g. are required for one part of clay. Dry the clay 
 at 120°, grind it very finely, mix it intimately with the alkaline 
 carbonate in the platinum crucible itself by means of a platinum 
 or glass spatula (which is afterwards cleaned with a little car- 
 bonate)^ and heat in the covered crucible, first slowly, then up to 
 full, quiet fusion. A good Bunsen or Fletcher burner is prefer- 
 able to the blowpipe for the heating. After cooling, heat the bottom 
 of the crucible by a small flame to a low red heat twice succes- 
 sively, in order to facilitate the separation of the fused mass, allow 
 to cool, pour a few c.c. of water, and heat gently with a small 
 flame, until the cake detaches itself from the crucible. Wash it 
 into a good-sized platinum dish, cover this with a large watch-glass 
 and heat on the water-bath until the mass has softened and fallen 
 
CEMENT INDUSTRY 239 
 
 to powder. Then add an excess of hydrocUoric acid, remove the 
 watch-glass, wash its under-surface, and evaporate to dryness on 
 the water-bath. During the evaporation the mass is stirred with a 
 
 flass rod, so as to render the residue powdery. Then heat the 
 ish in an air-bath to 120' for an hour, moisten it, after cooling, 
 with moderately strong hydrochloric acid, allow to stand for an 
 hour, heat up with water, pour the clear portion through a filter, 
 and continue this treatment until the residue ceases to yield a 
 colour with hydrochloric acid. Then transfer it to a filter, wash, 
 dry^ and ignite it first over a small flame, then to constancy of 
 weight, and weigh it as silica. It may still contain some titanic 
 acid. This is separated by evaporating with hydrofluoric acid and 
 concentrated sulphuric acid on the water-bath as a residue which 
 should be tested whether it yields the purple microcosmic salt bead 
 ofTiOa 
 
 The filtrate from the titanic acid is divided in two halves. 
 In one of these estimate alumina + ferric oxide by adding pure 
 liquor ammonise (free from carbonate) in slight excess, boUing up 
 for a moment, filtering, washing, and igniting. In the other half 
 estimate the iron by reducing with zinc and titrating with per- 
 manganate, c/. p. 112. 
 
 In the filtrate from the precipitate of AI2O3-I-F2O3, estimate 
 calcium by precipitation with ammonium oxalate (p. 148), and in 
 the filtrate from this magnesium by ammonium phosphate (p. 148). 
 
 2. 2^he Alkalies can be estimated, if desired, by decomposing 
 about 5 g. clay with hydrofluoric acid ; of. Meth. Tech., vol. i., p. 694. 
 
 3. Sulphur, present as sulphates or pyrites, is estimated by 
 oxidation with aqua regia and precipitatmg the hydrochloric acid 
 solution with barium chloride ; cf. p. 108. 
 
 4. Carbon dioxide, as in the case of limestone, pp. 158 or 171. 
 
 5. Loss of weight on ignition over the blowpipe or a powerful 
 gas burner gives water -h organic matter 4- C02-t- sulphur present 
 as pyrites, etc. 
 
 (c) Separation of silica present as quartz, and that present in 
 the form of silicates. — The separation of these two kinds of silica 
 is frequently demanded in so-called "rational analysis of clay." 
 It can be eflfected by the process of Lunge and MUberg (^Z. 
 angew. Chem., 1897, p. 393), on the basis of the observation 
 that extremely finely divided quartz is dissolved by concentrated 
 caustic soda solution, but not by a 5 per cent solution of sodium 
 carbonate, whilst the latter dissolves the siHca, separated from 
 silicates by strong acids in an amorphous state, when heated on 
 the water-bath for half an hour. This is applied to the separation 
 of the two modifications of silica as follows : — Heat 5 g. of clay 
 (dried at 120°) with dilute sulphuric acid (50 c.c. concentrated 
 acid -t- 100 c.c. water) to boiling in a porcelain or platinum dish, 
 covered with a watch-glass, until the water has been driven off 
 and fumes of SO3 begin to escape, allow to cool, dilute with water. 
 
240 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 pour off the liquid, moisten the residue with hydrochloric acid, 
 neat for a quarter of an houi, filter, and wash. Wash the moist 
 residue, which contains a mixture of both modifications of Si02, 
 into a porcelaia dish, make up the solution to about 250 c.c, add 
 about 12'5 g. pure anhydrous sodium carbonate, and heat on the 
 water-bath for haK an hour. Then pour off the clear liquid and 
 repeat the treatment with 5 per cent, solution of ]Sra2C03 three 
 times. Finally, wash the insoluble matter on to a filter and wash 
 it thoroughly with water containing a little alcohol. The dried 
 and ignited residue consists of the SiOa present as quartz ; the 
 difference between this and the total SiOj found in (b) 1 is the 
 Si02 present as silicates. 
 
 2. Control of the Working CcAiditions. 
 
 The crude mixture is tested for its percentage of clay and 
 calcium carbonate like limestone ; compare A, 1. Usually the 
 estimation of CO2 (pp. 158 or 171) is sufficient. 
 
 The clinker is analysed like the finished cement, if this is 
 required. 
 
 3. Commercial Cement. 
 
 Ignite 1 g. cement in a platinum crucible over the blowpipe for 
 fifteen minutes, decompose by hydrochloric acid, filter from the 
 insoluble matter, fuse this with sodium carbonate, dissolve the melt 
 in water, and unite this solution with the filtrate previously 
 obtained. In this solution the following estimations are made : — 
 
 (a) Silica is determined by boiling down the united solutions 
 and filtering off the precipitated SiOj. The filtrate is again concen- 
 trated by boiling, and any Si02 that separates is united with the 
 first portion. Dry the total (crude) sihca, heat on the blowpipe 
 for half an hour, and weigh. Then heat with 10 c.c. hydrofluoric 
 acid and four drops concentrated sulphuric acid tUl fumes cease 
 to be given off, and deduct the residue from the crude Si02 ; the 
 portion thus removed by volatilisation represents the real SiOj. 
 
 (b) Divide the united filtrates into two halves. In one of 
 these estimate the Sesquioocides, Al^Os-t-FejOs, by precipitation 
 with pure liquor ammoniae, as on p. 239. 
 
 (c) Ferric oxide is estimated in the second half of the filtrate 
 from (a), by reducing to the ferrous state by means of zinc or 
 H2S and titrating with permanganate ; cf. p. 112. 
 
 (d) Calcium is estimated in the filtrate obtained in (b) by 
 precipitation with ammonium oxalate, p. 148. 
 
 (e) Magnesium in the filtrate from (d), by precipitation with 
 ammonium phosphate, p. 148. 
 
 (f ) Sulphates are determined in a special sample by dissolving 
 1 g. in hot hydrochloric acid, filtering, and precipitating with 
 barium chloride, p. 108. 
 
 (g) Total sulphur. — Fuse 1 g. cement with sodium carbonate 
 
PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS 241 
 
 and a little potassium nitrate, dissolve in liot water, filter, acidify, 
 and precipitate with barium chloride. 
 
 (h) The estimation of alkalies is rather troublesome, and is 
 only carried out in exceptional cases ; cf . Tech. Meth., i., p. 694. 
 
 (i) The physical tests for fineness of grinding, time of setting, 
 breaking strain, etc., are described ibid. 
 
 B. — Hydraulic Lime and Roman Cement. 
 
 The raw material for these are marls. In these usually only 
 CO2 and argillaceous residue are estimated, as in the case of hme- 
 stone, p. 238. 
 
 An accurate analysis can be made as described for clay, p. 238, 
 more especially the separation of the silica present as quartz from 
 that of the silicates. 
 
 C. — Fuzzuolanas, Trass^ Granulated Blast- 
 Furnace Slag. 
 
 1. Hygroscopic water is estimated by drying 10 g. at 110.° 
 
 2. Chemically combined water. — Ignite 1 g. of the substance 
 dried as in No. 1 in a platinum crucible by means of the blowpipe, 
 a Hempel gas-furnace, or other suitable means. The tempera- 
 ture ought to be raised gradually, so as to attain a red heat in 
 about ten minutes, in order to avoid mechanical losses by dust 
 being carried away through a. sudden liberation of steam. After 
 this continue the heating for half an hour to a yellow heat, and 
 then transfer at once to the desiccator. The loss of weight is an 
 important criterion for the hydraulicity. 
 
 3. Silica present as silicates should be estimated as well as that 
 of quartz as an important hydrauhc factor, as described p. 239. 
 
 4. Mechanical tests for fineness of grinding, etc., as for cement, 
 supra, p. 238. 
 
 XVII. PREPARATION OP STANDARD SOLUTIONS. 
 Introduction. 
 
 The analytical methods given in the foregoing pages are based 
 upon the metric system of weights and measures. As there are 
 still some laboratories in which the English system is used, the 
 following remarks on the relation of the metric to the English 
 system may prove useful. 
 
 The unit of weight of the English system is the grain. All 
 normal solutions are prepared so that 1000 grains by volume (100 
 decems) contain one equivalent of the reagent in grains, and con- 
 sequently all normal solutions prepared on the English system 
 are identical in concentration with those prepared on the metric 
 system. 
 
 Q 
 
242 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 English, burettes usually hold 1000 grains, and are divided into 
 100 parts of 10 grains each, called one decern. The decern corre- 
 sponds to the cubic centimetre. As, however, this unit, the 
 decern, is ten times the unit of weight, the following rules must 
 be observed when any of the data are to be changed from the 
 metric to the English system : — 
 
 Instead of Litre read 10,000 grains. 
 
 ,, Cubic centimetre read decern, or ten times the number 
 
 of grains. 
 „ Grams read ten times the number of grains. 
 
 If, for instance, we are told to prepare a standard solution of 
 permanganate by dissolving 15"820 g. of potassium permanganate 
 m 1 litre of water, and that 1 c.c. of such a solution corresponds 
 to 0'028 g. of iron, we shall obtain a solution of equal strength by 
 dissolving 158"20 grains in 10,000 grains of water, and 1 decern of 
 this solution will correspond to 0"28 grain of metallic iron. No 
 errors can possibly occur if the reader will always substitute ten 
 times as many grams for any number of grams, ten times as many 
 grains, or an equal number of decerns, for any number of cubic 
 centimetres, and 10,000 grains for every litre. Where we are 
 directed to measure out by means of a pipette 50 c.c, we take 
 500 grains instead, etc. ; but when speaking of the number of cubic 
 centimetres on the burette, we substitute exactly the same number 
 of decerns. 
 
 It will also be useful to remember that : 
 
 Grams per litre = grains per 1000 grains. 
 
 „ „ = ounces per 1000 ounces. 
 
 „ „ = ounces per cubic foot (approxi- 
 
 mately). 
 Grams per litre -;- 16 = lbs. per cubic foot. 
 
 Grams per litre x 70 = grains per 70,000 grains. 
 
 » ,) „ = grains per gallon. 
 
 0'4375 X grams per cub. metre = grains per cubic foot. 
 
 Kilograms per cubic metre = lbs. per 1000 lbs. 
 
 „ „ „ = lbs. per 16 feet. 
 
 Kilograms per cubic metre ,, ^. „ ^ 
 5 *-r-^ = lbs. per cubic root. 
 
 16 X cub. metres per kilogram = cubic feet per lb. 
 Kilograms per square metre = 0'205 lb. per square foot 
 Kilograms per sq. metre x 4'8d = lbs. per square foot 
 
 A. — Normal Acid and Alkali. 
 
 As basis of Alkalimetry and Acidimetry, we employ 
 chemically pure sodium carbonate. This is tested for purity by 
 dissolving 5 g. in water, which ought to yield a perfectly clear, 
 colourless solution; if, after acidifying this solution with 
 
PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS 243 
 
 nitric acid, no opalesoence is caused by barium chloride, or silver 
 nitrate, the salt may be taken as sufficiently pure. Before using 
 it, the sodium carbonate must be heated in a platinum crucible, 
 which is half -filled with it and is placed on a sand-bath, the sand 
 reaching to the same level outside as the carbonate inside. A 
 thermometer is put in, which at the same time serves as a stirrer. 
 The temperature is raised to 270° to 300° for about half an hour ; 
 the contents are then emptied hot into a stoppered weighing- 
 bottle, which is kept in a desiccator up to the time of weighing. 
 Then weigh off, for normal acid, four portions of about 2 g. each 
 into the beakers in which the titration is to take place ; for one- 
 fifth normal acid the single portions ought not to exceed 0"4 g. 
 The balance ought to turn to at least 0'5 mg. 
 
 As normal acid we prefer hyckochloric acid,_ which has the 
 following advantages over sulphuric and oxalic acid, viz. : — 1st, It 
 is more generally applicable, e.g., for alkaline earths ; Snd, its 
 strength, after being fixed by pure sodium carbonate, can be most 
 accurately checked by silver nitrate, far more accurately than 
 that of sulphuric acid by barium chloride ; 3rd, it does not change 
 on keeping, like oxalic acid. 
 
 Normal HCl (36"47 g. HCl per litre) is prepared as follows : — • 
 Dilute pure hydrochloric acid to 1"020 specific gravity (4° Tw.). 
 Such an acid will be rather too strong. Fill a burette with this 
 acid, and titrate with it one of the weighed samples of sodium 
 carbonate, the weight of which is w grams. Suppose that x c.c. of 
 this acid are required. As the acid is sure to be too strong, x will 
 
 always be smaller than "' , and we shall have to add to 
 ■^ 0-053 
 
 every ic c.c. of the acid ^ x c.c. of water, and if the total 
 ■^ 0-053 
 
 quantity of acid of specific gravity 1-020 amounts to V c.c, the 
 
 amount of water to be added thereto to render it correct will be 
 
 n c.c, where to = V ( — — — - 1 )• For one-fifth normal acid 
 ' \ 0-053 X J 
 
 the above factor would be = . 
 
 If accurate normal alkali is at hand, it may be similarly 
 employed for examining the provisional acid, and then adjusting 
 it to the normal strength. 
 
 In any case, the mixed normal acid must be checked by titrat- 
 ing new samples of sodium carbonate, when x ought to = -— — — 
 
 A further check is afforded by estimating the chlorine gravimetri- 
 cally by silver nitrate; 10 c.c. (=0-3647 HCl) ought to yield 
 1-4334 g: AgCl. 
 
 The ordinary indicator in alkalimetry and acidimetry used to 
 be tincture of litmus, which must be kept in open vessels, to avoid 
 
244 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 its being spoiled. When employing litmus, the liquid to be tested 
 must be kept boiling for some time, in order to expel aU CO2, 
 and normal acid must be added as long as, on further boiling, the 
 colour changes back from red to purple, or blue. This prolonged 
 boiling causes some alkali to be dissolved from most kinds of 
 glass, which makes the tests inaccurate. A test with litmus 
 rarely lasts less than half an hour, usually more. Phenolphtha- 
 lein has exactly the same drawbacks. Even the action of the 
 carbon dioxide contained in the air, which comes into contact 
 with the Kquid on cooling, may cause trouble in very accurate 
 work. On the other hand, a test is finished in a few minutes, if 
 litmus is replaced by a very dilute solution of methyl orange 
 (dimethylammoazobenzene-sulphonic acid), but in this case the 
 liquids miist not be hot, but at the ordinary temperature, and 
 only mineral acids, not oxalic acid, may be employed. The cold 
 solution of sodium carbonate is coloured just perceptibly yellow 
 by adding a drop or two of the solution of methyl orange, prefer- 
 ably by means of a pipette ; if the colour is too intense, it will 
 cause the transition into red on neutralisation to be less sharp. 
 CO2 does not act in the least upon methyl orange ; a change of 
 colour only takes place when all NagCOj has been decomposed.' 
 When the NajCOa has been exactly converted into NaCl, the 
 colour turns from yellow to brownish, which is due to the action 
 of free CO2 on the indicator. At this point the reading is made, 
 preferably by means of a Gockel screen. Just one drop of acid 
 is then added, when the colour ought now to become distinctly 
 pink. If it remains brownish, another drop of acid is added, 
 and so forth. Exactly the same course is followed in titrating 
 acids with caustic soda solution; in this case also the reading 
 is taken at the brownish transition colour, before the change to 
 yellow has taken place. The results obtained in this way are 
 identical with those obtained by the proper appHcation of litmus 
 or phenolphthalein, that is, working with these indicators under 
 complete exclusion of air, with prolonged boiling, and in porcelain 
 or silver vessels. The great advantage of methyl orange over the 
 last-named indicators is the saving of time, the workmg at ordi- 
 nary temperatures, and the possibility of employing glass vessels 
 without any danger of error caused by the use of tMs material. 
 
 Another advantage of methyl orange is that it is not affected 
 by sulphuretted hydrogen (which destroys litmus) ; hence it can 
 be employed, e.g., for the direct titration of black-ash liquors. 
 Sidphur dioodde acts upon it like the stronger mineral acids, but 
 only to the extent of one-half of its equivalent ; that is, the point 
 of neutrality is reached when the compound NaHSOs has been 
 formed. In the presence of nitrous acid methyl orange is gradu- 
 ally destroyed, but it is quite easy to employ it even in this case 
 by proceeding as described on p. 135. 
 
 The above description of the transition from yellow through 
 
PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS 245 
 
 brownisli to pink applies only to more accurate work, e.g., when 
 employing fifth-normal acid and alkali. With normal or semi- 
 normal liquids this intermediate colour is hardly observed, the 
 change passing directly from yellow to pink, and vice versa. 
 
 It is generally agreed that methyl orange is the best indicator 
 for titrating bases by means of strong mineral acids, and this 
 holds good also for the titration of the strong acids — sulphuric, 
 hydrochloric, and nitric acid. In these cases, indeed, its advantage 
 over litmus or phenolphthalein is even more marked, because a 
 slight percentage of CO2 in the standard alkali employed has no 
 effect. But organic acids cannot be titrated with methyl orange. 
 
 Some authors have proposed, in lieu of methyl orange, the 
 unsiilphonated compound, dimethylaminoazobenzene, but this 
 is only soluble in alcohol, and cannot bj recommended. This is 
 also the case with ethyl orange. 
 
 To prepare standard alJcali, dissolve about 50 g. of the best 
 commercial caustic soda in 1 litre of pure water and titrate 50 c.c. 
 of this solution with standard acid. More than 50 c.c. of acid 
 
 will be required; we call this x c.c. The fraction shows 
 
 the number of c.c. of the first solution, which must be diluted 
 with pure water to 1 litre in order to obtain a really normal alkali. 
 The solution thus prepared is again checked by titration with 
 normal acid. 
 
 The normal alkali, when intended to be used with litmus, 
 should be as free as possible from carbonate, and should be 
 protected against absorption of CO2 from the air, because other- 
 wise the change of colour does not take place suflBciently rapidly, 
 and markedly in cold solutions. A solution of sodium hydroxide 
 entirely free from carbonate is difficult to prepare and to preserve 
 when in constant use. When employing methyl orange as an 
 indicator, an ordinary caustic soda solution may be employed 
 without any special precautions. The caustic soda employed 
 should not contain more than a very small proportion of alumina ; 
 ordinary strong caustic nearly always fulfils this condition, or it 
 may even be replaced by a solution of 53"00 g. pure sodium 
 carbonate in 1 litre water, which is employed cold, and which 
 yields as accurate results as NaOH, no notice being taken of the 
 CO2 which escapes with effervescence. The general use of this 
 solution is, however, inconvenient on account of the efflorescence 
 on the burettes, necks of bottles, etc. Weaker {e.g., fifth-normal, 
 or even seminormal) solutions do not have this drawback. 
 
 All standard solutions must be prepared and employed as 
 nearly as possible at a certain temperature. Mohr prescribes 15° ; 
 some prefer 18° C, as being more suitable for laboratories. 
 When the solutions have stood for some time in bottles, a little 
 water is evaporated and recondensed in the upper part of the 
 bottles ; the contents must then be properly mixed by shaking. 
 
246 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 If the.temperature of the laboratory differs more than 2° or 3° 
 from that employed for preparing the standard solutions, a correc- 
 tion should be made by means of the following table. In order 
 to reduce the volumes read off at t° to 15°, deduct per 100 c.c. the 
 following amounts : — 
 
 f 
 
 c.c. 
 
 t° 
 
 c.c. 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 0-135 
 
 16 
 
 0-013 
 
 24 
 
 0-156 
 
 17 
 
 0-027 
 
 25 
 
 0-179 
 
 18 
 
 0-043 
 
 26 
 
 0-202 
 
 19 
 
 0-059 
 
 27 
 
 0-227 
 
 20 
 
 0-076 
 
 28 
 
 0-252 
 
 21 
 
 0-095 
 
 29 
 
 0-278 
 
 22 
 
 0-114 
 
 30 
 
 0-305 
 
 B. — Potassium Permanganate. 
 
 The ordinary solution is seminormal, i.e. it yields 0"004 g. 
 oxygen per c.c. It serves, e.g., for estimating nitrous acid in 
 sulphuric acid, for testing the nitrogen acids in the chamber 
 exits, for testing manganese ore, for testing Weldon mud, etc. 
 
 Since iron only occurs in very small quantity in the products 
 of alkali manufacture, it is best estimated by means of a tenth or 
 twentieth normal solution made from the seminormal solution by 
 dilution, and corresponding to 0-005584 or 0-002792 g. Fe per c.c. 
 respectively. 
 
 The solution is made by dissolving pure crystallised potassium 
 permanganate, and is then quite stable, if protected from dust 
 and direct sunlight. With perfectly pure KMn04, and with 
 absolutely pure water, it would be necessary to dissolve 15-803 g. 
 per litre. Since, however, there is no certainty of the absolute 
 purity either of the salt or of the distilled water, we dissolve 16 g. 
 of well-crystallised permanganate in 1 litre of distUled water, 
 and allow to stand for a week before standardising it, so that the 
 KMn04 may complete its action upon the impurities contained 
 in the water. Only then is the titre of the solution checked as 
 below, and eventually brought to exactly seminormal by adding 
 a little water. Prepared in this manner, and protected against 
 dust and direct sunlight, the solution keeps for any length of time. 
 
 None of the methods formerly employed for standardising 
 permanganate (by means of metallic iron, or oxalic acid, or 
 hydrogen peroxide, etc.), is entirely free from objections. No 
 such objection exists to the employment of Kahlbaum's pure 
 sodium oxalate, first proposed by Sorensen. This salt need only 
 be kept for a few hours in a drying oven at 100°, and then allowed 
 to cool in a desiccator over calcium chloride. Dissolve about 1-3 g. 
 of this (exactly weighed) in about 200 c.c. water, heated to 60° 
 to 70°, add dilute sulphuric acid, and run in the permanganate 
 solution from a burette, first quickly, then drop by drop, until 
 
PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS 247 
 
 a permanent red colour is produced. If a be the weight of 
 sodium oxalate, 6 the c.c. of permanganate solution used, the 
 
 fraction = gives the quantity of oxygen given off per c.c. of 
 
 the permanganate solution. 
 
 If a brown precipitate (of MnOa) should be formed during the 
 titration, the experiment must be rejected, but this occurs only 
 when the solutions are too concentrated or too hot (i.e. above 70°). 
 
 Special rules for standardising permanganate solutions by 
 means of sodium oxalate are given by Me. Bride in J. Soc. Chem. 
 Ind., 1913, p. 1131. 
 
 Permanganate is best employed in a burette with a lateral 
 hollow glass-tap. Any change in its titre (due to dust, etc.) is 
 perceptible by a deposition of Mn02 in the bottle. It is advisable 
 to check the solution once every three months. 
 
 Permanganate can be used with perfect accuracy in the 
 presence of free hydrochloric acid, if the solutions contain a con- 
 siderable quantity of manganese salts ; in other cases the same 
 effect is produced by adding, say 1 g. of manganese sulphate free 
 from iron. 
 
 0. — Iodine Solution. 
 
 Weigh exactly 12"692 g. of pure resublimed iodine (either 
 bought as such, or prepared by grinding up commercial iodine 
 with 10 per cent, of potassium iodide and resubliming) on a 
 balance turning at least with 5 mg. ; put it into a litre flask con- 
 taining a concentrated solution of 15 to 18 g. KI, close the flask, 
 agitate till the iodine is completely dissolved, and fill up to the 
 mark. This decinormal solution is checked by the arsenite solution 
 (p. 248). Both solutions ought to be precisely equivalent, c.c. per c.c. 
 
 For estimating very small quantities of sodium sulphide 
 a special iodine solution is sometimes made, by dissolving 3'2515 g. 
 of pure iodine with 5 g. of potassium iodide in a litre, to correspond 
 to 0"001 g. NajS per c.c. 
 
 Solutions of iodine, especially the more dilute ones, keep a 
 long time in well-stoppered bottles in a cool place, but they ought 
 to be checked once a month by the arsenite solution. 
 
 Preparation of the starch solution. — Grind up 3 g. potato 
 starch with a little water to a homogeneous paste ; introduce this 
 gradually into 300 g. of boiling water, contained in a porcelain 
 dish, and continue the boiling till an almost clear liquid has been 
 produced. Allow this to settle in a tall beaker, pour the clear 
 portion through a filter, and saturate^ it with common salt. This 
 solution, when kept in a cool place, is stable for some time ; as 
 soon as fungoid growths are noticed in it, it is thrown away. 
 
 A very convenient form of soluble starch is that made by 
 Zulkowsky's method, by heating 100 parts of concentrated 
 glycerine with 6 parts of starch to 190° C. for about an hour. 
 
248 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 pouring into water, precipitating the soluble starch by alcohol, 
 and filtering. This starch is kept in the state of a thick paste, 
 not to be aflowed to dry, and a small quantity is taken out for 
 each test by means of a glass rod. There are also other forms of 
 soluble starch, e.g., " ozone-starch.'' 
 
 D. — Sodium Arsenite Solution. 
 
 This serves for standardising the iodine solution, and as its 
 volumetrical complement, especially in testing bleaching powder. 
 Employ commercial pure powdered arsenious acid ; test its purity 
 by subliming a little from a smaU dish into a watch-glass, when 
 no yeUow sublimate of AS2S3 (which volatilises more easily than 
 AS2O3) should result initially ; on heating more strongly it should 
 leave no residue. Before use the powdered As203is kept for some 
 time over sulphuric acid in a desiccator, and can then be weighed 
 out without any special precautions, since it is not- hygroscopic. 
 For preparing a decinormal solution, weigh out exactly 4'948 g. 
 AS2O3, dissol^ie it in a little hot solution of caustic soda, neutralise 
 with dUute sulphuric acid (using phenolphthalein as indicator); 
 add a solution of about 20 g. sodium bicarbonate in 500 c.c. 
 water, and dilute on cooling to 1000 c.c. This solution is quite 
 stable, and equivalent to 0'003546 g. chlorine or 0'012692 g. 
 iodine per c.c. 
 
 If really pure and dry arsenious acid has been employed, the 
 above solution will be correct at once. But when preparing large 
 quantities, it ought to be checked by grinding up 0"5 g. iodine 
 with O'l g. potassium iodide, heating this mixture in a small dish 
 on a sand-bath or upon an asbestos board till abundant vapours 
 arise, covering with a dry watch-glass, allowing the major portion, 
 but not the whole, of the iodine to sublime into the watch-glass, 
 covering this with a second watch-glass which fits air-tight upon 
 the former, and has been weighed with it, and weighing. Slip 
 the watch-glasses into a solution of 1 g. of potassium iodide (free 
 from iodate), in 10 g. water, wait a little till the iodine is dis- 
 solved, dilute with 100 c.c. water, and titrate with the arsenite 
 solution. When the colour is only a light yellow, add a little 
 starch solution, and titrate exactly till the blue colour has just 
 vanished. The c.c. of arsenite solution used, multiplied by 
 0'012692, ought to correspond exactly with the weight of iodine 
 taken. Or the dry, sublimed iodine is transferred directly from 
 the upper watch-glass into a tared stoppered weighing-bottle, 
 weighed, and dissolved in KI solution in the same bottle. 
 
 B. — Silver Solution. 
 
 Weigh out exactly 16"989 g. of pure crystallised silver nitrate, 
 preferably kept in a desiccator for a few hours, and dissolve in 1 
 litre. This gives a decinormal solution, corresponding per c.c. to 
 
RULES FOR SAMPLING 249 
 
 0-003546 g. CI, or 0-003647 g. HCl, or 0-005846 g. NaCl. By dis- 
 solving 2-906 g. AgNOs in 1 litre, a solution is obtained corre- 
 sponding to 0-001 g. NaCl per c.c. 
 
 Ammoniacal silver solution, for Lestelle's estimation of alkaline 
 sulphides, is obtained by dissolving 13-818 g. of pure silver in pure 
 nitric acid, adding 250 c.c. liquor ammonise, and diluting to 1 litre. 
 Each c.c. of this corresponds to 0-005 g. NajB. 
 
 P. — Copper Solution. 
 
 Copper solution, for testing ferrocyanide, is obtained by dis- 
 solving 12-486 g. pure crystallised, not eiBoresced, cupric sulphate, 
 in 1 litre water. {Gf. p. 170.) 
 
 G. — Oxalic Acid Solution. 
 
 Oxalic acid solution is employed for testing the "base" of 
 Weldon mud, and caustic soda or lime in the presence of carbonate 
 (pp. 157 and 158). Dissolve 63-03 g. pure, not effloresced, crystal- 
 lised oxalic acid in 1 litre water, and check with normal alkali. 
 This solution is not quite stable, especially when exposed to day- 
 light ; nor can it be employed for alkalimetry, when using methyl 
 orange as an indicator. 
 
 XVm. RULES FOR SAMPLING. 
 A. — Fuel.* 
 
 Take a shovelful of each wheelbarrow, basket, etc., throw it 
 into a cask or tub closed by a lid, coarsely grind up the whole 
 without delay, mix the contents, spread them out in a flat, square 
 heap, divide this diagonally into four quadrants, remove two 
 opposite quadrants, grind up the other two more finely and mix 
 them again, and continue in this manner untU the weight has been 
 reduced to about J cwt. Put this into a tin box, which is soldered 
 up and sent to the testing-laboratory. There this sample is ground 
 again, mixed up, and divided into twelve or sixteen portions in 
 the manner of a chess-board. Take out a teaspoonful from each of 
 these portions and grind them in a porcelain mortar to a powder 
 as fine as dust. This powder is kept in a stoppered bottle, and is 
 well mixed up before taking out a fresh sample for testing. 
 
 For separate moisture tests, a number of samples are taken 
 during the first sampling, and kept in air-tight vessels. 
 
 B. — Ores and Minerals (Pyrites, Manganese, 
 Salt, etc.) 
 
 (a) Smalls, slack, salt, or other substances not requiring to be 
 crushed. — Take a sample of about 1 lb. of each weighing-tub, cart, 
 
 * According to the rules laid down for the German Official testa of steam-fioilers 
 and steam-engines. 
 
250 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 or the like, by means of a scoop, so as to obtain about the same 
 quantity each time. Of railway trucks, which are tipped directly 
 into the warehouse, take three samples, one from the middle and 
 one from each end.* AU these single samples are put in a cask 
 and kept covered, to prevent the evaporation of moisture. When 
 the large. sample is taken, empty the contents of the cask on a 
 level, clean, and hard place, spread it flat, heap it up in a cone 
 at the centre by going regularly round with a spade ; spread this 
 heap again ilat, and take a sample of about a quarter of the mass, 
 by taking out with a spade two strips crossing each other at right 
 angles, and adding a little from the centre of each remaining 
 quadrant. Treat this reduced sample exactly like the larger one, 
 so that a third sample of about 5 lbs. is obtained. Mix this again 
 thoroughly, and fill it into four (or more) wide-necked bottles of 
 4 ounces capacity, placed close together on a sheet of paper, so 
 that a portion of each handful gets into each of the four bottles. 
 When these are full, they are at once closed with tight-fitting 
 corks ; these are cut off straight above the necks of the bottles 
 and well covered with sealing wax, putting on the seals of both 
 buyer and seller, or any other party concerned. The mixing and 
 filling must be done as quickly as possible, in order to prevent the 
 evaporation, or, on the other hand, the absorption of appreciable 
 quantities of moisture during the operation. 
 
 The above sample bottles are handed over to the laboratory 
 chemist, who has to pulverise their contents till they pass com- 
 pletely through a sieve with holes 1 mm. (=^ in.) wide; no 
 coarse material must be left behind. From this, after thorough 
 mixing, a smaller sample is taken and reduced to the degree of 
 division necessary for analysis, by grinding in a steel or agate 
 mortar, in the case of softer substances in a porcelain mortar. 
 Manganese samples should not be treated in iron mortars. 
 Moisture is estimated in an unground portion of the sample. 
 
 (b) Orei in pieces requiring to be crushed. — Large-sized samples 
 must be taken if the lumijs of the ore are very coarse. If the 
 pieces are not above the size of an apple, and not too unequal, 
 it is sufficient to take a sample from each tub, etc., as in (a), but 
 with a shovel or scoop holding about 10 lbs. In the case of 
 larger lumps, and of very unequal sizes, it is preferable to tip 
 every tenth or twentieth tub or cart into a separate place, where 
 the whole average sample is collected. In any case, the pro- 
 portion between the large and small pieces must be represented 
 as accurately as possible in the average sample. This is then 
 crushed to the size of a walnut, either by hand or by machinery, 
 leaving no larger lumps behind. The crushed material is 
 thoroughly mixed by turning it over with a spade several times ; 
 
 * At some factories very nnaatisractory results have been obtained with this mode 
 of sampling ; they prefer that described later on (in &), viz., taking a certain number of 
 entire tubs, barrows, or carts as sample. 
 
RULES FOR SAMPLING 251 
 
 it ig tten spread out in a flat heap and a smaller sample of about 
 i cwt. is taken, by lifting out two strips, crossing' each other at 
 right angles, adding something from the centre of each remaining 
 quadrant. The reduced sample is crushed further, either in a 
 large metal mortar, or preferably with a sledge hammer on _ a 
 flanged cast-iron plate about 3 ft. square, bedded on a solid 
 foundation ; the latter process is much more convenient and 
 cleanly than grinding in a mortar. The coarse portions are sifted 
 out by a riddle of ^-in. holes and crushed again, till all has 
 passed through. The product is reduced as in (a), by mixing, 
 etc., to a quantity of 2 or 4 lbs., from which the sample bottles 
 are filled as described above. 
 
 O. — Chemicals. 
 
 Saltcahe, soda ash, etc., if in bulk, are sampled as in No. 1, (a). 
 If packed in casks, each third, fifth, or tenth cask, according to the 
 size of the parcel, is bored at one of its bottoms and sampled by 
 means of an auger (Fig. 20), which is inserted up to the centre of 
 
 the cask, turning it round its axis all the while. The single cask 
 samples are put into a large wide-mouthed bottle, as drawn, tiU 
 the sampling is over. Then empty the whole on to a large sheet 
 of paper, mix thoroughly, crush any lumps with a spatula, and fill 
 the 4-ounce bottles, previously prepared, exactly as described in 
 No. 1 as for ores, observing the simple rules for corking and sealing. 
 Bleaching powder, potash, and any other substances which 
 are liable to be quickly spoilt in contact with the air by attract- 
 ing moisture, or from othet reasons, are treated like the foregoing 
 substances, but operating with the greatest possible speed, and 
 keeping the large bottles for collecting the cask samples well closed. 
 The sampling is still more safely performed by taking away the 
 upper end of the cask, removing the top layer to a depth of about 
 2 inches, taking a handful of the material from the interior as 
 far as it is possible to reach in, which should be nearly at the 
 centre of the cask, and placing it in the large bottles. In this 
 way there is the least contact with air. Or else a sample-auger is 
 employed, like that shown in Fig. 21, p. 252. It is made of a piece 
 of gas-pipe of 1^-inch bore, cut open for part of its length, so that 
 a longitudinal slot of 1 inch width, a, is formed. One side of the 
 slot is sharpened, as well as the tip 6, which is driven into the 
 bleaching powder, etc. The upper part of the pipe is left uncut, 
 and is provided with a handle, c. Before introducing the auger 
 the cask is well shaken up; then it is placed in an upright 
 
252 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 position and the auger is driven in as deeply as possible, in case 
 of need by the aid of a hammer. This is done either after opening 
 the cask, or by boring a hole in the end, which is afterwards 
 closed by a piece of tin, with paper underneath. After driving 
 in the auger, it is turned several times round its axis, so that it 
 cuts through the bleaching powder with its sharp side and is thus 
 filled up with it. The sample drawn out is put on paper, and 
 is crushed on this as quickly as possible, preferably by means of 
 a small hand-roller ; it is then mixed and spread out flat. Small 
 samples are finally taken from various parts by means of a 
 spatula, as quickly as possible, and are put into bottles, which 
 are tightly closed and kept in a dark place. Bleaching-powder 
 samples should be always tested with as little delay as possible. 
 
 PlQ. 21. 
 
 Caustic soda. — Since the samples attract moisture and carbonic 
 acid on their surface, even in well-closed bottles, the outer opaque 
 crust must be removed by scraping before weighing out the samples 
 (c/. p. 198). It should be borne in mind that the centre of 
 the drum is of weaker strength than the remainder, because the 
 foreign salts accumulate in the portion which remains liquid the 
 longest. The average strength is best represented by the portions 
 next to the bottom and sides of the drum, which sohdify quickest. 
 This is most conveniently done while the contents are still in the 
 liquid state. For the control of the manufacture itself it is best 
 to take samples out of every pot during the time its contents are 
 ladled out, from the top, the centre, and the bottom. These are 
 poured out on to a metal plate, where they quickly solidify. The 
 centre sample is the most important one forjudging of the quality 
 of each pot. 
 
 Solid sulphuric anhydride cannot be sampled directly for 
 analysis. An auger cannot be employed, as the mass is too firm 
 and tough ; melting the mass in the drums themselves is out of 
 the question, on account of the clouds of fumes. The following 
 process is, therefore, employed :— A large sample of the solid 
 anhydride is mixed with so much exactly analysed " mono- 
 hydrated " sulphuric acid that an acid of about 70 per cent, is 
 formed, which is liquid at ordinary temperatures. This mixture 
 is made in a stoppered bottle, and is gently heated to 30° or 40° C., 
 the stopper being loosely put in till the solution is complete, 
 and a small sample then taken out by means of Lunge and Key's 
 glass-tap pipette (p. 145). 
 
COMPARISON OF HYDROMETER DEGREES 253 
 
 XIX. COMPARISON OF THB HVDBOMETER DSaBEBS 
 ACCORDING TO BAUMiE! AND TWADDELL, WITH THE 
 SPBCIPIC GRAVITIES. 
 
 B. 
 
 T. 
 
 Spec. 
 Gravity. 
 
 B. 
 
 T. 
 
 Spec. 
 Gravity. 
 
 B. 
 
 T. 
 
 Spec. 
 Gravity. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-000 
 
 15-4 
 
 24 
 
 1-120 
 
 29-3 
 
 51 
 
 1-265 
 
 0-7 
 
 1 
 
 1-005 
 
 16-0 
 
 25 
 
 1-126 
 
 29-7 
 
 52 
 
 1-260 
 
 1-0 
 
 1-4 
 
 1-007 
 
 16-5 
 
 26 
 
 1-130 
 
 30-0 
 
 62-6 
 
 1-263 
 
 1-4 
 
 2 
 
 1-010 
 
 17-0 
 
 26-8 
 
 1-134 
 
 30-2 
 
 53 
 
 1-265 
 
 2-0 
 
 2 -a 
 
 1-014 
 
 17-1 
 
 27 
 
 1-135 
 
 30-6 
 
 54 
 
 1-270 
 
 2-1 
 
 3 
 
 1-015 
 
 17-7 
 
 28 
 
 1-140 
 
 31-0 
 
 54-8 
 
 1-274 
 
 2-7 
 
 4 
 
 1-020 
 
 18-0 
 
 28-4 
 
 1-142 
 
 31-1 
 
 55 
 
 1-276 
 
 3-0 
 
 4-4 
 
 1-022 
 
 18-3 
 
 29 
 
 1-145 
 
 31-5 
 
 56 
 
 1-280 
 
 3-4 
 
 5 
 
 1-025 
 
 18-8 
 
 30 
 
 1-150 
 
 32-0 
 
 57 
 
 1-285 
 
 4-0 
 
 5-8 
 
 1-029 
 
 19-0 
 
 30-4 
 
 1-152 
 
 32-4 
 
 58 
 
 1-290 
 
 4-1 
 
 6 
 
 1-030 
 
 19-3 
 
 31 
 
 1-155 
 
 32-8 
 
 59 
 
 1-295 
 
 4-7 
 
 7 
 
 1-035 
 
 19-8 
 
 32 
 
 1-160 
 
 33-0 
 
 59-4 
 
 1-297 
 
 5-0 
 
 7-4 
 
 1-037 
 
 20-0 
 
 32-4 
 
 1-162 
 
 33-3 
 
 60 
 
 1-300 
 
 5-4 
 
 8 
 
 1-040 
 
 20-3 
 
 33 
 
 1-166 
 
 33-7 
 
 61 
 
 1-305 
 
 - 6-0 
 
 9 
 
 1-046 
 
 20-9 
 
 34 
 
 1-170 
 
 34-0 
 
 61-6 
 
 1-308 
 
 6-7 
 
 10 
 
 1-050 
 
 21-0 
 
 34-2 
 
 1-171 
 
 34-2 
 
 62 
 
 1-310 
 
 7-0 
 
 10-2 
 
 1-062 
 
 21-4 
 
 35 
 
 1-175 
 
 34-6 
 
 63 
 
 1-316 
 
 7-4 
 
 11 
 
 1-055 
 
 22-0 
 
 36 
 
 1-180 
 
 36-0 
 
 64 
 
 1-320 
 
 8-0 
 
 12 
 
 1-060 
 
 22-5 
 
 37 
 
 1-185 
 
 35-4 
 
 65 
 
 1-325 
 
 8-7 
 
 13 
 
 1-065 
 
 23-0 
 
 38 
 
 1-190 
 
 35-8 
 
 66 
 
 1-330 
 
 9-0 
 
 13-4 
 
 1-067 
 
 23-5 
 
 39 
 
 1-196 
 
 36-0 
 
 66-4 
 
 1-332 
 
 9-4 
 
 14 
 
 1-070 
 
 24-0 
 
 40 
 
 1-200 
 
 36-2 
 
 67 
 
 1-335 
 
 10-0 
 
 16 
 
 1-075 
 
 24-5 
 
 41 
 
 1-205 
 
 36-6 
 
 68 
 
 1-340 
 
 10-6 
 
 16 
 
 1-080 
 
 25-0 
 
 42 
 
 1-210 
 
 37-0 
 
 69 
 
 1-345 
 
 11-0 
 
 16-6 
 
 1-083 
 
 25-5 
 
 43 
 
 1-216 
 
 37-4 
 
 70 
 
 1-350 
 
 11-2 
 
 17 
 
 1-085 
 
 26-0 
 
 44 
 
 1-220 
 
 37-8 
 
 71 
 
 1-366 
 
 11-9 
 
 18 
 
 1-090 
 
 26-4 
 
 45 
 
 1-225 
 
 38-0 
 
 71-4 
 
 1-357 
 
 12-0 
 
 18-2 
 
 1-091 
 
 26-9 
 
 46 
 
 1-230 
 
 38-2 
 
 72 
 
 1-360 
 
 12-4 
 
 19 
 
 1-095 
 
 27-0 
 
 46-2 
 
 1-231 
 
 38-6 
 
 73 
 
 1 -365 
 
 13-0 
 
 20 
 
 1-100 
 
 27-4 
 
 47 
 
 1-236 
 
 39-0 
 
 74 
 
 1-370 
 
 13-6 
 
 21 
 
 1-105 
 
 27-9 
 
 48 
 
 1-240 
 
 39-4 
 
 75 
 
 1-375 
 
 14-0 
 
 21-6 
 
 1-108 
 
 28-0 
 
 48-2 
 
 1-241 
 
 39-8 
 
 76 
 
 1-380 
 
 14-2 
 
 22 
 
 1-110 
 
 28-4 
 
 49 
 
 1-245 
 
 40-0 
 
 76-6 
 
 1-383 
 
 14-9 
 
 23 
 
 1-115 
 
 28-8 
 
 50 
 
 1-250 
 
 40-1 
 
 77 
 
 1-385 
 
 ]5-0 
 
 23-2 
 
 1-116 
 
 29-0 
 
 50-4 
 
 1-252 
 
 40-5 
 
 78 
 
 1-390 
 
 144-3 
 
 , water of 16" C. 
 
 N.B.—Th.Q Baum6 degrees are calculated by the formula (i= ^ 
 
 144'3-n. 
 
 being put=0'' and sulpburic acid of 1'842 at 15° 0.=66°. This is the Baum^'a hydro- 
 meter, mostly used on the Continent of Europe, but other scales are in use there as 
 well, and quite another scale for Baume's hydrometer is used in America. 
 
254 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 COMPARISON OF THB HYDBOMBTBR DSGBEiES ACCORD- 
 ING TO BAUM^ AND TWADDBLL, WITH THE 
 SPECIFIC GRAVITIES- 
 
 B. 
 
 T. 
 
 Spec. 
 Gravity. 
 
 B. 
 
 T. 
 
 Spec. 
 Gravity. 
 
 B. 
 
 T. 
 
 Spec. 
 Gravity. 
 
 40-8 
 
 79 
 
 1-395 
 
 50-9 
 
 109 
 
 1-545 
 
 59-5 
 
 140 
 
 1-700 
 
 41-0 
 
 79-4 
 
 1-397 
 
 51-0 
 
 109-2 
 
 1-546 
 
 59-7 
 
 141 
 
 1-705 
 
 41-2 
 
 80 
 
 1-400 
 
 51-2 
 
 110 
 
 1-550 
 
 60-0 
 
 142 
 
 1-710 
 
 41-6 
 
 81 
 
 1-405 
 
 51-5 
 
 111 
 
 1-565 
 
 60-2 
 
 143 
 
 1-715 
 
 42-0 
 
 82 ^ 
 
 1-410 
 
 51-8 
 
 112 
 
 1-560 
 
 60-4 
 
 144 
 
 1-720 
 
 42-3 
 
 83 
 
 1-415 
 
 52-0 
 
 112-6 
 
 1-563 
 
 60-6 
 
 145 
 
 1-725 
 
 42-7 
 
 84 
 
 1-420 
 
 52-1 
 
 113 
 
 1-565 
 
 60-9 
 
 146 
 
 1-730 
 
 . 43-0 
 
 84-8 
 
 1-424 
 
 52-4 
 
 114 
 
 1-570 
 
 61-0 
 
 146-4 
 
 1-732 
 
 43-1 
 
 85 
 
 1-425 
 
 52-7 
 
 115 
 
 1-575 
 
 61-1 
 
 147 
 
 1-735 
 
 43-4 
 
 86 
 
 1-430 
 
 53-0 
 
 116 
 
 1-580 
 
 61-4 
 
 148 
 
 1-740 
 
 43-8 
 
 87 
 
 1-435 
 
 53-3 
 
 117 
 
 1-585 
 
 61-6 
 
 149 
 
 1-745 
 
 44-0 
 
 87-6 
 
 1-438 
 
 53-6 
 
 118 
 
 1-590 
 
 61-8 
 
 150 
 
 1-750 
 
 44-1 
 
 88 
 
 1-440 
 
 53-9 
 
 119 
 
 1-695 
 
 62-0 
 
 150-6 
 
 1-763 
 
 44-4 
 
 89 
 
 1-445 
 
 54-0 
 
 119-4 
 
 1-597 
 
 62-1 
 
 151 
 
 1-765 
 
 44-8 
 
 90 
 
 1-450 
 
 54-1 
 
 120 
 
 1-600 
 
 62-3 
 
 152 
 
 1-760 
 
 45-0 
 
 90-6 
 
 1-453 
 
 54-4 
 
 121 
 
 1-605 
 
 62-5 
 
 153 
 
 1-765 
 
 45-1 
 
 91 
 
 1-455 
 
 54-7 
 
 122 
 
 1-610 
 
 62-8 
 
 154 
 
 1-770 
 
 45-4 
 
 92 
 
 1-460 
 
 55-0 
 
 123 
 
 1-615 
 
 63-0 
 
 156 
 
 1-775 
 
 45-8 
 
 93 
 
 1-465 
 
 65-2 
 
 124 
 
 1-620 
 
 63-2 
 
 156 
 
 1-780 
 
 46-0 
 
 93-6 
 
 1-468 
 
 55-5 
 
 125 
 
 1-625 
 
 63-6 
 
 167 
 
 1-785 
 
 46-1 
 
 94 
 
 1-470 
 
 55-8 
 
 126 
 
 1-630 
 
 63-7 
 
 158 
 
 1-790 
 
 46-4 
 
 95 
 
 1-475 
 
 56-0 
 
 127 
 
 1-635 
 
 64-0 
 
 159 
 
 1-795 
 
 46-8 
 
 96 
 
 1-480 
 
 56-3 
 
 128 
 
 1-640 
 
 64-2 
 
 160 
 
 1-800 
 
 47-0 
 
 96-6 
 
 1-483 
 
 56-6 
 
 129 
 
 1-645 
 
 64-4 
 
 161 
 
 1-805 
 
 47-1 
 
 97 
 
 1-485 
 
 56-9 
 
 130 
 
 1-650 
 
 64-6 
 
 162 
 
 1-810 
 
 47-4 
 
 98 
 
 1-490 
 
 57-0 
 
 130-4 
 
 1-652 
 
 64-8 
 
 168 
 
 1-815 
 
 47-8 
 
 99 
 
 1-495 
 
 57-1 
 
 131 
 
 1-655 
 
 65-0 
 
 164 
 
 1-820 
 
 48-0 
 
 99-6 
 
 1-498 
 
 57-4 
 
 132 
 
 1-660 
 
 65-2 
 
 166 
 
 1-825 
 
 48-1 
 
 100 
 
 1-500 
 
 57-7 
 
 133 
 
 1-666 
 
 65-5 
 
 166 
 
 1-830 
 
 48-4 
 
 101 
 
 1-605 
 
 57-9 
 
 134 
 
 1-670 
 
 65-7 
 
 167 
 
 1-836 
 
 48-7 
 
 102 
 
 1-510 
 
 68-0 
 
 134-2 
 
 1-671 
 
 65-9 
 
 168 
 
 1-840 
 
 49-0 
 
 103 
 
 1-515 
 
 68-2 
 
 135 
 
 1-676 
 
 66-0 
 
 168-4 
 
 1-842 
 
 49-4 
 
 104 
 
 1-520 
 
 68-4 
 
 136 
 
 1-680 
 
 66-1 
 
 169 
 
 1-845 
 
 49-7 
 
 lOS 
 
 1-525 
 
 68-7 
 
 137 
 
 1-685 
 
 66-3 
 
 170 . 
 
 1-850 
 
 50-0 
 
 106 
 
 1-630 
 
 58-9 
 
 138 
 
 1-690 
 
 66-5 
 
 171 
 
 1-855 
 
 50-3 
 
 107 
 
 1-535 
 
 59-0 
 
 138-2 
 
 1-691 
 
 66-7 
 
 172 
 
 1-860 
 
 50-6 
 
 108 
 
 1-540 
 
 69-2 
 
 139 
 
 1-695 
 
 67-0 
 
 173 
 
 1-865 
 
VALUE OF ALKALI PER TON 
 
 255 
 
 XX. VALUE OF ALKALI PER TON. 
 
 Price 
 
 per unit. 
 
 1 per cent. 
 
 2 per cent. 
 
 8 per cent. 
 
 1 
 4 per cent. 
 
 5 per cent. 
 
 Pence. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. d. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 3 
 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 3 9 
 
 5 
 
 6 3 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 1 4i 
 
 
 
 2 81 
 
 4 Oi 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 9i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 5i 
 
 
 
 2 11 
 
 4 4i 
 
 5 10 
 
 7 84 
 
 \i 
 
 
 
 1 6i 
 
 
 
 3 14 
 
 4 8i 
 
 6 3 
 
 7 9J 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 8 
 
 
 
 3 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 8 
 
 8 4 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 1 9i 
 
 
 
 3 6i 
 
 5 3J 
 
 7 1 
 
 8 lOi 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 1 104 
 
 
 
 3 9 
 
 5 74 
 
 7 6 
 
 9 44 
 
 lA 
 
 
 
 1 111 
 
 
 
 3 llj 
 
 5 Hi 
 
 7 11 
 
 9 lOi 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 2 1 
 
 
 
 i 2 
 
 6 3 
 
 8 4 
 
 10 5 
 
 lA 
 
 
 
 2 2i 
 
 
 
 4 4i 
 
 6 6i 
 
 8 9 
 
 10 llj 
 
 1| 
 
 
 
 2 3i 
 
 
 
 4 7 
 
 6 104 
 
 9 2 
 
 11 54 
 
 liV 
 
 
 
 2 4i 
 
 
 
 4 9i 
 
 7 2i 
 
 9 7 
 
 11 llj 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 7 6 
 
 .0 10 
 
 12 6 
 
 lA 
 
 
 
 2 7i 
 
 
 
 5 24 
 
 7 9i 
 
 10 5 
 
 13 Oi 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 2 84 
 
 
 
 5 5 
 
 8 li 
 
 10 10 
 
 13 64 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 2 9i 
 
 
 
 5 74 
 
 8 5i 
 
 11 3 
 
 14 Oj 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 2 11 
 
 
 
 6 10 
 
 8 9 
 
 11 8 
 
 14 7 
 
 lit 
 
 
 
 3 Oi 
 
 
 
 6 Oi 
 
 9 Of 
 
 12 1 
 
 15 li 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 3 14 
 
 
 
 6 3 
 
 9 44 
 
 12 6 
 
 15 7i 
 
 IH 
 
 
 
 3 2i 
 
 
 
 6 54 
 
 9 8J 
 
 12 11 
 
 16 IJ 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 4 
 
 
 
 6 8 
 
 10 
 
 13 4 
 
 16 8 
 
 2A 
 
 
 
 3 5J 
 
 
 
 6 lOi 
 
 10 3i 
 
 13 9 
 
 17 2J 
 
 2i 
 
 
 
 3 6i 
 
 
 
 7 1 
 
 10 74 
 
 14 2 
 
 17 84 
 
 2A 
 
 
 
 3 7| 
 
 
 
 7 3i 
 
 10 Hi 
 
 14 7 
 
 18 2j 
 
 2i 
 
 
 
 3 9 
 
 
 
 7 6 
 
 11 3 
 
 15 
 
 18 9 
 
 2A 
 
 
 
 3 lOi 
 
 
 
 7 8J 
 
 11 6| 
 
 15 5 
 
 19 3J 
 
 2f 
 
 
 
 3 Hi 
 
 
 
 7 11 
 
 11 104 
 
 15 10 
 
 19 9i 
 
 2A 
 
 
 
 4 Of 
 
 
 
 8 14 
 
 12 2i 
 
 16 3 
 
 1 3f 
 
 2i 
 
 
 
 4 2 
 
 
 
 8 4 
 
 12 6 
 
 16 8 
 
 1 10 
 
 To find the value of intermediate strengths not given in tlie table, lor instance- 
 
 i oer cent, at 1 A per unit, find for 80 per cent £3 6 7^ 
 
 ^ then for 6 „ 13 I^ 
 
 The sum gives the value per ton of 86 „ £3 18 9 
 
256 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 VALUE OP ALKALI FEB TON— Continued. 
 
 Price 
 per unit. 
 
 6 per cent. 
 
 7 per cent. 
 
 8 per cent. 
 
 9 per cent. 
 
 10 per cent. 
 
 Pence. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 1 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 12 6 
 
 i% 
 
 8 14 
 
 9 5i 
 
 10 10 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 13 64 
 
 i 
 
 8 9 
 
 10 24 
 
 11 8 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 7 
 
 a 
 
 9 44 
 
 10 llj 
 
 12 6 
 
 14 
 
 Of 
 
 15 7i 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 11 8 
 
 13 4 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 16 8 
 
 ^-h 
 
 10 74 
 
 12 4| 
 
 14 2 
 
 15 
 
 Hi 
 
 17 84 
 
 14 
 
 11 3 
 
 13 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 104 
 
 18 9 
 
 lA 
 
 11 104 
 
 13 10| 
 
 15 10 
 
 17 
 
 9i 
 
 19 94 
 
 li 
 
 12 6 
 
 14 7 
 
 16 8 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 1 10 
 
 lA 
 
 13 14 
 
 15 3i 
 
 17 6 
 
 19 
 
 H 
 
 1 1 104 
 
 If 
 
 13 9 
 
 16 04 
 
 18 4 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 1 2 11 
 
 1/. 
 
 14 4J 
 
 16 9J 
 
 19 2 
 
 1 1 
 
 6| 
 
 1 3 114 
 
 H 
 
 15 
 
 17 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 6 
 
 1 5 
 
 lA 
 
 15 74 
 
 ■0 18 2f 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 3 
 
 5i 
 
 1 6 04 
 
 If 
 
 16 3 
 
 18 114 
 
 1 1 8 
 
 1 4 
 
 44 
 
 1 7 1 
 
 li* 
 
 16 104 
 
 19 8| 
 
 1 2 6 
 
 1. 5 
 
 Si 
 
 1 8 14 
 
 IS 
 
 17 6 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 3 4 
 
 1 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 9 2 
 
 m 
 
 18 IJ 
 
 1 1 If 
 
 14 2 
 
 1 7 
 
 2i 
 
 1 10 24 
 
 u 
 
 18 9 
 
 1 1 104 
 
 15 
 
 1 8 
 
 14 
 
 1 11 3 
 
 Hi 
 
 19 44 
 
 1 2 7i 
 
 1 5 10 
 
 1 9 
 
 Of 
 
 1 12 34 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 1 3 4 
 
 1 6 8 
 
 1 10 
 
 
 
 1 13 4 
 
 2-^ 
 
 1 74 
 
 1 4 Of 
 
 1 7 6 
 
 1 10 
 
 Hi 
 
 1 14 44 
 
 24 
 
 1 1 3 
 
 1 4 94 
 
 18 4 
 
 1 11 
 
 104 
 
 1 15 5 
 
 2A 
 
 1 1 104 
 
 1 5 6i 
 
 1 9 2 
 
 1 12 
 
 9f 
 
 1 16 54 
 
 2i 
 
 12 6 
 
 1 6 3 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 13 
 
 9 
 
 1 17 6 
 
 2A 
 
 1 3 14 
 
 1 6 Hi 
 
 1 10 10 
 
 1 14 
 
 8i 
 
 1 18 64 
 
 2i 
 
 1 3 9 
 
 1 7 84 
 
 1 11 8 
 
 1 15 
 
 74 
 
 1 19 7 
 
 2A 
 
 1 4 44 
 
 1 8 5i 
 
 1 12 6 
 
 1 16 
 
 6i 
 
 2 74 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 19 2 
 
 1 13 4 
 
 1 17 
 
 6 
 
 2 1 8 
 
 To find the value of intermediate strengths not given in the table, for instance- 
 
 BB per cent, at lA per unit, find for 80 per cent £3 6 7i 
 
 then for 6 „ 13 l| 
 
 The sum gives the value per ton of 36 , £3 18 9 
 
VALUE OF ALKALI PER TON 257 
 
 VALUE OP ALKALI PER TON— Continued. 
 
 Price 
 per unit. 
 
 20 per cent. 
 
 80 per cent. 
 
 40 per cent. 
 
 48 per cent. 
 
 60 per cent. 
 
 Pence. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ 6. d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 £ s. d. . 
 
 1 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 17 6 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 2 6 
 
 M 
 
 1 7, 1 
 
 2 7* 
 
 2 14 2 
 
 3 5 
 
 
 
 3 7 84 
 
 i 
 
 19 2 
 
 2 3 9" 
 
 2 18 4 
 
 3 10 
 
 
 
 3 12 11 
 
 a 
 
 1 11 3 
 
 2 6 lOi 
 
 3 2 6 
 
 3 15 
 
 
 
 3 18 14 
 
 1 
 
 1 13 i 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 6 8 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 3 4 
 
 lA 
 
 1 15 5 
 
 2 13 li 
 
 3 10 10 
 
 4 5 
 
 
 
 4 8 64 
 
 14 
 
 1 17 6 
 
 2 16 3 
 
 3 16 
 
 4 10 
 
 
 
 4 13 9 
 
 lA 
 
 1 19 .7 
 
 2 19 ii 
 
 3 19 2 
 
 4 16 
 
 
 
 4 18 11-; 
 
 li 
 
 2 1 8 
 
 3 2 6 
 
 4 3 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 4 2 
 
 lA 
 
 2 3 9 
 
 3 5 74 
 
 4 7 6 
 
 5 5 
 
 
 
 5 9 44 
 
 ^ 
 
 2 5 10 
 
 3 8 9 
 
 4 11 8 
 
 5 10 
 
 
 
 5 14 7 
 
 lA 
 
 2 7 11 
 
 3 11 lOi 
 
 4 15 10 
 
 5 15 
 
 
 
 5 19 94 
 
 14 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 15 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 6 
 
 lA 
 
 2 12 1 
 
 3 18 14 
 
 5 4 2 
 
 6 5 
 
 
 
 6 10 2J 
 
 li 
 
 2 14 2 
 
 4 1 3 
 
 5 8 4 
 
 6 10 
 
 
 
 6 16 5 
 
 iH 
 
 2 16 3 
 
 4 4 44 
 
 5 12 6 
 
 6 15 
 
 
 
 7 74 
 
 11 
 
 2 18 4 
 
 4 7 6 
 
 5 16 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 7 6 10 
 
 IB 
 
 3 5 
 
 4 10 74 
 
 6 10 
 
 7 5 
 
 
 
 7 11 04 
 
 ij 
 
 3 2 6 
 
 4 13 9 
 
 6 5 
 
 7 10 
 
 
 
 7 16 3 
 
 iH 
 
 3 4 7 
 
 4 16 104 
 
 6 9 2 
 
 7 15 
 
 
 
 8 1 54 
 
 2 
 
 3 6 8 
 
 5 
 
 6 13 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 8 6 8 
 
 2A 
 
 3 8 9 
 
 5 3 14 
 
 6 17 6 
 
 8 5 
 
 
 
 8 11 lOA 
 
 2i 
 
 3 10 10 
 
 5 6 3 
 
 7 1 8 
 
 8 10 
 
 
 
 8 17 1 
 
 2A 
 
 3 12 11 
 
 5 9 44 
 
 7 5 10 
 
 8 15 
 
 
 
 9 2 34 
 
 2i 
 
 3 15 
 
 5 12 6 
 
 7 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 9 7 6 
 
 2A 
 
 3 17 1 
 
 5 15 74 
 
 7 14 2 
 
 9 6 
 
 
 
 9 12 84 
 
 2f 
 
 3 19 2 
 
 5 18 9 
 
 7 18 4 
 
 9 10 
 
 
 
 9 17 U 
 
 2-^^ 
 
 4 1 3 
 
 6 1 104 
 
 8 2 6 
 
 9 15 
 
 
 
 10 3 14 
 
 2i 
 
 4 3 4 
 
 6 6 
 
 8 6 8 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 8 4 
 
 To find the value of intermediate strengths not given in the table, for instance- 
 
 i per cent, at 1,^ per unit, find for 30 per cent £3 5 7i 
 
 then for 6 „ IS li 
 
 The sum gives the value per ton ot'Sti ,, £3 18 
 
258 THE TECHNICAL CHEMISTS' HANDBOOK 
 
 VALUE OP AIiKAIiI PER "VO^— Continued. 
 
 Price 
 
 per unit. 
 
 52 per cent. 
 
 54 per cent. 
 
 66 per cent. 
 
 57 per 
 
 -ent. 
 
 58 per cent. 
 
 Pence. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 i 
 
 3 5 
 
 
 
 3 7 6 
 
 3 10 
 
 
 
 3 11 
 
 3 
 
 3 12 
 
 6 
 
 \i 
 
 3 10 
 
 5 
 
 3 13 14 
 
 3 16 
 
 10 
 
 3 17 
 
 24 
 
 3 18 
 
 64 
 
 s 
 
 3 15 
 
 10 
 
 3 18 9 
 
 4 1 
 
 8 
 
 4 3 
 
 14 
 
 4 4 
 
 7 
 
 H 
 
 4 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 4 44 
 
 4 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 9 
 
 0| 
 
 4 10 
 
 74 
 
 1 
 
 4 6 
 
 8 
 
 4 10 
 
 4 13 
 
 4 
 
 4 15 
 
 
 
 4 16 
 
 8 
 
 itV 
 
 4 12 
 
 1 
 
 4 15 74 
 
 4 19 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 Hi 
 
 5 2 
 
 84 
 
 1* 
 
 4 17 
 
 6 
 
 5 1 3 
 
 5 5 
 
 
 
 5 6 
 
 104 
 
 5 8 
 
 9 
 
 lA 
 
 5 2. 11 
 
 5 6 104 
 
 5 10 
 
 10 
 
 5 12 
 
 9S 
 
 5 14 
 
 94 
 
 li 
 
 5 8 
 
 4 
 
 5 12 6 
 
 5 16 
 
 8 
 
 5 18 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 lA 
 
 5 13 
 
 9 
 
 5 18 14 
 
 6 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 4 
 
 8i 
 
 6 6 
 
 104 
 
 IS 
 
 5 19 
 
 2 
 
 6 3 9 
 
 6 8 
 
 4 
 
 6 10 
 
 74 
 
 6 12 
 
 11 
 
 lA 
 
 6 4 
 
 7 
 
 6 9 44 
 
 6 14 
 
 2 
 
 6 16 
 
 6i 
 
 fi 18 
 
 114 
 
 li 
 
 6 10 
 
 
 
 6 15 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 7 2 
 
 6 
 
 7 5 
 
 
 
 lA 
 
 6 15 
 
 6 
 
 7 74 
 
 7 5 
 
 10 
 
 7 8 
 
 H 
 
 7 11 
 
 04 
 
 i§ 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 7 6 3 
 
 7 11 
 
 8 
 
 7 14 
 
 44 
 
 7 17 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 7 6 
 
 3 
 
 7 11 104 
 
 7 17 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 3! 
 
 8 3 
 
 14 
 
 If 
 
 7 11 
 
 8 
 
 7 17 6 
 
 8 3 
 
 4 
 
 8 6 
 
 3 
 
 8 9 
 
 2 
 
 Its 
 
 7 17 
 
 1 
 
 8 3 14 
 
 8 9 
 
 2 
 
 8 12 
 
 2i 
 
 8 15 
 
 24 
 
 n 
 
 8 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 8 9 
 
 8 15 
 
 
 
 8 18 
 
 14 
 
 9 1 
 
 3 
 
 w 
 
 8 7 
 
 11 
 
 8 14 44 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 4 
 
 OS 
 
 9 7 
 
 34 
 
 2 
 
 8 13 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 9 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 10 
 
 
 
 9 13 
 
 4 
 
 2A 
 
 8 18 
 
 9 
 
 9 5 74 
 
 9 12 
 
 6 
 
 9 15 
 
 "i 
 
 9 19 
 
 44 
 
 24 
 
 9 4 
 
 2 
 
 9 11 3 
 
 9 18 
 
 4 
 
 10 1 
 
 104 
 
 10 5 
 
 5 
 
 2A 
 
 9 9 
 
 7 
 
 9 16 104 
 
 10 4 
 
 2 
 
 10 7 
 
 91 
 
 10 11 
 
 54 
 
 2i 
 
 9 15 
 
 
 
 10 2 6 
 
 10 10 
 
 
 
 10 13 
 
 9 
 
 10 17 
 
 6 
 
 2A 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 10 8 14 
 
 10 15 
 
 10 
 
 10 19 
 
 8i 
 
 11 3 
 
 64 
 
 2S 
 
 10 5 
 
 10 
 
 10 1» 9 
 
 11 1 
 
 8 
 
 11 5 
 
 74 
 
 11 9 
 
 7 
 
 2A 
 
 10 11 
 
 3 
 
 10 19 44 
 
 11 7 
 
 6 
 
 11 11 
 
 6f 
 
 11 15 
 
 74 
 
 2* 
 
 10 16 
 
 8 
 
 11 5 
 
 11 13 
 
 4 
 
 11 17 
 
 6 
 
 12 1 
 
 8 
 
 To find the value of intermediate strengths not given in the table, for instance- 
 
 86 per cent, at 1 ,», per unit, find for 30 per cent £8 5 7i 
 
 thenfor 6 18 ij 
 
 The sum gives the value per ton of 86 , £3 18 9 
 
INDEX 
 
 Acetylene, 228 
 
 Acid, free, in fertilisers, 232 
 
 in sulphate of alumina, 237 
 
 standard, preparation of, 243 
 Acids in chambers, 117 
 Air compression, 59 ^ 
 
 currents, speed of, 99 
 tables of, 100 
 Alkali available in black-ash, 167 
 in tank waste, 168 
 in soda ash, 178 
 
 total, in tank waste, 169 
 
 free, in bleach liquors, 194 
 
 standard, preparation of, 245 
 
 value per ton, 255 
 Alkalimetrical degrees, 179 
 
 table of, 180 
 Alumina, commercial, 237 
 
 preparations, 234 
 
 sulphate of, 235 
 in fertilisers, 232 
 Aluminate of soda, 237 
 Ammonia manufacture, 217 
 
 volatile, 217 
 
 total, 217, 219 
 
 solutions, specific gravities of, 221 
 
 carbonate, specific gravities of solu- 
 tions, 222 
 
 sulphate, 219 
 Ammoniacal brine, 185 
 Ammonia-soda process, 185 
 Anemometer, Fletcher's, 99 
 
 tables for, 100 
 
 Seger's, 102 
 Aqueous vapour, tension at various tem- 
 peratures, 52, 53 
 Area of circles, etc., table of, 63 
 Arsenic, estimation in brimstone, 106 
 in pyrites. 111 
 259 
 
 Ai'senic, estimation in sulphuric acid, 
 144 
 in hydrochloric acid, 154 
 Arseniteof soda, standard solution, 248 
 Ash of fuel, 93 ■ 
 
 of mixing coal, 164 
 Atomic weights, 3 
 Auger for sampling, 251 
 Available soda. See Alkali 
 
 Base of Weldon mud, 157 
 
 Baum^'s hydrometer, 253 
 
 Bauxite, 234 
 
 Beet ashes, 207 
 
 Belgian method for estimating zinc in 
 
 blende, 112 
 Black-ash, 166 
 Bleach liquors, 164 
 Bleaching powder, 159 
 
 table of percentages, 160 
 sampling, 251 
 Bleaching powder chambers, tests before 
 
 opening them, 161 
 Blende, 112 
 
 cinders from, 114 
 Boiling points of various substances, 33 
 
 of water at various pressures, 57 
 Bottoms, caustic, 192 
 Brimstone, analysis, 106 
 Bunte burette, 223 
 Burner gases, 115 
 Burnt pyrites. 111 
 
 Calcium carbide, 228 
 Calorific power of fuel, 95 
 
 of coal'gas, 227 
 Carbon, fixed, in fuel, 93 
 Carbon dioxide. See Carbonates 
 in Deacon gases 162 
 
260 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Carbon dioxide in electrolytic cliloriue, 
 163 
 in carbonated soda liquor, 171 
 by Lunge and Rittener's method, 171 
 in coal-gas, 224 
 monoxide, 224 
 Carbonated soda liquor, 171 
 Carbonates in pyrites. 111 
 in qnicklime, 150 
 in manganese ore, 155 
 in bleaching powder or bleach liquors, 
 
 160 
 in caustic soda, 193 
 Carnallite, 205 
 Caustic bottoms, 192 
 liquor, 186 
 
 specific gravities, 187 
 soda, manufacture, 189 
 in black-ash, 167 
 commercial, 193 
 sampling, 252 
 Cement, Portland, 238, 240 
 Cements, other, 241 
 Centigrade degrees, comparison with Fab: 
 
 renheit, 27, 28, 25 
 Chamber gases, 116 
 Chance process, 180 
 Chancel's sulphuri meter, 108 
 Chemicals, sampling of, 251 
 Chimney gases, 95 
 
 from chemical works (Act of Parlia- 
 ment), 149 
 China clay, 234 
 Chlorate of potash, 164 
 Chlorates, estimation, 164 
 
 by Fresenius's method, 194 
 by Ditz and En5pfelmacher, 194 
 Chloride, estimation in common salt, 146 
 in saltcake, 148 
 of potassium, 164 ' 
 Chlorine, estimation in salt, 148 
 Chlorine, free, in hydrochloric acid, 154 
 in the atmosphere of chambers before 
 opening them, 161 
 available in bleaching powder, 159 
 
 comparison with French degrees, 160 
 in Deacon gases, 162 
 electrolytic, 168 
 
 liquid, pressure and specific gravities, 
 165 
 Cinders from pyrites. 111 
 
 from blende, 114 
 Circumferences, table of, 68 
 CUus kilns, gases of, 184 
 
 Clay, in cement, 238 
 
 complete analysis, 23S 
 Coal, 93 
 
 mixing, for Leblanc process, 164 
 
 gas, 222 
 Coinage of diflerent countries, 88 
 Coke, 93 
 CompoandB, symbols, molecular weights, 
 
 percentage composition, 4 
 Compression of air, 59 
 Copper, estimation in pyrites, 109 
 in burnt pyrites, 112 
 
 solutions, standard, 249 
 Cubic centimetres in gas -volumetric 
 
 analyses, calculation to milligrams of 
 
 the substance required, 15 
 Cyanogen in spent oxide, 227 
 
 Deacon process, 162 
 Decomposing fiask, 219 
 Degrees, alkalimetrical, table, 179 
 Density of gases and vapours, 14 
 Draught, testing speed of, 9^ 
 
 Electrical units, 62 
 Electro-chemical equivalents, 62 
 Electrolytic chlorine, 163 
 
 alkali liquors, 198 
 English weights and measures, reduction 
 
 to metrical, 83 
 Eschka's method for estimating sulphur, 
 
 94 
 Expansion, linear, of substances, 26 
 Explosive mixtures of gases and air, 60 
 
 Factors fob gravtsibtric analyses, 12 
 Factors for reducing volumes of gases to 
 
 normal temperature and pressure, 48 
 Fahrenheit degrees, comparison with 
 
 Centigrade, 27, 28, 29 
 Feed-water for steam-boilers, 104 
 Ferchland's estimation of carbon dioxide, 
 
 163 
 Ferric oxide in fertilisers, 282 
 Ferrocyanide in tank liquor, 170 
 Fertilisers, 229 
 
 sampling, 229 
 
 moisture, 229 
 
 estimation of phosphoric acid, 230 
 
 free acids, 282 
 
 ferric oxide and alumina, 282 
 
 nitrogen, 23S 
 Fire gases, 95 
 Fished salts in caustic soda manufacture, 
 
 192 
 
INDEX 
 
 261 
 
 Fletcher's anemometer, 99 
 Freezing mixtures, 32 
 
 points, SO 
 Fuel, 93 
 
 Galorific power of, 95 
 
 sampling, 249 
 Furnaces, 95 
 
 Gas-burettes, 222 
 Gases, density of, 14 
 solubility in water, 18 
 reduction of volume to 0° C, 36 
 to a pressure of 760 mm., 42 
 toCC. or32°F., 48 
 factors for the same, 48 
 Gases, liquefied, properties, 61 
 See Fire gases, Burner gases, Chimney 
 
 gas, Chamber gases, etc. 
 ill sulphur recovery (Claus kilns), 184 
 Gas-liquor, 217 
 
 Gas-producers (generators), 97 
 Gas -volumeter. Lunge's, 139 
 
 with decomposing flask, 219 
 Gas-volumetric analysis, calculation, 15 
 Gay-LuBsac'sdegreesof bleaching powder, 
 
 160 
 Glass-tap pipette, 145 
 Gravimetric analysis, factors for, 12 
 Gravity, specifiCj of gases, 14 
 of solids, 22 
 of liquids, 25 
 of saturated solutions, 25 
 
 Hardness of Water, temporary, 104 
 
 total, 105 
 
 reagents for removing, 105 
 Hargreaves' process, 151 
 Heats, specific, 57 
 Heating effects, 58 
 High temperatures, 35 
 Hydraulic lime, 241 
 Hydrocarbons in coal-gas, 224 
 Hydrochloric acid in chimney gases, 149 
 
 specific gravities, 152 
 
 influence of temperature on, 153 
 
 analysis, 153 
 
 estimation of HCl, 153 
 
 of impurities, 154 
 
 estimation of acid required for decom- 
 posing manganese ore, 156 
 
 standard, 243 
 Hydrogen in coal-gas, 225 
 
 sulphide, 184 
 Hydrometer degrees, comparison of, 253 
 
 Hypochlorites, 159 
 Hypochlorous acid, free, 193 
 
 Indicators, 243 
 
 International atomic weights, 3 
 
 Iodine in nitrate of soda, 196 
 
 in nitric acid, 203 
 
 solution, standard, 247 
 Iron in burnt pyrites, 112 
 
 in sulphuric acid, 143 
 
 in sulphate of soda, 143 
 
 in hydrochloric acid, 154 
 
 in sulphate of alumina, 236 
 
 Kainitb, 205 
 Kaolin, 234 
 
 Kjeldahl-Jodlbauer's mathod for estimat- 
 ing nitrogen, 233 
 
 Lead, in pyrites, 110 
 
 in blende, 114 
 
 in sulphuric acid, 143 
 
 chambers. Bee Chambers 
 Leblanc process, 166 
 
 raw materials, 166 
 
 black-ash, 166 
 
 tank waste, 169 
 liquor, 170 
 
 carbonated liquor, 171 
 
 mother liquor, 173 
 
 sulphur recovery, 182 
 Le Chatelier's pyrometer, 103 
 Lime, estimation in blende, 114 
 in salt, 147 
 in saltcake, 14S 
 in limestone, 157 
 
 caustic, 158 
 
 quick, 158 
 
 slaked, 158 
 
 milk of, 15S 
 
 specific gravities of milk of, 159 
 
 in black-ash, 166 
 
 hydraulic, 241 
 Lime-kiln gases, 183 
 Lime mud in caustic soda manufacture, 
 
 192 
 Limestone, 157, 238 
 Linear expansion of substances, 26 
 Liquefied gases, properties, 61 
 Liquor ammonisB, 220 
 Litmus, 244 
 
 Litre weights of gases, 14 
 Lunge's formula for testing the work of 
 
 furnaces, 97 
 
262 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Lunge-Orsat apparatus, 198 
 Lunge's nitrometer, 137 
 gas-volumeter, 139, 219 
 reagent for nitrous acid , 143 
 glasB-tap pipette, 145 
 Lunge and Bittener's method for estimat- 
 ing carbon dioxide, 171 
 and K^ler's method for estimating 
 
 small quantities of iron, 236 
 and Millberg's^ separation of quartz 
 from silicates, 239 
 
 Magnesium salts in potassium chlor- 
 ide, 206 
 
 Manganese ore, natural, 155 
 sampling, 249 
 dioxide, estimation, 165, 156 
 mud, recovered, 156 
 
 Manures. See Fertilisers 
 
 Mathematical tableSf 63 
 
 Measures and weights of different coun- 
 tries, 79 
 
 Melting points, 30 
 
 Mensuration of areas and solid contents,77 
 
 Metals, sheets, weight of, 87 
 
 Methane in coal-gas, 226 
 
 Methyl orange, 244 
 
 Metrical weights and measures, reduction 
 to English, 83 
 
 Minerals, sampling of, 249 
 
 Mixing>coal, 166 
 
 Molecular weights of compounds, 4 
 
 Molybdenum method for phosphates, 231 
 
 Mother liquor of Leblanc soda, 173 
 
 Muriatic acid. See Hydrochloric acid 
 
 Nitrate of Soda, 195 
 NitrO'Cake, 197 
 
 Nitric acid, manufacture of, 195 
 specific gravities, 198 
 
 influence of temperature, 201 
 titration, 203 
 impurities, 203 
 
 mixtures with sulphuric acid, 204 
 oxide, 119 
 Nitrogen, in coal-gas, 226 
 acids, estimation in chamber gases, 
 116 
 in sulphuric acid, 135 
 relative proportions of, 142 
 qualitative test for, 142 
 in fertilisers, 238 
 nitric-, 283 
 total, 283 
 
 Nitrogen, organic, 238 
 
 Nitrometer, Lunge's, 137, 195 
 
 Nitrous acid, estimation for, in sulphuric 
 
 acid, 136 
 Nitrous acid, detection of very small 
 quantities, 148 
 in commercial nitric acid, 208, 204 
 Nordhausen oil of vitriol, specific gravi- 
 ties, 130 
 at different temperatures, 131 
 fusing points, 188 
 percentage of SO3 in, 184 
 analysis, 144 
 Normal acid and alkali, etc. See Stand- 
 ard 
 
 Oil of vitriol. See Nordhausen oil of 
 
 vitriol 
 Ores, sampling of, 249 
 Orsat apparatus, 95 
 Orsat-Lunge apparatus, 98 
 Oxalic acid, standard aolation, 249 
 Oxygen in chamber gases, 117 
 in coal-gas, 224 
 
 Palladium tube, 225 
 
 Percentage composition of compounds, 4 
 
 Perchlorates, 197 
 
 Permanganate solution, standard, 246 
 
 Phosphates, 230 
 
 Phosphoric acid, soluble, 230, 281 
 
 total, 230, 231 
 Portland cement, 238 
 raw materials, 238 
 working conditions, 240 
 commercial, 240 
 Potash in fertilisers, 234 
 
 chlorate of, 164 
 Potassium, estimation, 205 
 carbonate, commercial, 207 
 specific gravities of solutions, 209 
 influence of temperature, 212 
 chloride, 205, 207 
 salts, 205 
 sulphate, 207 
 
 hydroxide, specific gravities, 214 
 ' nitrate in commercial nitrate of soda, 
 197 
 perchlorate, 197 
 
 permanganate, standard solution, 246 
 Pressure of gases, reduction to normal, 40 
 of water, reduction to mercurial pres- 
 sure, 51 
 
I^TDEX 
 
 263 
 
 Producer gas, 97 
 
 Purifying material of gas-works, 227 
 
 water, reagents for, 107 
 Fuzzuolanas, 241 
 Pyrites, 108 
 
 burnt, 111 
 
 burner gases, 115 
 
 sampling, 249 
 Pyrometer, Le Chatelier's, 103 
 
 Wanner's, 104 
 
 indications of, 35 
 
 Quartz in cement, 239 
 
 Reich's test for burner gases, 115 
 Kock-salt, 146 
 Roman cement, 289 
 
 Salt, common and rock-, 146 
 
 sampling, 249 
 Saltcake, 147 
 
 Salts, fished, in caustic-soda manufac- 
 ture, 192 
 Salts, solubility of, 10, 17 
 Sampling, rules for, 249 
 
 auger, 251 
 Seger's anemometer, 102 
 Selenium, in brimstone, 106 
 
 in sulphuric acidj 143 
 Sheet metals, weight, 87 
 Silica in cement, 239 
 Silver solution, standard, 24S 
 Slags, 241 
 
 Soda, available. See Alkali 
 ash, commercial, 178 
 manufacture by Leblanc process, 
 166 
 raw materials for, 166 
 by ammonia process, 185 
 caustic, manufacture, 186. See Sodium 
 hydroxide and Standard alkali 
 Sodium arsenite, standard solution, 248 
 estimation in caustic soda, 193 
 carbonate solutions, specific gravities 
 of, at 15*, 174 ; at 30% 175 
 influence of temperature, 176 
 pure, for standardising, 243 
 hydroxide, 168 
 specific gravities, 187 
 iniluence of temperature, 190 
 Sodium nitrate, 195 
 salts in commercial potassium chloride, 
 
 206 
 silicate, 179 
 
 Solubility of gases in water, 18 
 of salts at 0° and 100% 16 
 at various temperatures, 17 
 Solutions of salts, specific gravity, 25 
 Specific gravities, of solids, 22 
 of gases, 14 
 of liquids, 25 
 of saturated solutions, 25 
 comparison of hydrometers, 253 
 heats, 57 
 Spent oxide of gas-works, 108, 227 
 Standard solutions, general, 241 
 
 comparison of English and French 
 
 systems, 241 
 influence of temperature on, 246 
 acid, 242 
 alkali, 245 
 permanganate, 246 
 iodine, 247 
 sodium arsenite, 248 
 silver, 248 
 copper, 249 
 oxalic acid, 249 
 Starch solution, 247 
 Steam-boilers, feed-water, 104 
 Storage weights of substances, 24 
 Sulphate of soda, 147 
 Sulphide of sodium, 168, 178 
 Sulphur, in fuel, 94 
 in mixing coal, 166 
 in brimstone, 107 
 in pyrites, 108 
 in burnt pyrites, 111 
 in blende, 112 
 in cinders from blende, 114 
 in tank waste, 169, 182 
 in gas-liquor, 217 
 in spent oxide, 227 
 specific gravities of solutions of, in 
 
 carbon disulphide, 107 
 acids of, in chamber gases, 116 
 compounds, in soda liquors, 173 
 dioxide in chamber gases, 115 
 in hydrochloric acid, 154 
 recovery from tank waste, 182 
 Sulphur compounds, various, in Leblanc 
 
 liquors, 173 
 Sulphuric acid, ordinary, quantitative 
 examination of free acid, 135 
 examination for nitrous acid, 185 
 
 for total nitrogen acids, 137 
 relative proportions of, 142 
 qualitative test for nitrogen acids, 
 142 
 
264 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Sulphuric acid^ other impurities, 148 
 manufacture, raw materials, 106 
 gases, 115 
 Sulphuric acid, specific gravities at 60' F., 
 
 121 
 
 reduction to other temperatures, 126 
 freezing and melting points, 132 
 boiling points, 132 
 fusing points of, and of Nordhausen 
 
 oil of vitriol, 138 
 mixtures with nitric acid, 204 
 fuming. See Nordhausen oil of 
 vitriol 
 anhydride, analysiB, 144 
 sampling, 252 
 Sulphurimeter, Chancel's, lOS 
 Symbols of compounds, 4 
 
 Tank liquor, 169 
 waste, 168, 182 
 Temperature, reduction of gases to nor- 
 mal, 36 
 Temperatures, high, measured by pyrom- 
 eter, 35 
 measurement of, 102 
 Tension ot aqueous vapour at various 
 
 temperatures, 52, 53, 55 
 Thermometers, conversion of Centigrade 
 into Fahrenheit degrees above 100% 
 and vice versa, 29 
 Thermometric scales, comparison, Centi- 
 grade degrees as units, 27 
 Fahrenheit degrees as units, 28 
 above 100°, 29 
 Thiocyanate, 218 
 Thomas-slag phosphates, 231 
 
 Titanic acid, 235 
 
 Trass, 241 
 
 TwaddeU's hydrometer, 253 
 
 Vapours, density of, 14 
 
 Vat liquor, 170 
 waste, 169 
 
 Vitriol chambers. See Chambers, 
 
 Volume of gases, reduction to normal 
 temperatures and pressure, 36 
 
 Volumes of water at dififerent tempera- 
 tures, 51 
 
 Wanner's pyrometer, 104 
 Water, hardness, temporary, 104 
 total, 105 
 pressure, reduction to mercurial pres- 
 sure, 51 
 volumes at different temperatures, 51 
 vapours, tension of, 52, 53, 55 
 boiling points at various pressures, 57 
 reagents for purifying, 105 
 Weight of sheet metals, 87 
 
 of substances as stored, 24 
 Weights and measures of different coun- 
 tries, 87 
 reducing English to metrical, and vice 
 versa, 83 
 Weldon mud and liquors, 156 
 
 Zinc in pyrites, 110 
 in blende, 112 
 in sulphate of alumina, 237 
 blende, 112 
 cinders from, 114 
 solution, 227 
 
 PIlINTiilD BY OLIVER AND BOVD, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND.