OCX 06- CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 189I BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Date Due f AY 1 2 1 m ' p r^ II K K J IN 20 57 J^ ^ 9r^ p.--^ •^ -I? J? £-^-^^ -, ■■f^'7' 11 l\^ Cornell University Library F 627D4 H67 olin 3 1924 028 913 949 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028913949 THI; HI8T0ET DES MOINES COUNTY. I O T^ A^. CONTAINING % !f i$lor^ uf i\$ iuitttt^t H$ ^xitt% Wtmmt kx*t A Biographical Directory of Citizens, \A''ar Record of its Vol- unteers in the late Rebellion, General and Local Statistics, Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent Men, His- tory of the Northwest, History of Iowa, Map of Des Moines County, Constitution of the United States, Miscellaneous Matters, &e. IIjXiTJSTIEa-A-TEIJ. CHICAGO : WESTEBN HISTOEICAL COMPANY, 1«79. I; U i i PREFACE TN the preparation of a work of this character, the writer labors under peculiar embarrassments, which arise from the fact that the lapse of time has not mellowed harsh colors and softened bold lines in the panorama of events. While the newness of the region herein described enables us to secure many valuable bits of history which would be lost in the current of time, the presence of the chief participators in the occurrences which constitute the history of this county, acts as a constant check to a free presentment of incidents and a full expression of opinions. Many things have been left unsaid which might have been inserted here, and for no other reason than that the writer felt the delicacy of his position. When men are dead, volumes can be written concerning them — and with impunity ; for then the writer cannot be accused of mercenary motives, nor can the subject of eulogy be calumniated by jealous minds. We have refrained from saying that which may truthfully be said of the distinguished men of this county, because we feel that the time for such words has not yet come. We have endeavored to condense in the form of one volume the scattered fragments of fact which have floated about so long. Some will say the work is well per- formed, while others will condemn it. The future generations, however, will surely say that this work is a valuable one. March, 1879. THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS HISTORY NORTHWEST AMD STATE OF IOWA. Page. History Northwest Territory 19 Geographical Position ^ 19 Early Exploratioos 20 Discovery of the Ohio 33 English Explorations and Set- tlements 35 American Settlements 60 Division of the Northwest Ter- ritory G6 Tecumseh and the War of 1812 70 Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War 74 Other Indian Troubles 79 Present Condition of theNortli- west 86 Chicago 95 Illinois 257 Indiana 259 Iowa , 260 Michigan : 263 Wisconsin .,..264 Minnesota 266 Nebraska 267 History of Iowa ; Geographical Situation 109 Topography 109 Drainage System 110 Page. HiHtoiy ol Iowa : Rivers m Lakes ng Springs 119 Prairies 120 Geology 120 Climatology 137 Discovery and Occupation 139 Territory 147 Indians 147 Pike's Expedition 151 Indian Wars 152 Black Hawk War 157 Indian Purchase, Reserves and Treaties 159 Spanish Grants 163 Half-Breed Tract 164 Early Settlements 166 Territorial History 173 Boundary Question 177 State Organization 181 Growth and Progress 185 Agricultural College and Farm.186 State University 187 State Historical Society 193 Penitentiaries 194 History of Iowa: Insane Hospitals 195 College for the Blind 197 Deaf and Dumb Institution 199 Soldiers' Orphans' Homes 199 State Normal School 201 Asylum for Feeble Minded Children 201 Keform School 202 Fish Hatching Establish men t„2(t3 Public Lands 204 Public Schools 218 Political Record , 223 War Record 229 Infantry 233 Cavalry 244 Artillery 247 Miscellaneous 248 Promotions from Iowa Reg- iments 249 Number CaHualties— OfTicei-s.250 Number Casualties— Enlist- ed Men ,' 252 Number Volunteers 254 Population 255 Agricultural Statistics 320 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE liAWS. Page. Adoption of Children 303 Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes 293 Commercial Terms 305 Capital Punishment 298 Charitable, Scientific and Religious Associations 316 Descent 293 Damages from Trespass 300 Exemptions from Execution 298 Estrays 299 .Forms : Articles of Agreement 307 Bills of Sale 308 Bond for Deed 315 Bills of Purchase 306 Page. Forms : Chattel Mortgage 314 Confession of Judgment 306 Lease 312 Mortgages 310 Notice to Quit 309 Notes 306,313 Orders 306 Quit Claim Deed 315 J!leceipts 306 Wills and Codicils 309 Warranty Deed 314 Fences 300 Interest 293 Intoxicating Liquors 317 Jurisdiction of Courts 297 Page. Jurors 297 Limitation of Actions 297 Landlord and Tenant. 304 Married Women 298 Marks and Brands 300 Mechanics' Liens 301 Roads and Bridges 302 Surveyors and Surveys 303 Suggestions to Persons Purchasing Books by Subscription 319 Support of Poor 303 Taxes 295 Wills and Estates 293 Weights and Measures 305 Wolf Scalps 300 Page. Moifthofthe Mississippi 21 Source of the Mississippi 21 Wild Prairie 23 La Salle Landing on the Shore of Green Bay 25 Buffalo Hunt 27 Trapping 29 Hunting....; : 32 Iroquois Chief 34 Pontiac, the Ottawa Chieftain 43 Indians Attacking Frontiersmen.. 56 A Prairie Storm 59 II-IiUSTRATIONS. Page. A Pioneer Dwelling 61 Breaking Prairie 63 Tecumseh, the Shawnnoe Chieftain 09 Indians Attacking a Stockade 72 Black Hawk, the Sac Chieftain 75 Big Eagle 80 Captain Jack, the Modoc Chieftain 83 Kinzie House 85 A Representative Pioneer 86 Lincoln Monument 87 A Pioneer School Hoiise 88 Page. Pioneers' First Winter 94 Great Iron Bridge of C, R. I. & P. R. R., Crossing the Miasissippi at ' Davenport, Iowa 91 Chicago in 1833 Qh Old Fort Dearborn, 1830 98 Present Site Lake Street Bridge, Chicago, 1833 98 Ruins of Chicago 104 View of the City of Chicago: 106 Hunting Prairie Wolves 268 BIOGRAPHICAI. TOWNSHIP UIRFXTORT. Page. Augusta 703 Benton 711 Burlington City 617 Burlington Township 674 Danville 695 Page. Flint River. 686 Franklin 677 Huron 724 Jackson 727 Page. Pleasant Grove 706 Union 681 Washington 715 Yellow Springs 718 I.ITH6ORAPHIC PORTRAITS. Page. Barhydt, T. W 356 Barker, Charles 1 423 Gear, John H..... 321 Page. Harper, William 525 Leonard, David 491 Leonard, H 593 Page. Newman, T. W 389 Purdy, Hirrtm 559 Seymour, Wolcutt 457 CONTENTS. HISTORT OF DBS MOIKEfS COUNTT. PAas. Indian Occupancy 323 Keokuk 326 Black Hawk ^37 Wapello and Others..... 348 Scene on the Border....^ 354 Sacs and Poxes 360 Maj. Beach's Indian papers 362 Trading-Posts.... 364 Shok-ko-koQ 365 Physical Geography 3H8 Settlement of the County 369 Introductory 369 Original Settlers' Claims 373 First Mills 376 How '' Claims " Were Made 377 IIow Pioneers Lived 379 Organization 384 Government, 1833 384 Re-organizing the Law in '34..i{85 Wisconsin Territory 386 Belmont Legislature 386 Wisconsin Judiciary 386 Tempoary Seat of Govern- ment 386 rirat Boad West of the Eiver..387 Subdivision of Old Des Moine8..387 First State-house 392 Temporary Quarters 393 Re-establisbmentof Dps Moines County 397 Early Courts 398 First Ferry 399 First Divorce Case 399 First Petit Jury 399 First Murder Trial 400 New Bench 400 Court under Wisconsin Terri- tory 400 First Steam Ferry 401 Court under Iowa Territory. ...401 Judges, Clerks, Attorneys and Sheriffs 401 Circuit Court 401 Commissionern' Court 402 Townships Organized 402 County Court 403 Supervisor System 403 Probate Records 404 Marriage Records ■....404 Des Moines County Legi8lators.405 Constitutional Conventions 405 State Legislatures 406 Official Roster 406 Population, 1836 to 1875 407 Page. Statistical *0S Educational 410 County Buildings 412 Press 412 Introductory 412 Burlington Gazette 413 Burlington Ra/wlc-Eye 416 German Journalism 421 Other Papers 422 The Name Hawk-Eye 4-^5 Senatorial Successions 425 Miller-Thompson Contested Elec- tion 432 State Boundary Difficulty 437 War History 447 Roster 449 Burlington 468 Simpson S. White 468 First Claim and Cabin 468 First Ferry-boat 469 Second Band of Pioneers 469 Jeiferson Davis 469 Morton M. M'Oarver 470 First Stores 471 First Tavern 472 First Doctore 473 First Marriage 473 Original Plat 473 Name Burlington 473 First School 473 First Birth 474 Early Newspaper Items 474 Burlington, 1839 478 July 4, 1839 478 Proposed Change of Name 479 Born a Metropolis 479 Busines^Menof AuldLangSyne479 Professional Men 480 Hotels 480 Execution of the Hodge Bro^..480 1845 481 1848 481 Directory, 1866 482 First General Directory 483 Kivi-ly Legislation 487 Locating Seat of Justice 488 Enterprise of the People 488 Location of the City 489 Healthfulness 489 Government- Survey J9i First Corporation 494 First Records 494 (Original Boundaries 494 Original Oflicers: 495 Burlington Pi.at. City Charter 495 Re-incorporation 496 A City of the First Class 496 Abandonment of the Charter..496 Extension of City Limits 497 City Seal 498 Official Roster of the City 498 Fire Department 504 Police Department 608 Police Court 509 City Buildings 609 Sewerage 509 Water Company 509 Gas Company 617 City Street Railways 617 Railroads 620 Bridge 522 Marine 523 Levee 624 Stock-Yards 524 Express Companies 527 Telegraph 627 PostOiflce 627 Board of Trade 531 Banks 632 Corporated Companies 532 Schools 634 University 539 Private Schools 642 Public Library 643 Religious 546 Y. M. C. A ....678 Societies, etc 579 Benevolent Societies ...586 Medical Society 587 Military Companies 687 Musical Bands 588 Cemeteries 589 Agricultural Society 589 Poor-Farm 690 Pioneer Society 590 Opportunities 690 Towns and Post Offices 591 Augusta 692 Danville 697 Middletown..., 606 Mediapolis 607 Kossuth 600 Northiield 612 Linton 613 Dodgsville 614 Speiry 614 Kingston 616 Pleasant Grove 616 DES moIIVES COUIVTY VOUJNTBEBS. Infantry: Paoe. First 449 Sixth 4S0 Seventh 461 Eleventh 461 Fourteenth 4"2 Fifteenth 463 Sixteenth 463 Seventeenth 453 Twenty-flfth 463 Thirtieth 466 Infantry. Page. Thirty-seventh 459 Thirty-ninth 459 Forty -first 460 Forty-fifth 460 Forty-eighth 461 Cavalry: First 461 Second 462 Third 463 Fourth 463 Cavalry. Pa(>e. Fifth 464 Seventh 464 Eighth 465 Nmth 465 Artillery : First Battery Artillery 465 Fourth Battery Artillery 466 Engineer Regimentof the West 465 Miscellaneous 466 Page. Map of Des Moines County Front. Constitution of United States 269 Vote for President, Governor and Congressmen , 283 Practical Rules for Every-Day Use,.284 United States Govoi-nment Land Measure 287 BIISCEliLiANGOViS. Page. Surveyor's Measure 288 How to Keep Accounts 288 Interest Table 289 Miscellaneous Ta''le 289 Names of the States of the Union and their Significations 290 Population of the United Stales 291 Population of Fifty Principal Citios of the United States 291 Population and Area of the United States 292 Population of the Principal Coun- tries in the World 292 AHJ^ The Northwest Territory. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. When the Northwestern Territory was ceded to the United States by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the territory lying between the Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi River ; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the " New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old " Northwestern Territory. " In comparison with the old Northwest this is a territory of vast magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles ; being greater in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States, including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula- tion, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one third of the entire population of the United States. Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far-, stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the highest.percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent on the globe. For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North- west has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United States. (19) 20 THE NOKTHWEST TBEKITOKY. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New World. He, however, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery for better purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer took advantage of these discoveries. In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " mdored their bark on the wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene- trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which run into Lake Huron ; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary, below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent result ; yet it was not until 1 659 that any of the adventurous fur traders attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the. Falls of St. Mary, and two years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen- eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as, far south as the present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at Point St. Igiiatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac. During M. Talon's explorations and Marquette's residence at St. Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied —as all others did then— that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come. Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORY. 21 \ \ a H o o 111 S H O o P o 22 THE NORTHWEST TBREITOijY. request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expe- dition, prepared for the undertaking. On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist- ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together they separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar- quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in giving them an abundant " chase." This was the farthest outpost to which Dablon and Allouez had extended their missionary labors the year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to Joliet, said: " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun- tries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths (jf the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Indian village on the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet ventured. The guides, having conducted them across the portage, returned. The explorers launched their canoes upon the Wisconsin, which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were now upon the bosom of ths Father of Waters. The mystery was about to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORY. 23 Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand " reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could see a country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of inhab- itants yet presenting the appearance of extensive manors, under the fas- tidious cultivation of lordly proprietors. THE WILD PEAIEIE. On June 25, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in the boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hiU, withm a half league of the first, inhabited by Indians. They were received most hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person. After remaining a few days they re-embarked and descended the river to about latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course 24 THE NORTHWEST TERKITORY. up the river, and ascending the stream to the mouth of the Illinois, rowed up that stream to its source, and procured guides from that point to the lakes. " Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, " did we see such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River." The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and reported their discovery— one of the most important of the age, but of which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marquette returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefully passed away while at prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place fifty years after, found the waters had retreated fronS the grave, leaving the beloved missionary to repose in peace. . The river has since been called Marquette. : While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in -the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre- paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin. After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see the narrative elsewhere), he established himself again among the French trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by fol- lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to Frontenac, Governor General of Canada, and laid before hirn the plan, dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf of Mexico would bind the country so wonderfully together, give un- measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis- tration he earnestly hoped all would be realized. LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also received from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Chev- THE NORTHWEST TERKITOEY. 25 alier returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on these fresh- water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Griffin up Lake Erie. He passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms. They were some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded a. fort, and passed on to Green Bay, the " Bale des Puans " of the French, where he found a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griffin with these, and placing her under the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors, LA SALLE LANDING ON THE SHORE OP GREEN BAY. started her on her return voyage. The vessel was never afterward heard of. He remained about these parts until early in the Winter, when, hear- ing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all the men-thirty workmg men and three monks-and started again upon his great undertakmg. By a short portage they passed to the IlUnois or Kankakee, called by the Indians, "Theakeke," wolf, because of the tribes of Indians called by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelhng there. The French pronounced it Kiahiki, which became corrupted to Kankakee. "Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to oj™ the country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illi- nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment 26 THE NORTHWEST TEEBITOBY. no inhabitants. The Seur de LaSalle being in want of some breadstuffs, took advantage of the absence of the'Indians to help himself to a suffi- ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. The corn being securely stored, the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening, on the 4th day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must have been the lake of Peoria. This was called by the Indians Pim-i-te-wi, that is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel. He called this fort " Crevecoeur " (broken-heart), a name expressive of the very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship. Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause him. His fears were no't entirely groundless. At one time poison was placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. While building this fort, the Winter wore away, the prairies began to look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour- ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and was successfully made, though over an almost u )known route, and in a bad season of the year. He safely reached Canada, and set out again for the object of his search. Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecoeur on the last of February, 1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he found the fort entirely deserted, and he was obliged to return again to Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days after leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the icy stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wisconsin Kiver by the 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a band of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hen- nepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Michael Ako. On this voy- age they found several beautiful lakes, and " saw some charming prairies." Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May, when they reached some falls, which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony THE NORTHWEST T.BEEITOBY. 2? in honor of his patron saint. Here they took the land, and traveling nearly two hundred miles to the northwest, brought them to their villages. Here they were kept about three months, were treated kindly by their captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen, BUFFALO HUNT. headed by one Seur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game,,had pene- trated thus far by the route of Lake Superior; and with these fellow- countrymen Hennepin and his companions were allowed to return to the borders of civilized life in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hennepin soon after went to France, where he published an account of his adventures. 58 THE NORTHWEST TERBITOKY. The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 1541, in his vain endeavor to find gold and precioas gems. In the following Spring, De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wander- ings, he fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May died. His followers, reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue them- selves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brigan- tines, in which they embarked, and descending the river, supposing it w^ould lead them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of Mexico), and by September reached the Island of Cuba. They were the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi; but, being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country, and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through. To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the &st account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess this entire country for his king, and in January, 1682, he and his band of ■explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed the portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the 6th of February, xeached the banks of the Mississippi. On the 13th they commenced their downward course, which they pursued with .but one interruption, until upon the 6th of March they dis- covered the three great passages by which the river discharges its waters into the gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event : " We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de LaSalle went to reconnoiter the shores of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found the main outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the 8th we reascended the river, a little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the re^vch of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to the column were affixed the arms of France with this inscription : Louis Le Grand, Roi De France et de Navarre, regne ; Le neuvieme Avril, 1682. The whole party, under arms, chanted the Te Beum, and then, after a salute and cries of " Vive le Roi" the column was erected by M. de La Salle, who, standing near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the authority of the King of France. LaSalle returned and laid the foundations of the Mis- sissippi settlements in Illinois, thence he proceeded to France, where another expedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in two succeeding voyages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing along the shore of the gulf. On his third voyage he was killed, through the THE NORTHWEST TEERTTOEY. 29 treachery of his followers, and the object of his expeditions was not accomplished until 1699, when D'Iberville, under the authority of the crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth of the " Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives " Malbouohia," and by the Spaniards, "la Palissade" from the great " -5-i>*»"^' TRAPPING. number of trees about its mouth. After traversing the several outlets, and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western outlet, and returned to France. An avenue of trade was now opened out which was fully improved. In 1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colo- nists In 1762, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by France under the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it was purchased bj 30 THE NORTHWEST TERKITOEY. the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory of Louisiana and commerce of the Mississippi River came under the charge of the United States. Although LaSalle's labors ended 'in defeat and death, he had not worked aad suffered in vain. He had thrown open to France and the world an immense and most valuable country ; had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one settlement there. " Peoria, Kaskaskia and Cahokia, are to this day monu- ments of LaSalle's labors ; for, though he had founded neither of them (unless Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Crevecoeur,) it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored." The French early improved the opening made for them. Before the year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois, and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil- lages, the other two being Cahokia and Peoria. What is known of these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel Marest, dated " Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de I'lmmaculate Conception de la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Crevecoeur. This must have been about the year 1700. The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river, (pronounced WS-ba, meaning summer cloud moving swiftly) was estab- lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* ' It is altogether prob- able that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. In July, 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartrain were laid by De la Motte Cadillac on the Detroit River. These sta- tions, with those established further north, were the earliest attempts to occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being made to occupy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settle- ment and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England in 1718. This was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the famous Mississippi Company, established by the notorious John Law, who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed away. From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Missis- sippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated * There Is conslderaWe dispute about this date, some asserting It was founded as late as 1748 When the new court house at Vincennes was erected, all authorities on the subject were carefully examined and iV02 fixed upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engraved on the corner-stone of the court house ' THE NOKTHWBST TEKRITOBY. 81 injuries, cut off the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company- did little for Louisiana, as the entire West was then called, yet it opened the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary among the Illinois, writing from " Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort. Chartres, June 8, 1750, says: "We have here whites, negroes and Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid (Kaskaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all told. Most of the French till the soil; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can be consumed ; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New- Orleans." This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France by the mouth of the Father of Waters. In another letter, dated Novem- ber 7, 1750, this same priest says : " For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the groimd being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, 1 think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans, plantations are again met with ; the most considerable is a colony of Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to 32 THE NORTHWEST TEBKITOET. work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the' post at Vincennes in 1812, makes the same observation. Vivier also says : " Some individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada. Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also in this country, beyond doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large pieces are found in the streams." '^yiiia'a^^^^^' HUNTING. At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at the Maumee in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandusky in what may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwest they had stations at St. Joseph's on the St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan, at Foit Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackanac or Massillimacanac] Fox River of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of LaSalle were now fully realized. The French alone were possessors of this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country, THE NOKTHWEST TEKRITOET. go and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for Becuping the great profits arising therefrom. The French, however, had another claim to this country, namely, the DISCOVERY OP THE OHIO. This "Beautiful" river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La- Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette. While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois. He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition. While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state- ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as , one stream. LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that the great rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to embark in the enterprise of discovering a route across the continent to the commerce of China and Japan. He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov- ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. ' The Governor and the Iiitendant» Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro- vision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul- pice decided to send out missionaries in connection with the expedition, and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money, the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the necessary supplies for the outfit. On the 6th of July, 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons, embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence ; two additional canoes carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed. The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian 84 THE NORTHWEST TBEEITOEY. from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving ^■Q^H-to. Uioyuois ouiKjf. among the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned from a Shawanee prisoner that they could reach the Ohio in six weeks Delighted with the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume their journey; but just as they were about to start they heard of the arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved to bs Louis Johet, afterwards famous as an explorer in the West. He THE KORTHWEST TEEEITORY. 35 had been sent by the Canadian Government to explore the copper mines on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec. He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Indians in that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, and after worship on the lake shore, parted from LaSalle. On arriving at Lake Superior, they found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers, Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field. These zealous disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him their patron saint ; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian. After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief Iroquois village at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by LaSalle, the persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669. The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony- mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as an indispiitable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by the colony of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why the French had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec replied : " We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to make prisoners of every Englishman found trading in the Ohio Valley." ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Father of Waters and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts already described. In 1749, when the Enghsh first began to think seri- ously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were yet under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty 36 THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOKY. conclusively of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as 1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, had commenced movements to secure the country west of the Alleghenies to the English crown. In Pennsylvania, Governor Keith and James Logan, secretary of the prov- ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the neces- sity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, by that power save to take some diplomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain to this unexplored wilderness. ' England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a discovery and possession of the country, and, as is well known, her grants to the colonies extended " from sea to sea." This was not all her claim. She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of land. This lat- ter was also a strong argument. As early as 1684, Lord Howard, Gov- ernor of Virginia, held a treaty with the six nations. These were the great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Onei- das, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were taken into the confederacy, and it became known as the Six Nations. They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in 1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the " Colony of Virginia," for which the Indians received £200 in gold and a like sum in goods, with a promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid. The Commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel William Beverly. As settlements extended, the promise of more pay was called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across the mountains with presents to appease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Virginians accompa- nied him with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment, and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desire the cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In 1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant of land beyond the Alleghenies. This was granted, and the government of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hun- dred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000 acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in the West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 37 settling upon iU but in time would come to the lower posts and so gaia possession of the whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1774, Vaud- reuil. Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the consequences that must arise from allowing the English to build trading posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Cel- eron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which were inscribed the claims of France. These were heard of in 175'2, and within the memory of residents now living along the " Oyo," as the beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found with the inscription partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and a copy of the inscription with particular account of the discovery of the plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to the American Antiquarian Society, among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and it was only a question of time when the storm would burst upon the frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees, on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there he went down the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville, and in November he commenced a survey of the Company's lands. Dur- ing the Winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were busy in preparing their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Eng- lish post on the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fourteen of the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison. (They were probably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This fort or post was called by the English Pickawillany. A memorial of the king's ministers refers to it as " Pickawillanes, in the center of the terri- tory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some variation of Pickaway or Picqua in 1773, written by Rev. David Jones Pickaweke." ■• The following Is a translation of the Inscription on the plate; "In the year 1749. reign of Louis XV., King of France, we, Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the Marquis of Gallisonieie, com- mander-in-chief of New France, to estaSlish tranquility in certain Indian villages of these cantons, have buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoin. this twenty-ninth of July, near the river Ohio, otherwise Beautiful Biver, as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken of the sivid river, and all its tributaries; inasmuch as the preceding Kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it by their arms and treaties; especially by those of Eyswiok, Utrecht, and Aix La Chapelle." gg THE NOETHWEST TERRITOK¥, This was the first blood shed between the French and English, and occurred near the present City of Piqua, Ohio, or at least at a point about forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation became now more inter- ested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English deter- mined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to occupjr, and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washing- ton at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomaxand Patten were sent in the Spring of 1752 to hold a conference with the natives at Logstown to learn what they objected to in the treaty of Lan- caster already noticed, and to settle all difficulties. On the 9th of June, these Commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pitts- burgh. Here had been a trading point for many years, but it was aban- doned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize the treaty of Lancaster, but) the Commissioners taking aside Montour, the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Montour, and a chief among the six nations, induced him to use his influence in their favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a settlement of the southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley. Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to out-manceuvre each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally . outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their con- tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of the red men, and further increased the feeling by failing to provide them with arms and ammuni- tion. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758 : " The Indians on the Ohio left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when we wanted help, forsook us." At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The Eng- lish made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until the Summer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warning them away ; but they replied that they intended to complete the chain of forts already begun, and would not abandon the field. Soon after this, no satisfaction being obtained from the Ohio regard- THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 39 ing the positions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia determined to send to them another messenger and learn from them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the rank of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, who then held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monon- gahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the French, and also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the fol- lowing Spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to turn either- way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral. Washington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Creek. Here the French had a fort, called Fort Machault. Through the rum and flattery of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing of importance here, he pursued his way amid great privations, and on the 11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here he delivered Governor Dinwiddle's letter, received his answer, took his observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey with no one but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians who still remained true to him, notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their homeward journey was one of great peril and suffering from the cold, yet they reached home in safety on the"6th of January, 1754. From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned that the French would not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, while the French finished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications, and gathered their forces to be in readiness. The Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great activities ; volunteers were called for, and from all the neighboring colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac men were enlisting under the Governor's proclamation — which promised two hundred thousand acres on the Ohio. Along this river they were gathering as' far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men, who were 40 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. working away in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the fork of the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with deep interest. " The first birds of Spring filled the air with their song ; the swift river rolled by the Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of Spring and the April showers. The leaves were appearing ; a few Indian scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand ; and all was so quiet, that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder- ness, keen eyes had seen the low intrenchment rising at the fork, and swift feet had borne the news of it up the river ; and upon the morning of the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep with cannon and stores. * * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecoeur, and the next day he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men and tools, marched up the Monongahela." The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the French were determined to hold the country watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue of the discoveries of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from New- foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, had resulted disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed the fortifications begun at the Fork, which they had so easily captured, and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washing- ton was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived. He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched him- self at a place called the " Meadows," where he erected a fort called by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the morning of July 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia. The English Government immediately planned four campaigns ; one against Fort DuQuesne; one against Nova Scotia; one against Fort Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755-6, and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions. The expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those THE NORTHWEST TERKITORY. 41 acquainted with Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. This occurred on the morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle of Monongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued with various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7 ; when, at the commence- ment of 1758, in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, then Secre- tary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to carry on the war. Three expeditions were planned for this year : one, under General Amherst, against Louisburg ; another, under Abercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under General Forbes, against Fort DuQuesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered after a desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part of the Canadian possessions fell into the hands of the British. Abercrombie captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedition against Fort DuQuesne, of which Washington had the active command, arrived there, it was found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession, rebuilt the fort, and in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt. The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of Canada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point without a blow ; and Wolfe, after making the memor- able ascent to the Plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement Montcolm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor, marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of defeating the English, and there, on the 28th of the following April, was fouffht one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the City of Montreal. The Governor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was surrendered to the English. This practically concluded the war, but it was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and under its provisions all the country east of the Mississippi and north of the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain., On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers was sent from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of November, and sum- moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post, Beletre.. refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the 42 THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d under the personal protection of the celebrated chief, Pontiac, to whom, no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not desire their country. This answer conciliated the savages, and did much to insure the safety of Rogers and his party during their stay, and while on their journey home. Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one month on the way. His route was from Detroit to Maumee, thence across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the com- mon trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandusky to the fork of the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is, crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohickon John's Town" on Mohickon Creek, the northern branch of White Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across Big Beaver, and up the Ohio to Logstown, thence on to the fork. The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule. New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large trade was speedily manifested. Had the British carried out their promises with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe- trated, and the country would have been spared their recital. The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named Alexander Henry, who, in the Spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French, but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He declared that no treaty had been made with them ; no presents sent them, and that he would resent any possession of the West by that nation. He was at the time about fifty years of age, ^tall and dignified, and was civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies. The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders of North Carolina, were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, ratified February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly THE NORTHWEST TEERITOEY. 43 PONTIAC, THE OTTAWA CHIEFTAIN. 44 THE NORTHWEST TEERITOEY. upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead. Pontiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the commander of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares and Mingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unite in this enterprise. The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on May 7, 176?. Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton. Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit. Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out, however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. He saw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. He endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions ; but the guilt was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe Teprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post. Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August, 1764, continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark, which, to his credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went further south, living many years among the Illinois. He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a quarrel between himself and some "Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon afterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern Indians, who nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed. Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly have been carried out. It was in the Spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex- ander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their French father would awake soon and utterly destroy his enemies, said : " Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not THE NORTHWEST TEREITORY. 45 yet conquered us ! We are not your slaves! These lakes, these woods, these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But j'ou ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them, no presents sent them, and that he and his people were yet for war. Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after the English took possession of their country. These feelings were no doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were going on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments. In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre- .vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters • of the entire West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fon- tainbleau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question. Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States ; and twenty years still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to France, and by France sold to the United States. In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecoeur by LaSalle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Chartres, many French set- tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American Bottom, a large tract of rich alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St. Louis. By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England; but they do not appear to have bten taken possession of until 1765, when Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established him- self at Fort Chartres bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage, dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Cath- olics who worshiped here, and a right to leave the country with their effects if they wished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen. It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that chieftain. By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settle- 46 THE NORTHWEST TEBRITOKY. ment in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year 1764, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his confed- eracy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pon- tiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom he afterward lost his life. As soon as these difficulties were definitely settled, settlers began rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Mononga- hela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. This was followed by another exploring expedition, in'which George Washing- ton was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford and others, on the 20th of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts- burgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen, miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort. Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clus- tered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This same year, Capt. Pi ttman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages. He found there about sixty-five resident families, and at Cahokia only forty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of -the Indians, who still main- tained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by royal proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement without the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy reach of Great Britain. The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 1769 : " In the course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother country ceases, an independenetf in their government will soon follow." In accordance with this policy, Gov. Gage issued a proclamation in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their set- tlements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47 Strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and -were allowed to remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which was granted, and Parliament passed an act oii June 2, 1774, extend- ing the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern- ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies ; but the early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side of the war for independence. In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt under the pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth. One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites for settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the famous battle of Kanawha in July, where the Indians were defeated and driven across the Ohio. During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies and the perseverance of individuals, several settlements were firmly estab- lished between the AUeghanies and the Ohio River, and western land speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held in Kaskaskia on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling themselves the " Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a mer- chant from the Illinois Country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Company." On the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested by a number of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land com- panies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West ; but all were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th of April, 1780, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the " United Illinois and Wabash Land Company." They afterward made 48 THE NORTHWEST TEBBITORY. strenuous efforts to have these grants sanctioned by Congress, but all signally failed. When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unor- ganized country, though there were several settlements within her borders. In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated that at that time " Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black in- habitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Cahokia con- tains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and 80 negroes. There were east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771 " — when these observa- tions were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230 negroes." From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a report made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778. From it the following extract is made : "Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village which appears to have contained nearly eighty families from the beginning of the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la Prairie du Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is five miles further up the river." St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and at this time con- tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and remained so until ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the country including New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 1766 to 1768, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled for more than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated — the people being engaged in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here relate. It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width. As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house (near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had four gates — east, west, north and south. Over the first three of these THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 49 gates were block' houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six- pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river and in a parallel direction with the block houses. There were four streets running east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten to fifteen feet in width. At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the present northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two stories high, sufficient to contain ten officers, and also barracks sufficient to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of Detroit, in 1778, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story, with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance, called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and the other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning between nine and ten o'clock, Each furnished four sentinels, who weie relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who p.r- formed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset ; even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw was permitted to enter town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a stand- ing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the Indians were required to leave town instantly. There was a council house near the water side for the purpose of holding council with the Indians. The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by fire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present " new " town was laid out. On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of importance in the West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their interests, 50 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOBY. and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in this part of the New World, held steadily to their purposes, and those within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exercise their civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Richard Gallaway, burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state. Early in September of that year (1777) the first court was held in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards major, who had arrived in August, was made the commander of a militia organization which had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented her the year previous east of the mountains, was now meditating a move unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. Ht saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British intended to penetrate the country from the north and soutn, ana annihi- late the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, afterwards General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians' were not unanimously in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose, he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the projecti he repaired to the Capital of Virginia, which place he reached on November 5th. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th, Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the scene of action to be able to guide them. Clark, having satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret, the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, subject to his orders, and to serve three months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. Smith to Hoi- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 51 stoii for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to join the proposed expedition. With three companies and several private volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, a small island between the present Cities of Louisville, Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements, and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the 24th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he intended to march directly to the Mississippi River and cross it into the Spanish country. Before his start he received two good items of infor- mation : one that the alliance had been formed between France and the United States ; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to believe by the British that the " Long Knives" or Virginians, were the most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from grati- tude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniency. The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun, and the town reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the fort near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without the loss of a single man or hy killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently working upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at per- fect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhab- itants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlocked for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accom- panied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus 52 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITORY. the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English into the possession of Virginia. In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain possession of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boun- daries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken, St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July, in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence that the post on the " Oubache " had taken the oath of allegiance to the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville, erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Rocheblave, who had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond. In October the County of Illinois was established by the Legislature of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of the Old Dominion through their Legislature. In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore alle- giance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton, having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down the Wabash to Vincennes intending to operate from that point in reducing the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and drive the rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault, dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attend- ant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort. Hamilton knew nothing of the capitulation of the post, and was greatly surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assail- ants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of the fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the force in the garrison. Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was contending, gave up his intended campaign for the Winter, sent his four hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 5g and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the Winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Clark, he saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that unless he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 4th, having suffi- ciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia, he sent down the Mississippi a " battoe," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and Wabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray. On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring rains, on the 22d reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American back- woodsman was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kind- ness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement. During his command of the British frontier posts, he had offered prizes to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him, and had earned in consequence thereof the title " Hair-buyer General," by which he was ever afterward known. Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry being apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and CJaik con- cluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts. Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in uniting the western Indians for the next Spring's campaign, the West would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from the commencement, by the British. "But for this small army of dripping, but fearless Virginians, the union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might have been effected, and the Avhole current of our history changed." At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Govern- ments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclining to the British, and under the instructions of Washington, now Commander-in- Chie/ of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American inde- pendence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the Ohio frontier. Col. Bowman, acting under the same general's orders, marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These expeditions were in the main successful, and tlie Indians were compelled to sue for peace. 54 THE NORTHWEST TBRKITOKT. During this same year (1779) the famous "Land Laws" of Virginia were passed. The passage of these laws was of more consequence to the pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian conflicts. These laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public lands at forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and continued until April 26, 1780, when they adjourned, having decided three thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed his duties on the 10th day, of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the next year (1780) the troubles concerning the navigation of the Missis- sippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a right to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was erected below the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. The settle- ments in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emigrants. It was dur- ing this year that the first seminary of learning was established in the West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth. The settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had been friendly to the Colonies during their struggle for independence, and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the satisfaction of both nations. The Winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as the "Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few pioneers lost their lives. The following Summer a party of Canadians and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of the inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they were compelled to abandon the contest. They also made an attack on the settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable manner, they fled the country in great haste. About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress con- cerning the western lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 65 and Connecticut. The agitation concerning this subject finally led New York, on the 19th of February, 1780, to pass a law giving to the dele- gates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until Sep- tember 6th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body. This basis formed the union, and was the first after all of those legislative measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same year, the plan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might have easily been effected by Clark had the necessary aid been furnished him. Nothing decisive was done, yet the heads of the Government knew that the safety of the Northwest from British invasion lay in the capture and retention of that important post, the only unconquered one in the territory. Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Coun- ties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jefferson, and the act establishing the Town of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of American history as the year in which occurred Arnold's treason to the United States. Virginia, in accordance with the resolution of Congress, on the 2d day of January, 1781, agreed to yield her western lands to the United States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and the Act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was anything farther done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in consequence thereof but little heed was given to the western settlements. Upon the 16th of April, 1781, the first birth north of the Ohio River of American parentage occurred, being that of Mary Heckewelder, daughter of the widely known Moravian missionary, whose band of Christian Indians suffered in after years a horrible massacre by the hands of the frontier settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of their neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to humanity, a deed which forever afterwards cast a shade of shame upon their lives. For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians committed many deeds of cruelty which darken the years of 1771 and 1772 in the history of the Northwest. During the year 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indians and the Wyan- dots. In these, horrible acts of cruelty were practised on the captives, manv of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious 56 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers, was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the Ohio valleys. Cotemporary with them were several engagements in Kentucky, in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who, often by his skill and knowledge of Indian warfare, saved the outposts from cruel destrue- >di^ 1^ ^ ',^- :^ INDIANS ATTACKING FEONTIEESMBN. tion. By the close of the year victory had perched upon the American banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional articles of peace had been arranged between the Commissioners of England and her uncon- querable colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on the 19th of October preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19th of April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was THE NOETHWEST TEEBITOEY. 57 proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the 3d of the next September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the boundaries of the West were as follows : On the north the line was to extend along the center of the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi River; down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on that line east to the head of the Appalachicola River; down its center to its junc- tion with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts were still occupied by the British in the North and West. Among these was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements with the Indians throughout Ohio and Indiana occurred, upon whose lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by the proper treaty. To remedy this latter evil. Congress appointed commissioners to treat with the natives and purchase their lands,, and prohibited the set- tlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however, not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwest she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having on the 20th of December preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded to the United States. This was done on the 1st of March following, and the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion. To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated any where north of the Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of Clarksville, about midway between the Cities of New Albany and Jeffer- sonville, Indiana. While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit refused to evacuate alleging that he had no orders from his King to do so, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the Spring of 1784, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossessing in appearance. He says : " Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being bought at the vast expense of forty-five shillings per pound from Phila- 68 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. delphia and Baltimore. They take in the shops flour, wheat, skins and money. There are in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chapel." Kentucky at this time contained thirty thousand inhabitants, and was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A land oiEce was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take defensive precaution against the Indians who were yet, in some instances, incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year, 1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no entries were recorded until 1787. The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the surveys of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made w:ith the Wabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made in 1784. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these much land was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel their adherence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1786, the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused various discussions, which resulted in no definite action, only serving tp excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had promised bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississippi respecting its naviga- tion, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded between the two Governments. Before the close of the year 1786, how- ever, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September Con- necticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as the " Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year a large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once took measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received 750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without the reservations. In addition to this. Congress afterward granted 100,000 acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the resolutions of 1789 and 1790. THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 59 While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing Its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance for the political and social organization of this Territory, When the cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected. A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina' By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states A PEAIKIB STOEM. by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten stites, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the northwest corner and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher- sonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, lUenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Poly- potamia and Pelisipia. There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of names,— the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolu- tion of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles 60 THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Vir- ginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by the State Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Government was again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that year and until July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed, and the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This com- pact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in this book, and to it the reader is referred. The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company was soon followed by an application to the Government by John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land between the Miamis. This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to the New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following year. During the Autumn the directors of the New England Company were preparing to occupy their grant the following Spring, and upon the 23d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the sur- veyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart- ford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as soon as possible. Congress, in the meantime, upon the 3d of October, had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the Avestern settlers, and to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur St. Clair Governor of the Territory of the Northwest. AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS. The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now com- plete, and notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England Company sent their men during the Winter of 1787-8 pressing on over the Alleghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into Braddock's road, and which has since been made a national turnpike from Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled on, and by April were all gathered on the Yohiogany, where boats had been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 61 Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by- being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed to administer them. Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the Northwest, said : " No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as. that which has just commenced at Muskingum. Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calcu- lated to promote the welfare of such a community." ^'-■■^^i^ A PIONEEE DWELLING. On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new- born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the "Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block -houses stood was called ''Campus Martins T square number 19, ''Capitolium;'' square number 61, " Cecilia ;" and the great road through the covert way, " Sacra Via." Two days after, an oration was deUvered by James M. Varnum, who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act of 1787 provided two district grades of government for the Northwest, 62 THE NORTHWEST TBEBITOEY. under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of a governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon the Governor's arrival, and the first laws of the colony passed on the 25th, of July. These provided for the organization of the militia, and on the next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing ceremonies. The emigration westward at this time was very great. The com- mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb- ruary and June, 1788 — many of whom would have purchased of the "Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been ready to receive them. On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating the^terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, anid the three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouth of which they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals " : — " Mr. Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to* its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being interpreted, means : ville, the town ; anti, against or opposite to ; os, the mouth ; L. of Licking." Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse teams under way for the West. These reached Limestone (now Mays- ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 caused the " Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left the " Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami, whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had THE NORTHWEST TEERITOEY. 63 been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place' on the 18th of November, 1788, with twenty-six persons, and, building a block-house, prepared to remain through the Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood of 1789. On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaug- urated President of the American people, and during the next Summer, an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The President at first used pacific means ; but these failing, he sent General Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but BEBAKING PKAIEIE. was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Port Wayne, Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians ; but while he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men. General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large tract of country was ceded to the United States. Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the 64 THE NORTHWEST TEBKITORY. whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon- chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago, Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommodation of the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military governments of the Northwestern Territory. Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land spec- ulations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured. No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head- THE NORTHWEST TEREITORY. 65 quarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle- town to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson- and Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Red- stone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that part of the Northwest. The election of representatives for the territory had taken place, and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate persons from whom the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President of the Council. The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gen. St. Clair. The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by the Governor, were thirty-seven — eleven others were passed, but received his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro- tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day. 66 THE NOETHWBST TBEEITOET. DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient action of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that : "In the three western countries there has been but one court having cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim- inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assist- ance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * Xo minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and separate governments should be made ; and that such division be made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States and Canada." The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri- tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these : " That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal powers ol the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides: " That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the seat of government for the Indiana Territory." Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiana Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law THE NORTHWEST TERKITOEY. 67 was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon thirty-five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the clofee of the year, the first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province of Louisiana. In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char- tered the college at Athens. Prom the earliest dawn of the western colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787, newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the Congress of the United Slates granted to the citizens of the Northwestern territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of the *' compact of 1787 " provided that whenever the number of inhabit- ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number, and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits, and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly within the territory of Indiana. G,en. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from France by the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode, the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the early part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the College Township in the district of Cincinnati. Before the close of the year. Gen. Harrison obtained additional grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from the 68 THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOBY. aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in and about Detroit. C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri- tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post : " The Town of Detroit.— The charter, which is for fifteen miles square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now» from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four acres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. Macomb. * * * A stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The- pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right angles. The houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant." During this year, Congress granted a township of land for the sup- port of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also, a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of government, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the domain of Gen. Harrison. On the 11th of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed, Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the change to take effect on June 30. On the 11th of that month, a fire occurred at Detroit, which destroyed almost every building in the place. When the officers of the new territory reached the post, they found it in ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuild- ing, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built. While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian^ Tecumthe or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecumseh at the battle of the Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest, we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life, and his connection with this conflict. THE NOBTHWEST TBEEITOKY. 6» \ k i \s /!t fji. TECUMSEH, THE SHAWANOE CHIEFTAIN. 70 THE NOKTHWEST TEKEITOEY. TEOUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812. This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from the site of the present City of Piqua, Ohio. His father, Puckeshinwa, was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanbese nation, and his mother, Methontaske, was a member of the Turtle tribe of the same people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last century to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecum- seh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of the present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River, Indiana. In 1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabash River, given them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chiel comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age, was five feet and ten inches in height, was stoutly built, and possessed of enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleas- ing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confi- dential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of land made by the Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land could be made save by the consent of thi^'confederation. He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect. Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the move- ments of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements. Tecumseh's plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity. During the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre- paring for the work. In that year, Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon the Wabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averring THE NORTHWEST . TERRITORY. 71 as one principal reason that he did not want the Indians to give up any lands north and west of the Ohio River. Tecumseh, in August, 1810, visited the General at Vincennes and held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly angry at this conference he was dismissed from the village, and soon after departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict. Gen. Harrison determined to move upon the chief's headquarters at Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the Wabash, where he built Fort Harrison. From this place he went to the prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile inten- tions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped near the village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his brother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans. Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was now returned from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him he could not go as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never made. In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indif- ference, and after making a few general remarks, with a haughty air drew his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Mai- den, in Upper Canada, where he joined the British standard. He remained under this Government, doing effective work for the Crown while engaged in the war of 1812 which now opened. He was, however, always humane in his treatment of the prisoners, never allow- ing his warriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain, or wan- tonly murder the captive. In the Summer of 1813, Perry's victory on Lake Erie occurred, and shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the 27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Mai- den, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sand- wich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the Valley of the Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan. 72 THE NORTHWEST TBKEITORY. On the 2d of October, the Americans began their pursuit of Proctor, whom they overtook on the 5th, and the battle of the Thames followed. Early in the engagement, Tecumseh who was at the head of the column of Indians was slain, and they, no longer hearing the voice of their chief- tain, fled. The victory was decisive, and practically closed the war in th.e Northwest. INDIANS ATTACKING A STOCKADE. Just who killed the great chief has been a matter of much dispute ; but the weight of opinion awards the act to Col. Richard M. Johnson, who fired at him with a pistol, the shot proving fatal. In 1805 occurred Burr's Insurrection. He took possession of a beautiful island in the Ohio, after the killing of Hamilton, and is charged by many with attempting to set up an independent government. His plans were frustrated by the general government, his property confiscated and he was compelled to flee the country for safety. THE NORTHWEST TEEETTORY. 73 In Januar-y, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built about Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts, however, all signally failed. In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory. This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the western part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year, the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and then began the events already narrated. While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonishment of the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the "monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the close of the first week of January, 1812, it arrived at Natchez, after being nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred while on its downward trip. The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not ' fully restored until July 22, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Green- ville, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again restored in this part of the new world. On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city. It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties organized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. The first election of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7, and on December. 11, the State was formally ?idmitted into the Union. For some time the seat of government was at Corydon, but a more central location being liesirable, the present capital, Indianapolis (City of Indiana), vras laid out January 1, 1825. 74 THE NORTHWEST TERBITOEY. Oq the 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was chartered, with a capital of $300,000. At this period all banks were under the control of the States, and were allowed to establish branches at different convenient points. Until this time Chillicothe and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed the privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a more central location, and before the close of the year, the site of Col- umbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State. Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank was chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the state the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subsequently unable to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend. In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territory north of her northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Mich- igan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826 that the trade was extended to Lake Michigan; or that steamships began to navigate the bosom of that inland sea. Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War, but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools were estab- lished, universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan University, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been extended, and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, the record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous pros- perity. BLACK HAWK AND THE BLACK HAWK WAR. This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part of the United States. Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River with the Mississippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes ; his grandfather's, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783, he went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOEY. 76 BLACK HAWK, THE SAO CHIEFTAIN. 76 THE NORTHWEST TBRBITORY. of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation. He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred lowas, he wag.ed war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered. Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to the Americans.' When on a visit to Sfc. Louis to see his " Spanish Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, he did not want two fathers. The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812 followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn Massaci-e ^ ■ a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British „ c . ernment but Uttle is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard was defeated. ^ In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared between the United States and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog- nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life. Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORT. 77 Indians were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of Waters. Air were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, and Avas induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set- tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented. Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock Eiv^r, nearly three miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the river. X large force was at once raised and- marched against him. On the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were defeated. This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of men wag raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri- can army continued to move^ up Rock River toward the main body of the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, and defeated them near the Blue Mounds. Before this action. Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the NoTj; —The above is the generally accepted version of the cause of the Slack Hawk War, but in our History of Jo Daviess County. 111., we had cccasitn to go to the bottom of this matter, and have, we think, found the actual cause of the war, which will be found on page 157. 78 THE KOBTHWEST TEREITOKr. "Wisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle which followed the power of the Indian chief was completely broken. He fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites. On the 21st of September, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con- cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain, peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi- sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the Presideht. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons. The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe, "there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify their being set at liberty." They were retained here until the 4th of June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white ■ people. Everywhere they were observed by thousands, the name of the old chief being extensively known. By the middle of August they reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth- place, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer. On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re- mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among the Indians, living with her upward of forty years. Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel- ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten- tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre- sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. " The THE KOETHWEST TBREITOEY. 79 body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him hy Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed iu' the grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons." No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became a part of the Federal Union. The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this region was attached to Michigan for judiciary purposes, but in 1830 was made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State was detached two years later. In 1848, Wisconsin was admitted as a State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances compelled its present division. OTHER INDIAN TROUBLES. Before leaving this part of the narrative, we will narrate briefly the Indian troubles in Minnesota and elsewhere by the Sioux Indians. ' In August, 1862, the Sioux Indians living on the western borders of Minnesota fell upon the unsuspecting settlers, and in a few hours mas- sacred ten or twelve hundred persons. A distressful panic was the immediate result, fully thirty thousand persons fleeing from their homes to districts supposed to be better protected. The military authorities at once took active measures to punish the savages, and a large number were killed and captured. About a year after, Little Crow, the chief, was killed by a Mr. Lampson near Scattered Lake. Of those captured, thirty were hung at Mankato, and the remainder, through fears of mob violence, were removed to Camp McClellan, on the outskirts of the City of Davenport. It was here that Big Eagle came into prominence and secured his release by the following order : 80 THE NOETHWBST TBEBITOEY. ^^*%t^s- I, iN 1?^ BIG EAGLE. THE NOETHWBST TERKITOEY. 81 " Special Order, No. 430. " Wae Department, " Adjutant General's Office, Washington, Dec. 3, 1864. "Big Eagle, an Indian now in confinement at Davenport, Iowa, will, upon the receipt of this order, be immediately released from confine- ment and set at liberty. ■* " By order of the President of the United States. " Official : " E. D. Townsend, Ass't Adft aen. " Capt. James Vandeeventer, Com'y Sub. Vols. "Through Com'g Gen'l, Washington, D. C." Another Indian who figures more prominently than Big Eagle, and who was more cowardly in his nature, with his band of Modoc Indians, is noted in the annals of the New Northwest : we refer to Captain Jack. This distinguished Indian, noted for his cowardly murder of Gen. Canby, was a chief of a Modoc tribe of Indians inhabiting the border lands between California and Oregon. This region of country comprises what is known as the " Lava Beds," a tract of land described as utterly impene- trable, save by those savages who had made it their home. The Modocs are known . as an exceedingly fierce and treacherous race. They had, according to their own traditions, resided here for many generations, and at one time were exceedingly numerous and powerful. A famine carried off nearly half their numbers, and disease, indolence and the vices of the white man have reduced them to a poor, weak and insignificant tribe. Soon after the settlement of California and Oregon, complaints began to be heard of massacres of emigrant trains passing through the Modoc country. In 1847, an emigrant train, comprising eighteen souls, was en- tirely destroyed at a place since known as '-' Bloody Point." These occur- rences caused the United States Government to appoint a peace commission, who, after repeated attempts, in 1864, made a treaty with the Modocs, Snakes and Klamaths, in which it was agreed on their part to remove to a reservation set apart for them in the southern part of Oregon. With the exception of Captain Jack and a band of his followers, who remained at Clear Lake, about six miles from Klamath, all the Indians complied. The Modocs who went to the reservation were under chief Schonchin. Captain Jack remained at the lake without disturbance until 1869, when he was also induced to remove to the reservation. The Modocs and the Klamaths soon became involved in a quarrel, and Captain Jack and his band returned to the Lava Beds. Several attempts were made by the Indian Commissioners to induce them to return to the reservation, and finally becoming involved in a 82 THE NORTHWEST TBERITORY. difficulty with the commissioner and his military escort, a fight ensued, in which the chief and his band were routed. They were greatly enraged, and on their retreat, before the day closed, killed eleven inoffensive whites. The nation was aroused and immediate action demanded. A com- mission was at once appointed by the Government to see what could be done. It comprised the following persons : Gen. E. R. S. Canby, Rev. Dr. E. Thomas, a leading' Methodist divine of California ; Mr. A. B. Meacham, Judge Rosborough, of California, and a Mr. Dyer, of Oregon. After several interviews, in which the savages were always aggressive, often appearing with scalps in their belts. Bogus Charley came to the commission on the evening of April 10, 1873, and Informed them that Capt. Jack and his band would have a " talk " to-morrow at a place near dear Lake, about three miles distant. Here the Commissioners, accom- panied by Charley, Riddle, the interpreter, and Boston Charley repaired. After the usual greeting the council proceedings commenced. On behalf of the Indians there were present : Capt. Jack, Black Jim, Schnac Nasty Jim, Ellen's Man, and Hooker Jim. They had no guns, but carried pis- tols. After short speeches by Mr. Meacham, Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas, Chief Schonchin arose to speak. He had scarcely proceeded when, as if by a preconcerted arrangement, Capt. Jack drew his pistol and shot Gen. Canby dead. In less than a minute a dozen shots were fired by the savages, and the massacre completed. Mr. Meacham was shot by Schon- chin, and Dr. Thomas by Boston Charley. Mr. Dyer barely escaped, being fired at twice. Riddle, the interpreter, and his squaw escaped. The troops rushed to the spot where they found Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas dead, and Mr. Meacham badly wounded. The savages had escaped to their impenetrable fastnesses and could not be pursued. The whole country was aroused by this brutal massacre ; but it was not until the following May that the murderers were brought to justice. At that time Boston Charley gave himself up, and offered to guide the troops to Capt. Jack's stronghold. This led to the capture of his entire gang, a number of whom were murdered by Oregon volunteers while on their way to trial. The remaining Indians were held as prisoners until July when their trial occurred, which led to the conviction of Capt. Jack, Schonchin, Boston Charley, Hooker Jim, Broncho, alias One-Eyed Jim, and Slotuck, who were sentenced to be hanged. These sentences were approved by the President, save in the case of Slotuck and Broncho whose sentences were commuted to imprisonment for life. The others were executed at Fort Klamath, October 3, 1878. These closed the Indian troubles for a time in the Northwest, and for several years the borders of civilization remained in peace. They were again involved in a conflict with the savages about the country of the THE NORTHWEST TEREITOKY. 83 CAPTAIN JACK, THE MODOC CHIEFTAIN". eJ4 THE NORTHWEST TBKEITOET. Black Hills, in which war the gallant Gen. Custer lost his life. Just now the borders of Oregon and California are again in fear of hostilities ; but as the Government has learned how to deal with the Indians, they will be of short duration. The red man is fast passing away before the march of the white man, and a few mo];e generations will read of the Indians as one of the nations of the past. The Northwest abounds in memorable places. We have generally noticed them in the narrative, but our space forbids their description in detail, save of the most important places. Detroit, Cincinnati, Vincennes, Kaskaskia and their kindred towns have all been described. But ere we leave the narrative we will present our readers with an account of tte Kinzie house, the old landmark of Chicago, and the discovery of the source of the Mississippi River, each of which may well find a place in the annals of the Northwest. Mr. John Kinzie, of the Kinzie house, represented in the illustra- tion, established a trading house at Fort Dearborn in 1804. The stockade had been erected the year previous, and named Fort Dearborn in honor of the Secretary of "War. It had a block house at each of the two angles, on the southern side a sallyport, a covered way on the north side, that led down to the river, for the double purpose of providing means of escape, and of procuring water in the event of a siege. Fort Dearborn stood on the south bank of the Chicago River, about half a mile from its mouth. When Major Whistler built it, his soldiers hauled all the timber, for he had no oxen, and so economically did he work that the fort cost the Government only fifty dollars. For a while the garrison could get no grain, and W histler and his men subsisted on acorns. Now Chicago is the greatest gi-ain center in the world. Mr. Kinzie bought the hut of the first settler, Jean Baptiste Point au Sable, on the site of which he erected his mansion. Within an inclosure in front he planted some Lombardy poplars, seen in the engraving, and in the rear he soon had a fine garden and growing orchard. In 1812 the Kinzie house and its surroundings became the theater of stirring events. The garrison of Fort Dearborn consisted of fifty-four men, under the charge of Capt. Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant Lenai T. Helm (son-in-law to Mrs. Kinzie), and Ensign Ronan. The surgeon was Dr. Voorhees. The only residents at the post at that time were the wives of Capt. Heald and Lieutenant Helm and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian voyagers with their wives and children. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on the most friendly terms with the Pottawatomies and the Winnebagoes, the prin- cipal tribes around them, but they could not win them from their attach- ment to the British. THE NORTHWEST TERKTTOEY. 85 After the battle of Tippecanoe it was observed that some of the lead- ing chiefs became sullen, for some of their people had perished in that conflict with American troops. One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing his violin and his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into the house pale with terror, and exclaiming, " The Indians ! the Indians ! " " What ? Where ? " eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. " Up at Lee's, killing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, when the alarm was given, was attending Mrs. Burns, a newly-made mother, living not far off. KIUZIE HOtrSB. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river in boats, and took refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Burns and her infant, not a day old, were conveyed in safety to the shelter of the guns of Fort Dearborn, and the rest of the white inhabitants fled. The Indians were a scalping party of Winnebagoes, who hovered around the fort some days, when they dis- appeared, and for several weeks the inhabitants were not disturbed by alarms. Chicago was then so deep in the wilderness, that the news of the declaration of war against Great Britain, made on the 19th of June, 1812, did not reach the commander of the garrison at Fort Dearborn till the 7th of August. Now the fast mail train will carry a man from New York to Chicago in twenty-seven hours, and such a declaration might be sent, every word, by the telegraph in less than the same number of minutes. 86 THE KOETHWEST TBRKITOKY. PRESENT CONDITION OF THE NORTHWEST. Preceding chapters have brought us to the close of the Black Hawk ■war, and we now turn to the contemplation of the growth and prosperity of the Northwest under the smile of peace and the blessings of our civili- zation. The pioneers of this region' date events back to the deep snow I I A EEPKBSENTATIYE PIONEER. of 1831, no one arriving here since that date taking first honors. The inciting cause of the immigration which overflowed the prairies early in the '30s was the reports of the marvelous beauty and fertility of the region distributed through the East by those who had participated in the Black Hawk campaign with Gen. Scott. Chicago and Milwaukee then had a few hundred inhabitants, and Gurdon S. Hubbard's trail from the former city to Kaskaskia led almost through a wilderness. Vegetables and clothing were largely distributed through the regions adjoining the THE NOETHWEST TERBITOKY. 87 lakes by steamers from the Ohio towns. There are men now living in Illinois who came to the state when barely an acre was in cultivation, and a man now prominent in the business circles of Chicago looked over the swampy, cheerless site of that metropolis in 1818 and went south ward into civilization. Emigrants from Pennsylvania in 1830 left behind sAi*r\ LINCOLN MONUMENT, SPBINGFIELD, ILLINOIS. them but one small railway in the coal regions, thirty miles in length, and made their way to the Northwest mostly with ox teams, finding in Northern Illinois petty settlements scores of miles apart, although the southern portion of the state was fairly dotted with farms. The water courses of the lakes and rivers furnished transportation to the second great army of immigrants, and about 1850 railroads were pushed to that extent that the crisis of 1837 was precipitated upon us, 88 THE NOETHWEST TERKITORY. from the effects of which the Western country had not fully recovered at the outbreak of the war. Hostilities found the colonists of the prairies fully alive to the demands of the occasion, and the honor of recruiting 'li'l I'll! I*., the vast armies of the Union fell largely to the Governors of the "Western States. The struggle, on the whole, had a marked effect for the better on the new Northwest, giving it an impetus which twenty years of peace would not have produced. In a large degree, this prosperity was an inflated one ; and, with the rest of the Union, we have since been compelled to atone therefor by four THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOKY. 89 years of depression of values, of scarcity of employment, and loss of fortune. To a less degree, however, than the manufacturing or mining regions has the West suffered during the prolonged panic now so near its end. Agriculture, still the leading feature in our industries, has been quite prosperous through all these dark years, and the farmers have cleared away many incumbrances resting over them from the period of fictitious values. The population has steadily increased, the arts and sciences are gaining a stronger foothold, the trade area of the region is becoming daily more extended, and we have been largely exempt from the financial calamities which have nearly wrecked communities on the seaboard dependent wholly on foreign commerce or domestic manufacture. At the present period there are no great schemes broached for the Northwest, no propositions for government subsidies or national works of improvement, but the capital of the world is attracted hither for the purchase of our products or the expansion of our capacity for serving the nation at large. A new era is dawning as to transportation, and we bid fair to deal almost exclusively with the increasing and expanding lines of steel rail running through every few miles of territory on the prairies. The lake marine will no doubt continue to be useful in the warmer season, and to serve as a regulator of freight rates; but experienced navigators forecast the decay of the system in moving to the seaboard the enormous crops of the West. Within the past five years it has become quite common to see direct shipments to Europe and the West Indies going through i^om the second-class towns along the Mississippi and Missouri. As to popular education, the standard has of late risen very greatly, ~ and our schools would be creditable to any section of the Union. More and more as the events of the war pass into obscurity will the fate of the Northwest be linked with that of the Southwest, and the next Congressional apportionment will give the valley of the Mississippi absolute control of the legislation of the nation, and do much toward securing the removal of the Federal capitol to some more central location. Our public men continue to wield the full share of influence pertain- ing to their rank in the national autonomy, and seem not to forget that for the past sixteen years they and their constituents have dictated the principles which should govern the country. In a work like this, destined to lie on the shelves of the library for generations, and not doomed to daily destruction like a newspaper, one can not indulge in the same glowing predictions, the sanguine statements of actualities that fill the columns of ephemeral publications. Time may bring grief to the pet projects of a writer, and explode castles erected on a pedestal of facts. Yet there are unmistakable indications before us of 90 THE NORTHWEST TEERITOEY. the same radical change in our great Northwest which characterizes its history for the past thirty years. Our domain has a sort of natural geographical border, save where it melts away to the southward in the cattle raising districts of the southwest. Our prime interest will for some years doubtless be the growth of the food of the world, in which branch it has already outstripped all competitors, and our great rival in this duty will naturally be the fertile plains of Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado, to say nothing of the new empire so rapidly growing up in Texas. Over these regions there is a continued progress in agriculture and in railway building, and we must look to our laurels. Intelligent observers of events are fully aware of the strides made in the way of shipments of fresh meats to Europe, many of these ocean cargoes being actually slaughtered in the "West and transported on ice to the wharves of the seaboard cities. That this new enterprise will continue there is no reason to doubt. There are in Chicago several factories for the canning of prepared meats for European consumption, and the orders for this class of goods are already immense. English capital is becoming daily more and more dissatisfied with railway loans and investments, and is gradually seeking mammoth outlays in lands and live stock. The stock yards in Chicago, Indianapolis and East St. Louis are yearly increasing their facilities, and their plant steadily grows more valuable. Importations of blooded animals from the pro- gressive countries of Europe are destined to greatly improve the quality of our beef and mutton. Nowhere is there to be seen a more enticing display in this line than at our state and county fairs, and the interest in the matter is on the increase. To attempt to give statistics of our grain production for 1877 would be useless, so far have we surpassed ourselves in the quantity and quality of our product. We are too liable to forget that we are giving the world its first article of necessity — its food supply. An opportunity to learn this fact so it never can be forgotten was afforded at Chicago at the outbreak of the great panic of 1873, when Canadian purchasers, fearing the prostration of business mightbring about an anarchical condition of affairs, went to that city with coin in bulk and foreign drafts to secure their supplies in their own currency at first hands. It may be justly claimed by the agricultural community that their combined efforts gave the nation its first impetus toward a restoration of its crippled industries, and their labor brought the gold premium to a lower depth than the government was able to reach by its most intense efforts of legislation and compulsion. The hundreds of millions about to be disbursed for farm products have already, by the anticipation common to all commercial THE KOETHWEST TERRITORY. 91 nations, set the wheels in motion, and will relieve us from the perils so long shadowing our efforts to return to a healthy tbne. Manufacturing has attained in the chief cities a foothold which bids fair to render the Northwest independent of the outside world. Nearly Eh K O ft g A 5 o M Eh < our whole region has a distribution of coal measures which will in time support the manufactures necessary to our comfort and prosperity. As to transportation, the chief factor in the production of all articles except food, no section is so magnificently endowed, and our facilities are yearly ■ increasing beyond those of any other region. 92 ' THE NORTHWEST TBRBITOEY. The period from a central point of the war to the outbreak of the panic was marked by a tremendous growth in our railway lines, but the depression of the times caused almost a total suspension of operations. Now that prosperity is returning to our stricken country we witness its anticipation by the railroad interest in a series of projects, extensions, and leases which bid fair to largely increase our transportation facilities. The process of foreclosure and sale of incumbered lines is another matter to be considered. . In the ease of the Illinois Central road, which formerly transferred to other lines at Cairo the vast burden of freight destined for the Gulf region, we now see the incorporation of the tracks connecting through to New Orleans, every mile co-operating in turning toward the northwestern metropolis the weight of the inter-state commerce of a thousand miles or more of fertile plantations. Three competing routes to Texas have established in Chicago their general freight and passenger Agencies. Four or five lines compete for all Pacific freights to a point as as far as the interior of Nebraska. Half a dozen or more splendid bridge structures have been thrown across the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers by the railways. The Chicago and Northwestern line has become an aggre- gation of over two thousand miles of rail, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul is its close rival in extent and importance. The three lines running to Cairo via Vincennes form a through route for all traffic with the states to the southward. The chief projects now under discussion are the' Chicago and Atlantic, which is to unite with lines now built to Charleston, and the Chicago and Canada Southern, which line will con- nect with all the various branches of that Canadian enterprise. Our latest new road is the Chicago and Lake Huron, formed of three lines, and entering the city from Valparaiso on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago track. The trunk lines being mainly in operation, the progress made in the way of shortening tracks, making air-line branches, and running extensions does not show to the advantage it deserves, as this process is constantly adding new facilities to the established order of things. The panic reduced the price of steel to a point where the railways could hardly afford to use ii'on rails, and all our northwestern lines report large relays of Bessemer track. The immense crops now being moved have given a great rise to the value of railway stocks, and their transportation must result in heavy pecuniary advantages. Few are aware of the importance of the wholesale and jobbing trade of Chicago. One leading firm has since the panic sold 124,000,000 of dry goods in one year, and they now expect most confidently to add seventy per cent, to the figures of their last year's business. In boots and shoes and in clothing, twenty or more great firms from the east have placed here their distributing agents or their factories ; and in groceries THE NORTHWEST TBtlEITOEY. 93 Chicago supplies the entire Northwest at rates presenting advantages over New York. Chicago has stepped in between New York and the rural banks as a finapcial center, and scarcely a banking institution in the grain or cattle regions but keeps its reserve funds in the vaults of our commercial insti- tutions. Accumulating here throughout the spring and summer months, they are summoned home at pleasure to move the products of the prairies. This process greatly strengthens the northwest in its financial ■operations, leaving home capital to supplement local operations on behalf of home interests. It is impossible to forecast thp destiny of this grand and growing section of the Union. Figures and predictions made at this date might seem ten years hence so ludicrously small as to excite only derision. ^^''a^ fa,>5i» .^L r^*-^ ' 1^-^^-*^ ^'fe^- ^^^^ :>^' i in « O '-^.V>./ V %.I H^^ ■oiu. I 1111,11,111 M;ii»;s*7fiT[p^ IM^ HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 95 CHICAGO. It is impossible in our brief space to give more than a meager sketch of such a city as Chicago, which is in itself the greatest marvel of the Prairie State. This mysterious, majestic, mighty city, born first of water, and next of fire ; sown in weakness, and raised in power ; planted among the willows of the marsh, and crowned with the glory of the mountains ; sleeping, on the bosom of the prairie, and rocked on the bosom of the sea , CHICAGO IN 1833. the youngest city of the -world, and still the eye of the prairie, as Damas- cus, the oldest city of the world, is the eye of the desert. With a com- merce far exceeding that of Corinth on her isthmus, in the highway to the East ; with the defenses of a continent piled around her by the thou- sand miles, making her far safer than Rome on the banks of the Tiber; 96 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. with schools eclipsing Alexandria and Athens ; with liberiies more con- spicuous than those of the old republics ; with a heroism equal to the first Carthage, and with a sanctity scarcely second to that of Jerusalem — set your thoughts ort all this, lifted into the eyes of all men by the miracle of its growth, illuminated by the flame of its fall, and transfigured by the divinity of its resurrection, and you will feel, as I do, the> utter impossi- bility of compassing this subject as it deserves. Some impression of her importance is received from the shock her burning gave to the civilized world. When the doubt of her calamity was removed, and the horrid fact was accepted, there went a shudder over all cities, and a quiver over all lands. There was scarcely a town in the civilized world that did not shake on the brink of this opening chasm. The flames of our homes red- dened all skies. The city was set upon a hill, and could not be hid. All eyes were turned upon it. To have struggled and suffered amid the scenes of its fall is as distinguishing as to have fought at Thermopylae, or Salamis, or Hastings, or Waterloo, or Bunker Hill. Its calamity amazed the world, because it was felt to be the commoa property of mankind. The early history of the city is full of interest, just as the early .his- tory of such a man as Washington or Lincoln becomes public property, and is cherished by every patriot. Starting with 560 acres in 1833, it embraced and occupied 23,000 acres in 1869, and, having now a population of more than 500,000, it com- mands general attention. The first settler — Jean Baptiste Pointe au Sable, a mulatto from the West Indies — came and began trade with the Indians in 1796. John Kinzie became his successor in 1804, in which year Fort Dearborn was erected. A mere trading-post was kept here from that time till about the time of the Blackhawk war, in 1882. It was n,ot the city. It was merely a cock crowing at midnight. The morning was not yet. In 1833 the set- tlement about the fort was incorporated as a town. The voters were divided on the propriety of such corporation, twelve voting for it and one against it. Four years later it was incorporated as a city, and embraced 560 acres. The produce handled in this city is an indication of its power. Grain and flour were imported from the East till as late as 1837. The first exportation by way of experiment was in 1839. Exports exceeded imports first in 1842. The Board of Trade was organized in 1848, but it was so weak that it needed nursing till 1855. Grain was purchased by the wagon-load in the street. I remember sitting with my father on a load of wheat, in the long HISTORY OF, THE NOKTHWEST. 9T S line of wagons along Lake street, while the buyers came and untied the bags, and examined the grain, and made their bids. That manner of business had to cease with the day of small |;hings. Now our elevatori will hold 15,000,000 bushels of grain. The cash value of the produce handled in a year is 1215,000,000, and the produce weighs 7,000,000 tons or 700,000 car loads. This handles thirteen and a half ton each minute, all the year round. One tenth of all the wheat in the United States is handled in Chicago. Even as long ago as 1853 the receipts of grain in Chicago exceeded those of the goodly city of St. Louis, and in 1854 the exports of grain from Chicago exceeded those of New York and doubled those of St. Petersburg, Archangel, or Odessa, the largest grain markets in Europe. The manufacturing interests of the city are not contemptible. In 1873 manufactories employed 45,000 operatives ; in 1876, 60,000. The manufactured product in 1875 was worth $177,000,000. No estimate of the size and power of Chicago would be adequate that did not put large emphasis on the railroads. Before they came thundering along bur streets canals were the hope of our country. But who ever thinks now of traveling by canal packets ? In June, 1852, there were only forty miles of railroad connected with the city. The old Galena division of the Northwestern ran out to Elgin. But now, who can count the train* and measure the roads that seek a terminus or> connection in this city ? The lake stretches away to the north, gathering in to this center all the harvests that might otherwise pass to the north of us. If you will take a map and look at the adjustment of railroads, you will see, first, that Chicago is the great railroad center of the world, as New York is the commercial city of this continent ; and, second, that the railroad lines form the iron spokes of a great wheel whose hub is this city. The lake furnishes the only break in the spokes, and this seems simply to have pushed a few spokes together on each shore. See the eighteen trunk lines, exclusive of eastern connections. Pass round the circle, and view their numbers and extent. There is the great Northwestern, with all its branches, one branch creeping along the lake shore, and so reaching to the north, into the Lake Superior regions, away to the right, and on to the Northern Pacific on the left, swinging around Green Bay for iron and copper and silver, twelve months in the year, and reaching out for the wealth of the great agricultural belt and isothermal line traversed .by the Northern Pacific. Another branch, not so far north, feeling for the heart of the Badger State. Another pushing lower down the Mississippi — all these make many con- nections, and tapping all the vast wheat regions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and all the regions this side of sunset. There is tha;t elegant road, the "Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, running out a goodly number of 98 HISTORY OF THE NOETHWEST. L*^ - '*- -iff *■-.'=.- OLD FORT DEAKBOKN, 183W PKESENT SITE OE LAKE STKEEX BKIDGE, CHICAGO, IN 1833. HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 99 branches, and reaping the great fields this side of the Missouri River. I can only mention the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis, our Illinois Central, described elsewhere, and the Chicago & Rock Island. Further around we come to the lines connecting us with all the eastern cities. The Chicago, Indianapolis & St. Louis, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, and the Michigan Cen- tral and Great Western, give us many highways to the seaboard. Thus we reach the Mississippi at five points, from St. Paul to Cairo and the Gulf itself by two routes. We also reach Cincinnati and Baltimore, and Pitts- burgh and Philadelphia, and New York. North and south run the water courses of the lakes and the rivers, broken just enough at this point to make a pass. Through this, from east to west, run the long lines that stretch from ocean to ocean. This is the neck of the glass, and the golden sands of commerce must pass into our hands. Altogether we have more than 10,000 miles of railroad, directly tributary to this city, seeking to unload their wealth in our coffers. All these roads have come themselves by the infallible instinct of capital. Not a dollar was ever given by the city to secure one of them, and only a small per cent, of stock taken originally by her citizens, and that taken simply as an investment. Coming in the natural order of events, they will not be easily diverted. There is still another showing to all this. The connection between New York and San Francisco is by the middle route. This passes inevit- ably through Chicago. St. Louis wants the Southern Pacific or Kansas Pacific, and pushes it out through Denver, and so on up to Cheyenne. But before the road is fairly under way, the Chicago roads shove out to Kansas City, making even the Kansas Pacific a feeder, and actually leav- ing St. Louis out in the cold. It is not too much to expect that Dakota, Montana, and Washington Territory will find their great market in Chi- cago. But these are not all. Perhaps I had better notice here the ten or fifteen new roads that have just entered, or are just entering, our city. Their names are all that is necessary to give. Chicago & St. Paul, look- ing up the Red River country to the British possessions ; the Chicago, Atlantic & Pacific ; the Chicago, Decatur & State Line ; the Baltimore & Ohib; the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes; the Chicago & LaSalle Rail- road ; the Chicago, Pittsburgh & Cincinnati : the Chicago and Canada Southern; the Chicago and Illinois River Railroad. These, with their connections, and with the new connections of the old roads, already in process of erection, give to Chicago not less than 10,000 miles of new tributaries from the richest land on the continent. Thus there will be added to the reserve power, to the capital within reach of this city, not less than 11,000,000,000. 100 HISTORY OF IHE NORTHWEST. Add to all this transporting power the ships that sail one every nine minutes of the business hours of the season of navigation ; add, also, the canal boats that leave one every five minutes during the same time— and you will see something of the business of the city. THE COMMERCE OF THIS CITY has been leaping along to keep pace with the growth of the country around us. In 1852, our commerce reached the hopeful sum of 120,000,000. In 1870 it reached $400,000,000. In 1871 it was pushed up above $450,000,000. And in 1875 it touched nearly double that. One-half of our imported goods come directly to Chicago. Grain enough is exported directly from our docks to the old world to employ a semi-weekly line of steamers of 3,000 tons capacity. This branch ia not likely to be greatly developed. Even after the great Welland Canal is completed we shall have only fourteen feet of water. The great ocean vessels will continue to control the trade. The banking capital of Chicago is $24,431,000. Total exchange in 1875, 1659,000,000. Her wholesale business in 1875 was $294,000,000. The rate of taxes is less than in any other great city. The schools of Chicago are unsurpassed in America. Out of a popu- lation of 300,000 there were only 186 persons between the ages of six and twenty-one unable to read. This is the best known record. In 1831 the mail system was condensed into a half-breed, who went on foot to Niles, Mich., once in two weeks, and brought back what papers and news he could find. As late as 1846 there wa^ often only one mail a week. A post-office was established in Chicago in 1833, and the post- master nailed up old boot-legs on one side of his shop to serve as boxes for the nabobs and literary men. It is an interesting fact in the growth of the young city that in the active life of the business men of that day the mail matter has grown to a daily average of over 6,500 pounds. It speaks equally well for the intelligence of the people and the commercial importance of the place, that the mail matter distributed to the territory immediately tributary to Chicago is seven times greater than that distributed to the territory immediately tributary to St. Louis. The improvements that have characterized the city are as startling as the city itself. In 1831, Mark Beaubien established a ferry over the river, and put himself under bonds to carry all the citizens free for the privilege of charging strangers. Now there are twenty-four large brido^es and two tunnels. In 1833 the government expended $30,000 on the harbor. Then commenced that series of manoeuvers with the river that has made it one HISTORY 0¥, THE NORTHWEST. 101 of the world's curiosities. It used to wind around in the lower end of the town, and make its way rippling over the sand into the lake at the foot of Madison street. They took it up and put it down where it now is. It was a narrow stream, so narrow that even moderately small crafts had to go up through the willows and cat's tails to the point near Lake street bridge, and back up one of the branches to get room enough in which to turn around. In 1844 the quagmires in the streets were first pontooned by plank roads, which acted in wet weather as public squirt-guns. Keeping you out of the mud, they compromised by squirting the mud over you. The wooden-block pavements came to Chicago in 1857. In 1840 water was delivered by peddlers in carts or by hand. Then a twenty-five horse- power engine pushed it through hollow or bored logs along the streets till 1854, when it was introduced into the houses by new works. The first fire-engine was used in 1835, and the first steam fire-engine in 1859. Gas was utilized for lighting the city in 1850. The Young Men's Chris- tian Association was organized in 1858, and horse railroads carried them to their work in 1859. The museum was opened in 1863. The alarm telegraph adopted in 1864. The opera-house built in 1865. The city grew from 560 acres in 1833 to 23,000 in 1869. In 1834, the taxes amounted to $48.90, and the trustees of the town borrowed |60 more for opening and improving streets. In 1835, the legislature authorized a loan of $2,000, and the treasurer and street commissioners resigned rather than plunge the town into such a gulf. Now the city embraces 36 square miles of territory, and has 30 miles of water front, besides the outside harbor of refuge, of 400 acres, inclosed by a crib sea-wall. One-third of the city has been raised up an average of eight feet, giving good pitch to the 263 miles of sewerage. The water of the city is above all competition. It is received through two tunnels extending to a crib in the lake two miles from shore. The closest analy- sis fails to detect any impurities, and, received 85 feet below the surface, it is always clear and cold. The first tunnel is five feet two inches in diameter and two miles long, and can deliver 50,000,000 of gallons per day. The second tunnel is seven feet in diameter and six miles long, running four miles under the city, and can deliver 100,000,000 of gal- lons per day. This water is distributed through 410 miles of water- mains. The three grand engineering exploits of the city are : First, lifting the city up on jack-screws, whole squares at a time, without interrupting the business, thus giving us good drainage ; second, running the tunnels under the lake, giving us the best water in the world ; and third, the turning the current of the river in its own channel, delivering us from the old abominations, and making decency possible. They redound about 102 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. equally to the credit of the engineering, to the energy of the people, and to the health of the city. That which really constitutes the city, its indescribable spirit, its soul, the way it lights up in every feature in the hour of action, has not been touched. In meeting strangers, one is often surprised how some homely women marry so well. Their forms are bad, their gait uneven and awk- ward, their complexion is dull, their features are misshapen and mismatch- ed, and when we see them there is no beauty that we should desire them. But when once they are aroused on some subject, they put on new pro- portions. They light up into great power. The real person comes out from its unseemly ambush, and captures us at will. They have power. They have ability to cause things to come to pass. We no longer wonder why they are in such high demand. So it is with our city. There is no grand scenery except the two seas, one of water, the other of prairie. Nevertheless, there is a spirit about it, a push, a breadth, a power, that soon makes it a place never to be forsaken. One soon ceases to believe in impossibilities. Balaams are the only prophets that are disappointed. The bottom that has been on the point of falling out has been there so long that it has grown fast. It can not fall out. It has all the capital of the world itching to get inside the corporation. The two great laws that govern the growth and size of cities are, first, the amount of territory for which they are the distributing and receiving points ; second, the number of medium or moderate dealers that do this distributing. Monopolists build up themselves, not the cities. They neither eat, wear, nor live in proportion to their business. Both these laws help Chicago. The tide of trade is eastward — not up or down the map, but across the map. The lake runs up a wingdam for 500 miles to gather in the business. Commerce can not ferry up there for seven months in the year, and the facilities for seven months can do the work for twelve. Then the great region west of us is nearly all good, productive land. Dropping south into the trail of St. Louis, you fall into vast deserts and rocky dis- tricts, useful in holding the world together. St. Louis and Cincinnati, instead of rivaling and hurting Chicago, are her greatest sureties of dominion. They are far enough away to give sea-room, — farther off than Paris is from London, — and yet they are near enough to prevent the springing up of any other great city between them. St. Louis will be helped by the opening of the Mississippi, but also hurt. That will put New Orleans on her feet, and with a railroad running over into Texas and so West, she will tap the streams that now crawl up the Texas and Missouri road. The current is East, not North, and a sea- port at New Orleans can not permanently help St. Louis. Chicago is in the field almost alone, to handle the wealth of one- HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 103 fourth of the territory of this great republic. This strip of seacoast divides its margins between Portland, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Savannah, or some other great port to be created £ • the South in the next decade. But Chicago has a dozen empires castino- their treasures into her lap. On a bed of coal that can run all the machinery of the world for 500 centuries ; in a garden that can feed the race by the thousand years; at the head of the lakes that give her a temperature as a summer resort equaled by no great city in the land ; with a climate that insures the health of her citizens ; surrounded by all the great deposits of natural wealth in mines aud forests and herds, Chicago is the wonder of to-day, and will be the city of the future. MASSACRE AT FORT DEARBORN. During, the war of 1812, Fort Dearborn became the theater of stirring events. The garrison consisted of fifty-four men under command of Captain Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant Helm (son-in-law of Mrs. Kinzie) and Ensign Ronan. Dr. Voorhees was surgeon. The only resi- dents at the post at that time were the wives of Captain Heald and Lieu- tenant Helm, and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian voyagewrs, with their wives and children. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on most friendly terms with the Pottawattamies and Winnebagos, the principal tribes around them, but they could not win them from their attachment to the British. One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing on his violin and his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into the house, pale with terror, and exclaiming : " The Indians ! the Indians!" "What? Where?" eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. "Up at Lee's, killing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, when the alarm was given, was attending Mrs. Barnes (just confined) hving not far off. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river and took refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Barnes and her infant not a day old were safely conveyed. The rest of the inhabitants took shelter in the fort. This alarm was caused by a scalping party of Winnebagos, who hovered about the fort several days, when they disappeared, and for several weeks the inhabitants were undisturbed. On the 7th of August, 1812, General Hull, at Detroit, sent orders to Captain Heald to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and to distribute all the United States property to the Indians in the neighborhood— a most insane order. The Pottawattamie chief, who brought the dispatch, had more wisdom than the commanding general. He advised Captain Heald not to make the distribution. Said he : " Leave the fort and stores as they are, and let the Indians make distribution for themselves ; and while they are engaged in the business, the white people may escape to Fort Wayne.' HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 105 Captain Heald held a council with the Indians on the afternoon of the 12th, in which his officers refused to join, for they had been informed that treachery was designed— that the Indians intended to murder the white people in the council, and then destroy those in the fort. Captain Hea;ld, however, took the precaution to open a port-hole displaying a cannon pointing directly upon the councE, and by that means saved his life. Mr. Kinzie, who knew the Indians well, begged Captain Heald not to confide in their promises, nor distribute the arms and munitions among them, for it would only put power into their hands to destroy the whites. Acting upon this advice, Heald resolved to withhold the munitions of war ; and on the night of the 13th, after the distribution of the other property had been made, the powder, baU and liquors were thrown into the river, the muskets broken up and destroyed. Black Partridge, a friendly chief, came to Captain Heald, and said: "Linden birds have been singing in my ears to-day: be' careful on the march you are going to take." On that dark night vigilant Indians had crept near the fort and discovered the destruction of their promised booty going on within. The next morning the powder was seen floating on the surface of the river. The savages were exasperated and made loud com- plaints and threats. On the following day when preparations were making to leave the fort, and all the inmates were deeply impressed with a sense of impend- ing danger, Capt. Wells, an uncle of Mrs. Heald, was discovered upon the Indian trail among the sand-hills on the borders of the lake, not far distant, with a band of mounted Miamis, of whose tribe he was chief, having been adopted by the famous Miami warrior, Little Turtle. When news of Hull's surrender reached Fort Wayne, he had started with this • force to assist Heald in defending Fort Dearborn. He was too late. Every means for its defense had been destroyed the night before, and arrangements were made for leaving the fort on the morning of the 15th. It was a warm bright morning in the middle of August. Indications were positive that the savages intended to murder the white people ; and when they moved out of the southern gate of the fort, the march was like a funeral procession. The band, feeling the solemnity of the occa- sion, struck up the Dead March in Saul. ' Capt. Wells, who had blackened his face with gun-powder in token of his fate, took the lead with his band of Miamis, followed by Capt. Heald, with his wife by his side on horseback. Mr. Kinzie hoped by his personal influence to avert the impending blow, and therefore accompanied them, leaving his family in a boat in charge of a friendly Indian, to be taken to his trading station at the site of Niles, Michigan, in the event of his death. 106 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. ^r^ J -' r*\ * t / '' " , N , r III I r. ^* /\ te^^^ Y ►v 1 I'l If] »*■ 1 s* ^-^^-v- Jil, .^k:^ »'~ '' I HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. . 107 The procession moved slowly along the lake shore till they reached the sand-hills between the prairie and the beach, when the Pottawattamie escort, under the leadership of Blackbird, filed to the right, placing those hills between them and the white people. • Wells, with his Miamis, had kept in the advance. They suddenly came rushing back. Wells exclaim- ing, " They are about to attack us ; form instantly." These words were quickly followed by a storm of bullets, which came whistling over the little hills which the treacherous savages had made the covert for their murderous attack. The white troops charged upon, the Indians, drove them back to the prairie, and then the battle was waged between fifty- -four soldiers, twelve civilians and three or four women (the cowardly Miamis having fled at the outset) against five hundred Indian warriors. The white people, hopeless, resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible. Ensign Ronan wielded his weapon vigorously, even after falling upon his . knees weak from the loss of blood. Capt. Wells, who was by the side of his niece, Mrs. Heald, when the conflict began, behaved with the greatest coolness and courage. He said to her, " We have not the slightest chance for life. We must part to meet no more in this world. God bless you." And then he dashed forward. Seeing a young warrior, painted like a demon, climb into a wagon in which were twelve children, and tomahawk them all, he cried out, unmindful of his personal danger, " If that is your game, butchering women and children, I will kill too." He spurred his horse towards the Indian camp, where they had left their squaws and papooses, hotly pursued by swift-footed young warriors, who sent bullets whistling after him. One of these killed his horse and wounded him severely in the leg. With a yell the young braves rushed to make him their prisoner and reserve him for torture. He resolved not to be made a captive, and by the use of the most provoking epithets tried to induce them to kill him instantly. He called a fiery young chief a squaw, when the enraged warrior killed Wells instantly with his tomahawk, jumped upon his body, cut out his heart, and ate a portion of the warm morsel with savage delight ! In this fearful combat women bore a conspicuous part. Mrs. Heald was an excellent equestrian and an expert in the use of the rifle. She fought the savages bravely, receiving several severe wounds. Though faint from the loss of blood, she managed to keep her saddle. A savage raised his tomahawk to kill her, when she looked him full in the face, and with a sweet smile and in a gentle voice said, in his own language, "Surely you will not kill a squaw! " The arm of the savage fell, and the life of the heroic woman was saved. Mrs. Helm, the step-daughter of Mr. Kinzie, had an encounter with a stout Indian, who attempted to tomahawk her. Springing to one side, she received the jrlaiicing blow on her shoulder, and at the same instant 108 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. seized the savage round the neck :with her arms and endeavored to get hold of his scalping knife, which hung in a sheath at his breast. While she was thus struggling she was dragged from her antagonist by ano 'hei powerful Indian, who bore her, in spite of her struggles, to the margin of the lake and plunged her in. To her astonishment she was held by him so that she would not drown, and she soon perceived that she was in the hands of the friendly Black Partridge, who had saved her life. The wife of Sergeant Holt, a large and powerful woman, behaved as bravely as an Amazon. She rode a fine, high-spirited horse, which the Indians coveted, and several of them attacked her with the butts of their guns, for the purpose of dismounting her ; but she used the sword which she had snatched from her disabled husband so skillfully that she foiled them ; and, suddenly wheeling her horse, she dashed over the prairie, followed by the Savages shouting. " The brave woman ! the brave woman ! Don't hurt her ! '' They finally overtook her, and while she was fighting theni'in front, a powerful savage came up behind her, seized her by the neck and dragged her to the ground. Horse and woman were made captives. Mrs. Holt was a long time a captive among the Indians, but was afterwards ransomed. In this sharp conflict two-thirds of the white people were slain and wounded, and all their horses, baggage and provision were lost. Only twenty-eight straggling men now remained to fight five hundred Indians rendered furious by the sight of blood. They succeeded in breaking- through the ranks of the murderers and gaining a slight eminence on the prairie near the Oak Woods. The Indians did not pursue, but gathered- on their flanks, while the chiefs held a consultation on the sand-hills, and showed signs of willingness to parley. It would have been madness on the part of the whites to renew the fight ; and so Capt. Heald went for- ward and met Blackbird on the open prairie, where terms of surrender were soon agreed upon. It was arranged that the white people should give up their arms to Blackbird, and that the survivors should become prisoners of war, to be exchanged for ransoms as soon- as practicable. With this .understanding captives and captors started for the Indian camp near the fort, to which Mrs. Helm had been taken bleeding and suffering by Black Partridge, and had met her step-father and learned that her husband was safe. A new scene of horror was now opened at the Indian camp. The wounded, not being included in the terms of surrender, as it was inter- preted by the Indians, and the British general, Proctor, having offered a liberal bounty for American scalps, delivered at Maiden, nearly all the wounded men were killed and scalped, and the price of the trophies was afterwards paid by the British government. THE STATE OF IOWA. GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. The State of Iowa has an outline figure nearly approaching that of a rec- tangular parallelogram, the northern and southern boundaries being nearly due east and west lines, and its eastern and western boundaries determined by southerly flowing rivers — the Mississippi on the east, and the Missouri, together with its tributary, the Big Sioux, on the west. The northern boundary is upon the parallel of forty-three degrees thirty minutes, and the southern is approxi- mately upon that of forty degrees and thirty-six minutes. The distance from the northern to the southern boundary, excluding the small prominent angle at the southeast corner, is a little more than two hundred miles. Owing to the irregularity of the river boundaries, however, the number of square miles does not reach that of the multiple of these numbers ; but according to a report of the Secretary of the Treasury to the United States Senate, March 12, 1863, the State of Iowa contains 35,228,200 acres, or 55,044 square miles. When it is understood that all this vast extent of surface, except that which is occupied by our rivers, lakes and peat beds of the northern counties, is susceptible of the highest cultivation, some idea may be formed of the immense agricultural resources of the State. Iowa is nearly as large as England, and twice as large as Scotland ; but when we consider the relative area of surface which may be made to yield to the wants of man, those countries of the Old World will bear no comparison with Iowa. TOPOGRAPHY. No complete topographical survey of the State of Iowa has yet been made. Therefore all the knowledge we have yet upon the subject has been obtained from incidental observations of geological corps, from barometrical observations by authority of the General Government, and levelings done by railroad en- gineer CQrps within the State. Taking into view the facts that the highest point in the State is but a little more than twelve hundred feet above the lowest point, that these two points are nearly three hundred miles apart, and that the whole State is traversed by inn 110 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gently flowing rivers, it will be seen that in reality the State of Iowa rests wholly within, and comprises a part of, a vast plain, with no mountain or hill ranges within its borders. A clearer idea of the great uniformity of the surface of the State may be obtained from a statement of the general slopes in feet per mile, from point to point, in straight lines across it : From the N. E. corner to the S. E. corner of the State 1 foot 1 inch per mile. From the N. E. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feet 5 inches per mile. From the N. W. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feetO inches per mile. From the N. W. corner to the S. W. corner of the State 2 feet inches per mile. From the S. W. corner to the highest ridge between the two great riyers (in Ringgold County) 4 feet 1 inch per mile From the dividing ridge in the S. E. corner of the State 5 feet 7 inches per mile. From the highest point in the State (near Spirit Lake) to the lowest point in the State (at the mouth of Des Moines River) 4 feet inches per mile. It will be seen, therefore, that there is a good degree of propriety in regard- ing the whole State as a part of a great plain, the lowest point of which within its borders, the southeast corner of the State, is only 444 feet above the level of the sea. The average height of the whole State above the level of the sea la not far from eight hundred feet, although it is more than a thousand miles inland from the nearest sea coast. These remarks are, of course, to be under- stood as applying to the surface of the State as a whole. When we come to consider its surface feature in detail, we find a great diversity of surface by the formation of valleys out of the general level, which have been evolved by the action of streams during the unnumbered years of the terrace epoch. It is in the northeastern part of the State that the river valleys are deepest ; consequently the country there has the greatest diversity of surface, and its physical features are most strongly marked. DRAINAGE SYSTEM. The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers form the eastern and western bounda- ries of the State, and receive the eastern and western drainage of it. The eastern drainage system comprises not far from two-thirds of the en- tire surface of the State. The great watershed which divides these two systems is formed by the highest land between those rivers along the whole length of a line running southward from, a point on the northern boundary line of the State near Spirit Lake, in Dickinson County, to a nearly central point in the northern part of Adair County. From the last named point, this highest ridge of land, between the two great rivers, continues southward, without change of character, through Ringgold County into the State of Missouri ; but southward from that point, in Adair County, it is no longer the great watershed. Prom that point, another and lower ridge bears oif more nearly southeastward, through the counties of Madi- son, Clarke, Lucas and Appanoose, and becomes itself the great watershed. HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA. m RIVERS. All Streams that rise in Iowa rise upon the incoherent surface deposits occupying at first only slight depressions in the surface, and scarcely percept- ible. These successively coalesce to form the streams. The drift and bluff deposits are both so thick in Iowa that its streams not only rise upon their surface, but they also reach considerable depth into these deposits alone, in some cases to a depth of nearly two hundred feet from the general prairie level. The majority of streams that constitute the western system of Iowa draina Van Buren, Henry and Des Moines that this formation is to be seen. In some localities the upper silicious portion of this formation is known as the Geode bed. It is not recognizable in the northern portion of the formation, nor in connection with it where it is exposed, about eighty miles below Keokuk. The geodes of the Geode bed are more or less spherical masses of silex, usually hollow and lined with crystals of quartz. The outer crust is rough and unsightly, but the crystals which stud the interior are often very beautiful. They vary in size from the size of a walnut to a foot in diameter. The economic value of this formation is very great. Large quantities of its stone have been used in the finest structures in the State, among which are the post offices at Dubuque and Des Moines. The principal quarries are along the • banks of the Mississippi, from Keokuk to Nauvoo. The only vertebrate fossils found in the formation are fishes, all belonging to the order selachians, some of which indicate that their owners reached a length of twenty -five or thirty feet. Of the articulates, only two species of the genus pMlUpsia have been found in this formation. Of the mollusks, no cephalopods have yet been recognized in this formation in this State ; gasteropods are rare ; brachiopods and polyzoans are quite abundant. Of radiates, corals of genera zaphrentes, amplexus and aulopera are found, but crinoids are most abundant. Of the low forms of animal life, the protozoans, a small fossil related to the sponges, is found in this formation in small numbers. The St. Louis Limestone. — This is the uppermost of the subcarboniferous group. in Iowa. The superficial area it occupies is comparatively small, because it consists of long, narrow strips, yet its exten* is very great. It is first seen resting on the geode division of the Keokuk limestone, near Keokuk. Pro- ceeding northward, it forms a narrow border along the edge of the coal fields in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, Washington, Keokuk and Mahaska Counties. It is then lost sight of until it appears again in the banks of Boone River, where it again passes out of view under the coal measures until it is next seen in the banks of the Des Moines, near Fort Dodge. As it exists in Iowa, it consists of three tolerably distinct subdivisions — the magnesian, arena- ceous and calcareous. The upper division furnishes excellent material for quicklime, and when quarries are well opened, as in the northwestern part of Van Buren County, large blocks are obtained. The sandstone, or middle division, is of little economic value. The lower or magnesian division furnishes a valuable and durable stone, exposures of which are found on Lick Creek, in Van Buren County, and on Long Creek, seven miles west of Burlington. Of the fossils of this formation, the vertebrates are represented only by the remains of fish, belonging to the two orders, selachians and ganoids. The HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 127 articulates are represented by one species of the trilobite, genus phillipsia, and two ostracoid, genera, cythre and heyricia. The mollusks distinguish this formation more than any other branch of the animal kingdom. Radiates are exceedingly rare, showing a marked contrast between this formation and the two preceding it. The rocks of the subcarboniferous period have in other countries, and in other parts of our own country, furnished valuable minerals, and even coal, but in Iowa the economic value is confined to its stone alone. The Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks of Iowa are largely oomposed of limestone. Magnesia also enters largely into the subcarbon- iferous group. With the completion of the St. Louis limestone, the production of the magnesian limestone seems to have ceased among the rocks of Iowa. Although the Devonian age has been called the age of fishes, yet so far as Iowa is concerned, the rocks of no period can compare with the subcarbon- iferous in the abundance and variety of the fish remains, and, for this reason,, the Burlington and Keokuk limestones will in the future become more famous among geologists, perhaps, than any other formations in North America. It will be seen that the Chester limestone is omitted from the subcarbon- iferous group, and which completes the full geological series. It is probable the whole surface of Iowa was above the sea during the time of the formation of the Chester limestone to the southward about one hundred miles. At the close of the epoch of the Chester limestone, the shallow seas in which the lower coal measures were formed again occupied the land, extending almost as far north as that sea had done in which the Kinderhook beds were formed, and to the northeastward its deposits extended beyond the subcarbon- iferous groups, outlines of which are found upon the next, or Devonian rock. THE COAL-MEASURE GROUP. The coal-measure group of Iowa is properly divided into three formations, viz., the lower, middle and upper coal measures, each having a vertical thick- ness of about two hundred feet. A line drawn upon the map of Iowa as follows, will represent the eastern and northern boundaries of the coal fields of the State : Commencing at the southeast corner of Van Buren County, carry the line to the northeast corner of Jefierson County by a slight easterly curve through the western portions of Lee and Henry Counties. Produce this line until it reaches a point six or eight miles northward from the one last. named, and then carry it northwest- ward, keeping it at about the same distance to the northward of Skunk River and its north branch that it had at first, until it reaches the southern boundary of Marshall County, a little west of its center. Then carry it to a point 128 HISTORY OF THE STATE OE IOWA. three or four miles northeast from Eldora, in Hardin County ; thence west- ward to a point a little north of Webster City, in Hamilton County; and thence further westward to a point a little north of Fort Dodge, in Webster County. Lower Coal Measures.— In consequence of the recedence to the southward of the borders of the middle and upper coal measures, the lower coal measures alone exist to the eastward and northward of Des Moines River. They also occupy a large area westward and southward of that river, but their southerly dip passes them below the middle coal measures at no great distance from the river. No other formation in the whole State possesses the economic value of the lower coal measures. The clay that underlies almost every bed of coal furnishes a large amount of material for potters' use. The sandstone of these measures is usually soft and unfit, but in some places, as near Red Rock, in Marion County, blocks of large dimensions are obtained which, make good building material, samples of which can be seen in the- State Arsenal, at Des Moines. On the whole, that portion of the State occupied by the lower coal measures, is not well supplied with stone. But few fossils have been found in any of the strata of the lower coal meas- ures, but such animal remains as have been found are without exception of marine origin. Of fossil plants found in these measures, all probably belong to the class aerogens. Specimens of catamites, and several species of ferns, are found in all of the coal measures, but the genus lepidodendron seems not to have existed later than the epoch of the middle coal measures. Middle Coal Measures. — This formation within the State of Iowa occupies a narrow belt of territory in the southern central portion of the State, embrac- ing a superficial area of about fourteen hundred square miles. The counties more or less underlaid by this formation are Guthrie, Dallas, Polk, Madison, Warren, Clarke, Lucas, Monroe, Wayne and Appanoose. This formation is composed of alternating beds of clay, sandstone and lime- stone, the clays or shales constituting the bulk of the formation, the limestone occurring in their bands, the lithological peculiarities of which ofier many con- trasts to the limestones of the upper and lower coal measures. The formation is also characterized by regular wave-like undulations, with a parallelism which indicates a widespread disturbance, though no dislocation of the strata have been discovered. Generally speaking, few species of fossils occur in these beds. Some of the shales and sandstone have afforded a few imperfectly preserved land plants — three or four species of ferns, belonging to the genera. Some of the carbonif- erous shales afford beautiful specimens of what appear to have been sea-weeds. Radiates are represented by corals. The mollusks are most numerously repre- sented. Trilohites and ostracoids are the only remains known of articulates. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 129 Vertebrates are only known by the remains of salachians, or sharks, and ganoids. Upper Coal Measures. — The area occupied by this formation in Iowa is very great, comprising thirteen whole counties, in the southwestern part of the State. It adjoins by its northern and eastern boundaries the area occupied by the middle coal measures. The prominent lithological features of this formation are its limestones, yet it contains a considerable proportion of shales and sandstones. Although it is known by the name of upper coal measures, it contains but a single bed of coal, and that only about twenty inches in maximum thickness. The limestone exposed in this formation furnishes good material for building as in Madison and Fremont Counties. The sandstones are quite worthless. No beds of clay for potter's use are found in the whole formation. The fossils in this formation are much more numerous than in either the middle or lower coal measures. The vertebrates are represented by the fishes of the orders selachians and ganoids. The articulates are represented by the trilobites and ostracoids. Mollusks are represented by the classes cephalapoda, gasteropoda, lamelli, hranchiata, hrachiapoda eniipolyzoa. Radiates are more numerous than in the lower and middle coal measures. Protogoans are repre- sented in the greatest abundance, some layers of limestone being almost entirely composed of their small fusiform shells. CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. There being no rocks, in Iowa, of permian, triassic or Jurassic age, the next strata in the geological series are of the cretaceous age. They are found in the western half of the State, and do not dip, as do all the other formations upon which they rest, to the southward and westward, but have a general dip of their own to the north of westward, which, however, is very slight. Although the actual exposures of cretaceous rocks are few in Iowa, there is reason to believe that nearly all the western half of the State was originally occupied by them ; but being very friable, they have been removed by denuda- tion, which has taken place at two separate periods. The first period was during its elevation from the cretaceous sea, and during the long tertiary age that passed between the time of that elevation and the commencement of the glacial epoch. The second period was during the glacial epoch, when the ice produced their entire removal over considerable areas. It is difficult to indicate the exact boundaries of these rocks ; the following will approximate the outlines of the area : From the northeast corner to the southwest corner of Kossuth County ; thence to the southeast corner of Guthrie County; thence to the southeast corner of Cass County; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Mont- gomery County ; thence to the middle of the north boundary of Pottawattamie County; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Woodbury County ; 130 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. thence to Sergeant's bluffs; up the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers to the northwest corner of the State; eastward along the State line to the place of beginning. All the cretaceous rocks in Iowa are a part of the same deposits farther up the Missouri River, and in reality form their eastern boundary. Nishnabotany Sandstone.— This rock has the most easterly and southerly extent of the cretaceous deposits of Iowa, reaching the southeastern part of Guthrie County and the southern part of Montgomery County. To the north- ward, it passes beneath the "Woodbury sandstones and shales, the latter passing beneath the inoceramus, or chalky, beds. This sandstone is, with few excepr tions, almost valueless for economic purposes. The only fossils found in this formation are a few fragments of angiosper- mous leaves. Woodbury Sandstones, and Shales. — These strata rest upon the Nishna- botany sandstone, and have not been observed outside of "Woodbury County, hence their name. Their principal exposure is at Sergeant's Bluffs, seven miles below Sioux City. This rock has no value except for purposes of common masonry. Fossil remains are rare. Detached scales of a lepidoginoid species have been detected, but no other vertebrate remains. Of remains of vegetation, leaves of salix meekii and sassafras cretaceum have been occasionally found. Inoceramus Beds. — These beds rest upon the "Woodbury sandstones and shales. They have not been observed in Iowa, except in the bluffs which border the Big Sioux River in "Woodbury and Plymouth Counties. They are composed almost entirely of calcareous material, the upper portion of which is extensively used for lime. No building material is to be obtained from these beds ; and the only value they possess, except lime, are the marls, which at some time may be useful on the soil of the adjacent region. The only vertebrate remains found in the cretaceous rocks are the fishes. Those in the inoceramus beds of Iowa are two species of squoloid selachians, or cestratront, and three genera of teliosts. MoUuscan remains are rare. PEAT. Extensive beds of peat exist in Northern Middle Iowa, which, it is esti- mated, contain the following areas : Counties. Acres. Cerro Gordo 1,500 Worth 2,000 Winnebago 2,000 Hancock 1,500 Wright 500 KosButh 700 Dickinson 80 Several other counties contain peat beds, but the character of the peat is inferior to that in the northern part of the State. The character of the peat HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 131 named is equal to that of Ireland. The beds are of an average depth of four feet. It is estimated that each acre of these beds -will furnish two hundred and fifty tons of dry fuel for each foot in depth. At present, owing to the sparse- ness of the population, this peat is not utilized ; but, owing to its great distance from the coal fields and the absence of timber, the time is coming when their value will be realized, and the fact demonstrated that Nature has abundantly compensated the deficiency of other fuel. GYPSUM. The only deposits of the sulphates of the alkaline earths of any economic value in Iowa are those of gypsum at and in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, in Webster County. All others are small and unimportant. The deposit occupies a nearly central position in Webster County, the Des Moines River running nearly centrally through it, along the valley sides of which the gypsum is seen in the form of ordinary rock cliif and ledges, and also occurring abundantly in similar positions along both sides of the valleys of the smaller streams and of the numerous ravines coming into the river valley. The most northerly known limit of the deposit is at a point near the mouth of Lizard Creek, a tributary of the Des Moines River, and almost adjoining the town of Fort Dodge. The most southerly point at which it has been found exposed is about six miles, by way of the river, from this northerly point before mentioned. Our knowledge of the width of the area occupied by it is limited by the exposures seen in the valleys of the small streams and in the ravines which come into the valley within the distance mentioned. As one goes up these ravines and minor valleys, the gypsum becomes lost beneath the over- lying drift. There can be no doubt that the different parts of this deposit, now disconnected by the valleys and ravines having been cut through it, were orig- inally connected as a continuous deposit, and there seems to be as little reason to doubt that the gypsum still extends to considerable distance on each side of the valley of the river beneath the drift which covers the region to a depth of from twenty to sixty feet. The country round about this region has the prairie surface approximating a general level which is so characteristic of the greater part of the State, and which exists irrespective of the character or geological age of the strata beneath, mainly because the drift is so deep and uniformly distributed that it frequently almost alone gives character to the surface. The valley sides of the Des Moines River, in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, are somewhat abrupt, having a depth there from the general level of the upland of about one hundred and seventy feet, and consequently presents somewhat bold and interesting features in the land- scape. As one walks up and down the creeks and ravines which come into the valley of the Des Moines River there, he sees the gypsum exposed on either side of them, jutting out from beneath the drift in the form of 132 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ledges and bold quarry fronts, having almost the exact appearance of ordinary limestone exposures, so horizontal and regular are its lines of stratification, and so similar in color is it to some varieties of that rock. The principal quarries now opened are on Two Mile Creek, a couple of miles below Fort Dodge. The reader will please bear in mind that the gypsum of this remarkable deposit does not occur in "heaps " or " nests," as it does in most deposits of gypsum in the States farther eastward, but that it exists here in the form of a regularly stratified, continuous formation, as uniform in texture, color and quality throughout the whole region, and from top to bottom of the deposit as the granite of the Quincy quarries is. Its color is a uniform gray, result- ing from alternating fine horizontal lines of nearly white, with similar lines of darker shade. The gypsum of the white lines is almost entirely pure, the darker lines containing the impurity. This is at intervals barely sufiicient in amount to cause the separation of the mass upon those lines into beds or layers, thus facilitating the quarrying of it into desired shapes. These bedding sur- faces have occasionally a clayey feeling to the touch, but there is nowhere any intercalation of clay or other foreign substance in a separate form. The deposit is known to reach a thickness of thirty feet at the quarries referred to, but although it will probably be found to exceed this thickness at some other points, at the natural exposures, it is seldom seen to be more than from ten to twenty feet thick. Since the drift is usually seen to rest directly upon the gypsum, with noth- ing intervening, except at a few points where traces appear of an overlying bed of clayey material without doubt of the same age as the gypsum, the latter probably lost something of its thickness by mechanical erosion during the glacial epoch ; and it has, doubtless, also sufi"ered some diminution of thickness since then by solution in the waters which constantly percolate through the drift from the surface. The drift of this region being somewhat clayey, partic- ulary in its lower part, it has doubtless served in some degree as a protection against the diminution of the gypsum by solution in consequence of its partial imperviousness to water. If the gypsum had been covered by a deposit of sand instead of the drift clays, it would have no doubt long since disappeared by being dissolved in the water that would have constantly reached it from the sur- face. Water merely resting upon it would not dissolve it away to any extent, but it rapidly disappears under the action of running water. Where little rills of water at the time of every rain run over the face of an unused quarry, from the surface above it, deep grooves are thereby cut into it, giving it somewhat the appearance of melting ice around a waterfall. The fact that gypsum is now sufi'ering a constant, but, of course, very slight, diminution, is apparent in the fact the springs of the region contain more or less of it in solution in their • w;aters. An analysis of water from one of these springs will be found in Prof. Emery's report. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. I33 Besides the clayey beds that are sometimes seen to rest upon the gypsum, there are occasionally others seen beneath them that are also of the same age, and not of the age of the coal-measure strata upon which they rest. Age of the G^/psum Deposit.— In neither the gypsum nor the associated clays has any trace of any fossil remains been found, nor has any other indica- tion of its geological age been observed, except that which is afforded by its Btratigraphical relations ; and the most that can be said with certainty is that it is newer than the coal measures, and older than the drift. The indications afforded by the stratigraphical relations of the gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge are, however, of considerable value. As already shown, it rests in that region directly and unconformably upon the lower coal measures ; but going southward from there, the whole series of coal-measure strata from the top of the subcarboniferous group to the upper coal measures, inclusive, can be traced without break or unconformability. The strata of the latter also may be traced in the same manner up into the Permian rocks of Kansas; and through this long series, there is no place or horizon which suggests that the gypsum deposit might belong there. Again, no Tertiary deposits are known to exist within or near the borders of Iowa to suggest that the gypsum might be of that age ; nor are any of the palaeozoic strata newer than the subcarboniferous unconformable upon each other as the other gypsum is unconformable upon the strata beneath it. It therefore seems, in a measure, conclusive, that the gypsum is of Mesozoic age, perhaps older than the Cretaceous. Lithological Origin. — As little can be said with certainty concerning the lithological origin of this deposit as can be said concerning its geological age, for it seems to present itself in this relation, as in the former one, as an isolated fact. None of the associated strata show any traces of a double decomposition of pre-existing materials, such as some have supposed all deposits of gypsum to have resulted from. No considerable quantities of oxide of iron nor any trace of native sulphur have been found in connection with it ; nor has any salt been found in the waters of the region. These substances are common in association with other gypsum deposits, and are regarded by some persons as indicative of the method of or resulting from their origin as such. Throughout the whole region, the Fort Dodge gypsum has the exact appearance of a sedimentary deposit. It is arranged in layers like the regular layers of limestone, and the whole mass, from top to bottom, is traced with fine horizontal laminae of alter- nating white and gray gypsum, parallel with the bedding surfaces of the layers, but the whole so intimately blended as to form a solid mass. The darker lines contain almost all the impurity there is in the gypsum, and that impurity is evidently sedimentary in its character. Frcn these facts, and also from the further one that no trace of fossil remains has been detected in the gypsum, it seems not unreasonable to entertain the opinion that the gypsum of Fort Dodge originated as a chemical precipitation in comparatively still waters which were 134 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. saturated with sulphate of lime and destitute of life ; its stratification and impurities being deposited at the same time as clayey impurities which had been held suspended in the same waters. Physical Properties.— Much has already been said of the physical proper- ties or character of this gypsum, but as it is so different in some respects from that of other deposits, there are yet other matters worthy of mention in connec- tion with those. According to the results of a complete and exhaustive anal- ysis by Prof Emery, the ordinary gray gypsum contains only about eight per cent, of impurity ; and it is possible that the average impurity for the whole deposit will not exceed that proportion, so uniform in quality is it from to top to bottom and from one end of the region to the other. , When it is remembered that plaster for agricultural purposes is sometimes prepared from gypsum that contains as much as thirty per cent, of impurity, it will be seen that ours is a very, superior article for such purposes. The impu- rities are also of such a character that they do not in any way interfere with its ■ value for use in the arts. Although the gypsum rock has a gray color, it becomes quite white by grinding, and still whiter by the calcining process nec- essary in the preparation of plaster of Paris. These tests have all been practi- cally made in the rooms of the Geological Survey, and the quality of the plaster of Paris still further tested by actual use and experiment. No hesitation, therefore, is felt in stating that the Fort Dodge gypsum is of as good a quality as any in the country, even for the finest uses. In view of the bounteousness of the primitive fertility of our Iowa soils, many persons forget that a time may come when Nature will refuse to respond so generously to our demand as she does now, without an adequate return. Such are apt to say that this vast deposit of gypsum is valueless to our com- monwealth, except to the small extent that it may be used in the arts. This is undoubtedly a short-sighted view of the subject, for the time is even now rapidly passing away when a man may purchase a new farm for less money than he can re-fertilize and restore the partially wasted primitive fertility of the one he now occupies. There are farms even now in a large part of the older settled portions of the State that would be greatly benefited by the proper application of plaster, and. such areas will continue to increase until it will be difficult to estimate the value of the deposit of gypsum at Fort Dodge. It should be remembered, also, that the inhabitants of an extent of country adjoining our State more than three times as great as its own area will find it more convenient to obtain their supplies from Fort Dodge than from any other source. For want of direct railroad communication between this region and other parts of the State, the only use yet made of the gypsum by the inhabitants is for the purposes of ordinary building stone. It is so compact that it is found to be comparatively unaffected by the frosty and its ordinary situation in walls of houses is such that it is protected from the dissolving action of water, which HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. I35 can at most reach it only from occasional rains, and the effect of these is too slight to be perceived after the lapse of several years.' One of the citizens of Fort Dodge, Hon. John F. Buncombe, built a large fine residence of it, in 1861, the walls of which appear as unaffected by exposure and as beautiful as they were when first erected. It has been so long and successfully used for building stone by the inhabitants that they now prefer it to the limestone of good quality, which also exists in the immediate vicinity. This preference is due to the cheapness of the gypsum, as compared with the stone. The cheapness of the former is largely due to the facility with which it is quarried and wrought. Several other houses have been constructed of it in Fort Dodge, including the depot building of the Dubuque & Sioux City Rail- road. The company have also constructed a large culvert of the same, material to span a creek near the town, limestone only being used for the lower courses, which come in contact with the water. It is a fine arch, each stone of gypsum being nicely hewn, and it will doubtless prove a very durable one. Many of the sidewalks in the town are made of the slabs or flags of gypsum which occur in some of the quarries in the form of thin layers. They are more durable than their softness would lead one to suppose. They also possess an advantage over stone in not becoming slippery when worn. The method adopted in quarrying and dressing the blocks of gypsum is peculiar, and quite unlike that adopted in similar treatment of ordinary stone. Taking a stout auger-bit of an ordinary brace, such as is used by carpenters, and filing the cutting parts of it into a peculiar form, the quarryman bores his holes into the gypsum quarry for blasting', in the same manner and with as great facility as a carpenter would bore hard wood. The pieces being loosened by blasting, they are broken up with sledges into convenient sizes, or hewn into the desired shapes by means of hatchets or ordinary chopping axes, or cut by means of ordinary wood-saws. So little grit does the gypsum contain that these tools, made for working wood, are found to be better adapted for working the former substance than those tools are which are universally used for work- ing stone. MINOR DEPOSITS OF SULPHATE OF LIME. Besides the great gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge, sulphate of lime in the various forms of fibrous gypsum, selenite, and small, amorphous masses, has also been discovered in various formations in different parts of the State, includ- ing the coal -measure shales near Fort Dodge, where it exists in small quanti- ties, quite independently of the great gypsum deposit there. The quantity of gypsum in these minor deposits is always too small to be of any practical value, and frequently minute. They usually occur in shales and shaly clays, asso- ciated with strata that contain more or less sulphuret of iron (iron pyrites). Gypsum has thus been detected in the coal measures, the St. Louis limestone, the cretaceous strata, and also in the lead caves of Dubuque. In most of these cases it is evidently the result of double decomposition of iron pyrites and car- 136 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. bonate of lime, previously existing there ; in whicli cases the gypsum is of course not an original deposit as the great one at Fort Dodge is supposed to be. The existence of these comparatively minute quantities of gypsum in the shales of the coal measures and the subcarboniferous limestone which are exposed •within the region of and occupy a stratigraphical position beneath the great gypsum deposits, suggests the possibility that the former may have originated as a precipitate from percolating waters, holding gypsum in solution which they had derived from that deposit in passing over or through it. Since, however, the same substance is found in similar small quantities and under similar con- ditions in regions where they could have had no possible connection with that deposit, it is believed that none of those mentioned have necessarily originated from it, not even those that are found in close proximity to it. The gypsum found in the lead caves is usually in the form of efflorescent fibers, and is always in small quantity. In the lower coal-measure shale near Fort Dodge, a small mass was found in the form of an intercalated layer, which had a distinct fibrous structure, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. The same mass had also distinct, horizontal planes of cleavage at right angles with the perpendicular fibers. Thus, being more or less transpa- rent, the mass combined the characters of both fibrous gypsum and selenite. No anhydrous sulphate of lime {anhydrite) has been found in connection with the great gypsum deposit, nor elsewhere in Iowa, so far as yet known. SULPHATE OP STRONTIA. •( Celes'.ine. ) The only locality at which this interesting mineral has yet been found in Iowa, or, so far as is known, in the great valley of the Mississippi, is at Fort Dodge. It occurs there in very small quantity in both the shales of the lower coal measures and in the clays that overlie the gypsum deposit, and which are regarded as of the same age with it. The first is just below the city, near Rees' coal bank, and occurs as a layer intercalated among the coal measure shales, amounting in quantity to only a few hundred pounds' weight. The mineral is fibrous and crystalline, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. Breaking also with more or less distinct horizontal planes of cleavage, it resem- bles, in physical character, the layer of fibro-crystalline gypsum before men- tioned. Its color is light blue, is transparent and shows crystaline facets upon both the upper and under surfaces of the layer ; those of the upper surface being smallest and most numerous. It breaks up readily into small masses along the lines of the perpendicular fibers or columns. The layer is probably not more than a rod in extent in any direction and about three inches in maxi- mum thickness. Apparent lines of stratification occur in it, corresponding with those of the shales which imbed it. The other deposit was still smaller in amount, and occurred as a mass of crystals imbedded in the clays that overlie the gypsum at Cummins' quarry in HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 137 the valley of Soldier Creek, upon the north side of the town. The mineral is in this case nearly colorless, and but for the form of the separate crystals would closely resemble masses of impure salt. The crystals are so closely aggregated that they enclose but little impurity in the mass, but in almost all cases their fundamental forms are obscured. This mineral has almost no real practical value, and its occurrence, as described, is interesting only as a mineralogical fact. SULPHATE OF BARYTA. {Baryta, Heavy Spar.) This mineral has been found only in minute quantities in Iowa. It has been detected in the coal-measure shales of Decatur, Madison and Marion Counties, the Devonian limestone of Johnson and Bremer Counties and in the lead caves of Dubuque. In all these cases, it is in the form of crystals or small crystalline masses. SULPHATE OP MAGNESIA. {Epsomiie.') Epsomite, or native epsom salts, having been discovered near Burlington, we have thus recognized in Iowa all the sulphates of the alkaline earths of natural origin ; all of them, except the sulphate of lime, being in very small quantity. Even if the sulphate of magnesia were produced in nature, in large ijuantities, it is so very soluble that it can accumulate only in such positions as afford it complete shelter from the rains or running water. The epsomite mentioned was found beneath the overhanging cliff of Burlington limestone, near Starr's mill, which are represented in the sketch upon another page, illus- trating the subcarboniferous rocks. It occurs in the form of efflorescent encrus- tations upon the surface of stones and in similar small fragile masses among the fine debris that has fallen down beneath the overhanging cliff. The projection of the cliff over the perpendicular face of the strata beneath amounts to near twenty feet at the point where epsomite was found. Consequently the rains never reach far beneath it from any quarter. The rock upon which the epsom- ite accumulates is an impure limestone, containing also some carbonate of mag- nesia, together with a small proportion of iron pyrites in a finely divided con- dition. It is doubtless by double decomposition of these that the epsomite re- sults. By experiments with this native salt in the office of the Survey, a fine article of epsom salts was produced, but the quantity that might be annually obtained there would amount to only a few pounds, and of course is of no prac- tical value whatever, on account of its cheapness in the market. CLIMATOLOGY. No extended record of the climatology of Iowa has been made, yet much of great value may be learned from observations made at a single point. Prof. T. S. Parvin, of the State University, has recorded observations made from 1839 to the present time. Previous to 1860, these observations were made at Mus- 138 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. catine. Since that date, they were made in Iowa City., The result is that the atmospheric conditions of the climate of Iowa are in the highest degree favor- able to health. The highest temperature here occurs in August, while July is the hottest month in the year by two degrees, and January the coldest by three degrees. The mean temperature of April and October most nearly corresponds to the mean temperature of the year, as well as their seasons of Spring and Fall, while that of Summer and "Winter is best represented in that of August and December. The period of greatest heat ranges from June 22d to August 31st ; the next mean time being July 27th. The lowest temperature extends from December 16th to February 15th, the average being January 20th — the range in each case being two full months. The climate of Iowa embraces the range of that of New York, Pennsyl- vania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. The seasons are not characterized by the frequent and sudden changes so common in the latitudes further south. The temperature of the Winters is somewhat lower than States eastward, but of other seasons it is higher. The atmosphere is dry and invigorating. The surface of the State being free at all seasons of the year from stagnant water, with good breezes at nearly all seasons, the miasmatic and pulmonary diseases are unknown. Mortuary statistics show this to be one of the most healthful States in the Union, being one death to every ninety-four persons. The Spring, Summer and Fall months are delightful ; indeed, the glory of Iowa is her Autumn, and nothing can transcend the splendor of her Indian Summer, which lasts for weeks, and finally blends, almost imperceptibly, into Winter. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. Iowa, in the symbolical and expressive lauguage of the aboriginal inhab- itants, is said to signify "The Beautiful Land," and was applied to this. magnificent and fruitful region by its ancient owners, to express their apprecia- tion of its superiority of climate, soil and location.- Prior to 1803, the Mississippi River was the extreme western boundary of the United States. All the great empire lying west of the " Father of Waters," from the Gulf of Mexico on the south to British America on the north, and westward to the Pacific Ocean, was a Spanish province. A brief historical sketch of the discovery and occupation of this grand empire by the Spanish and French governments will be a fitting introduction to the history of the young and thriving State of Iowa, which, until the commencement of the present century, was a part of the Spanish possessions in America. Early in the Spring of 1542, fifty years after Columbus discovered the New World, and one hundred and thirty years before the French missionaries discov- ered its upper waters, Ferdinand De Soto discovered the mouth of the Mississippi River at the mouth of the Washita. After the sudden death of De Soto, in May of the same year, his followers built a small vessel, and in July, 1543,. descended the great river to the Gulf of Mexico. In accordance with the usage of nations, under which title to the soil was claimed by right of discovery, Spain, having conquered Florida and discovered the Mississippi, claimed all the territory bordering on that river and the Gulf of Mexico. But it was also held by the European nations that, while discovery gave title, that title must be perfected by actual possession and occupation. Although . Spain claimed the territory by right of first discovery, she made no efiFort.to occupy it; by no permanent settlement had she perfected and held her title, and therefore had forfeited it when, at a later period, the Lower Mississippi Valley was re-discovered and occupied by France. The unparalleled labors of the zealous Fr( nc'i Jesuits of Canada in penetrating the unknown region of the West, commencing in 1611, form a history of no ordi- nary interest, but have no particular connection with the scope of the present work, until in the Fall of 1665. Pierre Claude Allouez, who had entered Lake Superior in September, and sailed along the southern coast in search of copper, had arrived at the great village of the Chippewas at Chegoincegon. Here a grand council of some ten or twelve of the principal Indian nations was held. The Pottawatomies of Lake Michigan, the Sacs and Foxes of the West, the Hurons from the North, the Illinois from the South, and the Sioux from the land of the prairie and wild rice, were all assembled there. The Illinois told 140 HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA. the story of their ancient glory and about the noble river on the banks of which they dwelt. The Sioux also told their white brother of the same great river, ^nd Allouez promised to the assembled tribes the protection of the French nation against all their enemies, native or foreign. The purpose of discovering the great river about which the Indian na- tions had given such glowing accounts appears to have originated with ]y[ar- •quette, in 1669. In the year previous, he and Claude Dablon had established the Mission of St. Mary's, the oldest white settlement*within the present limits •of the State of Michigan. Marquette Was delayed in the execution of his great undertaking, and spent the interval in studying the language and habits of the Illinois Indians, among whom he expected to travel. About this time, the French Government had determined to extend the do- minion of France to the extreme western borders of Canada. Nicholas Perrot Tvas sent as the agent of the government, to propose a grand council of the Indian nations, at St. Mary's. When Perrot reached Green Bay, he extended the invitation far and near ; and, escorted by Pottawatomies, repaired on a mission of peace and friend- ship to the Miamis, who occupied the region about the present location of Chicago. In May, 1671, a great council of Indians gathered at the Falls of St. Mary, from all parts of the Northwest, from the head waters of the St. Law- rence, from the valley of the Mississippi and from the Red River of the North. Perrot met with them, and after grave consultation, formally announced to the assembled nations that their good French Father felt an abiding interest in their welfare, and had placed them all under the powerful protection of the French Government. Marquette, during that same year, had gathered at Point St. Ignace the remn ants of one branch of the Hurons. This station, for a long series of years, was considered the key to the unknown West. The time was now auspicious for the consummation of Marquette's grand project. The successful termination of Perrot's mission, and the general friend- liness of the native tribes, rendered the contemplated expedition much less per- ilous. But it was not until 1673 that the intrepid and enthusiastic priest was finally ready to depart on his daring and perilous journey to lands never trod by "white men. The Indians, who -had gathered in large numbers to witness his departure, were astounded at the boldness of the proposed undertaking, and tried to dis- courage him, representing that the Indians of the Mississippi Valley were cruel and bloodthirsty, and would rese'nt the intrusion of strangers upon their domain. The great river itself, they said, was the abode of terribly monsters, who could swallow both canoes and men. But Marquette was not to be diverted from his purpose by these fearful re- ports. He assured his dusky friends that he was ready to make any sacrifice, even to lay down his life for the sacred cause in which he was engaged. He prayed with them ; and having implored the blessing of God upon his undertak- ing, on the 13th day of May, 1673, with Joliet and five Canadian-French voy- ageurs, or boatmen, he left the mission on his daring journey. Ascending Green Bay and Fox River, these bold and enthusiastic pioneers of religion and ■discovery proceeded until they reached a Miami and Kickapoo village, where Marquette was delighted to find " a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town, ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank Him for HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 141 the pity He had bestoyred on them during the Winter, in having given them abundant chase." This was the extreme point beyond which the explorations of the French ■missionaries had not then extended. Here Marquette was instructed by his Indian hosts in the secret of a root that cures the bite of the venomous rattle- snake, drank mineral water with them and was entertained with generous hos- pitality. He called together the principal men of the village, and informed them that his companion, Joliet, had been sent by the French Governor of Can- ada to discover new countries, to be added to the dominion of France ; but that he, himself, had been sent by the Most High God, to carry the glorious religion of the Cross ; and assured his wondering hearers that on this mission he had no fear of death, to which he knew he would "be exposed on his perilous journeys. Obtaining the services of two Miami guides, to conduct his little band to the Wisconsin River, he left the hospitable Indians on the 10th of June. Conduct- ing them across the portage, their Indian guides returned to their village, and the little party descended the Wisconsin, to the great river which had so long been so anxiously looked for, and boldly floated down its unknown waters. On the 25th of June, the explorers discovered indications of Indians on the west bank of the river and landed a little above the mouth of the river now known as Des Moines, and for the first time Europeans trod the soil of Iowa. Leaving the Canadians to guard the canoes, Marquette and Joliet boldly fol- lowed the trail into the interior for fourteen miles (some authorities say six), to an Indian village situate on the banks of a river, and discovered two other vil- lages, on the rising ground about half a league distant. Their visit, while it created much astonishment, did not seem to be entirely unexpected, for there was a tradition or prophecy among the Indians that white visitors were to come to them. They were, therefore, received with great respect and hospitality, and were cordially tendered the calumet or pipe of peace. They were informed that this band was a part of the Illini nation and that their village was called Mon- in-gou-ma or Moingona, which was the name of the river on which it stood. This, from its similarity of sound, Marquette corrupted into Des Moines (Monk's River), its present name. Here the voyagers remained six days, learning much of the manners and customs of their new friends. The new religion they boldly preached and the authority of the King of France they proclaimed were received without hos- tility or remonstrance by their savage entertainers. On their departure, they were accompanied to their canoes by the chiefs and hundreds of warriors. Marquette received from them the sacred calumet, the emblem of peace and safeguard among tlje nations, and re-embarked for the rest of his journey. It is needless to follow him further, as his explorations beyond his discovery of Iowa more properly belong to the history of another State. In 1682, La Salle descended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and in the aame of the King of France, took formal possession of all the immense region watered by the great river and 'its tributaries from'its source to its mouth, and named it Louisiana, in honor of his master, Louis XIV. The river he called " Colbert," after the French Minister, and at its mouth erected a column and a cross bearing the inscription, in the French language, "Louis THE Great, Kiistg of France and Navarre, Reigning April 9th, 1682." At the close of the seventeenth century, France claimed, by right of dis- covery and occupancy, the whole valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries, including Texas, as far as the Rio del Norte. 142 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The province of Louisiana stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the sources of the Tennessee, the Kanawha, the Allegheny and the Monongahela on the east, and the Missouri and the other great tributaries of the Father of Waters on the west. Says Bancroft, " France had obtained, under Providence, the guardianship of this immense district of country, not, as it proved, for her own benefit, but rather as a trustee for the infant nation by which it was one day to be inherited." By the treaty of Utrecht, France ceded to England her possessions in Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. France still retained Louisiana ; but the province had so far failed to meet the expectations of the crown and the people that a change in the government and policy of the country was deemed indispensable. Accordingly, in 1711, the province was placed in the hands of a Governor General, with headquarters at Mobile. This govern- ment was of brief duration, and in 1712 a charter was granted to Anthony Crozat, a wealthy merchant of Paris, giving him the entire control and mo- nopoly of all the trade and resources of Louisiana. But this scheme also failed. Crozat met with no success in his commercial operations ; every Spanish harbor on the Gulf was closed against his vessels ; the occupation of Louisiana was deemed an encroachment on Spanish territory ; Spain was jealous of the am- bition of France. Failing in his eiForts to open the ports of the district, Crozat "sought to develop the internal resources of Louisiana, by causing trading posts to be opened, and explorations to be made to its remotest borders. ,But he actually accomplished nothing for the advancement of the colony. The only prosperity which it ever possessed grew out of the enterprise of humble indi- viduals, who' had succeeded in instituting a little barter bjtwe3n themselves and the natives, and a petty trade with neighboring European settlements. After a persevering effort of nearly five years, he surrendered his charter in August, 1717." Immediately following the surrender of his charter by Crozat, another and more magnificent scheme was inaugurated. The national government of France was deeply involved in debt; the colonies were nearly bankrupt, and John Law appeared on the scene with his famous Mississippi Company, as the Louisiana branch of the Bank of France. The charter granted to this company gave it a legal existence of twenty-five years, and conferred upon it more extensive powers and privileges than had been granted to Crozat. It invested the new company with the exclusive privilege of the entire commerce of Louisiana, and of New France, and with authority to enforce their rights. The Company was author- ized- to monopolize all the trade in the country ; to make treaties with the Indians ; to declare and prosecute war ; to grant lands, erect forts, open mines of precious metals, levy taxes, nominate civil officers, commission those of the army, and to appoint and remove judges, to cast cannon, and build and equip ships of war. All this was to be done with the paper currency of John Law's Bank of France. He had succeeded in getting His Majesty the French King to adopt and sanction his scheme of financial operations both in France and in the colonies, and probably there never was such a huge financial bubble ever blown by a visionary theorist. Still, such was the condition of France that it was accepted as a national deliverance, and Law became the most powerful man in France. He became a Catholic, and was appointed Comptroller General of Finance. ' Among the first operations of the Company was to send eight hundred emigrants to Louisiana, who arrived at Dauphine Island in 1718. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 143 In 1719, Philipe Francis Renault arrived in Illinois with two hundred miners and artisans. The war between France and Spain at this time rendered it extremely probable that the Mississippi Valley might become the theater of Spanish hostilities against the French settlements ; to prevent this, as well as to extend French claims, a chain of forts was begun, to keep open the connection between the mouth and the sources of the Mississippi. Fort Orleans, high up the Mississippi River, was erected as an outpost in 1720. The Mississippi scheme was at the zenith of its power and glory in January, 1720, but the gigantic bubble collapsed more suddenly than it had been inflated' and the Company was declared hopelessly bankrupt in May following. France was impoverished by it, both private and public credit were overthrown, capi- talists suddenly found themselves paupers, and labor was left without employ- ment. The effect on the colony "of Louisiana was disastrous. While this was going on in Lower Louisiana, the region about the lakes was the theater of Indian hostilities, rendering the passage from Canada to Louisiana extremely dangerous for many years. The English had not only extended their Indian trade into the vicinity of the French settlements, but through their friends, the Iroquois, had gained a marked ascendancy over the Foxes, a fierce and powerful tribe, of Iroquois descent, whom they incited to hostilities against the French. The Foxes began their hostilities with the siege of Detroit in 1712, a siege which they continued for nineteen consecutive days, and although the expedition resulted in diminishing their numbers and humbling their pride, yet it was not until after several successive campaigns, embodying the best military resources of New France, had been directed against them, that were finally defeated at the great battles of Butte des Morts, and on the Wisconsin River, and driven west in 1746. The Company, having found that the cost of defending Xouisiana exceeded the returns from its commerce, solicited leave to surrender the Mississippi wilderness to the home government. Accordingly, on the 10th of April, 1732, the jurisdiction and control over the commerce reverted to the crown of France. The Company had held possession of Louisiana fourteen years. In 1735, Bien- ville returned to assume command for the King. A glance at a few of the old French settlements will show the progress made in portions of Louisiana during the early part of the eighteenth century. As early as 1705, traders and hunters had penetrated the fertile regions of the Wabash, and from this region, at that early date, fifteen thousand hides and skins had been collected and sent to Mobile for the European market. In the year 1716, the French population on the Wabash kept up a lucrative commerce with Mobile by means of traders and voyageurs. The Ohio River was comparatively unknown. In 1746, agriculture on the Wabash had attained to greater prosperity than in any of the French settlements besides, and in that year six hundred barrels of flour were manufactured and shipped to New Orleans, together with consider- able quantities of hides, peltry, tallow and beeswax. In the Illinois country, also, considerable settlements had been made, so that, in 1730, they embraced one hundred and forty French famihes, about six hundred " converted Indians," and many traders and voyageurs.' In 1753, the first'actual conflict arose between Louisiana and the Atlantic colonies. From the earliest advent of the Jesuit fathers, up to the period of which we speak, the great ambition of the French had been, not alone to preserve their possessions in the West, but by every possible means to prevent th'e slightest attempt of the English, east of the mountains, to extend their settle- 144 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. merits toward the Mississippi. France was resolved on retaining possession of the great territory which her missionaries had discovered and revealed to the world. French commandants had avowed their purpose of seizing every Englishman within the Ohio Valley. The colonies of Pennsylvania, New York and Virginia were most affected by the encroachments of France in the extension of her dominion, and particularly in the great scheme of uniting Canada with Louisiana. To ca,rry out this purpose, the French had taken possession of a tract of country claimed by Vir- ginia, and had commenced a line of forts extending from the lakes to the Ohio River. Virginia was not only alive to her own interests, but attentive to the vast importance of an immediate and effectual resistance on the part of all the English colonies to the actual and contemplated encroachments of the French. In 17C3, Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, sent George Washington, then a young man just twenty-one, to demand of the French commandant " a reason for invading British dominions while a solid peace subsisted." Washington met the French commandant, Gardeur de St. Pierre, on the head waters of the Alleghany, and having communicated to him the object of his journey, received the insolent answer that the French would not discuss the matter of right, but would make prisoners of every Englishman found trading on the Ohio and its waters. The country, he said, belonged to the French, by virtue of the dis- coveries of La Salle, and they would not withdraw from it. In January, 1754, Washington returned to Virginia, and made his report to the Governor and Council. Forces were at once raised, and Washington, as Lieutenant Colonel, was dispatched at the head of a hundred and fifty men, to the forks of the Ohio, with orders to "finish the fort already begun there by the Ohio Company, and to make prisoners, kill or destroy all who iAterrupted the English settlements." ' On his march through the forests of Western Pennsylvania, Washington, through the aid of friendly Indians, discovered the French concealed among the rocks, and as they ran to seize their arms, ordered his men to fire upon them, at the same time, with his own musket, setting the example. An action lasting about a quarter of an hour ensued ; ten of the Frenchmen were killed, among tliem Jumonville, the commander of the party, and twenty-one were made pris- oners. The dead were scalped by the Indians, and the chief, bearing a toma- hawk and a scalp, visited all the tribes of the Miamis, urging them to join the Six Nations and the English against the French. The French, however, were soon re-enforced, and Col. Washington was compelled to return to Fort Necessity. Here, on the 3d day of July, De Villiers invested the fort with 600 French troops and 100 Indians. On the 4th, Washington accepted terms of capitulation, and the English garrison withdrew from the valtey of the Ohio. This attack of Washington upon Jumonville aroused the indignation of France, and war was formally declared in May, 1756, and the " French and Indian War," devastated the colonies for several years. Montreal, Detroit and all Canada were surrendered to the English, and on the 10th of February, 1763, by the treaty of Paris — which had been signed, though not formally ratified by therespective governments, on the 3d of November, 1 762 — France relinquished to Great Britian all that portion of the province of Louisiana lying on' the east side of the Mississippi, except the island and town of New Orleans. On the same day that the treaty of Paris was signed, France, by a secret treaty, ceded to Spain all her possessions on the west side of the Mississippi, including the HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 145 whole country to the head waters of the Great River, and west to the Rocky Mountains, and the jurisdiction of France in America, which had lasted nearly a century, was ended. At the close of the Revolutionary war, by the treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States, the English Government ceded to the latter all the territory on the east side of the Mississippi River and north of the thirty- first parallel of north latitude. At the same time, Great Britain ceded to Spain all the Floridas, comprising all the territory east of the Mississippi and south of the southern limits of the United States. At this time, therefore, the present State of Iowa was a part of the Spanish possessions in North America, as all the territory west of the Mississippi River was under the dominion of Spain. That government also possessed all the territory of the Floridas east of the great river and south of the thirty-first parallel of north latitude. The Mississippi, therefore, so essential to the pros- perity of the western portion of the United States, for the last three hundred miles of its course flowed wholly within the Spanish dominions, and that govern- ment claimed the exclusive right to use and control it below the southern boun- dary of the United States. The free navigation of the Mississippi was a very important question during all the time that Louisiana remained a dependency of the Spanish Crown, and as the final settlement intimately affected the status of the then future State of Iowa, it will be interesting to trace its progress. The people of the United States occupied and exercised jurisdiction over the entire eastern valley of the Mississippi, embracing all the country drained by its eastern tributaries ; they had a natural right, according to the accepted in- ternational law, to follow these rivers to the sea, and to the use of the Missis- sippi River accordingly, as the great natural channel of commerce. The river was not only necessary but absolutely indispensable to the prosperity and growth of the western settlements then rapidly rising into commercial and political importance. They were situated in the heart of the great valley, and with wonderfully expansive energies and accumulating resources, it was very evident that no power on earth could deprive them of the free use of the river below them, only while their numbers were insufiicient to enable them to maintain their right by force. Inevitably, therefore, immediately after the ratification of the treaty of 1783, the Western people began to demand the free navigation of the Mississippi — not as a favor, but as a right. In 1786, both banks of the river, below the mouth of the Ohio, were occupied by Spain, and military posts on the east bank enforced her power to exact heavy duties on all im- ports by way of the river for the Ohio region. Every boat descending the river was forced to land and submit to the arbitrary revenue exactions of the Spanish authorities. Under the administration of Governor Miro, these rigor- ous exactions were somewhat relaxed from 1787 to 1790 ; but Spain held it as her right to make them. Taking advantage of the claim of the American people, that the Mississippi should be opened to them, in 1791, the Spanish Govern- ment concocted a scheme for the dismembership of the Union. The plan was to induce the West&rn people to separate from the Eastern States by liberal land grants and extraordinary commercial privileges. Spanish emissaries, among the people of Ohio and Kentucky, informed them that the Spanish Government would grant them favorable commercial privileges^ provided they would secede from the Federal Government east of the mountains. The Spanish Minister to the United States plainly declared to his confidential correspondent that, unless the Western people would declare their independence 146 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and refuse to remain in the Union, Spain was determined never to grant the free navigation of the Mississippi. By the treaty of Madrid, October 20, 1795, however, Spain formally stip- ulated that the Mississippi River, from its source to the Grulf, for its entire width, should be free to American trade and commerce, and that the people of the United States should be permitted, for three years, to use the port of New Orleans as a port of deposit for their merchandise and produce, duty free. In November, 1801, the United States Government received, through Rufus King, its Minister at the Court of St. James, a copy of the treaty between Spain and France, signed at Madrid March 21, 1801, by which the cession of Loui- siana to France, made the previous Autumn, was confirmed. The change offered a favorable opportunity to secure the just rights of the United States, in relation to the free navigation of the Mississippi, and ended the attempt to dismember the Union by an effort to secure an independent government west of the Alleghany Mountains. On the 7th of January, 1803, the American House of "Representatives adopted a resolution declaring their " unalterable determination to maintain the boundaries and the rights of navi- gation and commerce through the River Mississippi, as established by existing treaties." In the same month. President Jefferson nominated and the Senate confirmed Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe as Envoys Plenipotentiary to the Court of France, and Charles Pinckney and James Monroe to the Court of Spain, with plenary powers to negotiate treaties to effect the object enunciated by the popular branch of the National Legislature. These envoys were in- structed to secure, if possible, the cession of Florida and New Orleans, but it •does not appear that Mr. Jefferson and his Cabinet had any idea of purchasing that part of Louisiana lying on the west side of the Mississippi. In fact, on the 2d of March following, the instructions were sent to our Ministers, contain- ing a plan which expressly left to France " all her territory on the west side of the Mississippi." Had these instructions been followed, it might have been that there would not have been any State of Iowa or any other member of the glori- ous Union of States west of the " Father of Waters." In obedience to his instructions, however, Mr. Livingston broached this plan to M. Talleyrand, Napoleon's JPrime Minister, when that courtly diplo- matist quietly suggested to the American Minister that France might be willing to cede the whole French domain in North America to the United States, and asked how much the Federal Government would be willing to give for it. Liv- ingston intimated that twenty millions of francs might be a fair price. Talley- rand thought that not enough, but asked the Americans to "think of it." A few days later. Napoleon, in an interview with. Mr. Livingston, in effect informed the American Envoy that he had secured Louisiana in a contract with Spain for the purpose of turning it over to the United States for a mere nominal sum. He had been compelled to provide for the safety of that province by the treaty, and he was " anxious to give the United States a magnificent bargain for a mere trifle." The price proposed was one hundred and twenty-five million francs. This was subsequently modified to fifteen million dollars, and on this basis a treaty was negotiated, and was signed on the 30th day of April, 1803. This treaty was ratified by the Federal Government, and by act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United States was authorized to take possession of the territory and provide for it a temporary government. Accordingly, on the 20th day of December following, on behalf of the Presi- dent, Gov. Clairborne and Gen. Wilkinson took possession of the Louisiana HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 147 purchase, and raised the American flag over the newly acquired domain, at New Orleans. Spain, although it had by treaty ceded the province to France in 1801, still held quasi possession, and at first objected to the transfer, but with- drew her opposition early in 1804. By this treaty, thus successfully consummated, and the peaceable withdrawal of Spain, the then infant nation of the New World extended its dominion west of the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, and north from the Gulf of Mexico to British America. If the original design of Jefierson's administration had been accomplished, the United States would have acquired only that portion of the French territory lying east of the Mississippi River, and while the American people would thus have acquired the free navigation of that great river, all of the vast and fertile empire on the west, so rich in its agricultural and inexhaustible mineral resources, would have remained under the dominion of a foreign power. To Napoleon's desire to sell the whole of his North American possessions, and Liv- ingston's act transcending his instructions, which was acquiesced in after it was done, does Iowa owe her position as a part of the United States by the Louisiana purchase. By authority of an act of Congress, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired territory was, on the 1st day of October following, divided: that part lying south of the 33d parallel of north latitude was called the Territory of Orleans, and all north of that parallel the District of Louisiana, which was placed under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory, until July 4, 1805, when it was organized, with territorial government of its own, and so remained until 1812, when the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana, and the name of. the Territory of Louisiana was changed to Missouri. On the 4th of . July, 1814, that part of Missouri Territory comprising the present State of Arkansas, and the country to the westward, was organized into the Arkansas Territory. On the 2d of March, 1821, the State of Missouri, being a part of the Terri- tory of that name, was admitted to the Union. June 28, 1834, the territory west of the Mississippi River and north of Missouri was made a part of the Territory of Michigan ; but two years later, on the 4th of July, 1836, Wiscon- sin Territory was erected, embracing within its limits the present States of Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. By act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838, the TERRITORY OF IOWA was erected, comprising, in addition to the present State, much the larger part of Minnesota, and extending north' to the boundary of the British Possessions. THE ORIGINAL OWNERS. Having traced the early history of the great empire lying west of the Mis- eissippi, of which the State of Iowa constitutes a part, from the earliest dis- covery to the organization of the Territory of Iowa, it becomes necessary to give some history of THE INDIANS OF IOWA. According to the policy of the European nations, possession perfected title to any territory. We have seen that the country west of the Mississippi was first discovered by the Spaniards, but afterward, was visited and occupied by the French. It was ceded by France to Spain, and by Spain back to France again, 148 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and then was purchased and occupied by the United States. During all that time, it does not appear to have entered into the heads or hearts of the high contracting parties that the country they bought, sold and gave away was in the possession of a race of men who, although savage, owned the vast domain before Columbus first crossed the Atlantic. Having purchased the territory, the United States fou;id it still in the possession of its original owners, who had never been dispossessed ; and it became necessary to purchase again what had already been bought before, or forcibly eject the occupants ; therefore, the his- tory of the Indian nations who occupied Iowa prior to and during its early set- tlement by the whites, becomes an important chapter in the history of the State, that cannot be omitted. For more than one hundred years after Marquette and Joliet trod the virgin soil of Iowa, not a single settlement had been made or attempted ; not even a trading post had been established. The whole country remained in the undis- puted possession of the native tribes, who roamed at will over her beautiful and fertile prairies, hunted in her woods, fished in her streams, and often poured out their life-blood in obstinately contested contests for supremacy. That this State so aptly styled "The Beautiful Land," had been the theater of numerous, fierce and bloody struggles between rival nations, for possession of the favored region, long before its settlement by civilized man, there is no room for doubt. In these savage wars, the weaker party, whether aggressive or defensive, was either exterminated or driven from their ancient hunting grounds. In 1673, when Marquette discovered Iowa, the Illini were a very powerful people, occupying a large portion of the State ; but when the country was again visited by the whites, not a remnant of that once powerful tribe remained on • the west side of the Mississippi, and Iowa was principally in the possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a warlike tribe which, originally two distinct nations,- residing in New York and on the waters of the St. Lawrence, had gradually fought their way westward, and united, probably, after the Foxes had been driven out of the Fox River country, in 1846, and crossed the Mississippi. The death of Pontiac, a famous Sac chieftain, was made the pretext for war against the Illini, and a fierce and bloody struggle ensued, which continued until the Illinois were nearly destroyed and their hunting grounds possessed by their victorious foes. The lowas also occupied a portion of the State for a time, in common with the Sacs, but they, too, were nearly destroyed by the Sacs and Foxes, and, in " The Beautiful Land," these natives met their equally warlike foes, the Northern Sioux, with whom they maintained a constant warfare for the posses- sion of the country for many years. When the United States came in possession of the great valley of the Mis- sissippi, by the Louisiana purchase, the Sacs and Foxes and lowas possessed the entire territory now comprising the State of Iowa. The Sacs and Foxes, also, occupied the most of the State of Illinois. The Sacs had four principal villages, where most of them resided, viz. : Their largest and most important town — if an Indian village may be called such — and from which emanated most of the obstacles and difficulties encoun- tered by the Government in the extinguishment of Indian titles to land in this region, was on Rock River, near Rock Island ; another was on the east bank of the, Mississippi, near the mouth of Henderson River ; the third was at the head of the Des Moines Rapids, near the present site of Montrose, and the fourth was near the mouth of the Upper Iowa. The Foxes had three principal villages, viz. : One on the west side of the Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of Rock River ; another about twelve HISTORY OF TTIE STATE OF IOWA. I49 miles from the river, in the rear of the Dubuque lead mines, and the third on Turkey River. The lowas, at one time identified with the Sacs, of Rock River, had with- drawn from them and become a separate tribe. Their principal village was on the Des Moines River, in Van Buren County, on the site where lowaville now stands. Here the last great battle between the Sacs and Foxes and the lowas was fought, in which Black Hawk, then a young man, commanded one division of the attacking forces. The following account of the battle has been given : " Contrary to long established custom of Indian attack, this battle was commenced in the day time, the attending circumstances j ustifying this departure from the well settled usages of Indian warfare. The battle field was a level river bottom, about four miles in length, and two miles wide near the middle, narrowing to a point at either end. The main area of this bottom rises perhaps twenty feet above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom along the shore, covered with trees that belted the prairie on the river side with a thick forest, and the immediate bank of the river was fringed with a dense growth of willows. Near the lower end of this prairie, near the river bank, was situated the Iowa village. About two miles above it and near the middle of the prairie is a mound, covered at the time with a tuft of small trees and underbrush growing on its summit. In the rear of this little elevation or mound lay a belt of wet prairie, covered, at that time, with a dense growth of rank, coarse grass. Bordering this wet prairie on the north, tl»e country rises abruptly into elevated broken river bluffs, covered with a heavy forest for many miles in extent, and in places thickly clustered with undergrowth, affording a convenient shelter for the stealthy approach of the foe. " Through this forest the Sac and Fox war party made their way in the night and secreted themselves in the tall grass spoken of above, intending to remain in ambush during the day and make such observations as this near proximity to their intended victim might afford, to aid them in their contemplated attack on the town during the following night. From this situation their spies could take a full survey of the village, and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by which means they were soon convinced that the lowas had no suspicion of their presence. " At the foot of the mound above mentioned, the lowas had their race course, where they diverted themselves with the excitement of horse racing, and schooled their young warriors in cavalry evolutions. In these exercises mock battles were fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and defense carefully inculcated, by which means a skill in horsemanship was acquired rarely excelled. Unfortunately for them this day was selected for their equestrian sports, and wholly uncon- scious of the proximity of their foes, the warriors repaired to the race ground, leaving most of their arms in the village and their old men and women and children unprotected. " Pash-a-po-po, who was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes, perceived at once the advantage this state of things afforded for a complete surprise of his now doomed victirns, and ordered Black Hawk to file off with his young warriors through the tall grass and gain tlie cover of the timber along the river bank, and with the utmost speed reach the village and commence the battle, while he remained with his division in the ambush to make a simultaneous aS'^ault on the unarmed men whose attention was engrossed with the excitement of the races. The plan was skillfully laid and most dexterously executed. Black Hawk with his forces reached the village undiscovered, and made a furious onslaught upon the defenseless iuhabiiants, by firing one general volley into their midst, and completing the slaughter with the tomahawk and scalp- ing knife, aided by the devouring flames with which they enveloped the village as sooj as the fire brand could be spread from lodge to lodge. " On the instant ot the report of fire arms at the village the forces under Pash-a-po-po leaped from their couchant position in the grass and sprang tiger-like upon the astonished and unarmel lowas in the midst of their ricing spurts. The first impulse of the latter natuially led them to make the utmost speed toward their arms in ths village, and protect if poss.ble their wives and chil Iren from the attack of their merciless assailants. The di.'itance from the phic3 of attack on the prairie was two miles, and a great number fell in tlieir flight by tlie bullets and tomahawks of their enemies, who pressed them closely with a running fire the whole way, and the survivors only reached their town in time to witness the horrors of its destruction. Their whole village was in flnmes, and the de.irest objects of their lives lay in slaughti>r d heaps amidst the devouring elem.-nt, an 1 the agonizing groans of the dying, mingled with th ,' exulting shouts of t,he victorious foe, filled their hej-rts with maddening despair. Their wives an I children who had been spared the general massacie were prisoners, and together with their arms were in the hands nf the victors ; and all that could now be done was to draw off their shattered and defenseless forces, and save as many lives as possible by a retreat across the Des Moinei River, ' which they effected in the best possible manner, and took a position among the Soap Creek Hills." The Sacs and Foxes, prior to the settlement of their village on Rock River, had a fierce conflict with the Winnebagoes, subdued them and took possession 150 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. of their lands. Their village on Rock River, at one time, contained upward of sixty lodges, and was among the largest Indian villages on the continent. In 1825, the Secretary of War estimated the entire number of the Sacs and Foxes at 4,600 souls. Their village was situated in the immediate vicinity of the upper rapids of the Mississippi, where the beautiful and flourishing towns of Rock Island and Davenport are now situated. The beautiful scenery of the island, the extensive prairies, dotted over with groves ; the picturesque bluffs along the river banks, the rich and fertile soil, producing large crops of corn, squash and other vegetables, with little labor ; the abundance of wild fruit, game, iish, and almost everything calculated to make it a delightful spot for an Indian village, which was found there, had made this place a favorite home of the Sacs, and secured for it the strong attachment and veneration of the whole nation. North of the hunting grounds of the Sacs and Foxes, were those of the Sioux, a fierce and warlike nation, who often disputed possession with their rivals in savage and bloody warfare. The possessions of these tribes were mostly located in Minnesota, but extended over a portion of Northern and Western Iowa to the Missouri River. Their descent from the north upon the hunting grounds of Iowa frequently brought them into collision with the Sacs and Foxes ; and after many a conflict and bloody struggle, a boundary line was established between them by the Government of the United States, in a treaty held at Prairie du Chien, in 1825. But this, instead of settling the difficulties, caused them to quarrel all the more, in consequence of alleged trespasses upon each other's side of the line. These contests were kept up and became so unre- lenting that, in 1830, Government bought of the respective tribes of the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux, a strip of land twenty miles in width, on both sides of the line, and thus throwing them forty miles apart by creating between them a "neutral ground," commanded them to cease their hostilities. Both the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, however, were allowed to fish and hunt on this ground unmolested, provided they did not interfere with each other on United States territory. The Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux were deadly enemies, and neither let an opportunity to punish the other pass unimproved. In April, 1852, a fight occurred between the Musquaka band of Sacs and Foxes and a band of Sioux, about six miles above Algona, in Kossuth County, on the west side of the Des Moines River. The Sacs and Foxes were under the leadership of Ko-ko-wah, a subordinate chief, and had gone up from their home in Tama County, by way of Clear Lake, to what was then the " neutral ground." At Clear Lake, Ko-ko-wah was informed that a party of Sioux were encamped on the west side of the East Fork of the Des Moines, and he deter- mined to attack them. With sixty of his warriors, he started and arrived at a point on the east side of the river, about a mile above the Sioux encampment, in the night, and concealed themselves in a grove, where they were able to dis- cover the position and strength of their hereditary foes. The next morning, after many of the Sioux braves had left their camp on hunting tours, the vin- dictive Sacs and Foxes crossed the river and suddenly attacked the camp. The conflict was desperate for a short time, but the advantage was with the assail- ants, and the Sioux were routed. Sixteen of them, including some of their women and children, were killed, and a boy 14 years old was captured. One of the Musquakas was shot in the breast by a squaw as they were rushing into the Sioux's camp. He started to run away, when the same brave squaw shot him through the body, at a distance of twenty rods, and he fell dead. Three other Sac braves were killed. But few of the Sioux escaped. The victorious HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 151 party hurriedly buried their own dead, leaving the dead Sioux above ground, and made their way home, with their captive, with all possible expedition. pike's expedition. Very soon after the acquisition of Louisiana, the United States Government adopted measures for the exploration of the new territory, having in view the conciliation of the numerous tribes of Indians by whom it was possessed, and, also, the selection of proper sites for the establishment of military posts and trading stations. The Army of the West, Gen. James Wilkinson commanding, had its headquarters at St. Louis. From this post. Captains Lewis and Clark, with a sufficient force, were detailed to explore the unknown sources of the Missouri, and Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike to ascend to the head waters of the Mis- sissippi. Lieut. Pike, with one Sergeant, two Corporals and seventeen privates, left the military camp, near St. Louis, in a keel-boat, with 'four months' rations, on the 9th day of August, 1805. On the 20th of the same month, the expe- dition arrived within the present limits of Iowa, at the foot of the Des JVIoines Rapids, where Pike met William Ewing, who had just been appointed Indian Agent at this point, a French interpreter and four chiefs and fifteen Sac and Fox warriors. At the head of the Rapids, where Montrose is now situated, Pike held a council with the Indians, in which he addressed them substantially as follows : "Your great Father, the President of the United States, wished to be more intimately acquainted with the situation and wants of the different nations of red people in our newly acquired territory of Louisiana, and has ordered the General to send a number of his warriors in different directions to take them by the hand and make such inquiries as might afford the satisfaction required." At the close of the council he presented the red men with some knives, whisky and tobacco. Pursuing his way up the river, he arrived, on the 23d of August, at what is supposed, from his description, to be the site of the present city of Burlington, which he selected as the location of a military post. He describes the place as being " on a hill, about forty miles above the River de Moyne Rapids, on the west side of the river, in latitude about 41° 21' north. The channel of the river runs on that shore ; the hill in front is about sixty feet perpendicular ; nearly level on top ; four hundred yards in the rear is a small prairie fit for gardening, and immediately under the hill is a limestone spring, sufficient for the consumption of a whole regiment." In addition to this description, which corresponds to Burlington, the spot is laid down on his map at a bend in the river, a short distance below the mouth of the Henderson, which pours its Waters into the Mississippi from Illinois. The fort was built at Fort Madison, but from the distance, latitude, description and map furnished by Pike, it could not have been the place selected by him, while all the circumstances corroborate the opinion that the place he selected was the spot .where Burlington is now located, called by the early voyagers on the Mississippi, "Flint Hills." On the 24th, with one of his men, he went on shore on a hunting expedition, and following a stream which they supposed to be a part of the Mississippi, they were led away from their course. Owing to the intense heat and tall grass, his two favorite dogs, which he had taken with him, became exhausted and he left them on the prairie, supposing that they would follow him as soon as they should get rested, and went on to overtake his boat. Reaching the river, he waited some time for his canine friends, but they did not come, and as he deemed it inexpedient to detain the boat longer, two of his men volunteered to go in pur- 152 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. suit of them, and he continued on hisVway up the river, expecting that the two men would soon overtake him. They lost their way, however, and for six days were without food, except a few morsels gathered from the stream, and might have perished, had they not accidentally met a trader from St. Louis, who in- duced two Indians to take them up the river, and they overtook the boat at Dubuque. At Dubuque, Pike was cordially received by Julien Dubuque, a Frenchman, who held a mining claim under a grant from Spain. Dubuque had an old field piece and fired a salute in honor of the advent of the first Americans who had visited that part of the Territory. Dubuque, however, was not disposed to pub- lish the wealth of his mines, and the young and evidently inquisitive officer obtained but little information from him. After leaving this place, Pike pursued his way up the river, but as he passed beyond the limits of the present State of Iowa, a detailed history of his explo- rations on the upper waters of the Mississippi more properly belongs to the his- tory of another State. It is sufficient to say that on the site of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, at the mouth of the Minnesota River, Pike held a council with the Sioux, September 23, and obtained from them a grant of one hundred thousand acres of land. On the 8th of January, 1806, Pike arrived at a trading post belonging to the Northwest Company, on Lake De Sable, in latitude 47°. At this time the then powerful Northwest Company carried on their immense operations from Hudson's Bay to the St. Lawrence; up that river on both sides, along the great lakes to the head of Lake Superior, thence to the sources of the Red River of the north and west, to the Rocky Mountains, embracing within the scope of their operations the entire Territory of Iowa. After successfully accomplishing his mission, and performing a valuable service to Iowa and the whole Northwest, Pike returned to St. Louis, arriving there on the 30th of April, 1806. INDIAN WARS. The Territory of Iowa, although it had been purchased by the United States, and was ostensibly in the possesion of the Government, was still occupied by the Indians, who claimed title to the soil by right of ownership and possession. Before it could be open to settlement by the whites, it was indispensable that the Indian title should be extinguished and the original owners removed. The accomplishment of this purpose required the expenditure of large sums of ' money and blood, and for a long series of years the frontier was disturbed by Indian wars, terminated repeatedly by treaty, only to be renewed by some act of oppression on the part of the whites or some violation of treaty stipulation. As previously shown, at the time when the United States assumed the con- trol of the country by virtue of the Louisiana purchase, nearly the whole State was in possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a powerful and warlike nation, who were not disposed to submit without a struggle to what they considered the encroachments of the pale faces. Among the most noted chiefs, and one whose restlessness and hatred of the Americans occasioned more trouble to the Government than any other of his tribe, was Black Hawk, who was born at the Sac village, on Rock River, in 1767. He was simply the chief of his own band of Sac warriors, but by his energy and ambition he became the leading spirit of the united nation of Sacs and Foxes, and one of the prominent figures in the history of the country from 1804 until his death. In early manhood he attained some distinction as a fighting chief, having led campaigns against the Osages, and other neighboring \ \ HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 153 tribes. About the beginning of the present century he began to appear prom- inent in aifairs on the Mississippi. Some historians have added to the statement that " it does not appear that he was ever a great general, or possessed any of the qualifications of a successful leader." If this was so, his life was a marvel. How any man who had none of the qualifications of a leader became so prom- inent as such, as he did, indicates either that he had some ability, or that his cotemporaries, both Indian and Anglo-Saxon, had less than he. He is said to have been the " victim of a narrow prejudice and bitter ill-will against the Americans," but the impartial historian must admit that if he was the enemy of theAmericans, it was certainly not without some reason. It will be remembered that Spain did not give up possession of the country to France on its cession to the latter power, in 1801, but retained possession of it, and, by the authority of France, transferred it to the United States, in 1804. Black Hawk and his band were in St. Louis at the time, and were invited to be present and witness the ceremonies of the transfer, but he refused the invitation, and it is but just to say that this refusal was caused probably more from regret that the Indians were to be transferred from the jurisdiction of the Spanish authorities than from any special hatred toward the Americans. In his life he says : " I found many sad and gloomy faces because the United States were about to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the Americans came, I took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father. The Americans came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we passed out of one door as they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for our village, on Rock River, not liking the change any more than our friends appeared to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange people had arrived at St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish faljher again. The information made all our people sorry." On the 3d day of November, 1804, a treaty was concluded between "William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, on behalf of the United States, and five chiefs of the Sac and Fox nation, by which the latter, in con- sideration of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars' worth of goods then delivered, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars to be paid in goods at just cost, ceded to the United States all that land on the east side of the Mississppi, extending from a point opposite the Jefferson, in Missouri, to the Wisconsin River, embracing an area of over fifty-one millions of acres. To this treaty Black Hawk always objected and always refused to consider it binding upon his people. He asserted that the chiefs or braves who made it had no authority to relinquish the title of the nation to any of the -lands they held or occupied ; and, moreover, that they had been sent to Si Louis on quite a different errand, namely, to get one of their people released, who had been imprisoned at St. Louis for killing a white man. The year following this treaty (1805), Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike came up the river for the purpose of holding friendly councils with the Indians and select- ing sites for forts within the territory recently acquired from France by the ■ United States. Lieutenant Pike seems to have been the first American whom Black Ha'wk ever met or had a personal interview with ; and he was very much prepossessed in Pike's favor. He gives the following account of his visit to Rock Island : "A boat came up the river with a young American chief and a small party of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed Salt River. Some of our young braves watched them every day, to see what sort of people he had on board. The boat at length arrived at Rock River, and the young chief came on 154 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. shore with his interpreter, and made a speech and gave us some presents. We in turn presented them with meat and such other provisions as we had to spare. We were well pleased with the young chief. He gave us good advice, and said our American father would treat us well." • The events which soon followed Pike's expedition were the erection of lort Edwards, at what is now Warsaw, Illinois, and Fort Madison, on the site of the present town of that name, the latter being the first fort erected in Iowa. These movements occasioned great uneasiness among the Indians. When work was commenced on Fort Edwards, a delegation from their nation, headed by some of their chiefs, went down to see what the Americans were doing, and had an in- terview with the commander ; after which they returned home apparently satis- fied. In like manner, when Fort Madison was being erected, they sent down another delegation from a council of the nation held at Rock River. Accord- ing to Black Hawk's account, the American chief told them that he was build- ing a house for a trader who was coming to sell them goods cheap, and that the soldiers were coming to keep him company — a statement which Black Hawk says they distrusted at the time, believing that the fort was an encroachment upon their rights, and designed to aid in getting their lands away from them. It has been held by good American authorities, that the erection of Fort Madison at the point where it was located was a violation of the treaty of 1804. By the eleventh article of that treaty, the United States had a right to build a fort near the mouth of the Wisconsin River ; by article six they had bound themselves "that if any citizen of the United States or any other white persons should form a settlement upon their lands, such intruders should forthwith be removed." Probably the authorities of the United States did not regard the establishment of military posts as coming properly within the meaning of the term "settlement," as used in the treaty. At all events, they erected Fort Madison within the territory reserved to the Indians, who became very indig- nant. Not long after the fort was built, a party led by Black Hawk attempted its destruction. They sent spies to watch the movements of the garrison, who ascertained that the soldiers were in the habit of marching out of the fort every morning and evening for parade, and the plan of the party was to conceal them- selves near the fort, and attack and surprise them when they were outside. On the morning of the proposed day of attack, five soldiers came out and were fired upon by the Indians, two of them being killed. The Indians were too hasty in their movement, for the regular drill had not yet commenced. However, they kept up the attack for several days, attempting the old Fox strategy of setting fire to the fort with blazing arrows ; but finding their efforts unavailing, they soon gave up anfl returned to Rock River. When war was declared between the United States and Great Britain, in 1812, Black Hawk and his band allied themselves with the British, partly because he was dazzled by their specious promises, and more probably because they had been deceived by the Americans. Black Hawk himself declared that they were "forced into the war by being deceived." He narrates the circum- stances as follows : " Several of the chiefs eind head men of the Sacs and Foxes were called upon to go to Washington to see their Great Father. On their return, they related what had been said and done. They said the Great Father wished them, in the event of a war taking place with England, not to interfere on either side, but to remain neutral. He did not want our help, but wished us to hunt and support our families, and live in peace. He said that British traders would not be permitted to come on the Mississippi to furnish us with goods, but that we should be supplied with an American trader. Our HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 155 chiefs then told him that the British traders always gave them credit in the Fall for guns, powder and goods, to enable us to hunt and clothe our families He repeated that the traders at Fort Madison would have plenty of goods ' that we should go there in the Fall and he would supply us on credit as the British traders had done." ' Black Hawk seems to have accepted of this proposition, and he and his people were very much pleased. Acting in good faith, they fitted out for their Winter's hunt, and went to Fort Madison in high spirits to receive from the trader their outfit of supplies. But, after waiting some time, they were told by the trader that he would not trust them. It was in vain that they pleaded the promise of their grea,t father at Washington. The trader was inexorahle ; and, disappointed and crestfallen, they turned sadly toward their own village. "'Few of us," says Black Hawk, " slept that night ; all was gloom and discontent. In the morning, a canoe was seen ascending the river ; it soon arrived, bearing an express, who brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Rock Island with two boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come up imme- diately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of presents. The express presented us with tobacco, pipes and wampum. The news ran through our camp like fire on a prairie. Our lodges were soon taken down, and all started for Rock Island. Here ended all hopes of our remaining at peace,, having been forced into the war by being deceived." He joined the British, who flattered him, styled him "Gen. Black Hawk," decked him with medals, excited his jealousies against the Americans, and armed his band ; but he met with defeat arid disappointment, and soon aban- doned the service and came home. With all his skill and courage, Black Hawk was unable to lead all the Sacs and Foxes into hostilities to the United States. A portion of them, at the head of whom was Keokuk ("the Watchful Fox"), were disposed to abide by the treaty of 1804, and, to cultivate friendly relations with the American people. Therefore, when Black Hawk and his band joined the fortunes of Great Britain, the rest of the nation remained neutral, and, for protection, organized, with Keokuk for their chief. This divided the nation into the " War and the Peace party." Black Hawk says he was informed, after he had gone to the war, that the nation, which had been reduced to so small a body of fighting men, were unable to defend themselves in case the Americans should attack them, and having all the old men and women and children belonging to the warriors who had joined the British on their hands to provide for, a council was held, and it was agreed that Quash-qua-me (the Lance) and other chiefs, together wi!h the old men, women and children, and such others as chose to accompany them, should go to St. Louis and place themselves under the American chief stationed there. They accordingly went down, and were received as the "friendly band" of the Sacs and Foxes, and were provided for and sent up the Missouri River. On Black Hawk's return from the British army, he says Keokuk was introduced to him as the war chief of the braves then in the village. He inquired how he had become chief, and was informed that their spies had seen a large armed force going toward Peoria, and fears were entertained of an attack upon the village ; whereupon a council was held, which concluded to leave the village and cross over to the west side of the Mississippi. Keokuk had been standing at the door of the lodge where the council was held, not being allowed to enter on account of never having killed an enemy, where he remained until Wa-co-me came out. Keokuk asked permission to speak in the council, which Wa-co-me 156 HISTORY OF- THE STATE OF IOWA. obtained for him. Keokuk then addressed the chiefs ; he remonstrated against the desertion of their village, their own homes and the graves of their fathers, and offered to defend the village. The council consented that he should be their war chief He marshaled his braves, sent out spies, and advanced on the trail leading to Peoria, but returned without seeing the enemy. The Americans did not disturb the village, and all were satisfied with the appointment of Keokuk. Keokuk, like Black Hawk, was a descendant of the Sac branch of the nation, and was born on Rock River, in 1780. He was of a pacific disposition, but possessed the elements of true courage, and could fight, when occasion required, with a cool judgment and heroic energy. In his first battle, he en- countered and killed a Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors, and he was honored with a public feast by his tribe in commemoration of the event. , Keokuk has been described as an orator, entitled to rank with the most gifted of his race. In person, he was tall and of portly bearing ; in his public speeches, he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures ; he spoke rapidly, but his enunciation was clear, distinct and forcible ; he culled his fig- ures from the stores of nature and based his arguments on skillful logic. Un- fortunately for the reputation of Keokuk, as an orator among white people, he was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpreters were unac- quainted with the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious hindrance to his fame, Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labershure, who had received a rudimental education in the. French and English languages, until the latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian of his career among the white people, he was compelled to submit his speeches for translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery drawn from nature was beyond their power of reproduction. He had sufiicient knowledge of the English language to make him sensible of this bad rendering of his thoughts, and often a feeling of morti- fication at the bungling efforts was depicted on his countenance while speaking. The proper place to form a correct estimate of his ability as an orator was in the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to those who under- stood his language, and witness the electrical effect of his eloquence upon his audience. Keokuk seems to have possessed a more sober judgment, and to have had a more intelligent view of the great strength and resources of the United States, than his noted and restless cotemporary. Black Hawk. He knew from the first that the reckless war which Black Hawk and his band had determined to carry on could result in nothing but defeat and disaster, and used every argument against it. The large number of warriors whom he had dissuaded from following Black Hawk became, however, greatly excited with the war spirit after Stillman's defeat, and but for the signal tact displayed by Keokuk on that occasion, would have forced him to submit to their wishes in joining the rest of the warriors in the field. A war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be moved with the current of the rising storm. When the dance was over, he called the council to prepare for war. He made a speech, in which he admitted the justice of their complaints against the Americans. To seek redress was a noble aspiration of their nature. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the white man, and the spirits of their braves, slain -in battle, called loudly for vengeance. "I am your chief," he said, " and it is my duty to lead you to bat- tle, if, after fully considering the matter, you are determined to go. But before 1 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 157 you decide on taking this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of success." He then portrayed to them the great power of the United States against whom they would have to contend, that their chance of success was utterly hopeless. "But," said he, " if you do determine to go upon the war- path, I will agree to lead you, on one condition, viz.: that before we go, we will kill all our old men and our wives and children, to save them from a lingering death of starvation, and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on the other side of the Mississippi." This was a strong but truthful picture of the prospect before them, and was presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor, and cause them to aban- don the rash undertaking. But during the war of 1832, it is now considered certain that small bands of Indians, from the west side of the Mississippi, made incursions into the white settlements, in the lead mining region, and committed some murders and dep- redations. When peace was declared between the United States and England, Black Hawk was required to make peace with the former, and entered into a treaty at Portage des Sioux, September 14, 1815, but did not "touch the goose-quill to it until May 13, 1816, when he smoked the pipe of peace with the great white chief," at St. Louis. This treaty was a renewal of the treaty of 1804, but Black Hawk declared he had been deceived; that he did not know that by signing the treaty he was giving away his village. This weighed upon his mind, already soured by previous disappointment and the irresistible encroachments of the whites ; and when, a few years later, he and his people were driven from their possessions by the military, he determined to return to the home of his fathers. It is also to be remarked that, in 1816, by treaty with various tribes, the United States relinquished to the Indians all the lands lying north of a line drawn from the southernmost point of Lake Michigan west to the Mississippi, except a reservation five leagues square, on the Mississippi River, supposed then to be sufficient to include all the mineral lands on and adjacent to Fever River, and one league square at the mouth of the Wisconsin River. THE BLACK HAWK WAR. The immediate cause of the Indian outbreak in 1830 was the occupation of Black Hawk's village, on the Rock River, by the whites, during the absence of tbe chief and his braves on a hunting expedition, on the west side of the Mississippi. When they returned, they found their wigwams occupied by white families, and their own women and children were shelterless on the banks of the river. The Indians were indignant, and determined to repossess their village at all hazards, and early in the Spring of 1831 recrossed the Mississippi and menacingly took possession of their own cornfields and cabins. It may be well to remark here that it was expressly stipulated in the treaty of 1804, to which they attributed all their troubles, that the Indians should not be obliged to leave their lands until they were sold by the United States, and it does not appear that they occupied any lands other than those owned by the Government. If this was true, the Indians had good cause for indignation and complaint. But the whites, driven out in turn by the returning Indians, became so clamorous against what they termed the encroachments of the natives, that Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, ordered Gen Gaines to Rock Island with a military force to drive the Indians again from their homes to the west side of the Mississippi. Black Hawk says he did not intend to be provoked into war by anything less than the blood of 158 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. some of his own people ; in other words, that there would be no war unless it should be commenced by the pale faces. But it was said and probably thought by the mili- tary commanders along the frontier that the Indians intended to unite in a general war against the whites, from Rock River to the Mexican borders. But it does not appear that the hardy frontiersmen themselves had any fears, for their experi- ence had been that, when well treated, their Indian neighbors were not danger- ous. Black Hawk and his band had done no more than to attempt to repossess the the old homes of which they had been deprived in their absence. No blood had been shed. Black Hawk and his chiefs sent a flag of truce, and a new treaty was made, by which Black Hawk and his band agreed to remain forever on the Iowa side and never recross the river without the permission of the President or the Governor of Illinois. Whether the Indians clearly understood the terms of this treaty is uncertain. As was usual, the Indian traders had dictated terms on their behalf, and they had received a large amount of pro- visions, etc., from the Government, but it may well be doubted whether the Indians comprehended that they could never revisit the graves of their fathers without violating their treaty. They undoubtedly thought that they had agreed never to recross the Mississippi with hostile intent. However this may be, on the 6th day of April, 1832, Black Hawk and his entire band, with their women and children, again recrossed the Mississippi in plain view of the garrison of Fort Armstrong, and went up Rock River. Although this act was construed into an act of hostility by the military authorities, who declared that Black Hawk intended to recover his village, or the site where it stood, by force ; but it does not, appear that he made any such attempt, nor did his apearance create any special alarm among the settlers. They knew that the Indians never went on the war path encumbered with the old men, their women and their children. The Galenian, printed in Galena, of May 2, 1832, says that Black Hawk was invited by the Prophet and had taken possession of a tract about forty miles up Rock River ; but that he did not remain there long, but commenced his march up Rock River. Capt. W. B. Green, who served in Capt. Stephen- son's company of mounted rangers, says that "Black Hawk and h^s band crossed the river with no hostile intent, but that his band had had bad luck in hunting during the previous Winter, were actually in a starving condition, and had come over to spend the Summer with a friendly tribe on the head waters of the Rock and Illinois Rivers, by invitation from their chief. Other old set- tlers, who all agree that Black Hawk had no idea of fighting, say that he came back to the west side expecting to negotiate another treaty, and get a new supply of provisions. The most reasonable explanation of this movement, which resulted so disastrously to Black Hawk and his starving people, is that, during the Fall and Winter of 1831-2, his people became deeply indebted to their favorite trader at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island). They had not been fortunate in hunting, and he was likely to lose heavily, as an Indian debt was outlawed in one year. If; therefore, the Indians could be induced to come over, and the fears of the military could be sufficiently aroused to pursue them, another treaty could be negotiated, and from the payments from the Government the shrewd trader could get his pay. Just a week after Black Hawk crossed the river, on the 13th of April, 1832, George Davenport wrote to Gen. Atkinson : " I am informed that the British band of Sac Indians are determined to make war on the frontier settlements. * * * pj-^jQ g^ej-y information that I have received, I am of the opinion that the intention of the British band of Sac Indians is to commit depredations on the inhabitants of the frontier." And HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 159 yet, from the 6th day of April until after Stillman's men commenced war by firing on a flag of truce from Black Hawk, no murders nor depredations were committed by the British band of Sac Indians. It is not the purpose of this sketch to detail the incidents of the Black Hawk war of 1832, as it pertains i-ather to th^ history of the State of Illinois. It is sufficient to say that, after the disgraceful affair at Stillman's Run, Black Hawk, concluding that the whites,, refusing to treat with him, were determined to exterminate his people, determined to return to the Iowa side of the Missis- sippi. He could not return by the way he came, for the army was behind him, an army, too, that would sternly refuse to recognize the white flag of peace. His only course was to make his way northward and reach the Mississippi, if possible, before the troops could overtake him, and this he did ; but, before he could get his women and children across the Wisconsin, he was overtaken, and a battle ensued. Here, again, he sued for peace, and, through his trusty Lieu- tenant, "the Prophet," the whites were plainly informed that the starving 'Indians did not wish to fight, but would return to the west side of the Missis- sippi, peaceably, if they could be permitted to do so. No attention was paid to this second effort to negotiate peace, and, as soon as supplies could be obtained, the pursuit was resumed, the flying Indians were overtaken again eight miles before they reached the mouth of the Bad Axe, and the slaughter (it should not be dignified by the name of battle) commenced. Here, overcome by starvation and the victorious whites, his band was scattered, on the 2d day of August, 1832. Black Hawk escaped, but was brought into camp at Prairie du Chien by three Winnebagoes. He was confined in Jefferson Barracks until the Spring of 1833, when he was sent to Washington, arriving there April 22. On the 26th of April, they were taken to Fortress Monroe, where they remained till the 4th of June, 1833, when orders were given for them to be liberated and returned to their own country. By order of the President, he was brought back to Iowa through the principal Eastern cities. Crowds flocked to see him all along his route, and he was very much flattered by the attentions he received. He lived among his people on the Iowa River till that reservation was sold, in 1836, when, with the rest of the Sacs and Foxes, he removed to the Des Moines Reservation, where he remained till his death, which occurred on the 3d of October, 1838. INDIAN PURCHASES, RESERVES AND TREATIES. At the close of the Black Hawk War, in 1832, a treaty was made at a council held on the west bank of the Mississippi, where now stands the thrivmg city of Davenport, on grounds now occupied by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Company, on the 21st day of September 1832. At this council, the United States were represented by Gen. Winfield Scott and Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois. Keokuk, Pash-a-pa-ho and some thirty other chiefs and warriors of the Sac and Fox nation were present. By this treaty, the bacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of land on the eastern border ot Iowa fifty miles wide, from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth ot the Upper Iowa River, containing about six million acres. The western line ot the purchase was parallel with the Mississippi. In consideration ot this cession the United States Government stipulated to pay annually tothe confederated tribes, for thirty consecutive years, twenty thousand dollars m specie, and to pay the debts of the Indians at Rock Island, which had been accumulating tor 160 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. seventeen years and amounted to fifty thousand dollars, due to Davenport '& Farnham, Indian traders. The Government also generously donated td the Sac and Fox women and children whose husbands and fathers had fallen in the Black Hawk war, thirty-five beef cattle, twelve bushels of salt, thirty barrels of pork, fifty barrels of flour and six thousand bushels of corn. This territory is known as the " Black Hawk Purchase." Although it was ^not the first portion of Iowa ceded to the United States by the Sacs and Foxes, it was the first opened toactual settlement by the tide of emigration that flowed across the Mississippi as soon as the Indian title was extinguished. The treaty was ratified February 13, 1833, and took eff'ect on the 1st of June following, when the Indians quietly removed from the ceded territory, and this fertile and beautiful region was opened to white settlers. By the terms of the treaty, out of the Black Hawk Purchase was reserved for the Sacs and Foxes 400 square miles of land situated on the Iowa River, and in- Icuding within its limits Keokuk's village, on the right bank of that river. This tract was known as " Keokuk's Reserve, ' and was occupied by the Indians until 1836, when, by a treaty made in September between them and Gov._ Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, it was ceded to the United States. The council was held on the banks of the Mississippi, above Davenport, and was the largest assem- blage of the kind ever held by the Sacs and Foxes to treat for the sale of lands. About one thousand of their chiefs and braves were present, and Keokuk was their leading spirit and principal speaker on the occasion. By the terms of the treaty, the Sacs and Foxes were removed to another reservation on the Des Moines River, where an agency was established for them at what is now the town of Agency City. Besides the Keokuk Reserve, the Government gave out of the Black Hawk Purchase to Antoine Le Claire, interpreter, in fee simple, one section of land opposite Rock Island, and another at the head of the first rapids above the island, on the Iowa side. This was the first land title granted by the United States to an individual in Iowa. Soon after the removal of the Sacs and Foxes to their hew reservation on the Des Moines River, Gen. Joseph M. Street was transferred from the agency of the Winnebagoes, at Prairie du Chien, to establish an agency among them. A farm was selected, on which the necessary buildings were erected, including a comfortable farm house for the agent and his family, at the expense of the Indian Fund. A salaried agent was employed to superin- tend the farm and dispose of the crops. Two mills were erected, one on Soap Creek and the other on Sugar Creek. The latter was soon swept away by a flood, but the former remained and did good service for many years. Connected with the agency were Joseph Smart and John Goodell, interpreters. The latter was interpreter for Hard Fish's band. Three of the Indian chiefs, Keo- kuk, Wapello and Appanoose, had each a large field improved, the two former on the right bank of the Des Moines, back from the river, in what is now " Keokuk's Prairie," and the latter on the present site of the city of Ottumwa. Among the traders connected with the agency were the Messrs. Ewing, from Ohio, and Phelps & Co., from Illinois, and also Mr. J. P. Eddy, who estab- lished his post at what is now the site of Eddyville. The Indians at this agency became idle and listless in the absence of their natural and wonted excitements, and many of them plunged into dissipation. Keokuk himself became dissipated in the latter years of his life, and it has been reported that he died of delirium tremens after his' removal with his tribe to Kansas. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Igj In May, 1843, most of the Indians were removed up the Des Moines River above the temporary line of Red Rock, having ceded the remnant of their lands m Iowa to the United States on the 21st of September, 1837 and on the H^l'^^u^T^'^Z' ^^^^- „^y the terms of the latter treaty, they held possession of the New Purchase till the Autumn of 1845, when the most of them were removed to their reservation in Kansas, the balance being removed in the Spring of 1846. 1. Tb-eafywithtAeSioux— Made July 19, 1815; ratified December 16, 1815 This treaty was made at Portage des Sioux, between the Sioux of Minnesota and Upper Iowa and 'the United States, by William Clark and Ninian Edwards, Commissioners, and was merely a treaty of peace and friendship on the part of those Indians toward the United States at the close of the war of Lol2, 2. Treaty with the Sacs.— A similar treaty of peace was made at Portage des Sioux between the United States and the Sacs, by William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste Choteau, on the 13th of September, 1815, and ratified at the same date as the above. la this, the treaty of 1804 was re-affirmed, and the Sacs here represented promised for themselves and their bands to keep entirely separate from the Sacs of Rock River, who, under Black Hawk, had joined the British in the war j ust then closed. 3. Treaty with the Foxes. — A separate treaty of peace was made with the Foxes at Portage dea Sioux, by the same Commissioners, on the 14th of September, 1815, and ratified the same as the above, wherein the Foxes re-aflBrmed the treaty of St. Louis, of November 3, 1804, and agreed to deliver up all their prisoners to the officer in command at Fort Clark, now Peoria, Illinois. 4. Treaty with the lowas. — A treaty of peace and mutual good will was made between the United States and the Iowa tribe of Indians, at Portage des Sioux, by the same Commissioners as above, on the 16th of September, 1815, at the close of the war with Great Britain, and ratified at the same date as the others. 5. Treaty with the Sacs of Rock River — Made at St. Louis on the 13th of May, 1816, between the United States and the Sacs of Rock River, by the Commissioners, William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste Choteau, and ratified December 30, 1816. In this treaty, that of 1804 was re-established and confirmed by twenty-two chiefs and head men of the Sacs of Rock River, and Black Hawk himself attached to it his signature, or, as he said, " touched the goose quill." 6. Treaty of 18S4- — On the '4th of August, 1824, a treaty was made between the United States and the Sacs and Foxes, in the city of Washington, by William Clark, Commissioner, wherein the Sac and Fox nation relinquished their title to all lands in Missouri and that portion of the southeast corner of Iowa known as the " Half-Breed Tract" was set off and reserved for the use of the half-breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding title in the same manner, as In- dians. Ratified January 18, 1825. 7. Treaty of August 19, 1825. — At this date a treaty was made by William Clark and Lewis Cass, at Prairie du Chien, between the United States and the Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Me- nomonees, Winnebagoes and a portion of the Ottawas and Pottawatomies. In this treaty, in order to make peace between the contending tribes as to the limits of their respective hunting grounds in Iowa, it was agreed that the United States Government should run a boundary line between the Sioux, on the north, and the Sacs and Foxes, on the south, as follows : Commencing at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, on the west bank of the Mississippi, and ascending said Iowa River to its west fork ; thence up the fork to its source ; thence cross- ing the fork of Red Cedar River in a direct line to the second or upper fork of the Des Moines Eiver ; thence in a direct line to the lower fork of the Calumet River, and down that river to its .junction with the Missouri River. 8. Treaty of 1830.— Oa the 15th of July, 1830, the confederate tribes of the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of country lying south of the above line, twenty miles in width, and extending along the line aforesaid from the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. The Sioux also, whose possessions were north of the line, ceded to the Government, in the same treaty, a like strip on the north side of the boundary. Thus the United States, at the ratification of this treaty, February 24, 1831, came into possession of a portion of Iowa forty miles wide, extend- ing along the Clark and Cass line of 1825, from the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. This territory was known as the " Neutral Ground," and the tribes on either side of the line were allowed to fish and hunt on it unmolested till it was made a Winnebago reservation, and the Winnebagoes were removed to it in 1841. 9. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes and other Tribes.— At the same time of the above treaty re- specting the " Neutral Ground" (July 15, 1830), the Sacs and Foxes, Western Sioux, Omahas, lowas and Missouris ceded to the United States a portion of the western slope of Iowa, the boun- daries of which were defined as follows : Beginning at the upper fork of the Des Moines River, and passing the sources of the Little Sioux and Floyd Rivers, to the fork of the first creek that falls into the Big Sioux, or Calumet, on I he east side ; thence down said creek and the Calumet 162 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. River to the Missouri River ; thence down said Missouri River to the Missouri State line above the Kansas ; thence along said line to the northwest corner of said State ; thence to the high lands between the waters falling info the Missouri and Des Moines, passing to said high lands along the dividing ridge between the forks of the Grand River ; thence along said high lands or ridge separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, to a point opposite the source of the Boyer River, and thence in a direct line to the upper fork of the Des Moines, the place of beginning. It was understood that the lands ceded and relinquished by this treaty were to be assigned and allotted, under the direction of the President of the United States, to the tribes then living thereon, or to such other tribes as the President might locate thereon for hunting and other pur- poses. In consideration of three tracts of land ceded in this treaty, the United States agreed to pay to the Sacs three thousand dollars ; to the Foxes, three thousand dollars ; to the Sioux, two thousand dollars ; to the Yankton and Santie bands of Sioux, three thousand dollars ; to the Omahas, two thousand five hundred dollars; and to the Ottoes and Missouris, two thousand five hundred dollars — to be paid annually for ten successive years. In addition to these annuities, the Government agreed to furnish some of the tribes with blacksmiths and agricultural imple- ments to the amount of two hundred dollars, at the expense of the United States, and to set apart three thousand dollars annually for the education of the children of these tribes. It does not appear that any fort was erected in this territory prior to the erection of Fort Atkinson on the Neutral Ground, in 1840-41. This treaty was made by William Clark, Superintendent of Indian affairs, and Col. Willoughby Morgan, of the United States First Infantry, and came into effect by proclamation, February 24, 1831. 10. Treaty with the Winnebagoes. — Made at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, September 15, 1832, by Gen. Winfield Scott and Hon. John Reynolds, Governor of Illinois. In this treaty the Win- nebagoes ceded to the United States all their land lying on the east side of the Mississippi, and in part consideration therefor the United States granted to the Winnebagoes, to be held as other Indian lands are held, that portion of Iowa known as the Neutral Ground. The exchange of the two tracts of country was to take place on or before the 1st day of June, 1833. In addition to the Neutral Ground, it was stipulated that the United States should give the Winnebagoes, begin- ning in September, 1838, and continuing for twenty-seven successive years, ten thousand dollars in specie, and establish a school among them, with a farm and garden, and provide other facili- ties for the education of their children, not to exceed in cost three thousand dollars a year, and to continue the same for twenty-seven successive years. Six agriculturists, twelve yoke of oxen and plows and other farming tools were to be supplied by the Government. 11. Treaty of ISSS with the Sacs and Foxes. — Already mentioned as the Black Hawk purchase. 12. Treaty of 1836, with the Sacs and Foxes, ceding Keokuk's Reserve to the United States; for which the Government stipulated to pay thirty thousand dollars, and an annuity of ten thou- sand dollars for ten successive years, together with other sums and debts of the Indians to various parties. 13. Treaty of 1837.— Oa the 2Ist of October, 1837, a treaty was made at the city of Wash- ington, between Carey 4- Harris, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and the confederate tribes of Sacs and Foxes, ratified February 21, 1838, wherein another slice of the soil of Iowa was obtained, described in the treaty as follows: "A tract of country containing 1,250,000 acres, lying west and adjoining the tract conveyed by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 1832. It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession shall be the north- ern and southern points of said tract as fixed by the survey made under the authority of the United States, and that a line shall be drawn between them so as to intersect a line extended westwardly from the angle of said tract nearly opposite to Rock Island, as laid down in the above survey, so far as may be necessary to include the number of acres, hereby ceded, which last mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five miles." This piece of land was twenty-five miles wide in the middle, and ran off to a point at both ends, lying directly back of the Black Hawk Purchase, and of the same length. 14. Treaty of Relinquishment. — At the same date aa the above treaty, in the city of Washing- ton, Carey A. Harris, Commissioner, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all their right and interest in the country lying south of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes and Sioux, as described in the treaty of August 19, 1825, and between the Mississippi and Mis- souri Rivers, the United States paying for the same one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. The Indians also gave up all claims and interests under the treaties previously made with them, for the satisfaction of which no appropriations had been made. 15. Treaty of I84S.— The last treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes October 11, 1842 ; ratified March 23, 1843. It was made at the Sac and Fox agency (Agency City), by John Chambers, Commissioner on behalf of the United States. In this treaty the Sac and Fox Indians " ceded to the United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any claim or title." By the terms rf this treaty they were to be removed from the country at the expira- tion of three years, and all who remained after that were to move at their own expense. Part of them were removed to Kansas in the Fall of 1845, and the rest the Spring following. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. igg SPANISH GRANTS. While the territory now. embraced in the State of Iowa was under Spanish rule as a part of its province of Louisiana, certain claims to and grants of land were made by the Spanish authorities, with which, in addition to the extinguishment of Indian titles, the United States had to deal. It is proper that these should be briefly reviewed. Dubuque.— On the 22d day of September, 1788, Julien Dubuque, a French- man, from Prairie du Chien, obtained from the Foxes a cession or lease of lands on the Mississippi Eiver for mining purposes, on the site of the present city of Dubuque. Lead had been discovered here eight years before, in 1780, by the wife of Peosta Fox, a warrior, and Dubuque's claim embraced nearly all' the lead bearing lands in_ that vicinity. He immediately took possession of his claim and commenced mining, at the same time making a settlement. The place became known as the "Spanish Miners," or, more commonly, "Dubuque's Lead Mines." In 1796, Dubuque filed a petition with Baron de Carondelet, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, asking that the tract ceded to him by the Indians might be granted to him by patent from the Spanish Government. In this petition, Dubuque rather indefinitely set forth the boundaries of this claim as " about seven leagues along the Mississippi River, and three leagues in width from the river," intending to include, as is supposed, the river front between the Little Maquoketa and the Tete des Mertz Rivers, embracing more than twenty thou- sand acres. Carondelet granted the prayer of the petition, and the grant was subsequently confirmed by the Board of Land Commissioners of Louisiana. In October, 1804, Dubuque transferred the larger part of his claim to Auguste Choteau, of St. Louis, and on the 17th of May, 1805, he and Choteau jointly filed their claims with the Board of Commissioners. On the 20th of September, 1806, the Board decided in their favor, pronouncing the claim to be a regular Spanish grant, made and completed prior to the 1st day of October, 1800, only one member, J. B. C. Lucas, dissenting. Dubuque died March 24, 1810. The Indians, understanding that the claim of Dubuque under their former act of cession was only a permit to occupy the tract and work the mines during his life, and that at his death they reverted to them, took possession and continued mining operations, and were sustained by the military authority of the United States, notwithstanding the decision of the Commissioners. When the Black Hawk purchase was consummated, the Du- buque claim thus held by the Indians was absorbed by the United States, as the Sacs and Foxes made no reservation of it in the treaty of 1832. The heirs of Choteau, however, were not disposed to relinquish their claim without a struggle. Late in 1832, they employed an agent to look after their interests, and authorized him to lease the right to dig lead on the lands. The miners who commenced work under this agent were compelled by the military to abandon their operations, and one of the claimants went to Galena to institute legal proceedings, but found no court of competent jurisdiction, although he did bring an action for the recovery of a quantity of lead dug at Dubuque, for the purpose of testing the title. Being unable to identify the lead, however, he was non-suited. By act of Congress, approved July 2, 1836, the town of Dubuque was sur- veyed and platted. After lots had been sold and occupied by the purchasers, Henry Choteau brought an action of ejectment against Patrick Malony, who 164 HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA. held land in Dubuque under a patent from the United States, for the recovery of seven undivided eighth parts of the Dubuque claim, as purchased by Auguste Choteau in 1804. The case was tried in the District Court of the United States for the District of Iowa, and was decided adversely to the plaintiff. The case was carried to the Supreme Court of the United States on a writ of error, when it was heard at the December term, 1853, and the decision of the lower court was affirmed, the court holding that the permit from Carondolet was merely a lease or permit to work the mines ; that Dubuque asked, and the G overnor of Louisiana granted, nothing more than the " peaceable possession " of certain lands obtained from the Indiana ; that Carondelet had no legal authority to make snch a grant as claimed, and that, even if he had, this was but an " inchoate and imperfect title." G-iard. — In 1795, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana granted to Basil Griard five thousand eight hundred and sixty acres of land, in what is now Clayton County, known as the " Giard Tract." He occupied the land during the time that Iowa passed from Spain to France, and from France to the United States, in consideration of which the Federal Government granted a patent of the same to Giard in his own right. His heirs sold the whole tract to James H. Lockwoo'd and Thomas P. ^feurnett, of Prairie du Chien, for three hundred dollars. Honori. — March 30, 1799, Zenon Trudeau, Acting Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, granted to Louis Honori a tract of land on the site of the present town of Montrose, as follows: "It is permitted to Mr. Louis (Fresson) Henori, or Louis Honore Fesson, to establish himself at the head of the rapids of the River Des Moines, and his establishment once formed, notice of it shall be given to the Governor General, in order to obtain for him a commission of a space sufficient to give value to such establishment, and at the same time to render it useful to the commerce of the peltries of this country, to watch the Indians and keep them in the fidelity which they owe to His Majesty." Honori took immediate possession of his claim, which he retained until 1805. While trading with the natives, he became indebted to Joseph Robedoux, who obtained an execution on which the property was sold May 18, 1803, and was purchased by the creditor. In these proceedings the property was described as being " about six leagues above the River Des Moines." Robedoux died soon after he purchased the proprerty. Auguste Choteau, his executor, disposed of the Honori tract to Thomas F. Reddeck, in April, 1805, up to which time Honori continued to occupy it. The grant, as made by the Spanish government, was a league square, but only one mile square was confirmed by the United States. After the half-breeds sold their lands, in which the Honori grant was included, various claimants resorted to litigation in attempts to invalidate the title of the Reddeck heirs, but it was finally confirmed by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1839, and is the oldest legal title to any land in the State of Iowa. THE HALF-BREED TRACT. Before any permanent settlement had been made in the Territory of Iowa, white adventurers, trappers and traders, many of whom were scattered along the Mississippi and its tributaries, as agents and employes of the American Fur Company, intermarried with the females of the Sac and Fox Indians, producing a race of half-breeds, whose number was never definitely ascertained. There were some respectable and excellent people among them, children of men of some refinement and education. For instance : Dr. Muir, a gentleman educated HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 165 at Edinburgh, Scotland, a surgeon in tlie United States Army, stationed at a ' military post located on the present site of Warsaw, married an Indian woman and reared his family of three daughters in the city of Keokuk. Other exam- ples might be cited, but they are probably exceptions to the general rule, and the race is now nearly or quite extinct in Iowa. A treaty was made at Washington, August 4, 1824, between the Sacs and Foxes and the United States, by which that portion of Lee County was reserved to the half-breeds of those tribes, and which was afterward known as " The Half-Breed Tract." This reservation is the triangular piece of land, containing about 119,000 acres, lying between the Mississippi andDes Moines Rivers. It is ■ bounded on the north by the prolongation of the northern line of Missouri. This line was intended to be a straight one, running due east, which would have caused it to strike the Mississippi River at or below Montrose ; but the surveyor who run it took no notice of the change in the variation of the needle as he proceeded eastward, and, in consequence, the line he run was bent, deviating more and more to the northward of a direct line as he approached the Mississippi, so that it struck that river at the lower edge of the town of Fort Madison. " This errone- ous line," says Judge Mason, "has been acquiesced in as well in fixing the northern limit of the Half-Breed Tract as in determining the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri." The line thus run included in the reservation a portion of the lower part of the city of Fort Madison, and all of the present townships of Van Buren, Charleston, Jefferson, Des Moines, Montrose and Jackson. Under the 'treaty of 1824, the half-breeds had the right to occupy the soil, but could not convey it, the reversion being reserved to the United States. But on the 30th day of January, 1834, by act of Congress, this reversionary right was relinquished, and the half-breeds acquired the lands in fee simple. This was no sooner done, than a horde of speculators rushed in to buy land of the half breed owners, and, in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or a few quarts of whisky was sufficient for the purchase of large estates. There was a deal of sharp practice on both sides ; Indians would often claim ownership of land by virtue of being half-breeds, and had no difficulty in proving their mixed blood by the Indians, and they would then cheat the speculators by selling land to which they had no rightful title. On the other hand; speculators often claimed land in which they had no ownership. It was diamond cut diamond, until at last things became badly mixed. There were no authorized surveys, and no boundary lines to claims, and, as a natural result, numerous conflicts and quarrels ensued. To settle these difficulties, to decide the validity of claims or sell them for the benefit of the real owners, by act of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, approved January 16, 1838, Edward Johnstone, Thomas S. Wilson and David Brigham were appointed Commissioners, and clothed with power to effect these objects. The act provided that these Commissioners should be paid six dollars a day each. The commission entered upon its duties and continued until the next session of the Legislature, when the act creating it was repealed, invalidat- ing all that had been done and depriving the Commissioners of their pay. The repealing act, however, authorized the Commissioners to commence action against the owners of the Half-Breed Tract, to receive pay for their services, in the Dis- trict Court of Lee County. Two judgments were obtained, and on execution the whole of the tract was sold to Hugh T. Reid, the Sheriff executing the deed. Mr. Reid sold portions of it to various parties, but his own title was questioned and he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor of Reid 166 HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA. and those holding under him were made by both District and Supreme Courts, but in December, 1850, these decisions were finally reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Joseph Webster, plaintiff in error, vs. Hugh T. Reid, and the judgment titles failed. About nine years before ,the "judgment titles " were finally abrogated as above, another class of titles were brought into competition with them, and in the conflict between the two, the final decision was obtained. These were the titles based on the " decree of partition " issued by the United States District Court for the Territory of Iowa, on the 8th of May, 1841, and certified to by the Clerk on the 2d day of June of that year. Edward Johnstone and Hugh T. Reid, then law partners at Fort Madison, filed the petition for the decree in behalf of the St. Louis claimants of half-breed lands. Francis S. Key, author of the Star Spangled Banner, who was then attorney for the New York Land Company, which held heavy interests in these lands, took a leading part in the measure, and drew up the document in which it was presented to the court. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, pre- sided. The plan of partition divided the tract into one hundred and one shares and arranged that each claimant should draw his proportion by lot, a,nd should abide the result, whatever it might be. The arrangement was entered into, the lots drawn, and the plat of the same filed in the Recorder's ofiice, October 6, 1841. Upon this basis the titles to land in the Half-Breed Tract are now held. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. The first permanent settlement by the whites within the limits of Iowa was made by Julien Dubuque, in 1788, when, with a small party of miners, he set- tled on the site of the city that now bears his name, where he lived until his death, in 1810. Louis Honori settled on the site of the present town of Mon- trose, probably in 1799, and resided there until 1805, when his property passed into other hands. Of the Giard settlement, opposite Prairie du Chien, little is known, except that it was occupied by some parties prior to the commencement of the present century, and contained three cabins in 1805. Indian traders, although not strictly to be considered settlers, had established themselves at various points at an early date. A Mr. Johnson, agent of the American Fur Company, had a trading post below Burlington, where he carried on trafiic with the Indians some time before the United States possessed the country. In 1820, Le Moliese, a French trader, had a station at what is now Sandusky, six miles above Keokuk, in Lee County. In 1829, Dr. Isaac Gallaud made a set- tlement on the Lower Rapids, at what is now Nashville. The first settlement in Lee County was made in 1820, by Dr. Samuel C. Muir, a surgeon in the United States army, who had been stationed at Fort Edwards, now Warsaw, 111., and who built a cabin where the city of Keokuk now stands. Dr. Muir was a man of strict integrity and irreproachable char- acter. While stationed at a military post on the Upper Mississippi, he had married an Indian woman of the Fox nation. Of his marriage, the following romantic account is given : The post at which he waa stationed was visited by a beautiful Indian maiden — whose native name, unfortunately, has not been preserved — who, in her dreams, had seen a white brave un- moor his canoe, paddle it across the river and come directly to her lodge. She felt assured, according to the superstitious belief of her race, that, in her dreams, she had seen her future husband, and had come to the fort to find him. Meeting Dr. Muir, she instantly recognized him as the hero of her dream, which, with childlike innocence and simplicity, she related to him. Her dream was, indeed, prophetic. Charmed with Sophia's beauty, innocence and devo- tion, the doctor honorably married her; but after a while, the sneers and gibes of his brother HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 167 officers — less honorable than he, perhaps — made him feel ashamed of his dark-skinned wife, and when his regiment was ordered down the river, to Bellefontaine, it is said he embraced the opportunity to rid himself of her, and left her, never expecting to see her again, and little dreaming that she would have the courage to follow him. But, with her infant child, this in- trepid wife and mother started alone in her canoe, and, after many days of weary labor and a lonely journey of nine hundred miles, she, at last, reached him. She afterward remarked, when speaking of this toilsome journey down the river in search of her husband, " When I got there I was all perished away — so thin ! " The doctor, touched by such unexampled devotion, took her to his heart, and ever after, until his death, treated her with marked respect. She always pre- sided at his table with grace and dignity, but never abandoned her native style of dress. In 181 9-20, he was stationed at Fort Edward, but the senseless ridicule of some of his brother officers on account of his Indian wife induced him to resign his commission. A ft ej; building his cabin, as above stated, he leased his claim for a term of years to Otis Eeynolds and John Culver, of St. Louis, and went to La Pointe, afterward Galena, where he practiced his profession for ten years, when he returned to Keokuk. His Indian wife bore to him four children — Louise (married at Keokuk, since dead), James, (drowned at Keokuk), Mary and Sophia. Dr. Muir died suddenly of cholera, in 1832, but left his property in such condition that it was soon wasted in vexatious litigation, and his brave and faithful wife, left friendless and penniless, became discouraged, and, with her children, disappeared, and, it is said, returned to her people on the Upper Missouri. Messrs. Reynolds & Culver, who had leased Dr. Muir's claim at Keokuk, subsequently employed as their agent Mr. Moses Stillwell, who arrived with his family in 1828, and took possession of Muir's cabin. His brothers-in-law, Amos and Valencourt Van Ansdal, came with him and settled near. His daughter, Margaret Stillwell (afterward Mrs. Ford) was born in 1831, at the foot of the rapids, called by the Indians Puch-a-she-tuck, where Keokuk now stands. She was probably the first white American child born in Iowa. In 1831, Mr. Johnson, Agent of the American Fur Company, who had a station at the foot of the rapida, removed to another location, and. Dr. Muir having returned from Galena, he and Isaac R. Campbell took the place and buildings vacated by the Company and carried on trade with the Indians and half-breeds. Campbell, who had first visited and traveled through the southern part of Iowa, in 1821, was an enterprising settler, and besides trading with the natives carried on a farm and kept a tavern. Dr. Muir died of cholera in 1832. In 1830, James L. and Lucius H. Langworthy, brothers and natives of Vermont, visited the Territory for the purpose of working the lead mines at Du- buque. They had been engaged in lead mining at Galena, Illinois, the former from as early as 1824. The lead mines in the Dubuque region were an object of great interest to the miners about Galena, for they were known to be rich m lead ore. To explore these mines and to obtain permission to work them was therefore eminently desirable. . In 1829, James L. Langworthy resolved to visit the Dubuque mines. Cross- ing the Mississippi at a point now known as Dunleith, in a canoe, and swim- ming his horse by his side, he landed on the spot now known as Jones Street Levee. Before him spread out a beautiful prairie, on which the city of Du- buque now stands. Two miles south, at the mouth of Catfish Creek, was a vil- lage of Sacs and Foxes. Thither Mr. Langworthy proceeded, and was well re- ceived by the natives. He endeavored to obtain permission from them to mme in their hills, but this they refused. He, however, succeeded m gaining the con- fidence of the chief to such an extent as to be allowed to travel m the interior for three weeks and explore the country. He employed two young Indians as guides, and traversed in diff'erent directions the whole region lying between the Maquoketa and Turkey Rivers. He returned to the vil age, f ^'l^^d the gooS will of the Indians, and, returning to Galena, formed plans for future opera- tions," to be executed as soon as circumstances would permit. 168 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. In 1830, with his brother, Lucius H., and others, having obtained the con- sent of the Indians, Mr. Langworthy crossed the Mississippi and commenced mining in the vicinity around Dubuque. At this time, the lands were not in the actual possession of the United States. Although they had been purchased from France, the Indian title had not been extinguished, and these adventurous persons were beyond the liniits of any State or Territorial government. The first settlers were therefore obliged to be their own law-makers, and to agree to such regulations as the exigencies of the case demanded. The first act' resembling civil legislation within the limits of the present State of Iowa was done by the miners at this point, in June, 1830. They met on the bank of the river, by the side of an old Cottonwood drift log, at what is now the Jones Street Levee, Dubuque, and elected a Committee, con- sisting of J. L. Langworthy, H. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales, and E. M. Wren. This may be called the first Legislature in Iowa, the mem- bers of which gathered around that old cottonwood log, and agreed to and re- ported the following, written by Mr. Langworthy, on a half sheet of coarse, un- ruled paper, the old log being the writing desk : We, a Comniiltee having been chosen to draft certain rules and regulations (laws) by which we as miners will be governed, and having duly considered the subject, do unanimously agree that we will be governed by the regulations on the east side of the Mississippi River,* with the following exceptions, to wit : Aeticlb I. That each and every man shall hold 200 yards square of ground by working said ground one day in six. Abtiole If. We further agree that there shall be chosen, by the majority of the miners present, a person who shall hold this article, and who shall grant letters of arbitration on appli- cation having been made, and that said letters of arbitration shall be obligatory on the parties so applying. The report was accepted by the miners present, who elected Dr. Jarote, in accordance with Article 2. Here, then, we have, in 1830, a primitive Legisla- ture elected by the people, the law drafted by it bemg submitted to the people for approval, and under it Dr. Jarote was elected first Governor within the limits of the present State of Iowa. And it is to be said that the laws thus enacted were as promptly obeyed, and the acts of the executive ofiicer thus elected as duly respected, as any have been since. The miners who had thus erected an independent government of their own on the west side of the Mississippi River continued to work successfully for a long time,, and the new settlement attracted considerable attention. But the west side of the Mississippi belonged to the Sac and Fox Indians, and the Gov- ernment, in order to preserve peace on the frontier, as well as to protect the Indians in their rights under the treaty, ordered the settlers not only to stop mining, but to remove from the Indian territory. They were simply intruders. The execution of this order was entrusted to Col. Zachary Taylor, then in com- mand of the military post at Prairie du Chien, who, early in July, sent an ofiicer to the miners with orders to forbid settlement, and to command the miners to remove within ten days to the east side of the Mississippi, or they would be driven off by armed force. The miners, however, were reluctant about leaving the rich " leads " they had already discovered and opened, and were not dis- posed to obey the order to remove with any considerable degree of alacrity. In due time. Col. Taylor dispatched a detachment of troops to enforce his order. The miners, anticipating their arrival, had, excepting three, recrossed the river, and from the east bank saw the troops land on the western shore. The three who had lingered a little too long ivcre, however, permitted to make their escape * EstabliBhed by the Superintendent of U. S. Lead Mines at Fever Birer. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 169 unmolested. From this time, a military force was stationed at Dubuque to prevent the settlers from returning, until June, 1832. The Indians returned and were encouaged to operate the rich mines opened by the late white occupants. In June, 1832, the troops were ordered to the east side to assist in the annihilation of the very Indians whose rights they had been protecting on the west side. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war, and the negotia- tions of the treaty in September, 1832, by which the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States the tract known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," the set- tlers, supposing that now they had a right to re-enter the territory, returned and took possession of their claims, built cabins, erected furnaces and prepared large quantities of lead for market. Dubuque was becoming a noted place on the river, but the prospects of the hardy and enterprising settlers and miners were again ruthlessly interfered with by the Government, on the ground that the treaty with the Indians would not go into force uivtil June 1, 1833, although they had withdrawn from the vicinity of the settlement. Col. Taylor was again ordered by the War Department to remove the miners, and in January, 1833, troops were again sent from Prairie du Chien to Dubuque for that purpose. This was a serious and perhaps unnecessary hardship imposed upon the settlers. They were compelled to abandon their cabins and homes in mid-winter. It must now be said, simply, that "red tape" should be respected. The purchase had been made, the treaty ratified, or was sure to be ; the Indians had retired, and, after the lapse of nearly fifty years, no very satisfactory reason for this rigorous action of the Government can be given. But the orders had been given, and there was no alternative but to obey. Many of the settlers recrossed the river, and did not return ; a few, however, removed to an island near the east bank of the river, built rude cabins of poles, in which to store their lead until Spring, when they could float the fruits of their labor to St. Louis for sale, and where they could remain until the treaty went into force, when they could return. Among these were JameS L. Lang- worthy, and his brother Lucius, who had on hand about three hundred thousand pounds of lead. Lieut. Covington, who had been placed in command at Dubuque by Col. Taylor, ordered some of the cabins of the settlers to be torn down, and wagons and other property to be destroyed. This wanton and inexcusable action on the part of a subordinate clothed with a little brief authority was sternly rebuked by Col. Taylor, and Covington was superseded by Lieut. George Wil- son, who pursued a just and friendly course with the pioneers, who were only waiting for the time when they could repossess their claims. June 1, 1833, the treaty formally went into effect, the troops were withdrawn, and the Langworthy brothers and a few others at once returned and resumed possession of their home claims and mineral prospects, and from this time the first permanent settlement of this portion of Iowa must date. Mr. John P. Sheldon was appointed Superintendent of the mines by the Government, and a ; system of permits to miners and licenses to smelters was adopted, similar to that which had been in operation at Galena, since 1825, under Lieut. Martin Thomas and Capt. Thomas C. Legate. Substantially the primitive . law enacted by the miners assembled around that old cottonwood drift log in 1830 was adopted and enforced by the United States Government, except that miners were required to sell their mineral to licensed smelters and the smelter was required to give bonds for the payment of six per cent, of all lead manufactured to the Government. This was the same rule adopted in the United States mines on Fever River in 170 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. \ Illinois, except that, until 1830, the Illinois miners were compelled to pay 10 per cent. tax. This tax upon the miners created much dissatisfaction among the miners oh the west side as it had on the east side of the Mississippi. They thought they had suffered hardships and privations enough in opening the way for civilization, without being subjected to the imposition of an odious Govern- ment tax upon their means of subsistence, when the Federal Government could better afford to aid than to extort from them. The measure soon became unpop- ular. It was difficult to collect the taxes, and the whole system was abolished in about ten years. During 1833, after the Indian title was fully extinguished, about five hun- dred people arrived at the mining district, about one hundred' and fifty of them from Galena. In the same year, Mr. Langworthy assisted in building the first school house in Iowa, and thus was formed the nucleus of the now populous and thriving City of Dubuque. Mr. Langworthy lived to see the naked prairie on which he first landed become the site of a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, the small school house which he aided in constructing replaced by three substantial edifices, wherein two thousand children were being trained, churches erected in every part of the city, and railroads connecting the wilderness which he first explored with all the eastern world. He died suddenly on the 18th of March, 1865, while on a trip over the Dubuque & Southwestern Railroad, at Monticello, and the evening train brought the news of his death and his remains. Lucius H. Langworthy, his brother, was one of the most worthy, gifted and mfluential of the old settlers of this section of Iowa. He died, greatly lamented by many friends, in June, 1865. The name Dubuque was given to the settlement by the miners at a meeting held in 1884. In 1882, Captain James White made a claim on the present site of Montrose. In 1884, a military post was established at this point, and a garrison of cavalry was stationed here, under the command of Col. Stephen W. Kearney. The soldiers were removed from this post to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1837. During the same year, 1832, soon after the close of the Black Hawk War, Zachariah Hawkins, Benjamin Jennings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams made claims at Fort Madison. In 1883, these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next Summer, lots were sold. The town was subsequently re-surveyed and platted by the United States Government. At the close of the Black Hawk War, parties who had been impatiently looking across upon " Flint Hills," now Burlington, came over from Illinois and made claims. The first was Samuel S. White, in the Fall of 1832, who erected a cabin on the site of the city of Burlington. About the same time, David Tothero made a claim on the prairie about three miles back from the river, at a place since known as the faim of Judge Morgan. In the Winter of that year, they were driven off by the military from Rock Island, as intruders upon the rights of the Indians, and White's cabin was burnt by the soldiers. He retired to Illinois, where he spent the Winter, and in the Summer, as soon as the Indian title was extinguished, retui'ned and rebuilt his cabin. White was joined by his brother-in-law, Doolittle, and they laid out the original town of Burlington in 1834. All along the river borders ofthe Black Hawk Purchase settlers were flocking into Iowa. Immediately after the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, in Septem- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 171 ber, 1832, Col. George Davenport made the first claim on the spot where the thriving city of Davenport now stands. As early as 1827, Col. Davenport had established a flatboat ferry, which ran between the island and the main shore of Iowa, by which he carried on a trade with the Indians west of the Mississippi. In 1833, Capt. Benjamin W. Clark moved across from Illinois, and laid the foundation of the town of Bufialo, in Scott County, which was the first actual settlement within the limits of that county. Among other early settlers in this part of the Territory were Adrian H. Davenport, Col. John Sullivan, Mulli- gan and Franklin Easly, Capt. John Coleman, J. M. Camp, William White, H. W. Higgins, Cornelius Harrold, Richard Harrison, E. H. Shepherd and Dr. E. S. Barrows. The first settlers of Davenport were Antoine LeClaire, Col. George Daven- port, Major Thomas Smith, Major William Gordon, Philip Hambough, Alexan- der W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and others. Of Antoine LeClaire, as the representative of the two races of men who at this time occu- pied Iowa, Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his admirable Centennial Address, says : '' Antoine LeClaire was born at St. Joseph, Michigan, in 1797. His father was French, his mother a granddaughter of a Pottowatomie chief In 1818, he acted as official interpreter to Col. Davenport, at Fort Armstrong (now Rock Island). He was well acquainted with a dozen Indian dialects, and was a man of strict integrity and great energy. In 1820, he married the granddaughter of a Sac chief. The Sac and Fox Indians reserved for him and his wife two sections of land in the treaty of 1883, one at the town of LeClaire and one at Davenport. The Pottawatomies, in the treaty at Prairie du Chien, also reserved for him two sections of land, at the present site of Moline, 111. He received the appointment of Postmaster and Justice of the Peace in the Black Hawk Purchase, at an early day. In 1833, he bought for $100 a claim on the land upon which the original town of Davenport was surveyed and platted in 1836. In 1836, LeClaire built the hotel, known since, with its valuable addi- tion, as the LeClaire House. He died September 25, 1861." In Clayton County, the first settlement was made in the Spring of 1832, on Turkey River, by Robert Hatfield and William W. Wayman. No further settlement was made in this part of the State till the beginning of 1836. ' In that portion now known as Muscatine County, settlements were made in 1834, by Benjamin Nye, John Vanater and G. W. Kasey, who were the first settlers. E. E. Fay, William St. John, N. Fullington, H. Reece, Jona Petti- bone, R. P. Lowe, Stephen Whicher, Abijah Whiting, J. E. Fletcher, W. D. Abernethy and Alexis Smith were early settlers of Muscatine. During the Summer of 1835, William Bennett and his family, from Galena, built the first cabin within the present limits of Delaware County, in some tunber since known as Eads' Grove. The first post office in Iowa was established at Dubuque in 1833. Milo H. Prentice was appointed Postmaster. The first Justice of the Peace was Antoine Le Claire, appointed in 1833, as " a very suitable person to adjust the difficulties between the white settlers and the Indians still remaining there." The first Methodist Society in the Territory was formed at Dubuque on the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class meeting was held June 1st of that- year. The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834. The first mass of the Roman Catholic Church in the Territory was celebrated at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the Fall of 1833. 172 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. The first school house in the Territory was erected by the Dubuque miners in 1833. 1 • 1 a The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the bummer of 1834. ^ . ., . The first woman who came to this part of the Territory with a view to per- manent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the Fall of 1832. The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, The first meeting house was built by the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Dubuque, in 1834. The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued May 11th, 1836. John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and William C. Jones, printer. The pioneers of Iowa, as a class, were brave, hardy, intelligent and eiiterprising people. As early as 1824, a French trader named Harf? had established a trading post, and built a cabin on the bluffs above the large spring now known as- "Mynster Spring," within the limits of the present city of Council Bluffs, and had probably been there some time, as the post was known to the employes of the American Fur Company as Lacote de Hart, or " Hart's Bluff." In 1827, an agent of the American Fur Company, Francis Guittar, with others, encamped in the timber at the foot of the bluffs, about on the present location of Broad- way, and afterward settled there. In 1839, a block house was built on the bluff in the east part of the city. The Pottawatomie Indians occupied this part of the State until 1846-7, when they relinquished the territory and removed to Kansas. Billy Caldwell was then principal chief There were no white settlers ' in that part of the State except Indian traders, until the arrival of the Mormons under the lead of Brigham Young. These people on their way westward halted for the Winter of 1846-7 on the west bank of the Missouri River, about five miles above Omaha, at a place now called Florence. Some of them had reached the eastern bank of the river the Spring before, in season to plant a crop. In the Spring of 1847, Young and a portion of the colony pursued their journey to Salt Lake, but a large portion of them returned to the Iowa side and settled mainly within the limits of Pottawattamie County. The principal settle- ment of this strange community was at a place first called " Miller's Hollow," on Indian Creek, and afterward named Kanesville, in honor of Col. Kane, of Pennsylvania, who visited them soon afterward. The Mormon settlement extended over the county and into neighboring counties, wherever timber and water furnished desirable locations. Orson Hyde, priest, lawyer and editor, was installed as President of the Quorum of Twelve, and all that part of the State remained under Mormon control for several years. In 1846, they raised a bat- talion, numbering some five hundred men, for the Mexican war. In 1848, Hyde started a paper called the Frontier Gfuardian, at Kanesville. In 1849, after many of the faithful had left to join Brigham Young at Salt Lake, the Mormons in this section of Iowa numbered 6,552, and in 1850, 7,828, but they were not all within the limits of Pottawattamie County. This county was organized in 1848, all the first officials being Mormons. In 1852, the order was promulgated that all the true believers should gather together at Salt Lake. Gentiles flocked in, and in a few years nearly all the first settlers were gone. May 9, 1843, Captain James Allen, with a small detachment of troops on board the steamer lone, arrived at the present site of the capital of the State, Des Moines. The lone was the first steamer to ascend the Des Moines River to this point. The troops and stores were landed at what is now the foot of HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 173 Court avenue, Des Moines, and Capt, Allen returned in the steamer to Fort Sanford to arrange for bringing up more soldiers and supplies. In due time they, too, arrived, and a fort was built near the mouth of Raccoon Fork, at its confluence with the Des Moines, and named Fort Des Moines. Soon after the arrival of the troops, a trading post was established on the east side of the river by two noted Indian traders named Ewing, from Ohio. Among the first settlers in this part of Iowa were Benjamin Bryant, J. B. Scott, James Drake (gunsmith), John Sturtevant, Robert Kinzie, Alexander Turner, Peter Newcomer, and others. The Western States have been settled by many of the best and most enter- prising men of the older States, and a large immigration of the best blood of the Old World, who, removing to an arena of larger opportunities, in a more fertile soil and congenial climate, have developed a spirit and an energy peculiarly Western. In no country on the globe have enterprises of all kinds been pushed forward with such rapidity, or has there been such independence and freedom of competition. Among those who have pioneered the civiliza- tion of the West, and been the founders of great States, none have ranked higher in the scale of intelligence and moral worth than the pioneers of Iowa, who came to the territory when it was an Indian country, and through hardship, privation and suffering, laid the foundations of the populous and prosperous commonwealth which to-day dispenses its blessings to a million and a quarter of people. From her first settlement and from her first organization as a terri- tory to the present day, Iowa ha^ had able men to manage her affairs, wise statesmen to shape her destiny and frame her laws, and intelligent and impartial jurists to administer justice to her citizens ; her bar, pulpit and press have been able and widely influential ; and in all the professions, arts, enterprises and industries which go. to make up a great and prosperous commonwealth, she has taken %,nd holds a front rank among her sister States of the West. TERRITOHIAL HISTORY. By act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United States was authorized to take possession of the territory included in the Louisiana purchase, and provide for a temporary government. By another act of the same session, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired country was divided, October 1, 1804 into the Territory of Orleans, south of the thirty-third parallel of north latitude, and the district of Louisiana, which latter was placed under the authority of the oflScers of Indiana Territory. In 1805, the District of Louisiana was organized as a Territory with a gov- ernment of its own. In 1807, Iowa was included in the Territory of Illinois, and in 1812 in the Territory of Missouri. When Missouri was admitted as a State, March 2, 1821, "Iowa," says Hon. C. C. Nourse, "was left a political orphan," until by act of Congress, approved June 28, 1834, the Black Hawk purchase having been made, all the territory west of the Mississippi and north of the northern boundary of Missouri, was made a part of Michigan Territory. Up to this time there had been no county or other organization in what is now the State of Iowa, although one or two Justices of the Peace had been appointed and a post office was established at Dubuque in 1833. In September, 1834, however, the Territorial Legislature of Michigan created two counties on the west side of the Mississippi River, viz. : Dubuque and Des Moines, separated by a line drawn westward from the foot of Rock Island. These counties were 174 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. partially organized. John King was appointed Chief Justice of Dubuque County, and Isaac LeiHer, of Burlington, of Des Moines County. Two Associate Justices, in each county, were appointed by the Governor. On the first Monday in October, 1835, Gen. George W. Jones, now a citi- zen of Dubuque, was elected a Delegate to Congress from this part of Michigan Territory. On the 20th of April, 1836, through the efforts of Gen. Jones, Congress passed a bill creating the Territory of Wisconsin, which went intO' operation, July 4, 1886, and Iowa was then included in THE TERRITORY OE WISCONSIN, of which Gen. Henry Dodge was appointed Governor; John S. Horner, Secre- tary of the Territory ; Charles Dunn, Chief Justice ; David Irwin and William C. Frazer, Associate Justices. September 9, 1886, Governor Dodge ordered the census of the new Territory to be taken. This census resulted in showing a population of 10,631 in the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines. Under the apportionment, these two counties were entitled to six members of the Council and thirteen of the House of Representatives. The Governor issued his proclamation for an election to be held on the first Monday of October, 1836, on which day the following members of the First Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin were elected from the two counties in the Black Hawk purchase : Dubuque County. — Council: John Fally, Thomas McKnight, Thomas Mc- Craney. Rouse : Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlan, Peter Hill Engle, Patrick Quigley, Hosea T. Camp. 3es Moines County. — Council: Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, Arthur B. Ingram. House: Isaac Lefiler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins,. John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds, David R. Chance. The first Legislature assembled at Belmont, in the present State of Wiscon- sin, on the 25th day of October, 1836, and was organized by electing Henry T. Baird President of the Council, and Peter Hill Engle, of Dubuque, Speaker of the House. It adjourned December 9, 1886. The second Legislature assembled at Burlington, November 10, '1837. Adjourned January 20, 1838. The third session was at Burlington; com- menced June 1st, and adjourned June 12, 1838. During the first session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, in 1836,, the county of Des Moines was divided into Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Muscatine and Cook (the latter being subsequently changed to Scott) and defined their boundaries. During the second session, out of the territory embraced in Dubuque County, were created the counties of Dubuque, Clayton, Fayette, Delaware, Buchanan, Jackson, Jones, Linn, Clinton and Cedar, and their boun- daries defined, but the most of them were not organized until several years afterward, under the authority of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa. The question of a separate territorial organization for Iowa, which was then a part of Wisconsin Territory, began to be agitated early in the Autumn of 1837. The wishes of the people found expression in a convention held at Bur- lington on the 1st of November, which memorialized Congress to organize a Territory west of the Mississippi, and to settle thd boundary line between Wis- consin Territory and Missouri. The Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, then in session at Burlington, joined in the petition. Gen. George W. Jones, of Dubuque, then residing at Sinsinawa Mound, in what is now Wisconsin, was Delegate to Congress from Wisconsin Territory, and labored so earnestly and successfully, that " An act to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to estab- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 175 lish the Territorial Government of Iowa," was approved June 12, 1838 to take effect and be in force on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory embraced " all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mis- sissippi River, and west of a line drawn due north from the head water or sources of the Mississippi to the territorial line." The organic act provided for a Governor, whose term of oflSce should be three years, and for a Secretary, Chief Justice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who should serve four years, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the election, by the white male inhabitants, citizens of the United States, over twenty-one years of age, of a House of Representatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and a Council' to consist of thirteen members. It also appropriated $5,000 for a public library, and 120,000 for the erection of public buildings. President Van Buren appointed Ex-Governor Robert Lucas, of Ohio, to be the first Governor of the new Territory. William B. Conway, of Pittsburgh, was appointed Secretary of the Territory ; Charles Mason, of Burlington', Chief Justice, and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of Pennsylvania, Associate Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; Mr. VaL Allen, of New York, Attorney ; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal ; Au gustus C. Dodge, Register of the Land Office at Burlington, and Thomas Mc- Knigbt, Receiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Mr. Van Allen, the Districi, Attorney, died at Rockingham, soon after his appointment, and Col. Charlesi Weston was appointed to fill his vaca^cy. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, alsti died at Burlington, during the second session of the Legislature, and Jameii Clarke, editor of the Gazette, was appointed to succeed him. Immediately after his arrival, Governor Lucas issued a proclamation for tho election of members of the first Territorial Legislature, to be held on the 10th of September, dividing the Territory into election districts for that purpose, and appointing the 12th day of November for meeting of the Legislature to bo elected, at Burlington. The first Territorial Legislature was elected in September and assembled at Burlington on the 12th of November, and consisted of the following members : Council. — Jesse B. Brown, J. Keith, B. A. M. Swazey, Arthur Ingram, Robert Ralston, George Hepner, Jesse J. Payne, D. B. Hughes, James M. Clark, Charles Whittlesey, Jonathan W. Parker, Warner Lewis, Stepheii Hempstead. House. — William Patterson, Hawkins Taylor, Calvin J. Price, James Brierly, James Hall, Gideon S. Bailey, Samuel Parker, James W. Grimes, George Temple, Van B. Delashmutt, Thomas Blair, George H. Beeler,'' William G. Coop, William H. Wallace, Asbury B. Porter, John Frierson, William L. Toole, Levi Thornton, S. C. Hastings, Robert G. Roberts, Laurel Summers,! Jabez A. Burchard, Jr., Chauncey Swan, Andrew Bankson, Thomas Cox and Hardin Nowlin. Notwithstanding a large majority of the members of both branches of the Legislature were Democrats, yet Gen. Jesse B. Browne (Whig), of Lee County, was elected President of the Council, and Hon. William H. Wallace (Whig), of Henry County, Speaker of the House of Representatives— the former unani- mously and the latter with but little opposition. At that time, national politics * Cyrus S. Jacobs, -who -was elected for Des Moines County, was killed in an unfortunate encounter at Burlington before the meeting of the Legisiature, and Mr. Beeler was elected to fill the vacancy. tSamuel B. Murray was returned as elected from Clinton County, but his seat was successfully contested by Burcliard. 176 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. were little heeded by the people of the new Territory, but in 1840, during the Presidential campaign, party lines were strongly drawn. At the election in September, 1838, for members of the Legislature, a Con- gressional Delegate was also elected. There were four candidates, viz. : William W. Chapman and David Rohrer, of Des Moines County ; B. F. Wallace, of Henry County, and P. H. Engle, of Dubuque County. Chapman was elected, receiving a majority of thirty-six over Engle. The first session of the Iowa Territorial Legislature was a stormy and excit- ing one. By the organic law, the Governor was clothed with almost unlimited ' veto power. Governor Lucas seemed disposed to make free use of it, and the independent Hawkeyes could not quietly submit to arbitrary and absolute rule, and the result was an unpleasant controversy between the Executive and Legis- lative departments. Congress, however, by act approved March 3, 1839, amended the organic law by restricting the veto power of the Governor to the two-thirds rule, and took from him the power to appoint Sheriffs and Magistrates. Among the first important matters demanding attention was the location of the seat of government and provision for the erection of public buildings, for which Congress had appropriated $20,000. Governor Lucas, in his message, had recommended the appointment of Commissioners, with a view to making a central location. The extent of the future State of Iowa was not known or thought of. Only on a strip of land fifty miles wide, bordering on the Missis- sippi River, was the Indian title extinguished, and a central location meant some central point in the Black Hawk Purchase. The friends of a central location supported the Governor's suggestion. The southern members were divided between Burlington and Mount Pleasant, but finally united on the latter as the proper location for the seat of government. The central and southern parties were very nearly equal, and, in consequence, much excitement prevailed. The central party at last triumphed, and on the 21st day of January, 1839, an act was passed, appointing Chauncey Swan, of Dubuque County ; John Ronalds, of Louisa County, and Robert Ralston, of Des Moines County, Commissioners, ' to select a site for a permanent seat of Government within the limits of John- son County. Johnson County had been created by act of the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, approved December 21, 1837, and organized by act passed at the special session at Burlington in June, 1838, the organization to date from July 4th, following. Napoleon, on the Iowa River, a few miles below the future Iowa City, was designated as the county seat, temporarily. Then there existed good reason for locating the capital in the county. The Territory of Iowa was bounded on the north by the British Possessions ; east, by the Mississippi River to its source; thence by a line drawn due north to the northern boundary of the United States ; south, by the State of Missouri, and west, by the Missouri and White Earth Rivers. But this immense territory was in un- disputed possession of the Indians, except a strip on the Mississippi, known as the Black Hawk Purchase. Johnson County was, from north to south, in the geographical center of this purchase, and as near the east and west geographical center of the future State of Iowa as could then be made, as the boundary line between the lands of the United States and the Indians, established by the treaty of October 21, 1837, was immediately west of the county limits. The Commissioners, after selecting tlie site, were directed to lay out 640 acres into a town, to be called Iowa City, and to proceed to sell lots and erect public buildings thereon. Congress having granted a section of land to be selected by the Territory for this purpose. Tlie Commissioners met at Napo- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 177 leon, Johnson County, May 1, 1839, selected for a site Section 10 in Town ship 79 North of Eange 6 West of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and immedi- ately surveyed it and laid off the town. The first sale of lots took place August 16, 1839. The site selected for the public buildings was a little west of the geographical center of the section, where a square of ten acres on the elevated grounds overlooking the river was reserved for the purpose. The capitol is located in the center of this square. The second Territorial Legislature, which assembled in November, 1889, passed an act requiring the Commissioners to adopt such plan for the building that the aggregate cost when complete should not exceed $51,000, and if they had already adopted a plan involving a greater expenditure they were directed to abandon it. Plans for the building were designed and drawn by Mr. John F. Rague, of Springfield, 111., and on the 4th day of July, 1840, the corner stone of the edifice was laid with appropriate ceremonies. Samuel C. Trowbridge was Marshal of the day, and Gov. Lucas delivered the- address on that occasion. When the Legislature assembled at Burlington in special session, July 13, 1840, Gov. Lucas announced that on the 4th of that month he had visited Iowa City, and found the basement of the capitol nearly completed. A bill author- izing a loan of $20,000 for the building was passed, January 15, 1841, the unsold lots of Iowa City being the security offered, but only $5,500 was obtained under the act. THE BOUNDARY QUESTION. The boundary line between the Territory of Iowa and the State of Missouri was adifiicult question to settle in 1838, in consequence of claims arising from taxes and titles, and at one time civil war was imminent. In defining the boundaries of the counties bordering on Missouri, the low^ authorities had fixed a line that has since been established as the boundary between Iowa and Mis- souri. The Constitution of Missouri defined her northern boundary to be the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the Des Moines River. The lower rapids of the Mississippi immediately above the mouth of the Des Moines River had always been known as the Des Moines Rapids, or "the rapids of the Des Moines River." The Missourians (evidently not well versed in history or geography) insisted on running the northern boundary line from the rapids in the Des Moines River, just below Keosauqua, thus taking from Iowa a strip of territory eight or ten miles wide. Assuming this as her northern boundary line, Missouri attempted to exercise jurisdiction over the disputed territory by assessing taxes, and sending her Sheriffs to collect them by distraining the personal property of the settlers. The lowans, however, were- not disposed to submit, and the Missouri officials were arrested by the Sheriffs of Davis and Van Buren Counties and confined in jail. Gov. Boggs, of Missouri, called out his militia to enforce the claim and sustain the officers of Missouri. Gov. Lucas called out the militia of Iowa, and both parties made active preparations for war. In Iowa, about 1,200 men were enlisted, and 500 were actually armed and encamped in Van Buren County, ready to defend the integrity of the Territory. Subsequently, Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, Gen. Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Fort Madison, were sent to Missouri as envoys plenipotentiary, to effect, if possible, a peaceable adjustment of the difficulty. Upon their arrival, they found that the County Commissioners of Clarke County , Missouri, had rescinded their order for the collection of the taxes, and that Gov. Boggs had despatched messengers to the Governor of Iowa proposing 178 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. to submit an agreed case to the Supreme Court of the United States for the final settlement of the boundary question. This proposition was declined, but afterward Congress authorized a suit to settle the controversy, which was insti- tuted, and which resulted in a judgment for Iowa. Under this decision, William G. Miner, of Missouri, and Henry B. Hendershott were appointed Commissioners to survey and establish the boundary. Mr. Nourse remarks that " the expenses of the war on the part of Iowa were never paid, either by the United States or the Territorial Government. The patriots who furnished supplies to the troops had to bear the cost and charges of the struggle." The first legislative assembly laid the broad foundation of civil equality, on which has been constructed one of the most liberal governments in the Union. Its first act was to recognize the equality of woman with man before the law by providing that " no action commenced by a single woman, who intermarries during the pendency thereof, shall abate on account of such marriage." This prin- ciple has been adopted by all subsequent legislation in Iowa, and to-day woman has full and equal civil rights with man, except only the right of the ballot. Religious toleration was also secured to all, personal liberty strictly guarded, the rights and privileges of citizenship extended to all white persons, and the purity of elections secured by heavy penalties against bribery and corruption. The judiciary power was vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, Probate Court, and Justices of the Peace. Real estate was made divisible by will, and intestate property divided equitably among heirs. Murder was made punishable by death, and proportionate penalties fixed for lesser crimes. A system of free schools, open for every class of white citizens, was established. Provision was made for a system of roads and highways. Thus under the territorial organi- zation, the country began to emerge from a savage wilderness, and take on the forms of civil government. By act of Congress of June 12, 1838, the lands which had been purchased of the Indians were brought into market, and land offices opened in Dubuque and Burlington. Congress provided for military roads and bridges, which greatly aided the settlers, who were now coming in by thousands, to make their homes on the fertile prairies of Iowa — " the Beautiful Land." The fame of the country had spread far and wide ; even before the Indian title was extinguished, many were crowding the borders, impatient to cross over and stake out their claims on the choicest spots they could find in the new Territory. As soon as the country was open for settlement, the borders, the Black Hawk Purchase, all along the Mississipi, and up the principal rivers and streams, and out over the broad and rolling prairies, began to be thronged with eager land hunters and immigrants, seeking homes in Iowa. It was a sight to delight the eyes of all comers from every land — its noble streams, beautiful and picturesque hills and valleys, broad and fertile prairies extending as far as the eye could reach, with a soil surpassing in richness anything which they had ever seen. It IS not to be wondered at that immigration into Iowa was rapid, and that within less than a decade from the organization of the Territory, it contained a hundred and fifty thousand people. As rapidly as the Indian titles were extinguished and the original owners removed, the resistless tide of emigration flowed westward. The following extract from Judge Nourse's Centennial Address shows how the immigrants gathered on the Indian boundary, ready for the removal of the barrier : In obedience to our progressive and aggressive spirit, the Government of the United States made another treaty with the Sao and Fox Indians, on the 11th day of August, 1842 for the remaining portion of their land in Iowa. The treaty provided that the Indians 'should retain HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 179 poBsession of all the lands thus ceded until May 1, 1843, and should occupy that portion of the ceded territory west of a line running north and south through Kedrock, until October 11, 1845 These tribes, at this time, had their principal village at Ot-tum-wa-no, now called Ottumw'a. As soon as it became known that the treaty had been concluded, there was a rush of immigration to Iowa, and a great number of temporary settlements were made near the Indian boundary, wait- ing for the 1st day of May. As the day approached, hundreds of families encamped along the line, and their tents and wagons gave the scene the appearance of a military expedition. The country beyond had been thoroughly explored, but the United States military authorities had prevented any settlement or even the making out of claims by any monuments whatever. To aid them in making out their claims when the hour should arrive, the settlers had placed piles of dry wood on the rising ground, at convenient distances, and a short time before twelve o'clock of the night of the 30th of April, these were lighted, and when the midnight hour arrived, it was announced by the discharge of firearms. The night was dark, but this army of occupa- . tion pressed forward, torch in hand, with axe and hatchet, blazing lines with all manner of curves and angles. When daylight came and revealed the confusion of these wonderful surveys, numerous disputes arose, settled generally by compromise, but sometimes by violence, Between midnight of the 30th of April and sundown of the 1st of May, over one thousand families had settled on their new purchase. While this scene was transpiring, the retreating Indians were enacting one more impressive and melancholy. The Winter of 1842-43 was one of unusual severity, and the Indian prophet, who had disapproved of the treaty, attributed the severity of the Winter to the anger of the Great Spirit, because they had sold their country. Many religious rites were performed to atone for the crime. When the time for leaving Ot-tum-wa-no arrived, a solemn silence pervaded the Indian camp, and the faces of their stoutest men were bathed in tears ; and when their cavalcade was put in motion, toward the setting sun, there was a spontaneous outburst of frantic grief from the entire procession. The Indians remained the appointed time beyond the line running north and south through Redrock. The government established a trading post and military encampment at the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines River, then and for many years known as Fort Des Moines. Here the red man lingered until the 11th of October, 1845, when the same scene that we have before described was re-enacted, and the wave of immigration swept over the remainder of the " New Purchase." The lands thus occupied and claimed by the settlers still belonged in fee to the Gen- eral Government. The surveys were not completed until some time after the Indian title was extinguished. After their survey, the lands were publicly proclaimed or advertised for sale at public auction. Under the laws of the United States, a pre-emption or exclusive right to purchase public lands could net be acquired until after the lands had thus been publicly offered and not sold for want of bidders. Then, and not until then, an occupant making improvements in good faith might acquire a right over others to enter the land at the Ininimum price of $1.25 per acre. The " claim laws " were unknown to the United States statutes. They originated in the " eternal fitness of things," and were enforced, probably, as belonging to that class of natural rights not enumerated in the constitution, and not impaired or disparaged by its enumeration. The settlers organized in every settlement prior to the public land sales, appointed officers, and adopted their own rules and regulations. Each man's claim was duly ascertained and recorded by the Secretary. It was the duty of all to attend the sales. The Secretary bid oif the lands of each settler at f 1.25 per acre. The others were there, to see, first, that he did his duty and bid in the land, and, secondly, to see that no one else bid. This, of course, sometimes led to trouble, but it saved the excitement of competition, and gave a formality and degree of order and regularity to the proceedings they would not otherwise have attained. As far as practicable, the Territorial Legislature recognized the validity of these " claims " upon the public lands, and in 1839 passed an act legalizing their sale and making their transfer a valid consideration to sup- port 8 promise to pay for the same. (Acts of 1843, n. 456). The Supreme Territorial Court ield this law to be valid. (See Hill v. Smith, 1st Morris Rep. 70). The opinion not only con- tains a decision of the question involved, but also contains much valuable erudition upon that "spirit of Anglo-Saxon liberty" which the Iowa settlers unquestionably inherited in a direct line of descent from the said " Anglo-Saxons." But the early settler was not always able to pay even this dollar and twenty-five cents per acre for his land. Many of the settlers had nothing to begin with, save their hands, health and courage and their family jewels, " the pledges of love," and the " consumers of bread." It was not so easy to accumulate money in the early days of the State, and the "beautiful prairies," the "noble streams," and all that sort of poetic imagery, did not prevent the early settlers from becoming discouraged. An old settler, in speaking of the privations and trials of those early days, Well do the " old settlers " of Iowa remember the days from the first settlement to 1840. Those were days of sadness and distress. The endearments of home in another land had been 180 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF, IOWA. broken up ; and all that was hallowed on earth, the home of childhood and the scenes of youth, we severed ; and we sat down by the gentle waters of our noble river, and often " hung our harps on the willows." Another, from another part of the State, testifies : There was no such thing as getting money for any kind of labor. I laid brick at J3.00 per thousand, and took my pay in anything I could eat or wear. I built the first Methodist Church at Keokuk, 42x60 feet, of brick, for |600, and took my pay in a subscription paper, part of which I never collected, and upon which I only received $50 00 in money. Wheat was hauled 100 miles from the interior, and sold for 37J cents per bushel. Another old settler, speaking of a later period, 1843, says : Land and everything had gone down in value to almost nominal prices. Corn and oats could be bought for six or ten cents a bushel ; pork, $1 .00 per hundred ; and the best horse a man could raise sold for $50.00. Nearly all were in debt, and the Sheriff and Constable, with legal processes, were common visitors at almost every man's door. These were indeed "the times that tried men's souls." "A few," says Mr. Nourse, "who were not equal to the trial, returned to their old homes, but such as had the courage and faith to be the worthy founders of a great State remained, to more than realize the fruition of their hopes, and the reward of their self-denial." On Monday, December 6, 1841, the fourth Legislative Assembly met, at . the new capital, Iowa City, but the capitol building could not be used, and the Legislature occupied a temporary frame house, that had been erected for that purpose, during the session of 1841-2. At this session, the Superintendent of Public Buildings (who, with the Territorial Agent, had superseded the Commis- sioners first appointed), estimated the expense of completing the building at $33,330, and that rooms for the use of the Legislature could be completed for $15,600. During 1842, the Superintendent commenced obtaining stone from a new quarry, about ten miles northeast of the city. This is now known as the " Qld Capitol Quarry," and contains, it is thought, an immense quantity of excellent building stone. Here all the stone for completing the building was obtained, and it was so far completed, that on the 5th day of December, 1842, the Legis- lature assembled in the new capitol. At this session, the Superintendent esti- mated that it would cost $39,143 to finish the building. This was nearly $6,000 higher than the estimate of the previous year, notwithstanding a large sum had been expended in the meantime. This rather discouraging discrep- ancy was accounted for by the fact that the officers in charge of the work were constantly short of funds. Except the congressional appropriation of $20,000 and the loan of $5,500, obtained from the Miners' Bank, of Dubuque, all the funds for the prosecution of the work were derived from the sale of the city lots (which did not sell very rapidly), from certificates of indebtedness, and from scrip, based upon unsold lots, which was to be received in payment for such lots when they were sold. At one time, the Superintendent made a requisition for bills of iron and glass, which could not be obtained nearer than St. Louis. To meet this, the Agent sold some lots for a draft, payable at Pittsburgh, Pa., for which he was compelled to pay twenty-five per cent, exchange. This draft, amounting to $507, that officer reported to be more than one-half the cash actually handled by him during the entire season, when the disbursements amounted to very nearly $24,000. ■ With such uncertainty, it could not be expected that estimates could be very accurate. With all these disadvantages, however, the work appears to have been prudently prosecuted, and as rapidly as circumstances would permit. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 181 Iowa remained a Territory from 1838 to 1846, during which the office of Governor was held by Robert Lucas, John Chambers and James Clarke. STATE ORGANIZATION. By an act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved February 12, 1844, the question of the formation of a State Constitution and providing for the election of Delegates to a convention to be convened for that purpose was submitted to the people, to be voted upon at their township elections in April following. The vote was largely in favor of the measure, and the Delegates elected assembled in convention at Iowa City, on the 7th of October, 1844. On the first day of November following, the convention completed its work and adopted the first State Constitution. The President of the convention, Hon. Shepherd Leffler, was instructed to transmit a certified copy of this Constitution to the Delegate in Congress, to be by him submitted to that body at the earliest practicable day. It was also pro- vided that it should be submitted, together with any conditions or changes that might be made by Congress, to the people of the Territory, for their approval or rejection, at the township election in April, 1845. The boundaries of the State, as defined by this Constitution, were as fol- lows: Beginning in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi River, opposite mouth of the Dea Moines River, thence up the said river Des Moines, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to a point where it is intersected by the Old Indian Boundary line, or line run by Joha C. Sullivan, in the year 1816 ; thence westwardly along said line to the " old " northwest comer of Missouri; thence due west to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River; thence up in the middle of the main channel of the river last mentioned to the mouth of the Sioux or Caluipet River ; thence in a direct line to the middle of the main channel of the St. Peters- River, where the Watonwan River — according to Nicollet's map — enters the same ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River J thfence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. These boundaries were rejected by Congress, but by act approved March 3, 1845, a State called Iowa was admitted into the Union, provided the people accepted the act, bounded as follows : Beginning at the mouth of the Des Moines River, at the middle of the Mississippi, thence by the middle of the channel of that river to a parallel of latitude passing through the mouth of the Mankato or Blue Earth River; thence west, along said parallel of latitude, to a point where it is intersected by a meridian line seventeen .degrees and thirty minutes west of the meridian of Washington City ; thence due south, to the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri ; thence eastwardly, following that boundary to the point at which the same intersects the Des Moines Eiver ; thence by the middle of the channel of that river to the place of beginning. These boundaries, had they been accepted, would have placed the northern boundary of the State about thirty miles north of its present location, and would have deprived it of the Missouri slope and the boundary of that river. The western boundary would have been near the west line of what is now Kossuth County. But it was not so to be. In consequence of this radical and unwel- come change in the boundaries, the people refused to accept the act of Congress and rejected the Constitution at the election, held August 4, 1845, by a vote of 7,656 to 7,2.35. , . t, ^ A second Constitutional Convention assembled at Iowa City on the 4th day of May, 1846, and on the 18th of the same month another Constitution for the new State with the present boundaries, was adopted and submitted to the people for ratification on the 3d day of August following, when it was accepted ; 9,492 votes were cast "for the Constitution," and 9,036 "against the Constitution. 182 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The Constitution was approved by Congress, and by act of Congress approved December 28, 1846, Iowa was admitted as a sovereign State in the American Union. Prior to this action of Congress, however, the people of the new State held an election under the new Constitution on the 26th day of October, and elected Oresel Briggs, Governor ; Elisha Cutler, Jr., Secretary of State ; Joseph T. Tales, Auditor ; Morgan Reno, Treasurer ; and members of the Senate and House of Representatives. At this time there were twenty-seven organized counties in the State, with a population of nearly 100,000, and the frontier settlements were rapidly push- ing toward the Missouri River. The Mormons had already reached there. The first General Assembly of the State of Iowa was composed of nineteen Senators and forty Representatives. It assembled at Iowa City, November 30, 1846, about a month before the State was admitted into the Union. At the first session of the State Legislature, the Treasurer of State reported that the capitol building was in a very exposed condition, liable to injury from storms, and expressed the hope that some provision would be made to complete it, at least sufiiciently to protect it from the weather. The General Assembly responded by appropriating $2,500 for the completion of the public buildings. At the first session also arose the question of the re-location of the capital. The Western boundary of the State, as now determined, left Iowa City too far toward the eastern and southern boundary of the State ; this was conceded. Congress had appropriated five sections of land for the erection of public buildings, and toward the close of the session a bill was introduced providing for the re-location of the seat of government, involving to some extent the location of the State University, which had already been discussed. This bill gave rise to a deal of discussion and parliamentary maneuvering, almost purely sectional in its character. It provided for the appointment of three Commissioners, who were authorized to make a location as near the geographical center of the State as a healthy and eligible site could be obtained ; to select the five sections of land dofiated by Congress ; to survey and plat into town lots not exceeding one section of the land so selected ; to sell lots at public sale, not to exceed two in each block. Having done this, they were then required to suspend further operations, and make a report of their proceedings to the Governor. The bill passed both Houses by decisive votes, received the signature of the Governor, and became a law. Soon after, by " An act to locate and establish a State University," approved February 25, 1847, the unfinished public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land on which they were situated, were granted for the use of the University, reserving their use, however, by the General Assembly and the State ofiScers, until other provisions were made by law. The Commissioners forthwith entered upon their duties, and selected four sections and two half sections in Jasper County. Two of these sections are in what is now Des Moines Township, and the\)thers in Fairview Township, in the southern part of that county. These lands are situated between Prairie City and Monroe, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, which runs diagonally through them. Here a town was platted, called Monroe City, and a sale of lots took place. Four hundred and fifteen lots were sold, at prices that were not considered remarkably remunerative. The cash payments (one-fourth) amounted to $1,797.43, while the expenses of the sale and the claims of the Commissioners for services amounted to $2,206.57. The Commissioners made a report of their proceedings to the Governor, as required by law, but the loca- tion was generally condemned. HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA. 183 When the report of the Commissioners, showing this brilliant financial ope- ration, had been read in the House of Representatives, at the next session, and while it was under consideration, an indignant member, afterward known as the eccentric Judge McFarland, moved to refer the report to a select Committee of Five, with instructions to report " how much of said city of Monroe was under water and how much was burned." The report was referred, without the instructions, however, but Monroe City never became the seat of government. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the law by which the location had been made was repealed and the new town was vacated, the money paid by purchas- ers of lots being refunded to them. This, of course, retained the seat of govern- ment at Iowa City, and precluded, for the time, the occupation of the building and grounds by the University. At the same session, $3,000 more were appropriated for completing the State building at Iowa City. In 1852, the further sum of |5,000, and in 1854 §4,000 more were apppropriated for the same purpose, making the whole cost |l?3,000, paid partly by the General Government and partly by the State, but principally from the proceeds of the sale of lots in Iowa City. But the question of the permanent location of the seat of government was not settled, and in 1851 bills were introduced for the removal of the capital to Pella and to Fort Des Moines. The latter appeared to have the support of the majority, but was finally lost in the House on the question of ordering it to its third reading. At the next session, in 1853, a bill was introduced in the Senate for the removal of the seat of government to Fort Des Moines, and, on final vote, was just barely defeated. At the next session, however, the efi"ort was more successful, and on the 15th day of January, 1855, a bill re-locating the capital within two miles of the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and for the appoint- ment of Commissioners, was approved by Gov. Grimes. The site was selected in 1856, in accordance with the provisions of this act, the land being donated to the State by citizens and property-holders of Des Moines. An association of citizens erected a building for a temporary capitol, and leased it to the State at a nominal rent. The third Constitutional Convention to revise the Constitution of the State assembled at Iowa City, January 19, 1857. The new Constitution framed by this convention was submitted to the people at an election held August 3, 1857, when it was approved and adopted by a vote of 40,311 " for " to 38,681 " against," and on the 3d day of September following was declared by a procla- mation of the Governor to be the supreme law of the State of Iowa. Advised of the completion of the temporary State House at Des Moines, on the 19th of October following. Governor Grimes issued another proclamation, declaring the City of Des Moines to be the capital of the State of Iowa. The removal of the archives and offices was commenced at once and con- tinued through the Fall. It was an undertaking of no small magnitude ; there was not a mile of railroad to facilitate the work, and the season was unusually- disagreeable. Rain, snow and other accompaniments increased the difficulties ; and it was not until December, that the last of the eff"ects— the safe of the State Treasurer, loaded on two large " bob-sleds "—drawn by ten yoke of oxen was de- posited in the new capital. It is not imprudent now to remark that, during this passage over hills and prairies, across rivers, through bottom lands and timber, the safes belonging to the several departments contained large sums of money, mostly individual funds, however. Thus, Iowa City ceased to be the capital ot the State, after four Territorial Legislatures, six State Legislatures and three 184 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Constitutional Conventions had held their sessions there. By the exchange, the old capitol at Iowa City became the seat of the University, and, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, passed under the immedi- ate and direct control of the Trustees of that institution. Des Moines was now the permanent seat of government, made so by the fundamental law of the State, and on the 11th day of January, 1858, the seventh General Assembly convened at the new capital. The building used for governmental purposes was purchased in 1864. It soon became inadequate for the purposes for which it was designed, and it became apparent that a new, large and permanent State House must be erected. In 1870, the General Assembly made an appropriation and provided for the appointment of a Board of Commissioners to commence the work. The board consisted of Gov. Samuel Merrill, ex officio, President ; Grenville M. Dodge, Council Bluffs ; James F. Wilson, Fairfield; James Dawson, Washington; Simon G. Stein, Muscatine; James 0. Crosby, Galnsville ; Charles Dudley, Agency City ; John N. Dewey, Des Moines; William L. Joy, Sioux City; Alexander R. Fulton, Des Moines, Secretary. The act of 1870 provided that the building should be constructed of the best material an el should be fire proof; to be heated and ventilated in the most approved manner; should contain suitable legislative halls, rooms for State officers, the judiciary, library, committees, archives and the collections of the State Agricultural Society, and for all purpoees of State Government, and should be erected on grounds held by the State for that purpose. The sum first appropriated was $150,000 ; and the law provided that no contract should be made, either for constructing or furnishing the building, which should bind the State for larger sums than those at the time appropriated. A design was drawn and plans and specifications furnished by Cochrane & Piquenard, architects, which were accepted by the board, and on the 23d of November, 1871, the cor- ner stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The estimated cost and present value of the capitol is fixed at $2,000,000. From 1858 to 1860, the Sioux became troublesome in the northwestern part of the State. These warlike Indians made frequent plundering raids upon the settlers, and murdered several families. In 1861, several companies of militia were ordered to that portion of the State to hunt down and punish the murderous thieves. No battles were fought, however, for the Indians fled when they ascertained that systematic and adequate measures had been adopted to protect the settlers. " The year 1856 marked a new era in the history of Iowa. In 1854, the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad had been completed to the east bank of the Mississippi River, opposite Davenport. In 1854, the corner stone of a railroad bridge, that was to be the first to span the "Father of Waters," was laid with appropriate ceremonies at this point. St. Louis had resolved that the enter- prise was unconstitutional, and by writs of injunction made an unsuccessful effort to prevent its completion. Twenty years later in her history, St. Louis repented her folly, and made atonement for her sin by imitating our example. On the 1st day of January, 1856, this railroad was completed to Iowa City. In the meantime, two other railroads had reached the east bank of the Missis- sippi — one opposite Burlington, and one opposite Dubuque — and these were being extended into the interior of the State. Indeed, four lines of railroad had been projected across the State from the Mississippi to the Missouri, hav- ing eastern connections. On the 15th of May, 1856, the Congress of the United States passed an act granting to the State, to aid in the construction of HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 185 railroads, the public lands in alternate sections, six miles on either side of the proposed lines. An extra session of the General Assembly was called in July of this year, that disposed of the grant to the several companies that proposed to complete these enterprises. The population of our State at this time had increased to 500,000. Public attention had been called to the necessity of a railroad across the continent. The position of Iowa, in the very heart and center of the Republic, on the route of this great highway across the continent, began to attract attention Cities and towns sprang up through the State as if by magic. Capital began to pour into the State, and had it been employed in developing our vast coal measures and establishing manufactories among us, or if it had been expended in improving our lands, and building houses and barns, it would have been well. But all were in haste to get rich, and the spirit of speculation ruled the hour. " In the meantime, every effort was made to help the speedy completion of the railroads. Nearly every county and city on the Mississippi, and many in the interior, voted large corporate siibscriptions to the stock of the railroad companies, and issued their negotiable bonds for the amount." Thus enormous county and city debts were incurred, the payment of which these municipalities tried, to avoid upon the plea that they had exceeded the constitutional limit- ation of their powers. The Supreme Court of the United States held these bonds to be valid ; and the courts by mandamus compelled the city and county authorities to levy taxes to pay the judgments. These debts are not all paid even yet, but the worst is over and ultimately the burden will be entirely removed The first railroad across the State was completed to Council Bluffs in Jan- uary, 1871. The others were completed soon after. In 1854, there was not a mile of railroad in the State. In 1874, twenty years after, there were 3,765 miles in successful operation. GROWTH AND PROGRESS. When Wisconsin Territory was organized, in 1836, the entire population of that portion of the Territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was 10,531. The Territory then embraced two counties, Dubuque and Des Moines, erected by the Territory of Michigan, in 1834. From 1836 to 1838, the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin increased the number of counties to sixteen, and the population had increased to 22,859. Since then, the counties have increased to ninety-nine, and the population, in 1875, was 1,366,000. The following table will show the population at different periods since the erection of Iowa Territory: Year. Population. 1852 230,713 1854 326,013 1856 519.055 1859 638,775 1860 674,913 1863 701,732 1865 754,699 1867 902,040 The most populous county in the State is Dubuque. Not only in popula- tion, but in everything contributing to the growth and greatness of a State has Iowa made rapid progress. In a little more than thirty years, its wild but beautiful prairies have advanced from the home of the savage to a highly civ- ilized commonwealth, embracing all the elements of progress which characterize the older States. Year. Population. 1838 22,589 1840 43,115 1844 75,152 1846 07,588 1847 116,651 1849 152,988 1850 191,982 1851 204,774 Year. Population. 1869 1,040,819 1870 1,191,727 1873 1,251,333 1875 1,366,000 1876 1877 186 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Thriving cities and towns dot its fair surface ; an iron net-work of thou- sands of miles of railroads is woven over its broad acres ; ten thousand school houses, in which more than five hundred thousand children are being taught the rudiments of education, testify to the culture and liberality of the people; high schools, colleges and universities are generously endowed by the State ; manufactories spring up on all her water courses, and in most of her cities and towns. Whether measured from the date of her first settlement, her organization as a Territory or admission as a State, Iowa has thus far shown a growth unsur- passed, in a similar period, by any commonwealth on the face of the earth ; and, with her vast extent of fertile soil, with her inexhaustible treasures of mineral wealth, with a healthful, invigorating climate ; an intelligent, liberty- loving people ; with equal, just and liberal laws, and her free schools, the future of Iowa may be expected to surpass the most hopeful anticipations of her present citizens. Looking upon Iowa as she is to-day — populous, prosperous and happy — it is hard to realize the wonderful changes that have occurred since the first white settlements were made within her borders. When the number of States was only twenty-six, and their total population about twenty millions, our repub- lican form of government was hardly more than an experiment, just fairly put upon trial. The development of our agricultural resources and inexhaustible mineral wealth had hardly commenced. Westward the "Star of Empire" had scarcely started on its way. West of the great Mississippi was a mighty empire, but almost unknown, and marked on the maps of the period as " The Great American Desert." Now, thirty-eight stars glitter on our national escutcheon, and forty-five millions of people, who know their rights and dare maintain them, tread American soil, and the grand sisterhood of States extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian border, and from the rocky coast of the Atlantic to the golden shores of the Pacific. THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM. Ames, Story County. The Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm were established by au act of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. A Board of Trustees was appointed, consisting of Governor R. P. Lowe, John D. Wright, William Duane Wilson, M. W. Robinson, Timothy -Day, Richard Gaines, John Pattee, G. W. F. Sherwin, Suel Foster, S. W. Henderson, Clement Coffin and E. G. Day j the Governors of the State and President of the College being ex officio mem- bers. Subsequently the number of Trustees was reduced to five. The Board met in June, 1859, and received propositions for the location of the College and Farm from Hardin, Polk, Story and Boone, Marshall, Jeflerson and Tama Counties. In July, the proposition of Story County and some of its citizens and by the citizens of Boone County was accepted, and the farm and the site for the buildings were located. In 1860-61, the farm-house and barn were erected. In 1862, Congress granted to the State 240,000 acres of land for the endowment of schools of agriculture and the mechanical arts, and 195,000 acres were located by Peter Melendy, Commissioner, in 1862-3. George W. Bassett was appointed Land Agent for the institution. In 1864, the General Assem- bly appropriated $20,000 for the erection of the college building. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 187 In June of that year, the Building Committee, consisting of Suel Foster Peter Melendy and A. J. Bronson, proceeded to let the contract. John Browne*^ of Des Moines, -was employed as architect, and furnished the plans of the build- ing, but -was superseded in its construction by C. A. Dunham. The $20 000 appropriated by the General Assembly were expended in putting in the foun- dations and making the brick for the structure. An additional appropriation of $91,000 was made in 1866, and the building was completed in 1868. Tuition in this college is made by law forever free to pupils from the State over sixteen years of age, who have been resident of the State six months pre- vious to their admission. Each county in the State has a prior right of tuition for three scholars from each county ; the remainder, equal to the capacity of the college, are by the Trustees distributed among the counties in proportion to the population, and subject to the above rule. All sale of ardent spirits, wine or beer are prohibited by law within a distance of three miles from the college, except for sacramental, mechanical or medical purposes. The course of instruction in the Agricultural College embraces the following branches: Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, Horticulture, Fruit Growing, Forestry, Animal and Vegetable Anatomy, Geology, Mineralogy, Meteorology, Entomology, Zoology, the Veterinary Art, Plane Mensuration, Leveling, Sur- veying, Bookkeeping, and such Mechanical Arts as are directly connected with agriculture ; also such other studies as the Trustees may from time to time prescribe, not inconsistent with the purposes of the institution. The funds arising from the lease and sale of lands and interest on invest- ments are sufficient for the support of the institution. Several College Societies are maintained among the students, who publish a monthly paper. There is also an " out-law " called the ^' ATA^ Chapter Omega." The Board of Trustees in 1877 was composed of C. W. "Warden, Ottumwa, Chairman ; Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City ; William B. Treadway, Sioux City ; Buel Sherman, Fredericksburg, and Laurel Summers, Le Claire. E. W. Starten, Secretary ; William D. Lucas, Treasurer. Board of Instruction. — A. S. Welch, LL. D., President and Professor of Psychology and Philosophy of Science ; Gen. J. L. Geddes, Professor of Mili- tary Tactics and Engineering; W. H. Wynn, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of English Literature; C. E. Bessey, M. S., Professor of Botany, Zoology, Ento- mology ; A. Thompson, C. E., Mechanical Engineering and Superintendent of Workshops; F. E. L. Beal, B. S., Civil Engineering; T. E. Pope, A. M., Chemistry; M. Stalker, Agricultural and Veterinary Science; J. L. Budd, Horticulture; J. K. Macomber, Physics; E. W. Stanton, Mathematics and Political Economy; Mrs. Margaret P. Stanton, Preceptress, Instructor in French and Mathematics. THE STATE UNIVERSITY. Iowa Oity, Johnson County. In the famous Ordinance of 1787, enacted by Congress before the Territory of the United States extended beyond the Mississippi River, it was declared that in all the territory northwest of the Ohio River, " Schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." By act of Congress, approved July 20, 1840, the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized "to set apart and re- serve from sale, out of any of the public lands within the Territory of Iowa, to whichthe Indian title has been or may be extinguished, and not otherwise ap- propriated, a quantity of land, not exceeding the entire townships, for the use 188 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and support of a university within said Territorry when it becomes a State, and for no other use or purpose whatever ; to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, corresponding with any of the large divisions into which the pub- lic land are authorized to be surveyed." William W. Dodge, of Scott County, was appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury to make the selections. He selected Section 5 in Township 78, north of Range 3, east of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and then removed from the Territory. No more lands were selected until 1846, when, at the request of the Assembly, John M. Whitaker of Van Buren County, was appointed, who selected the remainder of the grant except about 122 acres. In the first Constitution, under which Iowa was admitted to the Union, the people directed the disposition of the proceeds of this munificent grant in ac- cordance with its terms, and instructed the General Assembly to provide, as soon as may be, effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of the university derived from the lands. The first General Assembly, by act approved February 25, 1847, established the " State University of Iowa "at Iowa City, then the capital of the State, "with such other branches as public convenience may hereafter require." The " public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land in which they are situated," were granted for the use of said university, provided, how- ever, that the sessions of the Legislature and State offices should be held in the •capitol until otherwise provided by law. The control and management of the University were committed to a board of fifteen Trustees, to be appointed by the Legislature, five of whom were to be chosen bienially. The Superintendent of Public Instruction was made President of this Board. Provisions were made for the disposal of the two townships of land, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. The act further provides that the University shall never be under the exclusive control of any religious denomination whatever," and as •soon as the revenue for the grant and donations amounts to $2,000 a year, the University should commence and continue the instruction, free of charge, of fifty students annually. The General Assembly retained full supervision over the University, its officers and the grants and donations made and to be made to it by the State. Section 5 of the act appointed James P. Carleton, H. D. Downey, Thomas Snyder, Samuel McCrory, Curtis Bates, Silas Foster, E. C. Lyon, James H. Gower, George G. Vincent, Wm. G. Woodward, Theodore S. Parvin, George Atchinson, S. G. Matson, H. W. Starr and Ansel Briggs, the first Board of Trustees. The organization of the University at Iowa City was impracticable, how- ever, so long as the seat of government was retained there. In January, 1849, two branches of the University and three Normal Schools were established. The branches were located— one at Fairfield, and the other at Dubuque, and were placed upon an equal footing, in respect to funds and all other matters, with the University established at Iowa City. "This act," says Col. Benton, "created three State Universities, with equal rights and powers, instead of a 'University with such branches as public conven- ience may hereafter demand,' as provided by the Constitution." The Board of Directors of the Fairfield Branch consisted of Barnet Ris- tine. Christian W. Slagle, Daniel Rider, Horace Gaylord, Bernhart Henn and Samuel S. Bayard. At the first meeting of the Board, Mr. Henn was elected President, Mr. Slagle Secretary, and Mr. Gaylord Treasurer. Twenty acres ■of land were purchased, and a building erected thereon, costing 12,500. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 189 This building was nearly destroyed by a hurricane, in 1850, but was rebuilt ■more substantially, all by contributions of the citizens of Fairfield. This tranch never received any aid from the State or from the University Fund, and by act approved January 24, 1853, at the request of the Board, the Gen- eral Assembly terminated its relation to the State. The branch at Dubuque was placed under the control of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and John King, Caleb H. Booth, James M. Emerson, Michael J. Sullivan, Richard Benson and the Governor of the State as Trustees. The Trustees never organized, and its existence was only nominal. The Normal Schools were located at Andrew, Oskaloosa and Mount Pleasant, respectively. Each was to be governed by a board of seven Trustees, to he appointed by the Trustees of the University. Each was to receive $500 annu- ally from the income of the University Fund, upon condition that they should ed- ucate eight common school teachers, free of charge for tuition, and that the citizens should contribute an equal sum for the erection of the requisite buildings. The several Boards of Trustees were appointed. At Andrew, the school was organized Nov. 21, 1849; Samuel Ray, Principal; Miss J. S. Dorr, Assist- ant. A building was commenced and over $1,000 expended on it, but it was never completed. At Oskaloosa, the Trustees organized in April, 1852. This school was opened in the Court House, September 13, 1852, under the charge of Prof. G. M. Drake and wife. A two story brick building was completed in 1853, costing $2,473. The school at Mount Pleasant was never organized. Neither of these schools received any aid from the University Fund, but in 1857 the Legislature appropriated $1,000 each for those at Oskaloosa and Andrew, and repealed the law authorizing the payment of money to them from the University Fund. From that time they made no further efi"ort to continue in operation. At a special meeting of the Board of Trustees, held February 21, 1850, the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper Mississippi," established at Davenport, was recognized as the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the State University of Iowa," expressly stipulating, however, that such recog- nition should not render the University liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was the Board to have any control over the property or management of the Medical Association. Soon after, this College was removed to Keokuk, its second ses- sion being opened there in November, 1850. In 1851, the General Assembly confirmed the action of the Board, and by act approved January 22, 1855, placed the Medical College under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of the University, and it continued in operation until this arrangement was termi- nated by the new Constitution, September 3, 1857. From 1847 to 1855, the Board of Trustees was kept full by regular elec- tions by the Legislature, and the Trustees held frequent meetings, but there was no effectual organization of the University. In March, 1855, it was partially opened for a term of sixteen weeks. July 16, 1855, Amos Dean, of Albany, N. Y., was elected President, but he never entered fully upon its duties. The University was again opened in September, 1855, and continued in operation until June, 1856, under Professors Johnson, Welton, Van Valkenburg and Guffin. , T. ,T • In the Spring of 1856, the capital of the State was located at Des Momes; but there were no buildings there, and the capitol at Iowa City was not vacated by the State until December, 1857. In June, 1856, the faculty was re-organized, with some changes, and the University was again opened on the third Wednesday of September, 1856. 190 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. There were one hundred and twenty-four students — eighty-three males and forty-one females — in attendance during the year 1866-7, and the first regular catalogue was published. At a special meeting of the Board, September 22, 1857, the honorary de- gree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred on D. Franklin Wells. This was the first degree conferred by the Board. Article IX, Section 11, of the new State Constitution, which went into force Stptember 3, 1857, provided as follows : The State University shall be established at one place, without branches at any other place ; and the University fund shall be applied to that institution, and no other. Article XI, Section 8, provided that The seat of Government is hereby permanently established, as now fixed by law, at the city of Des Moines, in the county of Polk ; and the State University at Iowa City, in the county of Johnson. The new Constitution created the Board of Education, consisting of the Lieutenant Governor, who was ex officio President, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in the State. This Board was endowed with " full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regula- tions in relation to common schools and other educational institutions," subject to alteration, amendment or repeal by the General Assembly, which was vested with authority to abolish or re-organize the Board at any time after 1863. In December, 1857, the old capitol building, now known as Central Hall of the University, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, and the property, with that exception, passed under the control of the Trustees, and became the seat of the University. The old building had had hard usage, and its arrangement was illy adapted for University purposes. Extensive repairs and changes were necessary, but the Board was without funds for these pur- poses. The last meeting of the Board, under the old law, was held in January, 1858. At this meeting, a resolution was introduced, and seriously considered,. , to exclude females from the University ; but it finally failed. March 12, 1858, the first Legislature under the new Constitution enacted a new law in relation to the University, but it was not materially difierent from the former. March 11, 1858, the Legislature appropriated |3,000 for the re- pair and modification of the old capitol building, and $10,000 for the erection of a boarding house, now known as South Hall. The Board of Trustees created by the new law met and duly organized April 27, 1858, and determined to close the University until the income from its fund should be adequate to meet the current expenses, and the buildings should be ready for occupation. Until this term, the building known as the " Mechan- ics' Academy" had been used for the school. The Faculty, except the Chan- cellor (Dean), was dismissed, and all further instruction suspended, from the close of the term then in progress until September, 1859. At this meeting, a reso- lution was adopted excluding females from the University after the close of the existing term ; but this was afterward, in August, modified, so as to admit them to the Normal Department. At the meeting of the Board, August 4, 1858, the degree of Bachelor of Science was conferred upon Dexter Edson Smith, being the first degree con- ferred upon a student of the University. Diplomas were awarded to the mem- bers of the first graduating class of the Normal Departmelit as follows : Levi P. Aylworth, Cellina H. Aylworth, Elizabeth L. Humphrey, Annie A. Pinney and Sylvia M. Thompson. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 191 An "Act for the Grovernment and Regulation of the State University of Iowa," approved December 25, 1858, was mainly a re-enactment of the law of March 12, 1858, except that changes were made in the Board of Trustees, and manner of their appointment. This law provided that both sexes were to be admitted on equal terms to all departments of the institution, leaving the Board no discretion in the matter. The new Board met and organized, February 2, 1859, and decided to con- tinue the Normal Department only to the end of the current term, and that it was unwise to re-open the University at that time ; but at the annual meeting of the Board, in June of the same year, it was resolved to continue the Normal Department in operation ; and at a special meeting, October 25, 1859, it was decided to re-open the University in September, 1860. Mr. Dean had resigned as Chancellor prior to this meeting, and Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D., was elected President, at a salary of $2,000, and his term commenced June, 1860. At the annual meeting, June 28, 1860, a full Faculty was appointed, and the University re-opened, under this new organization, September 19, 1860 (third Wednesday) ; and at this date the actual existence of the University may be said to commence. August 19, 1862, Dr. Totten having resigned, Prof Oliver M. Spencer was elected President and the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon Judge Samuel F. Miller, of Keokuk. At the commencement, in June, 1863, was the first class of graduates in the Collegiate Department. The Board of Education was abolished March 19, 1864, and the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction was restored ; the General Assembly resumed control of the subject of education, and on March 21, an act was ap- proved for the government of the University. It was substantially the same as the former law, but provided that the Governor should be ex officio President of the Board of Trustees. Until 1858, the Superintendent of Public Instruction had been ex officio President. During the period of the Board of Education, the University Trustees were elected by it, and elected their own President. President Spencer was granted leave of absence from April 10, 1866, for fifteen months, to visit Europe; and Prof Nathan R. Leonard was elected President "pro tern. The North Hall was completed late in 1866. At the annual meeting in June, 1867, the resignation of President Spencer (absent in Europe) was accepted, and Prof. Leonard continued as President pro tern., until March 4, 1868, when James Black, D. D., Vice President of Wash- ington and Jefferson College, Penn., was elected President. Dr. Black entered upon his duties in September, 1868. The Law Department was established in June, 1868, and, in September fol- lowing, an arrangement was perfected with the Iowa Law School, at Des Moines, which had been in successful operation for three years, under the management of Messrs. George G. Wright, Chester C. Cole and William G. Hammond, by which that institution was transferred to Iowa City and merged in the Law De- partment of the University. The Faculty of this department consisted of the President of the University, Hon. Wm. G. Hammond, Resident Professor and Principal of the Department, and Professors G. G. Wright and C. C. Cole. Nine students entered at the commencement of the first term, and during the year ending June, 1877, there were 103 students in this department. At a special meeting of the Board, on the 17th of September, 1868, a Com- mittee was appointed to consider the expediency of establishing a Medical De- 192 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. partment. This Committee reported at once in favor of the proposition, the Faculty to consist of the President of the University and seven Professors, and recommended that, if practicable, the new department should be opened at the commencement of the University year, in 1869-70. At this meeting, Hon. Ezekiel Clark was elected Treasurer of the University. By an act of the General Assembly, approved April 11, 1870, the "Board of Regents " was instituted as the governing power of the University, and since that time it has been the fundamental law of the institution. The Board of Regents held its first meeting June 28, 1870. Wm. J. Haddock was elected Secretary, and Mr. Clark, Treasurer. Dr. Black tendered his resignation as President, at a special meeting of the Board, held August 18, 1870, to take effect on the 1st of December following. His resignation was accepted. The South Hall having been fitted up for the purpose, the first term of the Medical Department was opened October 24, 1870, and continued until March, 1871, at which time there were three graduates and thirty-nine students. March 1, 1871, Rev. George Thacher was elected President of the Univer- sity. Mr. Thacher accepted, entered upon his duties April 1st, and was form- ally inaugurated at the annual meeting in June, 1861. In June, 1874, the " Chair of Military Instruction " was established, and the President of the United States was requested to detail an officer to perform its duties. In compliance with this request, Lieut. A. D. Schenck, Second Artil- lery, U. S. A., was detailed as "Professor of Military Science and Tactics," at Iowa State University, by order of the War Department, August 26, 1874, who reported for duty on the 10th of September following. Lieut. Schenck was relieved by Lieut. James Chester, Third Artillery, January 1, 1877. Treasurer Clark resigned November 3, 1875, and John N. Coldren elected in his stead. At the annual meeting, in 1876, a Department of Homoeopathy was established. In March, 1877, a resolution was adopted affiliating the High Schools of the State with the University. In June, 1877, Dr. Thacher's connection with the University was termi- nated, and C. W. Slagle, a member of the Board of Regents, was elected Pres- ident. In 1872, the ex officio membership of the Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion was abolished ; but it was restored in 1876. Following is a catalogue of the officers of this important institution, from 1847 to 1878 : TRUSTEES OR REGENTS. PRESIDENTS. FROM TO James Harlan, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1847 1848 Thomas H. Benton, Jr,, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1848 1854 James D. Eads, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1854 1857 Maturin L. Fisher, Superintendetit Public Instruction, ex officio 1857 1858 Amos Dean, Chancellor, ex officio 1858 1859 Thomas H. Benton, Jr 1859 1863 Francis Springer 1863 1864 William M. Stone, Governor, ex officio 1864 1868 Samuel Merrill, Governor, ex officio 1868 1872 Cyrus C. Carpenter, Governor, ex officio 1872 1876 Samuel J. Kirkwood, Governor, ex officio .-. 1876 1877 Joshua G. Newbold, Governor, ex officio 1877 1878 John H. Gear 1878 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 193. VICE PRESIDENTS. „., -, , FROM TO Silas Foster ;1847 iggj Robert Lucas. Iggi i853 Edward Connelly I854 jggg Moses J. Morsman IS55 1858 SECRETARIES. Hugh D. Downey I847 igsi Anson Hart j85i 5357 Elijah Sells 1857 1858. Anson Hart 1858 1864 William J. Haddock 1864 TREASURERS. Morgan Reno, State Treasurer, ex officio 1847 1850 Israel Kister, State Treasurer, ex officio 1850 1852: Martin L. Morris, State Treasurer, ex officio 1852 185& Henry W. Lalhrop 1855 1862 William Crum 1862 1868. Ezekiel Clark 1868 1876 John N. Coldren '. 1876 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. Amos Dean, LL. D 1855 1858 Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D I860 1862 Oliver M. Spencer, D. D.* 1862 1867 James Black, D. D 1868 1870 George Thacher, D. D 1871 1877 0. W. Slagle 1877 The present educational corps of the University consists of the President^ nine Professors in the Collegiate Department, one Professor and six Instructors in Military Science ; Chancellor, three Professors and four Lecturers in the Law Department ; eight Professor Demonstrators of Anatomy ; Prosector of Surgery and two Lecturers in the Medical Department, and two Professors in the Homoeopathic Medical Department. STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. By act of the General Assembly, approved January 28, 1857, a State His- torical Society was provided for in connection with the University. At the commencement, an appropriation of $250 was made, to be expended in collecting, embodying, and preserving in an authentic form a library of books, pamphlets, charts, maps, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other materials illus- trative of the history of Iowa ; and with the further object to rescue from oblivion the memory of the early pioneers; to obtain and preserve various accounts of their exploits, perils and hardy adventures ; to secure facts and statements relative to the history and genius, and progress and decay of the Indian tribes of Iowa ; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and past and present resources of the State ; to aid in the publication of such collections of the Society as shall from tjme to time be deemed of value and interest ; to aid in binding its books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers, and in defraying other necessary incidental expenses of the Society. There was appropriated by law to this institution, till the General Assembly shall otherwise direct, the sum of $500 per annum. The Society is under the management of a Board of Curators, consisting of eighteen persons, nine of whom are appointed by the Governor, and nine elected by the members of the Society, The Curators receive no compensation for their services. The annual 194 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. meeting is provided for by law, to be held at Iowa City on Monday preceding the last Wednesday in June of each year. The State Historical Society has published a series of very valuable collec- tions, including history, biography, sketches, reminiscences, etc., with quite a large number of finely engraved portraits of prominent and early settlers, under the title of " Annals of Iowa." THE PENITENTIARY. Located at Fort Madison, Lee County. The first act of the Territorial Legislature, relating to a Penitentiary in Iowa, was approved January 25, 1839, the fifth section of which authorized the Oovernor to draw the sum of $20,000 appropriated by an act of Congress ap- proved July 7, 1838, for public buildings in the Territory of Iowa. It provided for a Board of Directors of three persons elected by the Legislature, who should direct the building of the Penitentiary, which should be located within one mile of the public square, in the town of Fort Madison, Lee County, provided Fort Madison should deed to the directors a tract of land suitable for a site, and assign them, by contract, a spring or stream of water for the use of the Penitentiary. To the Directors was also given the power of appointing the Warden ; the latter to appoint his own assistants. The first Directors appointed were John S. David and John Clay pole. They made their first report to the Legislative Council November 9, 1839. The citi- zens of the town of Fort Madison had executed a deed conveying ten acres of land for the building site. Amos Ladd was appointed Superintendent of the building June 5, 1839. The building was designed of sufiBcient capacity to con- tain one hundred and thirty-eight convicts, and estimated to cost $55,933.90. It was begun on the 9th of July, 1839 ; the main building and Warden's house were completed in the Fall of 1841. Other additions were made from time to time till the building and arrangements were all complete according to the plan of the Directors. It has answered the purpose of the State as a Penitentiary for more than thirty years, and during that period many items of practical ex- perience in prison management have been gained. It has long been a problem how to conduct prisons, and deal with what are called the criminal classes generally, so as to secure their best good and best subserve the interests of the State. Both objects must be taken into considera- tion in any humaritarian view of the subject. This problem is not yet solved, but Iowa has adopted the progressive and enlightened policy of humane treat- ment of prisoners and the utilization of their labor for their own support. The labor of the convicts in the Iowa Penitentiary, as in. most others in the United States, is let out to contractors, who pay the State a certain stipulated amount therefor, the State furnishing the shops, tools and machinery, as well as the supervision necessary to preserve order and discipline in the prison. While this is an improvement upon the old solitary confinement system, it still falls short of an enlightened reformatory system that in the future will treat the criminal for mental disease and endeavor to restore him to usefulness in the community. The objections urged against the contract system of dis- posing of the labor of prisoners, that it brings the labor of honest citizens into competition with convict labor at reduced prices, and is disadvantageous to the State, are not without force, and the system will have no place in the prisons of the future. ', HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 195 It is right that the convict should labor. He should not be allowed to live in idleness at public expense. Honest men labor ; why should not they ? Hon- est men are entitled to the fruits of their toil ; why should not the convict as well ? The convict is sent to the Penitentiary to secure public safety. The State deprives him of his liberty to accomplish this purpose and to punish him for violations of law, but, having done this, the State wrongs both itself and the criminal by confiscating his earnings ; because it deprives his family of what justly belongs to them, and an enlightened civilization will ere long demand that the prisoner in the penitentiary, after paying a fair price for his board, is as justly entitled to his net earnings as the good citizen outside its walls, and his family, if he has one^ should be entitled to draw his earnings or stated portion of them at stated periods. If he has no family, then if his net earnings should be set aside to his credit and paid over to him at the expiration of his term of imprisonment, he would not be turned out upon the cold charities of a somewhat Pharisaical world, penniless, with the brand of the convict upon his brow, with no resource save to sink still deeper in crime. Let Iowa, " The Beautiful Land," be first to recognize the rights of its convicts to the fruits of their labor ; keep their children from the alms-house, and place a powerful incentive before them to become good citizens when they return to the busy world again. ADDITIONAL PENITENTIARY. Located at Anamosa, Jones County. By an act of the Fourteenth General Assembly, approved April 23, 1872, William Ure, Foster L. Downing and Martin Heisey were constituted Commis- sioners to locate and provide for the erection and control of an additional Penitentiary for the State of Iowa. These Commissioners met on the 4th of the following June, at Anamosa, Jones County, and selected a site donated by the citizens, within the limits of the city. L. W. Foster & Co., architects, of Des Moines, furnished the plan, drawings and specifications, and work was commenced on the building on the 28th day of September, 1872. May 13, 1873, twenty convicts were transferred to Anamosa from the Fort Madison Penitentiary. The entire enclosure includes fifteen acres, with a frontage of 663 feet. IOWA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Mount Pleasant, Henry County. By an act of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 24, 1855, $4,425 were appropriated for the purchase of a site, and $50,000 for building an Insane Hospital, and the Governor (Grimes), Edward Johnston, of Lee ^ County, and Charles S. Blake, of Henry County, were appointed to locate the ' institution and superintend the erection of the building. These Commission- ers located the institution at Mt. Pleasant, Henry County. A plan for a building designed to accommodate 300 patients, drawn by Dr. Bell, of Massa- chusetts, was accepted, and in October work was commenced under the superin- tendence of Mr. Henry Winslow. Up to February 25, 1858, and including an appropriation made on that date, the Legislature had appropriated $258,555.67 to this institution, but the building was not finished ready for occupancy by patients until March 1, 1861. The Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Presi- dent, Farmersburg; Samuel McFarland, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; D. L. 196 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. McGugin, Keokuk; G. W. Kincaid, Muscatine; J. D. Elbert, Keosauqua; John B. Lash and Harpin Riggs, Mt. Pleasant. Richard J. Patterson, M. D., of Ohio, was elected Superintendent; Dwight C. Dewey, M. D., Assistant Physician; Henry Winslow, Steward; Mrs. Catharine Winslow, Matron. The Hospital was formally opened March 6, 1861, and one hundred patients were admitted within three months. About 1865, Dr. Mark Ranney became Superintendent. April 18, 1876, a portion of the hospital building was destroyed by fire. From the opening of the Hospital to the close of October, 1877, 3,584 patients had been admitted. Of these, 1,141 were discharged recovered, 505 discharged improved, 589 discharged unimproved, and 1 died ; total discharged, 2,976, leaving 608 inmates. During this period, there were 1,384 females admitted, whose occupation was registered "domestic duties;" 122, no occupation; 25, female teachers; 11, seamstresses; and 25, servants. Among the males were 916 farmers, 394 laborers, 205 without occupation, 39 cabinet makers, 23 brewers, 31 clerks, 26 merchants, 12 preachers, 18 shoe- makers, 13 students, 14 tailors, 13 teachers, 14 agents, 17 masons, 7 lawyers, 7 physicians, 4 saloon keepers, 3 salesmen, 2 artists, and 1 editor. The pro- ducts of the farm and garden, in 1876, amounted to f 13,721. 26. Trustees, 1877 : — T. Whiting, President, Mt. Pleasant ; Mrs. E. M. Elliott, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; William C. Evans, West Liberty; L. E. Fellows, Lansing-; and Samuel Klein, Keokuk ; Treasurer, M. Edwards, Mt. Pleasant. Resident Officers : — Mark Ranney, M. D., Medical Superintendent ; H. M. Bassett, M. D., First Assistant Physician; M. Riordan, M. D., Second Assistant Physician; Jennie McCowen, M. D., Third Assistant Physician ; J. W. Hender- son, Steward ; Mrs. Martha W. Ranney, Matron ; Rev. Milton Sutton, Chaplain. HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Independence, Buchanan County. In the Winter of 1867-8, a bill providing for an additional Hospital for the Insane was passed by the Legislature, and an appropriation of $125,000 was made for that purpose. Maturin L. Fisher, of Clayton County ; E. G. Morgan, of Webster County, and Albert Clark, of Buchanan County, were appointed Commissioners to locate and supervise the erection of the Building. Mr. Clark died about a year after his appointment, and Hon. G. W. Bemis, of Indepen- dence, was appointed to fill the vacancy. The Commissioners met and commenced their labors on the 8th day of June, 1868, at Independence. The act under which they were appointed required them to select the most eligible and desirable location, of not less than 320 acres, within two miles of the city of Independence, that might be offered by the citizens free of charge to the State. Several such tracts were offered, but the Commissioners finally selected the south half of southwest quarter of Section 5 ; the north half of northeast quarter of Section 7 ; the north half of northwest quarter of Section 8, and the north half of northeast quarter of Sec- tion 8, all in Township 88 north, Range 9 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. This location is on the west side of the Wapsipinicon River, and about a mile from its banks, and about the same distance from Independence. Col. S. V. Shipman, of Madison, Wis., was employed to prepare plans, specifications and drawings of the building, which, when completed, were sub- mitted to Dr. M. Ranney, Superintendent of the Hospital at Mount Pleasant, who suggested several improvements. The contract for erecting the building HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 197 was awarded to Mr. David Armstrong, of Dubuque, for $88,114. The con- tract was signed November 7, 1868, and Mr. Armstrong at once commenced work. Mr. George Josselyn was appointed to superintend the work. The main buildings were constructed of dressed limestone, from the quarries at Anamosa and Farley. The basements are of the local granite worked from the immense boulders found in large quantities in this portion of the State. In 1872, the building was so far completed that the Commissioners called the first meeting of the Trustees, on the 10th day of July of that year. These Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Mrs. P. A. Appleman, T. W. Fawcett, C. C. Parker, E. G. Morgan, George W. Bemis and John M. Boggs. This board was organized, on the day above mentioned, by the election of Hon. M. L. Fisher, President ; Rev. J. G. Boggs, Secretary, and George W. Bemis, Treas- urer, and, after adopting preliminary measures for organizing the local govern- ment of the hospital, adjourned to the first Wednesday of the following Septem- ber. A few days before this meeting, Mr. Boggs died of malignant fever, and Dr. John G. House was appointed to fill the vacancy. Dr. House was elected Secretary. At this meeting, Albert Reynolds, M. D., was elected Superintendent; George Josselyn, Steward, and Mrs. Anna B. Josselyn, Matron. September 4, 1873, Dr. Willis Butterfield was elected Assistant Physician. The building was ready for occupancy April 21, 1873. In the Spring of 1876, a contract was made with Messrs. Mackay & Lundy, of Independence, for furnishing materials for building the outside walls of the two first sections of the south wing, next to the center building, for $6,250. The carpenter work on the fourth and fifth stories of the center building was completed during the same year, and the wards were furnished and occupied by patients in the Fall. In 1877, the south wing was built, but it will not be completed jjeady for occupancy until next Spring or Summer (1878). October 1, 1877, the Superintendent reported 822 patients in this hospital, and it is now overcrowded. The Board of Trustees at present (1878) are as follows: Maturin L. Fisher, President, Farmersburg ; John G. House, M. D., Secretary, Indepen- dence ; Wm. G. Donnan, Treasurer, Independence ; Brastus G. Morgan, Fort Dodge ; Mrs. Prudence A. Appleman, Clermont ; and Stephen E. Robinson, M. D., West Union. RESIDENT OFFICERS. Albert Reynolds, M. D., Superintendent; G. H. Hill, M. D., Assistant Physician; Noyes Appleman, Steward; Mrs. Lucy M. Gray, Matron. IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. Vinton, Benton County. In August, 1852, Prof. Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an Insti- tution for the Instruction of the Blind of Iowa, at Keokuk. By act of the General Assembly, entitled " An act to establish an Asylum for the Blind," approved January 18, 1853, the institution was adopted by the State, removed to Iowa City, February 3d, and opened for the reception of pupils April 4, 1853, free to all the blind in the State. The first Board of Trustees were James D. Eads, President ; 'George W. MeClary, Secretary ; James H. Gower, Treasurer ; Martin L. Morris, Stephen Hempstead, Morgan Reno and John McCaddon. The Board appointed Prof. 198 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Samuel Bacon, Principal ; T. J. McGittigen, Teacher of Music, and Mrs. Sarah K. Bacon, Matron. Twenty-three pupils were admitted during the first term. In his first report, made in 1854, Prof. Bacon suggested that the name should be changed from "Asylum for the Blind," to that of " Institution for the Instruction of the Blind." This was done in 1855, when the General As- sembly made an annual appropriation for the College of $55 per quarter for each pupil. This was subsequently changed to $3,000 per annum, and a charge of $25 as an admission fee for each pupil, which sum, with the amounts realized from the sale of articles manufactured by the blind pupils, proved suflScient for the expenses of the institution during Mr. Bacon's administration. Although Mr. Bacon was blind, he was a fine scholar and an economical manager, and had founded the Blind Asylum at Jacksonville, Illinois. As a mathematician he had few superiors. On the 8th of May, 1858, the Trustees met at Vinton, and made arrange- ments for securing the donation of $5,000 made by the citizens of that town. In June of that year, a quarter section of land was donated for the College, by John W. 0. Webb and others, and the Trustees adopted a plan for the erection of a suitable building. In 1860, the plan was modified, and the con- tract for enclosing let to Messrs. Finkbine & Lovelace, for $10,420. In August, 1862, the building was so far completed that the goods and fur- niture of the institution were removed from Iowa City to Vinton, and early in October, the school was opened there with twenty-four pupils. At this time, Rev. Orlando Clark was Principal. In August, 1864, a new Board of Trustees were appointed by the Legisla^ ture, consisting of James McQuin, President ; Reed Wilkinson, Secretary ; Jas. Chapin, Treasurer; Robert Gilchrist, Elijah Sells and Joseph Dysart, organized and made important changes. Rev. Reed Wilkinson succeeded Mr. Clark as Principal. Mrs. L. S. B. Wilkinson and Miss Amelia Butler were appointed Assistant Teachers ; Mrs. N. A. Morton, Matron. Mr. Wilkinson resigned in June, 1867, and Gen. James L. Geddes was appointed in his place. In September, 1869, Mr. Geddes retired, and was succeeded by Prof S. A. Knapp. Mrs. S. C. Lawton was appointed Matron, and was succeeded by Mrs. M. A. Knapp. Prof. Knapp resigned July 1, 1875, and Prof. Orlando Clark was elected Principal, who died April 2, 1876, and was succeeded by John B. Parmalee, who retired in July, 1877, when the present incumbent. Rev. Robert Carothers, was elected. Trustees, 1877-8. — Jeremiah L. Gay, President ; S. H. Watson, Treasurer; H. C. Piatt, Jacob Springer, C. L. Flint and P. F. Sturgis. Faculty. — Principal, Rev. Robert Carothers, A. M. ; Matron, Mrs. EmeUne E. Carothers; Teachers, Thomas F. McCune, A. B., Miss Grace A. Hill, Mrs. C. A. Spencer, Miss Mary Baker, Miss C. R. Miller, Miss Lorana Ma^ tice, Miss A. M. McCutcheon ; Musical Director, S. 0. Spencer. The Legislative Committee who visited this institution in 1878 expressed their astonishment at the vast expenditure of money in proportion to the needs of the State. The structure is well built, and the money properly expended; yet it was enormously beyond the necessities of the State, and shows an utter disregard of the fitness of things. The Committee could not understand why $282,000 should have been expended for a massive building covering about two and a half acres for the accommodation of 130 people, costing over eight thou- sand dollars a year to heat it, and costing the State about five hundred dollars a year for each pupil. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 199 INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. Council Bluffs, Pottawattomie County. The Iowa Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was established at Iowa City by an act of the General Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. The number of deaf mutes then in the State was 301 ; the number attending the Institution, 50. The first Board of Trustees were : Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Hon. E.' Sells, W. Penn Clarke, J. P. Wood, H. D. Downey, William Crum, W. E. Ijams, Principal. On the resignation of Mr. Ijams, in 1862, the Board appointed in his stead Mr. Behjamin Talbot, for nine years a teacher in the Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Mr. Talbot was ardently devoted to the interests of the institution and a faithful worker for the unfortunate class under his charge. A strong effort was made, in 1866, to remove this important institution to Des MoineS, but it was located permanently at Council Bluffs, and a building rented for its use. In 1868, Commissioners were appointed to locate a site for, and to superintend the erection of, a new building, for which the Legislature appropriated $125,000 to commence the work of construction. The Commis- ' sioners selected ninety acres of land about two miles south of the city of Coun- cil Bluffs. The main building and one wing were completed October 1, 1870, and immediately occupied by the Institution. February 25, 1877, the main building and east wing were destroyed by fire ; and August 6 following, the roof of the new west wing was blown off and the walls partially demolished by a tornado. At the time of the fire, about one hundred and fifty pupils were in ' attendance. After the fire, half the classes were dismissed and the number of scholars reduced to about seventy, and in a week or two the school was in run- ning order. The Legislative Committee which visited this Institution in the Winter of 1857-8 was not well pleased with the condition of affairs, and reported that the building (west wing) was a disgrace to the State and a monument of unskillful workmanship, and intimated rather strongly that some reforms in management were very essential. Trustees, 1877-8. — Thomas Officer, President ; N. P. Dodge, Treasurer ; Paul Lange, William Orr, J. W. Cattell. Superintendent, Benjamin Talbot, M. A. Teachers, Edwin Southwick, Conrad S. Zorbaugh, John A. Gillespie, John A. Kennedy, Ellen J. Israel, Elk J. Brown, Mrs. H. R. Gillespie; Physician, H. W. Hart, M. D.; Steward, N. A. Taylor; Matron, Mary B. Swan. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOMES. Davenport, Cedar Falls, Glenwood. The movement which culminated in the establishment of this beneficent in- stitution was originated by Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, during the civil war of 1861-65. This noble and patriotic lady called a convention at Muscatine, on the 7th of October 1863, for the purpose of devising measures for the support and education of the orphan children of the brave sons of Iowa, who had fallen in defense of national honor and integrity. So great was the public interest in the movement that there was a large representation from all parts of the State on the day named, and an association was organized called the Iowa State Or- phan Asylum. 200 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The first officers were : President, William M. Stone ; Vice Presidents, Mrs. G. G-. Wright, Mrs. R. L. Cadle, Mrs. J. T. Hancock, John R. Needham, J. W. Cattell, Mrs. Mary M. iBagg ; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary Kibben ; Cor- responding Secretary, Miss M. E. Shelton; Treasurer, N. H. Brainerd; Board of Trustees, Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, Mrs. C. B. Darwin, Mrs. D. T. Newcomb, Mrs. L. B. Stephens, 0. Fayville, E. H. Williams, T. S. Parvin, Mrs. Shields, Caleb Baldwin, C. C. Cole, Isaac Pendleton, H. C. Henderson. The first meeting of the Trustees was held February 14, 1864, in the Repre- sentative Hall, at Des Moines. Committees from both branches of the General Assembly were present and were invited to participate in their deliberations. Gov. Kirkwood suggested that a home for disabled soldiers should be connected with the Asylum. Arrangements were made for raising funds. At the next meeting, in Davenport, in March, 1864, the Trustees decided to commence operations at once, and a committee, of which Mr. Howell, of Keo- kuk, was Cliairman, was appointed to lease a suitable building, solicit donations, and procure suitable furniture. This committee secured a large brick building in Lawrence, Van Buren County, and engaged Mr. Fuller, of Mt. Pleasant, as Steward. At the annual meeting, in Des Moines, in June, 1864, Mrs. C. B. Baldwin, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. Dr. Horton, Miss Mary E. Shelton and Mr. George Sherman were appointed a committee to furnish the building and take all neces- sary steps for opening the "Home," and notice was given that at the next meeting of the Association, a motion would be made to change the name of the Institution to Iowa Orphans' Home. The work of preparation was conducted so vigorously that on the 13th day of July following, the Executive Committee announced that they were ready to receive the children. In three weeks twenty-one were admitted, and the num- ber constantly increased, so that, in a little more than six months from the time of opening, there were seventy children admitted, and twenty more applica- tions, which the Committee had not acted upon — all orphans of soldiers. Miss M. Elliott, of Washington, was appointed Matron. She resigned, in February, 1865, and was succeeded by Mrs. E. G. Piatt, of Fremont County. The " Home " -was sustained by the voluntary contributions of the people, until 1866, when it was assumed by the State. In that year, the General Assem bly provided for the location of several such "Homes" in the different counties, and which were established at Davenport, Scott County; Cedar Fall's, Black Hawk County, and at Glenwood, Mills County. The Board of Trustees elected by the General Assembly had the oversight and management of the Soldiers' Orphans' Homes of the State, and consisted of one person from each county in which such Home was located, and one for the State at large, who held their office two years, or until their successors were elected and qualified. An appropriation of $10 per month for each orphan actually supported was made by the General Assembly. The Home in Cedar Falls was organized in 1865, and an old hotel building was fitted up for it. Rufus C, Mary L. and Emma L. Bauer were the first children received, in October, and by January, 1866, there were ninety-six in- mates. October 12, 1869, the Home was removed to a large brick building, about two miles west of Cedar Falls, and was very prosperous for several years, but in 1876, the General Assembly established a State Normal School at Cedar Falls and appropriated the buildings and grounds for that purpose. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 201 By "An act to provide for the organization and support of an asylum at Glenwood, in Mills County, for feeble minded children," approved March 17 1876, the buildings and grounds used by the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were appropriated for this purpose. By another act, approved March 15, 1876, the soldiers' orphans, then at the Homes at Glenwood and Cedar Falls,' were to be removed to the Home at Davenport within ninety days thereafter' and the Board of Trustees of the Home were authorized to receive other indigent children into that institution, and provide for their education in industrial pursuits. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County. Chapter 129 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, in 1876, estab- lished a State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk ■County, and required the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home to turn over the property in their charge to the Directors of the new institution. The Board of Directors met at Cedar Falls June 7, 1876, and duly organ- ized by the election of H. C. Hemenway, President; J. J. Toleston, Secretary, and E. Townsend, Treasurer. The Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home met at the same time for the purpose of turning over to the Directors the property of that institution, which was satisfactorily done and properly receipted for as required by law. At this meeting, Prof. J. C. Gilchrist was elected Principal of the School. On the 12th of July, 1876, the Board again met, when executive and teachers' committees were appointed and their duties assigned. A Steward and a Matron were elected, and their respective duties defined. The buildings and grounds were repaired and fitted up as well as the appro- priation would admit, and the first term of the school opened September 6, 1876, commencing with twenty-seven and closing with eighty-seven students. The second term closed with eighty-six, and one hundred and six attended during the third term. The following are the Board of Directors, Board of Officers and Faculty : Board of Directors. — H. C. Hemenway, Cedar Falls, President, term expires 1882 ; L. D. Lewelling, Salem, Henry County, 1878 ; W. A. Stow, Hamburg, 'Fremont County, 1878 ; S. G. Smith, Newton, Jasper County, 1880 ; E. H. Thayer, Clinton, Clinton County, 1880 ; G. S. Robinson, Storm Lake, Buena Vista County, 1882. Board of Officers. — J. J- Toleston, Secretary ; E. Townsend, Treasurer ; William Pattes, Steward; Mrs. P. A. Schermerhorn, Matron— all of Cedar Falls. Faculty.^3. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Principal, Professer of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Didactics ; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Lan- guages and Natural Science ; D. S. Wright, A. M., Professor of Mathematics ; Miss Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and History ; E. W. Burnham, Professor of Music. ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN. Cflenwood, Mills County. Chapter 152 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, approved March 17, 1876, provided for the establishment of an asylum for feeble minded children at Glenwood, Mills County, and the buildings and grounds of the 202 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were to be used for that purpose. The asylum was placed under the management of three Trustees, one at least of whom should be a resident of Mills County. Children between the ages of 7 and 18 years are admitted. Ten dollars per month for each child actually sup- ported by the State was appropriated by the act, and ^2,000 for salaries of officers and teachers for two years. Hon. J. W. Cattell, of Polk County ; A. J. Russell, of Mills County, and W. S. Robertson, were appointed Trustees, who held their first meeting at Glen wood, April 26, 1876. Mr. Robertson was elected President; Mr. Russell, Treasurer, and Mr. Cattell, Secretary. The Trustees found the house and farm which had been turned over to them in a shamefully dilapidated condition. The fences were broken down and the lumber destroyed or carried away; the win- dows broken, doors ofi' their hinges, floors broken and filthy in the extreme, cellars reeking with ofiensive odors from decayed vegetables, and every conceiv- able variety of filth and garbage ; drains obstructed, cisterns broken, pump demoralized, wind-mill broken, roof leaky, and the whole property in the worst possible condition. It was the first work of the Trustees to make i the house tenable. This was done under the direction of Mr. Russell. At the request of the Trustees, Dr. Charles T. Wilbur, Superintendent of the Illinois Asylum, visited Glenwood, and made many valuable suggestions, and gave them much assistance. 0. W. Archibald, M. D., of Glenwood, was appointed Superintendent, and soon after was appointed Secretary of the Board, vice Cattell, resigned. Mirs. S. A. Archibald was appointed Matron, and Miss Maud M. Archibald, Teacher. The Institution was opened September 1, 1876 ; the first pupil admitted September 4, and the school was organized September 10, with only five pupils, which number had, in November, 1877, increased to eighty-seven. December 1, 1876, Miss Jennie Van Dorin, of Fairfield, was employed as a teacher and in the Spring of 1877, Miss Sabina J. Archibald was also employed. THE REFORM SCHOOL. Eldora, Hardin County. By "An act to establish and organize a State Reform School for Juvenile Ofienders," approved March 31, 1868, the General Assembly established a State Reform School at Salem, Lee (Henry) County ; provided for a Board of Trustees, to consist of one person from each Congressional District. For the purpose of immediately opening the school, the Trustees were directed to accept the proposition of the Trustees of White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute, at Salem, and lease, for not more than ten years, the lands, buildings, etc., of the Institute, and at once proceed to prepare for and open a reform school as a temporary establishment. The contract for fitting up the buildings was let to Clark & Haddock, Sep- tember 21, 1868, and on the 7th of October following, the first inmate was received from Jasper County. The law provided for the admission of children of both sexes under 18 years of age. In 1876, this was amended, so that they are now received at ages over 7 and under 1 6 years. April 19, 1872, the Trustees were directed to make a permanent location for the school, and $45,000 was appropriated for the erection of the necessary buildings. The Trustees were further directed, as soon as practicable, to organize a school for girls in the buildings where the boys were then kept. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 203 The Trustees located the school at Eldora, Hardin County, and in the Code of 1873, it is permanently located there by law. The institution is managed by five Trustees, who are paid mileage, but no compensation for their services. The object is the reformation of the children of both sexes, under the age of 16 years and over 7 years of age, and the law requires that the Trustees shall require the boys and girls under their charge to be instructed in piety and morality, and in such branches of useful knowledge as are adapted to their age and capacity, and in some regular course of labor, either mechanical, manufac- turing or agricultural, as is best suited to their age, strength, disposition and capacity, and as may seem best adapted to secure the reformation and future benefit of the boys and girls. A boy or girl committed to the State Reform School is there kept, disci^ plined, instructed, employed and governed, under the direction of the Trustees, until he or she arrives at the age of majority, or is bound out, reformed or' legally discharged. The binding out or discharge of a boy or girl as reformed, or having arrived at the age of majority, is a complete release from all penalties incurred by conviction of the ofi"ense for which he or she was committed. This is one step in the right direction. In the future, however, still further advances will be made, and the right of every individual to the fruits of their labor, even while restrained for the public good, will be recognized. FISH HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT. Near Anamosa, Jones County. The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to provide for the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of' Fishways for the protection and propagation of Fish," also "An act to provide for furnishing the rivers and lakes with fish and fish spawn." This act appro- priated f 3,000 for the purpose. In accordance with the provisions of the first act above mentioned, on the 9th of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of Ottumwa', Wapello County ; B. F. Shaw of Jones County, and Charles A. Haines, of Black Hawk County, were appointed to be Fish Commissioners by the Governor. These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 1874, and organized by the election of Mr. Evans, President ; Mr. Shaw, Secretary and Superintendent, and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. The State was partitioned into three districts or divisions to enable the Commissioners to better superintend the construction of fishways as required by law. That part of the State lying south of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad was placed under the especial supervision of Mr. Evans ; that part be- tween that railroad and the Iowa Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Shaw, and all north of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Haines. At this, meeting, the Superintendent was autliorized to build a State Hatching House ; to procure the spawn of valuable fish adapted to the waters of Iowa ; hatch and prepare the young fish for distribution, and assist in putting them into the waters- of the State. In compliance with these instructions, Mr. Shaw at once commenced work, and in the Summer of 1874, erected a " State Hatching House" near Anamosa, 20x40 feet, two stories ; the second story being designed for a tenement ; the- first story being the "hatching room." The hatching troughs are supplied with water from a magnificent spring four feet deep and about ten feet in diam- eter, affording an abundant and unfailing supply of pure running water. During 204 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the first year, from May 10, 1874, to May 10, 1875, the Commissioners distributed within the State 100,000 Shad, 300,000 California Sahnon, 10,000 Bass, 80,000 Penobscot (Maine) Salmon, 5,000 land-locked Salmon, 20,000 of other species. By act approved March 10, 1876, the law was amended so that there should be but one instead of three Fish Commissioners, and B. F. Shaw was appointed, and the Commissioner was authorized to purchase twenty acres of land, on which the State Hatching House was located near Anamosa. In the Fall of 1876, Commissioner Shaw gathered from the sloughs of the Mississippi, where they would have been destroyed, over a million and a half of small fish, which were distributed in the various rivers of the State and turned into the Mississippi. In 1875-6, 533,000 California Salmon, and in 1877, 303,500 Lake Trout were distributed in various rivers and lakes in the State. The experiment of stocking the small streams with brook trout is being tried, and 81,000 of the speckled beauties were distributed in 1877. In 1876, 100,000 young eels were distributed. These came from New York and they are increasing rapidly. At the close of 1877, there were at least a dozen private fish farms in suc- cessful operation in various parts of the State. Commissioner Shaw is en- thusiastically devoted to the duties of his office and has performed an important service for the people of the State by his intelligent and successful operations. The Sixteenth General Assembly passed an act in 1878^ prohibiting the catching of any kind of fish except Brook Trout from March until June of each year. Some varieties are fit for food only during this period. THE PUBLIC LANDS. The grants of public lands made in the State of Iowa, for various purposes, are as follows : 1. The 500,000 Acre Grant. 2. The 16th Section Grant. 3. The Mortgage School Lauds. 4. The University Gram. 5. The Saline Grant. 6. The Des Moines Elver Grant. 7. The Des Moines River School Lauds. 8. The Swamp Land Grant. 9. The Railroad Grant. 10. The Agricultural College Grant. I. THE FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRE GRANT. When the State was admitted into the Union, she became entitled to 500,000 acres of land by virtue of an act of Congress, approved September 4, 1841, which granted to each State therein specified 500,000 acres of public land for internal improvements ; to each State admitted subsequently to the passage of the act, an amount of land which, with the amount that might have been granted to her as a Territory, would^ amount to 500,000 acres. All these lands were required to be selected within the limits of the State to which they were granted. The Constitution of Iowa declares that the proceeds of this grant, together with all lands then granted or to be granted by Congress for the benefit of schools, shall constitute a perpetual fund for the support of schools throughout the State. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the Legislature established HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 205 a board of School Fund Commissioners, and to that board vras confided the selection, care and sale of these lands for the benefit of the School Fund. Until 1855, these Commissioners were subordinate to the Superintendent of Public Instruction, but on the 15th of January of that year, they were clothed with exclusive authority in the management and sale of school lands. The ofiice of School Fund Commissioner was abolished March 23, 1858, and that officer in each county was required to transfer all papers to and make full settlement with the County Judge. By this act. County Judges and Township Trustees were made the agents of the State to control and sell the sixteenth sections ; but no further provision was made for the sale of the 500,000 acre grant until April 3d, 1860, when the entire management of the school lands was committed to the Boards of Supervisors of the several counties. II. THE SIXTEENTH SECTIONS. By the provisions of the act of Congress admitting Iowa to the Union, there was granted to the new State the sixteenth section in every township, or where that section had been sold, other lands of like amount for the use of schools. The Constitution of the State provides that the proceeds arising from the sale of these sections shall constitute a part of the permanent School Fund. The control and sale of these lands were vested in the School Fund Commissioners of the several counties until March 23, 1858, when they were transferred to the County Judges and Township Trustees, and were finally placed under the supervision of the County Boards of Supervisors in January, 1861. III. THE MORTGAGE SCHOOL LANDS. These do not belong to any of the grants of land proper. They are lands that have been mortgaged to the school fund, and became school lands when bid off by the State by virtue of a law passed in 1862. Under the provisions of the law regulating the management and investment of the permanent school fund, persons desiring loans from that fund are required to secure the payment thereof with interest at ten per cent, per annum, by promissory notes endorsed by two good sureties and by mortgage on unincumbered real estate, which must be situated in the county where the loan is made, and which must be valued by three appraisers. Making these loans and taking the required securities was made the duty of the County Auditor, who was required to report to the Board of Supervisors at each meeting thereof, all notes, mortgages and abstracts of title connected with the school fund, for examination. When default was made of payment of money so secured by mortgage, and no arrangement made for extension of time as the law provides, the Board of Supervisors were authorized to bring suit and prosecute it with diligence to secure said fund; and in action in favor of the county for the use of the school fund, an injunction may issue without bonds, and in any such action, when service is made by publication, default and judgment may be entered and enforced without bonds. In case of sale of land on execution founded on any such mortgage, the attorney of the board, or other person duly authorized, shall, on behalf of the State or county for the use of said fund, bid such sum as the interests of said fund may require, and if struck off to the State the land shall be held and disposed of as the other lands belonging to the fnnd. These lands are known as the Mortgage School Lands, and reports of them, including description and amount, are required to be made to the State Land Office. 206 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. IV. UNIVERSITY LANDS. By act of Congress, July 20, 1840, a quantity of land not exceeding two f'ntire townships was reserved in the Territory of Iowa for the use and support '){ a university within said Territory when it should become a State. This land was to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, and could be used for no other purpose than that designated in the grant. In .an act supplemental to that for the admission of Iowa, March 3, 1845, the grant was renewed, and it was provided that the lands should be used " solely for the purpose of such university, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe." Under this grant there were set apart and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, for the use of the State, the following lands : ACRES. In the Iowa City Land District, Feb. 26, 1849 20,150.49 In the Fairfield Land District, Oct. 17, 1849 9,685.20 In the Iowa City Land District, Jan. 28, 1850 2,571.81 In the Fairfield Land District, Sept. 10, 1850 3,198.20 In the Dubuque Land District, May 19, 1852 10,552.24 Total , 45,957.94 These lands were certified to the State November 19, 1859. The University lands are placed by law under the control and management of the Board of Trustees of the Iowa State University. Prior to 1865, there had been selected and located under 282 patents, 22,892 acres in sixteen counties, and 23,036 acres unpatented, making a total of 45,928 acres. V. — SALINE LANDS. By act of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, the State of Iowa was granted the use of the salt springs within her limits, not exceeding twelve. By a subsequent act, approved May 27, 1852, Congress granted the springs to the State in fee simple, together with six sections of land contiguous to each, to be disposed of as the Legislature might direct. In 1861, the proceeds of these lands then to be sold were constituted a fund for founding and support- ing a lunatic asylum, but no sales were made. In 1856, the proceeds of the saline lands were appropriated to the Insane Asylum, repealed in 1858. In 1860, the saline lands and funds were made a part of the permanent fund of the State University. These lands were located in Appanoose, Davis, Decatur, Lucas, Monroe, Van Buren and Wayne Counties. VI. — THE DES MOINES RIVER GRANT. By act of Congress, approved August 8, 1846, a grant of land was made for the improvement of the navigation of Des Moines River, as follows: Be it enacted by the Senate and Souse of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there be, and hereby is, granted to said Territory of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding said Territory to improve the navigation of the Des Moines Kiver from its mouth to the Raccoon Fork (so called) in said Territory, one equal moiety, in alternate sections, of the public lands (remaining unsold and not otherwise disposed of, incumbered or appropri- ated) in a strip five miles in width on each side of said river, to be selected within said Terri- tory by an agent or agents to be appointed by the Governor thereof, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Seo. 2. And be it further enacted, Thit the lands hereby granted shall not be conveyed or disposed of by said Territory, nor by any State to be formed out of the same, except as said improvement shall progress ; that is, the said Territory or State may sell so much of said lands as shall produce the sum of thirty thousand dollars, and then the sales shall cease until the Gov- ernor of said Territory or State shall certify the fact to the President of the United States that one-half of siid sum has been expended upon said improvements, when the said Territory or HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 207 State may sell and convey a quantity of the residue of said lands sufficient to replace the amount expended, and thus the sales shall progress as the proceeds thereof shall be expended, and the fact of such expenditure shall be certified as aforesaid. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted. That the said Riyer Des Moines shall be and forever remain a public highway for the use of the Government of the United States, free from any toll or other charge whatever, for any property of the United States or persons in their service passing through or along the same : Provided always, That it shall not be competent for the said Territory or future State of Iowa to dispose of said lands, or any of them, at a price lower than, for the time being, shall be the minimum price of other public lands. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That whenever the Territory of Iowa shall be admitted into the Union as a State, the lands hereby granted for the above purpose shall be and become the property of said State for the purpose contemplated in this act, and for no other : Provided the Legislature of the State of Iowa shall accept the said grant for the said purpose." Approved Aug. 8, 1846. By joint resolution of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 9, 1847, the grant was accepted for the- purpose specified. By another act, ap- proved February 24, 1847, entited "An act creating the Board of Public Works, and providing for the improvement of the Des Moines River," the Legislature provided for a Board consisting of a President, Secretary and Treasurer, to be elected by the people. This Board was elected August 2, 1847, and was organized on the 22d of September following. The same act defined the nature of the improvement to be made, and provided that the work should be paid for from the funds to be derived from the sale of lands to be sold by the Board. Agents appointed by the Governor selected the sections designated by "odd numbers" throughout the whole extent of the grant, and this selection was ap- proved by the Secretary of the Treasury. But there was a conflict of opinion as to the extent of the grant. It was held by some that it extended from the mouth of the Des Moines only to the Raccoon Forks ; others held, as the agents to make selection evidently did, that it extended from the mouth to the head waters of the river. Richard M. Young, Commissioner of the Genei-al Land Office, on the 23d of February, 1848, construed the grant to mean that " the State is entitled to the alternate sections within five miles of the Des Moines River, throughout the whole extent of that river within the limits of Iowa." Under this construction, the alternate sections above the Raccoon Forks would, of course, belong to the State; but on the 19th of June, 1848, some of these lands were, by proclamation, thrown into market. On the 18th of September, the Board of Public Works filed a remonstrance with the Com- missioner of the General Land Office. The Board also sent in a protest to the State Land Office, at which' the sale was ordered to take place. On the 8th of January, 1849, the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Iowa also protested against the sale, in a communication to Hon. Robert J. Walker, Sec- retary of the Treasury, to which the Secretary replied, concurring in the opinion that the grant extended the whole length of the Des Moines River in ^On the 1st of June, 1849, the Commissioner of the General Land Office directed the Register and Receiver of the Land Office at Iowa City to with- hold from sale all lands situated in the odd numbered sections withm five miles on each side of the Des Moines River above the Raccoon Forks. March id, 1850, the Commissioner of the General Land Office submitted to the Secretary of the Interior a list "showing the tracts falling within the limits of the Des Moines River grant, above the Raccoon Forks, etc., under the decision of the Secretary of the Treasury, of March 2, 1849," and on the 6th of April following, Mr. Ewing, then Secretary of the Interior reversed the decision of Secretary Walker, but ordered the lands to be withheld from sale until Con- 208 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gres3 could have an opportunity to pass an explanatory act. The Iowa author- ities appealed from this decision to the President (Taylor), who referred the matter to the Attorney General (Mr. Johnson). On the 19th of July, Mr. Johnson submitted as his opinion, that by the terms of the grant itself, it ex- tended to the very source of the Des Moines, but before his opinion was pub- lished President Taylor died. When Mr. Tyler's cabinet was formed, the question was submitted to the new Attorney General (Mr. Crittenden), who, on the 30th of June, 1851, reported that in his opinion the grant did not extend above the Raccoon Forks. Mr. Stewart, Secretary of the Interior, concurred with Mr. Crittenden at first, but subsequently consented to lay the whole sub- ject before the President and Cabinet, who decided in favor of the State. October 29, 1851, Mr. Stewart directed the Commissioner of the General Land OflSce to "submit for his approval such lists as had been prepared, and to proceed to report for like approval lists of the alternate sections claimed by the State of Iowa above the Raccoon Forks, as far as the surveys have progressed, or may hereafter be completed and returned." And on the following day, three lists of these lands were prepared in the General Land Ofiice. The lands approved and certified to the State of Iowa under this grant, and all lying above the Raccoon Forks, are as follows : By Secretary Stewart, Oct. 30, 1851 81,707.93 acres. March 10, 1852 143,908.87 " . By Secretary McLellan, Dec. 17, 1853 7 33,142.43 " Dec. 30, 1853 12,813.51 " Total 271,572.24 acres. The Commissioners and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement, in their report to the Governor, November 30, 1852, estimates the total amount of Ifinds then available for the work, including those in possession of the State and those to be surveyed and approved, at nearly a million acres. The indebtedness then standing against the fund was about f 108,000, and the Commissioners estimated the work to be done would cost about $1,200,000. January 19, 1853, the Legislature authorized the Commissioners to sell " any or all the lands which have or may hereafter be granted, for not less than $1,300,000." On the 24th of January, 1858, the General Assembly provided for the elec- tion of a Commissioner by the people, and appointed two Assistant Commission- ers, with authority to make a contract, selling the lands of the Improvement for $1,800,000. This new Board made a contract, June 9, 1855, with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company, agreeing to sell all the lands donated to the State by Act of Congress of August 8, 1846, which the State had not sold prior to December 28, 1853, for $1,300,000, to be expended on the im- provement of the river, and in paying the indebtedness then due. This con- tract was duly reported to the Governor and General Assembly. By an act approved January 25, 1855, the Commissioner and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement were authorized to negotiate with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company for the purchase of lands in Webster County which had been sold by the School Fund Commissioner as school lands, but which had been certified to the State as Des Moines River lands, and had, therefore, become the property of the Company, under the provisions of its contract with the State. March 21, 1856, the old question of the extent of the grant was again raised and the Commissioner of the General Land Office decided th^ it was limited to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 209 the Raccoon Fork. Appeal was made to the Secretary of the Interior, and by him the matter was referred to the Attorney General, who decided that the grant extended to the northern boundary of the State ; the State relinquished its claim to lands lying along the river in Minnesota, and the vexed question was supposed to be finally settled. The land which had been certified, as well as those extending to the north- ern boundary within the limits of the grant, were reserved from pre-emption and sale by the General Land Commissioner, to satisfy the grant of August 8, 1846, and they were treated as having passed to the State, which from time to time sold portions of them prior to their final transfer to the Des Moines Navi- igation & Railroad Company, applying the proceeds thereof to the impro\'e- ment of the river in compliance with the terms of the grant. Prior to the final sale to the Company, June 9, 1854, the State had sold about 327,000 acres, of which amount 58,830 acres were located above the Raccoon Fork. The last certificate of the General Land Ofiice bears date December 30, 1853. After June 9th, 1854, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company carried on the work under its contract with the State. As the improvement progressed, the State, from time to time, by its authorized officers, issued to the Company, in payment for said work, certificates for lands. But the General Land Ofiice ceased to certify lands under the grant of 1846. The State had made no other provision for paying for the improvements, and disagree- ments and misunderstanding arose between the State authorities and the Company. March 22, 1858, a joint resolution was passed by the Legislature submitting a proposition for final settlement to the Company, which was accepted. The Com- pany paid to the State $20,000 in cash, and released and conveyed the dredge boat and materials named in the resolution ; and the State, on the Bd of May, 1858, executed to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company fourteen deeds or patents to the lands, amounting to 256,703.64 acres. These deeds were intended to convey all the lands of this grant certified to the State by the Gen- eral Government not previously sold ; but, as if for the purpose of covering any tract or parcel that might have been omitted, the State made another deed of conveyance on the 18th day of May, 1868. These fifteen deeds, it is claimed, by the Company, convey 266,108 acres, of which about 53,367 are below the Raccoon Fork, and the balance, 212,741 acres, are above that point. Besides the lands deeded to the Company, the State had deeded to individual purchasers 58,830 acres above the Raccoon Fork, making an aggregate of 271,- 571 acres, deeded above the Fork, all of which had been certified to the State by the Federal Government. By act approved March 28, 1858, the Legislature donated the remamder of the grant to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad Company, upon condition that said Company assumed all liabilities resulting from the Des Moines River improvement operations, reserving 50,000 acres of the land in security for the payment thereof, and for the completion of the locks and dams at Bentonsport, Croton, Keosauqua and Plymouth. For every three thousand dollars' worth of work done on the locks and dams, and for every three thousand dollars paid by the Company of the liabilities above mentioned, the Register ot the State Land Office was instructed to certify to the Company 1 000 acres ot the 50,000 acres reserved for these purposes. Up to 1865, there had been pre- sented by the Company, under the provisions of the act of 1858, and allowed claims amounting to |109,579.37, about seventy-five per cent, of which had been settled. 210 HISTORY Ot THE STATE OF IOWA. After the passage of the Act above noticed, the question of the extent of the original grant was again mooted, and at the December Term of the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1859-60, a decision was rendered declaring that the grant did not extend above Raccoon Fork, and that all certificates of land above the Fork had been issued without authority of law and were, th§refore, void (see 23 How., 66). The State of Iowa had disposed of a large amount of land without authority, according to this decision, and appeal was made to Congress for relief, which was granted on the 3d day of March, 1861, in a joint resolution relinquishing to the State all the title which the United States then still retained in the tracts of land along the Des Moines River above Raccoon Fork, that had been im- properly certified to the State by the Department of the Interior, and which is now held by bona fide purchasers under the State of Iowa. In confirmation of this relinquishment, by act approved July 12, 1862, Congress enacted : That the grant of lands to the then Territory of Iowa for the improvement of the Des Moines River, made by the act of August 8, 1846, is hereby extended so as to include the alternate sec- tions (designated by odd numbers) lying within five miles of said river, between the Raccoon Fork and the northern boundary of said State ; such lands are to be held and applied in accord- ance with the provisions of the original grant, except that theconsent of Congress is hereby given to the application of a portion thereof to aid in the construction of the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines i & Minnesota Railroad, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, approved March 22, 1858. And if any of the said lands shall have been sold or otherwise disposed of by the United States before the passage of this act, except those released by the United States to the grantees of the State of Iowa, under joint resolution of March 3, 1861, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to set apart an equal amount of lands within said State to be certified in lieu thereof; Provided, that if the State shall have sold and conveyed any portion of the lands lying within the limits of the grant the title of which has proved invalid, any lands which shall be certified to said State in lieu thereof by virtue of the provisions of this act, shall inure to and be held as a trust fund for the benefit of the person or persons, respect- ively, whose titles shall have failed as aforesaid. The grant of lands by the above act of Congress was accepted by a joint resolution of the General Assembly, September 11, 1862, in extra f ession. On the same day, the Governor was authorized to appoint one or more Commis- sioners to select the lands in accordance with the grant. These Commissioners were instructed to report their selections to the Registrar of the State Land Ofiice. The lands so selected were to be held for the purposes of the grant, and were not to be disposed of until further legislation should be had. D. W. Kil- burne, of Lee County, was appointed Commissioner, and, on the 25th day of April, 1864, the General Land Officer authorized the selection of 300,000 acres from the vacant public lands as a part of the grant of July 12, 1862, and the selections were made in the Fort Dodge and Sioux City Land Districts. Many difficulties, controversies and conflicts, in relation to claims and titles, grew out of this grant, and these difficulties were enhanced by the uncertainty of its limits until the act of Congress of July, 1862. But the General Assem- bly sought, by wise and appropriate legislation, to protect the integrity of titles derived from the State. Especially was the determination to protect the actual settlers, who had paid their money and made improvements prior to the final settlement of the limits of the grant by Congress. VII. — THE DKS MOINES RIVER SCHOOL LANDS. These lands constituted a part of the 500,000 acre grant made by Congress in 1841; including 28,378.46 acres in "Webster County, selected by the Agent of the State under that grant, and approved by the Commissioner of the General Land Office February 20,1851. They were ordered into the market June 6, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 211 1853, by the Superintendent of. Public Instruction, who authorized John Tol- man, School Fund Commissioner for "Webster County, to sell them as school lands. Subsequently, when the act of 1846 was construed to extend the Des Moines River grant above Raccoon Fork, it was held that the odd numbered sections of these lands within five miles of the river were appropriated by that act, and on the 30th day of December, 1853, 12,818.51 acres were set apart and approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior, as a part of the Des Moines River grant. January 6, 1854, the Commissioner of the General Land Office transmitted to the Superintendent of Public Instruction a certified copy of the lists of these lands, indorsed by the Secretary of the Interior. Prior to this action of the Department, however, Mr. Tolman had sold to indi- vidual purchasers 3,194.28 acres as school lands, and their titles were, of course, killed. For their relief, an act, approved April 2, 1860, provided that, upon application and proper showing, these purchasers should be entitled to draw from the State Treasury the amount they had paid, with 10 per cent, interest, on the contract to purchase made with Mr. Tolman. Under this act, five appli- cations were made prior to 1864, and the applicants received, in the aggregate, $949.53. s& 5 ' By an act approved April 7, 1862, the Governor was forbidden to issue to the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company any certificate of the completion of any part of said road, or any conveyance of lands, until the company should execute and file, in the State Land OfficCj a release of its claim — first, to cer- tain swamp lands ; second, to the Des Moines River Lands sold by Tolman ; third, to certain other river lands. That act provided that "the said company shall transfer their interest in those tracts of land in Webster and Hamilton Counties heretofore sold by John Tolman, School Fund Commissioner, to the Register of the State Land Ofiice in trust, to enable said Register to carry out and perform said contracts in all cases when he is called upon by the parties interested to do so, before the 1st day of January, A. D. 1864. The company filed its release to the Tolman lands, in the Land Office, Feb- ruary 27, 1864, at the same time entered its protest that it had no claim upon them, never had pretended to have, and had never sought to claim them. The Register of the State Land Office, under the advice of the Attorney General, decided that patents would ]be issued to the Tolman purchasers in all cases where contracts had been made prior to December 23, 1853, and remaining uncanceled under tbe act of 1860. But before any were issued, on the 27th of August, 1864, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company commenced a suit in chancery, in the District Court of Polk County, to enjoin the issue of such patents. On the 30th of August, an ea;^arS'!;ate— Elisha Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 4, 1848; Josiah H. Bonney, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W. McCleary, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 1, 1856 ; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856, to Jan. 5, 1863 ; James Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Ed. Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to Jan. 6, 1873; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to . Auditors of State— Joseph T. Fales, Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; Will- iam Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854 ; Andrew J. Stevens, Dec. 4, 1854, resigned in 1855 ; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Jonathan W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865 ; John A. Elliot, 1865 to 1871 ; John Russell, 1871 to 1875 ; Buren R. Sherman, 1875 to . Treasurers of State— Morgan Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; Israel Kister, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852 ; Martin L. Morris, Dec. 4, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1859; John W. Jones. 1859 to 1863 ; William H.'Holmes, 1863 to 224 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 1867 ; Samuel B. Rankin, 1867 to 1873 ; William Christy, 1873 to 1877 ; George W. Bemis, 1877 to . Superintendents of Public Instruction— O^ae created in 1847— James Harlan, June 5, 1845 (Supreme Court decided election void) ; Thomas H. Benton, Jr., May 28, 1844, to June 7, 1854 ; James D. Bads, 1854-7 ; Joseph 0. Stone, March to June, 1857 ; Maturin L. Fisher, 1857 to Dec, 1858, when the office was abolished and the duties of the office devolved upon the Secretary of the Board of Education. Secretaries of Board of Education — Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859-1868 ; Oran Faville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March 28, 1864. Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office re-created March 23, 1864 — Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867 ; D. Franklin Wells, March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870 ; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872 ; Alonzo Abernethy, 1872 to 1877 ; Carl W. Von Coelln, 1877 to . State Binders — Office created February 21, 1855 — William M. Coles, May 1, 1855, to May 1, 1859 ; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867 ; James S. Carter,- 1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 1875; James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876 ; H. A. Perkins, 1876 to . Registers of the State Land Office — Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May 13, 1857 ; Theodore S. Parvin, May 18, 1867, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Amos B. Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862 ; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to Jan 5, 1863 ; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, Jan. 7, 1867, to January, 1871 ; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, to to January, 1875 ; David Secor, January, 1875, to . State Printers — Office created Jan. 3, 1840 — Garrett D. Palmer and George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Hornish, 1863 (resigned May 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1858 to 1855; Peter Moriarty, 1855 to 1857; John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861; Francis W. Palmer, 1861 to 1869 ; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870 ; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 1872 ; R. P. Clarkson, 1872 to — . Adjutants Q-eneral — Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5 ; Geo. W. McCleary, 1855-7 ; Elijah Sells, 1857 ; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61 ; Nathaniel Baker, 1861 to 1877 ; John H. Loot)y, 1877 to . Attorneys (?mera?— David C. Cloud, 1858-56 ; Samuel A. Rice, 1856-60; Charles C. Nourse, 1861-4; Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resigned January, 1866); Frederick E. Bissell, 1866 (died June 12, 1867); Henry O'Connor, 1867-72; Marsena E. Cutis, 1872-6 ; John F. McJunkin, 1877. Presidents of the Senate — Thomas Baker, 1846-7 ; Thomas Hughes, 1848 ; John J. Selman, 1848-9 ; Enos Lowe, 1850-1 ; Willia m E. Leffi ng- well, 1852-8; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William W. HaSHton, 1856-7. ~ Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the Senate. Speakers of the House — Jesse B. Brown, 1847-8 ; Smiley H. Bonhan, 1849-50 ; George Temple, 1851-2 ; James Grant, 1853-4 ; Reuben N^K 1855-6 ; Samuel McFarland, 1866-7 ; Stephen B. Sheledy, ig58^^9T'T^ Edwards, 1860-1 ; Rush Clark, 1862-3 ; Jacob Butler, 1864-5 ; Ed. Wright, 1866-7 ; John Russell, 1868-9 ; Aylett R. Cotton, 1870-1 ; James Wilson, 1872-8 ; John H. Gear, 1874-7 ; John Y. Stone, 1878. Niw Qonstitutional Convention, 1859 — Francis Springer, President ; Thos. J. Saunders, Secretary. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 22& STATE OFFICERS, 1878. John H. Gear, Governor; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor; Josiah T. Young, Secretary of State; Buren R. Sherman, Auditor of State; George W. Bemis,^ Treasurer of State; David Secor, Register of State Land Office; John H. Looby, Adjutant General; John F. McJunken, Attorney General; Mrs. Ada North, State Librarian; JBdward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court' John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Carl W. Von Coelln, Superintend- ent Public Instruction ; Richard P. Clarkson, State Printer ; Henry A. Perkins, State Binder; Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights and Measures; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary; Fletcher W. Young, Deputy Secretary of State; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of State; Erastus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State ; John M. Davis, Deputy Reg- ister Land OflGice; Ira C. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Public Instruction. THE JUDICIARY. SUPREME COURT OF IOWA. Chief Justices. — Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847 ; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1847, to Jan., 1848 ; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 1849 ; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; Geo. G. Wright, Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 1860 ; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862 ; Caleb Baldwin, Jan., 1862, to Jan., 1864 ; Geo. G. Wright, Jan., 1864, to Jan., 1866 ; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan.,1866, to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871 ; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to Jan. 1, 1872 ; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1872, to Jan. 1, 1874; W. B. Miller, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. 1, 1876; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1877, to Jan. 1, 1878; James H. Rothrock, Jan. 1, 1878. Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams; Thomas S. Wilson, resigned Oct., 1847; John F. Kinney, June 12, 1847, resigned Feb. 15, 1854; George Greene, Nov. 1, 1847, to Jan. 9, 1855; Jonathan C. Hall, Feb. 15, 1854, to succeed Kinney, resigned, to Jan., 1855 ; William G. Woodward, Jan. 9, 1855 ; Norman W. Isbell, Jan. 16, 1855, resigned 1856; Lacen D. Stockton, June 3, 1856, to succeed Isbell, resigned, died June 9, 1860 ; Caleb Baldwin, Jan. 11, 1860, to 1864; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan. 12, 1860; George G. Wright, June 26, 1860, to succeed Stockton, deceased; elected U. S. Senator, 1870; John F. Dil- lon, Jan. 1, 1864, to succeed Baldwin, resigned, 1870; Chester C. Cole, March 1, 1864, to 1877 ; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1868 ; W. E. Miller, October 11, 1864, to succeed Dillon, resigned; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to succeed Wright. SUPREME COURT, 1878. James H. Rothrock, Cedar County, Chief Justice; Joseph M. Beck, Lee County, Associate Justice; Austin Adams, Dubuque County, Associate Justice; William H. Seevers, Oskaloosa County, Associate Justice; James G. Day, Fre- mont County, Associate Justice. CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION. UNITED STATES SENATORS. (The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 7, 1848-1858 ; Augustus C. Dodge, Bur- lington, Dec. 7, 1848-1855; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasajit, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; James W. Grifiaes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 1858-died 1870 ; Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City, elected Jan. 13, 1866, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of James 22t) HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Harlan ; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872 ; James B. Howell, Keokuk, elected Jan. 20, 1870, to fill vacancy caused by the death of J. W. Orimes— term expired March 3d; George G. Wright, Des Moines, March 4, 1871-1877 ; William B. Allison, Dubuque, March 4, 1872 ; Saifnuel J. Kirk- wood, March 4, 1877. MEMBERS OP HOUSE OP BEPEE8ENTATIVES. Twenty-ninth Congress — 184-6 to 184-7. — S. Clinton Hastings; Shepherd Leffler. Thirtieth Congress — 1847 to 1849. — First District, William Thompson: Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirty-first Congress — 1843 to 1851. — First District, First Session, Wm. Thompson ; unseated by the House of Representatives on a contest, and election remanded to the people. First District, Second Session, Daniel F. Miller. Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirty -second Congress — 1851 to 1853. — First District, Bernhart Henn. Second District, Lincoln Clark. Thirty-third Congress — 1853 to 1855. — First District, Bernhart Henn. Second District, John P. Cook. Thirty-fourth Congress — 1855 to 1857. — First District, Augustus Hall. Second District, James Thorington. Thirty-fifth Congress — 1857 to 1859. — First District, Samuel R. Curtis. Second District, Timothy Davis. Thirty-sixth Congress — 1859 to 1861. — First District, Samuel R. Curtis. Second District, William Vandever. Thirty-seventh Congress — 1861 to 1863. — First District, First Session, Samuel R. Curtis.* First District, Second and Third Sessions, James F. Wil-, son. Second District, William Vandever. Thirty-eighth Congress — 1863 to 1865. — First District, James F. Wilson. Second District, Hiram Price. Third District, William B. Allison. Fourth District, Josiah B. Grinnell. Fifth District, John A. Kasson. Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Thirty-ninth Congress — 1865 to 1867. ^¥m\, District, James F. Wilson ; Second District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth District, Josiah B. Grinnell ; Fifth District, John A. Kasson ; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Fortieth Congress — 1867 to 1869. — First District, James F. Wiison ; Sec- ond District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison, Fourth District, William Loughridge; Fifth District, Grenville M. Dodge; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Forty-first Congress — 1869 to 1871. — First District, George W. McCrary ; Second District, William Smyth ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth District, William Loughridge ; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth Dis- trict, Charles Pomeroy. Forty-second Congress — 1871 to 1873. — First District, George W. Mc- Crary ; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton; Third District, W.. G. Donnan; Fourth District, Madison M. Waldon ; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth District, Jackson Orr. Forty-third Congress — 1873 to 1875. — First District, George W. McCrary; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third District, William Y. Donnan ; Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson; Sixth District, '^' Vacated seat by acceptance of commlssioD aa Brigadier General, and J. F. Wilson chosen his successor. Missing Page Missing Page HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 229 William Lougliridge; Seventh District, John A, Kasson; Eighth District James W. McDill ; Ninth District, Jackson Orr. ' Forty-fouHh Congress— 1875 to 1877.—Yn:&t District, George W. Mc- Crary ; Second District, John Q. Tufts ; Third- District, L. L. Ainsworth ; Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson ; Sixth District^ Ezekiel S. Sampson; Seventh District, John A. Kasson; Eighth District James W. McDill ; Fifth District, Addison Oliver. ' Forty-fifth Congress— 1877 to 1879.— ¥irst District, J. C. Stone; Second District, Hiram Pricej Third District, T. W. Burdick ; Fourth District, H. C. Deering ; Fifth District, Rush Clark ; Sixth District, B. S. Sampson ; Seventh District, H. J. B. Cummings ; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp ; Ninth District, Addison Oliver. WAR RECORD. The State of Iowa may well be proud of her record during the War of the Rebellion, from 1861 to 1865. The following brief but comprehensive sketch of the history she made during that trying period is largely from the pen of Col. A. P. Wood, of Dubuque, the author of " The History of Iowa and the War," one of the best works of the kind yet written. "Whether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by the General Government, in the courage and constancy of her soldiery in the field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with wliich her civil administration was conducted during the trying period covered by the War of the Rebellion, Iowa proved herself the peer of any loyal State. The proclamation of her Governor, responsive to that of the President, calling for volunteers to compose her First Regiment, was issued on the fourth day after the fall of Sumter. At the end of only a single week, men enough were reported to be in quarters (mostly in the vicinity of their own homes) to fill the regiment. These, however, were hardly more than a tithe of the number who had been offered by company com- manders for acceptance under the President's call. So urgent were these offers that the Governor requested (on the 24th of April) permission to organize an additional regiment. While awaiting an answer to this request, he conditionally accepted a sufficient number of companies to compose two additional regiments. In a short time, he was notified that both of these would be accepted. Soon after the completion of the Second and Third Regiments (which was near the close of May), the Adjutant General of the State reported that upward of one hundred and seventy companies had been tendered to the Governor to serve against the enemies of the Union. " Much difficulty and considerable delay occured in fitting these regiments for the fSeld. For the First Infantry a complete outfit (not uniform) of clothing was extemporized — -principally by the volunteered labor of loyal women in the different towns — from material of various colors and qualities, obtained within the limits of the State. The same was done in part for the Second Infantry. Meantime, an extra session of the General Assembly had been called by the Governor, to convene on the 15th of May. With but little delay, that body authorized a loanof |800,000, to meet the extraordinary expenses incurred, and to be incurred, by the Executive Department, in consequence of the new emer- gency. A wealthy merchant of the State (Ex-Governor Merrill, then a resident of McGregor) immediately took from the Governor a contract to supply a com- plete outfit of clothing for the three regiments organized, a,greeing to receive, should the Governor so elect, his pay therefor in State bonds at par. This con- 230 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. tract he executed to tlie letter, and a portion of the clothing (which was manu- factured in Boston, to his order) was delivered at Keokuk, the place at which the troops had rendezvoused, in exactly one month from the day on which the contract had been entered into. The remainder arrived only a few days later. This clothing was delivered to the regiment, hut was subsequently condemned by the Government, for the reason that its color was gray, and blue had been adopted as the color to be worn by the national troops." Other States also clothed their troops, sent forward under the first call of President Lincoln, with gray uniforms, but it was soon found that the con- federate forces were also clothed in gray, and that color was at once abandoned by the Union troops. If both armies were clothed alike, annoying if not fatal mistakes were liable to be made. But while engaged in these efforts to discharge her whole duty in common with all the other Union-loving States in the great emergency, Iowa was compelled to make immediate and ample provision for the protection of her own borders, from threatened invasion on the south by the Secessionists of Missouri, and from danger of incursions from the west and northwest by bands of hostile Indians, who were freed from the usual restraint imposed upon them by the presence of regular troops stationed at the frontier posts. These troops were withdrawn to meet the greater and more pressing danger threatening the life of the nation at its very heart. To provide for the adequate defense of her borders from the ravages of both rebels in arms against the Government and of the more irresistible foes from the Western plains, the Governor of the State was authorized to raise and equip two regiments of infantry, a squadron of cavalry (not less than five companies) and a battalion of artillery (not less than three companies.) Only cavalry were enlisted for home defense, however, "but," says C,ol. Wood, "in times of special danger, or when calls were made by the Unionists of Northern Missouri for assistance against their disloyal enemies, large numbers of militia on foot often turned out, and remained in the field until the necessity for their services had passed. " The first order for the Iowa volunteers to move to the field was received on the 13th of June. It was issued by Gen. Lyon, then commanding the United States forces in Missouri. The First and Second Infantry immediately embarked in steamboats, and moved to Hannibal. Some two weeks later, the Third Infantry was ordered to the same point. These three, together with many other of the earlier organized Iowa regiments, rendered their first field service in Missouri. The First Infantry formed a part of the little army with which Gen. Lyon moved on Springfield, and fought the bloody battle of Wilson's Creek. It received unqualified praise for its gallant bearing on the field. In the following month (September), the Third Iowa, with but very slight support, fought with honor the sanguinary engagement of Blue Mills Landing ; and in November, the Seventh Iowa, as a part of a force commanded by Gen. Grant, greatly distinguished itself in the battle of Belmont, where it poured out its blood like water — losing more than half of the men it took into action. " The initial operations in which the battles referred to took place were fol- lowed by the more important movements led by Gen. Grant, Gen. Curtis, of this State, and other commanders, which resulted in defeating the armies defending the chief strategic lines held by the Confederates in Kentucky, Tenn- nessee, Missouri and Arkansas, and compelling their withdrawal from much of the territory previously controlled by them in those States. In these and other movements, down to the grand culminating campaign by which Vicksburg was HISTORY OF" THE STATE OP IOWA. 231 captured and the Confederacy permanently severed on the line of the Mississippi River, Iowa troops took part in steadily increasing numbers. In the investment and siege of Vicksburg, the Sta;te was represented by thirty regiments and two batteries, in addition to which, eight regiments and one battery were employed on the outposts of the besieging army. The brilliancy of their exploits on the many fields where they served won for them Hhe highest meed of praise, both in military and civil circles. Multiplied were the terms in which expression was given to this sentiment, but these words of one of the journals of a neigh- boring State, 'The Iowa troops have been heroes among heroes,' embody the spirit of all. " In the veteran re-enlistments that distinguished the closing months of 1863 above all other periods in the history of re-enlistments for the national armies, the Iowa three years' men (who were relatively more numerous than those of any other State) were prompt to set the example of volunteering for another term of equal length, thereby adding many thousands to the great army of those who gave this renewed and practical assurance that the cause of the Union should not be left without defenders. " In 'all the important movements of 1864-65, by which the Confederacy was penetrated in every quarter, and its military power finally overthrown, the Iowa troops took part. Their drum-beat was heard on the banks of every great river of the South, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande, and everywhere they rendered the same faithful and devoted service, maintaining on all occasions-their wonted reputation for valor in the field and endurance on the march. " Two Iowa three-year cavalry regiments were employed during their whole term of service in the operations that were in progress from 1863 to 1866 against the hostile Indians of the western plains. A portion of these men were among the last of the volunteer troops to be mustered out of service. The State also supplied a considerable number of men to the navy, who took part in most of the naval operations prosecuted against the Confederate power on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and the rivers of the West. " The people of Iowa were early and constant workers in the sanitary field, and by their liberal gifts and personal efi"orts for the benefit of the soldiery, placed their State in the front rank of those who became distinguished for their exhibitions of patriotic benevolence during the period covered by the war. Agents appointed by the Governor were stationed at points convenient for ren- dering assistance to the sick and needy soldiers of the State, while others were employed in visiting, from time to time, hospitals, camps and armies in the field, and doing whatever the circumstances rendered possible for the health and comfort of such of the Iowa soldiery as might be found there. " Some of the benevolent people of the State early conceived the idea of establishing a Home for such of the children of deceased soldiers as might be left in destitute circumstances. This idea first took form in 1863, and in the following year a Home was opened at Farmington, Van Buren County, in a building leased for that purpose, and which soon became filled to its utmost capacity. The institution received liberal donations from the general public, and also from the soldiers in the field. In 1865, it became necessary to pro- vide increased accommodations for the large number of children who were seeking the benefits of its care. This was done by establishing a branch at Cedar Falls, in Black Hawk County, and by securing, during the same year, for the use of the parent Honie, Camp Kinsman near the City of Davenport. This property was soon afterward donated to the institution, by act bf Congress. 232 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. |J' In 1866, in pursuance of a law enacted for that purpose, the Soldiers' Orphans' Home (which then contained about four hundred and fifty inmates) became a State institution, and thereafter the sums necessary for its support were appropriated from the State treasury. A second branch was established at Glenwood, Mills County. Convenient tracts were secured, and valuable improve- ments made at all the different points. Schools were also established, and em- ployments provided for such of the children as were of suitable age. In all ways the provision made for these wards of the State has been such as to chal- lenge the approval of every benevolent mind. The number of children who have been inmates of the Home from its foundation to the present time is considerably more than two thousand. " At the beginning of the war, the population of Iowa included about one hundred and fifty thousand men presumably liable to render military service. The State raised, for general service, thirty-nine regiments of infantry, nine regiments of cavalry, and four companies of artillery, composed of three years' men ; one regiment of infantry, composed of three months' men; and four regi- ments and one battalion of infantry, composed of one hundred days' men. The original enlistments in these various organizations, including seventeen hundred and twenty-seven men raised by draft, numbered a little more than sixty-nine thousand. The re-enlistments, including upward of seven thousand veterans, numbered very nearly eight thousand. The enlistments in the regular army and navy, and organizations of other States, will, jf added, raise the total to upward of eighty thousand. The number of men who, under special enlistments, and as militia, took part at dififerent times in the operations on the exposed borders of the State, was probably as many as five thousand. " Iowa paid no bounty on account of the men she placed in the field. In some instances, toward the close of the war, bounty to a comparatively small amount was paid by cities and towns. On only one occasion — that of the call of July 18, 1864 — was a draft made in Iowa. This did not occur on account of her proper liability, as established by previous rulings of the War Department, to supply men under that call, but grew out of the great necessity that there existed for raising men. The Government insisted on temporarily setting aside, in part, the former rule of settlements, and enforcing a draft in all cases where subdistricts in any of the States should be found deficient in their supply' of men. In no instance was Iowa, as a whole, found to be indebted to the General Government for men, on a settlement of her quota accounts." It is to be said to the honor and credit of Iowa that while many of the loyal States, older and larger in population and wealth, incurred heavy State debts forthe purpose of fulfilling their obligations to the General Government, Iowa, while she was foremost in duty, while she promptly discharged all her obligations to her sister States and the Union, found herself at the close of the war without any material addition to her pecuniary liabilities i^ncurred before the war com- menced. Upon final settlement after the restoration of peace, her claims upon the Federal Government were found to be fully equal to the amount of her bonds issued and sold during the war to provide the means for raising and equipping her troops sent into the field, and to meet the inevitable demands upon her treasury in consequence of the war. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 233 INFANTRY. THE FIRST INFANTR-i was organized under the President's first proclamation for volunteers for three months, with John Francis Bates, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; William H. Mer- ritt, of Cedar Rapids, as Lieutenant Colonel, and A. B. Porter, of Mt. Pleas- ant, a's Major. Companies A and C were from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Johnson County; Companies D and E, from Des Moines County; Company F, from Henry County; Company G, from Davenport; Companies H and I, from Dubuque, and Company K, from Linn County, and were mus- tered into United States service May 14, 1861, at Keokuk. The above com- panies were independent military organizations before the war, and tendered their services before breaking-out of hostilities. The First was engaged at the battle of Wilson's Creek, under Gen. Lyon, where it lost ten killed and fifty wounded. Was mustered out at St. Louis Aug. 25, 1861. THE SECOND INFANTRY was organized, with Samuel R. Curtis, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Jas. M. Tuttle, of Keosauqua, as Lieutenant Colonel, and M. M. Crocker, of Des Moines, as Major, and was mustered into the United States service at Keokuk in May, 1861. Company A was from Keokuk ; Company B, from Scott County ; Com- pany C, from Scott County ; Company D, from Des Moines ; Company E, from Fairfield, Jefferson Co. ; Company F, from Van Buren County ; Company G, from Davis County; Company H, from Washington County; Company I, from Clinton County ; and Company K, from Wapello County. It participated in the following engagements : Fort Donelson, Shiloh, advance on Corinth, Corinth, Little Bear Creek, Ala.; Tunnel Creek, Ala.; Resaca, Ga.; Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, in front of Atlanta, January 22, 1864 ; siege of Atlanta, Jonesboro, Eden Station, Little Ogeechee, Savannah, Columbia, S. C. ; Lynch 's Creek, and Bentonsville. Was on Sherman's march to the sea, and through the Carolinas home. The Second Regiment of Iowa Infantry Veteran Volunteers was formed by the consolidation of the battalions of the Second and Third Veteran Infantry, and was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 1865. THE THIRD INFANTRY was organized with N. G. Williams, of Dubuque County, as Colonel ; John Scott, of Story County, Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. N. Stone, of Marion County, Major, and was mustered into the United States service in May, 1861, at Keokuk. Company A was from Dubuque County ; Company B, from Marion County ; Company C, from Clayton County ; Company D, from Winneshiek County ; Company B, from Boone, Story, Marshall and Jasper Counties ; Com- pany P, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Warren County ; Company II, from Mahaska County ; Company I, from Floyd, Butler Black Hawk and Mitchell Counties, and Company K from Cedar Falls. It was engaged at Blue Mills, Mo. ; Shiloh, Tenn. ; Hatchie River, Matamoras, Vicksburg, Johnson, Miss., Meridian expedition, and Atlanta, Atlanta campaign and Sherman's march to Savannah, and through the Carolinas to Richmond and Washington. The veterans of the Third Iowa Infantry were consolidated with the Second, and mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 1864. 234 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE FOURTH INFANTRY was oro-anized with G. M. Dodge, of Council BlufFs, as Colonel; Jolm Galligan, of Davenport, as Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. R. English, Gleliwood, as Major. Company A, from Mills County, was mustered in at Jefferson Bar- racks, Missouri, August 15, 1861 ; Company B, Pottawattamie County, was mustered in at Council Bluffs, August 8, 186] ; Company 0, Guthrie County, mustered in at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., May 3, 1861 ; Company D, Decatur County, at St. Louis, August 16th ; Company B, Polk County, at Council Bluffs, August 8th ; Company F, Madison County, Jefferson Barracks, August 15th ;' Company G, Ringgold County, at Jefferson Barracks, August 15th ; Company H, Adams County, Jefferson Barracks, August 15th ; Company I, Wayne County, at St. Louis, August 31st ; Company K, Taylor and Page Counties, at St. Louis, August 31st. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Resaca, Taylor's Ridge; came home on veteran furlough February 26, 1864.- Returned in April, and was in the campaign against Atlanta, and Sherman's march to the sea, and thence through the Carolinas to Washington and home. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 24, 1865. THE FIFTH INFANTRY was organized with Wm. H. Worthington, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; C Z. Mat- thias, of Burlington, as Lieutenant Colonel; W; S. Robertson, of Columbus City, as Major, and was mustered into the United States service, at Burlington, July 15, 1861. Company A was from Cedar County; Company B, from Jasper County ; Company C, from Louisa County ; Company D, from Marshall County ; Company E, from Buchanan County ; Company F, from Keokuk County ; Com- pany G, from Benton County ; Company H, from Van Buren County ; Company I, from Jackson County ; Company K, from Allamakee County ; was engaged at New Madrid, siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Champion Hills, siege of Vicks- burg, Chickamauga ; went home on veteran furlough, April, 1864. The non- veterans went home July, 1864, leaving 180 veterans who were transferred to the Fifth Iowa Cavalry. The Fifth Cavalry was mustered out at Nashville, Tennessee, Aug. 11, 1865. THE SIXTH INFANTRY. was mustered into the service July 6, 1861, at Burlington, with John A. McDowell, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Markoe Cummins, of Muscatine, Lieuten- ant Colonel ; John M. Corse, of Burlington, Major. Company A was from Linn County ; Company B, from Lucas and Clarke Counties ; Company C, from Hardin County ; Company D, from Appanoose County ; Company E, from Monroe County ; Company F, from Clarke County ; Company Gr, from Johnson County ; Company H, from Lee County ; Company I, from Des Moines County ; Company K, from Henry County. It was engaged at Shiloh, Mission Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain,, Jackson, Black River Bridge, Jones' Ford, etc., etc. The Sixth lost 7 officers killed in action, 18 wounded ; of enlisted men 102 were killed in action, 30 died of wounds, 124 of disease, 211 were discharged for disability and 301 were wounded in action, which was the largest list of casualties, of both oflBcers and men, of an(y reg- iment from Iowa. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 21, 1865. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 235 THE SEVENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Burlington, July 24, 1861 with J. G. Lauman, of Burlington, as Colonel ; Augustus Wentz, of Daven- port, as Lieutenant Colonel, and E. W. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Major. Com- pany A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Chickasaw and Floyd Counties ; Company C, from Mahaska County ; Companies D and E, from Lee County ; Company F, from Wapello County ; Company G, from Iowa County ; Company H, from Washington County ; Company I, from Wapello County ;' Company K, from Keokuk. Was engaged at the battles of Belmont (in which it lost in killed, wounded and missing 237 men), Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Corinth, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, siege of Atlanta, battle on 22d of July in front of Atlanta, Sherman's campaign to the ocean, through the Carolinas to Richmond, and thence to Louisville. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 12, 1865. THE EIGHTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service Sept. 12, 1861, at Davenport, Iowa, with Frederick Steele, of the regular army, as Colonel ; James L. Geddes] of Vinton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. C. Ferguson, of Knoxville, as Major. Company A was from Clinton County; Company B, from Scott County; Company C, from Washington County ; Company D, from Benton and Linn Counties; Company E, from Marion County; Company F, from Keokuk County ; Company G, from Iowa and Johnson Counties ; Company H. from Mahaska County ; Company I, from Monroe County ; Company K, from Lou- isa County. Was engaged at the following battles : Shiloh (where most of the regiment were taken prisoners of war), Corinth, Vicksburg, Jackson and Span- ish Fort. Was mustered out of the United States service at Selma, Alabama, April 20, 1866. THE NINTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service September 24, 1861, at Dubuque, with Wm. Vandever, of Dubuque, Colonel ; Frank G. Herron, of Dubuque, Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. H. Coyle, of Decorah, Major. Company A was from Jackson County ; Company B, from Jones County ; Company C, frsm Bu- chanan County ; Company D, from Jones County ; Company E, from Clayton County ; Company F, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Black Hawk County ; Company H, from Winneshiek County ; Company I, from Howard County and Company K, from Linn County. Was in the following engage- ments : Pea Ridge, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, siege of Vicksburg, Ringgold, Dallas, Lookout Mountain, Atlanta campaign, Sherman's march to the sea, and through North and South Carolina to Richmond. Was mustered out at Louisville, July 18, 1865. THE TENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Iowa City September 6, 1861, with Nicholas Perczel, of Davenport, as Colonel ; W. E. Small, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and John C. Bennett, of Polk County, as Major. Com- pany A was from Polk County ; Company B, from Warren County ; Company C, from Tama County ; Company D, from Boone County ; Company E, from Washington County ; Company F, from Poweshiek County ; Company G, from 236 HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA. Warren County ; Company H, from Greene County ; Company I, from Jasper County ; Company K, from Polk and Madison Counties. Participated in the following engagements : Siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Port Gibson, Ray- mond, Jackson, Champion Hills, Vicksburg and Mission Ridge. In Septem- ber, 1864, the non-veterans being mustered out, the veterans were transferred to the Fifth Iowa Cavalry, where will be found their future operations. THE ELEVENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Davenport, Iowa, in September and October, 1861, with- A. M. Hare, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; Jno. C. Aber- crombie, as Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. Hall, of Davenport, as Major. Com- pany A was from Muscatine ; Company B, from Marshall and Hardin Counties ; Company C, from Louisa County ; Company D, from Muscatine County ; Com- pany E, from Cedar County ; Company F, from Washington County ; Company G, from Henry County ; Company H, from Muscatine County ; Company I from Muscatine County ; Company K, from Linn County. Was engaged in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, battles of Corinth, Vicksburg, Atlanta cam- paign, battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864. Was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 15, 1865. THE TWELFTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service November 25, 1861, at Dubuque, with J. J. Wood, of Maquoketa, as Colonel ; John P. Coulter, of Cedar Rapids, Lieutenant Colonel; Samuel D. Brodtbeck, of Dubuque, as Major. Company A was from Hardin County ; Company B, from Allamakee County ; Company C, from Fayette County ; Company D, from Linn County ; Company E, from Black Hawk County ; Company F, from Delaware County ; Company G, from Winne- shiek County ; Company H, from Dubuque and Delaware Counties ; Company I, from Dubuque and Jackson Counties ; Company K, from Delaware County. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, where most of the regiment was captured, and those not captured were organized in what was called the Union Brigade, and were in the battle of Corinth ; the prisoners were exchanged November 10, 1862, and the regiment re-organized, and then participating in the siege of Vicksburg, battle of Tupelo, Miss.; White River, Nashville and Spanish Fort. The regiment was mustered out at Memphis, January 20, 1866. THE THIRTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered in November 1, 1861, at Davenport, with M. M. Crocker, of Des Moines, as Colonel ; M. M. Price, of Davenport, Lieutenant Colonel ; John Shane, Vinton, Major. Company A was from Mt. Vernon ; Company B, from Jasper County ; Company C, from Lucas County ; Company D, from Keokuk County ; Company E, from Scott County ; Company F, from Scott and Linn Counties ; Company G, from Benton County ; Company H, from Marshall County ; Company I, from Washington County ; Company K, from Washington County. It participated in the following engagements : Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Corinth, Kenesaw Mountain, siege of Vicksburg, Campaign against Atlanta. Was on Sherman's march to the sea, and through North and South Carolina. Was mustered out at Louisville July 21, 1865. THE FOURTEENTH INFANTRY " was mustered in the United States service October, 1861, at Davenport, with Wm. T. Shaw, of Anamosa, as Colonel ; Edward W. Lucas, of Iowa City, as HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 23T Lieutenant Colonel; Hiram Leonard, of Des Moines County, as Major. Com- pany A was from Scott County ; Company B, from Bremer County ; Company D, from Henry and Van Buren Counties ; Company E, from Jasper County ; Company F, from Van Buren and Henry Counties ; Company G, from Tama and Scott Counties; Company H, from Linn County; Company I, from Henry County ; Company K, from Des Moines County. Participated in the follow- ing engagements : Ft. Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (where most of the regiment were taken prisoners of war), Pleasant Hill, Meridian, Ft. De Russey, Tupelo, Town Creek, Tallahatchie, Pilot Knob, Old Town, Yellow Bayou, etc., etc' and was mustered out, except veterans and recruits, at' Davenport, Iowa, No- vember 16, 1864. THE FIFTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service March 19, 1862, at Keokuk, with Hugh T. Reid, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Wm. Dewey, of Fremont County, as Lieuten'xnt Colonel ; W. W. Belknap, of Keokuk, as Major. Company A was from Linn County; Company B, from Polk County; Company C, from Mahaska County ; Company D, from Wapello County ; Company E, from Van Buren County ; Company F, from Fremont and Mills Counties ; Company G, from Marion and Warren Counties ; Company H, from Pottawattamie and Harrison Counties ; Company I, from Lee, Van Buren and Clark Counties ; Company K, from Wapello, Van Buren and Warren Counties. Participated in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, battles of Corinth, Vicksburg, campaign against At- lanta, battle in front of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, and was under fire during the siege of Atlanta eighty -one days ; was on Sherman's march to the sea, and through the Carolinas to Richmond, Washington and Louisville, where it was mustered out, August 1, 1864. THE SIXTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Davenport, Iowa, December 10, 1861, with Alexander Chambers, of the regular army, as Colonel ; A. H. Sanders, of Davenport, Lieutenant Colonel; Wm. Purcell, of Muscatine, Major. Company A was from Clinton County ; Company B, from Scott. County ; Company C, from Muscatine County ; Company D, from Boone County ; Company E, from Muscatine County ; Company F, from Muscatine, Clinton and Scott Counties ; Company Gr, from Dubuque County ; Company H, from Du- buque and Clayton Counties ; Company I, from Black Hawk and Linn Counties ; Company K, from Lee and Muscatine Counties. Was in the battles of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, battles' around Atlanta; was in Sherman's campaigns, and the Carolina campaigns. Was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1865. THE SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in March and April, 1862, with Jno. W. Rankin, of Keokuk, Colonel; D. B. Hilhs, of Keokuk, as Lientenant Colonel; Samuel M. Wise, of Mt. Pleasant, Major Company A was from Decatur County; Company B, from Lee County; Company C, from Van Buren, Wapello and Lee Counties; Company D, from Des Moines, Van Buren and Jefferson Counties; Company E, from Wapello County; Com- pany F, from Appanoose County; Company G, from Marion County; Oom- panv H, from Marion and Pottawattamie Counties; Company I, from Jeflerson and" Lee Counties; Company K, from Lee and Polk Counties. They were in 238 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the following engagements : Siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Jackson, Cham- pion Hills, Fort Hill, siege of Vicksburg, Mission Ridge, and at Tilton, Ga., Oct. 13 1864, most of the regiment were taken prisoners of war. Was mus- tered out at Louisville, Ky., July 25, 1865. THE EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service August 5, 6 and 7, 1862, at Clin- ton with John Edwards, of Chariton, Colonel ; T. Z. Cook, of Cedar Rapids, Lieutenant Colonel ; Hugh J. Campbell, of Muscatine, as Major. Company A, was from Linn and various other counties ; Company B, from Clark County; Company C, from Lucas County; Company D, from Keokuk and Wapello Counties ; Company E, from Muscatine County; Company F, from Appanoose County ; Company G, from Marion and Warren Counties ; Company H, from Fayette and Benton Counties; Company I, from Washington County; Com- pany K, from Wapello, Muscatine and Henry Counties, and was engaged in the battles of Springfield, Moscow, Poison Spring, Ark., and was mustered out at Little Rock, Ark., July 20, 1865. THE NINETEENTH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service August 17, 1862, at Keokuk, with Benjamin Crabb, of Washington, as Colonel ; Samuel McFarland, of Mt. Pleas- ant, Lieutenant Colonel, and Daniel Kent, of Ohio, Major. Company A was from Lee and Van Buren Counties ; Company B, from JeflTerson County; Com- panv C, from Washington County; Company D, from Jefferson County; Com- pany E, from Lee County; Company F, from Louisa County; Company G, from Louisa County; Company H, from Van Buren County; Company I, from Van Buren County ; Company K, from Henry County. Was engaged a Prairie Grove, Vicksburg, Yazoo River expedition. Sterling 'Farm, September 29, 1863, at which place they surrendered ; three officers and eight enlisted men were killed, sixteen enlisted men were wounded, and eleven ofiScers and two hundred and three enlisted men taken prisoners out of five hundred engaged; they were exchanged July 22d, and joined their regiment August 7th, at New Or- leans. Was engaged at Spanish Fort. Was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July 10, 1865. THE TWENTIETH INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service August 25, 1862, at Clinton, with Wm. ,McE. Dye, of Marion, Linn Co., as Colonel : J. B. Leek, of Davenport, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Wm. G. Thompson, of Marion, Linn Co., as Major. Companies A, B, F, H and I were from Linn County ; Companies C, D, E, G and K, from Scott County, and was engaged in the following battles : Prairie Grove, and assault on Fort Blakely. Was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July 8, 1865. THE TWENTY-FIRST INFANTRY wg,s mustered into the service at Clinton in June and August, 1862, with ■Samuel Merrill (late Governor of Iowa) as Colonel ; Charles W. Dunlap, of Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; S. G. VanAnda, of Delhi, as Major. Com- pany A was from Mitchell and Black Hawk Counties ; Company B, from Clayton County ; Company C, from Dubuque County ; Company D, from Clayton County; Company E, from Dubuque County; Company F, from Du- Ijuque County ; Company G, from Clayton County ; Company H, from Dela- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 239 ware County ; Company I, from Dubuque County ; Company K, from Delaware County, and was in the following engagements : Hartsville, Mo. ; Black Eiver Bridge, Fort Beauregard, was at the siege of Vicksburg, Mobile, Fort Blakely, and was mustered out at Baton Rouge, La., July 15, 1865. THE TWENTY-SECOND INFANTRY was mustered into the United States service Sept. 10, 1862, at Iowa City, with Wm. M. Stone, of Knoxville (since Governor of Iowa), as Colonel ; Jn'o. A. Garrett, of l^ewton. Lieutenant Colonel ; and Harvey Graham, of Iowa City, as Major. Company A was from Johnson County ; Company B, Johnson County ; Company C, Jasper County ; Company D, Monroe County ; Company E, Wapello County; Company F, Johnson County; Company G, Johnson County ; Company H, Johnson County ; Company I, Johnson County ; Com- pany K, Johnson County. Was engaged at Vicksburg, Thompson's Hill, Cham- pion Hills, Sherman's campaign to Jackson, at Winchester, in Shenandoah Val- ley, losing 109 men, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. Mustered out at Savannah, Ga., July 25, 1865. THE TWENTY-THIRD INFANTRY was mustered into United States service at Des Moines,. Sept. 19, 1862, with William Dewey, of Sidney, as Colonel ; W. H. Kinsman, of Council Bluffs, as Lieutenant Colonel, and S. L. Glasgow, of Corydon, as Major. Companies A, B and C, were from Polk County ; Company D, from Wayne County ; Com- pany E, from Pottawattamie County ; Company F, from Montgomery County ; Company G, from Jasper County ; Company H, from Madison County ; Com- pany I, from Cass County, and Company K, from Marshall County. Was in Vicksburg, and engaged at Port Gibson, Black River, Champion Hills, Vicks- burg, Jackson, Milliken's Bend, Fort Blakely, and was mustered out at Harris- burg, Texas, July 26, 1865 THE TWENTY-FOURTH was mustered into United States service at Muscatine, September 18, 1862, withEber C. Byam, of Mount Vernon, as Colonel; John Q. Wilds, of Mount Vernon, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Ed. Wright, of Springdale, as Major. Company A was from Jackson and Clinton Counties ; Companies B and C, from Cedar County; Company D, from Washington, Johnson and Cedar Counties; Company E, from Tama County; Companies F, G and H, from Linn County ; Company I, from Jackson County, and Company K, from Jones County. Was engaged at Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Gen. Banks' Red River expedition, Winchester and Cedar Creek. Was mustered out at Savan- nah, Ga., July 17, 1865. THE TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY was organized with George A. Stone, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; Fabian Brydolf as Lieutenant Colonel, and Calom Taylor, of Bloomfield, as Major, and was mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant, September 27, 1862. Companies A and I were from Washington County; Companies B and H, from Henry County; Company C, Irom Hepry and Lee Counties ; Com- panies D, E and G, from Des Moines County ; Company F, from Louisa County, and Company K, from Des Moines and Lee Counties. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Walnut Bluff, Chattanooga, Campain, Ring- 240 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. gold, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, ICenesaw Mountain, battles around Atlanta, Love- joy Station, Jonesboro, Ship's Gap, Bentonville, and on Sherman's march, through Georgia and the Carolmas, to Richmond and Washington. "Was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1866. THE TWENTY-SIXTH was organized and mustered in at Clinton, in August, 1862, with Milo Smith,, of Clinton, as Colonel ; S. G. Magill, of Lyons, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Samuel Clark, of De Witt, as Major. Company A was from Clinton and Jackson Counties ; Company B, from Jackson County ; Companies C, D, E, F, G, H, I and K, from Clinton County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, v'icksburg. Snake Creek Gap, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, De- catur, siege of Atlanta, Ezra, Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Ship's Gap, Sherman's campaign to Savannah, went through the Carolinas, and was mus- tered out of service at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1865. THE TWENTY-SEVENTH was mustered into United States service at Dubuque, Oct. 3, 1862, with Jamea I. Gilbert, of Lansing, as Colonel ; Jed Lake, of Independence, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and G. W. Howard, of Bradford, as Major. Companies A, B and I were from Allamakee County ; Companies C and H, from Buchanan County ; Companies D and E, from Clayton County; Company F, from Delaware County ; Company G, from Floyd and Chickasaw Counties, and Company K,. from Mitchell County. Engaged at Little Rock, Ark., was on Red River ex- pedition. Fort De Russey, Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Old Town Creek and Fort Blakely. Was mustered out at Clinton, Iowa, Aug. 8, 1865. THE TWENTY-EIGHTH was organized at Iowa City, and mustered in Nov. 10, 1862, with William E. Miller, of Iowa City, as Colonel ; John Connell, of Toledo, as Lieutenant Colonel, and H. B. Lynch, of Millersburg, as Major. Coinpanies A and D were from Benton County ; Companies B and G, from Iowa County ; Companies C, H and I, from Posveshiek County; Company E, from Johnson County; Company F, from Tama County, and Company K, from Jasper County. Was engaged at Port Gibson, Jackson and siege of Vicksburg ; was on Banks' Red River expedition, and engaged at Sabine Cross Roads ; was engaged in Shen- andoah Valley, Va., and engaged at Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. Was mustered out of service at Savannah, Ga., July 31, 1865. THE TWENTY-NINTH was organized at Council Bluffs, and mustered into the United States service December 1, 1862, with Thomas H. Benton, Jr., of Council Bluffs, as Colonel; R. F. Patterson, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Charles B. Shoe- maker, of Clarinda, as Major. Company A was from Pottawattamie County ; Company B, from Pottawattamie and Mills Counties ; Company C, from Harrison County ; Company D, from Adair and Adams Counties , Company E, from Fremont County ; Company F, from Taylor County ; Company G, from Ring- gold County. Was engaged at Helena, Arkansas and Spanish Fort. Was mustered out at New Orleans August 15, 1865. HISTORV OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 241 THE THIRTIETH INFANTRY ■was organized at Keokuk, and naustered into the United States service September 23, 1862, with Charles B. Abbott, of Louisa County, as Colonel; Wm. M. G. Tor- rence, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Lauren Dewey, of Mt. Pleasant, as Major. Companies A and I were from Lee County ; Company B, from Davis County ; Company C, from Des Moines County ; Company D, from Van Buren County ; Companies E and K from Washington County ; Company F, from Davis County ; and Companies G and H, from Jefferson County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, YazQo City, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Ala., Ringgold, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Jonesboro, Taylor's Ridge ; was in Sherman's campaigns to Savannah and through the Carolinas to Richmond ; was in the grand review at Washington, D. C, where it was mus- tered out June 5, 1865. THE THIRTY-FIRST INFANTRY was mustered into the service at Davenport October 13, 1862, with William Smyth, of Marion, as Colonel; J. W. Jenkins, of Maquoketa, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Ezekiel Cutler, of Anamosa, as Major. Company A was from Linn County; Companies B, C and D, from Black Hawk County; Companies E, G and H, from Jones County; Companies F, I and K, from Jackson County. Was engaged at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Raymond, Jackson, Black River, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Ringgold, Taylor's Hills, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro ; was in Sherman's campaign through Georgia and the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Louisville, Ken- tucky, June 27, 1865 THE THIRTY-SECOND INFANTRY was organized at Dubuque, with John Scott, of Nevada, as Colonel ; E. H. Mix, of Shell Rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. A. Eberhart, of Waterloo, as Major. Company A was from Hamilton, Hardin and Wright Counties;' Company B, from Cerro Gordo County; Company C, from Black Hawk County ; Company D, from Boone County; Company E, from Butler County; Company F, from Hardin County; Company G, from Butler and Floyd Coun- ties ; Company H, from Franklin County ; Company I, from Webster County, and Company K, from Marshall and Polk Counties, and was mustered into the United States service October 5, 1862. Was engaged at Fort De Russey, Pleasant Hill, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Nashville, etc., and was mustered out of the United States service at Clinton, Iowa, Aug. 24, 1865. THE THIRTY-THIRD INFANTRY was organized at Oskaloosa, with Samuel A. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel ; Cyrus H. Maskey, of Sigourney, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Hiram D. Gibson, of Knoxville, as Major. Companies A and I were from Marion County; Com- panies B, F and H, from Keokuk County ; Companies C, D, E and K, from Makaska County, and Company G, from Marion, Makaska and Polk Counties, and mustered in October 1, 1862. Was engaged at Little Rock, Helena, Sa- line River, Spanish Fort and Yazoo Pass. Was mustered out at New Orleans, July 17, 1865. 242 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. THE- THIItTY-FOURTH INFANTRY was organized with George W. Clark, of Indianola, as Colonel ; W. S. Dungan, of Chariton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and R. D. Kellogg, of Decatur County, as Major, and mustered in at Burlington, October 15, 1862. Companies A and I were from Decatur County ; Companies B, C and D, from Warren County ; Com- pany B, from Lucas County; Company F, from Wayne County; Company G, from Lucas and Clark Counties; Company H, from Madison and Warren Counties, and Company K, from Lucas County.. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, Ft. Gaines, etc., etc. Was consolidated with the Thirty-eighth Infantry, January 1, 1866, and mustered out at Houston, Texas, August 15, 1865. THE THIRTY-FIFTH INFANTRY was organized at Muscatine, and mustered in the United States service Sep- tember 18, 1862, with S. G. Hill, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; James H. Roth- rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Henry 0' Conner, of Muscatine, as Majof. Companies A, B, C, D and E, were from Muscatine County; Company F, from Muscatine and Louisa Counties ; Companies G, H and I, from Muscatine and Cedar Counties, and Company K, from Cedar County. Participated in the battles of Jackson, siege of Vicksburg, Bayou Rapids, Bayou de Glaze, Pleasant Hill, Old River Lake, Tupelo, Nashville, etc. Was mustered out at Davenport, August 10, 1865. THE THIRTY-SIXTH INFANTRY was organized at Keokuk, with Charles W. Kittredge, of Ottumwa, as Colonel ; F. M. Drake, of Unionville, Appanoose County, as Lieutenant Colonel, and T. C. Woodward, of Ottumwa, as Major, and mustered in October 4, 1862 ; Com- pany A was from Monroe County ; Companies B, D, E, H and K, from Wapello County, and Companies C, F, G and I, from Appanoose County. Was engaged in the following battles : Mark's Mills, Ark. ; Elkins' Ford, Camden, Helena, Jenkins' Ferry, etc. At Mark's Mills, April 25, 1864, out of 500 engaged, lost 200 killed and wounded, the balance being taken prisoners of war ; was exchanged October 6, 1864. Was mustered out at Duvall's Bluff, Ark., August 24, 1865. THE THIRY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (OR GRAY BEARDS; was organized with Geo. W. Kincaid, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; Geo. R. West, of Dubuque, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Lyman Allen, of Iowa City, as Major, and was mustered into United States service at Muscatine December 15, 1862. Company A was from Black Hawk and Linn Counties ; Company B, from Muscatine County ; Company C, from Van Buren and Lee Counties ; Company D, from Johnson and Iowa Counties ; Company E, from Wapello and Mahaska Counties ; Company F, from Dubuque County ; Company G, from Appanoose, Des Moines, Henry and Washington Counties ; Company H, from Henry and Jefferson Counties ; Company I, from Jasper, Linn and other counties, and Company K, from Scott and Fayette Counties. The object of the Thirty- seventh was to do garrison duty and let the young men go to the front. It was mustered out at Davenport on expiration of three years' service. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lOWA.^ 243 THE THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY was organized at Dubuque, and mustered in November 4, 1862, with D. H. Hughes, of Decorah, as Colonel ; J. 0. Hudnutt, pf Waverly, as Lieutenan, Colonel, and Charles Chadwick, of West Union, as Major. Companies A, Ft G and H were from Fayette County ; Company B, from Bremer County ; Com- pany C, from Chickasaw County ; Companies D, E and K, from Winneshiek County, and Company I, from Howard County. Participated in the siege of Vicksburg, Banks' Red River expedition, and on December 12, 1864, was consolidated with the Thirty-fourth Infantry. Mustered out at Houston, Texas, August 15, 1865. THE THIRTY-NINTH INFANTRY was organized with H. J. B. Cummings, of Winterset, as Colonel; James Red- field, of Redfield, Dallas County, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and J. M. Griffiths,, of Des MoinQS, as Major. Companies A and F were from Madison County : Companies B and I, from Polk Couuty ; Companies C and H, from Dallas County ; Company D, from Clark County ; Company E, from Greene County ; Company G, from Des Moines and Henry Counties ; and Company K, from Clark and Decatur Counties. Was engaged at Parker's Cross Roads, Tenn.; Corinth, Allatoona, Ga.; Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Sherman's march to Savannah and through the Carolinas to Richmond, and was mustered out at Washington June 5, 1865. THE FORTIETH INFANTRY was organized at Iowa City November 15, 1862, with John A. Garrett, of Newton, as Colonel; S. F. Cooper, of Grinnell, as Lieutenant Colonel; and S. G. Smith, of Newton, as Major. Companies A and H were from Marion County; Company B, from Poweshiek County; Company C, from Mahaska County; Companies D and E, from Jasper County; Company F, from Ma- haska and Marion Counties ; Company G, from Marion County ; Company I, from Keokuk County; and Company K, from Benton and other counties. Par- ticipated in the siege of Vicksburg, Steele's expedition. Banks' Red River expedition, Jenkins' Ferry, etc. Was mustered out at Port Gibson August 2, 1866. THE FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY, formerly Companies A, B and C of the Fourteenth Infantry, became Compa- nies K, L and M of the Seventh Cavalry, under authority of the War Depart- ment. Its infantry organization was under command of John Pattee, of Iowa City. Company A was from Black Hawk, Johnson and other counties ; Com- pany B, from Johnson County ; and Company C, from Des Moines and various counties. THE FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was organized at Davenport, and mustered in June 1, 1864. Company A was from Dubuque County; Company B, Muscatine County; Company C, Jones, Linn and Dubuque Counties ; Company D, Johnson and Lmn Counties ; Com- pany E, Bremer and Butler Counties; Company F, Clinton and Jackson Counties; Company G, Marshall and Hardin Counties; Company H, Boone and Polk Counties; Companies I and K, Scott County. The Forty-fourth did garrison duty at Memphis and La Grange, Tenn. Mustered out at Daven- port, September 15, 1864. 244 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE FOKTY-FIFTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) ■was mustered in at Keokuk, May 25, 1864, with A. H. Bereman, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; S. A. Moore, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. B. Hope, of Washington, as Major. The companies were from the following counties: A, Henry ; B, Washington ; C, Lee ; D, Davis ; B, Henry and Lee ; F, Des Moines ; G, Des Moines and Henry ; H, Henry ; I, Jefferson, and K, Van Buren. Was mustered out at Keokuk, September 16, 1864. THE FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was organized with D. B. Henderson, of Clermont, as Colonel; L. D. Durbin, of Tipton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. L. Tarbet, as Major, and was mus- tered in at Dubuque, June 10, 1864. . Company A was from Dubuque ; Com- pany B, from Poweshiek ; C, from Dallas and Guthrie ; D, from Taylor and Fayette; E, from Ringgold and Linn ; F, from Winneshiek and Delaware ; G, from Appanoose and Delaware ; H, from Wayne ; I, from Cedar, and K, from Lucas. Was mustered out at Davenport, September 23, 1864. THE FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) was mustered into United States service at Davenport, June 4, 1864, with James P. Sanford, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel ; John Williams, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. J. Wright, of Des Moines, as Major. ^ Company A was from Marion and Clayton Counties; Company B, from Appanoose County ; Company C, from Wapello and Benton Counties ; Company B, from Buchanan and Linn Counties; Company E, from Madison County; Company F, from Polk County ; Company G, from Johnson County ; Company H, from Keokuk County; Company I, from Mahaska County, and Company K, from Wapello, THE FORTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY BATTALION (100 DAYS) was organized at Davenport, and mustered in July 13, 1864, with 0. H. P. Scott, of Farmington, as Lieutenant Colonel. Company A was from Warren County ; Company B, from Jasper County ; Company C, from Decatur County, and Company D, from Des Moines and Lee Counties, and was mustered out at Rock Island Barracks Oct. 21, 1864. CAVALRY. THE FIRST CAVALRY was organized at Burlington, and mustered into the United States service May 3, 1861, with Fitz Henry Warren, of Burlington, as Colonel ; Chas. E. Moss, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and E. W. Chamberlain, of Burlington, James 0. Gower, of Iowa City, and W. M. G. Torrence, of Keokuk, as Majors. Company A was from Lee, Van Buren and Wapello Counties ; Company B, from Clinton County ; Company C, from Des Moines and Lee Counties ; Com- pany D, from Madison and Vfarren Counties; Company E, from Henry County ; Company F, from Johnson and Linn Counties ; Company G, from Dubuque and Black Hawk Counties ; Company H, from Lucas and Morrison Counties ; Company I, from Wapello and Des Moines Counties ; Company K, from Allamakee and Clayton Counties ; Company L, from Dubuque and other HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ' 245 counties; Company M, from Clinton County. It was engaged at Pleasant Hill, Mo.; Rolla, New Lexington, Elkins' Ford, Little Rock, Bayou Metoe Warrensburg, Big Creek Bluffs, Antwineville, Clear Creek, etc. Was mustered out at Austin, Texas, February 15, 1866. THE SECOND CAVALRY was organized with W. L. Elliott, of the regular army, as Colonel ; Edward Hatch, of Muscatine, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and N. P. Hepburn, of Marshall- town, D. E. Coon, of Mason City, and H. W. Love, of Iowa City, as. Majors, and was mustered into the United States service at Davenport September 1, 1861. , Company A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Marshall County; Company C,'from Scott County; Company D, from Polk County; Company E, from Scott County ; Company F, from Hamilton and Franklin Counties ; Company G, from Muscatine County ; Company H, from Johnson County ; Company I, from Cerro Gordo, Delaware and other counties ; Com- pany K, from Des Moines County ; Company L, from Jackson County, and Company M, from Jackson County. The Second Cavalry participated in the following military movements : Siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, Boone- ville, Rienzi, luka, Corinth, Coffeeville, Palo Alto, Birmingham, Jackson, Grienada, Collierville, Moscow, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town, Oxford, and en- gagements against Hood's march on Nashville, battle of Nashville, etc. Was mustered out at Selma, Ala., September 19, 1865. THE THIRD CAVALRY was organized and mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in Au- gust and September, 1861, with Cyrus Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Colonel; H. H. Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and C. H. Perry, H. C. Cald- well and W. C. Drake, of Corydon, as Majors. Companies A and E were from Davis County ; Company B, from Van Buren and Lee Counties ; Company C, from Lee and Keokuk Counties; Company D, from Davis and Van Buren Counties ; Company F, from Jefferson County ; Company G, from Van Buren County ; Company H, from Van Buren and Jefferson Counties ; Company I, from Appanoose County; Company K, from Wapello and Marion Counties; Company L, from Decatur County, and Company M, from Appanoose and De- catur Counties. It was engaged in the following battles and skirmishes: Pea Ridge, La Grange, Sycamore, near Little Rock, Columbus, Pope's Farm, Big Blue, Ripley, Coldwater, Osage, Tallahatchie, Moore's Mill, near Monte- vallo, near Independence, Pine Bluff, Botts' Farm, Gun Town, White's Station, Tupelo, Village Creek. Was mustered out of United States service at Atlanta, Ga., August 9, 1865. THE FOURTH CAVALRY was organized with Asbury B. Porter, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; Thomas Drummond, of Vinton, as Lieutenant Colonel ; S. D. Swan, of Mount Pleas- ant, J. E. Jewett, of Des Moines, and G. A. Stone, of Moisnt Pleasant, as Majors, and mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant November 21, 1861. Company A was from Delaware County ; Company C, from Jef- ferson and Henry Counties ; Company D, from Henry County ; Company E, 246 • HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. from Jasper and Poweshiek Counties ; Company F, from Wapello County ; Company G, from Lee and Henry Counties ; Company H, from Chickasaw County; Company I, from Madison County; Company K, from Henry County ; Company Ly from Des Moines and other counties ; and Company M, from Jefferson County. The Fourth Cavalry lost men in the following engage- ments : Guntown, Miss.; Helena, Ark.; near Bear Creek, Miss.; near Mem- phis, Tenn.; Town Creek, Miss.; Columbus, Ga.; Mechanicsburg, Miss.; Little Blue Biver, Ark.; Brownsville, Miss.; Ripley, Miss.; Black River Bridge, Miss.; Grenada, Miss.; Little Red River, Ark.; Tupelo, Miss.; Yazoo River, Miss.; White River, Ark.; Osage, Kan.; Lick Creek, Ark.; Okalona, Miss.; St. Francis River, Ark. Was mustered out at Atlanta, Ga., August 10, 1865. THE FIFTH CAVALRY was organized at Omaha with Wm. W. Lowe, of the regular army, as Colo- nel ; M. T. Patrick, of Omaha, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and 0. S. Bernstein, of Dubuque, as Major, and mustered in September 21, 1861. Companies A, B, C and D were mostly from Nebraska ; Company E, from Dubuque County ; Company P, from Des Moines, Dubuque and Lee Counties ; Company G, from Minnesota ; Company H, from Jackson and other counties ; Companies I and K were from Minnesota ; Company L, from Minnesota and Missouri ; Com- pany M, from Missouri ; Companies G, I and K were transferred to Minnesota Volunteers Feb. 25, 1864. The new Company G was organized from veterans and recruits and Companies C, E, F and I of Fifth Iowa Infantry, and trans- ferred to Fifth Cavalry August 8, 1864. The second Company I was organ- ized from veterans and recruits and Companies A,,B, D, G, H and K of the Fifth Iowa Infantry, and transferred to Fifth Iowa Caviilry August 18, 1864. Was engaged at second battle of Fort Donelson, Wartrace, Duck River Bridge, Sugar Creek, Newnan, Camp Creek, Cumberland Works, Tenn.; Jonesboro, Ebenezer Church, Lockbridge's Mills, Pulaski, Cheraw, and mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., August H, 1865. THE SIXTH CAVALRY. was organized with D. S. Wilson, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; S. M. Pollock, of Dubuque, as Lieutenant Colonel ; T. H. Shephard, of Iowa City, E. P. Ten- Broeck, of Clinton, and A. E. House, of Delhi, as Majors, and was mustered in at Davenport, January 31, 1863. Company A was from Scott and other counties ; Company B, from Dubuque and other counties ; Company C, from Fayette County; Company D, from Winneshiek County; Company E, from Southwest counties of the State ; Company F, from Allamakee and other counties ; Company G, from Delaware and Buchanan Counties ; Company H, from Linn County ; Company I, from Johnson and other counties ; Company K, from Linn County ; Company L, from Clayton County ; Company M, from Johnson and Dubuque Counties. The Sixth Cavalry operated on the frontier against the Indians. Was mustered out at Sioux City, October 17, 1865. THE SEVENTH CAVALRY was organized at Davenport, and mustered into the United States service April 27, 1863, with S. W. Summers, of Ottumwa, as Colonel ; John Pattee, of Iowa City, as Lieutenant Colonel ; H. H. Heath and G. M. O'Brien, of Dubuque, HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 247 anc^ John S. Wood, of Ottumwa, as Majors. Companies A, B, C and D, were from Wapello and other counties in immediate vicinity ; Companies E, F G and H, were from all parts of the State ; Company I, from Sioux City and known as Sioux City Cavalry ; Company K was originally Company A of the Fourteenth Infantry and afterward Comjpany A of the Forty-first Infantry, was from Johnson and other counties ; Company L was originally Company B, of the Forty-first Infantry and afterward Company B, of the Forty , and was from Johnson County; Company M was originally Company C, of the Fourteenth Infantry, and afterward Company C, of the Forty-first and from Des Moinas and other counties. The Seventh Cavalry operated against the Indi- ans. Excepting the Lieutenant Colonel and Companies K, L and M, the regi- ment was mustered out at Leavenworth, Kansas, May 17, 1866. Companies K, L, and M were mustered out at Sioux City, June 22, 1866. THE EIGHTH CAVALRY was organized with J. B. Dorr, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; H. (y. Earner, of Sidney, as Lieutenant Colonel ; John J. Bowen, of Hopkinton, J. D. Thompson, of Eldora, and A. J. Price, of Guttenburg, as Majors, and were mustered in at Davenport September 30, 1863. The companies were mostly from the follow- ing counties : Company A, Page ; B, Wapello ; C, Van Buren ; D, Ring- gold ; E, Henry ; F, Appanoose ; G, Clayton ; H, Appanoose ; I, Marshall ; K, Muscatine; L, Wapello ; M, Polk. The Eighth did a large amount of duty guarding Sherman's communications, in which it had many small engagements. It was in the battles of Lost Mountain, Lovejoy's Station, Newnan, Nashville, etc. Was on Stoneman's cavalry raid around Atlanta, and Wilson's raid through Alabama. Was mustered out at Macon, Ga., August 13, 1865. THE NINTH CAVALRY was mustered in at Davenport, November 30, 1863, with M. M. Trumbull, of Cedar Falls, as Colonel ; J. P. Knight, of Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; E. T. Ensign, of Des Moines, Willis Drummond, of McGregor, and William Had- dock, of Waterloo, as Majors. Company A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, Linn County; Company C, Wapello and Decatur Counties ; Com- pany D, Washington County ; Company E, Fayette County ; Company F, Clayton County ; Companies G and H, various counties ; Company I, Wapello and Jefferson Counties ; Company K, Keokuk County ; Company L, Jasper and Marion Counties ; Company M, Wapello and Lee Counties. Was mustered out at Little Rock, Ark., February 28, 1866. ,> ARTILLERY. THE FIRST BATTERY OP LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Wapello, Des Moines, Dubuque, Jefferson, Black Hawk, etc., and was mustered in at Burlington, Aug. 17, 1861, with C. H. Fletcher, of Burlington, as Captain. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Port Gibson, in Atlanta campaign, Chickasaw Bayou, Lookout Mountain, etc. Was mus- tered out at Davenport July 6, 1865. 248 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. THE SECOND BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties' of Dallas, Polk, Harrison, Fremont and Pottawat- tamie, and mustered into United States service at Council Bluffs and St. Louis, Mo , Aug. 8 and 31, 1861, with Nelson T. Spear, of Council Bluffs, as Captain. Was engaged at Farmington, Corinth, etc. Was mustered out at Davenport, Aug. 7, 1865. THE THIRD BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in the counties of Dubuque, Black Hawk, Butler and Floyd, and mustered into United States service at Dubuque, September, 1861, with M. M. Hayden, of Dubuque, as Captain. Was at battle of Pea Ridge, etc., etc. Was mustered out at Davenport, Oct. 23, 1865. THE FOURTH BATTERY OP LIGHT ARTILLERY was enrolled in Mahaska, Henry, Mills and Fremont Counties, and was mus- tered in at Davenport, Nov. 23, 1863, with P. H. Goode, of Glenwood, Cap- tain. Was mustered out at Davenport, July 14, 1865. MISCELLANEOUS. THE FOURTH BATTALION Company A, from Fremoit County, W. Hoyt, Captain ; Company B, from Taylor County, John Flick, Captain; Company C, from Page County, J. Whitcomb, Captain. THE NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE was organized by the State of Iowa to protect the Northwestern frontier, James A. Sawyer, of Sioux City, was elected Colonel. It had Companies A, B, C, D and E, all enlisted from the Northwestern counties. THE SOUTHERN BORDER BRIGADE was organized by the State for the purpose of protecting the Southern border of the State, and was organized in counties on the border of Missouri. Com- pany A, First Battalion, was from Lee County, Wm. Sole, Captain; Company B, First Battalion, Joseph Dickey, Captain, from Van Buren County; Company A, Second Battalion, from Davis County, Capt. H. B. Horn ; Company B, Sec- ond Battalion, from Appanoose County, E. B. Skinner, Captain; Company A, Third Battalion, from Decatur County, J. H. Simmons, Captain; Company B, Third Battalion, from Wayne County, E. F. Estel, Captain; Company C, Third Battalion, from Ringgold County, N. Miller, Captain. THE FIRST INFANTRY — AFRICAN DESCENT — (SIXTIETH U. S.) was organized with John G. Hudson, Captain Company B, Thirty-third Mis- souri, as Colonel; M. F. Collins, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. L, Murphy, of Keokuk, as Major. Had ten companies, and were mustered in at various places in the Fall of 1863. The men were from all parts of the State and some from Missouri. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 249 During the war, the following promotions were made by the United States Government from Iowa regiments:* MAJOR GENERALS Samuel K. Curtis, Brigadier General, from March 31, 1863. Frederick Steele, Brigadier General, from November 29, 1863. Frank J. Herron, Brigadier General, from November 39, 1863. Grenville M. Dodge, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1864. BRIGADIER GENERALS. Samuel R. Curtis, Colonel 3d Infantry, from May 17, 1861. Frederick Steele, Colonel 8th Infantry, from February 6, 1863. Jacob G. Lauman, Colonel 7th Infantry, from March 31, 1863. Grenville M. Dodge, Colonel 4tli Infantry, from March 31, 1863. James M. Tuttle, Colonel 3d Infantry, from June 9, 1863. Washington L. Elliott, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from June 11, 1863. Fitz Henry Warren, Colonel 1st Cavalry , from July 6, 1863. Frank J. Herron, Lieutenant Colonel 9th Infantry, from July 30, 1863. Charles L. Matthies, Colonel 5th Infantry, from November 29, 1863. William Yandever, Colonel 9th Infantry, from November 29, 1862. Marcellus M. Crocker, Colonel 13th Infantry, from Kov. 39, 1862. (Since died.) Hugh T. Held, Colonel 15th Infantry from March 13, 1863. Samuel A. Kice, Colonel 33d Infantry, from August 4, 1863. John M. Corse, Colonel 6th Infantry, from August 11, 1863. Cyrus Bussey, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from January 5, 1864. Edward Hatch, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from April 37, 1864. ElUott W. Eice, Colonel 7th Infantry, from June 30, 1864. Wm. W. Belknap, Colonel 15th Infantry, from July 30, 1864. John Edwards, Colonel 18th Infantry, from September 36, 1864. James A. Williamson, Colonel 4th Infantry, from January 13, 1864. James I. Gilbert, Colonel 37th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. BREVET MAJOR GENERALS. .John M. Corse, Brigadier General from October 5, 1864. Edward Hatch, Brigadier General, from December 15, 1864. Wm. W. Belknap, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. W. L. Elliott, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. Wm. Vandever, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1865. BREVET BRIGADIER GENERALS. Wm. T. Clark, A. A. G., late of 13th Infantry, from July 23, 1864. Edward F. Winslow, Colonel 4th Cavalry, from December 13, 1864. S. G. Hill, Colonel 35th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. (Since died.) Thos. H. Benton, Colonel 29th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. Samuel L. Glasgow, Colonel 33d Infantry, from December 19, 1864. Clark E. Wever, Colonel 17th- Infantry, from February 9, 1865. Francis M. Drake, Lieutenant Colonel 36th Infantry, from February 32, 1865. George A. Stone, Colonel 35th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. Datus E. Coon, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from March 8, 1865. George W. Clark, Colonel 34th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. Herman H. Heath, Colonel 7th Cavalry, from March 13, 1865. J. M. Hedrick, Colonel 15th Infantry, from March IB, 1865. W. W. Lowe, Colonel 5th Cavalry, from March 13, 1865. •Thomas J. McKean was appointed Paymaster in U. S. A. from Iowa, and subsequently promoted Brigadier General, to date from Nov. 21, 1861. 250 HISTORY OF T^E STATE OP IOWA. w 02 E-i CD o <=> C/3 P=H o cb -«^ CO EH 1-^ t=> DQ -< Ci Pm o P^ pq •moi •edjoo ■pajn'jdEO l-H w »o Tjl 00 Oi l-t i-H (M : 10 CO rH t- -^ CD i-H 10 i-H -^ 00 T-l r-H (N i-H i-H : 00 lOtOr-lt-COCDi-HO :-^ ■Baiii^nsBa iTi,ox ^:gSS355?5!5§2 =■"' ■passinisid CO CO i-H (M : ^ "O T-l i-H (M CO (M •C : tP ITS -^ 1* rH IM I-H . (N i-H ■l^jox CO .Wi-I ■ITJOI ■jCHBiuaptoDV •noiiOB ui i-H r-l CO CO 10 T-t i-H CO fO ITS CNtNCOiiSt^TJHCOCDCDCOCON (NC^CO-^t-TtiCOCDCDCOCOlM »3 eS fj m o ^- t- C3 "-" 5 g a r » 5 r° -fe 4; V a> V H-( lai b lA ^ A a S ja 1 ■- -S -^3 g fH ^- ;h t- . I— I r^ fO -« T3 ^'■^ O O O ^ Ph w w o 'S '2 V V 01 'd 43 CQMCQEhE-1 — I EH t3 OQ u o COt-T-(COt-aDCOOrHCO<£ in rH QOlr-(^^<^^^-r^*^'*QC CO CO CO CO I— 1 C^ 1— 1 'Woi .— 1 CD 00 -* (N (M IM !>• CO W) ^ !M nH T-H ^ K -inioddy ^g TticiD-^iO'tH^COOOCQiO 03 rH lO CO : O O t- O rH tH rH ■sdjoo-a'AOX rH (N (N (N rH '<*i-lTt<(N* C7i rH C^ CO CO CO rH lO CO a K P O I^^OiE iH T-H I— I : rH (M CO CO cq CO CO (N CO (N COCOCl'<^COCOi-lJ CO CO CM CO ;N CO Oa«|lO CCCOCD'X)-^CM-^a3iO>— ic^ CO ODCOCOOrHCOt-COCOOOCJiW •TOOx OCOOCOINCOTtiO(N.-(':DaOiOQoas CO rHrH-*t- :CDl-Ot-OOCOCDO l-HWXOOlOi-Hr-lT-l Oi rHCO ."^rH"^OcO(MrH -U£l aSTl'BO I ' 1-* '. i-i r-t ft r-OOi-HCNOQOOi'^iOcDco.-iir- CO p jC^TlW^ld JO J 1-^ ,-l# CO r-t j-t rH Cq Cq rH (M (M rH CNlCMiOT-il--Oi-l-*OTtlO"^<0 •--00'CI> : I-H I-H * cq CM -<| rt ,-1 rH F4 ■§utn4ioj(i ig •apioing jtg 1-1 : : : "-I tN ; : : • : : I t- I-H ■<# CD tr- Cft (M 1-1 (M I-H CJ CO O ■ -"^ •assasTd JO 1— 1 tH CA I-H I— 1 1-H ; O rH (M OS CO OS Cq CO CO O CO : i-H CN rH rH rH(N rH O300i^t^i0M0iOC0i-lT-( •lOt— CO :COrHrH050>OTHl-U3 •spnnOM^ jO ^ rH . (M to (M CO CO -^ O CO 'MO ■* t- lO 1£ ■» ; > ■» g 6g ^"2 ; 1 iS M 5 13 Pi s > ■s o rS f" ■o g (-.= ^1 > § &"bE V&l^ ni 1^ 1 ^ "a a > e: 1 1 t i ,1 > r '1 ery, list Batt« ery, 2d Batte ery. 3d Batte eryi 4th'Batt pendent Com ; BO p i So* ''« ? ,1 .1 1 > 1^ II H C 11 a 1 ■» 1 k a E- J i i d .1 12 1-^ < < 3 f H or P c c i i 1 T 1 c !i If i ^ ij 5(2 4 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 253 CO CN CO t- CO CA ; --THOOrH(NtN'*IC^iOcOCOCOOOCDGii-HC01^-COi— lO iOiOC005T-lOO-l (M CO lO O QO Csl C- QO (M O CO 1-1 rH rHT-trHrH N»— li— (CMi— li— li— li— li— IC *o ^- t-rH ■* rHCqCq rH oq trHcocot-cqtNG^co CO "* i-H rH rH : iH : lO i I M COIN cq TtirHQOCq pH W rH rH r-i <>i J-i 1:0 T-i r-i rH Cq Cq rH rH CM CM tH (Nt— COCDCOQOt-COOSOOOSOt--CqOSOST-HCOiO^ lOiO'^CqiO COiOCOiOCO'^ uDrHCOrHiOCq g-s-S* a o n •5 J C! -*J .^ PI -£3 s a g s >S fl J J ^ >-' ^ -a ja -a „ ^""3 a-sS gS « " 0) « g ' V ^ S a) a j3 ® _ 5).g -■* '^ -g ::: jd ^ y C3 "H 3 itJ a d a a V V d> d? o V ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ EH EH 6-1 FH 6-1 H rj a5 .a t 'm m '» a ^ ^ p ca i-H ■=0 i- P5 b a is -s '-s -s<£3 a 3 a^ p o ^ =S P-* a o CO ba ■ k1 P*"- - — S CO o a w o I — I'M i'" a^ tS^S'S" a g =2 <^ ew Grenada Chili Switzerland Peru Bolivia Argentine Republic Wurtemburg Denmark Venezuela Baden Greece Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay Hesse Liberia SanSalvador Hayti ;.:.:; Nicaragua Uruguay Honduras San Domingo Costa Rica Hawaii 3,741,846 4,677,432 8,003,778 4603,884 204,091 240.348 149,399 121,315 160,207 118,847 195,776 3,253,029 672,621 761,526 292,871 635,964 11,373 29,292 84,494 12,680 357,157 138.616 15,992 471,838 497,321 871,848 7,533 14,753 368,238 5,912 19,353 40,879 218,928 63,787 2,969 9,576 7,836 10,205 58,171 66,722 47,092 17,827 21,606 7.633, 119.3 48.6 10.2 7.78 178.7 149.4 232.8 , 262.3 ' 187. 230.9 86. 3.07 24.4 20. 7.8 441.5 165.9 116.8 290.9 8.4 15.1 166.9 5.3 4. 2.1 241.4 120.9 4.2 247. 75.3 28.9 B.9 16.6 277. 74.9 81.8 66. 6. •6.5 7.4 7.6 7.7 80. Peliin London St. Petersburg.. Washington .... Paris Vienna Yeddo. London Berlin Rome Madrid Rio Janeiro Constantinople . Mexico Stockholm Teheran Brussels Munich Lisbon Hague Bogota Santiago Berne Lima Chiiquisaca Buenos Ayres... Stuttgart Copenhagen Garaccas Carlsruhe Athens Guatemala Quito Asuncion Darmstadt .."... Monrovia Sal Salvador ... Port au Prince Managua. ..:... Monte Video... Comayagua San Domingo... San Jose Honolulu 1,648,80» 3,251,800 667,000 109,199 1,825,300 833,900 1,554,900 3,261,800 826,400 244,484 332,000 420,000 1,076,000 210,300 136,900 120,000 314,100 169,500 224,063 90,100 45,000 115,400 36,000 160,100 25,000 177,800- 91,600 162,042 47,000 36,600 43,400 40,000 70,000 48,000 30,000 3,000 16,000 80,000 10,000 44,500 12,000 80,000 2.000 7,6881 ABSTRACT OF IO¥A STATE LA¥S. BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. Upon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace shall be allowed according to the law merchant. All the above mentioned paper falling due on Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, Christmas, or any day appointed or recommended by the President of the United States or the Governor of the State, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day pre- vious. No defense can be made against a negotiable instrument (assigned before due) in the hands of the assignee without notice, except fraud was used in obtaining the same. To hold an indorser, due diligence must be used by suit against the maker or his representative. Notes payable to person named or to order, in order to absolutely transfer title, must be indorsed by the payee< Notes payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so payabl'e, every indorser thereon is held as a guarantor of payment, unless otherwise expressed. In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month shall be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than a month, a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes only bear interest when so expressed ; but after due, they draw the legal interest, even if not stated. INTEREST. The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree, in writing, on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten per cent, is contracted for, it works a forfeiture of ten per cent, to the school fund, and only the principal sum can be recovered. DESCENT. The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary for pay- ment of debts and expenses of administration ; (2) property set apart to widow, as exempt from execution; (3) allowance by court, if necessary, of twelve months' support to widow, and to children under fifteen years of age), including life insurance, descends as does real estate. ' One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in real property, possessed by husband at any time during marriage, which have not been sold on execution or other judicial sale, and to which the wife has made no relinquishment of her right, shall be set apart as her property, in fee simple, if she survive him. (298) 294 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. The same share shall be set apart to the surviving husband of a deceased wife. The widow's share cannot be affected by any vill of her husband's, unless s}ie consents, in writing thereto, within six months after notice to her of pro- visions of the will. The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving husband or surviving wife. Subject to the above, the remaining estate of which the decedent died siezed, shall in absence of other arrangements by will, descend First. To his or her children and their descendants in equal parts ; the descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking the share of their deceased parents in equal shares among them. Second. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child, and no widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the deceased in equal parts ; the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking the whole ; and if there is no parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their descend- ants. Third. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or chil- dren, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the estate shall descend to such widow or surviving husband, absolutely ; and the other half of the estate shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving husband, or child or children, or descendants of the same. Fourth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to hei- heirs, if dead, according to like rules. Fifth. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister, or de- scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and no child, parent, brother or sister (or descendant of either of them) of such widow or surviving husband, it shall escheat to the State. WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS. No exact form of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, and every female of the age of eighteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will ; it must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and by his or her express direction, and attested by two or more competent wit- nesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the will. Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within fifteen days from date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and administra- tors' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and for proceeds of sale of real estate, five per cent, for first one thousand dollars, two and one-half per cent, on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and one per cent, on overplus above five thousand dollars, with such additional allowance as shall be reasona- ble for extra services. Within ten days after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor or administrator shall give such notke of appointment as the court or clerk shall direct. Claims (other than preferred) must be filed within one year thereafter, are lorever barred, unless the claim is pending in the District or Supreme Court or unless peculiar circumstances entitle the claimant to equitable relief. ' ABSTRACT OP IOWA STATE LAWS. 295 Claims are classed and payable in the following order : 1. Expenses of administration. 2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral. 3. Allowance to widow and children, if made by the court. 4. Debts preferred under laws of the United States. 5. Public rates and taxes. 6. Claims filed within six months after the first publication of the notice given by the executors of their appointment. 7. All other debts. 8. Legacies. The award, or property which must be set apart to the widow, in her own right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of tho deceased, as head of a family, would have been exempt from execution. TAXES. The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, are liable for the taxes thereon. The following property is exempt from taxation, viz. ; 1. The property of the United States and of this State, including univer- sity, agricultural, college and school lands and all property leased to the State ; property of a county, township, city, incorporated town or school district when devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary profit ; public grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead ; fire engines and all implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclusively for th'eir buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies; all public libraries, grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, agricultural and reli- gious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the appropriate objects of these institutions, not exceeding 640 acres in extent, and not leased or otherwise used with a view of pecuniary profit ; and all property leased to agricultural, charit- able institutions and benevolent societies, and so devoted during the term of such lease ; provided, that all deeds, by which such property is held, shall be duly filed for record before the property therein described shall be omitted from the assessment. 2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to. the above institutions ; used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of stu- dents in any such institution, used for their education. 3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and devoted solely to sustainingthem, but not exceeding in amount or income th^ sum pre- scribed by their charter. 4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belonging to^ the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested within one year previous to the listing; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dollars in value; family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite for each family, all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for the family ; but no person from whom a compensation for board or lodging is received or expected, is to be considered a member of the family within the intent of this clause. 5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or infirm- ity, may. in the opinion of the Assessor, be unable to contribute to the publie 296 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. revenue ; such opinion and the fact upon which it is based being in all cases reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other person, and subject to reversal by them. 6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farming, and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to exceed three hundred dollars in value. . 7. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this State, should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or purchase is made. There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or forest trees or hedges. Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado or other unavoidable casu- alty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold for taxes, and if said taxes have not been delinquent for thirty days at the time of destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such loss only as is not covered by insurance. All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age and sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of which he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, guardian, father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, mortgagor or lessor, mortgagee or lessee. Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of adja- cent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for pur- poses of taxation ; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be assessed and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for such public purpose. The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed and assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an individual. The Township Board of Equalization shall meet first Monday in April of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. The County Board of Eqalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at their regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without interest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. Tax sale is held on first Monday in October of each year. Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of sale, by paying to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty per centum of such amount immediately added as penalty, with ten per cent, interest per annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, and also all sub- sequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after March 1st of each year, and a similar penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per cent, interest as before. If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemption is limited, the cost of sanie is added to the redemption money. Ninety days' notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or holder of certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS 297 JURISDICTION OP COURTS DISTRICT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, except in such cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdiction. District Courts have exclusive supervision over courts of Justices of the Peace and Magistrates, in criminal matters, on appeal and writs of error. CIRCUIT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, with the District Courts, in all civil actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jurisdiction in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, in civil matters. And exclusive jurisdiction in matters of estates and general probate business. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved. By consent of parties, the jurisdiction may be extended to an amount not exceeding $300. They have jurisdiction to try and determine all public offense less than felony, committed within their respective counties, in which the fine, by law, does not exceed ^100 or the imprisonment thirty days. LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. Action for inj,uries to the person or reputation ; for a stutute penalty ; and to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. Those against a public officer within three (3) years. Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property; for relief on the ground of fraiud ; and all other actions not otherwise provided for, within five (5) years. Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court (except those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, within ten (10) years. Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, within twenty (20) years. All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is removed — time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall not be . included in computing any of the above periods. Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, must be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed and recorded, except where a minor or convict or insane person is the owner, and they shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in which to bring action. JURORS. All qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judgment, and in full possession of the senses of hearing and seeing, are competent jurors in their respective counties. United States officers, practicing attorneys, physicians and clergymen, acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning, and persons disabled by 298 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from liability to act as jurors. Any person may be excused from serving on a jury. when his own interests or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the state of his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his absence. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT was restored by the Seventeenth General Assembly, making it optional with the jury to infiict it or not. A MARRIED WOMAN may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonging to her ; may control the same or contract with reference thereto, as other persons may con- vey, encumber, control or contract. She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband may. Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her. She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. She may constitute her husband her attorney in fact. EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTION. A resident of the State and head of a family may hold the following prop- erty exempt from execution : All wearing apparel of himself and family kept for actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or other receptacles nec- essary to contain the same ; one musket or rifle and shot-gun ; all private libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments, and paintings not kept for the.purpose of sale ; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor or his family in any house of public worship ; an interest in a public or private burying ground not exceeding one acre ; two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse is exempt as hereinafter provided ; fifty sheep and "th^ wool therefrom, and the materials manufactured from said wool ; six stands of bees ; five hogs and all pigs under six months ; the necessary food for exempted animals for six months ; all flax raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom ; one bed- stead and necessary bedding for every two in the family ; all cloth manufactured by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen fur- niture not exceeding two hundred dollars in value ; all spinning wheels and looms ; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic laber kept for actual use ; the necessary provisions and fuel for the usfe of the family for six months ; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor ; the horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yokes of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by the use of which the debtor, if a physician, public officer, farmer, teamster or other laborer, habitually earns his living ; and to the debtor, if a printtr, there shall also be exempt a printing press and the types, furniture and material nec- essary for the use of such printing press, and a newspaper office to the value of twelve hundred dollars ; the earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at aiiy time within ninety days next preceding the levy. Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-residents, have exempt their own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 299 There is also exempt, to a head of a family, a homestead, not exceeding forty acres; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improvements, value not limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its acquisition as such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material furnished for the same An article, otherwise exempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase money thereof. Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he shall have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of himself and family, and other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy-five dollars in value. A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband or wife and children, entirely independent of his or her creditors. ESTRAYS. An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between May 1st and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found within the lawful enclosure of a householder, who alone can take up such animal, unless some other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on his place; and if he fails, within five days thereafter, to take up such estray, any other householder of the township may take up such estray and proceed with-it as if taken on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the Justice of the Peace such notice, and shall make affidavit where such estray was taken up.. Any swine, sheep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be treated as an estray. Within five days after taking up an estray, notice, containing a full descrip- tion thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in the town- ship ; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go before a Justice of the Peace in the township and make oath as to where such estray was taken up, and that the marks or brands have not been altered, to his knowledge. Ihe festray shall then be ajppraised, by order of the Justice, and the appraisement, description of the aze, age, color, sex, marks and brands of the estray shall be entered by the Justice in a book kept for that purpose, and he shall, within ten days thereafter, send a certified copy thereof to the County Auditor. When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dollars, the Justice need not proceed further than to enter the description of the estray on his book, and if no owner appears within six months, the property shall vest in the finder, if he has complied with the law and paid all costs. Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less than ten dollars, if no owner appears in nine months, the finder has the property, if he has com- plied with the law and paid costs. An estray, legally taken up, may be used or worked with care and moderation. If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray and fail to comply witli the law regarding estrays, or use or work it contrary to above, or work it before having it appraised, or keep such estray out of the county more than five days at one time, before acquiring ownership, such offender shall foiteit to the county twenty dollars, and the owner may recover double damages with COSfjS ^ If the owner of any estray fail to claim and prove his title for one year after the taking up, and the finder shall have complied with the law, a comolete title Tests in the finder. 300 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the taking up, prove his ownership and pay all costs and expenses, the finder shall pay him the appraised value of such estray, or may, at his option, deliver up the astray. WOLF SCALPS. A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps. MARKS AND BRANDS. Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic animals, and have a description thereof recorded by the Township Clerk. No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any other person residing in his township. DAMAGES FROM TRESPASS. When any person's lands are enclosed by a lawful fence, the owner of any domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the damages, and the damages may be recovered by suit against the owner, or may be made by distraining the animals doing the damage ; and if the party injured elects to recover by action against th^ owner, no appraisement need be made by the Trustees, as in case of distraint. When trespassing animals are distrained within twenty-four hours, Sunday not included, the party injured shall notify the owner of said animals, if known ; and if the owner fails to satisfy the party within twenty-four hours thereafter, the party shall have the township Trustees assess the damage, and notice shall be posted up in three conspicuous places in the township, that the stock, or part thereof, shall, on the tenth day after posting the notice, between the hours of 1 and 3 P. M., be sold to the highest bidder, to satisfy said damages, with costs. Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the Trustees to the Cir-# cuit Court. \ Where stock is restrained, by police regulation or by law, from running at large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated lands by any domestic animal, may, by action against the owner of such animal, or by distraining such animal, recover his damages, whether the lands whereon the injury was done were inclosed by a lawful fence or not. FENCES. A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or boards, with posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are used, and eight feet where boards are used, substantially built and kept in good repair ; or any other fence which, in the opinion of the Fence Viewers, shall be declared a lawful fence — provided the lower rail, wire or board be not more that twenty nor less than six- teen inches from the ground. The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall maintain partition fences between their own and next adjoining enclosure so long as they improve them in equal shares, unless otherwise agreed between them. If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should maintain, the Fence Viewers (the township Trustees), upon complaint of aggrieved party, may, upon due notice to both parties, examine the fence, and. if found insuf- ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 301 ficient, notify the delinquent party, in writing, to repair or re-build the same within such time as they judge reasonable. If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complainant may do so, and the same being adjudged sufficient by the Fence Viewers, and the value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained and certified under their hands, the complainant may demand of the delinquent the sum so ascertained, and if the same be not paid in one month after demand, may recover it with one per cent a month interest, by action. In case of disputes, the Fence Viewers may decide as to who shall erect or maintain partition fences, and in what time the same shall^be done ; and in case any party neglect to maintain or erect such part as may be assigned to him, the aggrieved party may erect and maintain the same, and recover double damages. No person, not wishing his land inclosed, and not using it otherwise than in common, shall be compelled to maintain any partition fence ; but when he' uses or incloses his land otherwise than in common, he shall contribute to the parti- tion fences. Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one of the owners desires to occupy his separate and apart from the other, and the other refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient fence on the line when divided, the Fence Viewers may divide and assign, and upon neglect of the other to build as ordered by the Viewers, the one may build the other's part and recover as above. And when one incloses land which has lain uninclosed, he must pay for one-half of each partition fence between himself and his neighbors. Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands, adjoining his neighbor, out to the public to be used in common, he must give his neighbor six months' notice thereof. Where a fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, tha owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material withn . six months after the division line has been ascertained. Where the material to build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was built, then, before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material to the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor shall such a fence be removed at a time when the removal will throw open or expose the crops of the other party ; a reasonable time must be given beyond the six months to remove crops. MECHANICS' LIENS. Every mechanic, or other person who shall do any labor upon, or furnish any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building, erection or other improve- ment upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair of any work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the owner, his agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-contractor, shall have a lien, on complying with the forms of law, upon the building or other improvement for his labor done or materials furnished. . It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a sub- contractor secures his lien. He should file, within thirty days after the last of the labor was performed-, or the last of the material shall have been furnished, with the Clerk of the District Court a true account of the amount due him after allowing all credits, setting forth the time when such material was furnished or labor performed, and when completed, and containing a correct description of 302 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. the property sought to be charged with the lien, and the whole verified by affidavit. A principal contractor must file such an affidavit within ninety days, as above. Ordinarily, there are so many points to be examined in order to secure a mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is accustomed to managing such liens, to consult at once with an attorney. Remember that the proper time to file the' claim is ninety days for a princi- pal contractor, thirty days for a sub-contractor, as above ; and .thp.t actions to enforce these liens must be commenced within two years, and the rest can much better be done with an attorney. ROADS AND BRIDGES. Persons meeting each other on the public highways, shall give one-half of the same by turning to 4he right. All persons failing to observe this rule shall be liable co pay all damages resulting therefrom, together with a fine, not exceed- ing five dollars. The prosecution must be instituted on the complaint of the person wronged. Any person guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public highway, in a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives of others, shall, on convic- tion, be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Road Supervisor, to break upon, plow or dig within the boundary lines of any public highway. The money tax levied upon the property in each road district in each town- ship (except the general Township Fund, set apart for purchasing tools, machin- ery and guide boards), whether collected by the Road Supervisor or County Treasurer, shall be expended for highway purposes in that district, and no part thereof shall be paid out or expended for the benefit of another district. The Road Supervisor of each district, is bound to keep the roads and bridges therein, in as good condition as the funds at his disposal will permit ; to put guide boards at cross roads and forks of highways in his district; and when noti- fied in writing that any portion of the public highway, or any bridge is unsafe, must in a reasonable time repair the same, and for this purpose may call out any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not more than two days at one time, without their consent. Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada thistles upon vacant or non-resident lands or lots, within his district, the owner, lessee or agent thereof being unknown, shall cause the same to be destroyed. ' Bridges when erected or maintained by the public, are parts of the highway, and must not be less than sixteen feet wide. A penalty is imposed upon any one who rides or drives faster than a walk across any such bridge. The manner of establishing, vacating or altering roads, etc., is so well known to all township officers, that it is sufficient here to say that the first step is by petition, filed in the Auditor's office, addressed in substance as follows : The Board of Supervisors of County : The undersigned asks that a highway, commencing at and running thence and terminating at , be established, vacated or altered (as the case may be.) When the petition is filed, all necessary and succeeding steps willbe shown and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 303 ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Any person competent to make a will can adopt as his own the minor child of another. The consent of both parents, if living and not divorced or separ- ated, and if divorced or separated, or if unmarried, the consent of the parent lawfully having the custody of the child ; or if either parent is dead, then the consent of the survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the child have been and remain abandoned by them, then the consent of the Mayor of the city where the child is living, or if not in the city, then of the Clerk of the Circuit Court of the county shall be given to such adoption by an instrument in writing, signed by party or parties consenting, and stating the names of the parties, if known, the name of the child, if known, the name of the person adopting such child, and the residence of all, if known, and declaring the name by which the child is thereafter to be called and known, and stating, also, that such child is given to the person adopting, for the purpose of adoption as his own child. The person adopting shall also sign said instrument, and all the parties shall acknowledge the same in the manner that deeds conveying lands shall be acknowledged. The instrument shall He recorded in the office of the County Recorder. SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as County Surveyor, who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. It is the duty of the County Surveyor, either by himself or his Duputy, to make all surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as soon as may be after application is made. The necessary chainmen and other assist- ance must be employed by the person requiring the same to be done, and to be by him paid, unless otherwise agreed ; but the chainmen must be disinterested persons and approved by the Surveyor and sworn by him to measure justly and impartially. Previous to any survey, he shall furnish himself with a copy of the field notes of the original survey of the same land, if there be any in the office of the County Auditor, and his survey shall be made in accordance there- with. Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, twenty-five cents. SUPPORT OF POOR. The father, mother and children of any poor person who has apphed for aid, and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or severally, maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by the Town- ship Trustees. In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liabihty shall extend to the grandparents, if of ability without personal labor, and to the male grand- children who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise. The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to maintam a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit Court for an order to compel the same. Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a hearing may be had, and an order made for entire or partial support of the poor person. 304 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. Appeal may be taken from such judgment as from other. judgments of the Circuit Court. . When any person, having any estate, abandons either children, wite or hus- band, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the public for support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the Clerk of the Circuit' Court, or Judge, authorizing the Trustees or the Sheriif to take into possession such estate. The Court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as well as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to the support of children, wife or husband. If the party against whom the order is issued return and support the per- son abandoned, or give security for the same, the order shall be discharged, and the property taken returned. The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the Township Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to every township oflBcer, and the circumstances attending applications for relief are so varied, that it need now only be said that it is the duty of each county to pro- vide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. LANDLORD AND TENANT. A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and after- ward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over the prem- ises after the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. Any person in possession of real property, with the assent of the owner, is presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is shown. Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either party before he can terminate a tenancy at will ; but when, in any case, a rent is reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice need not be greater than such interval between the days of payment. In case of tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice must fix the termination of the tenancy to take place on the 1st day of March, except in cases of field tenants or croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when the crop is har- vested ; provided, that in case of a crop of corn, it shall not be later than the 1st day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But when an express agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. But where an express agreement is made, whether reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in possession of the premises ; or, if the premises be vacant, by affixing the notice to the principal door of the building or in some conspicuous position on the land, if there be no building. The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops grown on the premises, and upon any other personal property of the tenant used on the premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for the period of one year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed falls due ; but such lien shall not continue more than six months after the expiration of the term. The lien may be effected by the commencement of an action, within the period above prescribed, for the rent alone ; and the landlord is entitled to a writ ABSTEACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 305- of attachment, upon filing an afiSdavit that the action is commenced to rcover rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises described in the affidavit. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the contrary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to-wit: Apples, Peaches or Quinces, 48 Cherries, Grapes, Currants or Gooseberries, 40 Strawberries, Raspberries or Blackberries, 32 Osage Orange Seed 32 Millet Seed 45 Stone Coal 80 Lime 80 Corn in the ear 70 Wheat 60 Potatoes 60 Beans 60 Clover Seed 60 Onions 67 Shelled Corn 56 Rye 56 Flax Seed 56 Sweet Potatoes 46 Sand 130 Sorghum Seed 30 Broom Corn Seed 30- Buckwheat 52 Salt 50' Barley 48 Corn Meal 48 Castor Beans 46 Timothy Seed 45 Hemp Seed 44 Dried Peaches 83 Oats 33 Dried Apples 24 Bran 20 Blue Grass Seed 14 Hungarian Grass Seed 45 Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and costs and five dollars addition thereto as a fine. DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now. United States Currency. £ means pounds, English money. @ stands for at ovto; ft) for founds, and bbl. for barrels ; f for per or hy the. Thus, Butter sells at 20@30c f ft), and Flour at |8@$12 f bbl. % for per cent., and # for number. May 1. Wheat sells at |1.20@$1.25, " seller June." Seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivermg it at any time during the month of June. Selling short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock, at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person sellmg shor to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the "shorts" are termed "bears. Buying lonq, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time expecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The " longs " are termed bulls as it is for their interest to "operate" so as to "toss" the prices upward as much aa possible. 306 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. NOTES. Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and isme of payment are mentioned : $100. Chicago, 111., Sept. 15, 1876. Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E. F. Brown or order, one hun- dred dollars, for value received. L. D. Lowry. A note to be payable in anything else than money needs only the facts sub- stituted for money in the above form. ORDERS. Orders should be worded simply, thus : Mr. F. H. Coats : Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty-five dollars, and charge to F. D. SiLVA. RECEIPTS. Receipts should always state when received and what for, thus : $100. Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Received of J. W. Davis, one hundred dollars, for services rendered in grading his lot in Fort Madison, on account. Thomas Brady. If receipt is in full, it should be so stated. BILLS OF PURCHASE. W. K Mason, Salem, Illinois, Sept. 18, 1876. Bought of A. A. Graham. 4 Bushels of Seed "Wheat, at $1.50 ...$6 00 2 Seamless Sacks " 30 60 Received payment, $6 60 A. A. Graham. CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. -, Iowa, , 18 — . after date — promises to pay to the order of , dollars, at ;-, for value received, with interest at ten per cent, per annum after until paid. Interest payable , and on interest not paid when due, interest at same rate and conditions. A failure to pay said interest, or any part thereof, within 20 days after due, shall cause the whole note to become due and collectable at once. If this note is sued, or judgment is confessed hereon, $ shall be allowed as attorney fees. No. — . p. 0. , . CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. vs. — . In Court of County, Iowa, , of ■County, Iowa, do hereby confess that -- — justly indebted to , in the ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 307 sum of dollars, and the further sum of $ as attorney fees with interest thereon at ten per cent, from , and — hereby confess iudsment against as defendant in favor of said . for said sum of $- and $ ia,s attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk of the Court of said county to enter up judgment for said sum against with costs and interest at 10 per cent; from , the interest to be paid . ' Said debt and judgment being for . It is especially agreed, however. That if this judgment is paid within twenty days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And hereby sell, convey and release all right of homestead we now occupy in favor of said — so far as this judgment is concerned, and agree that it shall be liable on execution for this judgment. Dated , 18—. 'The State of Iowa, \ County. J being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that the forego- ing statement and Confession of Judgment was read over to , and that — ■understood the contents thereof, and that the statements contained therein are true, and that the sums therein mentioned are justly to become due said . as aforesaid. Sworn to and subscribed before me and in my presence by the said ■ this day of , 18—. ■. , Notary Public. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a certain thing in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good business men always reduce an agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstandings and trouble. No particular form is necessary, but the facts must be clearly and explicitly stated, and there must, to make it valid, be a reasonable consideration. GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. This Agreement, made the Second day of June, 1878, between John Jones, of Keokuk, County of Lee, State of Iowa, of the first part, and Thomas Whiteside, of the same place, of the second part — WITNESSETH, that the said John Jones, in consideration of the agreement of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that he will deliver in good and market- able condition, at the Village of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of November, of this year. One Hundred Tons of Prairie Hay, in the following lots, and at the following specified times; namely, twenty-five tons by the seventh of Nov- ember, twenty-five tons additional by the fourteenth of the month, twenty-five tons more by the twenty-first, and the entire one hundred tons to be all delivered hj the thirtieth of November. And the said Thomas Whiteside, in consideration of the pronipt fulfillment of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees with the said John Jones, to pay for said hay five dollars per ton, for each ton as soon as delivered. 308 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereby stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other, One Hun- dred dollars, as fixed and settled damages. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above written. John Jones, Thomas Whiteside. agreement with clerk for services. This Agreement, made the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between Reuben Stone, of Dubuque, County of Dubuque, State of Iowa, party of the first part, and George Barclay, of McGregor,, County of Clayton, State of Iowa, party of the second part — WITNESSETH, that Said George Barclay agrees faithfully and diligently to work as clerk and salesman for the said Reuben Stone, for and during the space of one year from the date hereof, should both live such length of time, without absenting himself from his occupation ; during which time he, the said Barclay, in the store of said Stone, of Dubuque, will carefully and honestly attend, doing and performing all duties as clerk and salesman aforesaid, in accordance and in all respects as directed and desired by the said Stone. In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said Barclay, the said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the annual sum of one thousand dol- lars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day of each month ; provided that all dues for days of absence from business by said Barclay, shall be deducted from the sum otherwise by the agreement due and payable by the said Stone to. the said Barclay. Witness our hands. Reuben Stone. George Barclay. BILLS OF SALE. A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a consideration to convey his right and interest in the personal property. The purchaser must take- actual possession of the property, or the bill of sale must be acknowledged and recorded. COMMON FORM OF BILL OF SALE. Know all Men by this instrument, that I, Louis Clay, 'of Burlington,,,. Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration of Five Hundred and Ten. ■ Dollars, to me paid by John Floyd, of the same place, of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do convey unto the salid Floyd, party of the second part, his executors, administra- tors and assigns, my undivided half of ten acres of corn, now growing on the arm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above mentioned ; one pair of horses, sixteen sheep, and five cows, belonging to me and in my possession at the farm aforesaid ; to have and to hold the same unto the party of the second part, his executors and assigns -forever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives, agree with the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, to warrant and defend the sale of the afore-mentioned property and chattels unto the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, against all and every person whatsoever. In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. Louis Clay. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 399 NOTICE TO QUIT. To John Wontpay : You are hereby notified to quit the possession of the premises ypu now occupy to wit : [Insert Description.] on or before thirty days from the date of this notice. Dated January 1, 1878. Landlord. [Reverse for Notice to Landlord.'] GENEEAL FORM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY. I, Charles Mansfield, of the Town of Bellevue, County of Jackson, State of Iowa, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, but of sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and tes- tament, in manner following, to- wit : '^ First. I give, devise and bequeath unto my eldest son, Sidney H. Mans- field, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, of bank stock, now in the Third National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned by myself, in the Township of Iowa, consisting of one hundred and sixty acres, with all tlie houses, tenements and improvements thereunto belonging ; to have and to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns, forever. Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daughters, Anna Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two Thousand Dollars in bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio; and also, each one quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in theTownship of Fairfield, and recorded in my name in the Recorder's ofiice, in the county where such land is located. The north one hundred and sixty acres of said half section is devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise. Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Frank Alfred Mansfield, five shares of railroad stock in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and my one hundred and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill thereon, situated in Manistee, Michigan, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said real estate is recorded in my name, in the county where situated. Fourth. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, all my household furniture, goods, chattels and personal property, about my home, not hitherto disposed of, including Eight Thousand Dollars of bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefit of the home farm so long as she may live, in- lieu, of dower, to which she is entitled by law — said farm being my present place of residence. Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah H. Mansfield, the income from rents of my store building at 145 Jackson street, Chicago, Illinois, during the term of his natural life. Said building and land therewith to revert to my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon the demise of my said father. Sixth. It is also my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, or at any time when she may arrange to relinquish her 310 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may revert to my above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. And lastly. I nominate and appoint as the executors of this, my last will and testament, my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, and my eldest son, Sidney H. Mansfield. I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be paid from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Bellevue, the residue of such moneys to revert to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, for her use for- ever. In witness whereof, I, Charles Mansfield, to this my last will and testament, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of April, eighteen hundred and seventy-two. Charles Mansfield, Signed, and declared by Charles Mansfield, as and for his last will and tes- ment, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as witnesses thereof. Peter A. Schenck, Dubuque, Iowa, Frank B. Dent, Bellevue, lowa^ CODICIL. Whereas I, Charles Mansfield, did, on the fourth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, make my last will and testanient, I do now, bv this writing, add this codicil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof. Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Anna Louise, has deceased, November fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy-three ; and whereas, a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Richard Albert Mans- field, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest and title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter, Anna Louise, in the body of this will. In witness whereof, I hereunto place my hand and seal, this tenth day of March, eighteen hundred and seventy-five. Charles Mansfield. Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, Charles Mans- field, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament. And we, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses thereto, at the date hereof. Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa, John C. Shay, Bellevue, Iowa. (Form No. 1.) SATISFACTION OF MORTGAGE. State of Iowa, 1 -^—County, j"^^- of the County of , State of Iowa, do hereby acknowledge that a certain Indenture of , bearing date the day of , A. D. 18 — , made and executed by -. s^nd , his wife, to said on the following described Real Estate, in the County of , and State of Iowa, to-wit : (here insert description) and filed for record in the ofiice of the Recorder of the County of , and State of Iowa, on the day of , ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 311 A. D. 18 — , at o'clock . M. ; and recorded in Book of Mortoage- Records, on page , is redeemed, paid off, satisfied and discharged in full • fSEAL."! State of Iowa, ) County, j Be it Remembered, That on this day of , A. D. 18 before me the undersigned, a in and for said county, personally appeared , to me personally known to be the identical person who executed the above (satisfaction of mortgage) as grantor, and acknowledged signature thereto to be voluntary act and deed. Witness my hand and seal, the day and year last above written. ONE FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County, and State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by of County, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said the following described premises, situated in the County , and State of , to wit : (here insert description,) and do hereby covenant with the said that lawfully seized of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance, that have good right and lawful authority to sell and convey the same ; and do hereby covenant to warrant and defend the same against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. To be void upon condition that the said shall pay the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promissory note for the sum of dollars. One note for f , due , 18 — , with- interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. And the said Mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied upon the above described premises. It is also agreed by the Mortgagor that if it becomes necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a reasonable amount shall be allowed as an attorney's fee for foreclosing. And the said hereby relinquishes all her right of dower and homestead in and to the- above described premises. Signed to day of , A. D. 18 — . [Acknowledge as in Form No. 1.] SECOND FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. This Indenture, made and executed by and between of the county of and State of , part of the first part, and of the county of and State of party of the second part, Witnesseth, that the said part of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of dollars, paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, have granted and sold, and do by these presents, grant, bargain, sell, convey and confirm, unto the said party of the second part, heirs and 312 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. assigns forever, the certain tract or parcel of real estate situated in the county of — ^ — and State of , described as follows, to- wit : {Here insert description.) The said part of the first part represent to and covenant with the part of the second part, that he have good right to sell and convey said premises, that they are free from encumbrance and that he will warrant and defend them against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever', and do expressly hereby release all rights of dower in and to said premises, and relinquish and ■convey all rights of homestead therein. This Instrument is made, executed and delivered upon the following con- ditions, to-wit : First. Said first part agree to pay said or order Second. Said first part further agree as is stipulated in said note, that if he shall fail to pay any of said interest when due, it shall bear interest at the jate of ten per cent, per annum, from the time the same becomes due, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the same. Third. Said first part further agree that he will pay all taxes and assessments levied upon said real estate before the same become delinquent, and if not paid the holder of this mortgage may declare the whole sum of money herein secured due and collectable at once, or he may elect to pay such taxes or ^assessments, and be entitled to interest on the same at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the amount so paid. Fourth. Said first part further agree that if he fail to pay any of said money, either principal or interest, within days after the same becomes due ; or fail to conform or comply with any of the foregoing conditions or agree- ments, the whole sum herein secured shall become due and payable at once, and this mortgage may thereupon be foreclosed immediately for the whole of said money, interest and costs. Fifth. Said part further agree that inthe event ofthe non-payment of either principal, interest or taxes when due, and upon the filing of a bill of foreclosure ■of this mortgage, an attorney's fee of dollars shall become due and pay- able, and shall be by the court taxed, and this mortgage shall stand as security therefor, and the same shall be included in the decree of foreclosure and shall be made by the Sheriff on general or special execution with the other money, interest and costs, and the contract embodied in this mortgage and the note ■described herein, shall in all respects be governed, constructed and adjudged by the laws of , where the same is made. The foregoing conditions heing performed, this conveyance to be void, otherwise of full force and virtue. [Acknowledge as in form No. l.J FORM OF LEASE. This Article op Agreement, Made and entered into on this day of , A. D. 187-, by and between , of the county of , and State of Iowa, of the first part, and , of the county of , and State of Iowa, of the second part, witnesseth that the said party of the first ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. .313 part has this day leased unto the party of the second part the folio-wing described premises, to wit : ^ffere insert descripiion.'\ for the term of from and after the — day of , A. D. 187- a^ the rent of dollars, to be paid as follows, to wit : [Here insert Terms.'] And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be due and unpaid, or if default be made in any of the covenants herein contained, it shall then be law- ful for the said party of the first part to re-enter the said premises, or to destrain for such rent; or he may recbver possession thereof, by action of forcible entry and detainer, notwithstanding the provision of Section 3,612 of the Code of 1873 ; or he may use any or all of said remedies. And the said party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first part the rent as above stated, except when said premises are untenantable by reason of fire, or from any other cause than the carelessness of the party of the second part, or persons family, or in employ, or by superior force and inevitable necessity. And the said party of the second part covenants that will use the said premises as a , and for no other purposes whatever ; and that especially will not use said premises, or permit the same to be used, for any unlawful business or purpose whatever ; that will not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish said premises without the written consent of the lessor, under penalty of a forfeiture of all rights under this lease, at the election of the party of the first part ; and that will use all due care and diligence in guarding said property, with the buildings, gates, fences, trees, vines, shrubbery, etc., from damage by fire, and the depredations of animals ; that will keep buildings, gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now are, or may at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by superior force, inevitable necessity, or fire from any other cause than from the carelessness of the lessee, or persons of family, or in employ, excepted ; and that at the expiration of this lease, or upon a breach by said lessee of any of the said covenants herein contained, will, without further notice of any kind, quit and surrender the possession and occupancy of said premises in as good condi- tion as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will permit, damages by fire as aforesaid, superior force, or inevitable necessity, only excepted. In witness whereof, the said parties have subscribed their names on the date first above written. In presence of FORM OF NOTE. , 18-. On or before the — day of , 18—, for value received, I promise to pay or order, dollars, with interest from date until paid, at ten per cent, per annum, payable annually, at • Unpaid interest shall bear interest at ten per cent, per annum. On failure to pay interest within days after due, the whole sum, principal and interest, shall become due at once. 314 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. CHATTEL MORTGAGE. Know all Men by these Presents : That of County, and State of in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of County and State of do hereby sell and convey unto the said the following described personal property, now in the possession of in the county and State of , to wit : [_Here insert Description.^ And do hereby warrant the title of said property, and that it is free from any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest retained by grantor in and to said property being the right of redemption as herein provided. This conveyance to be void upon condition that the said grantor shall pay to said grantee, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promissory notes of even date herewith, for the sum of dollars. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. The grantor to pay all taxes on said property, and if at any time any part or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said grantee may proceed by sale or foreclosure to collect and pay himself the unpaid balance of said notes, whether due or not, the grantor to pay all necessary expense of such foreclosure, including $ Attorney's fees, and whatever remains after paying off said notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor. Signed the day of , 18 — . . [Acknowledged as in form No. l.J . WARRANTY DEED. Know all Men by these Presents : That of County and State of , in consideration of the sum of Dollars, in hand paid by of . County and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said and to heirs and assigns, the following described premises, situated in the County of , State of Iowa, to-wit : [Here insert description.'] And I do hereby covenant with the said that — lawfully seized in fee simple, of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance ; that — ha good right and lawful authority to sell the same, and — do hereby covenant to war- rant and defend the said premises and appurtenances thereto belonging, against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever ; and the said hereby re- linquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in and to the above described premises. Signed the day of , A. D. 18 — . IN presence of [Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] ABSTRACT OP IOWA STATE LAWS. 315' QUIT-CLAIM DEED. Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, to in hand paid by , of County, State of , the receipt whereof do hereby acknowIedge,have bargained, sold and quit-claimed, and by these presents do bargain, sell and quit-claim unto the said and to — heirs and assigns forever, all — right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both at law and in equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy, of, in and to the following described premises, to wit : [here insert description] with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging. Signed this day of , A. D. 18—. Signed in Presence op [Acknowledged as in form No. l.j BOND FOR DEED. Know all Men by these Presents: That of — — County, and State of am held and firmly bound unto of County, and State of , in the sum of Dollars, to be paid to the said , his executors or assigns, for which payment well and truly to be made, I bind myself firmly by these presents. Signed the day of A. D. 18 — . The condition of this obligation is such, that if the said obligee shall pay to said obligor, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of — certain promissory note of even date herewith, for the sum of Dollars, One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. and pay all taxes accruing upon the lands herein described, then said obligor shall convey to the said obligee, or his assigns, that certain tract or parcel of real estate, situated in the County of and State of Iowa, described as fol- lows, to wit: [here insert description,] by a Warranty Deed, with the usual covenants, duly executed and acknowledged. If said obligee should fail to make the payments as above stipulated, or any part thereof, as the same becomes due, said obligor may at his option, by notice to the obligee terminate his liability under the bond and resume the posses- sion and absolute control of said premises, time being the essence of this agreement. On the fulfillment of the above conditions' this obligation to become void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue ; unless terminated by the obligor as above stipulated. [Acknowledge as in form No. l.J 316 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. CHARITABLE, SOIENTIFIO AND RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATIONS. Any three or more persons of full age, citizens of the United States, a majority of whom shall be citizens of this State, who desire to associate themselves for benevolent, charitable, scientific, religious or missionary pur- poses, may make, sign and acknowledge, before any officer authorized to take the acknowledgments of deeds in this State, and have recorded in the ofiice of the Recorder of the county in which the business of such society is to be con- ducted, a certificate in writing, in which shall be stated the name or title by which such society shall be known, the particular business and objects of such society, the number of Trustees, Directors or Managers to conduct the same, and the names of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of such society for the first year of its existence. Upon filing for record the certificate, as aforesaid, the persons who shall have signed and acknowledged such certificate, and their associates and success- ors, shall, by virtue hereof, be a body politic and corporate by the name stated in such certificate, and by that they and their successors shall and may have succession, and shall be persons capable of suing and being sued, and may have and use a common seal, which they may alter or change at pleasure ; and they and their successors, by their corporate name, shall be capable of taking, receiving, purchasing and holding real and personal estate, and of making by- laws for the management of its affairs, not inconsistent with law. The society so incorporated may, annually or oftener, elect from its members its Trustees, Directors or Managers at such time and place, and in such manner as may be specified in its by-laws, who shall have the control and management of the aff"airs and funds of the society, a majority of whom shall be a quorum for the transaction of business, and whenever any vacancy shall happen among such Trustees, Directors or Managers, by death, resignation or neglect to serve, such vacancy shall be filled in such manner as shall be provided by the by-laws of such society. When the body corporate consists of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of any benevolent, charitable, literary, scientific, religious or mis- sionary institution, which is or may be established in the State, and which is or •may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of any synod, con- ference, association or other ecclesiastical body in such State, established agreeably to the laws thereof, such ecclesiastical body may nominate and appoint such Trustees, Directors or Managers, according to usages of the appoint- ing body, and may fill any vacancy which may occur among such Trustees, Directors or Managers; and when any such institution may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of two or more of such synods, con- ferences, associations or other ecclesiastical bodies, such bodies may severally nominate and appoint such proportion of such Trustees, Directors or Managers as shall be agreed upon by those- bodies immediately concerned. And any vacancy occurring among such appointees last named, shall be filled by the synod, conference, association or body having appointed the last incumbent. In case any election of Trustees, Directors or Managers shall not be made on the day designated by the by-laws, said society for that cause shall not be dissolved, but such election may take place on any other day directed by such by-laws. Any corporation formed under this chapter shall be capable of taking, hold- ing or receiving property by virtue of any devise or bequest contained in any last will or testament of any person whatsoever ; but no person leaving a wife, ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 317 child or parent, shall devise or bequeath to such institution or corporation more than one-fourth of his estate after the payment of his debts, and such device or bequest shall be valid only to the e^xtent of such one-fourth. Any corporation in this State of an academical character, the memberships of which shall consist of lay members and pastors of churches, delegates to any synod, conference or council holding its annual meetings alternately in this and one or more adjoining States, may hold its annual meetings for the election of officers and the transaction of business in any adjoining State to this, at such place therein as the said synod, conference or council shall hold its annual meet- ings ; and the elections so held and business so transacted shall be as legal and binding as if held and transacted at the place of business of the corporation in this State. The provisions of this chapter shall not extend or apply to any association or individual who shall, in the certificate filed with the Recorder, use or specify a name or style the same as that of any previously existing incorporated society in the county. The Trustees, Directors or stockholders of any existing benevolent, char- itable, scientific, missionary or religious corporation, may, by conforming to the requirements of Section 1095 of this chapter, re-incorporate themselves or con- tinue their existing corporate powers, and all the property and effects of such existing corporation shall vest in and belong to the corporation so re-incorporated or continued. INTOXICATING LIQUORS. No intoxicating liquors (alcohol, spirituous and vinous liquors), except wine manufactured from grapes, currants or other fruit grown in the State, shall be manufactured or sold, except for mechanical, medicinal, culinary or sacramental purposes ; and even such sale is limited as follows : Any citizen of the State, except hotel keepers, keepers of saloons, eatmg louses, grocery keepers and confectioners, is permitted to buy and sell, withm the county of his residence, such liquors for such mechanical, etc., purposes only, provided he shall obtain the consent of the Board of Supervisors, in order to get that consent, he must get a certificate from a majority of the elec- tors of the town or township or ward in which he desires to sell, that he is ot good moral character, and a propeB person to sell such liquors. If the Board of Supervisors grant him permission to sell such liquors, he must give bonds, and shall not sell such liquors at a greater profit than thirty- three per cent, on the cost of the same. Any person having a permit to sell, shall make, on the last Saturday 'of every month, a return in writing to the Auditor of the county, showing the kind and quantity of the liquors purchased by him since the date of his last report, the price paid and the amount ot freights paid on the same ; also the kind and quantity of liquors sold by him since the date of his last report; to whom sold ; for what purpose and at what price; also the kind and quantity of liquors on hand; f^^^^^^Vort shd be sworn to by the person having the permit, and shall be kept by the Auditor, subject at all times to the inspection of the public. ■ i j:,,„ wir,^ nv No person shall sell or give away any intoxicating liquors, including wine or beer to any minor, for any purpose whatever, except upon written order ot parent guardian 3r family physician ; or sell the same to an intoxicated person or a person in the habit of becoming intoxicated. 318 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. Any person who shall mix any intoxicating liquor with any beer, wine or cider, by him sold, and shall sell or keep for sale, as a beverage, such mixture, shall be punished as for sale of intoxicating liquor. But nothing in the chapter containing the laws governing the sale or pro- hibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors, shall be construed to forbid the sale by the importer thereof of foreign intoxicating liquor, imported under the author- ity of the laws of the United States, regarding the importation of such liquors, and in accordance with such laws ; provided that such liquor, at the time of the sale by the importer, remains in the original casks or packages in which it was by him imported, and in quantities not less than the quantities in which the laws of the United States require such liquors to be imported, and is sold by him in such original casks or packages, and in said quantities only. All payment or compensation for intoxicating liquor sold in violation of the laws of this State, whether such payments or compensation be in money, goods, lands, labor, or anything else whatsoever, shall be held to have been received iii viola- tion of law and equity and good conscience, and to have been received upon a valid promise and agreement of the receiver, in consideration of the receipt thereof, to pay on demand, to the person furnishing such consideration, the amount of the money on the just value of the goods or other things. All sales, transfers, conveyances, mortgages, liens, attachments, pledges and securities of every kind, which, either in whole or in part, shall have been made on account of intoxicating liquors sold contrary to law, shall be utterly null and void. Negotiable paper in the hands of holders thereof, in good faith, for valuable consideration, without notice of any illegality in its inception or transfer, how- ever, shall not be affected by the above provisions. Neither shall the holder of land or other property who may have taken the same in good faith, without notice of any defect in the title of the person from whom the same was taken, growing out of a violation of the liquor law, be affected by the above provision. Every wife, child, parent, guardian, employer, or other person, who shall be injured in person or property or means of support, by an intoxicated person, or .in consequence of the intoxication, has a right of action against any person who shall, by selling intoxicating liquors, cause the intoxication of such person, for all damages actually sustained as well as exemplary damages. For any damages recovered, the personal and real property (except home- stead, as now provided) of the person against whom the damages are recovered, as well as the premises or property, personal or real, occupied and used by him, with consent and knowledge of owner, either for manufacturing or selling intox- icating liquors contrary to law, shall be liable. The only other exemption, besides the homestead, from this sweeping liability, is that the defendant may have enough for the support of his family for six months, to be determined by the Township Trustee. No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold within two miles of the corporate limits of any municipal corporation, except at wholesale, for the purpose of shipment to places outside of such corporation and such two- mile limits. The power of the corporation to prohibit or license sale of liquors not prohibited by law is extended over the two miles. No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold on the day on which any election is held under the laws of this State, within two miles of the place where said election is held ;, except only that any person holding a permit may sell upon the prescription of a practicing physician. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 319 SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIP- TION. The business of publishing books by subscription, having so often been brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement is made: A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described ; the consid- eration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. The nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exag- gerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a 'commission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the princi- pal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other biisiness, should remember that the law as written is, that they can not be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all persons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as can- vassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed^ mode, and have no authority to do it any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter, ihey can not collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money They can not extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, would examine carefully what it is; if they can not read themselves call on some one disinterested who can. STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE OF IOWA (CENSUS OF 1875.) COTTNTIES. Appanoose Alamakee Audubon Adams Adair Buena Vista . Benton Boone Butler Bremer Black Hawk.. Buchanan Clay Cherokee Cass Crawford Cedar Cerro Gordo.. Clayton Clinton Chickasaw Carroll Clarke Calhoun Davis Decatur Dubuque Des Aloines Delaware Dickinson Dallas Emmet Floyd Fayette Franklin Fremont Grundy Green Guthrie Hardin Humboldt Howard Harrison Hancock Hamilton Henry Ida Iowa Jackson Johnson Jasper Jones Jefferson Keokuk Kossuth., Lee Lucas Lyon Linn Louisa Mitchell Mahaska Marion Mills Madison Monroe Marshall Mopona Muscatine Montgomery... O'Brien Osceola Polk Pochahontas... Pottawattoinie Poweshcik..;.. Page Plymouth Palo Alto Ringgold Scott Story Shelby Sioux Sac Taylor Tama Union Van Buren "Wayne Warren "Winnesheik.... "Woodbury "Worth "Washington "Webster "Winnebago "Wright..! ' "Wapello No. of Acres of Im- proved Land. Totals. . No. of Acres Unim- proved Land. 161059 134767 21146 65459 83182 S3118 29T518 15693' 149498 145967 213025 19056 37059 64638 II0864 58058 248869 53980 212291 299855 96504 58065 9S694 26996 150938 115751 187831 143665 472029 15770 1S2435 9989 147098 179304 69839 115907 146039 599J0 87259 128331 29114 115823 94848 10462 63966 182080 7292 191041 198290 241021 278881 208907 167389 208125 31550 183832 108952 158 T2 281118 151007 126384 2S2398 199669 141512 161998 102215 223735 52242 178945 104688 33626 18J90 207689 21928 124630 156782 58233 18517 18J00 235515 148649 S3180 39824 31336 102861 253182 67005 153074 147766 194265 2J6140 44179 48927 2251' 97238 17389 85516 150209 161083 156821 23819 43735 55680 37034 53911 71810 58908 47001 150881 71418 39919 28974 45304 283414 41417 151908 57337 94772 309744 50487 116003 871 T2 98361 68165 62305 29850 57765 25586 32130 98156 43U4fi No. of Acres under Culti- vation in 1874. 47926 49838 47220 39930 86906 1710-18 337451 341615 39935 50249 9194 89337 142401 71257 179752 98999 48793 78692 69757 318841 62649 52922 70176 122-190 82779 63604 188709 78206 47552 56278 48332 5060- 82070 31406 66841 ' 35572 419489 48697 175171 51912 32225 68829 19128 43374 125188 109888 16986 64352 66265 27010 239408 108642 124877 104810 181256 15T240 33376 45412 92785 15262 16648; 48641 17362; Spring "Wheat. No. of Acres. 74104 39169 78803 26618 131391 93275 146244 97618 161357 11961 114625 8387 110708 183768 63590 135108 52823 76892 97765 27013 61871 72287 9003 62030 110831 6514 158488 142401 193019 216949 140684 125590 149672 88857 12766 I75G33 100066 94133 160; 153214 9983 187979 91- 117303 39344 129599 86026 26131 14051 140450 19219 90079 17151 115484 44879 16679 60373 185742 99387 47230 867394 33315 47201 24179 233315 79442 90222 214911 mw 46826 9932S 113263 66796 117689 167176 153737 131670 259-169 67097 33097 45957 32167 56652 167884 61744 7091 1 30626 12121 32387 289.17 63491 135173 No. of Bushels Harv'l'd 9606 61880 6876 17947 27550 15514 99406 82505 57907 64291 17481 31693 40123 24000 4046' , 28199 40162 26756 17968 11040 6378 8211 49240 10615 60401 5701 29236 3911 62067 60779 81096 13229 67384 19391 27489 S8464 12046 36115 23948 4889 20676 16026 3103 48410 43515 45306 79926 36090 16237 33278 10798 10361 13964 8132 52178 19764 65534 34362 451S6 24385 87653 11038 69395 15:34 32375 1381 14904 8769 37686 26668 22029 22996 11036 16-146 97013 10586 7455 103" 42173 112175 15243 23092 41646 80354 8939 13629 17368 281376 435014 162737 1348666 429257 779167 644795 1108024 812342 153159 40150" 676209 324894 640644 415463 1305126 1010345 643519 340161 217090 109631 30993 77169 634133 "Winter "Wheat. No. of Acres. 7IT28 23825 445848 1510 941489 863670 453909 2069U1 976607 257760 393574 497251 20902 143701 70006 180220 48816 670247 660000 666779 1107170 ■ 462478 164904 13139 72624 163687 767-12 656597 1083811 395532 629663 842961 628814 101413 1125382 183811 410471 651.539 157526 74757 7434 30774 33HB9 688971 6;;il2 762826 22liK9 355792 83628 442736 H6IIB 23208 111926 78851 4V69S 702316 817944 251286 110094 1437807 141188 68808 70346 634079 1813405 2'.fl:: 410-487 409879 891051 102281 190166 157335 1049 181 10 7 70 26 1347 12 8 3 7 10 5379 817 84 No. of Bushels Harv't'd 205 189 32 26 263 21 1220 10 325 125 40 244 53 10928 143 61 1439 5 11 12627830 8410433 9334905 3690711 42669731 69183 759277 4700170 130284542 982994 1964 97 174 3500 280 84 700 295 21030 428 63 20 S3 160 56405 12239 1720 117310 60 7 ■""iso' 46 968 841 16625 2 22 44 860 84 120O 9041 113203 SO 491 100 1080 7942 1274 31 6192 148 140 15400 SI 409 60739 1863 ' '266467' 329 54 160 16267 13 1888 2097 2212 643 484 6584 200 029 166 394 '475 2023S 160 1762 618 20 960 121854 1236 SllO 14193 ■"276' 'ioiM Indian Corn. ScVs'i--^ 64871 24325 9225 25474 83244 46161 38685 28754 66692 48831 8797 9459 40583 17957 78224 9512 37948 89297 16821 16014 39066 10656 62127 50484 67118 102924 66160 8183 57652 2197 20403 87091 24006 73845 40175 783037 38902 41304 9998 9916 44720 2067 20441 62673 2301 (2518 53962 77143 100217 66423 66061 7569V 9781 59863 47032 2643 91773 49643 11374 83775 84630 69543 69994 46575 67699 21577 54760 39261 ' 6379 2510 77497 ■ 8981 47238 86748 71386 10097 6641 35613 69071 61273 17674 6780 73251 24063 60211 65625 80280 27183 14047 8530 73265 28713 1374 10089 57035 23S524S 905920 394655 969777 1402428 228231 1695762 1270878 1026641 1939390 181 1260 180120 315215 1901062 2845921 26544S 1471263 3061338 514279 650041 1680260 351120 2115569 1763140 1702391 2307938 1690ii35 44455 2484898 14273 642448 1290480 Acies. Harv'fd 1701--- 1482582 783027 1669134 1879901 297381 307912 1620192 57899 670731 2415670 108406 2713830 1665518 3158178 4525869 19095S4 1695510 S32T282 119777 2190306 1902S3O 2184658 411961 1533976 1733916 2808256 818388 1715973 1441467 106052 17279 3272010 229263 1750038 S571105 2289013 175778 142967 1145937 2226846 1783477 379716 1419680 I1S0980 1823622 2405187 977310 490371 122291 !8S2241 917911 52425 281821 2143791 13756 12776 - 788 8951 4455 2791 15490 10401 13827 14269 16804 17481 4436 8645 9079 2902 20243 7199 20024 23704 11744 8288 12337 2993 13643 10565 25113 9242 20577 2403 9937 1549 16461 20770 9583 5419 11786 4227 4145 10982 8974 10210 8463 1853 6108 18393 455 11756 28653 17760 15267 18200 14003 15582 5143 11817 12665 8477 22670 6792 14078 16646 10987 6528 8743 11513 13611 2304 13-387 6323 3107 1390 12188 3541 6278 11416 9763 4161 3979 9118 16916 11273 2264 4691 8035 8718 13574 6127 12596 18243 8391 34307 8072 4446 16701 7491 1827 4184 11670 442829 33233 141293 159739 67069 445070 404620 421719 518571 638196 536209 98766 115595 176281 99158 676837 228097 669895 702059 446300 107577 S6764S 73182 845707 844651 643322 287392 632113 37282 335124 8241 487729 704407 328679 179646 401948 120948 163505 336946 90944 340268 69140 48816 168262 358221 14060 319071 521156 52'!19' 632231 464824 446128 447608 37857 279069 842164 13789 685648 176755 512602 496248 835746 232689 286103 241081 465245 66476 401)562 201 -- 68 2C829 431841 40494 168081 833565 346507 1204S7 46839 255007 71676 45096 384469 187748 853698 867390 281310 8216508 9164' 161667 458820 207403 45109 183176 293590 Value of Producte of Farm in Dollars. 29144852 $131636747 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. INDIAN OCCUPANCY. The Indian history of this region is interesting, principally because of the pres- ence here of two of the most noted characters of modern tribes. The nature of this work precludes the introduction of an exhaustive treatise on the rise and decline of the Indian races of this region, and enables us merely to gather from reli- able sources the fragments of incident, anecdote and analysis which have floated loosely about for years. In fact, our province is purely that of a com- piler, but sufficient care has been taken with the work to make it valuable in the generations which are to follow. The actual historian who shall investigate the ample field of aboriginal existence, may peruse these pages with a feeling of security in their correctness, if the associates of Keokuk and Black Hawk them- selves are to be believed ; for much of the information here preserved, was obtained in direct line of recital, either to the writer or to the party duly accredited with the extract. There still live many persons who witnessed the strange sight of a remnant of a race of men departing forever -from their early homes, and such will, doubtless, be disposed to sneer at the pen which finds a source of melancholy in the contemplation of this event. But worthy hands have written lines of living power upon the theme; nor can the harsh character of fact denude the subject of a glamour which poetry and romance have cast around the dusky victim and his fate. There is a grandeur in the record of the race which the stern force of truth is powerless to dispel. Human improvement, rushing through civilization, crushes in its march all who cannot grapple to its car. This law is as inexorable as fate. "You colo- nize the land of the savage with the Anglo-Saxon," says Stephen Montague, "you civilize that portion of the earth; but is the savage civilized? He is exterminated! You accumulate machinery,. you increase the total of wealth, but what becomes of the labor you displace? One generation is sacrificed to the next. You diff"use knowledge, arid the world seems to grow brighter ; but Discontent at Poverty replaces Ignorance happy with its crust. Every improve- ment, every advancement of civilization, injures some to benefit others, and either cherishes the want of to-day or prepares the revolution of to-morrow." That portion of Iowa which now claims Burlington as its metropolis, was once the home of the Sac and Fox tribes of Indians. From a little work enti- tled " Sketches of Iowa," prepared in 1841 by Joim B. Newhall, of Burling- ton, the following summary of their general character is taken. " The Sacs and Foxes have been among the most powerful and warlike tribes of the Northwest. History finds them fighting' their way from the shores of the northern lakes, gradually, toward the Mississippi, sometimes warring with the Winnebagoes, and at other times with the Chippewas, often instigated by the 324 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. French. At an early period, they inhabited the region of country bordering upon the Wisconsin Kiver, and planted large quantities of corn. The whole history of their wars and migrations shows them to have been a restless and spirited people, a people erratic in their pursuits, having a great contempt for agriculture and a predominant passion for war. By these ruling traits, they have been constantly changing, suffering and diminishing. Still, they retain their ancient chivalry, ever ready for war, regardless of the superiority of their foes. Thus, at the present time (1841) four or five hundred of their warriors are out to fight the Sioux of the North, with whom there exists a most deadly hos- tility, originating from old feuds, the origin of which they scarcely know them- selves. 'J heir numbers, of late years, have been somewhat augmented by the policy they have pursued of adopting their prisoners of war and receiving seceders from other tribes, and at the present time they number about seven thousand souls. " The Sacs and Foxes speak the Algonquin language. This language is still spoken by the Chippewas, Pottawatomies, Ottawas and several other tribes. It is soft and musical in com.parison with the harsh, guttural Narcoutah of the Sioux, which is peculiar to themselves, having but little afiinity to the Algon- quin tongue. Their ideas of futurity are somewhat vague and indefinite. They believe in the existence of a Supreme Manitou, or good spirit, and a Malcha Manitou, or evil spirit. They often invoke the favor of the good Manitou for success in war and the hunt, by various sacrifices and offerings. Stoi'm and thunder they view as manifestations of His wrath ; and success in war, the hunt or in the deliverance from enemies, of His favor and love. Everything of great power or efficiency, or -what is inexplicable, is a 'great medicine,' and the med- icine-men and prophets are next in consideration to chiefs. At the decease of their friends, they paint their faces black, and the time of mourning is gov- erned by the afiinity of the kindred. Their ideas of the condition of departed spirits and the ceremony of burial may be deemed interesting. Often, in per- ambulating their deserted villages, has my attention been arrested, in gazing through the bleached and mutilated slabs made to protect the moldering dust of a noted chief or ' brave,' who is frequently placed in a sitting posture, his gun and his war-club placed by his side, moccasins upon his feet, his blanket (or the remnants thereof) wrapped about his body, his beads and wampum sus- pended to his neck, where he sits 'like a warrior taking his rest,' in the silent sleep of death. " The situations of their villages are, oftentimes, extremely beautiful and picturesque. The rude architecture of their lodges ; the droves of Indian ponies galloping over the prairies, and snorting at the approach of white men ; the squaws busily engaged in preparing food, or, perhaps, ' toting ' a back -load of fagots that would frighten a New York porter, while their 'lazy lords' sit smoking upon the grass or quietly sleeping in their lodges; the young papooses swarming the river-bank, and, with bow and arrow, exercising their infant archery upon every prairie flower or luckless bird ; or, perchance, the gayly-painted warrior, mounted upon his prancing steed, his feathers streaming to the breeze, as he gallops from village to village with the fleetness of the wind, are objects which, to the traveler unaccustomed to Indian habits and character, are full of intense interest and novelty. " Sometimes, midway between two villages, or, perhaps, off' in the prairie, may be seen a hundred young 'warriors' from each clan — 'picked men,' who have won laurels oh the battle-field. They have met (per agreement) to exer- cise their feats in the race or the ancient games, the prize being, perhaps, two HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 325 or three horses, a rifle, or a war-club; the old warriors or chiefs of each village looking on as Judges. Great interest is manifested on these occasions, and the same ambitious emulation for rivalry is exhibited in these ' children of nature ' as among those who play their part beneath the gilded domes of the city. " The Sacs and Foxes frequently visit the towns on the river — Burlington, Madison, etc. The dress of the males generally consists of leggings, fitting closely from the loins to the ankles, usually of smoke-tanned deerskin, and often of blue and sometimes of red cloth, trimmed with fringe and beads in a variety of fantastic forms. They wear a white and, frequently, a scarlet-colored blanke't thrown over the shoulders. Their moccasins are of deerskin, often trimmed with extreme taste, with beads and porcupine-quills. Their head-dress is of various fashions, and* ofttimes indescribable. A chief or warrior's head-dress consists of a profusion of scarlet- colored hair, and long, black beards of the wild turkey connected to the scalp-lock, and not unfrequently a silver band or a richly -beaded turban. Their ears are strung with rings and ^trinkets, their arms with bracelets of brass, tin, silver and steel, and their necks are often strung with a profusion of wampum. A tolerably correct idea may be formed of the riches and taste of a young Indian by the number of strings of wampum around his neck. This may be considered their legal tender, as no treaty was ever formed or pipe of friendship smoked betwixt different Indian tribes without an exchange of wampum. "No Indians exult more than the Sacs and Foxes in a triumphant skirmish with their enemies, and none more proudly exhibit their bloody trophies. They frequently have several scalps suspended on a spear of connected with their dress. As an evidence of the value they place upon these emblems of merci- less victory, I will relate an incident of my attempt to get one of a veteran Sac brave. I had witnessed him, for several days, passing my window on a little pony, proudly waving his bouquet of scalps, connected with beads, i-ibbons and eagle's feathers, and tied with a rattlesnake-skin upon a spear. Having a desire to obtain one, after three days' unsuccessful negotiation, during which time I oifered him money, calico, beads, powder and tobacco, he finally con- sented to part with it for one box {i. e. $1,000.) " They place great reliance in dreams, and the intrepid warrior who awakes in the morning from a night of troublesome dreams is dejected and melancholy. Sometimes they imagine that an evil spirit or sorcerer has inflicted a spell, after the manner of the witches of former times. I think it was last year that Keokuk had an aged squaw killed because she had inflicted a spell upon some of his children." In corroboration of the last statement, we append the account of that sum- mary act given us by James Jordan, whose acquaintance with the Indians began at a very early day. He said : "In 1837, the chief's son was prostrated with fever. Keokuk' was absent at the time, but therfe chanced to be in the camp an old squaw, who was alleged to be invested with supernatural powers. When Keokuk returned, his valiant heir informed him that the witch had cast an evil spirit into the settlement, which had increased the fever and rendered it im- possible to overcome disease while she lived. Thereupon, Keokuk took the old woman without the settlement and deliberately cut off her head with a cleaver. This summary act was witnessed by Mrs. Phelps, wife of Billy Phelps, one of the original locators of that section." The scene of this sacrifice was near Independent, adjacent to Jordan's farm. Mr. Newhall was mistaken as to the date of the tragedy. jj26 history of DES MOINES COUNTr. KEOKUK, THE ORATOR CHIEFTAIN. Among the noted chiefs of later years, Keokuk, or " Running Fox," held a foremost place. He was the grand sachem of the Sacs and Foxes, the chief pre-eminent over all the tribes. He was of commanding presence, but given rather to the pleasures of the chase than the dangers of the battle-field. Still, he was not deficient in personal bravery, and held his place with firmness, both by reason of his ability to lead on all occasions and his wonderful eloquence as a speaker. From a sketch of Keokuk, published in the "Annals of Iowa," 1865, by Uriah Biggs, one of the pioneers of Van Buren, the following interesting extracts are made : " Keokuk is deserving of a prominent page in the records of the country, and a truthful history of his life would be read and cherished as a memento of one of nature's noblemen. As an orator, he was called to rank with the most gifted of his race. In person he was tall and of portly bearing, and in his public speeches he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures. He spoke rapidly, but his enunciation was clear and distinct and very forcible, culling his figures from the stores of nature, and basing his arguments in skill- ful logic. He maintained in good faith the stipulations of treaties with the United States and with the neighboring tribes. He loved peace and the social amenities of life, and was fond of displaying those agreeable traits of character in ceremonious visits to neighboring chiefs, in which he observed the most punctilious etiquette and dignified decorum. He possessed a ready insight into the motives of others, and was not easily misled by sophistry or beguiled by flattery ; and in the field of wit, he was no mean champion. It is not my purpose to write a history of his life, but I will give one anecdote in illustration of these traits of his character. " While residing near Ottumwah-noc, he received a message from the Mor- mon Prophet, Joe Smith, inviting Keokuk, as Kipg of the Sacs and Foxes, to a royal conference at his palace at Nauvoo, on matters of the highest impor- tance to their respective people. The invitation was readily accepted, and a train of ponies was soon wending its way to the Mormon city, bearing Keokuk and suite in stately procession and savage pomp. "Notice had circulated through the country of this diplomatic interview, and a number of spectators attended to witness the denouement. The audience was given publicly in the Mormon Temple, and the respective chiefs were attended by their suites, the Prophet by the dignitaries of the Mormon Church, and the Indian potentate by the high civil' and military functionaries of his tribes, and the gentiles were comfortably seated as auditors. " The Prophet opened the conference in a set speech of considerable length, giving Keokuk a brief history of the children of Israel, as detailed in the Bible, and dwelt forcibly upon the story of the lost tribes, and of the direct revelation he had received from a divine source, that the North American Indians were these identical lost tribes, and that he, the Prophet of God, held a divine commission to gather them together and to lead them to a land ' flowing with milk and honey.' After the Prophet closed his harangue, Keokuk ' waited for the words of his pale-faced brother to sink deep into his mind,' and in making his reply, assumed the gravest attitude and most dignified demeanor. He would not controvert anything his brother had said about the lost and scattered condition of his race and people, and if his brother was commissioned by the Great Spirit to collect them together and lead them to a new country, it was HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 327 his duty to do so. But he wished to inquire about some particulars his brother had not named, that were of the highest importance to him and his people. The red men were not much used to milk, and he thought they would prefer streams of water, and in the country where they now were there was a good supply of honey. The points that they wished to inquire into were whether the new government would pay large annuities, and whether there was plenty of whisky. Joe Smith saw at once that he had met his match, and that Keokuk was not the proper material with which to increase his army of dupes, and closed the conference in as amiable a manner as possible. " He was gifted by nature with the elements of an orator in an eminent de- gree, and as such is entitled to rank with Logan, Red Jacket and Tecumseh ; but, unfortunately for his fame among the white people and with posterity, he was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpreters were unac- quainted even with the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious hindrance to his fame Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labashure, who had received a rudimental education in the French and English languages, until the latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian of his career among the white people, he was compelled to submit his speeches for translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery, drawn from nature, was beyond their powers of reproduction. He had sufficient knowledge of the English tongue to make him sensible of this bad rendering of his thought, and often a feeling of mortification at the bungling efforts was depicted upon his countenance while he was speaking. The proper place to form a due estimate of his ability as an orator was in the Indian council, where. he addressed himself exclusively to those who understood his language, and where the electric effects of his elo- quence could be plainly noted upon his audience. It was credibly asserted that by the force of his logic he had changed the vote of a council against the strongly predetermined opinions of its members. A striking instance of the influence of his eloquence is related as occurring while the forces under Black Hawk were invading Illinois, in 1832. " Keokuk knew from the first that this reckless war would result in great disaster to the tribe, and used all diligence to dissuade warriors from following Black Hawk, and succeeded in retaining a majority with him at his town on the Iowa River. But, after Stillman's defeat, the war spirit raged with such ardor that a war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be moved with the current of the rising storm, and when the dance was over, he called a council to prepare for war. In his address, he admitted the justice ot his complaints against the white man, and to seek redress was a noble aspiration ot their natures. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the white man and the spirits of their braves slain in battle called loudly for vengeance. i am your chief,' he said, 'and it is my duty to lead you to battle i±, after tulJy considering the matter, you are determined to go. But, before you take this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances for success. Me then represented to them the great power of the United States, agamst whom hey would have to contend— that their chances of success were utterly hope ess^ 'But if you now determine to go upon the war-path, I wil agree to leaa you upon one condition-that before we go we kill all our old men and our wives and children, to save them from a lingering death by .starvation, and that every one of us determine to leave his bones on the other side ot the Mis- sissippi.' 328 HISTORY OF DES MOIiSES COUNTY. " This was a strong and truthful picture of the project before them, and was presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor and to cause them to abandon their rash undertaking. Many other incidents are related of his elo- quence and tact in allaying a rising storm, fraught with war and bloodshed, not only in his own tribe, but also among neighboring tribes, where his people had been the aggressors. Some of these iucidents have been preserved by writers on Indian research, but many will be lost to history. He delivered a eulogy upon Gen. Harrison at the Sac and Fox Agency, which ivas interpreted by Antoine Le Claire, and considered by many who heard its delivery as one of his. best efforts. This speech, however, was not written down, and is lost to his- tory ; but enough of the incidents of his career as an orator have been saved from the wreck of time to stamp his reputation for natural abilities of the high- est order, and furnish another positive refutation of BufFon's theory on the de- terioration of men and animals on the American Continent." The occasion referred to by Mr. Biggs, in the foregoing paragraph, when Keokuk delivered so remarkable a speech, is one of the most entertaining anec- dotes we have been able to secure. That it may be given in connection with this mention of the scene, we interrupt the order of the paper now being quoted, and insert it here. The sfcry was preserved by Maj. Beach, who succeeded Gen. Street, upon the latter's death, as Agent of the Sacs and Foxes. The Agency was located about six miles east of the present site of Ottumwa, near what is now known as Agency City. Maj. Beach published a series of hastily- written papers on the subject of his experience with the Indians, and from those articles (which are given in the Western Historical Company's History of Wapello County, 1878), is taken the following sketch : "When Gen. Harrison became President of the United States, in March, 1840, Hon. John Chambers, ex-Congressman of Kentucky, was appointed to repLice Gov. Lucas as Governor of Iowa Territory. The office then included within its commission that of Superintendent over the Indians and their agen- cies. For several months previous to this date, feelings of antagonism had. existed between the old Black Hawk party, whose chief was Hardfish, and the other bands, which spirit was mainly excited and kept alive by the traders, who were influenced by their rival interests. Gov. Lucas was characteristically obstinate, and leaned decidedly toward the Hardfish side of the controversy. Upon the arrival of Gov. Chambers at Burlington, it was, of course, an object with Keokuk to gain his favor, or. at least, to have him committed to a strictly impartial course ; while Hardfish's efforts would be put forth to induce him to follow in the track of his predecessor. Keokuk at once requested the Agent to obtain the Governor's consent for him and his chief men to visit the Gov- ernor at Burlington. " It was the wish, however, of the Indian Department to discountenance and prevent such pilgrimages of Indians through the settlements, and the Agent promised Keokuk that he would inform the new Governor of his desire. Maj. Beach told Keokuk that, owing to the wishes of the Department, the Governor might prefer to have the meeting take place at the Agency, in Wa- pello County. " The Hardfish band — or rather their instigators, Eddy and his satellites-7- less patient, and ignoring their proper channel of communication with the Superintendent through the Agent, hastened to Burlington in a large body, and, having encamped a short way from town, sent in a written notice of their arrival and the purpose of their visit, with the request that the Governor would cause the needed supplies of food, etc., to be provided for them. Under the HISTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTy. 329 Lucas regime, an order on Eddy's Burlington store would have soon satisfied the demand ; but Gov. Chambers forwarded word that when he wanted to see any of thetn, he would, of course, be prepared to have them fed; that he had no intention of converting his executive headquarters at Burlington into a council-ground for his red children, and that it was his purpose to visit them in their own country at a very early day. Hardfish went home with a new idea in his mind concerning Governors. " Shortly after that failure, the agent received a communication from the Governor, informing him of the facts here related, and notifying him to use all means in his power to prevent the intrusion of his charge upon the white set- tlements. The letter also announced the Governor's intention to visit the Agsncy in a short time, due notice of which would be given. "The Governor at last set his time, the bands were all informed, the Gov- ernor arrived at the Agency and a grand council was to be begun. Meanwhile, all the Indians except the Iowa River Foxes, who were indisposed to come so far on a matter that did not directly concern them, had gathered and were encamped about the Agency. The Keot^uk band occupied the ground along the branch behind the mills, which was then full of plum, hazel and crab-apple thickets. The Hardfishes were on the edge of the river timber, south of the Agency. Long before the appointed hour, the latter tribes, arrayed in full tog- gery, arrived at the designated place of meeting. The men and ponies were caparisoned in their richest styles of ornamentation. They at once began a display of equestrianism, and performed for some time. They then dismounted, and, after securing their animals, formed in line and marched into the Agency- yard where the Governor was to receive them. Quite a respectable number of whites were in attendance, to witness the scenes and partake in the ceremonies of the occasion. Hardfish took the Governor by the hand, in a way of greet- ing, spoke a few words and sat down upon the grass, surrounded by his fol- lowers. "Now, it was a sacred duty with the Governor to cherish the memory of his friend. Gen. Harrison. He had been Aide-de-Camp to the General in the war of 1812, and rumor told that their mutual sentiments were more like those of father and son than those of simple friendship. Keokuk had been apprised of this fact, and, as subsequent events revealed, knew how to 'make it tell.' The appointed hour of assembling came and passed, but yet no sign of Keokuk or his party was made at the Agency. As time passed, the Governor, with his sense of promptness offended, grew impatient at the delay. He finally ex- pressed opinions approbatory of Hardfish and derogatory of Keokuk. " At length, when the council seemed about to prove a failure by default, the first faint sounds of Keokuk's music came floating on the air. The notes grew rhore audible as the band approached, but never swelled up to the full tone of joyful marches. As the front of the procession wound slowly into view, the lances and staves, instead of being decked with gaudy ribbons and feathers, were seen to be wrapped about with withered grass. No sound of bells responded to the tramp of their ponies, and the Indian persons, instead of being painted with vermilion and dressed in bright colors, were streaked with the somber, funeral substitute of clay. In fact, all the paraphernalia of woe betokened some sad affliction. The Agent, after a hurried word with the inter- preter, told the Governor that this was a funeral march, and that some one of their leading men must have died during the night, and probably lay yet un- buried in their camp. The Hardfishes seemed as much at a loss as anybody, wondering who could have died without their knowing it. 330 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. " The solemn dirge ceased, and, dismounting, the several hundred savages formed in line, on foot, and marched, with Keokuk at their head, into the yard. The chief advanced toward the Governor, who also moved forward to greet the Indians. Keokuk ordered his followers to halt, and, through his interpreter, said : ' Say to our new Father that, before I take his hand, I will explain what all this means. We were told, not long ago, that our Great Father, at Washington, was dead. We have heard of him as a mighty war- rior, who had passed much of his life among the red men, and knew their wants. We believe that we would always have had friendship and justice at his hands. His death has made us very sad, and, as this was our first opportunity, we thought it would be very wrong if we did not use it to show that the hearts of his red children, as well as his white, know how to mourn over their great loss. We have kept our Father waiting here while we have performed that part of our mourning which we must always attend to before we leave our lodges with our dead.' Then, amid the murmurs of approbation from his people, he step- ped forward and extended his hand. The hearty grasp with which the Gov- ernor seized and clung to it showed that the chief had touched the right spot in his heart, and that the Hardfishes must thereafter be content to take a back seat. "Vi'hen, years after, Maj. Beach was enjoying a day of the Governor's hos- pitality, at Maysville, Ky., the incident came up in conversation. The Gov- ernor was told that he must not credit Keokuk with the paternity of the entire plot, but that his ingenuity was put into requistion only to manage the details. The kind old gentlemen seemed greatly amused." Of the visit of the Hardfish band, in the summer of 1840, and of the rebuff received at the hands of Gov. Chambers, the local press of Burlington, of that date says nothing; but an earlier visit paid Gov. Lucas by the same faction is recorded in the Patriot and Hawheye. January 23 and 24, 1840, a large delegation, headed by Hardfish and Nasheaskuk — Black Hawk's oldest son — encamped near the town and signified a desire to open council with the Governor. From the cordial reception tendered the Indians by the Governor, one is naturally led to believe that the official sympathy was decidedly on the side of the Hardfish faction, as asserted by Maj. Beach. There was a double grievance borne to the ears of the Father by his red children, for not only did the chief declare that a spirit of partiality had been manifested toward the Keokuk wing, in the matter of trade and traders, but the young brave, Nasheaskuk, carried signs of mourning over the recent desecration of his father's tomb. The grave of Black Hawk had been robbed of its dead (as will be shown further on in this chapter), and the Indians demanded the restoration of the body. With these two causes of anger — the one supposititious, perhaps, and the other real — the Indians sought their Father for counsel. Gov. Lucas received them with every mark of respect, and prepared for a great demonstration. He assured Nasheaskuk that the spoliation of the grave of his father was a crime under the white man's laws, and would be sternly dealt with. This explana- tion of the code satisfied the perturbed brave, who joined in friendly converse with the leaders during the remainder of the council. The proceedings termi- nated with a mighty powwow, and, strange to relate, the scene of the dance was none other than the historic church. Old Zion. The Governor is said to have provided for the occasion all necessary privileges, and a festive ceremonv betokened the friendliness of the natives. While the dancing was in progress, Hardfish and Nasheaskuk stood by. silent spectators of the scene. Neither of HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 331 those great men esteemed it dignified for them to join in the dance. It is said that Nasheaskuk disapproved of all festivities, but undoubtedly that sentiment prevailed only when he was in the presence of white men. It is a fact that Indian leaders frequently refrained from demonstrations of any emotion when away from the seclusion of their lodges. Again taking up the thread of Mr. Biggs' recitals, we quote from the "Annals:" " We have thus far portrayed the bright side of Keokuk's character ; but, like most, if not all, great intellects, there is a dark background which the truth of history demands shall be brought to view. His traits of character thus far sketched, may not inaptly be compared to the great Grecian orator ; but here the similitude ends. The great blot on Keokuk's life was his inordi- nate love of ijaoney ; and, toward its close, he became a confirmed inebriate. His withering reply to the Mormon Prophet was intended by him as a pure stroke of wit ; it nevertheless expressed his ruling passion. " A bitter and incurable feud existed in the tribe, during their time of resi- dence on the Des Moines River, between what was denominated as ' Keokuk's band' and 'Black Hawk's band,' the latter recognizing Hardfish as their leader. This distrust and, indeed, hatred were smothered in their common intercourse when sober ; but when their blood was fired with whisky it sometimes assumed a tragic feature amongst the leaders of the respective bands. An instance of this character occurred on the lower part of the Des Moines, on a return of a party making a visit to the ' half-breeds ' at the town of Keokuk, on the Mississippi. In a quarrel, excited by whisky, Keokuk received a dan- gerous stab in the breast from a son of Black Hawk. The writer of the pres- ent sketch saw him conveyed by his friends homeward, lying in a canoe, unable to rise. i. t^ i i - "Hardfish and his coadjutors lost no occasion to find fault with Keokuk s administration. The payments were made in silver coin, put in boxes, contam- ing $1,000 each, and passed into Keokuk's hands for distribution. The several traders received each his quota, according to their several demands against the tribes admitted by Keokuk, which invariably consumed the far greater portion of the amount received. The remainder was turned over to the chiefs and dis- tributed among their respective bands. Great complaints were made ot these allowances to the traders, on the ground of exorbitant prices charged on the goods actually furnished; and it is alleged that some of these accounts were spurious. In confirmation of this last charge, over and above the character ot the items exhibited in these accounts, an affidavit was filed with Gov. Lucas Dy an inividual, to which the Governor gave credence, setting forth that JleokuK had proposed to the maker of the afiidavit to prefer a purely fictitious account against the tribe for the sum of $10,000, and he- would admit its correctness and, when paid, the monev should be divided among themselves, share and share alike. To swell the traders' bills, items were introduced of ^ character tha showed fraud upon their face, such as a large number of 'blanket coats, art cles which the Indians never wore, and 'telescopes, of the use of ^hicf ^ had no knowledge. This shows the reckless manner m which these bills ^ee swollen to the exorbitant amounts complained of, in which Keokuk was openly charged with being in league with the traders to defraud Hardfish s band^ At thisfime, the nation numbered about two thousand three J'l^Sired souls, and only about one-third of the whole number belonged to Keokuk s party Gov. Lucas warmly espoused the popular side in the controversy that ^™«e 'n re a- tion to the mode and manner of making the annual payment, and the matter 332 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. was referred to the Indian Bureau, and the mode was changed so that payments were made to the heads of families, approximating a per-capita distribution. This method of making the payments met the unqualified disapprobation of the traders, and, after one year's trial, fell back into the old channel. Keokuk led his tribe west to the Kansas country, in 1845, and, according to reports, died some years after of delirium tremens." Maj. Beach tells of one of the numerous religious rites of Keokuk's band : " The Sacs and Foxes were quite friendly and manageable; in fact, were very friendly and agreeable people to live among, and all public and personal intercourse with them rolled smoothly along the well-worn track, without much of incident or oiarvel, until the final sale of their remaining Iowa domain. Sometimes incidents would occur possessing excitement or amusement enough to encroach for a little upon the monotony that otherwise might have become tedious, of which the writer will endeavor to recover the memory of one or two that may amuse the reader. " The Sacs and Foxes, like all other Indians, were very religious people in their way, always maintaining the observance of a good many rites, ceremonies and feasts in the worship of the Great Spirit. Fasts did not seem to be pre- scribed in any of their missals, however, because, perhaps, forced ones, under a scarcity of game or other edibles, were not of impossible occurrence among people whose creed plainly was to let to-morrow take care of itself. Some of these ceremonies bore such resemblance to some of those laid down in the books of Moses as to have justified the impression among biblical students that the lost tribes of Israel might have found their way to this continent. " Maj. Beach was a witness, one delightful forenoon in May, 1841, of a ceremony that seemed full of mystery, even to those Indians who took no part in celebrating it. A 'large lodge ha.d been set up for the occasion on the level green, near Keokuk's village, and its sides left so entirely open that a view of the proceeding was unobstructed from without. Close around was a circle of , guards or sentinels, evidently in the secret, as they were near enough to hear, but far enough away from the center to prevent eavesdropping. Low tones were observed by the speakers. Inside of the first circle of sentinels was a still more numerous row of guards, and a strict watch was maintained. Keokuk seemed to be the chief performer among those who were actively engaged. One old fellow, who held relations of importance with the tribe, seemed to be the one for whom all the display was made. He was distinguished from those about him by being clothed in a much scantier pattern of raiment than the rest. The first' part of the ceremony seemed to be a general posturing of the subject, for the perform- ers would place the old Indian on his feet ; then they would force him to sit down, and then compel him to assume some other attitude. Meanwhile, they kept up a vigorous powwowing over him, gesticulating in their wildest manner. Finally, after they had placed him in a sitting position, with a pile of blankets at his back, Keokuk advanced toward him, pistol in hand, and apparently took deliberate aim at the fellow's forehead. There was an explosion quite audible to outsiders, followed by a little pufi" of powder-smoke, and the old savage fell over as though he was shot dead. The attendants quickly covered him with blankets, and the wise ones of the tribe gathered about in solemn manner Seated by the supposed dead man, the council indulged in many long talks. At last, Keokuk was inspired with some power from the Great Spirit, and, hastdy stepping forward, he seized the hand of the prostrate man. He lifted the dead Indian to a sitting posture, and speedily restored him to full life. The outside witnesses looked on with mute surprise and awe throughout the entire HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 333 performance. It was evident from their manner that they believed the old Indian had really been killed, and that their mighty chieftain had raised him to life and health. The ceremony was designed, doubtless, to represent the close relationship between Keokuk and the invisible forces of the Happy Hunt- ing- Grounds, but this is merely speculation, for no interpretation of the cere- mony was ever made, so far as Maj. Beach could learn." Catlin, in his work on the North American Indians, speaks of his visit to Keokuk's lodge, in company with the Indian Agent, Gen. Street, probably in the summer of 1839. At that interview and at a subsequent one, Catlin found the chief to be an '-exceedingly vain man." The artist-author sketched the chiefs portrait, in full Indian costume. He also drew another picture of him, mounted on the " finest horse in the West." This animal is alluded to no less than three times by Catlin, and was so unusually beautiful as to create a degree of admiration for him that was general. Mr. LeClaire claimed to have sold the animal to Keokuk for $300, but that claim is disputed by Capt. Hillhouse, at present a resident of Burlington, who asserts positively that he was the original owner of the famous steed, and that he sold him to the chief for the sum stated. Catlin relates no specially interesting incidents or anecdotes of the Sacs and Foxes, but confines his letters mostly to descriptions of his own personal suc- cesses as an artist. He drew innumerable sketches of, savage scenes and native Americans, many of which are accepted as standard works of art or reference. His letters were, however, of a superficial, desultory character, scarcely worthy of careful perusal, so far, at least, as this particular section is concerned. Of sundry general customs brief mention is made, as, for example, of the more common dances. From those portions of the work, we quote : "The slave datice is a picturesque scene, and the custom in which it is founded is a very cui-ious one. The tribe has a society which they call ' slaves,' composed of a number of the young men of the best families in the tribe, who vol- unteer to be slaves for the term of two years, and subject to perform any menial service that the chief may order, no matter how humiliating or degrading it may be; by which, after serving their two years, they are exempt for the rest of their lives from all menial occupations. These young men elect one of their number to be their master. * * * On a certain day they give a great feast, and open it with this dance. " Another curious custom is called 'smoking horses.' When Gen. Street and I arrived at Keokuk's village, we were just in time to see the amusing scene, on the prairie, a little back of his lodges. The Foxes, who were making up a war party to go against the Sioux, and had not suitable horses enough by twenty, had sent word to the Sacs, the day before, according to ancient custom, that they were coming on that day, at a certain hour, to ' smoke ' a number of horses, and that they must not fail to have them ready. On that day the twenty men who were beggars for horses were on the spot, and seated them- selves in a circle on the ground, where they fell to smokmg. The villagers flocked around in a dense crowd. Soon after, appeared on the prairie at halt a mile distance, an equal number of young men of the Sac tribe, who had each agreed to give a horse, and who were then galloping the horses about at tuli . speed. Gradually, as they went around in a circle, they came nearer the cen- ter, until they were at last close upon the ring of young fellows seated on the ground. Whilst dashing about thus, each one with a heavy whip in his hand, as he came within reach of the group on the ground, selected the one to whom he decided to present his horse, and, as he passed him, gave him the most tre- 334 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. mendous cut with his lash over his naked shoulders. This was repeated until the blood trickled down the fellow's back. Then the Sac placed the bridle of his horse in the suiferer's hands, and said, ' I present you a horse ; you are a beggar, but you will carry my mark on your back.' The privilege of marking the recipient of his bounty seemed ample compensation for the gift." The discovery dance, by which the approach of enemies or wild animals was detected, was a notable ceremony ; also, the berdashe dance, which is performed about a man, dressed in woman's clothes, who submits to all sorts of degrada- tion, and thereby becomes a " medicine " or sacred man. The word "medicine" was so diversified in its meaning as to excite pro- found surprise among tlie En'jrlish-speaking races. All saered, great or peculiar men or things were spoken of as medicine. No Indian would think of going to ' battle without his medicine-bag or charms. The medicine dance was performed for fifteen days before the wigwam of a fallen brave, by the survivors of a battle. The widow erected a green bush before her door, and under that she sat and cried, while the warriors danced and brandished the scalps they had taken, and at the same time recounted the brave deeds of the dead. The beggar's dance will be recalled to the minds of the earlier settlers of this region. The bedecked savages would dance and powwow from door to door, demanding presents for the good of the tribe and the pale-faces. The list of dances was as varied as the superstition of the tribes was dense. No adequate description can be given in a work not exclusively devoted to the history of the red men. Catlin was at Rock Island on the day tha treaty was signed. He says (p. 216, Bohn's ninth edition, 1867): "As an evidence of the great torrent of emigration to the Far West, I will relate the following occurrence which took place at the close of the treaty : After the treaty was signed and witnessed, Gov. Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, addressed a few judicious and admonitory sentences to the chiefs and braves, which he finished by requesting them to move their families and all their property from this tract within one month, which time he would allow them to make room for the whites. Considerable excitement was created among the chiefs and braves by this suggestion, and a hearty laugh ensued, the cause of which was explained" by one of them in the following manner : ' My Father, we have to laugh. We require no time to move. We have all left the lands already, and sold our wigwams to Chemo- kemons (white men), some for $100 and some for |200, before we came to this treaty. There are already 400 Chemokemons on the land, and several hundred more on the way moving in ; and three days before we came away, one Chemo- kemon sold his wigwam .to another Chemokemon for $2,000, to build a great town.' " The treaty itself, in all its forms, was a scene of interest. Keokuk, was the principal speaker on the occasion, being recognized as the head chief of the tribe. He is a very subtle and dignified man, and well fitted to wield the des- tinies of his nation. The poor dethroned monarch, Black Hawk, was present, and looked an object of pity. With an old frock coat and brown hat on, and a cane m his hand, he stood the whole time outside the group, and in dumb and dismal silence, with his sons by the side of him, and also his quondam Aide-de-Camp, Nahpope, and the Prophet. They were not allowed to speak, nor even to sign the treaty. Nahpope rose, however, and commenced a very earnest speech on the subject of temperance ! But Gov. Dodge ordered him to sit down, as being out of order, which probably saved him from a much more per- HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 335 emptory command from Keakuk, who was rising at that moment with looks on his face that the devil himself might have shrunk from." Mr. Charles Negus contributed the following anecdotes of Keokuk to the ^'Annals of Iowa": " In the fall of 1887, the General Government called to Washington a dep- utation from most of the tribes residing in the Valley of the Mississippi. Prominent among others were delegations from the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, between whom at the time open hostilities existed. The ostensible object in calling these deputations to the seat of government, at this time, was alleged to be for the-purpose of restoring peace among the hostile nations, but negotia- tions were held for the purchase of lands. Gary A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian aflfairs, under the direction of J. K. Pointset, Secretary of War, con- ducted the business. The council was held in a church, and the negotiations between the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux were spirited and attracted much attention. " After the council was opened by a few remarks on the part of the United States, the representatives from the Sioux spoke. Their great effort seemed to be to show that it was useless to undertake to make a peace with the Sacs and Foxes, for they were treacherous and no confidence could be put in anything they might agree to do. ' My father,' said one of their orators, ' you cannot make these people hear any good words, unless you bore their ears with sticks.' ' We have often made peace with them,' said another, ' but they would never observe a treaty. I would as soon make a treaty with that child (pointing to Keokuk's little boy) as with a Saukee or Musquakee.' " Keotfuk did most of the talking on the part of the Sncs and Foxes, and with the spectators was the Cicero of the occasion, and in reply to these phi- lippics of the Sioux, he said : ' They tell you that our ears must be bored with sticks, but, my father, you could not penetrate their thick skulls in that way, it would require hot iron. They say they would as soon make peace with a child as with us ; they know better, for when they make war upon us, they find us men. They tell you that peace has often been made, and that we have broken it. How happens it, then, that so many of their braves have been slain in our •country ? I will tell you, they invade us ; we never invade them ; none of our braves have been killed on their land. We have their scalps, and can tell where we took them.' "It may be proper here to notice some of the events in Keokuk s lite. Keokuk was a descendant of the Sac branch of the nation, and was born near or upon Rock River, about the year 1780.. He, like Black Hawk, was not an hereditary chief, but rose, by his energy and skill in managing the Indians, to be the head man in the nation. The first battle he was ever engaged m he encountered and killed a Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors and he was presented with a. public feast by his tribe in commemoration ot the event. During the war of 1812 with Great Britain, a force 'Was sent by the Government of the United States to destroy an Indian village at Peoria, on the Illinois River. A runner brought the news to the village that the same troops were going to attack the Sacs, and the whole tribe were very much alarmed. A council was instantly called, and it was determined to immediately abandon their village. Keokuk, who as yet had not been admitted into their councils, was standing by and heard the result of their deliberations. He went to the door of the council-lodge and asked the privilege of addressing the council on the subject about which they had been deliberating. He was admitted, and expressed his regret at the conclusion they had come to, and argued the pro- 336 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. priety of preparing for a defense before a retreat, and concluded by saying, ' Make me your leader, let your young men follow me, and the pale-faces shall be driven back to their towns. Let the old men and women, and all who are afraid to meet the white man, stay here, but let your braves go to battle!' This speech had its desired effect, and the warriors at once declared they were ready' to follow Keokuk, and he was chosen their leader. The intelligence turned out to be a false alarm, but the conduct of Keokuk had its effect and raised him to the first rank among the braves. "On another occasion, Keokuk, with his band was hunting near the country of the Sioux. Very unexpectedly a mounted band of Sioux came upon them, fully equipped for a hostile attack. The Sacs were also upon horse-back, but they had not the force or preparation to openly resist the attack of the enemy, nor could they safely retreat. In this emergency, Keokuk immediately formed his men into a circle and ordered them to dismount and take shelter behind their horses. The Sioux raised their war-whoop and charged upon their enemy with great fury, but the Sacs, protected by their horses, took deliberate aim, gave them a warm reception and caused them to fall back. The attack was repeated, and, after several unsuccessful assaults, the Sioux retired much the worse for the encounter. Subsequent to this, when the Sacs supposed the Sioux were on friendly terms with them, they went out on a buffalo-hunt, leaving but few braves to protect their village. Unex- pectedly,' Keokuk came upon an encampment of 'a large number of Sioux painted' for war, and apparently on their way to attack his village. His war- riors were widely scattered over the prairies and could not speedily be collected together. These circumstances called into requisition the tact of a general. Keokuk was prepared for the emergency ; he mounted his horse, and unat- tended, boldly rode into the camp of the enemy. In the midst of their camp, he saw raised the war-pole, and around it the Sioux were engaged in the war- dance and uttering expressions of vengeance upon the Sacs. Keokuk dashed into the midst of them and demanded to see their chief. At the approach of the chief, he said to him, 'I have come to let you know that there are traitors in your camp. They have told me that you were preparing to attack my vil- lage. I know they told me lies, for you could not, after smoking the pipe of peace, be so base as to murder my women and children in my absence; none but cowards would be guilty of such conduct.' When the Sioux had got a little over their surprise, they gathered around him, evincing an inten- tion to seize him, when he added in a loud voice, 'I supposed they told me lies, but if what I have heard is true, the Sacs are ready for you.' And immediately put spurs to his horse and left the camp at full speed. _ Several guns were fired at him, and a number of the Sioux mounted their horses and chased him but he escaped unhurt. Brandishing his tomahawk, and making the woods resound with the war-whoop, he soon left his pursuers in the distance. "He immediately collected his warriors and prepared to defend his village. His enemies, finding that they had been discovered and fearing that Keokuk, by his bold adventure to their camp had planned some stratagem, abandoned their enterprise and returned home without molesting the Sacs. Keokuk was more distinguished as an orator and statesman than as a general. He was one of the most eloquent speakers in his nation, and was not surpassed by any in managing his own people, and others with whom he had inter- course." HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 337 BLACK HAWK, THE BRAVE. The most conspicuous figure in the list of noted Indians of the Northwest is Black Hawk. In many of his tastes and characteristics, he was more like ■ the white man than the savage. In personal appearance, he was distinguished. He was five feet and eleven inches tall, weighed about one hundred and forty pounds, and had an eye black and piercing as a wild beast's. After his dramatic life-work was finished, the old man dwelt in solitude near the scene of his battle under Pashapaho, at lowaville, and while there became intimately acquainted with James Jordan, who still lives (1879) on the farm claimed at an early day. Mr. Jordan's name will be recognized by scores of the readers of this work, and his statements will be received by all as worthy of credence. Mr. Jordan's opportunities for knowing the Indian, and also for acquiring a thorough knowledge of the language in which he spoke, were unusual. For years, the two families lived side by side, and maintained a degree of intimacy peculiar and incidental to the isolated life then led. A feeling of friendliness sprang up between the native and the pioneer resident, which was but little removed from that of brotherhood. BLACK hawk's BIRTH. Mr. Jordan asserts that many errors have crept into history concerning Black Hawk. The most important one is that which fixes his birth in 1767. It will be observed in the State history, which precedes this sketch, that he was born in the Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River with the Mississippi, in Illinois, 1767. Mr. Jordan pronounces the date an error. From Black Hawk's own lips, he learned that the time of his birth was 1775, but the day is not given. The date 1767 is given in no less an authoritative manner than that ot Schoolcraft's standard work on the North American Indians, prepared under his supervision by order of Congress. The temerity of venturing to correct a statement made by so eminent an investigator, is not possessed by the compiler of these pages, but we feel that the duty of one who attempts to preserve his- toric fact is plainly of a character which necessitates apparent rashness. In the case in question, there is little doubt but that all writers subsequent to Schoolcraft have unhesitatingly accepted his conclusions, and have given less care to researches in that direction than would have been given had some more obscure man chronicled the event. Hence the general unammity of belief that the brave began life in 1767. . , w i.- i, ^ * As it is a question— since here we venture to raise the doubt— which futme historians will probably seek earnestly to solve, let us review the grounds we have for regarding Mr. Schoolcraft in error, and then leave the subjec. to be definitely determined by more competent writers. .v + f „„ One can scarcely conceive of a more perplexing question than that f a.^ Indian's age, if taken on general principles. Few among the more mtelligen ones, are Me to tell their%ears. Their methods of computing time a- vague at best and it is no uncommon thing to find an old Indian claiming greater age than is reasonablv his allotted share. The birth of children among ava^e tribes is not a matter of record. Modern, as well as the more remote even^m the lives of such tribes partake of the traditionary character of rectal which leads to confusion. If, for example, a prominent figure m ^^eir history once becomes invested with qualities which distinguish him, he is ever afterward referred to by symbolic epithet. The names of Indian chiefs are chosen irom 338 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. their vocabulary, ricli in natural similitudes. Is it not reasonable to suppose that if once announced, even without authority, an Indian brave's age, like his name, will remain unquestioned among the people of his tribe? Is it not also reasonable to believe that such an expression concerning Black Hawk's age may have been made, and that Mr. Schoolcraft found that the prevailing opinion' pointed to 1767 as the date ? Having thus understood it, iyid hearing it repeated frequently, what more natural conclusion could he have drawn than that it was coirect ? Assuming (in the absence of positive proof either way) that Mr. Schoolcraft conversed with Black Hawk personally on this subject, it will undoubtedly appear to those who remember the Indian's reticent manner with the whites, that an acquiescence in the general belief would be more likely to follow a casual inquiry concerning his age, than a refutation of the popular idea. It was only to those who could converse with him in his native tongue, and who were associated with him continually, that Black Hawk cast aside his customary reserve. He did dnot entertain an instinctive love for the whites, especially for Americans ; an there is no evidence at hand to convince us that Mr. Schoolcraft enjoyed the confidence of the brave. So much can be said in negative argument of the case. As to affirmative argument, we have the positive assurance of Mr. Jordan that Black Hawk frequently talked upon this subject, and declared all state- ments fixing his birth in 1767 erroneous. The pioneer and the native families lived side by side. The two men associated almost like brothers. Mr. Jordan spoke the language of the Sacs as fluently as his own, and thus inspired a degree of friendliness unattainable by those who were unfamiliar with the tongue. The whole question, in fact, resolves itself into one of veracity on the part of Mr. Jordan. If there exists documentary evidence, under Mr. Schoolcraft's hand, that Black Hawk told him positively of his age, then the matter lies between these men. If no such proof is extant, the reason for accepting the statement made by Mr. Jordan are already defined. There is a physiological argument in support of Mr. Jordan. If Black Hawk was born in 1775, he was sixty-three years of age at the time of his death. Physicians will admit that there is no more critical period in man's life than that, and the breaking-down of a vigorous constitution would be likely to occur then, in the case of an active person like Black Hawk. We know of no rule which makes the Indian warrior, who has led a life of conflict and excitement, an exception to this apparent law of nature. The stories of Black Hawk's early battles, and especially his first one, may bo offered in contradiction of the statement made by Mr. Jordan. Is there positive proof that his first scalp was taken in any particular year? It is said that he was sixteen years of age when that brave deed was performed ; but other traditions make him still older at that time, while some even cast a shadow on the truth of the story. Of course, if testimony fixing the date of any event, and the brave's age at the moment of its occurrence, can be produced, the simultaneous record will settle this question at once. Who will solve the enigma ? The age of Black Hawk is not the only point in his history upon which con- flicting evidence exists. His name in the original is variously given as to orthography. In Schoolcraft's history it is spelled Mucco-da-ka-ka-ke. Catlin spelled It Muk-a-tah-mish-o-kah-kaih. Jordan spells it Mu-ca-tah-mish-a-ka-kah. Maj. Beach spelled it Muck-a-ta-mish-e-ki-ak-ki-ak. This difference of spelling, however, is of no consequence, as it unquestion- ably resulted from an attempt to produce, with English letters, the peculiar pro- HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 339 nunciation of the Indian tongue. The literal translation into English is a black hawk. Another error exists concerning the official position of the man. He was not a chief, either by inheritance or election. His father was a leading spirit, perhaps a prophet or a man of commanding influence in the councils of the Sacs. At an early age, Black Hawk was allowed to don the war-paint, because of his having slain an enemy of his tribe. This rather traditionary statement comes unsupported, but is given for what it is worth. The story runs that the youth was but sixteen years old when he hung his first scalp upon his wigwam. In character, the Indian boy was brave, cautious and ambitious. He aspired to rank and sought the gratification of his passion for power by stealthy means. He possessed marvelous oratorical abilities, in that gift equaling the great speaker Keokuk. As a warrior, he was dependent more upon strategy than upon the qualities which white men deem essential to military prowess ; but Black Hawk was not a cruel or blood-thirsty man, who slew merely for the sake of slaughter. He was a paradox in some characteristics, and the report given by Mr. Jordan, of his latter days, contradicts the generally-believed accounts of his early methods of self-promotion. However, one can accept the statements of his friend without too great a tax on one's credulity, when it is remembered that the last years, and not the first, were spent in this vicinity. Black Hawk the youth was very diflerent from Black Hawk the old and defeated man. History teaches that Black Hawk's efforts at generalship were failures, when military method was required. His power lay in sudden and fierce attacks, with dramatic strategy and rush of mounted braves. It was by such means, and the employment of his great eloquence in council, that he gained his place as a leader. He assumed the place of authority over Keokuk, his ranking officer, and maintained his hold upon his men without ever claiming to be a chieftain. He called himself a Brave, and delighted in the title. The Sacs and Foxes, according to their traditions, once dwelt upon the shores of the great lakes. Gradually they were pushed westward, until in time they came to occupy a large portion of Northern Illinois. In spite of the pressure of the whites, this band occupied a site on the east shore of the Missis- sippi, near Rock River. Here Black Hawk was, in 1832, the controlling spirit. " He' was never a chief, either by inheritance or election," declares Maj. Beach, '^and his influence was shared by a wily old savage, of part Winnebago blood, called the Prophet, who could do with Black Hawk pretty much as he pleased; and also by a Sac named Nahpope, the English of which is Soup, and whom the writer found to be a very friendly and manageable old native, as was also Black Hawk." ^ , ^ ^ . The following graphic account of the slaughter of the lowas, by the warriors under Pashapaho and Black Hawk, is from a paper prepared by Uriah Biggs, and published in the "Annals of Iowa." The battle-field was on the present site of lowaville, which was long ago the principal seat of the Iowa nation ot Indians, and was where Black Hawk afterward died. At the time of the mas- sacre. Black Hawk was a young man, and the graphic account of his first steps toward chieftainship, as related by Mr. Biggs, is made up of the details given by the Indians who participated in the battle : , , ,v,- u ..i ,„= " Contrary to long-established custom of Indian attack, this battle was brought on in daytime, the attending circumstances justifying this departure from the well-settled usages of Indian warfare. The battle-field is a level river, bottom prairie, of about four miles in length and two miles wide, near the midale, 340 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. narrowing down to points at either end. The main area of the bottom rises, perhfips, twenty feet above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom along the river, covered with trees that belted the prairie on the river-side with a thick forest, and tlie river-bank was fringed with a dense growth of willows. ' Near the lower end of the prairie, and near the river-bank, was situated the Iowa village, and about two miles above the town, and near the middle of the prairie, is situated a small natural mound, covered at that time with a tuft of small trees and brush growing on its summit. '• In the rear of this mound lay a belt of wet prairie, which, at the time here spoken of, was covered with a dense crop of rank, coarse grass ; bordering this wet prairie on the north, the country rises abruptly into elevated and broken river-bluifs, covered with a heavy forest for many miles in extent, por- tions of it thickly clustered with undergrowth, affording a convenient shelter for the stealthy approach of the cat-like foe. Through this forest the Sac and Fox war-party made their way in the night-time, and secreted themselves in the tall* grass spoken of above, intending to remain in ambush through the day and make such observations as this near proximity to their intended victims might afford, to aid them in the contemplated attack on the town during the following night. From this situation their spies could take a full survey of the situation of the village, and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by which means they were soon convinced the lowas had no suspicion of their presence. ''At the foot of the mound above noticed, the lowas had their race-course, where they diverted themselves with the excitements of the horse, and skilled their young warriors in cavalry evolutions. In these exercises mock battles are fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and defense, of victory and defeat, are carefully inculcated, by which means a skill in horsemanship is acquired which is rarely excelled. Unfortunately for them this day was selected for these equestrian sports, and, wholly unconscious of the proximity of their foes, the warriors repaired to the race-ground, leaving the most of their arms in the village, and their old men and women and children unprotected. "Pashapaho, who was chief in command of the enemy's forces, perceived at once the advantage this state of things afforded for a complete surprise of his now doomed victims, and ordered Black Hawk to file off with his young warriors through the tall grass, and gain the cover of the timber along the river-bank, and, with the utmost speed reach the village and commence the battle, while he remained with his division in the ambush, to make a simulta- neous assault on the unarmed men, whose attention was engrossed with the excitement of the races. The plan was skilfully laid and most dexterously prosecuted. Black Hawk, with his forces, reached the village undiscovered and made a furious onslaught upon its defenseless inhabitants, by firing one general volley into their midst, and completing the slaughter with the tomahawk and scalping-knife, aided by the devouring flames with which they engulfed the village as soon as the fire-brand could be spread from lodge to lodge. " On the instant of the report of fire-arms at the village, the forces under Pashapaho leaped from their couchanf position in the grass, and sprang tiger- like upon the astonished and unarmed lowas in the midst of their racing sports. The first impulse of the latter naturally led them to make the utmost speed to reach their arms in the village, and protect, if possible, their wives and children from the attacks of merciless assailants. " The distance from the place of the attack on the prairie was two miles, and a great number fell in the flight by the bullets and tomahawks of their adversaries, who pressed them closely with a running fire the whole way, and HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 341 they only reached their town in time to witness the horrors of its destruction. Their whole village was in flames, and the dearest objects of their lives lay in slaughtered heaps amidst the devouring element, and the agonizing groans of the dying mingled with the exulting shouts of a victorious foe, filled their hearts with a maddening despair. Their wives and children who had been spared the general massacre were prisoners, and, together with their arms, were in posses- sion of the victors, and all that could now be done was to draw off their shat- tered and defenseless forces and save as many lives as possible by a retreat across the Des Moines River, which they effected in the best possible manner, and took a position among the Soap Creek hills. " The complete success attending a battle does not always imply brave action, for, as in the present instance, bravery does not belong to a wanton attack on unarmed men and defenseless women and children. Yet it is due to Pashapaho, as commander of an army, to give him full credit for his quick 'perception of the advantages circumstances had placed within his reach, and for his sagacity in at once changing the programme of attack to meet occurring events, and the courage and intrepidity to seize these events and insure his success. The want of these essential qualities in a commander has occasioned the loss of' many a battle in what is courteously termed civilized warfare. " The lowas, cut off" from all hope of retrieving their loss, sent a flag of truce to Pashapaho, submitting their fate to the will of their conqueror, and a parley ensued, which resulted in the lowas becoming an integral part of the Sac and Fox nation ; but experiencing the ill-usage that is the common fate of a con- quered people, they besought the United States authorities to purchase their undivided interest in the country, and thus allow them to escape from the tyranny of their oppressors. The purchase was accordingly made in 1825, and they removed to the Missouri River, and have so wasted in numbers as to scarcely preserve their existence as an independent tribe. The sole cause of this war was the insatiable ambition of the Sac and Fox Indians, as this was their first acquaintance with the Iowa nation or tribe." On page 74 -of this volume, is given the generally accepted version of the causes which led to the Black Hawk war of 1830 ; but that story is vague and unsatisfactory. On page 157 another, and, in the main, a correct account is given. From Mr. Jordan we learn facts of more than local interest in this disputed case, and give them here. Somewhere about 1828-29, a, man named Watts, while driving cattle through this region, about jyhere lowaville now is, was beset by Indians. Watts had with him a man whose name is not remembered now. This man was killed by a savage. The murder was committed on Indian territory, and a demand was made on Black Hawk for the criminal. He was delivered up to the United States authorities and taken to St. Louis, where he was tried and condemned. Some of the tribe went to St. Louis to intercede for their companion, but did not accomplish their purpose. The Indian was hanged. However, while the Indians were in St. Louis they fell victims of shaipers, who obtained a pro- fessed title to Black Hawk's village, on the Rock River, by presents of less value than the Government price of the land. When the embassy returned with their ill-gotten trinkets. Black Hawk was wroth and denounced the fraud. Subsequently, probably the next spring, on the opening of the season otlSrfU, the men who had obtained such title to the land came on, and drove the Indian women and children from the village, during the temporary absence of the braves. Black Hawk made issue with the fraudulent possessors of his home, and offered to stake thirty of his braves against thirty white soldiers to test the 342 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. question of title by a fight. The ofi'er was dechned by the military, but the whites said they would pit the United States army against the Indians of his tribe. Black Hawk took "up the gauntlet, and hence the famous^but disastrous. Black Hawk war. This version, it will be seen, substantially corroborates the story obtained by research in Illinois. Of the Black Hawk war, it is not within the province of this sketch to bpeak ; it belongs to the history of Illinois, and has been repeatedly written up. After the defeat of Black Hawk, in 1832, he was captured and taken to Prairie du Chien. After an imprisonment in Jefferson Barracks, and, subsequently, in Fortress Monroe, whither he was taken, he was returned, at the intercession of Keokuk, to this region. In his old age. Black Hawk sought the company of the garrison, his band was broken up, and the once great chief was left alone in his declining years. Black Hawk's phrenological developments indicated large self-esteem, destructiveness and combativeness. An incident is related of his vanity, which goes to prove that his strong points were counterbalanced by weak ones, or rather that his undisciplined nature betrayed its weakness, as would not have been the case had conventionality produced its usual result of indifference in manner. The citizens of Fort Madison gave a ball, in the winter of 1838, and Black Hawk was one of the lions of the occasion. He was accompanied by his squaw and son, and the two men were gaudily equipped in full-idress uni- forms, silver epaulets, etc., things presented to them while in Washington the preceding fall. This fine military outfit was made extremely ludicrous by being combined with cowhide brogans and old-fashioned chapeaus. But Black Hawk was wholly complacent and satisfied, and the three received much flattery dur- ing the evening. Later during the festivities, Black Hawk was seen contemplating himself in a large mirror at one end of the hall, quite unconscious that heVas being ob- served. He was soliloquizing to himself, " Nish-e-shing (great or good) Black Hawk one big Cap-a-tain. Howh, howh !" Black Hawk evinced great fondness for military glory and display. There was an ardent love of fame that never ceased to burn in his spirit, even through the trial of Keokuk's promotion above him as chief of the two tribes. When Black Hawk was captured after the battle of Bad Axe (his last battle), an officer in the army at that time relates that the agonized feelings of the conquered warrior were peculiarly touching in their manifestations. He says : " I shall never forget the appearance of Black Hawk when they brought him into the fort a captive. He was clad in a dress of white tanned deerskins, with- out paint or ornament, save one small feather attached to his scalp-lock. His fan was the tail of a calumet eagle. He sat down, pale and dejected, his face in his hand, his legs crossed, and occasionally casting his eyes upon the officers. He felt that he was a prisoner, and was speechless." •Being permitted to speak in his own defense, he arose and said : " You have taken me prisoner, with all my warriors. When I saw that I could not beat you by Indian fighting, I determined to rush upon you and fight you face to face. I fought hard ; but your guns were well aimed, and the bullets flew like birds in the air, and whizzed by our ears like the wind through the trees in winter. My warriors fell around me. It began to look dismal. I saw my evil day at hand. The sun rose dim on us in the morning, and at niglit it sank in a dark cloud and looked like a ball of fire. That was the last sun that shone on Black Hawk. His heart is dead and no longer beats in his bosom. He is now a prisoner to the white men ; they will do with him as they HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 343 ■wish ; but he can stand torture, and is not afraid of death. He is no coward — Black Hawk is an Indian. He has done nothing of which an Indian ought to be ashamed. He has fought for his countrymen, their squaws and papooses, against white men who came year after year to cheat them and take away their lands. He is satisfied ; he will go to the world of spirits contented ; he has done his duty; his father will meet him there and commend him. Black Hawk is a true Indian, and disdains to cry like a woman. He feels for his wife, his children and his friends; but he does not care for himself. Farewell, my nation ! Black Hawk tried to save you and avenge your wrongs. He drank the blood of some of the whites ; he has been taken prisoner, and his plans are stopped. He can do no more ; he is near his end ; his sun is setting, and he will rise no more. Farewell to Black Hawk." It seems that Keokuk had predicted downfall and disaster to Black Hawk for madly rushing into the war, which prediction was fulfilled. Yet Keokuk showed to his defeated rival the utmost consideration, and when the tribes were informed that the President considered Keokuk the principal chief, instead of showing a spirit of triumph over him, Keokuk rather aimed to soften the blow. Maj. Garland made the announcement, and said that he hoped Black Hawk would conform to the arrangement, and that dissensions would cease. From some mistake of the interpreter, Black Hawk understood that he was ordered to submit to the advice of Keokuk. He instantly lost all command of himself, and arose, trembling with anger, and exclaimed, " I am a man, an old man; I will not obey the counsel of any one ! No one shall govern me ! I am old. My hair is gray. I once gave counsel to young men — am I to be ruled by others ? I shall soon go to the Great Spirit, where I shall be at rest. I am done." . ^ „ . . A momentary excitement ran through the assembly. This show of spirit was not expected from one who had been so recently punished. Keokuk, in a low tone of voice said to him, " Why do you speak thus before white men ? You trembled ; you do not mean what you said. I will speak for you." Black Hawk consented, and Keokuk rose. " Our brother, who has lately come back to us," he said, " has spoken, but he spoke in anger. His tongue was forked. He did not speak like a Sac. He felt that his words were bad, and trembled like a tree whose roots have been washed by many rains. He is old. Let us forget what he has said. He wishes it forgotten. What 1 have said are his words not mine." , Then Black Hawk requested to have a black line drawn over the words he had spoken in anger. „ -r^, , tt i ^ i. 4.„„ Mr. Biggs did not entertain as high an estimate of Black Hawk s character as some did. He wrote, concerning him : ti i t i ;i ^ +!,<» ^ " My first and only interview with Black Hawk was at Rock Island at the time of the treaty for the Iowa Reserve, in 1836, about one year before his death. I was introduced to him by his intimate acquaintance and apologist, the late Jeremiah Smith, of Burlington. He asked where I resided, and being told on the Wabash River, in Indiana, he traced on the sand the principal Western rivers, showing their courses and connections, '^"V'^^i.'^f^'^gf J'"' eral knowledge of the prominent features of the topography of the Western *^ " The interview occurred after his first visit to Washington, where he was taken by way of the Ohio River to Pittsburgh, and returned by P^ilade phia Baltimore, Albany, Buffalo and Detroit, affording ^^^f S^'^- °f °[ ;^" ^nd form a salutary impression of the military resources of the United States, and 3J:4 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. also to acquire a general knowledge of its geography. Its great military strength seemed to arouse his keenest observation, and furnished the main topic of his remarks upon the country as he passed through, as well as on his return to his tribe. The colloquy at this interview aiforded an occasion to express his bitter reflections upon this painful theme. Mr. Smith, unfortunately for the repose of Black Hawk's feelings, and unconscious of its effect, mentioned the writer of this sketch as a surveyor of public lands, a character always unwelcome among the Indians. This remark I much regretted, as Black Hawk's countenance was •instantly covered with gloom, and he rather petulantly said : ' The Chemokemon was strong, and would force the Indians to give up all their lands.' "The colloquy here ended, as this barbed arrow, inadvertently thrown by Mr. Smith, had occasioned a tumult in Black Hawk's mind that rendered fur- ther conversation on his part disagreeable. The impressions of the writer in regard to Black Hawk's personal appearance were those of disappointment. He was attired in a coarse cloth coat, without any semblance of fit or proportion, with his feet thrust into a pair of new stoga shoes that were without strings, and a coarse wool hat awkwardly placed upon his nearly bald pate, and presenting a very uncouth and rather ludicrous personal bearing. " This toggery, perhaps, had its share in lowering my previously-estimated claims of Black Hawk to distinction among the celebrated men of his race. ' The fine head, Roman style of face and prepossessing countenance,' that so favorably impressed the distinguished author of the ' Sketch-Book,' on visiting him while a prisoner in Jefferson Barracks, were no longer apparent to my dull comprehension. " It would, indeed, be difficult to find a name in history that attained so great a notoriety, associated with such limited mental endowment and true mili- tary skill. Every prominent act of his life gave evidence of the lack of sound discretion and prudent forethought. We find him as early as 1804 visiting the Spanish Governor at St. Louis, at the time the United States Agents called to accept the transfer of the authority of the country. Black Hawk being informed of the purpose of their visit, refused to meet these agents of the new government, he passing out at one door as they entered at the other, and embarking with his suite in their canoes and hastening away to Rock Island, saymg he liked his Spanish father best. This was a mere whim, as he had, as yet, no acquaintance with the Government and people of the United States. He, however, at once determined on hostility to both ; and this ill-ad- vised and hasty determination was his ruling passion while he lived. "Lieut. Pike, on behalf of the Government, made him a friendly visit to Rock Island, the following year, and, as a token of friendship, presented Black Hawk with an American Flag, which he refused to accept. He embraced the first opportunity that offered to form an alliance with the British authorities in Canada, and eagerly attached himself and 500 warriors of his tribe to the British standard, at the commencement of the war of 1812. Here, his lack of capacity to command an army where true courage and enduring fortitude were requisite to success, was fully demonstrated. His warlike talents had hitherto been only tested in stealthy and sudden onslaughts on unprepared and defense- less foes ; and, if successful, a few scalps were the laurels he coveted, and he retired, exulting in the plunder of a village and these sa.vage trophies. His campaign against the Osages and other neighboring tribes, lasted only long enough to make one effort, and afforded no evidence of the fortitude and patient skill of the able military leader. His conduct under the British flag as ' Gen. Black Hawk ' showed him entirely wanting in the capacity to deserve that HISTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY. 345 title. He followed the English army to Fort Stephenson, in expectation of an easy slaughter and pillage ; but the signal repulse the combined forces still met by the gallant Col. Croghan, completely disheartened him, and he slipped away with about twenty of his followers to his village on Rock River, leaving his army to take care of themselves. " He entertained no just conception of the obligation of treaties made between our Government and his tribe, and even the separate treaty by himself and his 'British Band,' in 1816, was no check on his caprice and stolid self- will, and its open violation brought on the war of 1832, which resulted in his complete overthrow, and ended forever his career as a warrior. " The history of his tour through the United States as a prisoner, is a severe reflection upon the intelligence of the people of our Eastern cities, in regard to the respect due to a sa.vage leader who had spent a long life in butchering his own race, and the frontier inhabitants of their own race and country. His journey was, everywhere throughout the East, an ovation, falling but little short of the respect and high consideration shown to the nation's great benefactor, La Fayette, whose triumphal tour through the United States happened near the same period. But as an offset to this ridiculous adulation in the East, when the escort reached Detroit, where his proper estimate was understood. Black Hawk and his suite were contemptuously burned in effigy. But due allowance should be made for the ignorance concerning true Indian character, among the Eastern people, as their conceptions are formed from the fanciful crea- tions of the Coopers and Longfellows, immensely above the sphere of blood- thirsty War Eagles and the filthy, paint-bedaubed Hiawathas of real savage life." Maj. Beach relates the following incident derived from personal obser- vation : " Black Hawk's lodge was always the perfection of cleanliness — a quite unusual thing for an Indian. The writer has seen the old woman busily at work with her broom by time of sunrise, sweeping down the little ant-hills in the yard that had been thrown up during the night. As the chiefs of the nation seemed to pay him but little attention in the waning years of his life, Gen. Street, the Agent, looked out for his comfort more carefully than otherwise he would have thought it needful to do, and, among other things, gave him a cow- an appendage to an Indian's domestic establishment hitherto unheard of The old squaw and daughter were, instructed in the art of milking her, and she was held among them in almost as great reverence as the sacred ox Apis was held among the ancient Egyptians. . " This was in the summer of 1838, when the Agency was m process ot erection, and Black Hawk had established his lodge on the banks of the Des Moines, about three miles below Eldon. Close by was the trading-house ot Wharton McPherson, with whom the writer stayed one night in August ot said year (1838), and, as he rode past the lodge, Mme. Black Hawk was complacently sitting upon a log by the side of her cow, under a heavily- branched tree, industriously brushing the flies and mosquitoes from the bovme, with a rag tied to the end of a stick. Mr. McPherson said this was her daily occupation, in fly-time, often following the animal around as it grazed at a distance. This was the last occasion that ever the writer had an inter- view with Black Hawk, as he died within two months of that time (Septem- ber 15, 1838), and was even then so infirm that he could barely move about his wigwam." 346 HISTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY. THE DEATH OE BLACK HAWK. The brave old Indian passed the last of his declining years in the immedi- ate companionship of James Jordan, near lowaville. He made occasional visits to Fort Madison and other towns, and even as late as the summer of 1838, but a short time prior to his death, he was in Fort Madison. He called upon Mr. Edwards, editor of the Patriot, who was an admirer of the Indian, and while there, the question of the brave's age came up. Mr. J. M. Broadwell, then an employe in the office, remembers that Black Hawk counted on his fingers the number sixty-three, thus corroborating the statement made by Mr. Jordan con- cerning the Indian's birth. The birth of Black Hawk is not the only disputed date in his eventful career, for the ending as well as the beginning has been variously stated. We are glad to be able to give a correct account of the death, burial and final dis- position of the old warrior. The best authority on this subject is Mr. Jordan. From him the following statement was obtained : On the 1st day of September, 1838, Mu-ca-tah-mish-a ka-kah sickened with fever. The old brave requested Mr. Jordan to send to Fort Edward (now Warsaw] for Dr. Peel. A letter was duly dispatched, in which the Doctor was promised the sum of $300 if he would attend the summons. The message was slow in going, and before a response could be made the soul of the brave old Indian had passed to tie happy hunting-ground. Black Hawk died September 15, 1838 (not October 1st, as has been fre- quently stated), and was between sixty-three and sixty-four years of age at the time of his decease. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but he used to say just before his death, that he was sixty- three fingers and a part of a finger (meaning a year for each finger held up). Before he died, he requested Mr. Jordan to observe certain ceremonies in his burial. His body was to be clothed in full uniform, a suit ot military clothes presented him by Gen. Jackson, or by some high official in the administration, upon which were a pair of epaulets valued at $500. Three medals, which had been given him by the British, the French and the American Governments, respectively, and valued in the aggre- gate at f 1,200, were to be placed upon his breast. He was to be buried in a sitting posture, with his feet placed in a hole a few inches deep, and his body held in position by a board at his back. About his corpse was erected a frail tomb made of wooden slabs set upon the ground in the form of an inverted V. His war-club — a shaved post four or five feet high — was placed in the front of . his rude tomb, upon which. a great number of black stripes were painted, cor- responding with the number of scalps he had taken during life. Openings were left in his tomb so that his friends and curious visitors could witness the process of decay. The locality was designated by Black Hawk himself, as the site of his last friendly council with the Iowa Indians. This point was upon Mr. Jordan's farm, on Section 2, Township 70 north. Range 12 west. The injunction was faithfully carried out. The body was dressed as the Brave had directed, and blankets and gloves were added. Some time later, Mrs. Black Hawk came to Mr. Jordan with the alarming story that her hus- band's head had been stolen. Upon inve8tiga,ting the sepulcher, it was found that the head had dropped over from its own weight. Mr. Jordan replaced the member and repaired the tomb. The alarm thus given was not entirely groundless, however, for on the 3d of July, 1839, Dr. Turner, of Van Buren County, stole the body and made off with it. It was taken to Quincy, 111., and there the bones were cleaned by a HISTORY OF BBS MOINES COUNTY. 347 professional anatomist. The accounts differ as to the place where the bones were cleaned ; one being given as above, and another that it was St. Louis first and then Quincy ; but Quincy was probably the scene of that deed. The bones were not " wired," but merely polished and varnished. When the family of Black Hawk learned of the robbery, they were uncon- trollable in their grief and anger. Nasheaskuk, the son, and Hardfish, the subchief who had succeeded to the leadership of Black Hawk's band, came to Burlington, with about fifty braves, and made formal complaint to Gov. Lucas about the desecration of the grave. The Governor assured Nasheaskuk that the laws of the land made the stealing of a body a penal offense, and that everything should be done that was possible to secure the return of the remains. The council was satisfactory to the Indians, and lasted two days, being the 23d and 24th of January, 1840. The ceremonies finally ended with a grand dance and powwow in old Zion Church, with the Governor as master of festivities. Such a record is ludicrous now ; but there was no alternative but to take pos- session of the numerously-employed edifice on such occasions. The following summer and fall were consumed in a search after the missing bones, and not until the winter succeeding were they discovered. The Hawk-Eye, of December 10, 1840, contains the following item : " The bones of Black Hawk, which were stolen from the grave about a year since, have been recovered and are now in .the Governor's ofiEce. The wampum, hat, etc., which were buried with the old chief" [the editor evidently regarded Black Hawk as a chief, through misunderstanding of his position. — Ed.] "have been returned with the bones. It appears that they were taken to St. Loui& and there cleaned ; that they were then sent to Quincy, 111., to a dentist, to be put up and wired, previous to being sent to the East. The dentist was cautioned not to deliver them to any one until a requisition should be made by Gov. Lucas. The Governor made the necessary order, and the bones were sent up, a few days since, by the Mayor of Quincy, and are now in the possession of the Governor. He has sent word to Nasheaskuk, Black Hawk's, son, or to the family, and some of them will probably call for them in a few days. Mr. Edgerton, the phrenologist, has taken an exact drawing of the skull, which looks very natural, and has also engraved it on a reduced scale, which -picture will shortly appear on his chart. Destructiveness, combativeness, firmness and philoprogenitiveness, are, phrenologically speaking, very strongly developed." Thus it is shown that Black Hawk died in September, 1838 ; his body was ^ stolen in July, 1839 ; his tribe made complaint to Gov. Lucas in January, * 1840, and in December of that year, the bones were recovered and brought ta Burlington. The remains were packed in a small box and placed in the Governor s office. A message was sent to the bereaved family, then staying on the Des Moines, some ninety miles distant. A cavalcade was soon in motion, bearing the disconsolate widow and a retinue of her friends to Burlington. On the evening of their arrival, the Governor was notified of their readiness to wait upon him, and fixed the audience for 10 A. M. the next day. Several visitors were in attendance. The box containing the august remains opened with a lid, and when the parties were all assembled and ready for the awful development, the lid was lifted by the Governor, fully exposing the sacred relics of the renowned chief to the gaze of his sorrowing friends and the very respectable auditors who had ascended to witness the impressive scene. j n i, • The Governor then addressed the widow, through John Goodell, the inter- preter of the Hardfish band, giving all the details of the transfer of the bone& 348 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. from the grave to Quincy and ■ back to Burlington, and assured her that they were the veritable bones of her deceased husband ; that he had sympathized deeply with her in her great affliction, and that he now hoped she would be consoled and comforted by the return of the precious relics to her care, in full confidence that they would not again be disturbed where she might chance to entomb them. The widow then advanced to the lid of the box, and, without the least seeming emotion, picked up in her fingers bone after bone, and examined each with the seeming curiosity of a child, and replacing each bone ♦in its proper place, turned to the interpreter, and replied that she fully believed they were Black Hawk's bones, and that she knew the Governor was a good old man, or he would not have taken the great pains he had manifested to oblige her, and, in consideration of his great benevolence and disinterested friendship, she would leave the bones under his care and protection. She saw that the skeleton 'was in a good dry place,' and concluded toilet it remain there. Maj. Beach said that he notified the widow of the willingness of the authorities to surrender the bones, but that she seemed indifferent to the matter. At all events, nothing was done by the family to secure a re-interment of the remains. Shortly after the scenejust related transpired, Gov. Lucas was succeeded by Gov. Chambers, and the bones of Black Hawk were taken from his former office to the office of Dr. Lowe, on Main street. Drs. Lowe, Hickcock and Rock were then occupying rooms adjoining the three-story building used by A. Moore as a hardware stoi'e, A. D. Green in the second story, and the Historical and Geological Institute in the third story. The bones had been given to the latter institution, but had not been removed to a place in the the third story. On the night of January 16, 1853, a fire consumed the whole building and the adjoining structure, in which Dr. Lowe's office was. The bones of the celebrated Indian were then and there cremated. Thus amid fire and tumult, Black Hawk .found a final earthly resting-place in the ashes of the ruined structure, and the last act of his eventful career was not less dramatic than the first public appearance of the Brave. Literally and truthfully may we say, dust to dust, ashes to ashes ; and may they rest in peace. WAPELLO AND OTHER NOTABLES. It has been asserted that the bones were saved from destruction by Dr. Rock, but the Doctor positively declared to Judge Rorer that the rumor was an idle one. Wapello, the chief from whom that county was named, was a powerful ruler , among his people, and was also a fast friend of the whites, especially of the first Indian Agent, Gen. Street. Incidents illustrative of his character are dis- persed through the following pages. He died in 1841, and was buried by the side of his friend, the General, on the Agency Farm. His grave was recently cared for by the Managers of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, which passes near by, and is now in a condition to withstand the shocks of time for years to come. He died at the forks of the Skunk River, on the 15th of March, and his remains were brought from that place to the scene of burial in an ox-wagon, and buried toward evening of the same day, with the customary Indian cere- monies. It was his own request that he might be laid by the side of Gen. Street, who had been for many years in the Indian service, and was very popu- lar with them. Prior to the establishment of the Agency in Wapello County, Wapello and his band dwelt at the mouth of Crooked Creek, near Marshall, in Henry County. HISTORY OF DBS MOINES CODNTY. 319 Poweshiek, a chief co-equal with Wapello, but of the Foxes, while the lat- ter was of the Sac tribe, was located on the reserve on the Iowa River, and does not figure in this particular region. He died before the Indians left the State, and thus escaped the humiliation of the scene. Appanoose, Pashapaho, Hardfish and Kishkekosh all play conspicuous parts in the drama. An anecdote or two of the last-named will serve as an illustration of the nature of the men. Kishkekosh did not rank equal to either of the others, but he seems to have held a prominent place in councils, because of his native talents. His full name was George Washington Kishkekosh (the last meaning cut-teeth, or savage biter), and he had accompanied Black Hawk as one of his suite of braves during the tour of that renowned chief through the East as a prisoner of war. With his leaders he had been hospitably entertained at hotels and other places, and had a high appreciation of the sumptuous and cleanly-looking fare that was set before them. How he,was enabled, after such an experience, to return with a good stomach to the frugal diet and indifferent cooking of his own people, we are left to conjecture. At all events, he retained his partiality for clean victuals, and was even overfastidious in this I'espect, as the following instance will show : One night, he, with his company of three or four braves, slept at the house of a white man with whom he was on very friendly terms, and they were to remain to breakfiist. Kish had an eye on the preparation of the meal, and observed one neglect that his tender stomach rebelled against. The lady of the house (it is possible she did it intentionally, for she was not a willing entertainer of her savage guests), neglected to wash her hands before making up the bread. Kish thought he would rather do without his breakfast than eat after such cook- ing, and privately signified as much to his followers, whereupon they mounted their ponies and left, much to the relief of their hostess. Arrived at a house some distance from the one they had left, they got their breakfast and related the circumstance. These people, though generally accustomed and limited to the poorest fare, were not averse to the best that could be provided, and made 'gluttons of them- selves whenever they could get enough of it. On another occasion, Kishkekosh and his suite, consisting of several prom- inent personages of the tribe, being then encamped on Skunk River, went to the house of a settler on a friendly visit, and he treated them to a feast. Besides Kish and his wife — who was a very lady-like person — the party consisted of his mother ; Wykoma, the son of Wapello and his two wives (for polygamy was not an uncommon practice with these people) ; Masha Wapetine, his wife, and all their children. This old woman, on being asked how old she was, replied: " Mack-ware renaak-we-kauk " (may be a hundred), and, indeed, her bowed head and hideously shriveled features would justify the belief that she was fully that old. The whole party were dressed in more than usuallv becoming style, probably out of respect to their hostess, who, knowing something of their voracious appetites, had made ample preparation for them. When the table was surrounded, Kish, who had learned some good manners, as well as acquired oleanlv tastes, essayed to perform the etiquette of the occasion before eating anything himself. With an amusingly awkward imitation of what he had seen done among the whites, he passed the various dishes to the others, showing the ladies special attention, and helped them to a part of everything on the table with much apparent disinterestedness. But when he came to help himself his politeness assumed the Indian phase altogether. He ate like a person with a 350 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. bottomless pit inside of him, instead of a stomach, taking everything within his reach, without regard to what should come first or last in the course^ so that he only liked the taste of it. At length, after having drunk five or six cups of coffee, and eaten a proportionate amount of solid food, his gastronomic energy began to abate. Seeing this, his host approached him, and with apparent concern for his want of appetite, said : " Why, Kish, do you not eat your dinner? Have another cup of coffee and eat something." In reply to this hospitable urgency, Kish leaned back in his seat, lazily shook his head and drew his finger across his throat under his chin, to indicate how full he was. And then, in further explanation of his satisfied condition, he opened his huge mouth and thrust his finger down his throat as far as he dared, as much as to say he could almost touch the victuals. Of course the others had eaten in like proportion, making the most of an event that did not happen every day. Kishkekosh seems to have had in him the elements of civilization, which needed but opportunity to spring up and bear pretty fair fruit. Not only did he become fastidious as to cleanliness, but he observed and imitated other usages among the whites, even more radically different from those of his savage peo- ple. It is well known that among the Indians, as among all unenlightened races, the women are, in a manner, the slaves of the other sex. They are made to do all the drudgery of the camp, cultivate the corn, bring in the game after the hunter has had the sport of slaughtering it, no matter how far away it may be. he being either too lazy or feeling it beneath his dignity to bear'the burden. They procure all the fuel to cook with, catch the ponies for their masters to ride, pack up their tents and household goods when preparing to move, and set them up when they again come to a halt in their wanderings. Kishkekosh had noticed the different fashion of the white settlers in regard to their women, and had, moreover, been reasoned with by them like an intelli- gent being, and he was very ready to admit the force of their arguments. He made an effort to institute reform among his people by having the men do a fair share of the work that, according to ordinary usage, fell to the squaws. He set them an example by taking hold heartily himself, and, though it is not probable that any very extended reformation took place, owing to the long- continued laziness of the men, and the deeply-rooted belief that their province was alone that of the hunter or warrior, yet the movement itself indicates a capacity in this savage chief for progress and enlightenment. The Indians throughout this region had a novel way of dealing with drunken people. After the Black Hawk war, they chose rather to live upon their annu- ities granted them by the Government than upon the products of the chase, as they had hitherto been forced to do, and as this gave them a good deal of leisure, they spent most of their time in drunken orgies, which proved a great mor- tality to the tribes, since many accidents happened to life and limb from that cause. It was, therefore, a custom for a few of the red men and the squaws to keep sober, so that when the inebriates got too wild, there would be some one to keep a restraining influence upon them. When a poor wight became unsafely drunk, he was tied neck and heels so that he could be rolled about like a ball, which operation was kept up, despite his pleadings, until the fumes of liquor had vanished, when he was released. The sufferer would beg for mercy, but to no avail ; and after he was sobered he showed no resentment, but seemed to recognize the wisdom of the proceeding. The following anecdote of Pashapaho is worth preserving. Maj. Beach relates the incident as coming under his own knowledge, and, though not HI-STORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Jj51 exactly relevant from locality, yet it illustrates the Indian characteris- tics : " Some time in 1832, a plan was laid to attack Fort Madison, then a United States garrison. Pashapaho, a noted chief of the Sacs, who loved a ' wee drap,' was the projector of the scheme, but the treachery of a squaw brought the plan to a sudden end, and the savages, on their approach to the fort, were met with the grim paraphernalia of war, ready for their reception. ■ The plan was not original with Pashapaho, for in many respects in resembles the famous effort of Pontile on the fort at Detroit, during the early days of Ameri- can settlement by the English ; and the plan was, like that, defeated by a squaw. "Under pretense of a counsel with the commandant, Pashapaho designed entering the fort with concealed arms, and at a given signal the Indians were to overpower the troops. However, because of the warning already given, when the procession marched toward the fort the gates were. suddenly thrown open, and a loaded cannon was revealed in the path. The gunner stood beside the piece with lighted match, while just in the rear was drawn up the garrison in battle array. Old Pash deemed discretion the better part of valor, and the signal for attack was never given. " Some years later, Pashapaho, who was also called the ' Stabbing Chief,' made an attempt to effect a lodgment in Fort Armstrong, at Rock Island, uut his method was different from the plan on Fort Madison. During the year pregious to the attempt, some of the braves of his tribe, while out on the prairie upon a hunting expedition, fell in with a body of hostile Sioux, the life-long enemies of all other tribes. The Sacs had the advantage in point of numbers, and captured a number of Sioux scalps. Complaint was made to the War De- partment, and orders were sent from Washington to Rock Island to demand of the chiefs the culprits, and t) hold them prisoners in the fort. This was done. They were brought into the fort and surrendered, and throughout the winter, say for five months, they enjoyed the hospitality of Uncle Sam, in the shape of good quarters and plenty to eat, with no trouble of providing for it. In fact, they lived in an Indian's heaven, until released by some arrangement whereby blood-money was to be taken from the annuities of their tribe and paid over to the Sioux. "The next fall, old Pash, probably not finding his larder as well stocked for the winter as he desired, conceived the idea of imposing himself as a guest, indirectly, on his Great Father, the President. So, calling one day upon Col. Davenport, the commandant, he informed him that, being out upon a hunt he had the misfortune to meet one of his traditional foes, and had suc- cumbed to the morbid desire to lift his hair. The act was so contrary to his usual humane character that he mourned the deed, and acknowledged his wick- edness. He knew that his best of friend, the Great Father, whom he held in high esteem and affection, would hear of it and be very angry ; and, there- fore, to save him the additional vexation of having to send out a letter demand- ing his arrest, he had promptly come in to make a voluntary surrender of himself. Col. Davenport, who "saw into the scheme, lauded him as an hon- orable Indian, and told him that his offer of surrender was ample evidence that he would respond whenever he was called to render account for the deed he had done. The Colonel could not think of making him a prisoner a day earlier that the Great* Father commanded ! No more was ever heard of this matter." 352 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. As incidental to the settlement of the region, we quote from Maj. Beach's history of the Agency such portions as refer to well-known settlers in the Indian territory adjacent thereto: " On the Des Moines, a mile or so below the County Farm, where the hluiT approaches nearest to the bank, was the trading-post of P. Chouteau, Sr., & Co., but later more familiarly known as the ' Old Garrison.' This was usually super- intended ly Capt. William Phelps. And just above the mouth of Sugar Creek, on the creek -bank, at the old road crossing, lived the miller, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., with his family. This embraced all the whites lawfully living in the county at the time. "Through some unfortunate misunderstanding in regard to the boundary line, several persons had intruded upon the Indian land upon the lowaville bottom, and the ridges in the rear, as well as upon the south side of the river, and, as the Indians made complaint to the Government, it had no alternative but- to remove them. This duty fell upon the writer to execute, and was a very unwelcome one, if only for the reason that several of the intruders were persons who would not willingly have violated any law. Among them was that fine old specimen of West Virginia hospitality. Van Caldwell; but by reason of his location, and his readiness by any reasonable arrang'fement to escape the terrors of fire and sword, the writer obtained permission from the Department that he should remain, upon the condition of his maintaining a ferry for access to Soap Creek Mills during high water. " For some years previous to the writer's appointment as Agent, Messrs. P. Chouteau, Jr., & Co., of St. Louis, had been the only traders among the Sacs and Foxes, and the magnitude of their interests was enough to excite any rivalry. Col. George Davenport, of Rock Island, had been admitted as partner to their trade with that particular tribe, and he was looked to to reside among them and to carry it on. S. S. Phelps, Esq., of Oquawka, in connection with his brother, Capf. William Phelps, of jovial memory, had been gaining a foot- hold on trade for two, three, or perhaps four years before the treaties of 1836 and 1837, and, after the removal of the Agency from the Island, and its conse- quent eifect of rendering a change in the location of the chief trading-post inevitable. Col. Davenport, who had already acquired a comfortable fortune, con- cluded to withdraw. Mr. S. S. PJielps fell into the position thus made vacant in the company, although he relied upon his brother to reside in the Indian country aiid maintain personal oversight of the company's affairs. A new trader now appeared in the field, with at least means enough to prevent the old company from being its monopolists. Of course, rivalry of feeling and interest would now spring up, and every occasion be employed by each rival to gain and secure what advantage he could. The writer is not intimating any idea ot his own that any unfair or dishonorable appliances would be used by the gentlemen, heads respectively of the rival establishments; but their employes, or others, hoping advantage to themselves in the success of either party, might be less scrupulous. "It was, probably, through some such strategy that Gov. Lucas became impressed with the most sincere conviction that the Chouteau Company supplied whisky, with their other merchandise, to the Indians, and a conviction once fixed with the Governor was pretty apt to stay. So persuaded was he of the truth of his belief, that he was never disposed to the least reticence upon the subject; and it 'was generally believed in Burlington that if the Trading Com- pany could be caught flagrante delicto, it would proye a pretty good haul for the catcher — certainly not less than the transfer to his own pocket of the half value of a large stock of goods. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUIITY. 353 "As the, writer soon saw that any effort of his own, however reasonable, to lead the Governor to a different opinion was opening the way to suspicion against himself of some personal interest in the company's affairs, prudence naturally admonished him to desist. One morning, Mr. S. S. Phelps, to whom the Governor's belief — and propensity to express it — was no secret, being in Burlington, stepped into a place where the Governor happened at the moment to be engaged in his favorite pastime of denouncing Mr. Chouteau's establish- ment, etc., and the Governor, totally unacquainted with Mr Phelps, still kept up in his presence his conversation on the subject. "Now, if there was anything Capt. Billy Phelps loved better than another it was to play off a trick ; or if anything he knew better than another, it was how to plan and play it. The company had on its license a man named Simp- son Vassar, who was better known at the Agency and its various dependencies under the sobriquet of ' Suggs.' When any deviltry lurked in Capt. Billy's mind, ' Capt. Suggs ' was his most reliable assistant in getting rid of it. So a scheme was planned. Suggs was sent over on a pretext of some message to Phelps, at Oquawka, with instructions not to leave Burlington until he had executed his part of the programme. " A person, who was either the City Marshal or attached to his official reti- nue, soon heard of Suggs in Burlington, and became so ambitious of his acquaintance as to introduce himself without delay. He learned from Suggs that the latter lived out in the Agency neighborhood ; that he knew the Trad- ing Company, in fact, sometimes worked for them when an extra force was needed — clever people ; good paymasters, with the cash always in hand ; knew nothing of their dealing in whisky ; had never seen them supply it to the Indians ; and, even if he had, as he had heard they were accused of it, a dollar, when needed, was not so ea^ly made out there that a man could afford to make enemies out of good-paying employers ! After several interviews, Suggs em- barked upon the ferry-boat. But his newly-made friend was not long in join- ing him, and, during the crossing, Suggs yielded to the potent arguments and promises that had already shaken his sense of personal honor and interest. He admitted that he had seen a large lot of kegs, and these not empty, landed by night at the trading-house from a boat, not long before, and immediately buried upon the bank, where most of them were ; and if he could be guaran- teed against suspicion as the informer, and terms arranged to suit— as he expected to remain about the place some time after his return— he would put his friend upon the right track. The boat having landed them, and all details being adjusted, each party went on his way rejoicing— Suggs' way being to Oquawka, and at once back to the trading-house to report to Capt. Phelps. " Not many days later, an hour or so before dinner-time. Col. Jesse Will- iams— later of Henn, Williams & Co., of Fairfield, but then Private Secretary to Gov. Lucas— rode up to the Agency. Besides doubtless himself disposed (as, indeed, the Agency hospitality would suggest) to consider that an expedi- tion which would demand a three-mile ride and several hours of time, could be more satisfactorily completed as a post-prandial duty, he made no mention ot bis business. But, as soon as the meal was over, he handed to the Agent a package from the Governor, containing a deposition in full form taken betore Judge Mason, of the Territorial Supreme Court, by Suggs Burlington triend, to the effect that so many kegs of whisky, etc., etc., and were then secreted, etc., etc., in violation of the statute, etc., by the said P. Chouteau Jr. s (com- pany, traders, etc., as aforesaid. And there was a line to the Agent, that, in the execution of so delicate a duty, which must involve judicial process, he 354 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. liad deemed it best to send out Col. Williams to assist the Agent. Whatever the motive may have been, it is certain that, until both were in their saddles. Col. Williams proved himself able to watch the Agent with untiring eye. " Reaching the trading-house, the person who took the deposition and a companion were found there waiting, they having ' forked off' by another trail so as not to be seen. Suggs was on hand, having taken the opportunity to post the Burlingtonians about the locality. And also Capt. Billy Phelps, called by the Indians Che-che-pe-qua, or the 'Winking Eyes,' was there, those visuals ~ fairly gleaming with joy over the anticipated fun. " The Agent proceeded at once to business, expressing to Capt. Phelps his regrets that so unpleasant a duty should have devolved upon him ; his hope that it would prove that so serious a complaint had originated in some error, but suggesting that, if true, admission of the fact and production of the contraband article would be more apt to temper subsequent proceedings with leniency than efforts to conceal it would do. The Captain vehemently denied the impeach- ment, stating that it would demand a much wiser man than himself to discover where such an article then was, or ever had been kept upon their premises. The complainant was now appealed to, who led the party a short distance to a spot where, with a triumphant air, he pointed to an X that the edge of Suggs' boot-sole had made in the sandy bank. "They began digging, and soon reached some matting that was removed, and thus uncovered a lot of lard kegs, too greasy to suggest a thought of any other article being contained within them. The immediate 'sold, by thunder!' of one of the moiety gentlemen, and in accents too lugubrious to be listened to without exciting a sense of sadness. Suggs, meanwhile, had come up missing, and the ' Winking Ilyes ' walked off with a most disdainful air, leaving the Agent and his party on the spot, whence they so'on returned to the Agency, where the Agent made his report that the informer had pointed out a place, where, by digging, a large quantity of lard in kegs wag found that had been buried to avoid lo?s by heat, and in the night to conceal the fact from vagabond whites and Indians. The disappointed informer and his companion hastened, homeward ; but Col. Williams remained until next morning, and then returned, bearing the Agent's report. " But the unkindest cut of all was six months later, when, about the last of February, Capt. Phelps addressed a letter to Gov. Lucas in the most respectful and official form, saying that having heard he had declared his determination not to continue in office under such an old Tory as Gen. Harrison, and fearful that whoever his successor would be, he might not feel so friendly toward the Company as he had proved in the matter of exhuming their lard, and as they would soon be much in need of some, and the ground was then very hard frozen, the Company would be under great obligations if he would at once send some one out to dig up the rest of it ! " Previous to the treaty of 1842, some few changes were made in their loca- tion, both by the Indians and among the whites. The house at the ' Old Gar- rison' was broken up, and one established in its stead up in the Red Rock region, near the mouth of White Breast ; and Keokuk, als'o, moved his village into the same neighborhood." A SCENE OF THE BORDER. The following graphic sketch of a scene in army life, at an early day, is from the pen of Eliphalet Price, and is introduced for the purpose of preserv- ing so capital a description of a common Indian custom. Z^f-v: /ici^^^:'^ HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 357 '' During the summer of 1827, soon after the war-cloud of difficulties with the Winnebago Indians had beeii adjusted by a visit of the chiefs to Washing- ton, accompanied by Gen. Cass, a Sioux Indian, while hunting upon the Iowa shore, near the mouth of Paint Creek, shot and scalped a Winnebago, believing him to be the murderer of his brother, but who proved not to be the murderer, but the brother of ' Big Wave,' a chief of the Winnebagoes. " The band of this chieftain, together with others of the nation, numbering about two thousand, becoming indignant at this act, immediately assembled at Fort Crawford and demanded of Col. Taylor (afterward President Taylor) the procurement and surrender of the murderer. The ofiBcers of the fort, appre- hensive that new difficulties might arise with this factious tribe if their demand was disregarded, concluded to make an effort to obtain the murderer. Accord- ingly, an officer was dispatched to demand him of the Sioux nation, who imme- diately gave him up, and he was brought down the river and confined at Fort Crawford. Soon after his arrival at the fort, the Winnebagoes assembled again and insisted upon an unconditional surrender of the prisoner to them, which Col. Taylor refused, but dispatched Lieut. Reynolds and Dr. Elwise, the Sur- geon of the garrison, to have a talk with them and endeavor to preserve the life of the Indian by paying a satisfactory consideration in horses. At the con- ference, the Winnebagoes talked in a threatening and overbearing manner, declaring that nothing would satisfy them but the taking of the life of the Sioux in their own way and by themselves. " Reynolds, finding that no terms could be made with them that would con- form to the suggestions of Col. Taylor, determined to make a proposition of his own, which was as follows : The Sioux should have a chance to save his life by being brought out upon the prairie, three weeks from that day, and, in a parallel line, seven paces to the rear of him, should be placed twelve of the most expert runners of the Winnebago nation, each armed with a tomahawk and scalping-knife, and at the tap of the drum the Sioux should be free to start for the home of his tribe, and the Winnebagoes free to pursue, capture and scalp him if they could. To this proposition the Winnebagoes acceded at once, and seemed much pleased with the anticipation of great sport, as well as an easy conquest of the prisoner, whose confinement in the garrison dunng the three weeks they believed would prostrate whatever running qualities he may have possessed. Their best runners were immediately brought in and trained every day, in full sight from the fort, and so accurate did they become m the hurling of the tomahawk that they could hit, with unerring aim, a tm cup swinging from the branch of a tree, at a distance of twenty-five feet. Lieut. Reynolds, who kept a pack of hounds and two or three fleet horses, and who was known throughout the hunting-range of the post as a dashing sportsman, having become warmly enlisted on the side of the Sioux, determined to have his Indian in the best possible condition for the contest. Accordingly, Dr. Elwise took him in charge, prescribing his diet, regulating his hours of repose and directing the rubbing of his body and limbs with flesh-brushes twice a day, immedi- ately before going upon the parade-ground, to perform his morning and even- ing trainings So carefully was he trained for this race of life or death that he was timed upon the parade-ground, in the presence of the garrison and a number of spectators, the third day before the race came off, and performed the almost incredible feat of a mile in 3 minutes and 9 seconds. J^^y^^^"^^ had for some time been satisfied that the fleetest runner in the Winnebago nation could not overtake him, but to guard against the unerring aim ot the tomahawk required a difi-erent kind of training. This was done by placing the 358 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. drummer behind a screen, some twenty paces in front of the Sioux, so that the sound would reach him an instant before it did his opponents, and upon receiv- ing the signal sound he was trained to make two quick bounds, in a direct line, to the right, and then start upon the race. " The day at length arrived. About three thousand Indians, French trad- ers and border hunters had assembled to witness the scene ; in fact, it was regarded as a gala-day by all — except the prisoner. Reynolds, on the part of the Sioux, and the celebrated chiefs, ' War-kon-shuter-kee ' and ' Pine Top,' on the part of the Winnebagoes, superintended the arrangement of the parties on the ground. " The point agreed upon for starting was upon the prairie a little to the north of Prairie du Chien, and immediately in the vicinity of the residence of John Lockwood, an Indian trader, while the race-track lay along the level nine-mile prairie stretching to the north and skirting the shore of the Missis- sippi. The Sioux appeared upon the ground accompanied by a guard of soldiers, who were followed by his twelve opponents marching in Indian file and singing a low, monotonous chant, each being naked, with the exception of the Indian breechlet. Their ribs were painted white, while their breasts were adorned with a number of heiroglyphical paintings. Along the face, alternate stripes of white and black were painted in parallel lines, extending from the chin to the forehead. Their hair was platted into numerous thongs tasseled with a red or white feather, and fringed with small bells, while their moccasins were corded tightly around the hollow of the foot, as well as around the ankle, with the sinews of the deer; in the right hand, each carried his tomahawk, while the left grasped the sheath that contained the scalping-knife. " The prisoner was about twenty years old, a little less than six feet in height, of muscular, well-proportioned contour, and manifested in the easy movements of his body a wiry and agile command of his muscular powers ; his countenance presented a mournful and haggard appearance, owing partly to the rigid discipline he had undergone in training and partly to his having painted his face black, with the figure of a horse-shoe, in white, upon his forehead, which denoted that he was condemned to die, with the privilege of making an efl:brt to save his life by fleetness. Around his neck, he wore a narrow belt of wampum, from which dangled the scalp that he had taken from the Winne- bago. " Soon after the parties were formed in line upon the ground, Reynolds ap- proached the Sioux, and, taking off one of his moccasins, showed the chiefs that it contained a thin plate of steel, and asked if they objected to it, to which they replied with much merriment that he might carry as much iron as he pleased. The Lieutenant, observing that his Indian appeared restless and uneasy, requested Dr. Elwise to come forward, who, after examining his pulse, discov- ered that he was much excited, and that his nerves were in a tremulous condi- tion. Reynolds immediately took him by the arm and led him out some distance from the front of the line, where he asked him if he was afraid to run, to which he replied : ' I can outrun all the Winnebagoes ; but I am afraid that I cannot outrun all the horses that are mounted by armed Indians.' The Lieutenant saw at once the cause of his alarm, and informed him that they should not interfere ; he intended to ride the fleetest horse upon the ground and keep near him, and, as he was armed, would see that no horseman approached him with hostile intentions. At this announcement, the countenance of the Indian brightened up with a smile; his whole person seemed lifted from the ground as he returned to his position with a stalwart stride. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 359 "-The chiefs and Reynolds soon after mounted their horses and took a posi- tion each upon the right of his party. The spectators were removed from the front to the rear by ths guard, ^vhen the parties were ready for the start. Reynolds, who was to give the signal for the tap of the drum, had in this arrangement, planned a movement for which the Winnebagoes were unpre- pared. The drummer, by this arrangement, was not to give the drum tap until two minutes had expired, after the giving of the signal, which, as made known to the Winnebagoes, would be the elevation of his cap high above his head. " Reynolds, after taking a last view of the field to see that all was clear, gave the signal. In an instant the Winnebagoes threw themselves into posi- tion, with uplifted tomahawk, the eye intently fixed upon the prisoner ; every muscle of the body and arm was forced to its utmost strain, and in this position they were held by the drummer for the full period of time prescribed by Rey- nolds. The gloating visage of the Indian, his excited mind, and the terrible strain upon his muscular powers, it was easy to discover, was fast exhausting him ; at length the loud tap of the drum was given, when the Sioux, with the crouching leap of the panther, bouiided to the right while the whizzing whirl of the tomahawk sped its flight far to his left. The race was now fairly com- menced; three of the Winnebagoes ran with great fleetness for a mile, keeping within twenty yards of the Sioux. Reynolds, who rode a fleet animal and was a master horseman, could move his body upon the saddle with that commanding ease which enabled him to keep all parts of the field in view without changing the course of his animal, ^oon discovered that his Indian had entire command of the race. During the flight of the first half mile, it was with difliculty that he could restraip the Sioux from leaving his competitors far to the rear, and thus impair his powers of endurance that might be needed to guard against treachery in the distance. At length, discovering that a few of the Winneba- goes had fallen out of the race, he gave the signal for him to increase his speed, and in a moment after, the distance between him and his competitors began to widen rapidly, showing the superior speed and endurance of the Sioux, acquired mainly, through the discipline of the white man. At the end of two miles, the last of the contending Winnebagoes withdrew from the race. There was not an Indian horse upon the ground that could keep up with him after he had increased his speed, and at the end of the fourth mile, Reynolds, finding that his horse was much fatigued, and the prairie free from enemies, also withdrew from the race. The Indian did not look back or speak as far as he was followed or could be seen, but kept his eye fixed upon the white flags that had been placed in front of him at short distances apart, for several miles, in order that be might run upon a straight line. " It was soon after reported by the Winnebagoes that he had been shot by one of their boys who had" been placed in ambush near the upper boundary of the prairie. This, however, proved not to be true. The boy had shot a Win- nebago through mistake, who had also been treacherously secreted for the pur- pose of intercepting the Sioux. This mistake, however, was never known to Reynolds or Elwise, and it was not until several years after this event, and while Gov. Doty was holding a treaty with the Sioux nation, that this Indian appeared in the council as one of its chiefs, and, after briefly relating this adventure to the Governor, he inquired where Lieut. Reynolds and Dr. Elwise were at that time. He was informed that both had died in Florida. Upon receiving this information, he immediately withdrew from the convention, painted his face black, and retired to the gloom of the forest, nor could he be 360 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. prevailed upon to return until he had gone through the Indian ceremony of mourning for the dead. THE TRIBAL RELATIONS OF THE SACS AND EOXBS. Mr. Negus wrote the following sketch concerning the migrations, tribal relations and social customs of the Sacs and Foxes and the afiBliating bands : " At the time of the acquiring by the United States of the country west of the Mississippi River, most of the territory now embraced within the limits of Iowa was in the possession of the Sac and Fox Indians, who at one time had been a powerful nation, and were in possession of a large tract of country. Those Indians were formerly two distinct nations, and resided on the waters of the St. Lawrence. "But for many years before they left Iowa, they lived together, and were considered one people (though they kept up some customs among themselves, calculated to maintain a separate name and language). "The Foxes first moved to the West, and settled in the vicinity of Green Bay, on Lake Michigan. But they had become involved in wars with the French and neighboring tribes, and were so much reduced in numbers that they were unable to sustain themselves against their hostile neighbors. "The Sacs had been engaged in a war with the Iroquois (or Six Nations), who occupied the country which now composes the State of New York, and had become so weak that they were forced to leave their old hunting-grounds and move to the West. They found the Foxes, their old neighbors, like themselves, reduced in numbers by the misfortunes of war, and from a matter of necessity as well as sympathy, they united their fortunes together and became as one people, and as such remained so long as they lived within the limits of Iowa, and probably will so long as they remain a nation. The date of their emigration from the St. Lawrence is not definitely known. Father Hennepin speaks of the Fox Indians being at Green Bay in 1680, which at that, time was called the Bay of Puants. " After the union of the Sacs and Foxes at Green Bay, and when their nation had become powerful, they crossed over and extended their hunting- grounds west to the Mississippi, and, uniting with other tribes, began to act on the offensive. " All the valley from Rock River to the Ohio, on the east of the Mis- sissippi, and on the west to the Des Moines River was inhabited by a numer- ous and warlike nation of Indians called the Minneways, signifying ' men.' This great nation was divided into different bands known by various names (such as the Illinois, Cahokins, Kaskaskins, Peorias, etc.), and occupied sepa- rate parts of the valley. This nation had long been prosperous and powerful, and feared and dreaded by other nations; but a circumstance happened which brought the vengeance of their neighbors upon them, and they in their turn were humbled. " Pontiac, a Sac chief, very much beloved and respected by his people, had been wantonly murdered by some of the Minneways. This act aroused the anger of the Sac and Fox nations, and, forming an alliance with other tribes, the commenced a fierce and bloody war against the different bands of the Min- neways. This war was continued till that great nation was nearly destroyed, and their hunting-grounds possessed by their enemies. " At the time the United States made the Louisiana Purchase, the Sac and Fox nations were in possession of most of the State of Illinois, and nearly all the country west of the Mississippi, between the Upper Iowa River and the Jeffreon HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 361 (in Missouri) west to the Missouri River. The Sacs had four large villages where most of them resided : one at the head of the Des Moines rapids, near where Montrose is now located, which consisted of thirteen lodges ; the second village was on the east shore of the Mississippi, near the mouth of the Hender- son River, about half way between Burlington and Oquawka ; the third village was located on Rock River, about three miles from the Mississippi, which was their largest and principal village ; the other was on the west side of the river, near the mouth of the Upper Iowa. The Foxes (or Reynards) had three vil- lages : one on the west side of the ' Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of Rock River ; the second, ' twelve miles in the rear of the lead mines at Du Buque, ' and the other on Turkey River. "The lowas, who may be regarded as a band of the Sacs and Foxes, at this time had one village near the mouth of the lower Iowa River, and another on the north side of the Des Moines, near where is now located the town of lowaville. " These Indians had their separate villages and different chiefs ; but they occupied in common the same hunting-gi'ounds, were united in their wars and alliances, and the Sacs, Foxes and lowas were generally regarded as one nation. " It appears that the lowas at one time were identified with the Sacs, who lived on Rock River ; but, from some cause, at period not definitely known, there were eight families who left that village and started out as a band by them- selves, and for a long time ' they recognized eight leading families ' in their band. ' These clans bear the title or name of the particular animal or bird from which they are supposed to have sprung.' And they were known as the Eagle, the Pigeon, the Wolf, the Bear, the Elk, the Beaver, the Buffalo and the Snake families. " These families were known severally in the tribe by the peculiar manner in which they cut thejr hair. The Eagle family was marked by two Ibcks of hair on the front part of the head, and one on the back-left part. The Wolf family had scattered bunches of hair left, representing islands, whence their families were supposed to have sprung. The Bear family left one side of the hair of the head to grow much longer than the other. The Buffalo family left a strip of hair long from the front to the rear part of the head, with two bunches on each side to represent horns." The other families, with their peculiar bodies, were lost or had become extinct long before they left Iowa. " In 1830, and for many years after, the lowas were estimated at about 1,100 souls ; but in 1848, they were stated to be a fraction under 750 ; and in 1852, the Sacs only numbered about 1,300, and the Foxes about 700, which indicates that this once powerful nation will soon become extinct. When the lowas left their village on the Des Moines, they ' ascended the Missouri River to a point of land formed by a small stream on its east shore, called by the Indians Fish Creek, which flows in from the direction of, and not far from, the celebrated Red Pipestone Quarry, many hundred miles from their former vil- lage. The nation- composed of the Sacs, Foxes and lowas, and particularly those about Rock River, raised large quantities of corn, beans and melons- more than they wanted for their own use — and frequently sold large quantities to the traders ; and probably cultivated the soil to a greater extent than any other Indians in the West. At this time, besides the Indian population, many portions of Iowa had been traversed by the French, who had penetrated the wilderness either in the pursuit of mineral or to carry on a trade with the Indians. The history of these operations is obscure and but little known. 362 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. They must have carried on quite an extensive business in the valley of the Des Moines ; for Gen. Pike, on his map of the Mississippi Valley, published with the report of his tour up the river in 1805, lays down four forts on the Des Moines River — -Fort Crawford on the south side, a short distance below, where the town of Portland, Van Buren County, has been laid out ; Fort Gelaspy, nearly opposite to lowaville ; Fort St. Thomas, very near, if not on the very spot where the town of Chillicothe is now located ; and another fort a short distance below, on the north side of the river. And there were, long after this country was settled by the whites, many indications to be seen of settle- ments having been made by other people than the Indians along the banks of this beautiful river." MAJ. beach's INDIAN PAPERS. Although it is not, properly speaking, a part of the history of Des Moines County, we here insert a record of the final disposition of the Sacs and Foxes while they remained in Iowa. Without these pages, the preceding scraps of personal history would be imperfect, and, as this work is designed to preserve- for future reference matters which will become of importance as time progresses, we feel justified in inserting the following sketch of the last days of the tribes which once made Des Moines County their stamping-grounds. Maj. Beach, second and last Indian Agent for the Sacs and Foxes in Iowa, left a brief history of the origin of the Agency and his life there. But one copy of that record is extant, and the writer had the pleasure of making public, for the first time, the authentic account referred to. The Major, just before his death, wrote : " The war of 1812 resulted in a treaty which left the Indians no further claim to any territory east of the Mississippi, and even to a strip in Eastern Iowa. A later treaty, in 1837, increased the extent of the cession to a line through lowaville, noi-th and south. There was a reservation left for the Powe- shiek band of Foxes, on or near the Iowa River, the purchase of which was the object of a treaty made in the fall of 1836, on a spot now within the city of Davenport, but then belonging to the famous half-blood, Antoine Leclaire. Iowa was then attached, for Government purposes, to Wisconsin, and its Gov- ernor, the late Henry Dodge, was the Commissioner to negotiate the treaty, and the late Gov. Grimes, then a new settler, was the Secretary. This treaty is referred for the sake of an incident which shows that, whether common or not to the ' Lo ' family in general, the Sacs and Foxes, at least, possessed an honorablov side to their character. " The country around was already quite thickly settled, and the Indians could easily have procured an unlimited supply of whisky.. But Gov. Dodge, in his opening speech, had impressed upon them the necessity of strict sobriety during the negotiations, and had expressed a hope that his advice would be ■ heeded. Keokuk and the other chiefs, in reply, had said that their father's talk about fire-water was good, and had given their word that none should be allowed among them during the proceedings. Immediately the council closed, they appointed a sufiicient guard of the most reliable braves to prevent the introduc- tion or use of liquor, at whatever cost. In fact, the very bluest blood of the tribe was selected for the duty, and each one was instructed to carry a desig- nated badge of his authority. " Before the conclusion of the treaty, a Sunday intervened ,and nearly all of the Indians assembled at Rock Island, at the trading-post. Meanwhile, a steam- boat came along and tied up at the bank. She was crowded with passengers, HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 303 who were excited at the sight of so many savages. Black Hawk, who was con- spicuous, was soon recognized, and became the chief object of interest. A passenger stepped ashore and took the great brave by the hand and led him on board the boat, his wish being to invite him to a friendly glass at the bar. But Black Hawk, whether influenced by a sense of personal honor pr by the pres- ence of the police, would not indulge, and shortly afterward went ashore. Next, the boat began to push oif, and Black Hawk's friend, anxious not to be disappointed of his social design, had already procured and filled a bottle with liquor. He leaned over the guards of the boat and stood reaching the bottle toward the Indian. One of the Indian police, with quiet dignity, took the bottle, and a smile of satisfaction diffused itself over the donor's face. But that smile speedily changed to a very different look when the young brave hurled the bottle upon the rocks at his feet, and dashed it into countless atoms. The poor white man was glad to shrink away as the stentorian shout which followed sounded in his ears, a shout in which it was hard to determine whether the exulting whoop of the Indians or the no less vigorous and derisive laughter of the boat's company predominated. " Gen. Street, in the fall of 1887, as Agent of the Sacs and Foxes, was ordered to take a party of about thirty of the chiefs and head Indians to Wash- ington. Wapello was accompanied by his wife and son, and there may have been three women in the party. Maj. Beach was with the company during a portion of the trip. At Boston they were a novelty, and were received with great attention and kindness. The military were ordered out to escort the line of carriages and clear the streets of the throngs which filled the way. Black Hawk and his two sons, splendid specimens of manly beauty and symmetry of form, were the most noticed by the people, their recent fame as warriors being yet fresh in the popular minds. The party was received with all due courtesy in old Faneuil Hall by the Mayor and city government, and welcomed to the city. On the succeeding day, the Governor, the Hon. Edward Everett, received them in the State-house, on behalf of the State. This ceremony was held in the spacious Hall of Representatives, every inch of which was jammed with human- ity. After the Governor had ended his eloquent and appropriate address of welcome, it devolved upon the chiefs to reply, and Appanoose, in his turn, as, at the conclusion of his speech, he advanced to grasp the Governor s hand, said : ' It is a great day that the sun shines upon when two such great chiefs take each other by the hand ! ' The Governor, with a nod of approbation, con- trolled his facial muscles in most courtly gravity ; but the way ' the house came down ' was a caution, and Appanoose doubtless considered the applause the Yankee way of greeting his own fine speech. " There were two theaters then in Boston, and a struggle ensued between them to obtain the presence of the Indians, in order to draw houses. At the Tremont, the aristocratic and fashionable one, the famous tragedian, iorrest, was filling an engagement. His great play, in which he acted the part of a gladiator, and always drew his largest audiences, had not yet come oflF, and the manager was disinclined to bring it out while the Indians were there, as their presence alone was enough to insure a full house. Gen Street, who was a strict Presbyterian, was rather opposed to the theater, and hence Maj. Beach, who had recently become his son-in-law, took the matter of arranging for the entertainment off his hands. The Major knew that the play referred to would suit the Indian taste far better than simply declamatory tragedies, spoken in a language they could not understand, and in which there was no action to keep them interested. Mr. Barry, the manager, was finally pre- 864 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. vailed upon to present 'Spartacus,' on condition that the Indians would attend in a body. " Everything went off favorably during the performance, and in the excit- ing scene in which the gladiators engage in deadly combat, the Indians man- ifested the deepest sympathy. As Forrest rose up to the magnificent propor- tions of the character, the savages gazed upon the vivid spectacle with breath- less anxiety. In the play, the hero fell, pierced by his adversary's sword ; and as the bloody weapon was drawn from the expiring victim, who lay heaving in convulsive throes, the Indians burst out with their fiercest war-whoop. It was a frightful yell to strike so suddenly upon unaccustomed ears, at a time when every sensitive nerve was wrought to intense pitch by the play, and an answer- ing cry of terror ran through the building. In a moment the audience recov- ered its self-possession, and the rounds of applause which succeeded, compli- mented the great actor but little less than did the involuntary tribute of the dusky noblemen. "After ceding the belt of country upon the Iowa side of the Mississippi, as heretofore mentioned, and having considerably increased this belt by an addi- tional cession in 1837, the Sacs and Foxes still retained a large and valuable portion of Iowa. This last treaty was negotiated with the party whose visits to Washington and other Eastern cities has been mentioned, and was concluded on the 21st of October. This was the first treaty ever made with the Sacs and Foxes in which the principle was incorporated that had just then begun to be adopted, of making the sum allowed the Indians for their lands a permanent fund, to be held in trust by the United States, upon which interest only, at the rate of 5 per cent, could be annually paid to them. Hitherto, it had been the custom to provide that the gross sum granted for a cession should be paid in yearly installments. For instance, $200,000, in twenty annual payments, would have left them at the exniration of that time, destitute ; but the more humane policy was chosen of placing that sum — the price of the cession of 1837 — at 5 per cent, giving a constant income of $10,000. The last treaty of 1842, dispossessed them of all lands in Iowa, and brings them in an annual revenue of $40,000. The price of that cession was $800,000, besides certain minor claims allowed. The Indians were removed from the State in 1845." INDIAN TRADING-POSTS. It is not within the province of this work to give a detailed history of the original explorations of -this region, or to investigate the priority of location by traders ; but a brief synopsis of the early attempts to deal with the Indians is necessary. On the 30th of March, 1799, Tenon Trudeau, then acting as Lieut. Gov- ernor of Upper Louisiana, officially issued the following order : " It is permitted to Mr. Lewis (Fresson) Honori, to establish himself at the head of the rapids of the river Des Moines, and his establishment once formed, notice of it shall be given to the Governor General, in order to obtain for him the commission of a space sufficient to give value to said establishment, and atthe same time to render it useful to the commerce of the peltries of this country ; to watch the Indians and to keep them in the fidelity wliich they owe to His Majesty." There were other privileges given in this grant in order to ,enable him to carry on a successful trade with the Indians, and possession of the land was immediately taken by Honori, which he retained till 1805. While he was here engaged in carrying on trade with the Indians, he became indebted to Joseph Robedoux, and not being able to meet the demand. Robe- HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 365 doux resorted to the process of the law, to enforce the payment of the debt • judgment was obtained and the property sold upon execution on 14th of May,' 1803, and purchased by Robedoux in satisfaction of his claim. This property in these legal proceedings was described as being about six leagues above the river Des Moines. At the time of the sale, part of this tract of land had been improved by Honori, " by building houses, planting orchards.' and a small piece was under fence and in cultivation." Robedoux died soon after he purchased the property, and by his will ap- pointed Agusti Choteau his executor, and authorized him to dispose of his property; who, by the authority vested in him, in ^f^pril, 1805, sold the prop- erty to Thomas F. Reddeck. Honori, notwithstanding the property had been sold in 1803, to pay his debts, occupied it till after it was sold to Reddeck. This claim, as first made by the Spanish Government, was a league square, but after this country came under the jurisdiction of the United States, it was reduced by the authority of the latter Government, to one mile square. This grant embraced the site on which the town of Montrose was built, and was within the limits of the Half-Breed Reservation. After the Half-Bveeds sold their lands, the purchasers set up a claim to this tract of land, as^ being part of the Half-Breed Reservation, while the Reddeck heirs claimed a right to it by a regular chain of title from the Spanish grant. And the different claim- ajits resorted to the law to settle their rights, and after several years of litiga- tion, it was decided in 1839, by the Supreme Court of the United States, in favor of the Reddeck heirs. The trading establishment near the site of Burlington was a branch of the American Fur Company, and had been under the superintendence of John W. Johnson, who was a native of Maryland. Johnson had acted in the capacity of an Indian Agent, and took up with a Sac and Fox squaw, by whom he had three daughters. Johnson was fondly attached to his children, gave them £( thorough education at a Catholic convent, and all three of the girls married highly-respectable gentlemen. After leaving the Indian country, he settled in St. Louis, and in 1833 was elected Mayor of that city, which oiBce he held for three years. He died somewhere about 1852, and left a large estate, about which there was a hard-contested lawsuit. He had married a second wife, and it was claimed that the three half-breed girls could not inherit his property, be- cause they were bastards, and not his legitimate heirs. But it was shown before the Court that his marriage to the Indian squaw was in accordance with the Indian mode of celebrating marriages, and was decided by the Court to be valid, and the girls were held to be his legitimate heirs, and got their share of his property. ^^ early visit to shok-ko-kon. Isaac R. Campbell prepared the following account of a trip through this section, in 1821, for the "Annals of Iowa: " " I first visited this locality in June, 1821, it being then a wilderness and , inhabited by the Sac and Fox tribes of Indians. The first marks I observed indicating tlie proximity of the white man was at Puck-e-she-tuc, or 'loot ot Rapids,' now Keokuk. A log cabin had been erected here one year before this, under the supervision of Dr. Samuel C. Muir, a surgeon m the United States army, located at Fort Edwards, now Warsaw, 111. The next settlement, and probably the first made by a white man in this country, was six miles above, at Lemoliese, now Sandusky, a French trader occupying this post, being engaged in traffic with the natives ; his nearest neighbor, Blondeau, resided about one one mile above. Monsieur Lemoliese had a very amiable lady for a wite, who 366 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. was fond of dress. She frequently, to please him, arrayed her person in gown, bonnet and shoes, but could not be prevailed upon to continue the cos- tume,' as her native garb — the blanket and petticoat — were more congenial to her feelings and taste. . " At the head of the Rapids was Montrose, an Indian village, ihe chief s name, in English, was ' Cut Nose.' Below the creek running into the river, on the lower side of the Indian town, were the remains of a deserted trading- house, around which were growing a number of apple-trees. " On the opposite side of the river (Nauvoo), was another village of the Sac tribe, Quash-quaw-nie, chief. I have often heard it remarked that this digni- tary originally sold all the land embraced in the State of Illinois to the United States G-overnment. The Nauvoo mansion, formerly the residence of the prophet, Joseph- Smith, occupies a portion of their grave-yard, where many a warrior's bones have long since moldered into dust. "As we passed on up the river, the next place of attraction was old Fort Madison, ten miles above the head of the Rapids, situated on the west side, half a mile below a sand-bluff, arising almost perpendicularly from the water's edge. This fort was constructed by Col. Zachary Taylor, and named in honor of James Madison, President of the United States. " After leaving this old fort, on the second day we arrived, by keelboat, at Shok-ho-kon (Flint Hills), now Burlington, situated on th?' west side of the river, about twenty miles above. Here was a trading-post, occupant's name I have forgotten, and at the mouth of Flint Creek, or River, a short distance above, was located a Fox or Musquawha village. Its ruler and law-giver was the patriarch chief, Timea. Fifteen or twenty miles further up the river, on the east side, was Oquawka (Lower Yellow Banks). This point I did not visit, and will not attempt to give any account of its early history. " I will now retrace my steps down the river, to the North Fabius, in Lewis County, Mo., eight miles west of Quincy, where I remained on a farm for four years. During this period, I had occasion to travel over Lee County more than once, and at one time in company with an Indian for my guide, I started for ^Cut Nose Village ' (Montrose), and on arriving at the Des Moines we found it swollen so much as to compel us to swim our cattle and construct a raft to cross our wagon and load. After being securely landed on the east bank of the river, after packing up, we pursued our journey, ascending the high lands above Grave-yard Bluff (Buena Vista), and following the divide between the Missis- sippi aad Se-sa-paiv-qua-sepo (Sugar Creek). Traveling east of north, we soon came in sight of a lone tree, standing upon the margin of the bluff, two miles southwest of our destination. This familiar landmark, to my guide, assured us we were traveling in the right direction, and by increasing our speed we were soon at our journey's end, completing the first trip made through Southern Iowa by wagon and ox-team. As an account of'my residence in Missouri will not interest you so much as other localities with which you are more familiar, I will next refer vou to my removal and settling at Commerce [Quash-qua-me Village), in the fall of 1825. " Capt. James White, my father-in-law, having preceded me here some time before, purchased from Julien, a French trader, all his improvements, consist- ing of an old, dilapidated trading-house, and all the land embraced in the Indian village, extending one and a half miles above and below the trading- house on the river. In this transfer, Monsieur Julien represented to Capt. White that this claim could be held as a Spanish grant, as he (Julien) had "set- tled here in 1805, but eventually the claimants had to pre-empt to secure a good HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. Sb7 title. A substantial two-story stone house, the first in Hancock County, 111., was erected by Capt. White, on the point near Ferry Landing, from Montrose. This building he gave free use of to the county, for a Court House, as no selec- tion had then been made for county seat, and after the Black Hawk war had commenced, settlers far and near resorted to this house as a safe place of refuge. It may be of some interest to you to hear the names of some of the first settlers at Nauvoo, the most of whom have gone to the bourn whence no traveler returns. " White, Willson, Waggonner, Williams, Whitney, Gouge, Dunn, Coon, Dewey, Shoebridge, Hilderbrand, Rev. Mr. Robinson (among the first to preach the Gospel), Mr. Hibbard and Mr. Miller, who erected the first mill, which manufactured coarse meal, at the rate of three bushels per hour, its motive- power 'one horse.' Messrs. Forrest and Robinson were the first to teach the young prodigies their A B's. " While residing here, I formed my first acquaintance with Black Hawk, the Mus-quaw-ka (or Sac Brave), by agreeing with him to erect a stone wall for the sum of $8, around the remains of his daughter, buried near my house, and the compliance with this contract, upon my part, engendered a feeling of friendship for me which I reciprocated. It resulted, finally, in the strongest ties of friendship, and lasted until the day of his death. I have now many relics presented to me by him, which I hold sacred and dear — one memento in particular — a buckskin purse, made and given to me by him, the day before his death. "This renowned warrior possessed many sterling qualities, which could only be appreciated by those who knew him as intimately as myself. He never had but one wife, being opposed, personally, to the custom of polygamy, although never interfering with others of his tribe who approved and practiced this evil. His Met-a-mo (old woman) was a good housewife. The arrange- ment of the interior wigwam was systematic and clean, and the burnished camp- kettle her greatest pride. " I tried hard to dissuade him from the war-path in 1831, but he persisted in his determination, and paid dearly for refusing to profit by my counsel. On his return after his captivity, he paid me a visit, acknowledged his error, and pledged me never again to refuse good advice, which he observed the remainder of his life. His days were ended (1838) on the east bank of the Des Moines River, at Stump Town, a point where the railroad diverges from the riyer be- low lowaville, now Independent. " Our commerce, from 1821 to 1882, did not increase in tonnage to any extent. I made several trips during this time on keelboats, from St. Louis to Galena, 111. A number of these boats were owned by Capt. White, and navi- gated by him, as freighters, on the Upper Mississippi. ht- ■ • • "Capt. James White informed me thatliis first voydge up the ]M.ississippi was on the steamboat Mandan, being forty days en route from New Orleans to the foot of the Rapids, which she attempted to ascend, but could get no higher than Filly Rock, on account of heavy draught and the want of a correct knowledge of the' channel by the pilot. He informed me that the Indians, at several localities above St. Louis, were badly frightened, running m every direction when the boat first hove in sight. As they had neyer witnessed the like before, many of them thought this aquatic monster was the Man-i-tou-lce- mth (evil spirit or devil), coming to call them for a final reckoning. Ihe next steamer that succeeded in ascending the Rapids was the Pike which by many, has been considered the first steamboat that traversed the Upper Mississippi, which is correct so far being the first to go above the Des Moines Kapids. 368 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. The county of Des Moines is one of the most widely-known regions in the West, among scientists, because of its remarkable richness in fossils of a certain character. Palaeontologists have been attracted to Burlington, and the city now claims, as a resident, the most eminent authority on the subject of paleozoic orinoidea in America, if not in the world. The fossils abound in the vicinity of Burlington more profusely than in any other locality in the world. Out of a possible number of about eleven hundred, some four hundred varieties have already been discovered here. The gentleman who has distingushed himself by devoting nearly a quarter of a century to the study of the subject, Mr. Charles Wachsmuth, has made several collections of these fossils, the most complete one consisting of eight hundred varieties. The cabinet now in process of comple- tion, consists of many hundred specimens, from this locality and other portions of the world. The original collection was disposed of to Prof. Agassiz, for $6,000, some time before the Professor's death, and was arranged by Mr. Wachsmuth, at Cambridge, at the personal solicitation of Prof. Agassiz. Prof. Charles White also formed a collection, which is now at Ann Arbor, Mich. Among others who have prosecuted like work are Rev. William H. Barris and Dr. Otto Thieme. Messrs. Frank Springer and James Love have gathered cabinets, the former's being a very fine one. The beauty of these fossils lies chiefly in the marvelous state of preservation in which they are found. Even the digestive system of the animal is, in many cases, plainly defined. There are also found six beds of fish fossils, two in each of the three groups — Kinderhook, Burlington and Keokuk formations of limestone. In a region so famous aS this, a paper on the geologic formations would be worthless, unless it were purely scientific The popular character of our work precludes the possibility of entering into such an investigation or treatment of the topic. Those who desire to inform themselves upon the subject, are referred to the several works on geology by Profs. Owen and White, and the more exhaus,tive works of Mr. Wachsmuth. Des Moines lies in the second tier of counties, from the south, and is bounded on the north by Louisa County; on the east by the Mississippi River, on the south by Lee County, with Skunk River as the dividing line, and on the west by Henry County. There are twelve civil townships, as follows : Huron, fractional Town 72 north. Range 1 west, and the four eastern tiers of sections in Town 72, Range 2. Yellow Springs Township, the two western tiers of Town 72, Range 2, and Town 72, Range 3. • ' Washington Township, Town 72, Range 4. Pleasant Grove Township, Town 71, Range 4. Franklin Township, Town 71, Range 8. Benton Township, Town 71, Range 2. Jackson Township, fractional Town 71, Range 1. Burlington Township, fractional Towns 69 and 70, Range 2, and islands at mouth of Skunk River. Flint River Township, Town 70, Range 3. Danville Township, Town 70, Range 4. Augusta Township, fractional part of Town 69, Range 5, which lies north of Skunk River, and fractional Town 69, Range 4. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 369 Union Township, fractional Town 69, Range 3, with fractional Town 68 ■which lies north of Skunk River. ' SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY. INTRODUCTORY. The original settlement of Des Moines County and the settlement of Bur- lington are synonymous expressions. The first efforts to improve the lands of the Black Hawk Purchase were made on the site or in the vicinity of the metropolis of Southern Iowa. It is a matter for congratulation, by both the writer and the reader, that the events attending the pioneer movement in this region are so well preserved, in authentic written form, and also in the minds of the survivors of the days when Iowa was but a wilderness. The prosperity of Burlington was foreshadowed by the class of men who formed the advance array which invaded this section of the West. It is usually the case that the original locators of new lands are from the " floating popula- tion " of the nation — a class indispensable in the social economy of a Repub- lic, but, nevertheless, an element noted rather for its attempts than for its accomplishments. It is not expected that the more refined and cultured people of the older regions will relinquish the comforts of society and voluntarily enter upon the laborious task of building up new centers of civilization. The van- guard of progress is ordinarily in harmony with the variety of work it is expected to perform. The operations of a natural social law govern this, nor does it detract one iota from the merit of the deed. That the work may be well done, it is necessary to place laborers in the field who are able to endure the heat and burden of the day. But Burlington's history offers a striking exception to the general rule. The first small colony which made the primal stroke in, this region was com- posed of men of moral and intellectual strength, and no weightier argument need be .used in support of this statement than the Scriptural test, "by their fruits shall ye know them." Burlington has furnished to the State and nation a most liberal quota of distinguished men. in fact, we may include the region west of this county in the vindication of the theory herein advanced; for from the germs planted on the western shores of the great river, has grown up a powerful community of men, wise as legislators, brave as warriors and vigorous as thinkers and doers in the many vocations of life. Less than half a century has elapsed since the first cabin was erected in Des Moines County, and many of the settlers who came during the first decade of its existence still live to tell of the events of those days. But even now, at this comparatively early period, some conflicts of statement occur. It is a recog- nized fact, that witnesses of the same scene will not relate the occurrence exactly alike, if called upon to do so. Like the blind men of the East, in the fable, who attempted to describe the elephant by feeling of him, each tells part of the story aright, while each differs from the others through some mistaken sense of the whole subject. Besides, memory at best is treacherous, and incidents are oftentimes confused with more recent matters, until men are willing to state positively as truth what others are equally ready to pronounce erroneous. It is, therefore, impossible for a writer to satisfy all who contribute to his fund of information. In the preparation of these pages one rule, above all others, has been adhered to, and that is to give authorities for statements in dispute, and to 370 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. express opinions only on the side of the preponderance of evidence. Facts are given as such, when substantiated by unquestionable records ; reminiscences are related on the strength of reliable recitals, and mooted questions are presented with the differing opinions of those who raise the doubt. As becomes the character of this work, which will hereafter form the stand- ard of historic fact in this county, more care has been given to the obtaining and compilation of data than in any previous work. Several brief sketches have been published, which were more or less accurate, but none of them agree fully with the information gathered by the writer and given in order here. All possible sources of knowledge bearing upon the history of the county have been sought after, and liberal use, with ample credit, has been made of them. No effort has been made to please all, for such an attempt would prove futile ; but a decided effort has been put forth to make this an accurate work of future reference ; a readable work for present enjoyment, and a standard work of the history of Des Moines County. "Had we realized, in those early days," remarked one of the pioneers to the writer, "that we were making history, a detailed record of events would have been transcripted from week to week. But what incentive had we for such a task ? There were no startling incidents in our daily lives. Many of us came here supposing this would prove to be but a temporary abiding-place. It was a struggle for existence. For one of us to have predicted the develop- ment of Des Moines County to its present condition within the life-time of our little company, would have been ample ground for writing him down as either a silly dreamer or a positive lunatic. We began on so small a scale that the idea of preserving our movements in the form of a record never entered our minds. Had we the same experience to go through with again, we would profit by our mistakes of the past, and be able to produce reliable data for the historians who should come after us." Fortunately for the purposes of history, there still live within accessible range of the writer many of the first settlers, and from them the unwritten part of the history of Des Moines County is gathered. The history of a county is usually little more than the compilation of im- perfect records, partial traditions and vague legends. Very few of the counties have preserved with proper care the archives of the earliest days of their exist- ence. Society was crude, and men were unsuited by experience to places of ofiBcial responsibility. No one thought that the careless transcripts of primary meetings would one day form the staple of history. The duty of scribe was irksome to the pioneers, when necessity compelled some written evidence of organizing transactions ; and brief, indeed, were the minutes of almost every public assembly. History is but a record of the present when time has made it the past. Ea,ch act in one's life may be a topic of importance in the pages yet to be writ- ten. Nothing is too trivial or uninteresting in the routine affairs of those who mingle with public men, to be unworthy of a place in the diary of the local recorder of events. Some minor matter may serve to corroborate and affirm the time and method of a far mightier occurrence. The history of Des Moines County, however, differs from the general rule in this important particular. Instead of being dependent upon crippled records or unstable traditions, the story is composed of original statements, gathered expressly for this work, from those principal participants in the thrilling scenes of the past who still live within the county, in the enjoyment of the blessings which accrue from lives of enterprising industry. HISTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY. 371 Des Moines County is yet in its infancy so far as years are concerned ; but by its prosperity it holds a commanding place among the counties of the State. The brevity of its political life is not only favorable to the historian, affording him ample opportunities for communion with the original pioneers, but it is also significant in a material sense, inasmuch as it foreshadows a grander devel- opment of its inexhaustible resources within the life-time of those who are now partaking of the fruits'of their labors here. If but a generation, estimated by the popular standard, is required to redeem the wilderness from a primeval state, clothe the prairies with richest crops and dot them with modern dwelling- houses, may we not reasonably anticipate a far more rapid advancement toward wealth during the quarter of a century yet to come ? Those who entered upon the work of converting the wild lands into civil- ized abodes, began with no other assistance than strong hands and stout hearts. The patient ox, the sharp ax, the primitive hoe, the cradle and the scythe were man's only dependence. Mechanic art was then in its swaddling-clothes. Cumbersome mechanism had been applied to the planting and harvesting of crops, but those who favored the innovation on time-honored customs were tabooed and looked upon with pitiful astonishment. But more than all else, the pioneers who made the first bold strokes for homes in the lovely land of Iowa were poor, almost without exception. Had there been unlimited numbers of improved appliances for agriculture at their very doors, they could not have availed themselves of the opportunities from lack of means. And therein lies the pith and marrow of the credit due the noble vanguards of the West. From nothing but that which nature lavishly supplied, they builded strong and well. They labored with the energy of heroes, and deserve the reward of veterans. But half a century has passed since the Indians exercised high dominion over these broad prairies and shady groves. Here their feasts were celebrated, their lodges established, their councils held, their dead buried, and, within that time, also, the painted bands of warriors have disappeared on their forced march westward, while the setting sun — typical of the waning glory of their race — threw grotesque shadows of their trains on the crude farms of the venturesome white man. Brief indeed, have been the days between the era of savagery and the era of civilization. But, short as that intervening space has been, it was ample for the sowing of seeds which will, beyond peradventure, bear marvelous fruitage. The hand of intelligent man was laid upon this region, as it were, but yester- day. To-day, one beholds the finest farms, the best tilled acres, the richest orchards, the most substantial buildings and the newest implements of hus- bandry that can be met with throughout the length and breadth of " Beautiful Iowa." Where once the fierce blasts of winter howled with increasing monotony over unobstructed plains, the dense grove now stands a barrier between man -md the elements, in silent protest against the forces of the air. Where once the single camp-fire of the lonely hunter wreathed its slender spire of smoke as he reposed, solitary and silent, near the beaten path of the deer, there now ascend the choking fumes of many furnaces, as they glow and roar in the busy centers of manufacture. Churches and schoolhouses— those edifices which pro- claim the moral development of a country and represent the two greatest factors in the problem of civilization— dot the prairie on every hand. At the centers of trade these institutions stand, eloquent evidences of the intelligence of the populace, and point tt) a still grander outcome. 372 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Wealth has succeeded poverty, and privation has given way to comfort. The children of the pioneers have grown up, surrounded by refining influences, and bear the stamp of training in a broader school than their parents were privileged to attend. Books and music have their appropriate places in the farmhouses, and social intercourse is no longer restricted to the range of ox-cart communication. The finest horses, the choicest animals, the largest herds graze in rich pasture-lands. It is no longer necessary to " turn the cattle into the big lot," as a pioneer expressed his early method of caring for his patient oxen. Fences mark the boundaries of farms and subdivisions of farms. As year succeeds year, the flocks increase in numbers and condition, and the markets of the East find profit in choosing the cattle from a thousand hillocks. Railroads stretch across the county, affording the facilities for transportation so much desired a quarter of a century ago. Villages have sprung up along these lines of traffic and added to the market value of lands in their vicinity. Timber, which was so highly prized when first the region was sought out, now ranks far below the open prairie lands in point of value. Modern inventive genius has found a way to meet the requirements of the day for fences, and coal is rapidly becoming an article of general use as fuel. Hence, it is found that groves are prized more for the sake of their protective qualities than for the intrinsic worth of their products. Where formerly the settlers were compelled to traverse the country for flour and provisions — consuming days in the tedious journey — are now busy mills, which supply the local needs of the communities. Nor is it longer necessary to rely upon the uncertain visits of friends to a distant post office for unfrequent mails ; for the system of postal delivery reaches to the farthest limits of the country, and the rapid transit of news matter is an established affair, accepted without surprise, or even a second thought. Thirty years ago, there were few papers received by the settlers, and these few came from other and older localities, while now the press of Des Moines ranks high among the hosts of publications in the State and nation. Daily and weekly issues are scattered broadcast over the region, carrying news from the earth's four quarters, and enabling the pioneers, even, to read the transactions of Church and State simultaneously with the denizens of the great cities of the land. The telegraphic wires bring to their doors tidings from commercial marts, and tell them when and how to dispose of the enormous products of factory and farm. Banking institutions of solid worth exist, and monetary matters are conducted on as large a, scale as in many an Eastern city. Social clubs and amusement societies relieve the routine of bus- iness after the approved methods of cosmopolitans. Secret societies flourish and celebrate their mystic rites in richly-appointed lodge-rooms, and hold hon- ored rank among the general bodies of their respective crafts. The social world is as brilliant in its state and as cultured in its character as that which graces the salons of the capitals of the East. Wealth and refine- ment are evidenced in the bearing of the people. The honest housewife of the olden time may look with distrust upon the grander display at civil ceremonies, but cannot stay the tide as it sets toward the obliteration of simple habits. There may be much truth in the often-repeated assurance, that " girls were worth more in the early days," if the estimate of excellence be based upon physical prowess and domestic " faculty;" but it must be remembered that each generation plays its separate part in the drama of life. As the poet writes of individuals, y- « ♦ ,, ah .1 i.^. ' * * * " All the world s a stage, And all the men and women merely players ; They have they exits and their entrances, And one man, in his time, plays many parts," HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 373 80 is society constructed upon a plan that places each succeeding division in a role dififerent from that which preceded it. The standard by which to measure woman's might to-day is not that which tests her qualities as a pioneer, but rather that which proves the use she has made of the advantages of the present. It would be as just to condemn the young man of to-day because he is, not drilled in woodcraft and able to read the marks of Nature like the red man. The fathers who paved the way for the introduction of modern ideas needed, perforce, to know the signs by which the Indian chief governed the warriors of his band ; but those symbols are obsolete now, and would lumber the mind with useless information. The man whose genius introduced tjie principles of mechanics into the working of farms, signed the last pages of the first volume of the history of the pioneers, and inaugurated a new era from which the present power of man must be calculated. The farmer who tills a thousand acres now is surely no weaker than he whose limits were a hundred in the " good old days." Yet the muscu- lar development has not increased during the half-century past. It is mind, not matter, which governs, and the tendency of this age, which is truly termed the mechanical is to produce maximum results from minimum forces. The laborious method of planting and harvesting by hand has given way to the more admir- able plan of employing mechanical devices in the work. Des Moines County ranks her neighboring counties in just the degree that her intelligence has progressed. The end is far away, for the improvements over the original settlement are insignificant compared with the capabilities of her men and the possibilities of her resources. Nature has lavished abundant wealth upon her, and it remains for man to extract it from the earth. The farms are inexhaustible in productive qualities, if rightly cultivated. The future promises much more marked changes in every branch of trade and commerce, and there remains for her inhabitants an enviable harvest of result*. Pleasant for situation, rich in material wealth, peopled by intelligent men and abounding in an atmosphere of mental health, the county of Des Moines is destined to become a leading one in the Northwest, as it is to-day a leading one in the State. The responsibility of developing it is intrusted to good men and true, and the dawn of the twentieth century will behold in this fair region a source of constant pride. THE ORIGINAL SETTLERS' CLAIMS. The entire county of Des Moines was within the limits of the Black Hawk Purchase, the nature and cause of which cession is fully treated elsewhere in this work. The Indian title to the lands did not expire until June 1, lii66, and the United States troops stationed at Rock Island, were instructed to expel all white men who made an attempt to secure claims prior to that date. ^The region was, of course, unsurveyed and no private purchases could be made from the Government for several years after the formal occupancy ot the domain by the United States. The only method of securing lands was by actual residence thereon, and the "blazing," or marking with blows ot an ax, of timber, and the setting of stakes, with name and marks of claimant written upon them, as an indication of the boundary of the claim. An unenacted code existed among early settlers defining the rights of priority to such claims, and woe to the man who violated them, or became a "claim-jumper. The fame of the newly purchased territory spread rapidly throughout tiie East, and men who felt a desire to improve their condition by beginning lite in a new country, were persuaded to venture over the imagmary boundary into 374 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. the forbidden land of promise. Of the large number who undoubtedly risked personal comfort and safety in such an expedition, pending the expiration of the limit of Indian occupancy, no reliable list can be given. A portion of the hardy band can be named, however, on the authority of Dr. William R. Ross, whose name figures conspicuously in these pages further on. At the present time (January, 1879), Mr. Ross is still living, having just passed his seventy- fifth birthday. His home is in Hamilton, Marion Co., Iowa. To him the writer is indebted for much valuable information. From his numerous letters, the following extracts are made apropos to the year 1832. "It may not be uninteresting," observes the Doctor, "to give some of the names of those who first explored Southern Iowa, in 1832, prior to making a permanent settlement in 1833. First, among others, were Maj. Joseph B. Teas and Joseph Morgan, afterward citizens of Albia; William Morgan, William Stewart, John Ward, Isaac Canterberry, Lewis Walters, Isaac Crenshaw, Benjamin Tucker, Bzekiel Smith and sons Paris and Lineas, John Bullard, Richard Land, Thomas Dovrell, David Tothero, S. S. White, M. M. McCarver, Berryman Jenkins, William Wright, John Harris and Charles Teas, with oth- ers that were in Iowa when I came in July, 1833. Mrs. Sarah Hilleary, wife of Alexander Hilleary, near Burlington, came with her father, William Mor- gan, in February, 1832, to do the domestic work, while her father was improv- ing his claim, and building a house preparatory to moving his family, and was one of the families driven on the Big Island just below Burlington, by soldiers from Rock Island, as the Indian title had not been extinguished." While this statement is, in the main, correct, we are able to show in the chapter on Burlington, further on in this volume, that the first claim, although ■ illegal — as were all those made prior to June 1, 1833 — was selected in 1829. In the fall of 1829, Simpson S. White and Amzi Doolittle laid claim to the lands upon which Burlington stands, in anticipation of some day being able to enter them. Their hopes were realized in the fall of 1832. In the fall of 1832, David Tothero also made claim to the lands subsequently known as the "Judge Morgan farm," about three miles further on. These men were, beyond doubt, the original settlers of Des Moines County. It will be noticed that their names appear in the foregoing list of prospectors, and every item of information now obtainable, tends to the substantiation of this statement. The residence of these families was not an undisturbed reign of peace and plenty, for to the natural privations of pioneer life was added the constant peril of expulsion from house and home by the troops. The families were invaders of the Indian tract, and therefore, beyond the pale of lawful protec- tion. Their claims were made in defiance of the treaty signed by the Sacs and Foxes and the Government. Their only hope of escape from injury to themselves and destruction of property, rested upon the slight possibility of their presence not being discovered. The hope was, indeed, a meager one, since the unusual spectacle of a farm-cabin on the shores of the river, or upon the broad prairie, was sufiicient to attract a less skillful eye than that of a native denizen of the region. As might have been expected, during the winter of 1832-33, a detachment of troops came down from Rock Island and burned the settlers' cabins. The families were driven across the Mississippi. Mr. Ross says : " In February, 1833, before the Indian title was extin- guished, William Morgan, son and daughter, Isaac Canterberry and family, Lewis Walters and family, Charles Teas, Joseph B. Teas, Benjamin Tucker, John Ward, son and daughten, Isaac Crenshaw and family, Morton M. McCar- HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. . 375 ver and family, Simpson S. White and family, -with, perhaps, two or three other parties, whose names are not remembered noj? , made a venture on the Indian tract, within Des Moines County. The little company made claims, erected cabins, built rail fences, and, as soon as the seasoi. (which appears to have been an ' early ' one) would permit, planted corn and sowed some grain. The troopers, under orders from Col. Davenport, rusned down upon the colony, destroying cabins, laying waste the just-sprouting grain-fields, and driving the settlers from the claims they had made. The faa.ilies took refuge in flatboats, and hastily conveyed what of their h'busehold goods and live-stock they could secure across the river to Big Island. " The title remained in the Indians until June 1, 1833. At this time, Rich- ard Chaney resided at Fort Madison, and Dr. Garland and Mr. Campbell, and, perhaps, a few others on the half-breed tract. After June 1, 1833, the country was settled very rapidly ; as every one then had thu liberty of taking to them- selves a claim of half a section of land, one-quarter of timber and one of prairie, and the right to purchase as many claims as he had the money for. This rule occasioned much disturbance by new emigrants coming into the country and finding one man holding more than one claim. It drove them back into the new region against their will." A " Citizen of Burlington " wrote to the Patriot, in June, 1839, the fol- lowing brief statement concerning the pioneer settlement of the county. After telling of the original claims made by M. M. McCarver and S. S. White, on the present site of Burlington (which are spoken of more particularly in the chapter on Burlington), prior to the extinguishment of the Indian title, the correspondent said : " In October, 1832, there were some twelve or fifteen individuals who crossed the river in canoes, at the head of the Big Island, and landed at- the claim of Smith, which extended two miles south of Burlington as it now is. The company made an exciirsion of a few miles around the edge of the timber, in the town prairie, laying claims for future settlement. But little was done by them until February, 1833. At that time, they brought over their stock, and commenced building and cultivating the soil ; but, to their great detriment, they were driven by the Government soldiers, from Rock Island, across the river to the Big Island, taking with them their implements of husbandry and their stock. Their cabins and fences were set on fire and entirely destroyed. Notwithstanding all this, they held a council, and pretty unanimously agreed to hold on to their new homes. They built a fiatboat, and resolved to watch for an opportunitv to cross over the stream, and continue the cultivation of their claims. Many of these worthy individuals, after returning and making a small improvement, sold out, at a trifling advance, to such as were more able to carry on the work and preferred buying claims to going back and takmg up wild lands. Some of the original settlers remained and placed their farms under a high state of improvement. _ . . , , , , . , "After a close, hard winter (1883-34), the river remaining blocked with ice until late in the spring, the prospects of the little settlement began to brighten, especially when boats began to arrive. During the winter, however, we enioyed ourselves with the Indians, in smoking the pipe and telhng stories of war-skirmishes. Almost every day, we gave chase with our dogs after the wolves which appeared opposite our little village on the river. One morning there were no less than half a dozen in a pack, and we started out. One of our dogs overhauled and killed three of the brutes before we could reach him and then started after the others ; but he was so exhausted when we overtook 376 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. him, about two miles above the islands, that. he could not keep his hold, and the wolf disappeared, after tlie loss of jnuch blood. The dog belonged to Isaac Cren- shaw, who [subsequently] rented the Barret farm, and was one of the suffer- ers by the soldiers from Rock Island. " In regard to the improvements of 1834, we had some accessions to our village, of very good citizens, and several frame and log buildings were erected. But our farmers went far ahead, in improvement, of any people I ever saw who were laboring under such disadvantages. Every one was trying to excel in making the largest improvement and planting the most grain. I can scarcely remember one who broke less than thirty acres, and some broke even sixty and eighty. Those who had the largest improvements and who had to stand the brunt of hardships in the new settlement were William Stewart, Richard Land, W. R. Ross, William Morgan, Lewis Walters, Isaac Canter- berry, E. Smith, Paris Smith, P. D. Smith, Isaac Crenshaw, B. B. Tucker, E. Wade and father, and some few others who sold out and went further west, or left the country. A few of the pioneers died early ; among them were .John Harris and William Wright, with, possibly, a few whose names I have forgotten." There was a settlement near the mouth of Long Creek, northeast of Augusta, made by six or seven families from Indiana, in July, 1833, eight miles west of Burlington. In July, 1833, William R. Ross crossed the Mississippi River and landed on the Iowa side one-half mile below the mouth of Flint River. Morton M. McCarver and Simpson S. White were the only residents in that immediate vicinity at that time. When Mr. Ross arrived, he saw corn growing, but no fences were standing. Col. Morgan had fifty acres of corn on his farm, three miles southwest of Burlington, which was the first claim he made. These evidences of improvement were the remains of the attempts at settlement in the preceding spring. The claims made by Morton and White extended from the mouth of Hawk- Eye Creek to the mouth of Flint River, and were a half-mile in width. This territory included the site of the original trading-post with the Indians. William Morgan arrived the second time, with his family, September 10, 1833, from Sangamon County, 111. Among his children was Miss Matilda. He made a claim below Hawk-Eye Creek, called Lower Burlington, at a later date, where he built a cabin in September. The first death which occurred in the settlement was that of William Ross, father of William R. Ross. This death took place in October, 1833. The first marriage solemnized in this region was that of William R. Ross and Matilda Morgan, which was observed on the 3d day of December, 1833. The ceremony took place under a sycamore-tree, on the east bank of the Ilissis- sippi, and was performed by Judge Allen, of Monmouth. This wedding is referred to in the chapter on Burlington. Prior to the formal attachment of Iowa to Michigan Territory, which was accomplished in the winter of 1833-34, but was not enforced until some time in 1834, this region was governed by a primitive system of "claim laws," adopted by the settlers, and supervised by certain officers chosen for the pur- pose. This state of affairs lasted but a little more than one year. THE FIRST MILLS. In 1834, as nearly as can be learned, Levi Moffit built a mill on Skunk River, near the site of Augusta. It was claimed that this was the first mill erected in Southern Iowa; but, as is elsewhere shown, Mr. White claims HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 377 priority for Donnel's Mill, on Flint River. Moffit was authorized, in 1837, to keep a ferry across the river. The mill was in operation as early as 1836' surely, and probably in 1884. Mr. Donnel built a mill on Flint River, three miles from Burlington ; and Mr. Hughes built one eight miles from town. These, in the_ order named, are given us as the first three mills. They were primitive affairs, and barely served the purpose designed. HOW " CLAIMS " VTEKE MADE. The claim-making of the early settlers in Iowa was a mode of settlement peculiar to that portion of the public domain which was occupied prior to its being surveyed by the General Government. Newhall, in his " Sketches of Iowa," states that by mutual concession and an honorable adherence to neigh- borhood regulations, claim-making was governed by a pro-tem. law, which answered the purpose of general protection for the homes of the settlers until his land came into the market. So general did this usage become, and so united were the interests of the settlers, that it was deemed extremely hazard- ous as well as highly dishonorable for a speculator or stranger to bid upon a claim, even though it was not protected by a "pre-emption right." More than one " war " was waged when such attempts as that were made, almost invariably resulting in the rout of the interloper. Blood, in some instances, was shed in defense of these recognized rights. When it was clearly understood what improvements constituted a claim, and when the settler conformed to the "by- laws " of his neighborhood, or township, it was just as much respected for the time being as if the occupant had the Government patent for it. For instance, if an emigrant came into the country for location, he looked from county to county for a location. After having placed himself, he set about making an improvement. To break five acres of ground would hold his claim for six months ; or if a cabin was built, eight logs high with a roof, which was equiva- lent to the plowing, he held it six months longer. He then staked out his half- section of land, which was a full claim, generally one-quarter timber and one- quarter prairie, and then his home was secure from trespass by any one. If he chose to sell his " claim," he was at perfect liberty to do so, and the purchaser succeeded to all the rights and immunities of the first settler. As an evidence of the respect in which these claim-rights were held by the people of Iowa, we quote here an act of the Legislative Council of the Territory, passed January 15, 1839, entitled, " An act to provide for the collection of demands growing out of contracts for sales of improvements on public lands." " Be it enacted, that all contracts, promises, assumpsits, or undertakings, either written or verbal, which shall be made hereafter in good faith, and with- out fraud, collusion or circumvention, for sale, purchase or payment of improve- ments made on the lands owned by the Government of the United States, shall be deemed valid in law or equity, and may be sued for and recovered as in other contracts. " That all deeds of quitclaim, or other conveyance of all improvements upon public lands, shall be as binding and effectual, in law and equity, between the parties for conveying the title of the grantor in and to the same, as in cases where the grantor has the fee-simple to the premises conveyed." Previous to lands being brought into market, each township, nearly, had its own organization throughout the Territory. This was to prevent unpleas- ant litigation and to keep up a spirit of harmony among neighbors, and the better to protect them in their equitable rights of " claim " purchase. A ' call- meeting" was announced something after this fashion: "The citizens ot 378 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Township 72 north, Range 5 west, are requested to meet at 'Squire B 's, at Hickory Grove (or as the place or the time might be), to adopt the necessary measures for securing their homes, at the approaching land sales at B ." After a short preamble and set of resolutions, suited to the occasion, a " Regis- ter" was appointed, whose duty it was to record the name of each claimant to his respective "claim." A "bidder" was also appointed, whose duty it was, on the day of sale, to bid off all the land previously registered, in the name of each respective claimant. Thus, everything moved along at the land sales with the harmony and regularity of clock-work ; but if any one present was found bidding over the minimum price ($1.25 per acre), on land registered in the township, woe be unto him ! When any controversy arose between the neighbors relative to trespassing (or, in common parlance, "jumping a claim "), it was arbitrated by a committee appointed for that purpose, and their decision was considered final. Newhall describes a land sale, which may bring up to the minds of some of the old settlers a remembrance of one of those absorbing periods. He " Many are the ominous indications of its approach among the settlers. Every dollar is sacredly treasured up. The precious ' mint-drops ' take to themselves wings and fly away from the merchant's till to the farmer's cup- board. Times are dull in the towns, for the settler's home is dearer and sweeter than the merchant's sugar and coffee. At length the wished-for day arrives. The suburbs of the town present the scene of a military camp. The set- tlers have flocked from far and near. The hotels are thronged to overflowing. Bar-rooms, dining-rooms and wagons are metamorphosed into bedrooms. Din- ners are eaten from a table or a stump, and thirst is quenched from a bar or a brook. The sale being announced from the land office, the township bidder stands near by, with the registry-book in hand, in which each settler's name is attached to his respective half or quarter section, and thus he bids off, in the name of the whole township, for each respective claimant. A thousand settlers are standing by, eagerly listening when their quarter shall be called off. The crier passes the well-known numbers ; his home is secure. He feels relieved ; the litigation of ' claim-jumping ' is over forever ; he is lord of the soil. With an independent step he walks into the land office, opens the time-worn saddle- bags and counts out the $200 or $400, silver and gold, takes his certificate from the General Government and goes away rejoicing." A meeting of the claim-holders of lands in fractional Townships 69 and 70 north. Range 2 west, was held in the Methodist Church in Burlington, June 19, 1839, for the purpose of preparing for the impending land sales. Hon. Charles Mason presided, and George W. Kelley acted as Secretary. On motion of Joseph Morgan, the meeting resolved to elect two sets of officers to conduct the business of entering the lands at the proper time. The meeting adopted the order of procedure, which follows: A Register was chosen for each township, whose duty it was to prepare a map, with the several claims indicated thereon; a bidder and assistant bidder were chosen to attend the sale and make the purchases. Conflicts of claimants were submitted to a committee of three, who had the power to settle all disputes. In event of a refusal by both parties to arbitrate, the case was to be submitted to a committee of five. Claimants were authorized to take as much as 320 acres. An equable arrangement was made between adjoining claimants, where their claim-lines and the Government survey failed to coincide. All persons over eighteen years of age were entitled to the privileges of claimants. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 379 Benjamin Tucker was chosen Register for Township 69, and George W Kelley Register for Township 70. William Stewart and James Anderson iXtown!" *'' '"""' ^^°^^^ "^^ ^'g^* '^"^ ^°y^l Cottle,'! X W^I^p'^'^Q^lifT"''**??' ^^Z- -^"^^ Darbyshire, Joseph Morgan, E. Wade, Peter Smith, Jesse Hunt-Township 69; William R. Ross Levi Scott James Hatcher, Oliver Cottle, Henry James-Township 70. IT cla'l were required to be registered before August 1, 1839. By proclamation of President Martin Van Buren, the lands were to come mto market October! 1839, but the sales were postponed in partof the dTs! trict until March, 1840, when the tract on which Burlington stands was sold. T I ni T°? "^ *, statistical table of monthly receipts at the Burlington Land Office, during the first year and four months of its existence. Perhaps no safer criterion can be drawn of the pre-eminent character that Iowa had already attained, than the receipts which this table exhibits of a country that only so late as June, 1833, was first subject to occupancy by the white man. Ot every hundred acres, it was estimated that ninety fell into the hands of the actual settlers. November 19, 1838, sold by public sale s |295,495 61 January, 1839, by private entries and pre-emption 6075114 February, 1839, " " " .< ov'ciA'j qi Ma-"' ]lf. '• " '■ " ::;::::::::::::;:;:::::: 1;?78 46 ^ ' il!o' " " " " 12,706 77 May, 1839, " " " " 15,675 93 June, 1839, " " « >< I4 35g 52 July, 1839, " " " " 24,909 16 August, 1839, " " " " 8 216 32 September, 1839, " " " " !!!!!!!!.".'..!!!!!!! 8836 56 October, 1839, by public sales 47487 91 November, 1839, by private entries 10^564 72 Iieoember, 1839, " " 3^868 11 January 1, 1840, " " 4^644 80 February, 1840, " " 6,420 56 March, 1840, by private entries and public sales inclusive 332,222 42 April, 1840, by private entries and pre-emption 29,834 22 June, • 1840, by private sale and pre-emption 62,170 62 Total ., $968,987 14 HOW PIONEERS LIVED. In choosing his home the pioneer usually had an eye mainly to its location, and for that reason settlers were oftener than not very solitary creatures, with- out neighbors and remote from even the common conveniences of life. A desir- able region was sure to have plenty of inhabitants in time, but it was the advance-guard that suffered the privation of isolation. People within a score of miles of each other were neighbors, and the natural social tendencies of man- kind asserted themselves even in the wilderness by efforts to keep up communi- cation with even these remote families. The first business of a settler on reaching the place where he intended to fix his residence, was to select his claim and mark it off as nearly as he could without a compass. This was done by stepping and staking or blazing the lines as he went. The absence of section lines rendered it necessary to take the sun at noon and at evening as a guide by which to run these claim-lines. So many steps each way counted three hundred and twenty acres, more or less, the then legal area of a claim. It may be readily supposed that these lines were far from correct, but they answered all necessary claim purposes, for it was under- ^"T1 3g0 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. stood among the settlers that when the lands came to be surveyed and entered, all inequalities should be righted. Thus, if a surveyed line should happen to run between adjoining claims, cutting off more or less of the other, the fraction was to be added to whichever lot required equalizing, yet without robbing the one from which it was taken, for an equal amount would be added to it in another The next important business was to build a house. Until this was done, somfe had to camp on the ground or live in their -wagons, perhapsthe only shel- ter they had known for weeks. So the prospect for a house, which was also to be home, was one that gave courage to the rough toil, and added a zest to the heavy labors. The style of the home entered very little into their thoughts- it was shelter they wanted, and protection from stress of weather and wearing exposures. The poor settler had neither the money nor the mechanical appli- ances for building himself a house. He was content, in most instances, to have a mere cabin or hut. Some of the most primitive constructions of this kind were half-faced, or, as they were sometimes called, "cat-faced" sheds or "wike- ups," the Indian term for house or tent. It is true, a claim cabin was a little more in the shape of a human habitation, made, as it was, of round logs light enough for two or three men to lay up, about fourteen feet square — perhaps a little large or smaller — roofed with bark or clapboards, and sometimes with the sods of the prairie; and floored with puncheons (logs split once in two, and the flat side laid up) or with earth. For a fire- place, a wall of stone and earth — frequently the latter only, when stone was not convenient — was made in the best practicable shape for the purpose, in an opening in one end of the build- ing, extending outward, and planked on the outside by bolts of wood notched together to stay it. Frequently a fire-place of this kind was made so capacious as to occupy nearly the whole width of the house. In cold weather, when a great deal of fuel was needed to keep the atmosphere' above freezing point — for this wide-mouthed fire-place was a huge ventilator — large logs were piled into this yawning space. To protect the crumbling back wall against the effects of fire, two back logs were placed against it, one upon the other. Sometimes these back logs were so large that they could not be got in in any other way than to hitch a horse to them, drive him in at one door, unfasten the log before the fire-place, from whence it was put in proper position, and then drive him out at the other door. For a chimney, any contrivance that would conduct the smoke up the chimney would do. Some were made of sods, plastered upon the inside with clay; others — the more common perhaps — were of the kind we occasionally see in use now, clay and sticks, or " cat in clay," as they were sometimes called. Imagine of a winter's night, when the storm was having its own wild way over this almost uninhabited land, -and when the wind was roar- ing like a cataract of cold over the broad wilderness, and the settler had to do his best to keep warm, what a royal fire this double-back-logged and well-filled fire-place would hold ! It must have been a cozy place to smoke, provided the settler had any tobacco ; or for the wife to sit knitting before, provided she had needles and yarn. At any rate, it must have given something of cheer to the conversation, which very likely was upon the home and friends they had left behind when they started out on this bold venture of seeking fortunes in a new land. For doors aud windows, the most simple contrivances that would serve the purposes were brought into requisition. The door was not always immediately provided with a shutter, and a blanket often did duty in guarding the entrance. But as soon as convenient, some boards were split and put together, hung upon HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 381 wooden hinges, and held shut by a wooden pin inserted in an auger-hole. As a substitute for window-glass, greased paper, pasted over sticks crossed in the shape of sash, was sometimes used. • This admitted the light and excluded the air, but of course lacked transparency. In regard to the furniture of such a cabin, of course it varied in proportion to the ingenuity of the occupants, unless it was where settlers brought with them their old household supply, which, owing to the distance most of them had come, was very seldom. It was easy enough to improvise tables and chairs ; the former could be made of split logs — and there were instances where the door would be taken from its hinges and used at meals, after which it would be rehung — and the latter were designed after the three-legged stool pattern, or benches served their purpose. A bedstead was a very important item in the domestic comfort of the family, and this was the fashion of improvising them : A forked stake was driven into the ground diagonally from the corner of the room, and at a proper distance, upon which poles reaching from each were laid. The wall ends of the poles either rested in the openings between the logs or were driven into auger-holes. Barks or boards were used as a substitute for cords. Upon this the tidy housewife spread her straw tick, and if she had a home-made feather bed, she piled it up into a luxurious mound and covered it with her whitest drapery. Some sheets hung behind it for tapestry added to the coziness of the resting-place. This was generally called a " prairie bed- stead," and by some the "prairie rascal." In design, it is surely quite equal to the famous Eastlake models, being about as primitive and severe, in an artistic sense, as one could wish. The house thus far along, it was left to the deft devices of the wife to com- plete its comforts, and the father of the family was free to superintend out-of- door affairs. If it was in season, his first important duty was to prepare some ground for planting, and to plant what he could. This was generally done in the edge of the timber, where most of the very earliest settlers located. , Here the sod was easily broken, not requiring the heavy teams and plows needed to break the prairie sod. Moreover, the nearness of timber offered greater con veniences for fuel and building. And still another reason for this was, that the groves afforded protection from the terrible conflagrations that occasionally swept across the prairies. Though they passed through the patches of timber, yet it was not with the same destructive force with which they rushed over the prairies. Yet by these fires much of the young timber was killed from time to time, and the forest kept thin and shrubless. The first year's farming consisted mainly of a "truck patch," planted in corn, potatoes, turnips, etc. Generally, the first year's crop fell far short of supplying even the most rigid economy of food. Many of the settlers brought, with them small stores of such things as seemed indispensable to frugal living, such as fiour, bacon, coffee and tea. But these supplies were not inexhaustible, and once used were not easily replaced. A long winter must come and go be- fore another crop could be raised. If game was plentiful, it helped to eke out. their limited supplies. * j-a: But even when corn was plentiful, the preparation of it was the next dim- culty in the way. The mills for grinding it were at such long distances that every other device was resorted to for reducing it to meal. Some grated it on an implement made by punching small holes through a piece of tin or sheet- iron, and fastening it upon a board in concave shape, with the rougJi side out. Upon this the ear was rubbed to produce the meal. But grating could not be done when the corn became so dry as to shell off when rubbed. Some used a. S82 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. coffee-mill for grinding it. And a very common substitute for bread was hominy, a palatable and wholesome diet, made by boiling corn in a weak lye till the hull or bran peeled off, after which it was well washed, to cleanse it of the lye. It was then boiled again to soften it, when it was ready for use, as occasion required, by frying and seasoning it to the taste. Another mode of preparing hominy was by pestling. A mortar was made by burning a bowl-shaped cavity in the even end of an upright block of wood. After thoroughly clearing it of the charcoal, the corn could be put in, hot water turned upon it, when it was subjected to a severe pestling by a club of sufficient length and thickness, in the large end of which was inserted an iron wedge, banded to keep it there. The hot water would soften the corn and loosen the hull, while the pestle would crush it. When breadstuffs were needed, they had to be obtained from long distances. Owing to the lack of proper means for threshing and cleaning wheat, it was more or less mixed with foreign substances, such as smut, dirt and oats. And as the time may come when the settlers' method of threshing and clearing may be forgotten, it may be well to preserve a brief account of them here. The plan was to clean off a space of ground of sufficient size, and if the earth was dry, to dampen it, and beat it so as to render it somewhat compact. Then the sheaves were unbound and spread in a circle, so that the heads would be uppermost, leaving room in the center for the person whose business it was to stir and turn the straw in the process of threshing. Then, as many horses or oxen were brought as could conveniently swing round the circle, and these were kept moving until the wheat was well trodden out. After several " floor- ings " or layers were threshed, the straw was carefully raked off, and the wheat shoveled into a heap to be cleaned. This cleaning was sometimes done by waving a sheet up and down to fan out the chaff as the grain was dropped before it ; but this trouble was frequently obviated when the strong winds of autumn were all that was needed to blow out the chaff from the grain. This mode of preparing the 'grain for flouring was so imperfect that it is not to be wondered at that a considerable amount of black soil got mixed with it, and unavoidably got into the bread. This, with the addition of smut, often rendered it so dark as to have less the appearance of bread .than of mud ; yet upon such diet the people were compelled to subsist, for want of a better. Not the least among the pioneers' tribulations, during the first few years of settlement, was the going to mill. The slow mode of travel by ox-teams was made still slower by the almost total absence of roads and bridges, while such a thing as a ferry was hardly even dreamed of The distance to be traversed was often as far as sixty or ninety miles. In dry weather, common sloughs and creeks offered little impediment to the teamsters ; but during floods and the breaking-up of winter, they proved exceedingly troublesome and dangerous. To get stuck in a slough, and thus be delayed for many hours, was no uncom- mon occurrence, and that too, when time was an item of grave import to the comfort and sometimes even to the lives of the settlers' families. Often a swollen stream would blockade the way, seeming to threaten destruction to whoever should attempt to ford it. With regard to roads, there was nothing of the kind worthy of the name. Indian trails were common, but they were unfit to travel on with vehicles. They are described as mere paths about two feet wide — all that was required to accommodate the single-file manner of Indian traveling. An interesting theory respecting the origin of the routes now pursued by many of our public highways is given in a speech by Thomas Benton many HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 383 years ago. He says the buffaloes were the first road engineers, and the paths trodden by them were, as a matter of convenience, followed by the Indians, and lastly by the whites, with such improvements and changes as were found neces- sary for civilized modes of travel. It is but reasonable to suppose that the buf- faloes would instinctively choose the most practicable routes and fords in th ir migrations from one pasture to another. Then, the Indians following, possessed of about the same instinct as the buffaloes, strove to make no improvements, and were finally driven from the track by those who would. When the early settlers were compelled to make these long and diflScult trips to mill, if the country was prairie over which they passed, they found it comparatively easy to do in summer, when grass was plentiful. By travel- ing until night, and then camping out to feed the teams, they got along without much difficulty. But in winter, such a journey was attended with no little dan- ger. The utmost economy of time was, of course, necessary. When the goal was reached, after a week or more of toilsome travel, with many exposures and risks, and the poor man was impatient to immediately return with the desired staff of life, he was often shocked and disheartened with the information that his turn would come in a week. Then he must look about for some means to pay expenses, and he was lucky who could find some employment by the day or job. Then, when his turn came, he had to be on hand to bolt his own flour, as, in those days, the bolting machine was not an attached part of the other mill machinery. This done, the anxious soul was ready to endure the trials of a return trip, his heart more or less concerned about the affairs of home. These milling trips often occupied from three weeks to more than a month each, and were attended with an expense, in one way or another, that rendered the cost of breadstuffs extremely high. If made in the winter, when more or less grain-feed was required for the team, the load would be found to be so con- siderably reduced on reaching home that the cost of what was left, adding other expenses, would make their grain reach the high cost figure of from $3 to $5 per bushel. And these trips could not always, be made at the most favorable season for traveling. In spring and summer, so much time could hardly be spared from other essential labor ; yet, for a large family, it was almost impos- sible to avoid making three or four trips during the year. This description of early milling applies rather to the pioneers west of this county than to those who settled near the Mississippi and Skunk Rivers, but it was not uncommon for people here to cross over into Illinois to get their gnnd- ing done. . , Among other things calculated to annoy and distress the pioneer, ^as the prevalence of wild beasts of prey, the most numerous and troublesome of which was the wolf. While it was true, in a figuiative sense, that it required the utmost care and exertion to "keep the wolf from the door," it was almost as true in a literal sense. n i • v if a There were two species of these animals— the large, black, timber-wolt and and the smaller gray wolf, that usually inhabited the prairie. At first it was next to impossible for a settler to keep small stock of any kind that would serve as a prey to these ravenous beasts. Sheep were not deemed safe property until years after, when their enemies were supposed to be nearly exterminated Large numbers of wolves were destroyed during the early years of settlement -as many as fifty in a day in a regular wolf-hunt. When they were hungry, which was not uncommon, particularly during the winter they were too indis- creet for their own safety, and would often approach within easy shot ot ttie 384 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. settlers' dwellings. At certain seasons, their wild, plaintive yelp or bark could be heard in all directions, at all hours of the night, creating intense excitement among the dogs, whose howling would add to the dismal melody. It has been found, by experiment, that but one of the canine species — the hound — has both the fleetness and courage to cope with his savage cousin, the wolf Attempts were often made to capture him with the common cur, but this animal, as a rule, proved himself wholly unreliable for such a service. So long as the wolf would run, the cur would follow ; but the wolf, being apparently acquainted with the character of his pursuer, would either turn and place him- self in a combative attitude, or else act upon the principle that "discretion is the better part of valor," and throw himself upon his back, in token of sur- render. This strategic performance would make instant peace between these two scions of the same house ; and, not infrequently, dogs and wolves have been seen playing together like puppies. But the hound was never known to recog- nize a flag of truce; his baying seemed to signify "no quarter," or at least so the terrified wolf understood it. Smaller animals, such as panthers, lynxes, wildcats, catamounts and polecats were also sufficiently numerous to be troublesome. And an exceeding source of annoyance was the swarms of mosquitoes which aggravated the trials of the settler in the most exasperating degree. Persons have been driven from the labors of the field by their unmerciful assaults. ORGANIZATION OF DES MOINES COUNTY. GOVEKNMBNT IN 1833. For more than a year after the original pioneer ventured to reclaim the Black Hawk Purchase from its native wildness, it may be truthfully said that the brave little company was beyond the confines of civilization. There were no laws, there were no officers, there were no social or political regulations within the limits of the colony, except such laws as dwelt in the hearts and minds of the intrepid band, which smiled at privation and looked hopefully forward to the realization of their desires. The handful of men and women who wintered on the bleak banks of the Mississippi during the season of 1833-34, were a law and gospel unto themselves ; controlling their actions by the innate standard of an experience derived from associations among older and more pultivated. communities. Laws were needed only for protection of the virtuous against the vicious, and when a band of men combine to do as nearly right as they can, a simple code suffices to regulate the lives of all. From the sparse records of 1833 jire gathered sufficient suggestions of the intent and expectations of the pioneers to form the basis of these conclusions. For example, an association was formed in the fall of 1833, composed of the citizens of the county, and rules were adopted for the general government of the region. Among those rules were the following : '■'■Resolved, That any person or persons allowing the Indians to have whisky on any account whatever, shall forfeit all the whisky he or they shall have on hand, and likewise the confidence and protection of this Association. _" Resolved, That any person harboring or protecting a refuge, who, to evade justice, has fled from other sections of the Union, shall be delivered, with such refugee, on the other side of the river." These resolutions are but a part of the list, but the remainder are beyond reproduction here, since the original record-book has gone the way of earthly HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 385 things. Sufficient is given, however, to show that the community wished to avoid two great evils — demoralization of the Indians, and an influx .of outlaws from the older States. The evidence still extant proves that the dreaded dan- gers to prosperous development were averted. Thus do we see that the first step toward organization was a self-imposed law, which nothing but the popular will sustained, as, in fact, that alone had created it. The people desired to be law-abiding citizens, and as a formal code could not be ofiered them from the East, they satisfied their own consciences by taking the matter into their own hands. It may be inferred from some vague rumors still in the air, that all who came to Burlington were not above the average in honesty ; but the inference that the community, as a whole, was strongly in favor of proper conduct is weightier than the first impression, and may be relied upon as a just conclusion. Burlington began right, and escaped many of the unpleasant scenes which occurred in some other new localities. EB-ORGANIZING THE LAW IN 1834. When the colony at Burlington had assume'd sufficient size to warrant the thought of adopting legal restraints, the pioneers found themselves under thfc governmental control ot the Territory of Michigan. In that year, this region was attached to Michigan Territory, for judicial purposes, and, in the spring of 1834, instructions were sent to Mr. Ross, from Detroit, to organize Des Moines County. The new county was composed of the territory south of Rock Island to the mouth of the Des Moines River, and thence west, along the Missouri line, for fifty miles. The tract was fifty miles wide. The necessary la\(rs and documents were received by Mr. Ross, and, as organizing officer, he gave notice of the impending election by advertising in suitable manner. The offi- cers chosen at the first election, in the fall of 1884, were as follows : Col. William Morgan was elected Supreme Judge, and Henry Walker and Young L. Hughes, Assistants of District Court, which was the highest court in Iowa at, that time; Col. W. W. Chapman was Prosecuting Attorney; W. R. Ross, Clerk ; Solomon Perkins, Sheriff; John Barker, Justice of the Peace ; W. R. Ross, Treasurer and Recorder; John Whitaker, Probate Judge; Leonard Olney, Supreme Judge ; John Barker and Richard Land, Justices of the Peace, the latter appointed by the Governor of Michigan Territory. In October, 1835, Hon. George W. Jones was elected Delegate to Congress from the Territory of Michigan. Mr. Jones was interested in the development of the great Western wilderness, and favored the erection of a new Territory west of the lakes. He worked for that purpose in Congress, and was successful. Apropos of his achievement in that direction is here given an anecdote con- cerning his adroit avoidance of Mr. Calhoun's opposition to his bill : The Hon. George W. Jones, or the General, as he is more familiarly known at home, was a great ladies' man. Knowing the opposition to his terri- torial bill on the part of Mr. Calhoun, and that a speech from that distinguished statesman would defeat it, he set his wits to work to procure the absence ot Mr. C. when the bill would be called up. To accomplish this, he paid very marked attention to a lady friend of Mr. Calhoun, then at the capital, and was so kind, polite and entertaining that she, feeling under obligations to him for the same, inadvertently expressed the hope that circumstances might throw it in her way to render him some service. This was just what the General wanted, and he immediately said, " You can, if you will, do me the greatest favor in the world, and went on to explain the « Territorial Bill," and the opposition of Mr. Cal- houn thereto. " Now," said the General, " it will come up on such a day, and 386 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. when I send you my card, call out Mr. C, and, on some pretext, keep him out an hour or two." She consented and carried out the arrangement, and during that absence the bill was passed, and Mr. Calhoun did not have an opportunity to oppose it. WISCONSIN TBRRITOKY SORMBD. April 20, 1836, the bill creating the Territory of Wisconsin was approved. Gov. Henry Dodge was appointed to the Executive office by President Jackson. The first proclamation was issued by him September 9, 1836, convening the Legislature at Belmont on the 25th of October. A delegate in Congress was ordered elected at the same time as the legislators were chosen. The counties of Dubuque and Des Moines then contained 10,521 popula- tion, as was shown by the census ordered by Gov. Dodge. BELMONT LEGISLATURE. The election was ordered to be held on the second Monday (not the first, as stated by some writers) in October. The Belmont Legislature convened, as required, October 25, 1836, and was composed of the following members, as shown by the official report printed in 18.36 : Brown County— Council, Henry S. Baird, John P. Arndt; House, Ebenezer Childs, Albert G. Ellis, Alexander J. Irwin. Milwaukee County — Council, Gilbert Knapp, Alanson Sweet; House, William B. Sheldon, Madison W. Cornwall, Charles Durkee. Iowa County — Council, Ebenezer Brigham, John B. Terry, James R. Vine- yard ; House, William Boyles, G. F. Smith, D. M. Parkinson, Thomas Mc- Knight, T. Shanley, J. P. Cox. Dubuque County — Council, John Foley, Thomas McOraney, Thomas Mc- Knight ; House, Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlin, Hosea T. Camp, P. H. Engle, Patrick Quigley. Des Moines County — Council, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, Arthur B. Inghram ; House, Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Waxren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds, David R. Chance. WISCONSIN JUDICIARY. The second act passed by the Legislature provided for the establishment of Judicial Districts. Charles Dunn was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, and performed judicial duties in the First District; David Irwin, Associate Justice, in the Second District ; and William C. Frazier, Associate Justice, in the Third District. THE TEMPORARY SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. The eleventh bill passed was one fixing upon Madison as the permanent seat of government of Wisconsin, and selecting Burlington as the temporary seat, pending the erection of suitable buildings in Madison, The story of this bill is interesting, since it effected the destiny of Burlington in no slight degree. When Wisconsin was created, Dubuque sought to secure the seat of govern- ment. Those engaged in that effort were not far-seeing enough^ to perceive the transient character of the boundaries of Wisconsin, as first defined. The loca- tion of Dubuque was, by chance, near the geographical center of the immense region embraced in the original Territory, and failed to realize that the ultimate division of the country would be marked by the two great rivers. The paper at Dubuque, and the leading men, endeavored to persuade the Legislature that HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTS'. 387 the proper locality for the seat was there ; but wiser councils prevailed. Bur- lington, by uniting with the eastern counties, held the power necessary to decide the question. Perhaps reciprocal promises were made by the Burlington delegation, and perhaps not ; of that we have no clear evidence ; but one thing is certain, when the voting came on, Des Moines County, with its ten votes, joined the eastern counties and carried the bill, fixing the permanent seat at Madison. A clause was inserted in the bill providing, " That, until the public buildings at the town of Madison are completed — that is to say, until the 4th day of March, 1839 — the sessions of the Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin Territory shall be held at the town of Burlington, in the county of Des Moines, provided the public buildings are not sooner completed." Congress had appro- priated a sum of money for the erection of those buildings and the purchase of a library. - The clause was a wise one for Des Moines, since nature had foreordained the division of Wisconsin at the Mississippi River, and the creation of a Territory, and ultimately a State, out of Des Moines and Dubuque. By forfeiting all pretense of claim to permanency, Burlington secured the temporary seat of Wisconsin, and thereby held the nine points of possession on the capital of the future State. Of course, no one asserted the possibility of Burlington holding the seat of Iowa after the development of the region ; but the purpose was to advertise Burlington to the countiy, and profit by the prestige of being the most prominent locality at the start. It was a shrewd piece of figuring, and worked great good to the new aspirant for settlers' favor. At the same time it secured the seat away from its natural rival, Dubuque. THE FIRST ROAD WEST OF THE RIVER. Act No. 20 of the Legislature provided for the establishment of a territorial road west of the Mississippi River, commencing at the village of Farmington, then to be the seat of Van Buren County ; thence to Mofiit's Mill ; thence direct to Burlington ; thence to Wapello ; thence to Dubuque, and thence on to Prairie du Chien. The Commissioners were Abel Galland, Solomon Perkins, Benjamin Clarke, Adam Sherrill, William Jones and Henry F. Lander. SUBDIVISION OF OLD DES MOINES. Act No. 21 was the next important bill (after the one locating the seat of government) passed by the Legislature so far as the county of Des Moines was concerned. It is here given in full : An Act dividing the Count}/ of Des Moines into several new Counties : Section 1 Be it enacted by the Council and House of Representatives of the Territory of Wisconsin, That the country included within the following limits, to wit : Beginningat the most southern outlet of Skunk River, on the Mississippi ; thence, a northern direction passing through the grove on the head of the northern branch of Lost Creek ; and thence, to a point correspond- ing tith the range line dividing Ranges Seven and Eight ; and thence, south with said line to the Des Moines River ; thence, down the middle of the same to the Mississippi, and thence up the Mississippi to the place of beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, ^^ ' aE^T °Be It further enacted, That the country included in the following boundaries, to wit : Beginning at the northeast corner of Lee ; thence, south with the west line of said «»""'?- 1°*« river Des Moines ; thence, up the same to where the Missouri hue strikes '^^ ^'^.^ ' *^«^^^> ^ with the said Missouri boundary line to the Indian boundary line ; t'l*"^^' """^'^XXT^ boundary line twenty-four miles ; thence east to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Van Buren. * ii„„ir,» Umitii to Sec. 3 Be it further enacted. That the country included within tl^^ following limits to wit : Beginning on the Mississippi River at the northeast corner of Lee ; thence, up saia river toapoint fifteen miles above the town of Burlington, on the bank of said river; thence, on a 388 HISTOEY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. westerly direction to a point on the dividing ridge between the Iowa River and Flint Creek, being twenty miles on a due west line from the Mississippi River ; thence a southerly direction so as to intersect the northern line of the county of Lee at a point twenty miles on a straight line from the Mississippi River ; thence, east with the northerly line of the said county of Lee to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Des Moines. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That the country included within the following limits, to wit : Beginning at the southwest corner of Des Moines ; thence, northwest with the line of the said county of Van Buren, to the Indian boundary line ; thence north with the boundary line, twenty- four miles ; thence, southeast to the northwest corner of the county of Des Moines ; thence, south with the west line of the county of Des Moines to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Henry. Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That the country included within the following limits, to wit: Beginning at the Mississippi River, at th« northeast corner of Des Moines ; thence, up the said river twelve miles above the mouth of Iowa ; thence, west to the Indian boundary line j thence, with said boundary line to the northwest corner of Henry ; and with the line of the same to the northwest corner of the county of Des Moines ; thence, east with the line of the same county of Des Moines to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into » separate county, by the name of Louisa. Sec. 6. Be it further enacted. That the country included within the following boundaries, to wit : Beginning on the Mississippi River at the northeast corner of the county of Louisa; thence up said river twenty-five miles on a straight line ; thence west to the Indian boundary line ; thence with said boundary line south to the northwest corner of the county of Louisa ; thence east with the line of said county of Louisa to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Musquitine. Sec. 7. Be it further enacted. That the country included within the following boundaries, to wit : Beginning on the Mississippi River, at the northeast corner of the county of Musquitine , thence up said river to the southeast corner of Du Buque ; thence with the line of the said county of Du Buque to the Indian boundary line ; thence with said line south to the northwest corner of the county of Musquitine ; thence east with the said line of the said county of Musquitine to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Cook. Sec. 8. Be it further enacted, That the District Court shall be held at the town of Madison, in the county of Lee, on the last Monday in March and on the last Monday in August in each year ; in the town of Farmington, in the county of Van Buren, on the second Monday in April and the second Monday in September of-each year; in the town of Mount Pleasant, in the county of Henry, on the first Friday after the second Monday in April and September in each year ; iu the town of Wapello, in the county of Louisa, on the first Thursday after the third Monday in April and September in each year ; in the town of Bloomington, in the county of Musquitine, on the fourth Monday in April and September in each ypar. Seo. 9. Be it further enacted. That the county of Cook be and the same is hereby attached to the county of Musquitine, for all judicial purposes. Seo. 10. And be it further enacted. That the proper authority of the several counties hereby established, so soon as the said counties shall be organized, shall liquidate and pay so much of the debt now due and unpaid by the present county of Des Moines, as may be their legal and equitable proportion of the same, according to the assessment value of the taxable"^ property which shall be made therein. Sec. 11. This act to be in force from and after its passage and until the end of the next annual session of the Legislative Assembly, and no longer. P. H. Engle, Speaker of the House of Representatives. Henbt S. Baird, President of the Council. H. DODGE. Approved December 7, 1836. Act No. 38 authorized Matthias Hamm and Horace Smead to establish and operate a ferry across the Mississippi River from a point on the east side, on the southeast quarter of Section 20, Township 1 north, Range 2 west of the Fourth Principal Meridian, across to Eagle Point, or Hamm's Landing, on the west bank. *^^ ** ^'^^^ °^ '^"°®' 1^^^' Gren. Dodge, as delegate in Congress from Wisconsm, succeeded in getting an act passed entitled " An act to divide the ierritory of Wisconsin, and to establish the Territorial Government of Iowa." i his act took effect on the 8d day of July following. In accordance with the provisions of the act, Ex-Gov. Robert Lucas, of Ohio, was appointed Governor ot the Territory by Mr. Van Buren, then President of the United States. Gov. ^y)-/iA^yLA^-f^<^(^'^'^ HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 391 Lucas, on his arrival in the Territory, immediately issued a proclamation for an election of members to the first Legislative Assembly, and dividing the Terri- tory into suitable districts for that purpose. It is stated by one authority that Secretary Conway arrived a day or two before Gov. Lucas, and that the proclamation was, in fact, issued by him. The election was held on the 10th day of September, 1838, and the Legis- lature, in accordance with the proclamation, met at Burlington on the first day of November of the same year. The Assembly was composed of a council of thirteen members, and a House of Representatives of twenty-six members. One of the members returned elected, Cyrus S. Jacobs, of Des Moines County, was killed in an unfortunate encounter in Burlington before the meet- ing of the Legislature, and George H. Beeler was elected to fill the vacancy. Samuel R. Murray, of Camanche, Clinton County, was returned as elected from the district composed of the counties of Scott and Clinton, but whose seat was successfully contested by J. A. Birchard, Jr., of Scott County. With these two exceptions the members returned elected, and proclaimed as such by the Governor, held their seats during the session. At that day national politics was little thought of in the Territory. Notwithstanding a large majority of the members of both branches of the Legislature were Democrats, yet Gen. Jesse B. Brown, of Lee Co. (Whig), was elected President of the Council, and Hon. William H. Wallace (afterward delegate from Idaho, and first Governor of that Territory), Whig, of Henry County, was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives, the former unanimously, and the latter with but little opposition ; nevertheless, the session in many respects was a stormy one. Under the provisions of the organic law, the Governor had an unqualified veto, if he chose to exercise it, of all bills passed by the Legislature. The members thought he used the power rather too freely, and an exciting controversy was the result. The seat-of-government question, also, gave rise to much excitement. The friends of a central location favored the plan of the Governor, as recommended in his message ; namely, the appointment of Com- missioners, with a view of making a central location, while the southern mem- bers were in favor of Burlington, but finally withdrew that place, and united their forces on Mount Pleasant. The parties were very equally divided, and much excitement prevailed. The central party finally succeeded, however, and Robert Ralston, of Des Moines County, John Ronalds, of Louisa County, and Chauncey Swan, of Dubuque County, were appointed Commissioners, under the law, who met at Napoleon, in Johnson County (the location chosen as the orig- inal county seat, but now a farm,) the following spring, and located the capital at Iowa City. The law provided that the seat of government should remain at Burlmg- ton till -suitable buildings could be erected at the new location. At the election in September, for members of the Legislature, a Delegate to Congress was also elected. There were four candidates in the field for this office, viz. : William W. Chapman and David Rorer, of Des Moines County, B. F. Wallace, of Henry County, and Peter Hill Engle, of Dubuque County. Mr. Chapman was elected, having beaten P. H. Engle by 36 majority. Mr. Engle afterward removed to St. Louis, where he was elected Judge of the Court, and died a few years since. He was a man of character and talent, and would have been elected, but that his opponents circulated the report (which they doubtlessly believed) that he had been drowned in swimming the Maquo- 392 HISTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY. keta, to meet one of his opponents. An Indian rescued him from a watery- grave. The vote at this election stood : Chapman 1,490 Engle 1,454 Wallace 913 Borer 605 Talliaferio 30 (?) Total 4,492 There were fifteen counties. Des Moines casting the highest — 854. John- son, Linn, Jones, Washington (then Slaughter) casting from thirty-five to twenty-seven votes each. Eugle, Chapman and Rorer were Democrats, and Wallace was a Whig. The Territory included all the region to the northern boundary of the United States. Gen. Talliaferio lived at St. Peters (now St. Paul, Minnesota), and received the northern vote. The Federal appointments in the Territory, in addition to the Governor, were as follows, viz. : Charles Mason, of Burlington, Joseph Williams; of Pennsylvania, and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; Mr. Van Allen, of New York, United States -Attorney; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, United States Marshal ; William B. Conway, of Pittsburgh, Secretary of the Territory ; A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, Register, and V. P. Van Antwerp, of Terre Haute, Iowa, Receiver, of the land office at Burlington ; Thomas McKnight, Receiver, and Worthington (?), Register, of the land ofiice at Dubuque. Mr. Van Allen, the Attorney, died at Rock- ingham, Scott Co., soon after his appointment, and Col. Charles Weston was appointed in his place. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, also died at Burlington , during the second session of the Legislature, and James Clarke, editor of the Gazette, was appointed to fill the vacancy. The first Register of the land office at Dubuque served but a short time, and resigned, and B. Rush Petrikin, of Pennsylvania, was appointed in his place. Many of these names are yet familiar to the people of Iowa, the gentlemen having since then filled stations of trust and honor. Politics did not enter into the elections till 1840. In that year, the Whigs and Democrats both held Territorial Conventions at Bloomington (Muscatine), and nominated candidates for Delegates to Congress. The WhigS nominated Alfred Rich, of Lee Co., and the Democrats, Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Des Moines Co., both popular and talented men. The contest was spirited on both sides, each party being thoroughly united. Gen. Dodge was elected. THE FIRST STATE HOUSE. Something of a history attaches to the first State-house erected in Iowa, although the existence of the structure was brief and brilliant. When the Leg- islature voted to come to Burlington in 1837, there was no suitable place in which the noble body could meet. It became necessary to erect a building. Now, it chanced that, in the early days, two men of the same name located in Burlington. Both were known as Jeremiah Smith. They were cousins in relationship. To distinguish the one from the other, it became customary to speak of the younger as Jeremiah Smith, Jr., while the elder accepted the less respectful title of " Old Jere." Jeremiah, Jr., sought after and obtained the job of building the State-house, and dunng the summer of 1837 he carried out his agreement. When the Leg- islature assembled, the two houses convened in a two-story frame which did credit alike to the city of Burlington and the contractor. The house was heated by a HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 393 large fire-place. In December, the heating apparatus proved too much for the general building, and, after the Legislature had adjourned for the night the boasted State-house disappeared in flame and smoke. The building was located on Main street, between Court and Columbia. Smith made application to Congress for relief, and his claim was allowed The amount exceeded |4,000. A fatality seemed to follow Mr. Smith's work, for, soon after the allowance of his claim, Old Jere visited the capital. He there met Delegate Jones, who told him, through misapprehension of his identity, that his claim had been allowed and that he could get the money by making the necessary application and receipt. Old Jere was quick to see the possibility of making his trip to Washington a profitable one, and hastened to draw the funds, receipting for them in the name of " Jeremiah Smith," which he could legally do. It speedily became known that Old Jere had secured the money, but that was all the good it ever did the rightful owner, for he could never make the old man disgorge. He never obtained a dollar of the allowance. TEMPORARY QUARTERS. After the burning of the State-house, the Legislature occupied temporary rooms on opposite sides of Main street, corner of Columbia street. The next session was held in the Methodist Episcopal Church, " OldZion." The " Upper House " occupied the lower room, and the " Lower House" the upper. The " Third House " was held in numerous lawyers' offices, we infer from the manifest influence exerted by the able bar of those days. From apaper published in the " Annals of Iowa," from the pen of Mr. Charles Negus, we quote the following concerning the first session of the Legislature in Burlington : " At the first Legislature of the Territory, there was a great deal of sparring between the members of that body and the Governor and Secretary. This diffi- culty first commenced with the Secretary. The Council passed a resolution requiring the Secretary to furnish their body with knives, stamps, folders, tin cups, etc. The Secretary not being able at the time to furnish these articles, addressed a communication to the Council on the subject, in which they were informed that the Secretary had made arrangements to procure the necessary stationery for the use of the Legislature, in Cincinnati, but owing to the low stage of water in the Ohio, the things ordered had not been received. The Secretary, in his communication, said, ' The navigation of the Ohio was entirely suspended ; this was the act of God, whose holy name is pronounced with deep reverence, and to whose holy will it is our duty to submit. Human power can- not resist the dispensation of His providence, nor can human wisdom counter- act His unfathomable designs.' The Secretary informed the Council tha» he had been to St. Louis, -'and returned in spite of every peril ; ' that 'much exer- tion had been made to procure knives in Burlington, but,' said he, ' knives of suitable finish and quality could not be procured in town, nor can sufficient knives of any quality be obtained ; and the Secretary cannot make knives— if he could, he would do so with expedition and pleasure ; ' that ' it was the earnest and anxious wish of the Secretary that all the members should have knives, and stamps and folders, and all and singular such thing or things, device or devices whatever, as may facilitate the operation of the hands in yielding assistance to deliberations of the heads ; ' that in relation to ' that part of the resolution which related to extra inkstands and tin patty-pans, can, and shall he promptly complied with.' 394 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. " This communication of the Secretary greatly insulted the dignity of the Council, and the matter was referred to a special committee, of whom Stephen Hempstead (afterward Governor) was Chairman. . The committee, after due deliberation, made their report, in which they set forth that the Secretary's communication was ' of such a nature as to call forth a severe animadversion upon its tone and spirit ; ' that ' the evident intent of that communication was not only to treat the resolution adopted by the Council with irony and con- tempt, but at the same time to convey the idea that the articles asked for by the resolution were unnecessary and unimportant.' The report went on to show that the house in which they held deliberations was not properly furnished ; that the Secretary had used his influence to prevent the Council from obtaining things without his sanction, and ' that the honorable Secretary of the Territory might rest assured that the present Legislature will not tamely submit tothe insults and derisions of any officer of the Territory, and they at all times will defend to the last their honest rights, and the liberty of the people, whom they have the honor to represent.' This report of the committee was unanimously adopted. " The controversy about knives, etc., though fiercely commenced, did not last long. The Secretary, through the intervention of Judge Wilson, apolo- gized to the Council, and withdrew the objectionable paper, and the Council let the insult to their dignity pass without further notice. " But this matter had hardly been adjusted before another difficulty arose, implicating the Governor with the Secretary. The Legislature passed a joint resolution that the Secretary of the Council and Chief Clerk of the House should receive $6 per day for their services in this assembly, and each of the additional clerks, sergeant-at-arms, door-keepers, messengers and firemen should receive $3 per day, to be paid by the Secretary of the Territory upon the pre- sentation of a certificate of their services, signed by the presiding officer of the house in which they served, and countersigned by the Secretary or Clerk.' The Secretary, doubting whether this would be a sufficient authority for him to pay out money, referred the matter to the Governor, and the Governor gave him his opinion in writing, in which he took the ground that the Secretary ought not to disburse the public moneys under that authority. And the Secretary, being . sustained in his views as to the disbursing of the public moneys by the written opinion of the Governor, sent to the Legislature a communication, informing that body that he did not feel authorized to pay out money under such authority, and to sustain his views, sent with the communication the written opinion of the Governor. " This counseling of the Governor was considered by most of the members of the Legislature as interfering with their prerogatives, and a matter of so great importance that there was a joint convention of the two Houses held to devise wa;^ and means by which to protect their rights against the supposed encroach- ments of the Governor. This convention passed resolutions expressive of what they considered to be the rights of the Legislature, and in their discussions many of the members severely animadverted upon the part which the Governor had taken in this matter. "The attacks made upon the Governor at the fore part of the session prob- ably caused him to be a little prejudiced in his feelings toward the members, and less disposed to yield his opinion of what he conceived to be right to the wishes of that body, than he would have been had there been no misunderstanding between them. And from the time of this joint convention, instead of recon- ciling the strife which had been engendered between His Excellency and the Leg- islature, the quarrel became sharper and more bitter, until the adjournment. HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 395 " Gov. Lucas being an old man, and having occupied the gubernatorial chair in Ohio, thought himself better versed in making laws and what was for the best interests of the Territory than most of the members of the Legislature, who were young men and inexperienced as legislators, and all laws which they passed that did not entirely meet with his approbation, he vetoed. And by the provisions of the organic act of the Territory, it was necessary that the Gov- ernor should approve of all bills passed by the Legislature before they could become laws, so that his veto was absolute, and no act of that body could become a law without his consent. " For the purpose of harmonizing differences, there was a joint committee appointed by both branches of the Legislature to consult with the Governor and prepare a bill to regulate the intercourse between the legislative and executive parties of the Territorial Government. After fi consultation with His Excellency, a bill was prepared by the committee, with such restrictions and provisions as met with his approbation ; but when it was brought before the Legislature, there were some very material alterations made in the bill which were very obnoxious to the Governor, and when it was presented to him for his approval, he refused to sign it, and returned it to the house in which it originated ; and in his veto message, he laid down the rules by which he would be governed in relation to acts presented to him for approval. " He informed the Legislature that all bills submitted to him would be care- fully examined, and if approved, would be deposited in the Secretary's oiBce ; but he said if 'special objections are found, but not suflScient to induce me to withhold my assent from the bill, a special note will be indorsed with my approval. Bills that may be considered entirely objectionable, or of doubtful policy, will be returned to the Legislative Assembly with my objections, at such times and in such manner as I may from time to time deem most advisable.' This veto message fanned the flame of strife already enkindled, and many of the members became very bitter toward His Excellency. " Among the many acts vetoed by the Governor was an act requiring him, when a bill was presented for his approval, to inform the Legislature of his approval thereof, or if he did not approve of it, to return the bill with his objections ; an act authorizing the Postmaster at Davenport to have t'he mail carried from that place to Dubuque twice a week in two-horse post-coaches; a joint resolution, making the Secretary of the Territory a fiscal agent of the Legislature, authorizing him to pay out money, without an appropriation, to the members and ofiicers of the Legislature. " The feelings of the members were so bitter toward the Governor because he kept them in check by his vetoes, that there was a Special Qpmmittee appointed in the House, on Vetoes, of which James W. Grimes (afterward Gov- ernor and United States Senator) was the Chairman. The organic act provided that the Governor ' shall approve of all laws passed by the Legislative Assem- bly before they shall take efiect.' On this provision of the law, the Committee made a lengthy report, in which they took the ground that the words ' shall approve all laws' meant that it was his imperative duty, under the organic law, to approve of all acts passed by the Legislature of the Territory ; and that the mere fact of the Governor vetoing them, or withholding his approval, did not prevent the acts of the Legislature from becoming laws, but was a neglect ot duty on the part of the Governor. , xj i, " And this report of the Committee was concurred in by the House by a vote of 16 to 6— Bailey, Beeder, Brierly, Coop, Erierson and Patterson voting against it. 396 HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. " These acts, and the abuse of the Legislature, did not intimidate the Gov- ernor in the discharge of his duties, being actuated with a desire to do what he supposed was right, and let those of the future judge of the wisdom of his course. " When the members of the Legislature found they could not control the Governor by resolutions, reports of committees and abusive speeches, their next move was to remove him from office. "Bankson introduced a resolution in the House, in which was set forth that, whereas it was known to the Legislature ' that Gov. Lucas had been writing notes and explanations on sundry laws adopted by the Legislature,' and also setting forth that these acts of his were ' an unwarrantable encroachment upon the judicial department of the Territorial Government, as well as an insult and rude invasion of the rights of the Legislature,' ' Therefore, Resolved, That Robert Lucas is unfit to be the ruler of a free people, and that a Select Com- mittee be appointed to prepare a report and memorial to the President * * * * praying in strong terms for his immediate removal from office.' " This resolution was adopted by a vote of 12 to 10, and Bankson, Hall, Summers, Taylor and Nowlin were appointed the Committee. The Committee, after due deliberation, made their report, requesting the President, for various reasons, to remove the Governor from his office. " There was a majority in both branches of the Legislature who were opposed to the Governor, and the memorial was adopted and forwarded to the President. " In these proceedings, the Governor was not without some friends who strongly opposed the adoption of the report of the committee, and they claimed the privilege ' to forward a counter-memorial to the President on the same sub- ject, and to spread their protest on the journal of the House ; ' but their request was refused, when eight of the members of the House, in their private capacity, got up a protest, in which they reviewed the memorial, and denied or explained most of the charges preferred against the Governor, so that from the protest, or some other cause, President Van Buren did not see proper to remove the Gov- ernor form his office, and he held it until there was a change in the administra- tion of the Federal Government. The difficulties which had arisen between Gov. Lucas and the Legislature, from his too frequent use of the veto power, and the complaints made by the latter, induced Congress to make some amend- ments to the law organizing the Territory ; and on the 3d day of March, 1839, they passed two acts, by which it was provided that every bill passed by the Council and House of Representatives should be presented to the Governor, and if he approved it, the same shjuld become a law; if not, he should return it with his.,objections to the House in which it had originated, for reconsideration, and if both branches of the Legislature passed it by a two-thirds vote, it should then become a law without the approval of the Governor. They also made pro- visions for authorizing the Legislature to pass laws permitting the people to elect Sherifis, Judges of Probate, Justices of the Peace and County Surveyors. " There was likewise a law passed authorizing the Delegate (William W. Chapman), who was elected at the time of organizing the Territory, as Repre- sentative to Congress,, to hold his seat till the 11th day of October, 1840, and made provision that the next Representative, after Chapman'? term expired, should only hold his seat till the 4th of the next March, after which the term should be the same as other Members of Congress — for the period of two years. " The Legislature was not slow in taking advantage of these acts of Con- gress, for at their next session about the first thing that claimed their attention was to make provisions authorizing the people to elect their Sheriffs, Judges of HISTORY OF DES MOINES C0UI1TT. 397 Probate, Justices of the Peace and County Surveyors ; and by these acts the Governor was very much curtailed in his power and influence in the Territory." RE-ESTABLISHMBNT OE DBS MOINES COUNTY. Having thus given an outline of the general history of the Territory of Wisconsin, at its earliest period, we take up the thread of Des Moines County records. '' The Territorial Legislature, at Burlington, passed a bill, which was approved JAiuary 18, 1838, re-establishing the boundaries of the five original counties [p. 210 Session Laws Wis. Ter. Leg., Burlington, 1838]. Hereafter is quoted the bill in full, because of the scarcity of the old records. It may prove of value for reference in days to come : An act to establish the boundaries of Lee, Van Buren, Des Moines, Henry, Louisa, Muscatine and Slaughter, to locate the seats of justice in said counties, and for other purposes: Section 1. Be it enacted by the Council and the House of Representatives of the Territory of Wisconsin, That the boundaries of Lee County shall be as follows, to wit: Beginning at the main channel of the Mississippi River, due east from the entrance of Skunk Riyer into the same, thence up said river to where the township line dividing Townships Sixty-eight and Sixty- nine north leaves said river ; thence with said line to the range line between Ranges Four and Five west ; thence north with said line to the township line between Townships Sixty-nine and Seventy north ; thence west with said line to the range line between Ranges Seven and Eight west; thence south with said line to the Des Moines River; thence down said river to the mid- dle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence up the same to the place of beginning, and the seat of justice is hereby established at the town of Fort Madison. Sec. 2. The boundaries of the county of Van Buren shall be as follows, to wit: Begin- ning on the Des Moines River, where the range line between Ranges Seven and Eight inter- sects said river; thence north with said line to the township line dividing Townships Seventy and Seventy-one north ; thence west with said line to the range line between Ranges Eleven and Twelve west ; thence south with said line to the northern line of Missouri ; thence east with said line to the Des Moines River ; thence down said river to the place of beginning, and the seat of justice of said county is hereby retained at the town of Farmington, until it may be changed, as hereinafter provided. For the purpose of permanently establishing the seat of justice for the county of Van Buren, the qualified electors of said county shall, at the election for County Commissioners, vote by ballot for such places as they may see proper for the seat of justice of said county. The returns of said election shall, within thirty days thereafter, be made by the Sheriff of the county to the Governor of the Territory, and if, upon examination, the Governor shall find that any one point voted for has a majority over all other places voted for, he shall issue a proclamation of that fact, and the place so having a majority of votes shall, from the date of such proclamation, be the seat of justice of said county. But if, upon an examination of the votes, the Governor shall find that no one place has a majority of the whole number of votes polled on that question and returned lo him, he shall issue a proclamation for a new election in said county, and "shall state, in his proclamation, the two places which were, highest in vote at the preceding election, and votes at the election so ordered, shall be confined to the two places thus named. The Governor shall, in his proclamation, fix the time of holding said second election, and it shall be conducted in the same manner, and by the same officers as conducted the election for County Commissioners ; and the Sheriff of the county shall, within thirty days thereafter, make return of said second election to the Governor, who shall thereupon issue a second proclamation, declaring which of the two places named in first proclamation was the highest in vote at such second election, and declaring said place from that time to be the seat of Justice for Van Buren County, provided that the spring term of the District Court for said county shall be held at Farmington, the present seat of justice of Van Buren County. Sec. 3. The boundaries of Des Moines County shall be as follows, to wit : Beginning at the northeast corner of Lee County ; thence west i^ith the northern line of said county to the range line between Ranges Four and Five west ; thence north with said line to the township hue' dividing Townships Seventy-two and Seventy-three north ; thence east with said line to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River ; thence down the same to the place of beginning ; and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Burlington. Sec. 4. The boundaries of Henry County shall be as follows, to wit: Beginning on the range line between Ranges Four and Five west, where the township line dividing Townships Seventy- three and Seventy-four north intersects said line ; thence west with said line to the range line between Ranges Eight and Nine ; thence south with said line to the township line dividing 1 own- ships Seventy and Seventy-one north ; thenceeast with said line to the range line between Ranges Seven and Eight west ; thence south with said line to the township line dividing Townships bixty- 398 HISTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY. nine and Seventy north ; thence east with said line to the range line between Ranges Four and Five west ; thence nprth with said line to the place of beginning ; and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Mount Pleasant ; and all the territory west of Henry is hereby attached to the same for judicial purposes. Sec. 5. The boundaries of Louisa County shall be as follows, to wit : Beginning at the north- east corner of Des Moines County ; thence west to the northwest corner of said county ; thence north with the range line between Ranges Four and Five west to the township line dividing Townships Seventy-five and Seventy-six north ; thence east with said line to the Mississippi River ; thence down the same to the place of beginning ; and the seat, of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Lower Wapello. Sec. 6. The boundaries of Muscatine County shall be as follows, to wit : Beginning at the northeast corner of the county of Louisa ; thence west with the northern line of said county, to the range line between Four and Five west; thence north with said line, to the township line dividing Townships Seventy-eight and Seventy-nine north; thence east with said line, to the range line between Ranges One and Two east ; thence south with said line to the Mississippi River; thence down the main channel of the said river to the place of beginning; and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Bloomington. Sec. 7 The county included within the following boundaries, to wit, beginning at the north- east corner of the county of Henry; thence west to the northwest corner of the same; thence north to the township line dividing Townships Seventy-six and Seventy-seven north ; thence east with the said line to the line between Ranges Four and Five west ; thence south with the said line to the place of beginning, is hereby set oif into a separate county by the name of Slaugh- ter, and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Astoria; and all the territory west is hereby attached to the county of Slaughter for judicial purposes. Sec. 8. That the several counties hereby established shall liquidate and pay so much of the debt, as was due and unpaid by the original county of Des Moines, on the first day of December, eighteen hundred and thirty-six, as may be their legal and equitable proportion of the same, according to the assessment value of the taxable property therein. Approved, .January 18, 1838. It will be seen that the natural southern boundary of Des Moines was not regarded, and township lines were chosen as the dividing lines. The present division at Skunk River was a more recent matter, as will hereafter be shown. On the 29th of December, 1838, the Territorial Legislature approved of ah act providing for the establishment of a road from the "town of Du Buque to the northern boundary of Missouri, via of the Territorial seat of government," which was Burlington. It was either to be located in Johnson County, or on the nearest and best route to Keosauqua, thence southward to where Keokuk now stands. Simeon Clark, of Dubuque County, William Chambers, of Mus- catine County, and Henry Filkner, of Johnson County, were appointed Com- missioners to lay out the road as far as the southern line of Johnson County ; and David Goble, of Washington County, John Williford, of Henry County, _ and William Billups, of Van Buren County, were appointed to locate the road from the point where the other Commissioners stopped, to the line of Missouri. The County Commissioners of the several counties through which the road passed were to pay the expenses in their respective proportions to the amount of the road laid out in each. The Road Commissioners were to receive each $2.50 per day for their services, and were to mark the road as it was laid out by blazing trees in the woods and setting stakes in the prairies. January 18, 1838, Levi Moffit was authorized to maintain a ferry across Skunk River, near Augusta. THE EARLY COURTS. The iirst judicial tribunal ever convened in old Des Moines County assembled at the house of William R. Ross, in Burlington, on Monday, the 13th day of April, 1835. Present : William Morgan and Young L. Hughes, Justices. These gentlemen were a part of the judicial bench selected under the first election, held in pursuance of an order by the Governor of Michigan Territory. The third Justice was John King, of Dubuque. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 399 William R. Ross was the Clerk of the Court. William W. Chapman was appointed United States Prosecuting Attorney, and took his office. The fol- lowing persons were summoned to appear as grand jurymen : Thomas W. Tay- lor, George Southward, John Roberts, Hugh -Wilson, David C. Hunter, John M. Forrest, Jacob Westfall, James Hatcher, Mathew W. Latty, James Dawson, Solomon Osburn, William Deakins, John Chandler, Francis Redin, Henry Walker, Daniel Chance, Arthur Inghram, Enoch Wade, Jonathan Morgan, George Leebrick, Jeremiah Smith. The Sheriif reported that he had served the required notice on all the foregoing, except John Roberts and George Southward. On the day of Court, the following jury was impaneled : Arthur Inghram, Foreman ; Hugh Wilson, David C. Hunter, James Hatcher, Mathew W. Latty, James Dawson, Solomon Osburn, William Deakins, John Chandler, Francis Redin, Daniel Chance, Enoch Wade, Jonathan Morgan, George Leebrick and Jeremiah Smith. The first victim was John Tooper, who was fined $3 and costs for " reasons satisfactory to the Court," but not now shown, and he was put in durance vile from lack of funds. John M. Forrest, Henry Walker, Thomas W. Taylor, John Box and Nathaniel Knapp were ordered to appear at the next term of Court and answer to a charge of contempt, for failing to respond to the summons to appear as grand jurors. THE FIRST FERRY. On the 14th day of April, 1835, being the second day of the first session of Court ever held here, Amzi Doolittle and Simpson S. White were licensed to keep a ferry, at Burlington, across the Mississippi. The rates of ferriage were as follows : One horse and carriage, or wagon 50 cts. For each person or horse 25 " For each footman 18| " For two-horse wagon, or yoke of oxen and wagon 75 " For each additional horse or ox 12J " I For each head of neat cattle 6J " For each head of hogs, sheep, goats, sucking pigs excepted 3 " All children belonging to the wagon free of ferriage. •Three hands ordered to each ferry-boat and banisters required. The boat to run from sunrise to half after sunset. No person to be detained longer than thirty minutes. The Court also licensed John Box to establish a ferry across the river at. Fort Madison. James Gipson (probably Gibson) was licensed to keep a ferry across Skunk River, "at his premises." THE FIRST DIVORCE CASE. The case of William Wade vs. Abigail Wade, suit for divorce, was decided in favor of the complainant, by default. April 15, James C. Dinwiddle was authorized to maintain a ferry across the Mississippi River, at his claim, on the same terms as those granted Doolittle and White. Paris and Anderson C. Smith were accorded like privileges. THE FIRST PETIT JURY was impaneled on the 15th of April, and Iras composed of the following: William Walter, Henry Parish, Jonathan Casterline, Benjamin Simmons, Robert H. Ives, Samuel Kinney, Thomas Boemer, Daniel Strang, Amos Dun- ham, Benjamin Tucker, Levi Scott, Isaac Crenshaw, Samuel Lewm, James 400 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. McDowell, Lewis "Walters, John Lewin, Harrison Brooks, Isaac Canterberry, Alexander Hilleary, Jesse Hunt, Nicholas R. Teas, Samuel Smith, Riley Dris- col and Israel Philips. , , , •, i^ Numerous indictments were returned for assault and battery, adultery, etc., some of the parties were fined. Matrimonial infelicity was not uncommon in those early days, evidently, since Jeremiah Cutbirth was divorced from his wife Mary; also Salina Dotson from her husband William ; and Anna Turner from her husband Hickman. The Sheriff, at that time, was Solomon Perkins, and Z. C. Inghram, deputy. The September term began on the 14th of that month. J. B. Teas was sworn in as Prosecuting Attorney. Isaac Leffler was that day admitted to practice as an attorney. Robert R. Williams, Sidney H. Littell, James W. Woods, W. W. Chapman, were ad- mitted to practice. The first acknowledgment of a deed is here mentioned. B. Boishnell and wife deeded property to M. F. and E. Tesson, in open court. Indictments for riot, assault and battery, and the granting of ferry privi- ileges across the Mississippi, filled the pages of the records at this session. THE FIRST MURDER TRIAL. James P. Dinwiddie was the first man indicted in the county for murder. He was tried September, 1835, before the Court and the following jury : Hiram P. Casey, William Carpenter, Richard T. Land, Claiborn Wright, Reuben Chance, William Walters, Jonathan Farris, John Harris, Isaac Crenshaw, Royal Cottle, David G. McKnight, Jonathan Donnell, and was acquitted. A NEW BENCH. The April session of this Court, which convened on the 11th day of that month, 1836, found a new bench. Isaac Leffler, Chief Justice; Arthur Inghram and Henry Walker, Associate Justices ; W. R. Ross, Clerk ; W. W. Chapman, Prosecuting Attorney. David Rorer was was admitted to'practice at this term. . The business of this session was of a character not to interest the general reader of to-day, nor does it form an important part in the history of the ■county. ■' THE COURT UNDER WISCONSIN ^^ TERRITORY. The first session of United States District Court for the county of Des Moines, Wisconsin Territory, convened at Burlington April 8, 1837. Hon. David Irvin, Judge of the Second Judicial District, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, on the bench ; W. W. Chapman, District Attorney ; W. R. Ross, Clerk ; Francis Gehon, Marshal. The first United States grand jury under this system was composed of the following : Jesse B. Webber, Mathew W. Latty, George Leebriek, Isaac Can- terberry, Abraham Sells, Sulifand S. Ross, George W. Hight, Michael C. Har- ris, Stephen Gearhart, Jonathan Morgan, Israel Robinson, James G. McGuffie, David R. Chance, John Darbyshire, James Hatcher, Royal Cottle, Richard Land. The jury found no indictments and was discharged. On motion of James W. Grimes, Robert R. Williams was admitted to practice. The first district grand jury was composed of the following : George W. Hight, Foreman; George Leebriek, M. W. Latty, Abraham Sells, James Hatcher, L. Maxwell, Isaac Canterberry, Stephen Gearhart, Richard Land, M. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 401 C. Haines, Isaac Easy, William Stewart, J. G. McGuffie, J. A. Lewin, John Moore and Robert Chalfin. The Court ordered that the temporary seal of the Court for Des Moines County should be the impression of the reverse side of a United States dime, made in wafer and covered by thin paper. On motion of David Rorer, a license was granted Jeremiah "White to main- tain a ferry across the river. FIEST STEAM FEKRY. On motion of W. W. Chapman, the Court ordered that a license be issued to David James, for the establishment of a steam ferry across the river from Burlington. The rates were like* those given in the account of the original ferry. At the June session, 1838, before Judge Irvin, John Ross, a native of Don- nock, Scotland, and John Cameron,, a native of Lochaber, Scotland, were nat- uralized as citizens of the United States. John S. Dunlap was appointed Deputy Clerk. THE COURT UNDER IOWA TERRITORY. The first session of the United States District Court for Des Moines County, Iowa Territory, assembled in Burlington, November 26, 1838. The Court con- sisted of Hons. Charles Mason, T. S. Wilson and J. Williams. Hon. Thomas S. Wilson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, on the bench ; John S. Dunlap, Clerk ; Alfred Rich, District Attorney. The first grand jury under this Court was composed of the following per- sons : Alfred Clark, Foreman ; Henry Moore, Thomas Ballard, Alexander Hilleary, Samuel B. Jagger, William Smith, James A. Ogle, John Pierson, Daniel Duvall, Daniel Lewis, John Wort, Henry Sublette, Wiley Ballard, Benjamin Tucker and Henry Parish. JUDGES, CLERKS, ATTORNEYS AND SHERIFFS. Under the State Constitution of 1846, the judiciary of the First District, which was composed of Des Moines, Henry, Lee and Louisa Counties, was as follows: 1847, George H. Williams; 1852, Ralph P. Lowe; 1857, John W. Rankin (by appointment for short term); 1857, Thomas W. Clagett; 1858 (under Constitution of 1857), Francis Springer; Judge Springer resigned in October, 1869, and was succeeded by Joshua Tracy; 1874, Judge Tracy resigned and was succeeded by P. Henry Smyth; September, 1874, T. W. New- man; 1879, A. H. Stutsman. ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^_ 1869, John C. Power; 1873, J. B. Drayer; 1878, Charles H. Phelps.. District Attorneys.— 1858, Joshua Tracy ; 1869, Francis Sprmger ; 1870, G. B. Corkhill; 1871, D. N. Sprague; 1879, T. A. Bereman. Clerks.— 18S5, William R. Ross ; 1838, John S. Dunlap ; 1'847, Oliver Cock ; 1850, Oliver C. Wightman ; 1852, Denise Demse ; 1854, A. J. Mes- senger; 1860, John Lahee; 1862, William Garrett; 1874, T. G. Foster Prosecuting Attorneys.— 18Sb, W. W. Chapman; 1835 J. B. Teas ; 1836, W. W. Chapman; 1838, Alfred Rich; 1841, William R. Starr; 1842 H. 1. Reid; 1843, L. D. Stockton; 1846, J. C. Hall; 1847, James W. Woods; 1848, David Rorer; 1852, Charles H. Phelps; 1854, C. Ben Darwm; 1854, Charles H. Phelps ; 1856, C. B. Darwin. In 1858, the office became a Dis- trict one. 402 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Sheriffs.— 18S5, Solomon Perkins ; 1840, James Cameron ; 1844, J. H. McKenny; 1846, Anthony W. Carpenter; ISi^O, Edward H. Ives; 1853, William Garrett ; 1857, Allen J. Hillhouse ; 1861, M. Heisey ; 1865, Alex- ander S. Perry; 1867, James H. Latty; 1872, William Schaffner. THE COMMISSIONERS' COURT. The first business transacted by the county, after its formal organization in 1837, was by a Board of Commissioners. These ofiicers corresponded to the present Board of Supervisors. The Board was composed of Gen. George W. Hight and Jonathan Morgan. W. R. Ross was Clerk, as well as Clerk of the District Court, Assessor and Treasurer. The original record-book cannot be found, but no specially important business Was done, if the memory of several old settlers can now be relied upon. The county was kept free from debt. The Board, in 1839, consisted of George W. Hight, John D. Wright and Richard Land. The first record begins June, 1840. In 1840, at the June session, the Board consisted of John D. Wright, Richard Land and George W. Hight ; J. S. Dunlap, Clerk. At that session, John N. W. Springer and Comfort Barnes contracted for the erection of a County Jail. The place of holding Court was the Methodist Church, and the Board ordered the payment of $85 to the Trustees thereof for the use of the building for the last session of the District Court. At the October session, in 1840, George W. Hight, John Wright and Jona- than Morgan were the Commissioners, the latter having been chosen to succeed Richard Land. A special meeting was held for the purpose of allowing Springer and Barnes $150 for digging a public well in Burlington. January 4, 1841, Levi Scott succeeded John D. Wright, and the Board con- sisted of Jonathan Morgan, George W. Hight and Levi Scott. TOWNSHIPS ORGANIZED. At the January session, 1841, Burlington Township, composed of fractional Towns Nos. 69 and 70 north, Range 2 west, was organized. Also, the follow- ing : Union Township, composed of Town 69 and fractional Town 68, Range 3, and Town 68, Range 2 ; Augusta Township, composed of fractional Town 69, Range 4, and 69, Range 5 ; Danville Township, composed of Town 70, Range 4 ; Flint River Township, composed of Town 70, Range 3 ; Tamey Township, composed of Town 71, Range 2 ; Franklin Township, composed of Town 71, Range 3 ; Pleasant Grove Township, composed of Towns 71 and 72, Range 4, and Yellow Springs Township, composed of Town 72, Range 3, Town 72, Range 2, and fractional 72, Range 1. All previous acts of organization were repealed at that date. July, 1841, Tamey Township was renamed, and called Benton Township. At the October session, 1841, Jeremiah Lamson succeeded Levi Scott on the Board, making it Messrs. Hight, Morgan and Lamson. August, 1842, the Board consisted of Jonathan Morgan, William Edmund- son and Luke Palmer ; Presley Dunlap, Clerk. The Board rented the M. E. Church building for 1843, for the sum of $100, and $100 addition to be paid for use of two basement rooms. This was for District Court purposes. In 1843, the Board was composed of Jonathan Morgan, John Ripley and Luke Palmer. In 1844, of John Ripley, M. W. Robinson and Luke Palmer. HISTOEY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 403 In October, 1844, the Board was made up of Luke Palmer, M. W. Robin- son and Gordon McCanley, witb John R. Woods as Clerk. August, 1845, Daniel Haskell succeeded Luke Palmer,and the Board stood: Messrs. Robinson, McCanley and Haskell. The Clerk, John R. Woods, died August 10, and Samuel D. Colburn was appointed to the office on the 12th of that month. August, 1846, R. W. Dolbee was appointed Clerk. The Board remained unchanged till August, 1847, at which time it stood : Daniel Haskell, M. W. Robinson and B. M. Clark, with William M. Wallbridge, Clerk. At the April session, 1848, the original township of Yellow Springs was divided as follows : Township 72, Range 1, and all that part of Town 72, Range 2, which lies east of the section line dividing Sections 32, 38, 29, 28, 20, 21, 16, 17, 8, 9, 5 and 4 was stricken off of the original township, and known as Huron Township. In 1848, the Board stood : M. W. Robinson, B. W. Clark, W. F. Cool- baugh. In 1849 it stood : B. W. Clark, W. F. Coolbaugh, Levi Hager. From April until October, Charles Mason served instead of Mr. Coolbaugh. October, 1850, the Board was composed of but two members, Levi Hager and William G. Hackett. William M. Wallbridge was Clerk until 1851. THE COUNTY COURT. On the Ist day of September, 1851, the County Judge system succeeded the original Commissioner system. Hon. Charles Mason, Judge. The first business transacted by him was the issuance of a marriage license to James H. Taylor and Miss Amelia J. Gibban. Seven licenses were issued in succes- sion. _, The Clerk of the District Court was ex-officio Clerk of the County Court. 0. C. Wightman was Clerk. . Prosecuting Attorney David Rorer was, by virtue of his office, authorized to act as County Judge during Judge Mason's absence. . August, 1852, Hon. 0. C. Wightman became County Judge, and Denise T)(*Tiisf* Clerk August, 1855, Hon. Thomas W. Newman became County Judge. , August, 1857, Hon 0. C. Wightman was elected Judge. SUPERVISOR SYSTEM. In 1861 the County Court was abolished by act of the General Assembly, and a law passed providing for a Board of Supervisors, one from each township. From that date until the plan was again changed, the Board was composed ot the following members : ^ , o, a 4. . a TTo>^!.rrl 1861— Thomas Hedge, Burlington ; John Sawyer, Augusta S. Hebard, Danville; G. W. Marchand, Flint River; James Bruce, Yellow Springs, Franklin Wilcox, Union; Charles M. Garman, Jackson; the foregoing were chosen for one year. J. P. Sunderland, Burlington; Alexander W. Gordon, Benton G W Smith, Franklin; J. S. Dolbee, Huron; Samuel Packwood, Plei Grove ; Edwak Enkee, Washington. The last six were chosen for two vears ; F. Wilcox, Chairman. , „r r^ ji n m S2-^James Bruce, Chairman; Edward Enkee AW. Gordon C.M Garman, Thomas Hedge, C. Hughes, S. Hebard, L. ^P^^' f^ir" Cormick, Samuel Packwood, J. C. Rankin, John Sawyer, J. P. Sunderland. 404 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 1863 — James Bruce, Chairman ; L. Lefforge, Thomas Hedge, John Sawyer, S. Hebard, S. Packwood, C. Hughes, H. W. McCormick, C. Garman, C. H. Snelson, John Penny, T. L. Parsons, S. D. Coonrod. 1864 — John Penny, Chairman ; W. H. Cartwright, J. Clark, S. D. Coon- rod, M. Gladden, C. Hughes, L. LeflForge, H. W. McCormick, W. D. McCash, T. L. Parsons, John Sawyer, C. H. Snelson, M. C. Long. 1865 — William D. McCash, Chairman ; W. H. Cartwright, Justus Clark, M. Gladden, C. M. Garman, C. Hughes, R. C. Kendall, H. W. McCormick, J. R. Kline, J. W. Orr, J. C. Rankin, J. Sawyer, C. H. Snelson. 1866— W. D. McCash, Chairman ; John Bryson, W. H. Cartwright, J. Clark, E. N. Delashmett, R. B. Foster, C. M. Garman, John Inghram, R. C. Kendall, J. R. Kline, J. W. Orr, James C. Rankin, C. H. Snelson. 1867 — W. D. McCash, Chairman ; J. Clark, J. Burkholder, J. Bryson, W. H. Cartwright, R. B. Poster, John Inghram, J. R. Kline, J. C. Rankin, A. J. Smith, E. Woodward, R. C. Kendall, John Ballard. 1868 — John Inghram, Chairman; John Burkholder, John Bryson, John Ballard, Justus Clark, F. Heizer, R. C. Kendall, H. Metzger, J. C. Rankin, A. J. Smith, B. Van Dyke, W. Wolverton, E. Jones. 1869 — John Inghram, Chairman; John Bryson, John Burkholder, -fi. Heizer, E. Jackson, H. Metzger, Thomas Sheridan, Samuel Smith, A. P. Snel- son, N. P. Sunderland, B. Van Dyke, W. Wolverton, A. S. Yohe. 1870 — J. L. Backus, Chairman ; Thomas A. Barnes, J. Burkholder, R. B. Foster, Robert Grimes, Nathan Huston, Christian Mathes, William C. Moore, Thomas Sheridan, Samuel Smith, A. P. Snelson, N. P. Sunderland, A. S. Yohe. THE SUPERVISOR PLAN AGAIN MODIFIED. In 1870, the Board was reduced from thirteen to three members. A vote was taken upon the question of making the number five, but the people chose the smaller number. The roster is given : 1870 — Thomas Hedge, Sr., R. B. Foster, James Bruce. 1871— Same. 1872 — Thomas Hedge, James Bruce, J. J. McMaken. 1873— J. J. McMaken, Thomas Hedge, W. Lynch. 1874 — J. J. McMaken, William Lynch, George Robertson. 1875 — George Robertson, William Lynch, D. Melcher. 1876 — George Robertson, D. Melcher, W. P. Willard, who was appointed to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mr. Lynch. 1877 — George Robertson, D. Melcher, F. A. Tiedemann. 1878— Thomas French, D. Melcher, F. A. Tiedemann. PROBATE RECORDS. The first probate records are dated Apnl 16, 1835. John Whitaker, Judge. The original entry was made under the laws of Michigan Territory, in the matter of the estate of Peter Williams, deceased. John Wagoner was granted letters of administration on that estate, the deceased having died intestate. The inventory of the estate showed property valued at $698.18f . The first will admitted to probate, was that of Joshua Palen, filed Decem- ber 31, 1835. THE MARRIAGE RECORDS. The first marriage license recorded was issued to Jonathan Donnel and Miss Lydian Wright, on the 18th of March, 1835, by W. R. Ross, Clerk. The HISTORY OP DBS MOINES COUNTY. 405 ceremony was performed on the 22d day of March, by John Baker, one of the first Justices of the Peace. Kev. John H. Ruble, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was the first clergyman who filed a certificate of his authority to solemnize marriage in Des Moines County. It was dated September 13, 1835, and was signed by Bishop R. R. Roberts. The document was filed October 30, 1835, by W. R. Ross. There were thirty-four licenses granted under the laws of Michigan, and eighty-nine under the laws of Wisconsin. Judges o/ ProJa^e— 1835, John Whitaker; 1837, Robert Cock; 1840, Charles Madera; 1842, John W. Webber; 1846, 0. H. W. Stull; 1847, J. P. Wightman. In 1851, the probate business passed into the hands of the County Judge, who continued to exercise the duties of that office until the establishment of the Circuit Court, in 1869. The County Judgeship, as a business office, ceased to exist in 1860, upon the establishment of the Super- visor system of government. In 1860, Judge 0. C. Wightman was in pos- session of the office. In 1861, H. C. Ohrt was elected; in 1865, John C. Power; in 1868, Emory S. Huston. The last was legislated out of office. DBS MOINES COUNTY LEGISLATOflS. Under the Territory, the' list was : Council. — 1838, Arthur Inghram, Robert Ralston, George Ilepner ; 1839, the same; 1840, J. C. Hawkins; 1841, Shepherd Leffler, elected to fill vacancy, and re-elected to the four remaining sessions, Howe — 1838, James W. Grimes, George Temple, V. B. Delashmutt, Thomas Blair, George H. Beeler ; 1839, William R. Ross, Shepherd Leffler, L. N. English, Isaac Fleenor, Joseph C. Hawkins ; 1840, Shepherd Leffler, M. D. Browning, Alfred Hebard, Robert Avery, David Hendershott ; 1841, Alfred Hebard, Isaac Leffler, David E. Blair, George Hepner, James M. Mor- gan; 1842, David E. Blair, George Hepner, James M. Morgan, who was elected Speaker, Abner Hackleman, David J. Sales ; 1843, Alfred Hebard, Abner Hackleman, James W. Grimes, John Johnson, John D. Wright; 1845, James M. Morgan, John Johnson, E. W. Davis, George Chandler, Richard Noble. Mr. Morgan was again elected Speaker. 1845, December session, James M. Morgan, John D. Wright, John Ripley, A. McMichael, Joshua Holland. constitutional conventions. The Representatives in first Constitutional Convention, which convened at Iowa City, October 7, 1844, and lasted until November 1, were : James Clarke, Henry Robinson, John D. Wright, Shepherd Leffler, Andrew Hooten, Lnos Lowe, John Ripley and George Hepner. j i. i, i + The Constitution adopted by this Convention was rejected by the people, at an election held on the 4th day of August, 1845, there being 7,23o votes cast for its adoption and 7,656 against its adoption. a/t a 1 84fi The second Constitutional Convention met at Iowa ^ity> ™^y *' ^°*''- Des Moines County was then represented by Enos Lowe, Shepherd Leffler ana G. W. Bowie. The Constitution adopted by this body was sanctioned by the people at an election held on the 3d day of August, 1846, there bemg 9,49/ votes in its favor, to 9,036 votes against it. This Constitution was presented to Congress in December, 1846, and, on the 28th day of the same month an act waa passed by that body for the admission of Iowa into the !;' "'*'?; ./t! first election for State officers was held on the 26th day of October, l«4b, in 406 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. anticipation of the act of Congress, pursuant to a proclamation of Gov. James Clarke, when Ansel Briggs, of Jackson County, was elected Governor ; Elisha Cutter, Jr., Secretary of State; Joseph T. Fales, Auditor ; and Morgan Keno, Treasurer. The third Constitutional Convention "was held at Iowa City January 19, 1857. Des Moines County was represented by J. C. Hall and M. W. Robin- son. The Constitution adopted by this Convention was sanctioned by the peo- ple at an election held on the 3d day of August, 1857, there being 40,311 votes cast for, and but 38,681 votes against the change. The Constitution took effect September 3, 1857. ^ ' STATE LBGISLATOES. Under the State Constitution, the legislators from Des Moines County have been: Senate. — 1846, M. D. Browning, S. Fullinwider ; 1848, M. D. Browning, Alfred S. Fear ; 1850, George Hepner, Enos Lowe ; 1852, M. D. Browning, George Hepner ; 1&54 and extra session in July, M. D. Browning, William F. Coolbaugh; 1856, W. F. Coolbaugh, Lyman Cook; 185-*, same; 1860, W. F. Coolbaugh ; 1862, John G. Foote ; 1864, same ; 1866, Fitz Henry Warren ; 1868, Charles L. Matthias ; 1870, Charles Beardsley ; 1872, same ; 1874, J. W. Williams ; 1876, same ; 1878, John Patterson. ^oMse.— 1846, Alfred Hebard, D. E. Blair, G. W. Bowie, Joshua Holland; 1848, T. L. Sargeant, George Davidson, John Penny, J. L. Corse ; 1850, Will- iam Harper, George Temple, M. W. Robinson ; 1852, James W. Grimes, Jus- tus Clark, W. Seymour, J. W. Williams ; 1854, T. L. Sargeant, J. L. Corse, J. Tracy, G. S. Albright ; 1856, Thomas J. R. Perry, J. W. Williams, B. D. Rand; 1858, Justus Clark, W. H. Clune ; D. E". Sprague for Des Moines and Louisa ; 1860, J. Clark, M. W. Robinson, J. C. Hall ; 1862, J. W. Williams, Franklin Wilcox, Calvin J. Jackson; 1864, J. J. McMaken, James Bruce; 1866, J. W. Williams, C. B. Darwin, S. A. Flanders ; 1868, Robert Allen, A. G. Adams ; 1870, Thomas J. Sater, William Harper ; 1872, John H. Gear, B. J. Hall ; 1874, J. H. Gear, William Lamme; 1876, J. H. Gear, William Lynch ; 1878, W. Seymour, M. Kopp. For roster of State and Congressional officers, see general history. OFFICIAL ROSTER. The perfection of the official roster of Des Moines County is attended with considerable difficulty, because of the absence of all positive records prior to ] 852. The subjoined lists have been made up with care from the several vol- umes of miscellaneous records in the Clerk's and Auditor's offices, and may be relied upon as accurate, in nearly, if not quite, all cases. Some of the earlier officers — as School Fund Commissioner and Collector, under the old law — are omitted, since full lists of incumbents cannot be given. The offices of Treasurer and Recorder were generally held by the same person, up to the year 1864. The matter is rather clouded, however, in this county, and as ample explanation is given of the duality as could be ascertained. The Recorder's books do not show the names of the incumbents. It is only from the casual mention of changes, made in the old Commissioners' records, that we are able to be as precise as we are. We give the offices not appearing in the foregoing Treasurers and Recorders.— \m6, William R. Ross ; 1838, Thornton B. loJ. ^' •^^^^' ^^^""^^^ Neally; 1841, John Johnson; 1842, Henry Moore; 1844, George Blickhahn ; 1848, J. F. Tallent ; 1850, J. W. Webber ; 1853, HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Charles Madera : 1854, Jacob Arrick • IHFiF, Tatnoo n nu A. Ripley ; 1861, W. B. Eemey. Th^ offices' SrLL'^e^SlLl'f ' '°'^- m most counties, held by the same person until 1864 h,^t t>,? ' """'"' conflicting entries here on the minute-book of the On,,r.f^ n • ^'^ "^'^^'^ example,! 1840, we find that John M^a^ri^t wrEc'oXrd";;%8l^^^ William B. Remey is spoken of as holding the office • wbilff^r-r T' books show that Mr. Moore was Treasurer. ^ F^rthZln we find W TT ' Dunlap was Recorder, and that he resigned in 1846 \Z 1^ 5 ^'"'^"^ HenryMoore to fill his place, From i:tZ'onlJ-^oZiST£ £ncl""'' " ''^"*" °^ ^^^^- ^^^'^ '^' *^° offices weretaSe 1875^TTHuTcLo^n. ^^"^^ ''''''''' ^'^^ °«^«^ ' ''''^ ™- Corner; Eecorders.— 1864:, Samuel Pollock ; 1874, Fisher Morrison Auditors -This office was created in 1868, and the first officer took his desk m 1869. Emory S. Huston ; 1871, T. J. Copp ^Mrt;e^07-s.— Robert Avery was the first Surveyor, but we cannot give a full w.,v ™ ^, expiration of his term. He held the office several years. In 1853 William Thompson was elected ; 1854, Joseph K. Scott ; 1857 T L Sari geant ; 1859, A. McMichael ; 1861, Oliver Hall ; 1863, C. Handler • 1868 W. H. Gillespie; 1873, R. C. Waddle; 1875, John Na^. ' ' Superintendents of Public Instruction.— 1854, James D. Eads- 1857 M L. Fisher; 1858, R. J. Graff; 1859, William Harper; 1861, W. Gregs Jr • 1863, William Harper ; 1865, J. K. McCollough ; 1867, T. J. Trulock -1871' T. B. Snyder ; 1875, E. Burris ; 1877, John Paisley. School Fund Commissioner-. — 1852, William H. Manro. Qoroners.—18b5, John Kirkpatrick ; 1857, Jacob Weider ; 1859, William Thompson; 1861, Jacob Weider ; 1865, S. B. Burge; 1867, W. A. Haw • 1873, Jacob Weider; 1875, P. Brydolf; 1877, Jacob Weider. Drainage Commissioners. — 1853, J. W. Williams ; 1859,^R. S Wilson • 1861, CM. Garman; 1863, J.W.Williams; 1871, John W. Orr ■ 1873' Hugh L. Creighton ; 1875, J. W. Orr; 1877, J. W. Williams. POPULATION. The population of Des Moines County, from 1836 to 1875, as shown by the several census reports, is given below : 1836 (original county, comprising one-half of Iowa) 6,257 1838 (under Territorial division) 4 605 1840 6,546 1844 9^09 1846 9,391 1847 (State) 10,071 1849 11,649 1850 12,914 1851 14,488 1852 12,575 1854...., 16,700 , 1856 20,198 1859 20,781 1860 19,611 1863 21,213 1865 19,894 ~ 1867 23,444 18S9 25,989 1870 27,256 1873 84,691 1875 35,106 F 408 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. The population of 1875 is here given in detail, showing the number returned at that date : i 1 •1 WHITE POPULATION. COLOBED POPULATION. NAMES or TOWNSHIPS, TOWNS AND CITIES. , S 1 1 1 108 244 534 280 243 242 165 26 209 271 182 335 287 679 1416 799 699 726 464 84 538 751 536 798 250 623 1376 741 627 7^2 397 64 508 697 462 828 537 1302 2792 1540 1326 1448 861 148 1046 1448 998 1626 537 1303 2809 1543 1342 1448 861 148 1047 1J66 999 1626 ""ii 2 10 1 6 1 6 1 17 3 16 Burlington Flint River Franklin Huron Jackson '""5 1 1 3 1 8 1 Union Yellow Springs Total ; 2839 7777 7295 15072 29 18 47 15119 Burlington, city of, C. H. First Ward 885 321 540 349 244 482 434 2688 1127 1867 1183 858 1097 1026 2905 998 1735 1163 876 1131 1033 5593 2125 3602 2346 1734 2228 2059 25 29 60 11 13 4 10 26 19 50 18 18 8 9 51 48 110 29 31 12 19 5644 2173 3712 2375 1765 2240 2078 " Second Ward " Third Ward " Fourth Ward Sixth Ward 3255 9846 9841 19687 152 1'48 300 ' 19987 6094 17623 17186 34759 181 166 347 35106 The population of Burlington estimated at 25,000 and upward. has largely increased since 1875, and is now VALUATION OF COUNTY IN 1878. Auditor T. J Copp reported to the Auditor of State the following valuation Des Moines Countv for 1 878 • ^ Moines County for 1878 : of property in lsa:;zz:=::— v:zrzvzz:zvrzvr::: ■gti Total valuation - jdq 90. ..„» Total tax levied *'„?„'„?! 310,343 STATISTICAL ITEMS. The country west of the bluif lands of the river is exceedingly fine The county IS well watered and well timbered. It is a county rich in natural In a State which might be made the granary of the nation, and which has the capacity of producing breadstufis sufficient to feed the people of the United States, if a system of cultivation equivalent to that of many of the countries of Europe were to be inaugurated, one unconsciously falls into the habit of accept- HISTOBY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 499 ing marvels in the form of development with a sang froid which none but Amer- icans can exhibit An invention which is destined to revolutionize methods and expand capabilities in almost an infinite degree, produces a momentary ripple on the surface of society, and then is accepted with a practical estimate 01 Its applicability to the machinery already employed In no quarter of the inhabited globe is this spirit" of progressiveness more manifest than herein Iowa We are wilhng to go even further than that, and honestly affirm, after a careful investigation into the characteristics of the people of this State, which the work of preparing a detailed history peculiarly enables us to prosecute, that no section of Iowa evinces a more marked air of intelli^ gent industry than does the rich county of Des Moines. That the reader may fully understand the present high state of improve- ment attained by this county, a summary of its products is given, as shown bv the census reports of 1856, 1866 and 1875. The early history will be more fully appreciated if one has in mind the greatness of the work accomplished within the past half-century. In 1856, there were 79,833 acres of improved land in the county ; 14,599 of which were devoted to spring wheat, yielding a crop of 154,839 bushels • 4,198 acres of winter wheat, yielding 66,270 bushels ; 10,660 acres of oats! yielding 359,938 bushels ; 30,033 acres of corn, yielding 1,456,491 bushels ; 514 acres of potatoes, yielding 64,493 bushels. The hog crop was : 32,375 head sold ; value, $214,160. The cattle sold were valued at $114,680, being 4,801 head. The dairy product was 206,026 pounds of butter and 24,551 pounds of cheese. Domestic manufactures were valued at $11,810 ; general manufactures at $241,176.^ Wool clip, 20,056 pounds. In 1866, the census showed the products to have been : Spring wheat, 10,916 acres, yielding 116,760 bushels ; 4,789 acres winter wheat, yielding 43,235 bushels; 8,349 acres oats, yielding 249,752 bushels ; 47,028 acres corn, yielding 1,547,549 bushels ; 1,144 acres rye, yielding 14,554 bushels ; 720 acres barley, yielding 15,534 bushels ; 418 acres sorghum, yielding 37,729 gallons ; 19,377 acres tame grasses, yielding 19,121 tons and 887 bushels grass- seed ; 410 acres potatoes, yielding 40,374 bushels. There were 1,767 bushels of sweet-potatoes and 2,096 bushels of onions raised. There were, besides the foregoing, 4,667 acres in other crops. There were 114,152 fruit-trees in bearing. The hog crop was 38,600 head ; cattle, 17,459 head ; sheep, 26,278 head. There were 365,453 pounds of butter and 3,025 pounds of cheese made. The assessed valuation of property was 256,846 acres at $12.54 per acre. Value of town lots and farms, $5,234,926 ; personal property, $2,504,524 ; total valuation of county, $7,739,450. In 1875, there were 143,665 acres of improved land ; 58,168 of unimproved land. Spring wheat, 10,615 acres, yielding 113,396 bushels; winter wheat, 8,688 acres, yielding 117,310 bushels ; corn, 102,924 acres, yielding:2,30?,938 bushels ; rye, 539 acres, yielding 5,499 bushels ; oats, 9,242 acres, yielding 287,392 bushels ; barley, 196 acres, yielding 3,400 bushels ; buckwheat, 157 acres, yielding 2,843 bushels; 1,647 acres potatoes, yielding 160,235 bushels. There were 14,235 gallons of sorghum made ; 16,484 tons of tame grass cut, and 3,027 bushels of hay-seed gathered. There were 132,557 apple-trees in bearing, which yielded 129,996_bushels. The fruit yield was good. 410 HISTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY. There were 39,978 head of hogs returned, 1,734 of which were blooded. From 7,409 milch cows, 464,483 pounds of butter and 4,397 pounds of cheese were made. There were, besides, 219,344 gallons of milk sold. EDUCATIONAL. While the question of how to get a living was the foremost one in the minds of the pioneers, the less direct though none the less important one of how to educate their children was not overlooked. Almost cotemporaneous with their own dwellings, they began the building of such schoolhouses as they could, crude and primitive in the extreme, for such only would their appliances admit, and put together without regard to externals. These same pioneer schoolhouses will, in the future, be a theme for the artist — quite equal in every way to those supplied by the peasantry in the old world, with their quaint, simple fashions and unperverted lives. The eye of the connoisseur delights in those realistic representations of still life — the white- haired old grandfather, whose toil of years has only brought him his cottage and bit of land; the still hard-working "gude wife," with bent body and withered but cheerful old face ; the next generation just in the prime of labor, rough, uncouth, and content to have for recreation a pipe and a mug of ale ; and the children with rosy cheeks and stout limbs, dressed in veritable costumes their grandmothers wore before them. And no wonder such a picture pleases and charms the jaded senses of the worn-out worldling. But even that is not more fresh and unaccustomed than his log shanty, with its one small room, a window of but few panes of glass, and possibly a dirt floor ; and with rough- hewn benches ranged round the walls for seats, over which the pupil made a fine gymnastic flourish whenever he felt it necessary to reach his teacher, with his forefinger firmly planted on the knotty word or sum that puzzled him. These are the picturesque features for the artist's pencil. And what " learn- ing" there was must have been a ''dangerous thing," for it was certainly " little ;" the grading was far from exact ; the system was a kind of hit-or-miss afiair ; but, nevertheless, it was " school," and from the first there was a deeply- rooted prejudice among the Iowa setders in favor of schools. School for week- days and a meeting-house for Sunday ! this same little pen of a house served two purposes. And could anything except the groves themselves — " Grod's first temples " — be nearer to nature as a tabernacle than was this, where some chance circuit preacher would have for his congregation every man, woman and child in the entire settlement ? None of those hypercritical listeners there, you may be sure, who gauge the preacher by his " intellectuality," his " magnetism " or his "culture." It was the Word preached — welcome, pure and life-giving always — and not the preacher, which these listeners crowded to hear. If he but had the good Methodist zeal, then he was sure of devout hearers. He did not need to have " traveled," except upon his lone circuit over the prairie ; nor did he feel it necessary to use his pulpit in the interest of politics — if he knew his Bible he was qualified ; nor did his flock feel called upon to put their hands into their pockets and contribute toward sending their Pastor on a summer vacation to the sea-side or to Europe. All these improvements have come in with better churches and more advanced ways of thinking. That was the old way, and a direct contrast to the new. Now, nothing which the architect's taste can devise is too good for school- house or for church. Look at the plenitude of tidy, commodious buildings in every county, and not designed for double service, either, but dedicated solely to the use of the schoolma'am, who hereabouts is thoroughly skilled in her pro- HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. m fession. She has had, aside from such education as her means have enabled her to obtain, good practical drill in the normal institutes. She not only knows her text-books, but she knows how to teach. And then, the ingeniously-devised school-book, in which every point of information is adjusted to such a nicety that they are rather works of art and books of entertainment than but the dull means to a desired end. The little flocks of children who run along the country road in their bare feet and sun-bonnets and chip hats, do not have to squirm and twist their uneasy legs all day over a page in the English reader which they cannot under- stand. They begin their morning's work with a chorus, which puts them all in good humor to start with. Then they come to timed classes, at the tinkle of the bell ; they are entertained and diverted as well as instructed at every step. Before there is any possibility of restlessness, they go through a five-minutes round of ca,listhenics, which put a wholesome quietus upon their muscles and their mischief. Wise play is so mixed with teaching that they never really dis- cover which is which until they find themselves ready to teach school themselves in turn. This is the case of the present compared with the labor of the past. And in this way is the generality of education secured. The ways are smoothed, the tediousness beguiled and the deprivation supplanted by an afiiuence of aids. In 1854, Gov. Grimes, in his inaugural message said: " The safety and perpetuity of our Republican institutions depend upon the difi"usion of intelli- gence among the masses of the people. The statistics of the penitentiaries and alms-houses throughout the country show that education is the best preventive of crime. They show, also, that the prevention of these evils is much less expensive than the punishment of the one and the relief of the other." So, with all our new-fangled methods, our ornamental, well-ventilated and well- furnished schoolhouses, our accomplished instructors with modern notions, we are not extravagant. We are simply taking from the expenses of crime and pauperism and putting it into enduring and beautiful shape. We are helping to sustain the Government by rearing up in every town and in every country neighboorhood a generation of enlightened and intelligent people, cosmopolitan in the sense of schools, if not in that wider cosmopolitanism which comes alone from actual contact with the great world. The following statement is compiled from last annual report of the County Superintendent of Schools, E. S. Burrus : Number of subdistricta '^^ Number of ungraded schools 79 Number of graded schools H Average number of months taught 8.51 Number of teachers employed, male '9 Number of teachers employed, female 1^3 Average compensation per month, male *4° "^ Average compensation per month, female °° ^3 Number of persons between the ages of 5 and 21 in county, male 6,023 Number of persons between the ages of 5 and 21 in county, female 6,041 Total number enrolled in county -^ ai ^e Average cost of tuition per month for each pupil *1 i° Number of frame schoolhouses ^] Number of brick schoolhouses ^^ Number of stone schoolhouses • ]°^ Value of schoolhouses * 7oTn n^ Value of apparatus rr HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 435 In spite of their sore need of help, the Democrats were evidently afraid to establish the new county in the West, and, as they alone had the power to do so, the opportunity passed without the Mormons gaining their point. This distrust of the result may have had its weight with Orson Hyde, as the sequel will show. As the time of "election approached, both parties began to feel carefully for the coveted vote ; but still the Democrats felt secure, since the failure to create the new county did not prevent the extensTon of the franchise to the Mormons in another way. Monroe County had the power to create a precinct at the river, and thereby bring the Mormons within the pale of citizenhood. The problem to be decided was still as to the advisability of the step. To determine this, messengers were dispatched from both camps to feel the pulse of the people in the West, and each faction returned bearing metaphorical bunches of huge grapes, while their reports were that the land ilowed with oil and honey for their respective candidates. In all this bartering there was evidently an under- standing between the Whigs and the Mormons ; for a flat refusal on the part of the latter to vote the Democratic ticket would certainly have prevented their voting at all. The powers that were had to be mollified, and a go-between was found to represent to the Democrats the solidity of the proposed precinct. The Whigs, of course, did not openly claim the success of their embassy, but rather played oiF coyly, with intent to deceive. But even after the character of the vote was determined satisfactorily to the Democrats, there still remained the question of its legality. If the territory lay west of the last organized county, which was then Monroe, that county had the power to create a precinct. If it did not, then there was an opportunity to contest the validity of returns from the river precinct. The Democrats believed that Kanesville, as the Mormon settlement was called, did lie within the legal territory of Monroe, but a survey was deemed necessary to settle the point. In accordance with that idea, a party was engaged to ascertain the geographical whereabouts of the village, and a random line was run. Subsequent surveys have shown that the line was, indeed, a random one, but that point did not come up in the contest which followed. For all practical purposes, the place lay west of Monroe. In the decision of this question, the Whigs wisely submitted to the Democrats, and the work of establishing the locality was performed by such means as the Democrats could, under no circumstances, thereafter dispute. It was considered highly important for the Democrats to locate Kanesville in Mon- roe territory, because Monroe was then Democratic, and they feared that the Whigs would oppose the organization of so strong a precinct, if they had it in their power to do so. If the village lay north of the upper line of Monroe, it belonged to Marion County, which was then a Whig stronghold. The eager- ness with which the Democrats labored to prove that Kanesville really was several miles south of its actual location, forms one of the grim humors of this contest. The Whigs, meanwhile, confident of the victory they were to win, offered no objections to the formation of the precinct, but seemed quiescent in the mat- ter. On the 3d of July, 1848, the Monroe County Commissioners issued the following order : Ordered, by said Board, that that portion of country called Pottawattomie County which lies directly west of Monroe County, be organized into a township, and that Kanesville be a precinct for election purposes in said township, and that the election be held at ^he Council- house in said Tillage ; and that Charles Bird, Henry Miller and William Huntington be ■ appointed Judges of said election ; and that the boundaries of said township extend east as far as the East Nish-na-bat-na. This public announcement of the plan warned the Whigs to unmask. Greek .met Greek. It was known that the Board, then consisting of Andrew Jilswick, 436 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. William McBride and George R. Holliday, with Dudley C. Barber as Clerk, was Democratic. The latter officer made out the poll-books and sent them to the new precinct. Both parties sought the field of battle, and for a time the Mormon element became the favorites of the politicians, since they held the balance of power. The Mormons at home in Nauvoo were Democratic in sentiment, it was urgued, and the Democrats were confident of their co-opera- tion in the tiilie of need. The election took place on the 7th day, of August. To the consternation of the Democrats and the joy of the Whigs, the vote of the new precinct was cast almost solidly for Daniel F. Miller, the Whig candidate, and the Democratic candidate, William Thompson, was left out in the cold. No sooner was the result of the election made known than the Democratic leaders took counsel, one with another, what to do. J. C. Hall, brother-in-law to Thompson, went to Albia from Mount Pleasant, and it is asserted that he and others advised the rejection of the poll-books. The messenger with the returns arrived in Albia, and the canvass of the votes was held on the 14th day of August. Dudley C. Barber, as Clerk of the Board, had a deciding voice in the matter. The canvass was made at his log cabin, one of the three or four buildings then standing on the town plat. Among the prominent Democrats of Albia at the time was Dr. Flint, who subsequently removed to Wapello County, and became County Judge and State Senator for that county. He was brother-in-law to Barber, and exercised a great influence over him. He urged the arbitrary rejection of the books. Be- side Mr. Hall and Dr. Flint, there was present Israel Kister, now of Bloom- field. During the heated controversy over the canvass — in which, it is said, an unpleasant suspicion of pistols prevailed — the disputed poll-books suddenly dis- appeared from the table. The confusion which followed the announcement of their loss can be imagined. The men who were nearest the table dared not accuse one another of having stolen them, but there was, unquestionably, con- siderable display of feeling. Of course it was clear that the Whigs had not stolen the books, since it was for their interest to retain them. It rested, conse- quently, with the opposing faction to explain the mysterious disappearance of the documents. The evening of that day, Barber called to his aid two Justices, and, it is said, with locked doors, made a canvass of the vote of Monroe, throwing out the books from Pottawattamie entirely. This rejection of the western vote secured the election of Thompson, and he accordingly took his seat in the first session of the Thirty-first Congress. If we may be allowed to parody a classic quotation, uneasy sits the Con- gressman who is not soundly elected ! No sooner was he there than the Whigs made an effort to oust him. The case was laid before a proper committee, and voluminous discussion ensued. Miller proposed to Thompson to submit the question again to the people, but the proposition was rejected. The action of Congress was somewhat governed by well-known precedents, and finally the whole matter was remanded to the United States District Court at Keokuk. Before a decision could be reached, an election took place in the State for State officers and member of the Thirty-second Congress. The campaign was a hot one. It may be here incidentally remarked that the August election resulted in the seating of Bernhart Henn, of Fairfield, in the Thirty-second Congress from this district, his term beginning in 1851. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 437 It transpired one day, pending the decision of the case, that Mr. Miller called at Judge Mason's office, in Keokuk. The Judge signified a desire to serve certain papers on him, and the two gentlemen stepped to the rear of the room. There were two or three other men present. Judge Mason handed Mr. Miller, as he supposed, some papers relating to the suit, when, to the sur- prise of Mr. M., he found them to be the long-lost poll-books from Kanesville. Explanations followed, in which Judge Mason proved, conclusively, that the papers came honestly into his possession. This startling denouement completely upset the Democratic case, and a ^evr election was ordered, to " fill vacancy " in the First District. The election took place September 24, 1850, and resulted in the choice of Mr. Miller, who filled the seat in Congress one session. The vote stood as follows: Miller, 5,463; Thompson, 4,801 ; Smith, 365. • The question reverts to the cause of the Mormon change of front in 1848. All manner of rumors were afloat at the time, some of them even charging that the Democrats had ofi'ered but $1,000, while the Whigs had paid $1,200 for the vote. On the authority of one who admits that he was a party to the barter, we state as fact that the only gift presented to Elder Hyde by the Whigs was a printing office and some ten reams of printing paper and a keg of ink. Hyde wanted an office, and the Whigs were willing to give him one. The materials for the office were shipped to him by the Whigs prior to the casting of the vote. Hyde had a grudge against the Democrats, which he desired to pay, and there- fore refused to listen to overtures'of a financial character from them. It was a case of diamond cut diamond, in which the Whigs proved the hardest. It is a fact that in 1848, Orson Hyde began the publication of a paper called the Frontier Q-uardian, at Kanesville. The county of Pottawattamie was organ- ized in 1848. All the officials were Mormons. As to the missing books : It is a matter of evidence that Israel Kister placed them in Mr. Hall's saddle-bags, during the heated discussion, probably with no real intent to steal them at the time, but supposing that they would be dis- covered before Hall left. They were not detected and the lawyer rode away with them. It was then too late to acknowledge the error, and so the case stood until accident brought them to light. The Whig papers made furious onslaught against the Democrats over the affair, and there is but little doubt that it caused a decidedly good political war- cry during those days. Dr. Flint was openly charged with having burned the books, and Barber was figuratively drawn and quartered contmuously. Ihe vigorous attacks upon Barber finally undermined his health and he died, a victim of mistaken sense of duty. Dr. Flint is now dead. THE STATE BOUNDARY DIFFICULTY. Although the county of Des Moines, as now defined, does not extend to the southern limits of the State, and cannot, therefore, be strictly classed among the counties affected by the celebrated case growing out of the complications which arose over the boundary line between Missouri and Iowa, the tact that the original county of Des Moines included all of the southern half of the Territory makes the subject an appropriate one to introduce into this volume. Besides,' some of- the most prominent participants in the controversy or its adjudication resided in Burlington. This was the seat of government at the time the affair originated, and some of the events in the history transpired here. 438 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. In fact, no further explanation need be oifered for the presentation of the mat- ter here than the statement that Hon. Charles Mason, Gen. A. C. Dodge, Judge David Rorer, and other Burlington men, took conspicuous action as counsel in the case. It is valuable as a work of reference, and the following clear presentment of the matter, from the pen of Mr. Charles Negus, is given, with the feeling that many will read it who have but an imperfect understanding of the subject now. " Soon after the organizing of the Territorial Government of Iowa, there arose a dispute between Missouri and Iowa about the jurisdiction of the State and Territoral authorities over a tract of country in the southern part of Iowa, ' which Missouri claimed as being within the boundary of that State as defined by Congress. " The act of Congress, passed March 6, 1820, authorizing the Territory of Missouri to form a State government, provided that (if the State should ratify the boundaries) the State of Missouri ' should consist of all the territory within the following boundaries : Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi River, on the parallel of 36° north latitude ; thence west, along that parallel of lat- itude, to the St. Francis River ; thence up and following the course of that river, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the .parallel of 36° 30'; thence west along the same to the point where the said parallel is intersected by a meridian line passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas River, where the same empties into the Missouri River ; thence, from the point aforesaid, north along the west meridian line' to the intersection of the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines, making said line to correspond with the Indian boundary line, etc. ; thence east, from the point of intersection last aforesaid, along the said parallel of latitude, to the middle of the channel of the main fork of the said River Des Moines ; thence down and along the middle of the said River Des Moines, to the mouth of the same, where it empties into the Mississippi,' etc. These boundaries, as defined by Congress, were adopted by Missouri through the Convention which formed the State Constitution. " The northern boundary of the State, which was defined as ' the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines,'' though it might have been well understood at the time, was vague and uncertain, and subsequently gave grounds for an open dispute. " In the treaties made with the Sacs and Foxes and the Iowa Indians, on the 4th of August, 1824, for the purchase of a portion of their lands, it is set forth that they sold to the United States all their lands within the limits of the State of Missouri, which are situated, lying and being between the Missis- sippi and Missouri Rivers, and a line running from the Missouri at the mouth'of the Kansas River, north 100 miles to the northwest corner of the State of Mis- souri, and thence east to the Mississippi. The line, as defined in this treaty, commencing at the mouth of the Kansas River, thence running 100 miles due north, and thence east until it strikes the Des Moines River, had been run in 1816, by John C. Sullivan, and duly marked by blazing trees, driving stakes and erecting mounds. " But in a period of between twenty and thirty years, those marks had become so obliterated that they were not easily to be found, and the rapids of the river Des Moines was so uncertain a place that it was hard for those first settling the country, at the time Iowa was first opened for white settlement, to designate where the northern boundary of Missouri was located. There being several rapids in the Des Moines River, and one of HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 439 considerable fall, near Keosauqua, in Van Buren County (a fall in eighty rods of twenty-one inches), the Missourians claimed that the latter were the rapids referred to in the act of Congress authorizing Missouri to form a State Constitution as a point in defining their boundaries. And in 1837, the authorities of Missouri, without the co-operation of the United States, or of the Territory of Iowa (then Wisconsin), appointed Commissioners to run and mark the northern boundary. " The Commissioners so appointed, instead of commencing to run the line upon the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines in the Mississippi, proceeded to search for rapids in the Des Moines River itself, from which to commence. They finally fixed upon the ripples in the great bend in the Des Moines River, in Van Buren County, which they assumed to be the rapids of the Des Moines River named in the act of Congress of 1820, and in the Constitution of Missouri, notwithstanding those ripples had never been known as the 'rapids of the river Des Moines.' From this point, the Commissioners proceeded to run and mark a line, which the authorities of that State claimed was the northern boundary, while the early history of the West showed, and it was subsequently decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, that the rapids of the river Des Moines were in the Mississippi River. " Gen. Pike, who first explored the Upper Mississippi, after the acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase by the United States, in his journal, kept while ascending the river in 1805, says he ' arrived at the foot of the rapids Des Moines at 7 o'clock,' and thus goes on to give an account of the diificulties he had in getting over those rapids with his boat, on his way up the Mississippi River. And, after passing the rapids, in writing to Gen. Wilkinson, he dates his letter, ' Head of the Rapids Des Moines.' Also, in his map of the Upper Mississippi, Pike lays down the Rapids Des Moines as being in the Mississippi River, a short distance above the mouth of the Des Moines River. And, before the United States acquired possession of this territory in 1779, Zenon Tendeau, acting as Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, in one of his ofScial acts, says : ' It is permitted to Mr. Lewis (Fesson) Honore to establish himself at the head of the rapids of the river Des Moines.' Upon this grant, Honore made an actual settlement and improvement immediately upon the banks of the Mis- sissippi River, at the head of the Des Moines Rapids in that river, some eighteen or twenty miles above its mouth. " These, with other references, go to show that, at an early day, the rapids in the Mississippi opposite the southern extremity of Iowa, were known as the ' rapids of the river Des Moines,' but the authorities of Missouri claimed and contended for many years that the rapids referred to by Congress, and in their Constitution were in the Des Moines River and near Keosauqua. " The northern boundary of that State, as long as there were no settlements there, was a matter of little consequence to her citizens, and there was no one to dispute their claims until after the Black Hawk Purchase, which was made in 1832. " The Territory of Wisconsin, in organizing the county of Van Buren, made her southern, boundary extend to the southern line, and the same bound- aries were claimed by Iowa as soon as she assumed a territorial government. The territorial government of Iowa went into operation on the 4th day of July, 1838, and at that time the boundaries between Missouri and Iowa had not been settled, and there was a strip of Government land about ten miles wide which both governments claimed. The county of Van Buren, as organized by the Legis- lature of Wisconsin, before Iowa assumed a territorial government, embraced within her boundary a portion of this disputed tract of land. 440 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. " The County Court of Clarke County, Mo., in levying the taxes for that county, enrolled the settlers on this disputed tract, as being citizens of that State and belonging to that county, and, having placed their names upon the tax-list, ordered Uriah S. Gregory, the Sheriff of that county, to collect the taxes. Accordingly, the Collector of Clarke County went on the disputed tract to collect the taxes, but the tax-payers refused to pay, and the officer undertook to collect them by levying upon their property ; but while endeavoring to do this, some of the citizens of Van Buren County sued out a warrant from a magistrate and placed it in the hands of Henry HeiBeman, the Sheriff of Van Buren County, who arrested the Missouri officer, and, there being no jail suit- able for retaining prisoners nearer than Muscatine, he was taken to that county and there lodged in jail. " This act aroused the citizens of Clarke County, and an application was made to Gov. Boggs, of Missouri, for the military power of the State to aid the civil officers in maintaining their authority, and to enforce the law of Mis- souri over the disputed tract. He accordingly dispatched Gen. Allen, with a thousand men, to the place of contention. " Gov. Lucas, of Iowa, was as determined and fixed in his purpose to main- tain the rights of his State as the authorities of Missouri ^ere to exact theirs, and for this purpose, ordered Maj. Gen. J. B. Brown to call out the militia and march with his forces to Van Buren County to protect the citizens. " At this time, the militia of Iowa was poorly organized ; but Gen. Brown gave orders to his subordinates to beat up for recruits, and the citizens were not backward in enrolling themselves by voluntary enlistment, and, in a short time, about five hundred men, with arms, were assembled in Van Buren County, and others were on their way, amounting, in all, to about twelve hundred men, and the gathering of military forces had all the appearance of a fierce and bloody civil war. But before there was any collision between the two forces, Gen. Brown, from his officers, selected Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, Gen. Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Ft. Madison, as an embassy to the enemy to try to negotiate a peace. ," On arriving at Waterloo, the county-seat of Clarke County, they found that the County Court of that county had rescinded the order to the Sheriff to collect the taxes on the disputed tract, and had sent a special delegation to wait upon Gov. Lucas and the Legislature of Iowa, then assembled at Burlington, for the purpose of making some amicable adjustment of the difficulties, and that Gen. Allen, with his forces, had withdrawn from the contest. Upon receiving this information, the embassy returned to their headquarters, and the Iowa forces were disbanded and permitted to return to their homes. " Col. McDaniels and Dr. Wayland, the representatives of Clarke County, came to Burlington and waited upon Gov. Lucas, who, not evincing much dispo- sition to adjust matters, they then went before the Legislature, which body, after hearing their proposition, passed a set of resolutions, with a preamble, express- ing their views. In the preamble, they set forth the difficulties existing between Iowa and Missouri, and that Iowa, under any circumstances, deprecated any military collision between the forces of the State of Missouri and the Territory of Iowa, and reciprocated the kind feelings evinced by the delegation from the County Court of Clarke County, and Resolved, That the officers now on the part ot Missouri be respectfully requested to suspend all further military operations on the part of said State until these resolutions can be submitted to His Excel- lency, Gov. Boggs; that His Excellency, Gov. Boggs, be requested to authorize a suspension of hostilities on the part of the State of Missouri until the 1st day HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 441 of July next, -with a view to having the unfortunate difficulties now existing between the State of Missouri and the Territory of Iowa adjusted by the act of Congress ; that His Excellency, the Grovernor of Iowa, be requested to suspend all further military operations until the decisions of His Excellency, Gov. Boggs, may be obtained relative to the proposition herein contained ; that the Governor be requested forthwith to forward a copy of these resolutions to the Governor of Missouri, one to the County Court of Clarke County and copies to the officers in command on the disputed grounds, to be by them presented to the officers of the Missouri forces. " These proceedings on the part of the Legislature had a tendency to quiet things for a time. The Sheriff of Clarke County was, however, indicted at the next term of the court in Van Buren County for his attempt to collect taxes in the disputed tract ; but the Prosecuting Attorney entered a nolle prosequi, and he was discharged from custody. " On the 10th of November, 1841, Thomas Reynolds, Governor of Missouri, who was the> successor to Gov. Boggs, addressed a letter to John Chambers, who was at that time Governor of Iowa,jin which he informed him that the Legisla- ture of Missouri, at their last session, passed an act directing the Governor of Missouri to bring a suit on behalf of Uriah S. Gregory, the late Collector of Clarke County, against Henry'Heffleman,^the Sheriff of Van Buren County, for the purpose of having the question of boundary between Iowa and Missouri finally adjusted in the Supreme Court of the United States. As Heffleman and others who arrested Gregory resided in Iowa, such a suit should have been commenced in Iowa. Gov. Reynolds wished to know, if suit was thus commenced, whether the authorities of Iowa would consent to make such an agreed case on the record as would insure a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States on the question of boundary. " To this Gov. Chambers replied that this question, as it appeared to him, was ons over which the Territorial authorities had no control; for, 'by an express reservation in the laws organizing the Territory of Iowa, the boundary remained subject to the future control of Congress.' And Gov. Chambers also expressed his doubts whether, under the Constitution of the United States, the Supreme Court, even upon an agreed case and by consent of parties, would take jurisdiction of an alleged controversy,between one of the States and a Territory remaining subject to the laws of Congress. But he assured Gov. Reynolds that he would lay his communication before the next Legislature of the Territory, and if that body should differ from the views he had entertained upon the sub- ject, their decisions should immediately be made known to him. But it appears that the Legislature concurred with the views of Gov. Chambers, for there were no steps taken to comply with the request of Missouri as made by Gov. Reynolds. " The expenses of Iowa in calling out the militia to maintain her rights and enforce the laws on the disputed tract were upward of $13,000. Some of those expenses were borne by individuals whose circumstances were such that they could not well afford to lose the amount justly due them. " Congress was memorialized by the Territorial Legislature to make an appropriation to meet these expenses, and on two occasions a bill was passed through the House pro- viding for their payment, but both bills failed to pass the Senate. " Samuel C. Reed, of Van Buren County, who lived near where the troops were rendezvoused to defend and maintain the rights of Iowa against the intru- sion of Missouri, having furnished to them provisions to the amount of nearly $200, being a man in limited circumstances, and having waited several years t 442 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. ■with the hope of getting something from the General Government, and not succeeding, petitioned the Territorial Legislature to allow and make an appro- priation for his claim. " Reed was regarded as a patriotic and generous man, and he did all he could to sustain the rights of Iowa in her troubles with Missouri, and having met with misfortunes, and being much reduced in his circumstances, his appeal to the Legislature elicited their sympathy, and they passed a bill allowing his claims, with 6 per cent, interest, and made an appropriation for paying it ; but this did not meet with the approbation of Gov. Clark, at that time Governor of the Territory, and he returned the bill with his veto. His objections were that the Legislature should make no discrimination among those who aided the au- thorities in the troubles with Missouri ; if the Territory undertook to pay one they should pay all ; that if Iowa should assume these debts the United States, which was in duty bound to pay them, would not; that Iowa was soon to become a State, when she would have a representation and vote in both branches of Congress, and then, in all probability, would be able to get an appropriation to defray those expenses. But for one cause or another, neither Reed nor any of the others who furnished means or rendered services in the war with Missouri, got pay for that which was justly their due. " For the purpose of ascertaining and defining the southern boundary of Iowa, Congress, on the 18th of June, 1838, passed an act in which it was pro- vided that the President should cause to be surveyed, and distinctly marked, the southern boundary line of Iowa ; and for that purpose he was required to appoint a Commissioner on the part of the United States, who, with the neces- sary surveyors, was to act in conjunction with a Commissioner to be appointed by the State of Missouri, and one to be appointed by the Governor of Iowa, in ' running, marking and ascertaining ' the boundary line ; and it was made the duty of the Commissioner who was to be appointed by the President, to prepare three plats of this survey, one of which was to be returned to the Secretary of State of the United States, one to the ofiice of the Secretary of State of Mis- souri and one to the Secretary of the Territory of Iowa. " And it was also provided that if the Commissioner on the part of Missouri, or of Iowa, should fail to attend, or if either or both the State of Missouri or the Governor of Iowa should fail to appoint, then the Commissioner of the United States, by himself, or such Commissioner as did attend, should proceed to run the boundary line between Missouri and Iowa. But the line so run and marked was not to be fully established until the survey should be submitted to, and the boundary thus ascertained and marked be approved of and ratified by Congress. " In pursuance of this act, the President appointed Maj. A. M. Lee as Commissioner on the part of the United S1;ates, and Dr. James Davis was appointed for Iowa, but Missouri failed to make any appointment. Maj. Lee, in company with Dr. Davis, proceeded to make the survey as required by Con- gress, and made their report to the Secretary of the Territory of Iowa, on the 15th of January, 1839, about the time the diflBculty was taking place on the dis- puted tract in Van Buren County. But it seems that the line surveyed by Lee and Davis was never approved of by Congress, and consequently did not become the boundary between Missouri and Iowa. " Soon after the troubles in Van Buren County, the Legislature of Iowa passed a law that if any person should exercise any official function within the jurisdiction of the Territory, or within the limits of any of the counties therein, by virtue of any commission or authority not received from the Territory or HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 443 Government of the United States, every person so offending should be fined, not exceeding $1,000, or be imprisoned not exceeding five years. That if any per- son residing within the limits of the Territory should accept of any office or trust from any State or authority other than the United States or the Territory of Iowa, every person so offending should be fined not exceeding $1,000, or be imprisoned not exceeding five years. " Soon after the organization of the county of Davis, this law was called into requisition. The county of Adair, as it was then organized, embraced within its boundaries a portion of what now composes Davis County. The Sheriff of Adair County, Preston Mullinix, and his Deputy, William P. Linder, were indicted in Davis County ; the Sheriff for exercising his office within the bound- aries of Iowa, without legal authority and contrary to the statutes, and the Dep- uty for an assault and battery and kidnapping and falsely imprisoning one Frederick Acheson, a citizen or Iowa, which acts were none on the disputed tract. " Mullinix and Linder were both arrested and held under bail to answer to the indictment at the next term of Court. At that time they both appeared and Linder went to trial, which resulted in his conviction and a sentence of a fine and ten days' imprisonment in the Penitentiary. The trial of Mullinix, the Sheriff, was continued to the next term of Court, and he was required to enter into a recognizance (without security) for his appearance, which he refused to do, and the Court ordered him to be committed to prison, t " As soon as these transactions were made known to Gov. Chambers, he pardoned Linder and remitted his fine, and also pardoned Mullinix for the offense for which he stood committed, and ordered him to be discharged from prison. After the arrest of Mullinix and Linder, the county of Adair was divided, and the territory adjoining Davis County was embraced within the lim- its of Schuyler County. "After the county of Schuyler, Mo., was organized, about the 1st of Janu- ary, 1846, Samuel Riggs, the Sheriff of Davis County, Iowa, had put into his hands a writ of attachment against the property of an individual on the tract of land in dispute, and while attempting to serve the writ, he was arrested by the Sheriff of Schuyler County on a charge of attempting to execute the fiinc- tions of his office in Missouri, and was required to give security for his appear- ance at the next term of the Court in that county. A few days after this, another attempt was made by a large number of men from Missouri to resist the execution of a process in the hands of the Sheriff of Davis County, but without success ; for the Sheriff and his posse, though inferior in numbers, executed the writ and secured the property attached. This dispute, as to who had juris- diction over this country, had a bad influence in the community, and caused many reckless and desperate characters to rendezvous in that vicinity, with the hope that in the contest with the authorities they might escape the puishment justly due their crimes. The arrest of the Sheriff of Davis County called forth a special message from Gov. Clark, then Governor of the Territory, to the Legislature of Iowa, which was then in session, and they passed a special law authorizing the Gov- ernor to draw upon the Territorial Treasurer for the sum of $1,500, and that the sum, or any amount thereof, which he might think proper, should be placed at his discretion for the employment of counsel to manage and defend all cases growftig out of this difficulty, in which the Territory, or any of the citizens thereof, should be a party on the one side, and Missouri, or the authorities of that State, upon the other. The Court of Schuyler County convened at Lan 444 . HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. caster, the county seat, on the 9th of May, and an indictment was found against Riggs, who immediately appeared and answered thereto in discharge of his bail. " David Rorer, of Burlington, a gentleman of high legal talents, was em- ployed by Gov. Clark, on behalf of Iowa, to defend Riggs. Rorer attended this term of Court for the purpose of defending him, but from a desire on the part of both parties to defer judicial action in the case until an adjustment of the disputed boundary question could be effected, the case was continued until the next term of Court, and Riggs was discharged upon his own individual recognizance, and he was subsequently discharged entirely. To compensate him for his trouble and expense, the Iowa Legislature passed a law authorizing him to file his petition in the District Court of Davis County, claiming compen- sation for his time and expenses in defending himself against all prosecutions which had been commenced against him by the authorities of Missouri, for exercising his office on the disputed territory ; and they provided that the Court should hear the case and determine the amount which was justly due Riggs, and the amount so determined was directed to be paid out of the State Treasury. " On the 17th of June, 1844, Congress passed an act respecting the north- ern boundary of Missouri, in which it was provided that the Grovernor of Iowa, by and with the advice and consent of the Council of the Territory, should appoint a Commissioner to act in conjunction with a Commissioner to be appointed by the State of Missouri, and the two were to select a third person, ■ and it was made their duty to ascertain, survey and mark out the northern boundary of Missouri, and to cause plats of their survey to be returned to the Secretary of the United States, and to the Secretaries' offices of Missouri and Iowa — which plats were to be accompanied with their proceedings in the premises. The Commissioners were empowered to employ surveyors and other hands necessary to accomplish the survey, and the line established and ratified by them, or any two of them, was to be final and conclusive, and to be and remain as the northern boundary line of the State. But it was provided that this act should not go into effect until it showld be assented to by Missouri and Iowa. Iowa was willing to accede to this proposition, and the Legislature of Missouri passed an act assenting to this mode of settling the difficulty ; but the Governor of Missouri, John C. Edwards, placed his veto on the bill, and it failed to become a law. The Governor's objection to this mode of settling the difficulty seemed to be, that it involved legal rights, and should be adjudicated by a judicial tribunal. "After this, application was made by both contending parties to Congress to pass a law authorizing them to institute a suit in the Supreme Court of the United States and have the controversy judicially settled. This application was made on the part of Missouri by an act passed by the Legislature, on the 25th of March, 1845, and on the part of Iowa by a memorial of her Council and House of Representatives, passed on the 17th of January, 1846, in which both parties asked for ' the commencement and speedy determination of such a suit as" might be necessary to procure a final decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, upon the true location of the northern boundary of the State.' Congress respected these requests and passed the necessary law. " After the passage of the law by Congress, authorizing the settling of the dispute in the Supreme Court, the Legislature of Iowa passed an act empower- ing the Governor to agree with Missouri for the commencement of such a suit as might be necessary to procure from the Supreme Court of the United States HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 445 a final decision upon the true location of the southern boundary of the State. This act made it the duty of the Grovernor to cause to be procured all evidence which might be necessary to the legal and proper decision of such a suit, and to employ counsel and do whatever else might be necessary to maintain the rights of the State. Charles Mason was employed on the part of Iowa, who hunted up and prepared the testimony of the trial, and he got Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, to assist him in arguing the case before the Court. The State of Mis- souri filed the original bill against the State of Iowa, and Iowa filed a cross-bill against Missouri. " This case was tried at the December term of 1848, and the Supreme Court decided that the line as surveyed by Sullivan was the northern boundary of Missouri, which decision gave Iowa all the territory she claimed. The Court appointed Henry B. Hendershott, of Iowa, and Joseph C. Brown, of Missouri, Commissioners to run out and mark the boundary line. Brown having died before the work was commenced, Robert W. Wells was appointed in his place, but he resigned the trust, and "William G. Minor received the appointment on the part of Missouri. " The Commissioners, for the purpose of making the necessary arrange- ments for the survey, met at St. Louis in March, 1850, and selected their sur- veyors. William Dewey was selected on the part of Iowa, and Robert Walker for Missouri. The Commissioners made their arrangements to meet with their surveyors and other parties, at the point where Sullivan had established the northwest corner of Missouri. They left their respective homes on the 10th of April and met on the 28th. To aid them in their work before they started, they obtained from the office of the Surveyor General at St. Louis a copy of the field-notes of Sullivan's survey ; but the space of nearly thirty-four years having elapsed since this work was done, the marks of the survey being nearly all obliterated, they could not readily find the spot they sought. No precise traces of the old northwest corner remained ; the witness-trees to it were on the margin of a vast prairie, and had apparently been destroyed years before ; consequently its exact position could not, be ascertained from anything visible near the spot. " The point known as the old northwest corner of Missouri was the northern termination of Sullivan's line, running north and south, run by him in 1816, and was 100 miles north of the mouth of the Kansas River, and the point at which he turned east run to the Des Moines River. His field-notes showed that his miles were numbered north from the Kansas River, and east from the northwest corner of the State, beginning anew at that corner. Finding no conclusive evi- dence of the exact site or the required corner, they undertook to trace those lines for the purpose of finding some evidence of the old survey. "Near the supposed spot of the location of the ninety-ninth mile-corner, on the north line, they found a decayed tree and stump, which corresponded in course, distance and description with the witness-trees to that corner, and cutting into the tree, they saw what they supposed to be the remains of an old blaze, upon which was preserved a part, apparently, of the letter M. This supposi- tion was verified by their measuring two miles further south to a point which they found to be Sullivan's ninety -seventh mile-corner, from one witness-tree, which was perfectly sound ; the marks upon it two or three inches beneath the bark, were plain and legible. On the east line they found the witness-tree to the third mile-corner ; the wood upon which the marks had been inscribed was decayed, but their reversed impression appeared upon the new growth which covered the old blaze, and was cut out in a solid block. Prolonging these lines three miles from the point thus determined, their intersection was assumed as 446 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. the desired corner, and at that point wa8 planted a monument, designating the northwest corner of Missouri as the boundary existed before acquiring that tract of land known as the ' Plat Purchase,' lying between the old west line of that State and the Missouri River, which point was found to be in the northeast quarter of Section 35, in Township 67 north, Range 33 west, in latitude 40°, 34', 40" north, and in longitude about 94° 30' west from Greenwich. " At this point they planted a large cast-iron pillar, weighing between fif- teen and sixteen hundred pounds, four feet six inches long, twelve inches square at the base, and eight inches at the top. This pillar was legibly marked with the words ' Missouri on the south side, ' Iowa ' on the north side, and ' State Line ' on the east. From this corner they ran one west, keeping on the same parallel of latitude on which the pillar was erected, till they reached the Mis- souri River. They commenced the survey on the 24th of May, and reached the river, a distance of sixty miles and sixty-one chains, on the 12th of July. At the terminus of the sixtieth mile, as near the bank of the Missouri River as the perishable nature of the soil would permit, they planted a monument similar to the one erected at the old northwest corner of Missouri, the words ' State Line ' facing the east. " The Commissioners then returned to the old northwest corner, and com- menced to run the line east, and, by close examination, they were enabled to discover abundant blazes and many witness-trees of the old survey, by which they easily found and re-marked the line run by Sullivan in 1816. The sur- veying of the eastern portion of the line was commenced on the 13th of August, and terminated on the 18th of September, it being a distance of one hundred and fifty miles, forty-one chains and eight links, which, with the sixty miles and sixty-one chains first surveyed, makes the southern boundary of the State, be- tween the Missouri and Des Moines Rivers, two hundred and eleven miles, thirty-two chains and eight links. " Near the west bank of the Des Moines River, where the boundary termi- nates, on the line was planted a cast-iron pillar, similar to the other two, with the words " State Line" fronting the west. The line was also designated by cast-iron pillars, four feet long, eight inches square at the base and five inches at the top, placed at intervals of thirty miles apart ; and one four feet long, seven inches square at the base and four at the top, at intermediate spaces of ten miles apart ; all of which pillars mark in iron monument every ten miles the whole length of the boundary line. " Sullivan's line was found in some places to deviate from a true east and west line, which was corrected by the surveyors. The iron pillars were planted in Sullivan's line, as found at the particular points ; but as the line was bend- ing in the ten-mile spaces between the pillars, it was found necessary to erect wooden posts at the termination of each mile, in order to mark the line with more acctiracy. In the prairies, the mile-posts were marked with the letters 'B. L.' facing the east, the letter 'I.' facing the north, and the letter 'M.' facing the south, and the number of miles on the west face of the post. Where tim- ber exists, the number of the mile is marked on witness-trees, or pointers, with letters appropriate to each stake, there being one tree marked on each side of the line wherever it was possible to do so. The front of each witness-tree is marked with the letters ' B. L.' In all cases where the posts are set in mounds, the post is invariably nine links west, to designate it from other surveys. This hne, as surveyed and designated under the direction of the Commissioners Hendershott and Minor, was adjudged and decreed by the Supreme Court to.be the true and proper boundary line between Missouri and Iowa. And thus closed HISTOm' OP DES MOINES COUNTY. 447 a long and vexed dispute between the two authorities about the extent of their -jurisdiction. To defray the expenses of establishing and running this line the State of Iowa and the State of Missouri, each placed at the disposal of the Com- missioners the sum of $2,000. But this was not sufficient to meet their expenses for they were engaged in the work 180 days, and the Supreme Court allowed the Commissioners each the sum of $10 per day for their services, and $2 per day for their expenses, and each of the surveyors $8 per day. These allowances with other expenses, cost over $10,000, which left over $3,000 apiece for each of the States to pay. The Legislatures of both States made up the deficiencies, and that was an end to the boundary war." DES MOINES COUNTY DURING THE WAR. The honor of writing the history of Des Moines County from 1861 to the close of the war should fall to the lot of one of those brave men who partici- pated in the scenes o^ those days. The value of the history will depend upon the exhaustiveness of the work undertaken. In such cases, details form the chief interest, and no one is able to furnish those except the men who help to perform the acts. We offer this suggestion : let some one who has a knowledge of the events compile them before it is too late. As time rolls on, the difficul- ties of doing so desirable a labor will be increased, and speedy preparations . should be made to preserve the grand record of the county from oblivion. It is true that the history of the regiments is saved in the Adjutant General's Reports, and many sketches have been written concerning life in the field ; but we refer now not so much to the history of the regiments as to the history of people who inspired the formation of those regiments. Let some one who can write the story of the heroism of fathers, mothers, sisters and wives — that vast host of loyal men and women who said : " Go ; and may God protect you and our nation ! " Tell of the devotion of the women, who, while their hearts were bleeding, smiled a, farewell, lest the soldier be disheartened ! Tell of the long weeks of anguish which followed the departure of the loved one ; write of the deeds of bravery that have never been told. The soldier who sleeps beneath the Southern sod, in an unknown grave, deserves the plaudits of his fellow-men ; and does not the grief-stricken widow merit a share in the volume of praise? The youth, who so readily accepted the trust of defending the nation from its foe, learned the meaning of patriotism from the history of the Revolution. The artist's pencil, the poet's pen, the historian's glowing words, portrayed to his mind the duties of an American. Shall we not, then, expect the future strength of loyal men to grow by feeding upon the record of patriotism during the days of the rebellion ? The people of Des Moines are worthy of especial praise. Dwelling upon the border of a Slave State, and holding daily intercourse with those who main- tained the righteousness of slavery, they naturally imbibed the sentiments peculiar to the South on that grave subject. But when the stroke was made which aimed the dagger at the nation's heart, there was no wavering between two opinions. The Union must be preserved, even if slavery perished in the attempt to perpetuate the nation. When the war was forced upon the country, the people were quietly pursuing the even tenor of their ways, doing whatever their hands found to do— working the mines, making farms or culti- vating those already made, erecting houses, founding cities and towns, building shops and manufactories— in short, the country was alive with industry and 448 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. hopes for the future. The people were just recovering from the depression and losses incident to the financial panic of 1857. The future looked bright and- promising, and the industrious and patriotic sons and daughters of the Free States were buoyant with hope, looking forward to the perfecting of new plans for the insurement of comfort and competence in their declining years ; they little heeded. the mutterings and threatenings of treason's children in the Slave States of the South. True sons and descendants of the heroes of the " times that tried men's souls " — the struggle for American Independence — they never dreamed that there was even one so base as to dare attempt the destruction of the Union of their fathers — a government baptized with the best blood the world ever knew. While immediately surrounded with peace and tranquillity, they paid but little attention to the rumored plots and plans of those who lived and grew rich from the sweat and toil, blood and flesh of others — aye, even trafficking in the offspring of their own loins. Nevertheless, the war came, with all its attendant horrors. April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter, at Charleston, South Carolina, Maj. Ander- son, U. S. A., Commandant, was fired on by rebels in arms. Although basest treason, this first act in the bloody reality that followed, was looked upon as the mere bravado of a few hot-heads — the act of a few fire-eaters whose sectional bias and hatred were crazed by the excessive indulgence in intoxicating pota- tions. When, a day later, the news was borne along the telegraph wires that Maj. Anderson had been forced to surrender to what had first been regarded a8 a drunken mob, the patriotic people of the North were startled from their dreams of the future, from undertakings half completed, and made to realize that behind that mob there was a dark, deep and well-organized purpose to destroy the Government, rend the Union in twain, and out of its ruins erect a slave oligarchy, wherein no one should dare to question their right to hold in bondage the sons and daughters of men whose skins were black, or who, perchance, through practices of lustful natures, were half or quarter removed from the color that God, for His own purposes, had given them. But they " reckoned without their host." Their dreams of the future, their plans for the establish- ment of an independent confederacy, were doomed from their inception to sad and bitter disappointment. When the Southern rebels fired upon Fort Sumter, they found this vast North unarmed, untrained in the art of war, and in a state of such profound peace as to warrant the belief that hostilities could not be begun by those who had, since the foundation of this Union, boasted hxidly of their loyalty to the Con- stitution of the United States. The rumors of disaffection that had alarmed the more watchful had aroused but trifling fears in the breasts of the great mass of Northern citizens. War between the States had, prior to that time, been deemed an impossibility. The sentiments of fraternal unity were so deep- abiding in the hearts of the North that treason was regarded as an improbable crime, and overt acts of antagonism to the Government too base in their intent to be worthy of serious consideration. But the hand of the aged Ruffin, as he laid the blazing torch upon the gun within Stevens' battery, lighted a flame which spread throughout the land with electric rapidity, and illumined the nation with a glare that revealed the truth of rebel threats. The boom of the first gun awakened the passive people to the dread reality of their position. From Maine to Oregon, from Superior to the Ohio, the country arose, as with a single impulse, to respond to the demands of the hour. There was no need of prompting them, no need of canvassing for strength, no hesitating as to measures, no thought of compromise. But one HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 449 course could be pursued, and that the people comprehended as though inspired by some higher mentor The Union must be preserved. Each indiS ^ownsVd nT5/t t ''^r* T'''''^ °^ P™"P' ^"<^ °°°'=«'-t«d action, lowns did not wait to hear tidings from sister-towns; each heard in the roar •^ -^W^^ ^ ^""^^V^""' ^ summons direct, imperative ajid irresistible, for aid in the defense of the nation's honor. Rivals in business and in politics grasped each other s hands and hurried forth, side by side, rivals no longer save in their eagerness to enroll first their names upon the list of citizen-soldierv Almost simultaneous with the news of the attack upon Sumter came the call from President Lincoln for troops. In the remote towns and rural localities where telegraphic communication had not then penetrated, the appeal and the response were recorded at the same time. On the 15th of April, the President issued his call for 75,000 ninety-days troops, ihe State of Iowa was particularly fortunate in having for its Chief Executive Samuel J. Kirkwood, whose loyalty and unceasing devotion to the cause of the Union have embalmed his name forever in the annals of the State Withm thirty days after the President's demand was made public, Iowa had a regiment in the field. If it was within the province of this work to relate the story of Des Moines' loyalty, the limits of this volume would be extended far beyond those anticipated by the publishers. Some future historian, we have no doubt, will find a fruit- ful topic in this record of war, and lay before the people of this county a narra- tive of unsurpassed interest. Surely the opportunity exists and awaits the patient labors of a competent writer. The county lay so near the line of the Slave States that party feeling ran high throughout all the war. Local agitations were frequent over rumored invasions. The loyalty of the county was all the more marked because of the hazard of entertaining such sentiments. The long list of brave men who formed the volunteer companies from Des Moines County is here appended : VOLUNTEER ROSTER. TAKEN PRINCIPALLY FROM ADJUTANT GENERAL'S REPORTS. .^ B B la E TT Aiflt. Adjutant Art Artillery Bat Battle or Battalion Col Colonel Capt Captain Corp Corporal Comay Commissary com.,.., commiBsioned <»T : cavalry captd captured deartd deserted disab disabled disd discharged 6 enlisted excd exchanged bon. disd honorably discharged Inv invalid I .A. O? I O iT S. inf. infantry I. V. I (Iowa Volunteer Infantry kid killed Lieut Lieutenant Maj Major m, mustered out prmtd promoted prisr prisoner Regt Regiment re-e re-enlisted res resigned Sergt Sergeant trans transierred vet veteran V, R. Veteran Reserve Corps wd wounded , FIRST INFANTRY, [Note, — This Segiment was mustered out at Bt. Louis, Aug. 26, 1861.] Company D. Capt, Charles L. Matthies, com. May 9, 1861, prmtd. lieut, col, 5th Inf. Capt, Matthias Keller, com. Ist lieut. May 9, 1861, prmtd, capt, July 25. 1861, First Lieut J, Bnderle, comd. 2d lieut. May 9, 1861, prmtd, iBt lieut, July 25, 1861, Second Lieut. Theo. Waldschmidt, e, as sergt. April 23, 1861, prmtd, 2d lieut, July 25, 1861. First Sergt, Wm, A, Haw, e, April 23, 1861, Musician Wm, Christ, e, April 23, 1861. Bates, Lewis, e. April 23, 1861. Bickler, Lewis, e. April 23, 1861, Eonitz, Bdmond, e, April 23, 1861, wd, Wilson's Creek, Mo, Bouquet, Nicol, e, April 23, 1861. Bmokner, C, e, April 23, 1861, Feiertang, Lawrence, e, April 23, 1861, Griese, Christ, e, April 23, 1861, 450 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Grothe, Wm., e. April 23, 1861. Henn, John, e. April 23, 1861. Hille, Frank, e. April 23, 1861. Hohkamp, C, e. April 23, 1861. Hohmbrecher, G., e. April 23, 1861. Hohcamp, Henry, e. April 23, 1861. HoBchle, 1"., e. April 23, 1861. Hupjlrick, A., e. April 23, 1861. Jockerrs, Chas., e. April 2», 1861. Kamphofner, F., e. April 23, 1861. Easiske, Lewis, e. April 23, 1861. Kashel, Julius W., e. April 23, 1861. Keltner, Herman, e. April 23, 1861. Klein, T., e. April 23, 1861. Klein, Henry, e. April 23, 1861. Klett, S., e. April 23, 1861. Knaup, Theo., e. April 23, 1861. Kohlbauer, M., e. April 23, 1861. Leopold, Chas,, e. April 23, 1861. Mersch, Caspar, e. April 23, 1861. Miller, August, e. April 23, 1861. Mohn, Peter, e. April 23, 1861. Nesselhaus, August, e. April 23, 1861. Pieper, John C, e. April 22, 1861. Bager, Christ, e. April 23, 1861. Bominger, John, e. April 23, 1861. Kohtenberger, John, e. April 23, 1861. Kuff, George, e. April 23, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek, Mo. Schaeffer, G., e. April 23, 1861. SchoU, Jacob, e. April Z3, 1861. Scheuerman, J., e. April 23, 1861. Schramm, F., e. April 24, 1861. Sihrey, Christ, e. April 23, 1861. Sohultz, August, e. April 23, 1861. Wagner, John C, e. April 23, 1861. Wasmer, John, e. April 23, 1861. Weber, M., e. April 23, 1861. Wilde, Christ, e. April 23, 1861. Willett, G., e. April 23, 1861. Wolhaf, 6., 8. April 23, 1861. Company E. ■Capt. 6. F. Streeper, com. May 9, 1861. JFirst Lieut. John C. Abercrombie, com. May 9, 1861. Second Lieut. G. W. Pierson, com. May 9, 1861. First Sergt. Jos. Utter, e. April 20, 1861. Sergt. John Reed, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. and promtd. sergt. in regular army. Sergt. A. A. Harbach, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. and prmtd. sergt. in regular army. Sergt. Spencer Johnson, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. as sergt. in 25th Inf. Corp. J. 0. Shannon, o. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Uth Inf., capt. Co. E. Corp. Kobt. N. Heisey, e. April 20, 1861. Corp. Wm. J. Fuller, e. April 20, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Corp. B. T. Ryan, o. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Uth Inf., Ist. lieut. Co.C. Musician Henry M. Kelmartin, e. April 20, 1861, prmtd. fife maj. Musician Wm. T. Tizzard, o. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 25th Inf., subs, lieut. Armstrong, Robt. B., e. April 20, 1861. Bradley G., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 11th U. S. Inf. Bradley, Jacob, o. April 20, 1861. Barnard, John, e. April 20, 1861. Bruckner, J., e. April 20, 1861. Brandebnrg, Wm. F., e. April 20, 1861. Bush, Loriu F., e. April 20, 1861. Creighton, Hugh L., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 30th Inf. 2d lieut. Collins, John, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 11th U. S. Inf. Carter, John, e. April 20, 1861. Campbell, Wm. I., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 14th Inf., I capt. Co. K. Cousins, H, C, 0. April 20, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek, Mo., re-e. in 30th Inf. Cameron, Chas. A., e. April 20, 1861, prmtd capt. Co. G 39th Inf. ■Chapman, Samuel M., o. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Uth. sergt. Co. K. Crowder, John E., o. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 11th Inf sergt. Co. I. €anfleld, Thos. S., e. April 20, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek, Corp. Co. C, 30th Inf. Drealard, J., e. April 20, 1861. Delaplane, John W., e. April 20, 1861. Oreulard, James, e. April 20, 1861. Dansages, Chas., e. April 20, 1861, private Co. 16th Inf. Deaderick, F., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Co. of German Hussars at Madison. Espy, John, e. April 20, 1861. Bads, Oliver P., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in the Uth Inf., Corp. Co. K. English, John, e. April 20, 1861. Fairbanks, Augustus, e. April 20, 1861. Field, H. A., e. April 20, 1861. Galon, Peter, e. April 20, 1861. Grimes, Jacob M., e. April 20, 1861. Gregory, Wm., e. April 20, 1861. Guthrie, James H., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Uth Inf., sergt. Co. K. Gans,'William, 6. April 20, 1861, re-e. in West. Eng.Begi.; corp -Co. K. Heustis, Wm. P., o. April 20, 1861. Hiser, Saml. B., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Co. C, 30th Inf. sergt. Hills, H. A., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in West. Eng. Eegt. Hart, Thos. H., e. April 20, 1861. Johnson, A.uguBtuB, e. April 20. 1861. Johnson, Frank, e. April 20, 1861. Jaggar, M. M., e. April 20, 1861. Jordan, Wm. P., e. April 20, 1861. Johnson, F. B., e. Apjil 20, 1861, in 57th 111., wd. Shiloh, died from exposure. Kimball, 0. H., e. April 20, 1861. King, Charies P., e. April 20, 1861, in Uth Int., 2d lieut. Co. K. Linton, Ira, e. April 20, 1861. Lawrence, Geo., e. April 20, 1861, wd. Wilson Creek, after- ward adjt. 16th Inf. Merrill, A. L., e. April 20, 1861, in 6th Inf. Mathews, I. P., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 26th Inf., sergt. Mathews, John P., e April 20, 1861, re-e. in 30th Inf., Ist lieut. Martin, Stephen, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 34th 111. Inf. Mateon, Dan., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Uth 111. Inf., was sergt. maj., prisr. Shiloh. Miles, R. M., e. April 20, 1861, wd. Wilson Creek, Mo. MoClure, Joseph D., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Uth Inf., sergt. Co. K. • McLane, Richard, e. April 20, 1861. Nesselbous, Philip, e. April 20, 1861. Newland, John E., e. April 20, 1861. Payne, Wm. R., e. April 20, 1861. Pollock, Robert M., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 3d Mo. Oav., afterward disd. disab. Ehamey, R. M., e. April 20, 1861. Eogers, N.P.,e. April 20,1861, re-e in 15th Inf., 2d lieut. Co. E. Robinson, H. N., e. April 20, 1 861. Biggs, Chas., e. April 20, 1861. Roberta, A., e. April 20, 1861, com. capt. Co. C, 30th Inf., July 25, 1862. Stypes, Chas., e. April 20, 1861. Syster, Wm. H., e. April 20, 1861. Strasler, Mark, e. April 20, 1861. Schaar, Joseph, e. April 20, 1861. Swaggart, John F., e. April 20, 1861. Schmann, Ernest, e. April 20, 1861. Seeger, John &., e. April 20, isei.' Smith, James, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 21st Mo. Vol. ShitTert, Reuben, e. April 20, 1861. Shedd, James A., Jr., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in West. Eng. Regt. Ulrich. Albert, e. April 20, 1861. Vannice, E. R., e. April 20, 1861. Ware, E. F., e. April 20, 1861. Wetrel, J. K., e. April 20, 1861. Wall, A. F., e. April 20, 1861. Williams, Clarence, e. April 20, 1861. Company F. Oonklin, Wm., e. April 23, 1861. Holland, Jas. 0., e. April 23, 1861. Tibbett«, Jas. M., 6 April 23, 1861, 2d sergt 26th Inf. Virgin, A. C, e. April 23, 1861, re-e. 4th Cav., sergt Co. C. Virgin, Wm. T., e. April 23, 1861, re-e. 4th Oav. SIXTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regimetit was mmtered out at LouisviUe^ July 21, 1S6B.] " Col. John M. Corse, com. maj. July 6, 1861, prmtd. lieut. col. May 21, 1862, prmtd. col. March 13, 1863, brig, gen. Aug. 11, 1863j brevet maj gen. Oct. 5, 1864. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 451 Ool. Wm. H. Glune, e. as Q. M. sergt., trans, to Co. H Nov. T, 1861, as 2d lisut., prmtd. 1st lieut. Co. I, pnntd. capt. Oct. 26, 1862, prmtd. maj. Jnly 29, 1864, wd. GriswoldvUle, G^., prmtd. lieut. col. Dec. 30, 1864, com. col. June 18, 1865. Maj. Thos. J. Eania, com. adjt. July 1, 1862, prmtd. maj. March 14, 1863, wd. Missionary Bidge, kid. At- lanta, Ga. A4jt. Newby Chase, e. as private Jiily 23. 1861, prmtd. sergt. maj., prmtd. adjt. Oct. 24, 1863, died of wds. re- ceived at Dallas, Ga. (J. M. Orrin P. Orichton, e. as corp. July 12, 1861, prmtd. com. sergt., prmtd. Q. M. Jan. 1, 1863, m. o. Oct. 26, 1864. Musician Chaa. Heit, e. Aug. 2, 1861, disd. Sept. 11, 1861. Company C. Capt. Stephen J. Gahagan, e. as private Co. K, prmtd. sergt., prmtd, capt. Dec. 30, 1864. Bennett, H. M., ret. Jan. 1, 1864. Company E. Sergt. John H. Key, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. Missionary Ridge and Big Shanty. Company G. Shearer, Wm., e. Aug. 8, 1861. Mcintosh, Hiram, e. Aug. 16, 1861, died March 14, 1862. Company H. Corp. Jesse Carter, e. Aug. 8, 1861. v Company I. Capt. Fabian Brydolf, com. 1861, wd. at Shiloh, lieut col. 25th Inf. First Lieut. Jos. S. Halliday, com. 1861, wd. Shiloh, disd STov.l, 1862, disab. First Lieut Geo. D. Smiley, e. as sergt. July 12, '61, prmtd. to sergt. maj., prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 4, 1863, prmtd. Ist lieut. Jan. 1, 1864, resd. First Lieut. Geo. W. Clark, e. as corp. July 12, 1861, wd. Jones' Ford, Miss., prmtd. 1st lient. Oct. 24, 1863, com. capt., but declined, wd. at Griswoldville, Ga. * First Lieut. Z. Thomas, e. as corp. July 12, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Dec. 30, 1863, wd. Griswoldville, Ga. Second Lieut. Samuel B. Philips, com. 1861, resd. Jan. 3, 1863. ** Second Lieut. Oliver F. Howard, e. as sergt. July 12, '61, prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 1, 1863, m. o. Oct. 26, 1864, term ex. Second Lieut. Harvey B. Linton, e. as private Jnly 29, 1861, wd. Eienesaw Mountain, prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 1, 1865, m. o, as 1st sergt. Musician NoyesW. Wadsworth,e.Oct.l, 1861, wd. Shiloh, died May 20, 1862. Sergt. John Hannum, e. July 12, 1861, wd. at Missionary Eidge, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, kid. Kenesaw Mountain. Sergt. Louis Schwarz, 6. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Sergt. Charles Fleming, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64, wd. March 18, 1865, died April 20, 1865. Wagoner Calvin Harbia, e. July 12, 1861, disd. Aug. 27, 1861, disab. Bradley, Wm., e. Sept. 11, 1861. Bostmnd, Oscar, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, kid. Big Shanty, Ga. Conroy, Thomas, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Jackson, Miss. Debray, Jacob, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Donsays, C, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Gris- woldville, Ga, Bicholtz, I., Jnly 12,'1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Brlckson, Chas. A., e. Sept. 11, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Hamilton, Frank, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. I, 1864. Johnson, Gu8tavus,e. Sept. 10, 1861, kid. Shiloh. Kirtland, Jas. N., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, died at Chicago. Lestrom, P. 6., e. Feb. 6, 1864. Lowry, Oliver H., e..Aug. 6, 1861, wd. Jones' Ford, Miss. Lowry, 0. W., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Monroe, Joseph H., o. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64. Mahler, Henry, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1. '64. Moline, Frederick, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64 Mathews, BenJ., e. July 12, 1861, vet. J>n. 1, 1864, kid. at Griswoldville, Ga. McMuUin, A., e. Dec. 30, 1863. Partridge, Andrew, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Patterson, Wm. P., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Peterson, Ohas. M., vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Kenesaw Mountain, died July 20, 1864. Keid, Samuel, e. July 12, 1861, disd. Jan. 1, 1862, disab. Randall, JamesM.,e. July 12, 1861, disd. Sept. 19, 1861, disab. Sutherland, Wm. W., e. Sept. 11, 1861. Urich, Albert, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. TJrich, Tobias, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64, kid. May 11, 1865, by lightning. Williams, Jas. S., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. White, John, e. March 29, 1864. Company K. Harris, Wm., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Linton, Ira, e. Aug. 21, 1861, kid. at Atlanta. Moore, A. C, e. July Vi, 1861. SEVENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at LouisviUe, Ey., July 12, 186S.] Col. Jacob. G. Lauman, com. July 11, 1861, wd. Belmont, brig. gen. March 21, 1862. Chaplain I. Harvey Clark, com. Aug. 5, 1861, resd. Sept. 16, 1862. Company D. Bloom, John. Grubb, Wm., e. July 23, 1861, disd. Aug. 26, '61, disab. Long, Lewis. Redding, N. M., e. July 25, 1861, disd. April 6, 1862. Redding, F. M., e. July 25, 1861, wd. Fort Donelsou and Shiloh. Reem, Daniel, e. Aug. 6, 1861. Company E. Heiney, Peter A., e. Feb. 28, 1862. Huffman, Alonzo, e. July 28, 1861, disd. Dec. 16, '61, disab. Rouse, James, e. July 28, 1861, captd. at Belmont, died at Corinth July 28, 1862. Company h. Stevens, H. T., e. 1861. Company C. Graham, John A., e. 1861, wd. at Donelson and Corinth, died Oct. 17, 1862. Company I. Corp Columbus G. Renfro, e, Aug. 22, 1861, wd. and died at Mound City Nov. 11, 1861. Corp. Allen B. Collins, e. Aug. 22, 1861, disd. April 26, '62. Bartow, Wm., e. Aug. 22, 1861, died Oct. 21, 1861. Bodger, E., e. .Aug. 22, 1861, trans, to Co. K. Cunningham, Samuel, e. Nov. 24, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Groth, John J., e. Jan. 9, 1864. Hindman, Samuel, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Toung, Hugh, e. Feb. 9, 1864, wd. Atlanta. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Kitner, Herman, e. Feb. 19, 1864. ELEVENTH INFANTRY. [Note.— r*M regiment Kas muttered out a Louimlle, Ky., July IS, 1865.} Col John C. Abercrombie, com. maj. Oct. 10, 1861, prmtd. 'lieut. col. Sept. 1, 1862, com. col. Ang. 7, 1864, m. o, Nov. 6, 1864, as lieut. col., term expired. Company C. Glasgow, John 0., e. Sept. 23, 1861. Company F. Doran, Edward, e. Sept. 23, 1861, died Feb. 21, 1862. Company C. Springer, Abraham, e. Oct. 16, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Vmidfr, Thos. 0.,e. Oct. 17, 1861. 452 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Company I. Crowder, Thos. N., e. Not. 2, 1861. Crowder, John E., e. Not. 2, 1861, was prisr. in Co. E, 1st Inf. Price, Jas. S., e. Jan. 20, 1864. SteTens, C. E., e. Oct. 19, 1861. ' Company K. First Lieut. Geo. W. Stucker, e. as priv. Oct. 4, '61, prmtd. Ist lieut. Oct. 27, 1864, disd. June 3, 1865. Galliher, Geo., e. Sept. 27, 1861, Tet. Jan. 1, 1864. Geerhart, Stephen, o. Sept. 22, 1861, wd. and disd. Oct. 14, 1861. Newhouse, John, e. Sept. 27, 1861, Tet. Jan.,1, 1864. Shormate, Wm., e. Oct. 6, 1861. Stucker, Geo. Vf., e. Oct. 4, 1861, Tet. Jan. 1, 1864. FOURTEENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — ITiis regiment, except veterans and recruUs, woe mustered out at Davenport Nov. 16, 186U ; the veterans and recruits were consolidated into two companies and called the Residuary Battery, Fourteenth Infantry, which was mus- tered out at Davenport Aug, 8, 1865.] Maj. Hiram Leonard, com. Not. 6, 1861, resd.Feb. 26, '62. Sergt. Maj. Daniel Matson, e. Oct. 18, 1861, trans, to 2d Tenn. H. Art. Col. Oct. 29, 1863. Fife MbJ. Milton J, Seeds, e. Oct. 10, 1861, disd. April, 8, 1863. Company C. First Lieut. Barton T. Ryan, com. Oct. 24, 1861, trans, to 4lBt Inf. Sept. 1, 1862. Company E. Cant. Jos. 0. Shannon, com. Not. 4, 1861, captd. at Sbiloh, " resd. April 8, 1862. First Sergt. Jos. Paxton, b. Sept. 27, 1861, disd. Jan. 8, 1862, disab, Flemry, Alfred, c. Sept. 23, 1861, wd., died at St. Louis. Company C, Jesper, Peter, Sr., e. October 30, 1861, wd. at Sbiloh, disd. Sept. 9, 1862, disab. Lawrence, Jeremiah, e. Oct. 12, 1861. Pierson, John A., e. Oct. 11, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Toung, Wm., e. Oct. 9, 1861. Company K. Capt. Wm. J. Campbell, com. Sept. 16, 1861, missing at Shiloh April 6, 1862. First Lieut. Chas. P. King, com. 2d lieut. Not. 16, 1861, wd. at Yellow Bayou, La., prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 16, 1863. Second Lieut. Jos. D. McClure, e. as priTate April 20, 1861, in Co. B, 1st Inf. prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 16, 1863. Serf. t. Wm. McMakin, e. Oct. 16, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Sergt. Jas. H. Guthrie, e. Oct. 18, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, disd. June 25, 1863. Sergt. John B. Braden, e. Oct. 10, 1861, disd. Dec. 4, 1863. Sergt, Samuel H. Chapman, e. Oct 18, 1861. Corp. Wm. Grey, e. Oct. 18, 1861. Corp. Pierson Carman, e. Oct. 28, 1861. Corp. John W. Hemphill, e. Oct. 10, '61, died. Jan. 27, '63. Corp. Wm. H. Thompson, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Corp. Josiah T. Statler, e. Oct. 22, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, trans, for promotion to Ist Mo. Vols. Dec. 11, 1863. Corp. John S. Wertz, e. Oct. 22, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Corp, L. H. Bruce, e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, wd. at Ifellow Bayou, La., died Sept. 14, 1864. Ariel, Jaa. A., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, wd. at Pleasant Hill, J^a. Agler, Wm. H., e. Oct. 16, 1861, kid. at Old Oaks, La. Ashlock, Chas. C, e. Not. 16, 1861, disd. Dec. 19, 1863, disab. Baker, Lorenzo, e. Not. 16, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, disd. March 6, 1883, disab. Barton, M. V., o. Oct. 15, 1861. Bridges, Jas. A., e. Oct. 10, 1861, disd. Feb. 6, 1863, disab. Bridges, Arthur, e. Oct 10, 1861, disd. Jan. 20, 1862, disab. Bishop, J., e. Oct. 10, 1861. Bell, Wm. B., e. March 13, 1863, wd. at Tupelo, Miss. Baker, Beiy., e. Oct. 26, 1861, died May 18, 1862. Bowen, Jas. A., o. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Bell, Alex., e. Oct. 14, 1861. Cartright, Jas. E., e. Feb. 28, 1863, Carmean, Joshua, e. Oct. 28, '61, disd. March 27, '63, disab. Calkins, M. B., e. Oct. 18, »66i, captd. at Shiloh, diad. Feb. 6, 1863, disab. Dblbee, Peter A., e. Oct. 10, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, died. Oct 15, 1862, disab. Daum, Geo., e. Oct. 22, 1861, disd. April 19, 1862, disab. Driskell, E., e. Oct. 26, 1861, wd. at Corinth. Downer, Erasmus, e. March 26, 1863. Eads, 0. P., e. Not. 7, 1861. FuUenwider, Samuel, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Fritz, Jacob, e. Oct. 28, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Gfegory, John W., e. Oct. 10, 1861. Grier, Jas. L., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Gillet, F., e. Not. 16, 1861, died at Mound City, 111. Goben, Wm., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh and Pleas- ant Hill, La. Hamilton, Reuben, e. Not. 16, 1861. Hamilton, DaTid, e. Not. 16, 1861. Hurd, J. A., e. Oct. 16, 1861, died at Pittsburg Landing. Holcraft, John H., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Hemphill, Dan. E., e. Not. 4, 1861. Hopkins, Dan. T., e. Oct 111, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Haight, Henry, e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Hannam, Jos., e. Oct. 10, 1861. Heiser, D. B., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Hukill, Edward, e. Oct. 28, 1861, wd. at Shiloh.^ Irwin, S. G., e. Oct. 19, 1864, died at Memphis. ^, Johnson, Jos. M., e. Oct. 28, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Kimerer, Wm. S., e. Oct. 10, 1861. Littler, H. S., e. Jan. 20, 1864, died May 23, 1864. Lewis, Oscar, 6. Oct. 15, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Leonard, H. D., e. Oct. 26, 1861, died Mound City, 111. Lentz, Wm., e. Oct. 26, 1861, wd. at Donelson, died at Mound City, 111. Long, Harrison, e. Not. 4, 1861, disd. Dec. 16, '62, disab. Larue, F. B., e. Oct. 10, 1861. McClure, E. P., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd at Shiloh. McOlure, Jno. A., e. Oct. 26, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. McClure, James, e. Dec. 26, 1863, died May 11, 1864. McOuUongh, Jno., e. Oct. 10, 1861. Matthews, Wm. A., e. Oct. 10, 1861. ♦ McChesney, Jno., e. Oct. 18, 1861. Miller, T., e. Oct. 23, 1861, Tet. Dec. 1, 1863. Proctor, C. C, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Robinson, Lemuel, captd. at Pleasant Hill, La. Robeson, J C, e. Not. 16, 1861. Robeson, Jaa. H., e. Not. 16, 1861. Robeson, Charles, e. Feb. 28, 1863. Sutherland, Jno. W., e. Oct. 10,1861. Sherwood, Wm., e. Oct. 16, 1861, disd. July 8, 1862, disab. Stall, James, e. Oct. 15, 1861, disd. Sept. 6, 1862, disab. Storks, Wm. D., e. Oct. 16, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Smith, Hopkins, e. Oct. 19,1861. Shofe, John, e. Oct. 26, 1861, disd. July 29, 1862, disab. Sater, M. J., e. Oct. 15, 1861, wd. at Pleasant Hill, La. Stilwell, Charles, e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Tubbs, M., e. Oct. 10, 1861. Tennant, D. L., e. Oct. 10, 1861. Tennanl, Wm. T., o. Oct. 22, 1861. Tilton, W. P., 0. Oct. 10, 1861, wd. at Shiloh. , Tyson, laaac C, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Trober, Wm., e. Oct. 18, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. Tracy, Wm. H., e. Oct. 21, 1861. Vannice, Abraham, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Wall, Thomas M., e. Not. 16, IsSl, captd. at Shiloh, disd. July 22, 1862, disab. White, Wm. J. A., e. Oct. 9, 1861. Welch, Jas. D., e. Oct. 6, 1861, died SaTannah, Tenn. Tearman, HarTey, e. Oct. 81, 1861. COMPANY unknown. Sypherd, Jos. S., o. Jan. 5, 1864. RESIDUARY BATTALION OF THE FOURTEENTH INFANTRY. Company A. First Lieut. Joseph D. McClure, com. Not. 19, 1864. Corp. Joseph H. Sypherd, e. Jan. 5, 1864, from Co. K. Bell, Wm. K., e. Jan. 21, 1863, from Co. K. Blair, Wm. a., e. Dec. 2, 1863, from Co. K. Banta, Jno. C, e. Jan. 6, 1863, from Co. K. Cartright, Jae. K., e. Aug. 30, 1862, from Co. K. Chambers, A. J., e. Deo. 7, 1863, from Co. K. Dowener, B. H., e. March 16, 1863, from Co .K. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 453 FuUenwider, Jno. H., e. Dec. 26, 1863, from Co. K. rrame, M. J., e. Dec. 25, 1863, from Co. K. Haight, H. 0., e. Deo. 1, 1863, from Co. K. Johnson, T. M., e. Jan. 18, 1863, from Co. K. Miller, T. C, e. Deo. 1,1863, from Co. K. Robinson, Charles, e. Aug. 28, 1863, from Co. K. Bobinson, Lemuel, e. Jan. 20, 1863, from Co. K. Tyson, Joo. H., e. Dec. 3, 1863, from Co. K. Ware, Edw. H., e. Deo. 25, 1863, from Co. K. Company B. Barrow, Jamea, e. Jan. 4, 1864, from Co. H. Chalmers, Geo., e. Jan. 14, 1864, from Co. H, disd. Nov. 19, 1864. DuTal, Russell, e. Feb. 2, 1864, from Co. H. Jennings, J. B., e. Jan. 1, 1864, from Co. H. FIFTEENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — ThU regiment was mustered at LouigviUe. Ky.. July 2i, 1865.1 Company E. Capt. Newton J. Rogers, e. as sergt. Oct. 21, 1861, prnitd. 2d lieut. July 9, 1862, prmtd. capt. Dec. 26, 1862. Sergt. Chas. Cady, e. Dec. 2, 1861. Sergt. James N. Roberts, e. Oct. 21, 1861, wd. near Atlanta, died at Rome, 6a. Corp. Albert Hunter, e. Oct. 21, 1861, vet. Dec. 6, 1863, wd. at Atlanta. Corp. Year Porter, e. Oct. 21, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, diad. Oct. 15, 1862. Abbott, Jas. A , e. Aug. 19, 1862. Anderson, Wm. H., e. Oct 21, 1861, died at Vicksburg. Arnold, Jos., e. Oct. 29, 1861, vet. Dec. 6, 1863. Arnold, Jas. M., e. Nov. 4, 1861, vet. Dec. 6, 1863, prmtd. Corp. Chambers, John W., e. Aug. 29, 1862. Clingman, Wm., e. Oct. 21, 1861, died Sept. 12, 1862. 01ine;man, Aaron, e. Oct. 21, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. July a, 1862'. Oorkayne, Wm., e. Aug. 29, 1862. Davis, Benj., e. Oct. 21, '61, wd. at Shiloh, died at Corinth. Doolittle, 0., e. Oct. 2, 1861. Daily, H. B., e. Oct. 21, 1861, disd. June 10, 1862, disab. Doolittle, Jones, e. Oct. 21, 1861, died June 10, 1862. Elliott, P. I., e. Sept. 8, 1862. Hickley, H.H., e. Aug. 23, 1862. Hall, Wm. e. Not. 16, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Jagger, Douglas, e. March 6, 1862, died July 15, 1862. Jordan, Prank, e. Dec. 29, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. McCord, John, e Oct. 26, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. Robinson, H. N., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Rose, Jas. H., e. March 28, 1864. Sandera, Wm., e. Oct. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Syster, Lewis M., e. Oct. 21, 1862, wd., died July 14, 1862. Smith, John, e. Not. 15, 1861, died Nov. 13, 1862. Seymour, H. C, e. Aug. 23, 1862. Stuart. Oscar E., e. Oct. 5, 1861, Tet. Jan. 1, '64, wd. near Atlanta. Watson, Otis, e. Oct. 29, 1861. Wright, Thomas, e. Feb. 18, '64, wd. and died at Atlanta. Warren, Christ, e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. Warohine, Andrew, e. Dec. 31, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '84, captd. at Canton, Miss. Company F^ Boyer, Wm., e. Oct. 10, 1861, wd. at Corinth, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, prmtd. Corp. Both, Fred, Company H, . March 24, 1864. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Middleton, M., e. Feb. 6, 1864. Middleton, G., Feb. 6, 1864. SIXTEENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This Regiment was mustered out at Louisville July 19, 1865.1 Adjt. Geo. Lawrence, com. 1st lieut, Co. £ Dec. 17, 1861, com. adjt. June 1, 1862, kid at luka. Company E. First Lieut. John A. McElhany, e. as priT. Nov 14 1861 prmtd. 1st lieut. May 12, 1866. ' Sergt. Austin A. McDowell, e. Not. 14, '61, kid. at Shiloh Sergt. Wm. S. Stafford, e. Not. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd June 19, 1862. Musician Hugh McLellan, Oct. 7, 1861, disd, Dec. 10 '62 disab. ' Brown, Mathew, e. Not. 15, 1861, died July 26, 1862 Johnson, John, e. Not. 26, 1861, disd. Not. 4, 1862. Company F. First Lieut. Wm. S. Sawyer, e. as 1st sergt. Feb. 21, 1862 wd. at Shiloh, prmtd. 2d lieut. Not. 19, 1862, prmtd. Ist lieut. Jan. 12, 1863, m. o. March 26, 1865. Company K. Wollhaf, Gottleib, e. Dec. 22, 1861, died May 7, 1862. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Hanson, Charles, e. Not. 18, 1864. Shepperd, A. C, e. Oct. 4, 1864. Tracy, Wm., e. Not. 28, 1864. SEVENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Louieoitle Julu SS, 1865.] Col. Clark Russell WeaTer, comd. capt. Co. D March 26, 1862, prmtd. lieut. col. Oct. 15, 1862, prmtd. col. June 3, 1863, brrt. brig. gen. V. S. Y. Feb. 9, 1866, read. June 3, 1866. Company C. Corp. Thos. Stafford, e. March 26, 1862. Spencer, L. W., e. March 3, 1862. Company D. Capt. John F. Skelton, <,. as sergt. March 26, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Dec. 11, 1862, wd. and captd. at Jackson, Miss., prmtd. capt. Feb. 11, 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga., capt. and com. subs. U. S. Y. Jan. 23, 1865. Second Lieuti Geo. S. Patterson, com. April 3, 1862, dis- missed April 17, 1863. Sergt. John M. Pringle, e. March 8, 1862. Sergt. Wm. Smith, e. March 18, 1862.V Sergt. A. Clark, e. March 23, '62, wd. at luka, Tet. March 25, 1864, prmtd. com. sergt. Corp. C. P. Morris, e. March 9, 1862, wd. at luka. AUiaon, Andrew, e. Feb. 29, 1862. Clark, Curtis, e. March 5, 1862, diad., 1862. Bdington, A. R., e. March 3, 1862, disd. Nov. 11, 1862. Lyons, A. E., e. March 23, 1862. Lydell, John F., e. March 15, 1862, disd. March 7, 1863. Kiggs, Jas., e. March 9, 1862. Scott, Thomas, e. March 23, 1862, trans. Feb. 16, 1864, to Inv. Gorpa. VanHyning, Wm. B., e. March 12, 1862, captd. Tilton, Ga. Company F. Barns, C, e. April 1, 1862, died April 20, 1862. Coleman E. C, e. March 28, 1862, diad. Oct. 6, '62, disab. Coad, John A., e. March 28, 1862, captd. at Tilton, Ga. Deburn, Hiram, e. March 28, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg. Logan, D. H., e. Feb. 24, 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga. Company I. Milner, Theodore, e. Deo. 7, 1863. Smith, Reuben, e. Dec. 8, 1863. TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. [Note. This regiment was musle'ed out at Washington, D. 0.,Junee,1865.] Lieut. Col. Fabian Brydolf, com. Sept. 6, 1862, read. Jan. Maj. John L. Perkina, com. capt. Co. D, prmtd. maj. May 9 1863 Adit'Samu'el W. Snow, com. 1st lieut. Co. E Sept. 27, 1862 prmtd. adit. March 1, 1863, wd. Bmggold, Ga., capt." and A. A. G., V. S. V., Feb. 3, 1865. 454 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Adit. Job. P. ■Wightman, Jr., e. as private Aug. 22, 1862, pnntd. adjt. April 20, 1865. Sergt. Maj. William F. Conrad, •. Aug. 13, 1862, captd. May 16, 1863. Q. M. S. William Gregg, e. Aug. 22, 1862. V. Maj. Chas. Clarke, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Company B. Hall, B. C, e. Feb. 10, 1864. Hetard, B. A., e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. Ticksburg, trans, to luv. Corps March 15, 1864. Laux, John, e. Jan. 5, 1864, kid. battle Resaca. Bitner, J. E., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at Greenville, Miss. Company D. Capt. Albert A. Perkins, com. 2d lieut. Aug. 28, 1862. prmtd. 1st. lieut. Feb. 6, 1863, prmtd. capt. May 9, 1863, brev. maj. D. S. Vols. March 13, 1865, A. B. C. to Maj. Gen. Osterhaus March 18. 1865. First Lieut. Robert M. Seaman, com. Sept. 27, 1862, died Burlington, Iowa. Second Lieut. Lewis G. Walters, e. as sergt. Aug. 9, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. May 2, 1866, m. o. as 1st sergt. Sergt. John L. Councell, e. Aug. 16, 1862, wd. at Eing- gold, Ga„ trans, to V. R. C. June 16, 1864. Sergt. Theo. Volz, e. July 31, 1862. Sergt. A. D. Lockwood, e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. at Mill Creek, N. C. Sergt. Geo. Buff, e. July 21, 1862. Sergt. Geo. T. Coe, e. Aug. 22, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Sept. 1, 1863. Sergt. Jas. N. Barlow, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at Atlanta and Cavis Spring, Ga. Sergt. Edward Hay, e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. Kenesaw Mt. Sergt. F. W. Boeach, e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. Mill Creek, N. C, died at Goldsboro, N. C. Sergt. N. M. Bedding, e. Aug. 12, 1862, kid. Tuscnmbia, Ala. Corp. John A. Johnson, o. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Arkansas Post. Corp. H. J. Brugge, e. Aug. 6, 1862, Corp. M. J. Bryson, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Corp. H. L. Buttles, e. July 30, 1862. Corp. H. Beck, e. July 30, 1862, kid. Ticksburg. Corp. Oscar A. Stout, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. Atlanta, captd. Hickory Hills, S. C. Musician D. J. Spencer, e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. Jonesboro, Ga. Musician George E. Dennis, e. Aug. 15, 1862, Fifer A. L. Winti, e. Aug. 14, 1862, trans, for prmtn. U.S. Col. Troops Oct. 22, 1864. Wagoner John C. Murphy, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Sparta, 111. Ansell, Eobert, e. July 29, 1862. Badley, Z,, e. Aug. 12, 1862, died Cairo, 111. Bridges, Arthur, e. Aug. 4, 1862. Bloomer, Jas. D., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died Oct. 29, 1862. Burkhart, F. A., e. Aug. 22, 1862, died St. Louis. Bacher, Jacob, e. Aug. 5, 1862, died Helena, Ark. Berk, Jacob, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Chase, Jas. H., e. Aug, 8, 1862, died St. Louis. Clark, Hobart, e. July 29, 1862, disd. Feb. 8, 1864, disab. Dennis, John Q., e Aug, 15, 1862, kid. Arkansas Post. Dennis, J. A., e. Aug. 1, 1862. Eversman, Geo., e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. Mill Creek, N. C. Fairchilds, M., e. Oct. 17, 1862. Fischer, Henry, e. Aug. 4, 1862, wd. Yicksburg. Fox, A. M., e. Aup.16, 1862, wd. Arkansas Post. Fox, C. E., e. Aug. 21, 1862. Garrison. John W,, e. Aug. 4, 1862, died at Young's Point, La, Granaman, H,,e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. Atlanta. Gough, John T., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Aug. 1, 1863, disab. Garling, C, o. Aug. 13, 1862, died Jan. 25, 1863, on steamer Champion. Gellie, James, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Hillabrant, James D,, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. Aug. 1, 1863, disab. Hallar, Caspar, e. Aug. 5, 1862. Helmeigh, Josiah, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Hutson, J. I,, Aug. 6, 1862. Hendrick, C. D., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died on hospital str. March 26, 1863. Irwin, Samuel G., o, Aug. 6, 1862, disd. Oct. 10, 1862, disab. Jackson, L. D., e. Aug. 20, 1862, died Dec. 7, 1862. Jarvis, James, e. Aug. 4, 1862, wd. Ringgold, Ga. Johnson, C. 0., e. Aug. 5, 1862, died on str. Nashville April 26, 1866. Korf, Henry, e. Aug. 14, 1862. KuUenbeok, John F., e. Aug. 14, 1862, Lichtenberg, C, e. Aug. 22, 1862, died Camp Sherman, Miss. Myers, Joseph, e. Aug. 21, 1862, disd. March 4, 1863, disab. Miller, E. A., o. Aug. 12, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps March 16, 1864. Mufgrove, William T., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Mitchell, H. H., e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Arkansas Post, disd. April 10, 1863, disab. Nealey, D. H., e. Aug. 23, 1862, died Camp Sherman. Raushcr, Henry, e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Jonesboro, Ga. Sisler, John W., e. Aug. 21, 1862, died Dec. 22, 1862. Smith, Geo. D., e. Aug. 4, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Sept. 1, 1863. Shrader, Casper, e. Aug. 5, 1862. Seamans, Geo. 8., e. Aug. 6, 1862, died on hospital boat Feb. 6, 1862. Sulzer, John, e. Aug. 4, 1862, disd. Feb. 18, 1863, disab. Stoddard, Charles N., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. Mill Creek, N. C. Underwood, D. B,, e. Aug. 2, 1862, died Memphis. Ubbelohde, G., e, Aug. 11, 1862, died Bridgeport, Ala. Walker, L,, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died St. Louis. Work, David, e. Aug. 22, 1862, trans, to "V. E. C. March 15, 1864. Woodmansee, L. J,, o. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. April 18, 1863, disab. Company E. Capt. John N. Bell, com. Sept. 27, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, First Lieut, John W. Shaefer, com. 2d lieut. Sept. 27, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. March 1, 1863. Second Lieut. John G. Davidson, e. as private Aug. 19, 1862. prmtd. 2d lieut. March 1, 1863. Sergt. James S. Spencer, e. Aug. 16, 1862, wd. at Yicks- burg, trans, for promotion to Ist Miss. Vols. Feb. 23, 1864.- Sergt. E. Davis, e. July 28, 1862, died at Memphis. Sergt. Thos. G. Troxell, e. Aug. 21, 1862. Sergt. Jacob Cline, e. July 21, 1862, wd. at Ringgold, Ga. , wd. at Bentonville, N. 0. Sergt. Thos. R. Acres, e. July 18, 1862. Sergt. John S. Dodge, e. July 24, 1862. Sergt. Nick Boquet, e. July 6, 1862. Sergt. Geo. W, Hoover, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. April 10, 1863, disab. Corp. Richard Dressel, e. Aug. 16, 1862, disd. March 28, 1863, disab. Corp. Martin Whitehead, o. July 19, 1862, disd. July 29, 1863, disab. Corp. Geo. Ward, e, Aug, 16, 1862. Corp. D. C. Shultz, e. Aug. 20, 1862. Corp. L. M. Wilson, e. Aug. 2, 1862, wd. at Einggold, Ga., kid. at Jonesboro, Ga. Corp. A. B. Dunham, e. July 19, 1862. Corp. E. S. Kendall, e. July 26, 1862. Corp. Robt. Turner, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Musician H. V, Foote, e, Nov. 2, 1 862, died at Walnut Hills, Miss. Musician W. L. Gamage, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Wagoner E. A. Holland, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. Arkansas Post, died at Memphis. Wagoner Arnold Rollin, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Anderson, Charles G., e. Aug. 16, 1862, wd. at Eenesaw Mountain. Benkert, Edw., o. Aug. 11, 1862. Bryan, Thos. P., e. Feb. 25, 1864. Butt, William, e. Fob. 25, 1864. Bauman, Chas., e. Aug. 4, 1862. Bauman, William, e. Aug. 5, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post. Brucker, Lewis, e Aug. 12, 1862. Brucker, Joseph E , e. Oct. 9, 1862, disd. Aug. 1, '63, disab. Burns, John, e. July 22, 1862, wd. at Yicksburg, trans, to Iqv. Corps Sept. 3, 1863. Borger, Samuel H., e. Aug. 8, 1862, died at St. Louis. Breece, Joseph, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Burge, John A., e. July 21, 1862. Bangs, E. C, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Baker, F. B., Aug. 15, 1862. Casteel, Jas. A., e. Aug. 2. 1862. Casteel, Wm. A., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Davis, E. B., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Davison, Benj. B,, e. Aug. 7, 1862, kid. at Yicksburg. Donahue, John, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Elliott, Griffith, e. Oct. 29, 1862, died at St. Louis. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 455 BnniB, Wm. H., e. July 31, 1862. Earnest David, e. Aug. 16, 1862, trana. to InT. Corps, died Oct. 22, 1863. TIeming, James, N. e. Julj 19, 1862. Gregg, Bobert, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Gasman, William B., e. Aug, 2, 1862. Gross, Charles, e. Aug. 21, 1862. Gubser, J., e. July 29, 1862, wd. at Ticksbnrg, died at Men»phi8. Grieves, William, e. July 28, 1862., died Not. 17, 1862. Grieves, Kobert, e. "Aug. 7, 1862. Gregg, William, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Gregg, v., e. Aug. 22, 1862, trans, to V. B. C. July 1, 186*. Gant, James, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at St. Louis. Hollander, Homer, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Holland, E. A., e. Aug 22, 1862. Hanna, A., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Hunter, David, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Hoover, Martin, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Hilleary, Lewis K., e. Aug. 6, 1862. Hoover, Daniel, e. Aug. 4, 1862. Hohmbraker, G., e. July 23, 1862. Holdeu, Dennis, e. July 31, 1862. Jengel, Jacob, e. Aug. 8, 1862. King, Joseph L.. e. Aug. 7, 1862. Layton, James B., e. July 30, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. Limburg, A. W., e. Aug. 16,1862, disd.Sept. 11, '63,disab, Murphy, John, e. Aug. 21, 1862. Hester, Fritz, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post. Newcomb, Lucius, e. Aug. 21, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, died at Walnut Hills, Miss. Peterson, S. F., e. Aug. 22, 1862, kid. at Arkansas Post. Benz, Charles L., e. July 30, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post and Cherokee, Ala., died at Memphis. Stover, Frazier, e. Aug. 6, 1862, died at St. Louis. Shultz, John, e-. Aug. 2, 1862. Shultz, Daniel, e. Feb. 25, 1864. Schuler, Joseph, e. July 31, 1862, disd. Aug. 1, '63, disab. Schrei, A., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Steingraber, W., e. Feb. 29, 1864, wd. Kenesaw Mountain. Shafer, Joseph, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. Sept. 29. 1864, disab. Taylor, H. W , e. Aug. 14, 1862. Tallnian, John C, e. July 30, 1862. Weirs, F., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Wightman, J. P., Jr., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Wade, Seth, e. Aug; 11, 1862. Williamson, William B., e. July 24, 1862. Wagg, Thomas, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Watson, Hugh, e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. April 8, '63, disab. Yearly, John, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at Bast Pt., Ga. Young, H. L., e. July 21, 1862. Company F. Sergeant, E. M., e. Aug. 2, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, disd June 26, 1863, disab. Company G. Capt. Jos. Utter, com. Sept. 27, 1862. First Lieut. Brainard D. Harper, com. Sept. 27, 1862, resd. Aug. 3, 1863. First Lieut. Wm. J. Tizzard, com. 2d lient. Sept. 27, 1862, prmtd. let lieut. Aug. 4, 1863. Second Lieut. Wm. D. Morton, e. as sergt. Aug. 15, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. May 2, 1865. Sergt. Eeuben Shiffert, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Vicksburg. Sergt. Johnson Jacoby, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Sergt. John L. Pierson, e. Aug. 2, 1862, wd. Walnut Hills, Miss., disd June 23, 1863, disab. Sergt. Isaac P. Mathews, e. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. Besaca. Sergt. Spence Johnson, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Jan. 19, '63. Corp. Wm. Kankin, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Corp. Jas. E. Sargent, e. July 26, 1862, died at Young's Point, La. Corp. Isaac Ward, e. Aug. 1, 1862. Corp. James Sargent, e. July 26, 1862, died on steamer Champion. Corp. Cornelius Wilkin, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Corp. Clarence J. Lemen, e. Aug. 20, 1862, trans, for prmtn. 128th Begt. U. S. gol. troops, March 26, '65. Corp. Ohas. Ackles, e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. Feb. 28, 1863, disab. Corp. John 6. Davis, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Corp. Peter Eusch, e. Aug. 16, 1862. Musician H. C. Watt, e. Aug. 23, 1862. Musician Chas. Clark, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Wagoner Milton Salladay, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Apnl i, 1863, disab. „ Wagoner Isaac B. S. Nelson, o. Aug. 22, 1862, trans, to Y. E. 0. March 15, 1864. Adair, Sam'l, e. Aug. 2, 1862, died at Milliken's Bend. Aitken, Jno., e. Ang. 12, 1862. Barnhart, Jacob B., e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Arkansas Post, died on steamer D. A. January. Barton, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Bome, 6a. Baner, John, e. Aug. 22, 1864. Boner, Benj. F., e. Aug. 18, 1862, died Young's Pt., La. Bundy, Nelson, e. July 29, 1862, wd. Lovejoy's Station.Ga. Chinnith, James, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Gulp, Geo., e. Jan. 18, 1864, kid. at Eenesaw Mountain. Clark, Jas. H., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Clark, Eobt., e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Bentonville, N. C. Claypool, C. E., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Close, H. J., e. Aug. 6, 1362, captd. Tuscumbia, Ala., died Danville, Va. Conrad, Wm. F., e. Aug. 13, 1862. Crawford, C, e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Vicksburg. Duckendorf, N., e, Oct. 6, 1864. Daily, Aaron, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Daily, Wm. B., e. Aug. 22, 1862, died at Nashville. Fordney, Francis, e. Oct. '^,1864. Farroll, John, e. Oct. 20, 1862, wd. at Einggold, Ga. Fetrow, Jno. W., e. Oct. 21, 1862. FoUett, Calvin, e. Oct. 6, 1862. Grupe, D., e. Dec. 31, 1863. Gilbert, Wm. F., e. July 26, 1862. Goben, James, e. Aug. 16, 1862, died. March 21, '63, disab. Goundrey, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Sept. 1, 1863. Holland, E. H., e. Oct. 22, 1862, disd. June 27, '63, disab. Hall, B., e. July 29, 1862. Herman, John, e. Aug. 21, 1862. Hill, Albert, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Hill, George, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. Jan. 9, 1863, disab. Hinson, M,, e. Aug. 20, 1862, died at Woodville, Ala. Hodges, Scott, e. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. Hodges, Bobert, e. Aug. 21, 1862, died Jan. 26, 1863. Houseworth, Isaac, e. Aug, 6, 1862, wd. Jonesboro, Ga. Jacoby, Sebastian, e. Aug. 1, 1862. Judd, David, e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. at Einggold, Ga. Keller, David, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Kelly, Jas. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, dind Jan. 12, 1863. Kelly, Eiohard, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Little, John, e. Jan. 1, 1864. Meyers, John L.; e. Aug. 21, 1862. Mower, Jas. E., e. Oct. 7, 1864. Mott, Jos., e. Aug. 2, 1862. Minard,Jae.,e. Jan.6. 1864. . „. , ^ Morrison, Fisher, e. Aug. 16, 1862, wd. Vicksburg, disd. Aug. 6, 1863, wds. , „ , Morrow, Wm. B., e. Aug. 20, 1862, died Young's Pt., La. Murphy, Thos., e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. Dallas, Ga. Myers, Samuel J., e. Aug. 20, 1862, died on transport Jan. 30. 1863. „. , ^ McCandless, Isaac, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. Vicksburg. McCune, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862. McGuire. Andrew, e. Aug. 21, 1862, kid. at Arkansas Post. McKee, H. C, e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. April 26,1863, disab. McLane, Isaac, e. Aug. 22, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Jan. 16. 1864. . . ,,.,,. McLarnon, Hugh, e. Aug. 21, 1862, missing Vicksburg. Nicholson, Wm., e. Aug. 21, 1862. Parks, F. J., e. Aug. 20, 1862. Pattison, John, e. Aug. 21, 1862 wd. place unknown. Pelein, Alex., e. Aug. 11, 1861, died Black Eiver Bndge, Piersoi, John L., e. Aug. 2 1862 Proudflt, Isaac, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Jan. 12 1863. Eeese. jihn G., e. Aug. 21, 1862, died at St. Louis. Eice, Jus. D., e. Aug. 20, 1862. Bice, Jos., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Bigsby, Arch, e. Aug. 9, 1862. £^tt?'G?o.^w:e.^Ju?y"26Kisd.Jun^ Sard. A., e. Aug. 22, 1862 ,wd. in Vicksburg. l?eTs\'°e.tig: U";!862; Sat Vicksburg. SrEichard, e. Aug. 20, 1862, died at Burlington S'^qTli-li n Aus 16, 186', tians. to Inv. C.Dec. 15,1863. ?odd' toili, e iug.'l5, 1862, disd. March 13, 1863, disa^, ?^noldd°jro'w^". A"g.2o!l862, disd. Feb. 23, 1863, W^d, Jno W.;e.' Aug' 9, l'862, wd. at Vicksburg, disd. Wehmer, wm." E.. e. Aug. 2, 1862, wd. at Einggold, Ga., Willem,!S?w, e. Aug. 22, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. 456 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Wileon, C. a., e. Aug. 16, 1862. ,„.,., Wolfe, Jacob, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. in battle of Ticksburg, died in Memphis. West, Brick, e. Oct. 6, 1864. Watson, Andrew, e. Oct. 5, 1864. Ward, Bdw., e. Feb. 22, 1864. Company H. Johnson, CaWin, e. Oct. 7, 1864. Company I. Cox, A. L., o. March 24, 1864. Company K. Capt. Wm. F. Conrad, prmtd. sergt. maj., prmtd. capt. Jan. 1, 1863, captd. at Raymond, Miss. First Lieut. Jas. M. Tibbetts, e. ae sergt. Aug. 7, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. June 10, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 22, 1863. Bishop, James S., e. Aug. 22,1862. Bishop, Jno. E., e. March 7, 1864. Burge, Wm. H., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Burnett, C. L., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Colgan, Thos., e. Aug. 18, 1862. Hobson, A. D , e. Aug. 7, 1862. Linder, Wm. t., e. Aug. 15, 1862. ^ Miller, Jno. L., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. Miller, Jno. D., e. Aug. 7, 1862. Miller, A. M., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Miller, W. E., e. Aug. 22, 1862, died at Mt. Pleasant. McNeil, Samuel N., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Yicksburg. McCune, Jno. H., e. Aug. 19, 1862, died at Vicksburg. Michaels, Jas. H., e. Sept. 22, 1862, died at Young's Pt., La Newhouse, Jas. H., e. Aup:; 22, 1862. Philpott, Jas. M., e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post disd. April 4, 1863. Stanley, C. 0., e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post. Scott, David, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Talbot, Jos., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Virgin, James M., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Tirgin. A. J., e. Aug. 18, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, died on steamer D. A. January. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Carroll, Jas., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Grupe, Durbin, e. Deo. 31, 1863. Keeler, David, e. Jan. 4, 1864, Laux, John, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Little, John, e. Jan. 1, 1864. Minerd, Jas. P., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Schell, Chas. F. W., e. Dec. 30, 1863. Dodge, H. L., e. Oct. 6, 1864. Mendeiihall, Jos. F., e. Feb. 27, 1864. Murphey, M., e. March 16, 1864. Venz, Lewis, M. C, e. March 18, 1864. THIRTIETH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Washington^ D. a, Jirae 5, 1865.] Lieut. Col. Aurelius Eoberts, com. capt. Co. Sept. 23, 1862, prmtd. lieiit. col. May 29, 1863. Adjt. James M. Smith, e. as Corp. Co. Aug. 9, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. May 30, 1863, prmtd. adit. April 1,1864. -M r Drum Maj, Moses F. Campbell, o. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. June 7, 1863, disab. Company C. Capt. Samuel B. Hcizor, e. as sergt. July 28, 1862, was private in 1st Inf., prmtd. Ist lieut. May 30, 1863, prmtd. capt. June 15, 1864. First Lieut. John P. Matthews, com. Sept. 23, 1862, resd. March 2, 1863. First Lieut. James B. McCray, e. as sergt. Aug. 3, 1862, prmtd. sergt. maj. then let lieut. June 15, 1864. Sergt. Samuel S. Perry, e. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. Sergt. John B. Downer, e. Aug. 4, 1862, trans, to V. E. 0. Aug. 10, 1864. Sergt, Thomas S. Smith, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Vicksburg. Sergt. Thomas Bell, 6. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Cherokee, Ala., disd. Jan. 26, 1866. Corp. Wm. P. Perry, e. Aug, 8, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps, Sept. 30, 1863. Corp. M. B. Higerson, e. July 26, 1862, captd., died while prisoner at Richmond. Corp. Thos. S. Canfleld, o. Aug. 25, 1862, died at Young's Point, La. Corp. Jas. M. Smith, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Corp. H. C. Cosens, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Corp. A. P. Jackson, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Corp. Jas. H. Latty, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Corp. Orville Swank, e. Aug. 9, 1861, died at Keokuk. Corp. Wm. Henderson, e. Aug. 4, 1862, kid. at battle of Arkansas Post. Musician Thomas E. Yost, e: Aug. 7, 1862, wd. accident- ally, disd. Feb. 7, 1863, disab. Anderson, Geo. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Cherokee, Ala. Barnhill, W. H., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, captd. at Black River Bridge, Miss. Bain, John, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. May 30, 1863, disab. Bain, Sylvester, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died Oct. 12, 1862. Bain, William, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. June 21, 1865. Bridwell, E., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. June 16, 1863. Bayles, J. G., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg. Bishop. L. J., 6. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Jan. 28, 1863, disab, Braden, Jno. A., e. Aug. 19, '62, disd. Sept. 6, 1863, disab. Berry, Jno. B., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. Bantle, Jno., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died near Lake Providence, La. Crawford, Marcus, e. Aug. 5, 1862, died at Black River Bridge, Miss. Crawford, D., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Carmean, David, e. Aug. 5, 1862, wd. at Atlanta, Calderwood, Alex., e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. for disability. Chichester, Jas. E., e. Aug. 5, 1862. Carl, Jno. W., e, Aug. 7, 1862. Darlington, Wm. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Day, Geo. H., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Davis, Thomas, e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg and Keoesaw Mountain, disd. March 20, 1865. Davis, 0. H , e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, died at Black River Bridge, Miss. Downer, Benson, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. April 6, '63, disab. Earnest, Jno. T.. e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Vicksburg, disd. April 4, 1864. Forode, Jno. W., e. Feb. 20, 1864. Fettenflan, Jno; M., e. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Resaca. Garmaway, R., e. Aug. 7, 1862. Gilson, Leonard, e. Aug. 7, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Feb. 6, 1864. Goodwin, A, H., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Resaca, disd. May 24, 1865. Gilmore, A. B., e. Atig. 11, 1862, died at Davenport. Goodwin, Lewis, e. Aug. 9, 1862. trans, to Inv. Corps Sept. 16, 1863. Hully, Chas. A., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Aug. 8, 1863, disib. HuUy, Geo H., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, died at Black River, Miss. Hixon, N. B., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, trans, to Inv. Corps Sept. 30, 1863. Hixon, D. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, disd. Nov. 30.1863. Heizer, M. L., e. Sept. 10, 1862. Howe, Jno. W., b. Aug. 9, 1864, wd. at Arkansas Post and Atlanta. Hannam, Jno. F., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Resaca. Hanuam, Samuel, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Huling, Edward T., e. Aug. 12, 1862, kid. at Atlanta. Husted, Thos. M., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Yicksburg and KenesaW'Mountaln. Harris, Geo. W., e. Aug. 12, 1862, died at Memphis. Hedges, Bdnj. F., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, died on steamer D. A. January. Hedges, Cyrus; e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, disd. July 10, 1865. Hedges, Gideon, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died on steamer City of Memphis. King, W. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, died at Memphis. Knight, Jno., Aug 7, 1862. Larfcin, A. F., e. Aug. 12, 1862, kid. at Resaca. Larkin, A. B., e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at Cherokee, disd. Feb. 3, 1864, disab. Luty, Henry. Loper, L. D., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. April 16, 1863, disab. Long, Wm. F., e. Aug. 12, 1862, diisdat Marietta, Ga. lockhart, B. R., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Loyd, Jos. A., e. Oct. 16, 1861, wd. at Vicksburg and Re- saca, disd. June 1, 1866. Miller, M. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Mitchell, Jas. R., e. Feb. 29, 1864, wd. McMuUen, B. T., e. Aug. 7, 1862. McBride, Wm. N , e. Aug. 12, 1862. Nichols, Samuel, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. June 7, 1863, disab. Nalson, John, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Young's Point. '^K HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 459 Osborn, Andrew, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. May 7, 1863, disab Olson, Wm., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. May 5, 1863. Proctor, Wm., e. July 12, 1862. Perry, A. S., e. Aug. 9, 1662, disd. March 27, 1863, disab Pragh, Jos. W., e. Aug. 7, 1864. Eamsey, T. F., e. Aug. 7. 1862, disd. April 19, 1863. Eatliff, L. L., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Biepe, Jno. H , e. Bee. 29, 1863. Hies, 0. J., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. Smith, Baukin, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Eesaca. Smith, 0., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, diad April 23, 1863. Stewart, Jos. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862, Stewart, Wm., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. May 22, 1863, died at Black Biver Bridge. Sheppard, Jno. B., e. Aug. 9, 1862, kid. at Vioksburg. True, Geo. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at St. Louis. Tucker, Jas. W., e. Feb. 29, 1864, wd. at Besaca. Thornton, 0. E., e.-Aug. 9, 1862. Vaughn, Wm. M., e. Aug. 4, 1862, wd. at Vioksburg. Vaunice, L. M., e. Aug. 4, 1862. Wilson, Geo., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died on steamer D. A. Jan- uary. Ward, Patrick, e. Aug. 9, 1862, kid. at Vioksburg. Wycoff, N. P., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Vioksburg Zioa, Geo. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vioksburg. Company E. Hug, Charles, o. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Vioksburg. Company F. Moses, Chester, c, Aug. 28, 1862. Company I. Buck, Adelbert, e. Feb. 22, 1864. Blanchard, Wm., e. Feb. 29, 1864. Miller, William, e. Feb. 22, 1864. Kees, Abram, e. Feb. 22, 1864. Storms, John J., e. Feb. 22, 1864. Wood, James, e. Feb. 29, 1864, wd. Jonesboro, Ga. Company K. Waddell, Isaac, o. Aug. 16, 1862. THIRTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Davenport; date not given in Adjutant GeneraVs Eeport,'] Company C, Akins, John B., e. Sept. 15, 1862, died at St. Louis. Company C. Capt. Joel Stover, com. Dec. 15, 1862. Second Lieut. Henry Swan, com. Deo. 15, 1862, resd. Deo. 16, 1863. Second Lieut. Samuel B. Burge, e. as sergt. Oct. 15, 1862, pnutd. 2d lieut. Dec. 12, 1863. Sergt. Eobert McClure, e. Sept. 29, 1862. Corp. Andrew B. Carl, e. Nov. 3, 1862, disd. Nov. 30, 1863, disab. Corp. Thomas Virgin, o. Sept. 16, 1862, disd. April 22, 1863, disab. Oorp. E. W. Dalashmutt, e. Sept. 11, 1862, disd. Feb. 14, 1865, disab. Bowers, Samuel, e. Oct. 8, 1861, died at Alton, 111. Bell, Jacob 6., e. Sept. 23, 1862. Burk. Lemmon, e. Oct. 4, 1861, disd. Oct. 28, 1864, disab. , Bennett. Daniel, e. Oct. 16, 1862, disd. May 26, 1863, disab. Bitley, Wm. L., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Backer, John, e. Nov. 7, 1862, disd. May 26, 1863, disab. Caldwell, Henry, e. Sept. 23, 1862, disd. Nov. 3, '64, disab. Fairbanks, Benj. F., e. Sept. 1, 1862. Kirchoff, Wm., e. Oct. 7, 1862. Meter, Peter, e. Sept. 8, 1862, disd. Nov. 3, 1864, disab. Morrison, John, e. Oct. 10, 1862, disd. Oct. 16, '63, disab. Merrick, Hiram, e. Oct. 6, 1862. Nowlan, Samuel, e. Oct. 10, 1862, disd. April 10, 1865, disab. Power, Geo. W., e. Nov. 7, 1862, disd. May 26, 1863, disab. Seed, E., e. Sept. 13, 1862, disd. July 4, 1864, disab. Staff, Chaa. M., e. Oct. 16, 1862. Saylor, Isaac, e. Sept. 20, 1862, died at Bock Island. .Zender, Genhard, e. Sept. 19, 1862. Company H. nJ.wt'.S'^s"""''' °-^''^- 2^' "82, died at St. Louis. Nowlan, Simon, e. Oct. 10, 1862. Strothman, John H., e. Oct. 26, 1862. Company I. Gentry, James, e. Sept. 15, 1862. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Gebhard, George J., e. Dec. 30, 1862. THIRTY-NINTH INFANTRY. D.^C.rJu7e™i8™5 j"^ ""* "USiK-ed out at Washington Company C. Capt. Charles A. Cameron, com. Nov 24 1862 First Lieut. Bobert J. Wright, elected ist lieut of Co but died Oct. 17, 1862. '' First Lieut. Jerry K. Wetzel, com. 2d lieut. Nov. 24 '62 prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 1, 1863. ' Second Lieut. Wm. C. Ghost, e. as 1st sergt. AuE 16 '62 prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 1, 1863. ' Sergt. John Clymer, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Sergt. John T. Cameron, e. Aug. 20, 1862 Sergt. B. M. Hartzell, e. Aug. 16, 1862, captd. AUatoona Sergt. A L. McMichael, e. Aug. 16, 1862, kid. AUatoona. Corp. John B. Kline, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Corp. Elliott Lines, e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. at Shady Grove, Tenn.. wd. at AUatoona. Corp. H. W. Walkinshaw, e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd at AUatoona. Corp. Wm. Y. Dougherty, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Corp. Abraham McCullough, e Aug. 22, 1862, died. Jan 13, 1862. Corp. Byron Ackerman, e. Aug. 22, 1862. ^ (Jorp. Gideon Hall, e. Aug. 22, 1862, died Jackson, Tenn Corp. Isaac N. Power, e. Aug. 20, 1862, kid. AUatoona. Corp. J. H. Seifreed, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. June 25. 1864, disab. Corp. 0. M. Clark, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. April 26, 1864, disab. Musician E. S. Huston, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Albright, Chaa. H., e. Aug. 16, 1862, wd. at Parker's Cross Boads, Tenn. Albright, Geo. A., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Altenan, Jos., e. Aug. 22, 1862, kid. at AUatoona. Ashbau, E. A., e. Aug. 16, 1862. Bazel, Samuel C, e. Aiig. 22, 1862, wd. at Parker's Cross Boads, died at Jeffersonville, Ind. Blood, Martin, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Baird, John L., e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. Parker's Cross Boads. Cockayne, H. C, e. Dec. 29, 1863, kid. at AUatoona. Clark, John M., e. Aug. 16, 1862. Cunningham, John B., e. Jan. 25, 1864, captd. at AUa- toona, Ga. CaUen, Thomas, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Cross, Jos. W., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Coyne, Patrick, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Cubit, Thomas, e. Aug. 22, 1862, drowned at Biggs Grove, Union Co. Dugan, John, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. Feb. 6, '64, disab. Davis, D. B., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Franks, A. J., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Gulick, Wm., e. Aug. 16, 1862, died at Corinth, Gowdy, Henry, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Gillett, Wm. H., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Hannum, Bobert, e. Aug. 16, 1862. Halm, Benj. F., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Jones, Djvid B., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Jones, Daniel, Aug. 22, 1862. Jones, John M., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Kynett, Wm. B., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Kynett, J. E., e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at AUatoona. Kurtz, Solomon, e. Aug 22, 1862. Kline, Jos., e. Aug. 20, 1862. captd. Parker's Cross Boads. Kortz, Jas. M., e. Aug. 29, 1862, disd. May 27, 1865. Lefforge, Melville, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Lines, Lewis, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at AUatoona. Logan, John, e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. Shady Grove, Tenn. Lewis, Jos., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Lloyd, Jos.,e. Aug. 22, 1862. Moffatt, James, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Mehan, Wm., e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. Shady Grove, Tenn. I 460 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Moore, A. C, e. Aug. 22, 1862, -wd. at Allatoona, died at Eome, Ga. McLaughlin, Wm., e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. at Shndy Grove, Tenn., wd. at Allatoona. McConaughy, A. J. M., e. Aug. 22, 1862. McCallom, Owen, e. Aug. 2, 1862, captd. at Shady Grove, Tenn., and Allatoona, Ga. Orr, M. v., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Orr, Anderson T., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Power, Wm. G., e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Allatoona, died. July 28, 1866. Ping, Matthias, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Ping, Eobt. G., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Pain ton, Thos., e. Aug. 16, 1862. Heed, Samuel, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Keif, Philip, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Bemaly, David, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Sweeny, John, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Spencer, David, e. Aug. 22, 1862. ToUbatt, Edw., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Timmerman, 0., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Tucker, Jas., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Vandemark, Zury, e. Aug. 16, 1862. Vance, Peter, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Walter, Eobert, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Welch, Lawrence, Aug. 22, 1862, captd. at Shady Grove, Tenn. FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment from Fov/rteenth Infantry became ^url of Seventh Cavalry April H5, 186S.] Company A. Corp. Samuel W. Davie, e. Oct. 23, 1861. Bedwell, Henry, e. Oct. 23, 1861. Coad, Thos., e. Oct. 23, 1861. Dodds, Jno. H., e. Oct. 23, 1861. Dodds, J. B., e. Aug. 29, 1862. Lotepeitch, Lyman Z., e. Oct. 23, 1861. Powell, Morton, e. Oct. 23, 1861. Wood, Absalom, e. Oct. 23, 1861. Zion, Isaac, e. Oct. 23, 1861. Campany E. First Lieut. Barton T. Eyan, com. Oct. 24, 1861. First Sergt. Wm. Bmerssn, e. Sept. 25, 1861. Sergt. Lucis Crumb, e. Sept. 17, 1861, died. May 21, 1863, disab. ' Sergt. Augustus KUlough, e. Sept. 17, 1861. Corp. Geo. Jenkins, e. Oct. 2, 1861. Corp. Wm. Williams, e. Sept. 16, 1861. Corp. Henry Wanzer, e. Sept. 23, 1861. Barlow, Frank, e. Sept. 25, 1861. ' Cushman, E., e. Oct. 13, 1862. Elliott, Wm. r., e. Oct. 1, 1862. Hendee, Wm. H., e. Sept. 26, 1861. Kline, Theo., e. Oct. 2, 1861. Bodgers. Thos., e. Sept. 18, 1861. Sisk, Jesse A., e. Oct, 7, 1861. FORTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. (100 Days). [Note. — 3?!^ regiment teas mustered out al EeokuJt i lij, 1861,.] Prin. Musician Moses T. Campbell, e. May 2, 1864. Company F. Capt. Brainard D. Harper, com. May 26, 1864. First Lieut. Abram W. Boland, com. May 25, 1864. Second Lieut. Wm. S. Darling, com. May 26, 1864. Sergt. Bobs M. Biggs, e. May 9, 1854. Sergt. Mathew M. Henry, e. May 2, 1864. Sergt. Eobt. N. Heisey, e. April 30, 1864, Sergt. Harry M. Danner, e. April 30, 1864. Corp. Wm. H. Bice, e. April 30, 1864. Corp. Gould J. Brown, e. April 30, 1864. Corp. Sheldon Hawley, e. April 30, 1864. Corp. Jacob Bumgardner, e. May 2, 1864. Corp. Emil Bundorf, e. April 30, 1864. Musician A. P. McOlure, e. April 30, 1864. Musician Geo. W. Eads, o. May 10, 1864. Wagoner Marshall Morgan, e. May 6, 1864. Acres, Henry, e. April 30, 1864. Bailey, John, e. May 10, 1864. Barton, Asa, e. April 29, 1864. Brown, John L., e. April 30, 1864. Brown, Plyn, e. April 30, 1864. Barnhill, John M., e. May 10, 1864. Burgett, J. M., e. May 12, 1864. Clark, C, e. May 6, 1864. Depperman, Herman, e. April 30, 1864.. Fuller, Joseph, e. May 2, 1864. Foley, Jno. H., e. May 13, 1864. Forney, Jno. H., e. May 12, 1864. Fetterman, Isaac, e. May 14, 1864. Funk, Jno. S., e. May 13, 1864. Grannemann, Jno., e. April 30, 1864. Grannemann, Wm., e. May 6, 1864. Gregg, Wm., e. May 4, 1864. Gilmore, John, e. April 30, 1864. Gannaway, Wm., e. May 5, 1864, Gulfck, Amos, e. May 13, 1864. Hall, Edw., e. May 3, 1864. Jacoby, Jno. S., e. May 11, 1864. Johnson, Francis, e. May 16, 1864. Knouse, W. J., e. May 2, 1864. Losier, Simon, e. May 2, 1864. Lemberger,*Jno. L., e. April 30, 1864. Lockart, Alex., e. May 6, 1864. Lewis, N. A., e. May 6, 1864. McCash, Chas. A., e. April 30, 1864. Marshall. John T., e. May 6, 1864. Miller, John, e. May 16, 1864. Miller, J. B., e. May 5, 1864. Miller, Geo. 0. W., e. May 12, 1864, died Memphis, Tenrm. McPartland, John, e. May 8, 1864. Maxwell, H. E., e. May 9, 1864. Murphy, Albert, e. May 14, 1864. Owens, L., e. April 30, 1864. Orr, Geo. W., e. May 5, 1864. Parr, P., e. May 9, 1864. Patterson, J. W., e. April 29, 1864. Bobbins, J., e. April 30, 1864. Eeiter, W. S., e May 6, 1864. Stewart, John E., c. April 30, 1864. Stockton, James M., 6. May 11, 1864. Valentine, D. A., e. May 2, 1864. Valentine, John N.. e. May 13, 1864. Williamson, E. B., e. May 10, 1864. Whitehead, Marten, e. May 1, 1864. Wilson, John C, e. April 29, 1864. Company G. Capt. Thos. N. Crowder, com. May 26, 1864. First Lieut. Ortus 0. Sbeltoo, com. May 26, 1864L Sergt. Peter A. Dolbee, e. May 2, 1864. Sergt. Bishop B. Kellogg, e. May 12, 1864. Sergt. J. W. Seanians, e. April 30, 1864. Sergt. Jacob S. Bradley, e. May 3, 1864. Corp. Seburn P. Doriand, e. May 3, 1864. Corp. Chas. Pieison, e. May 21, 1864. Coi-p. John 0. Ehea, e. May 3, 1864. Corp, John W. Storks, e. May 3, 1864. Corp. J. A. Bridges, e. May 2, 1864. Corp. L, S. Laniken, e. May 4, 1864. Musician James McMullin, e. May 3, 1864. Wagoner Geo. W. Soper, e. May 16, 1864. Arnold, Emerson, e. May 16, 1864. Ainsworth, Wm. C, e. May 3, 1864. Barnes, Austin, e. May 6, 1864. Barlow, T. S,, e. May 6, 1864. Blake, C. S!, e. May 6, 1864, died at Memphis, Tenn. Bell, W. G., e. May 3, 1864. Bishop, L. J., e. May 12, 1864. Billings, James, e. May 16, 1864. Bishop, Eichard, e. May 7, 1864. Blair, G. N., e. May 2, 1864. Bruce, D, E,, e. May 16, 1864. Bates, Daniel, e. May 17, 1864. Chapman, J. M., e. May 3, 1864. Comstock, J. C, 0. May 21, 1864. Duval, D, J„ e. May 21, 1864. Eoff, Chas. W., e. May 3, 1864. Graham, Wm. J., e. May 2, 1864. Howe, Jesse B., e. May 6, 1864. Huntington, A. H., e. May 17, 1864. Hendricks, Allen, c. May 21, 1864. Ingerson, A. M., e. May 16, 1864. King, B. M., 0. May 3, 1864. King, S. G., e. May 5, 1864, died July 2, 1864. Merrill. J, W.. e. Mav 2. 1864. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 461 Meban, Joho, e. May 16, 1861. MoCuUough, Geo. Y., 6. May 2, 1864. Osbom, John, e. May 3, 1864. Pike, G. M., e. May 2, 1864. Eutledge, John, e. May 14, 1864. Richardson, A., e. May 23, 1864 Reiter, A. B., e. May 12, 1864. Roads, J., e. May 14, 1864. Smith, r. M., e. May 3, 1864. Stromberg, John W., e. May 9, 1864. Swank, Geo. W., e. May 3, 1864. Turner, Wm. M., e. May 5, 1864. Tilton, T. v., 6. May 2, 1864. Till, Lawrence, e. May 14, 1864. Thornton, E., e. May 13, 1864. Umphrey, J. T., e. May 14, 1864. Vance, J. C, e. May 7, 1864. Van Trump, Isaiah, e. May 18, 1864. Ware, J. t., e. May 2, 1864. "Williams, L. C, e. May 2, 1864. Waddle, Saml. H.,e. May 3, 1864. Wilson, N. J., e. May 16, 1864. Walker, Chaa., e. May 3, 1864. Woodhead, Chas. P., e. May 6, 1864. Wilson, John, e. May 16, 1864. Company H. Boyers, J. W., e. May 2, 1864. Lightfoot, Levi, e. May 13, 1864. Milton, Daniel, e. May 16, 1864. FOKTY-EIGHTH INPANTEY. [Note. — This regiment wcu mustered out at Boch Isiaud Barrachs Oct. HI, M6i.] Asst. Surg. Ohas. L. Mundt, com. July 16, 1864, formerly Burg. U. S. A. Company D. Capt. Thos. Waldschmidt, com. July 13, 1864. Second Lieut. Theo. Guelich, com. July 13, 1864. Sergt. Samuel H. Shortridge, July 7, 1864. Bergt. William Christ, e. May 4,1864. Sergt. Jos. Taenger, e. May 28, 1864. Sergt. Chas. Schultze, e. May 28, 1864. Corp. Isaac N. Reed, e. July 2, 1864. Corp. Joshua Downer, e. July 6, 1864. Corp. Chas. Schultze, e. May 18, 1864. Corp. Jacob Hecker, e. May 11, 1864. Corp. John Glenn, June 22, 1864. Corp. Martin Schaefer, May 29, 1864. Corp. Daniel Schafer, e. May 22, 1864. Corp. George W. Krekel, e. May 5, 1864. Elanck, George, e. June 21, 186 1. Burton, John M., e. June 15, 1866. Cerber Emanuel, e. May 11, 1864. Cox, Marshall, e. June 21, 1864. Conrad, Philip, e. May 6, 1864. Dick, Michael, e. June 2, 1864. Gieselman, A., May 5, 1864. Gieaelman, John H., e. May 6, 1864. Gilder, Joseph, e. May 24, 1864. Hauer, John, e. June 2, 1864. Uassel, Dominick, e. June 2, 1864. Heitmeier, Conrad, e. June 6, 1864. Heik, George, e. May 13, 1864. Hupner, Louis, e. May 20, 1864. Janson, John G., e. May 24, 1864. Kann, F., e. June 11, 1864. EnoUmuUer, L., e. June 1, 1864. Luxenberger, John, e. June 21, 1864. Long, Charles, 6. May 22, 1864. Laydon, M., e. June 23, 1864. Meier, E. G., e. May 6, 1864. Munk, G., e. May 18, 1864. Meier, Joseph, e. May 20, 1864. Mattes, Otto, e. May 23, 1864. Morlock, Joseph, e. May 24, 1864. Neil, Joseph, e. June 12, 1864. Nagele, John, e. June 13, 1864. Pietzsh, F., e. May 10, 1864. Reinhart, August, e. June 22, 1864. Roth, John, e. May 22, 1864. Ries, Henry, e. May 19, 1864. Seeber, T. C, e. May 20, 1864. Stadtlander, John H., e. May 24, 1864. Weiss, Manuel, e. June 18, 1864. Widmer, Joseph, e. May 21, 1864. riEST CAVALRY. [Note.— Mil regiment was muttered ml at Austin Texas Feb. 16, 1S66,] ' Col. mtz Henry Warren, com. Aug. 29, 1861, brig. gen. V S. Vol. Aug. 26, 1862, brevet maj. gen. Maj. Edwin W. Chamberlain, com. Aug. 29, 1861, reid April 4, 1863. Band Leader Kinstenmacher, e. Aug. 24,1861, m. o. Anril 16,1862. O.I y First Musician David W. Forbes, e. Aug. 30, 1861, m. o. Sept. 1, 1862. Musician Henry Minton, e. Aug. 19, 1861, m. o. Sept. 1, '62, Musician John L. Marshall, e. Aug. 30, 18B1, m. o. Sent. 1, 1862. Musician John Rule, e. Aug. 30, 1861, m. o. Sept. 1, 1862. Musician Jno. M. Caldwell, e. itug. 30, 1801, m. o. Sept. 1, 1862. o . . r , Musician Henry D. Keller, e. Aug. 31, 1861, m, o. Sept.l, 1862. Company C. Capt. Thos. Jones, e. as priv. July 18, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. July 1, 1862, prmtd 1st lieut. Dec. 12, 1862, prmtd. capt. Feb. 14, 1863, disd. Dec. 16, 1864. Capt. Thos. J. R. Perry, e. as private July 18, 1861, prmtd . Ist lieut. July 6, 1864, prmtd. capt. April 15, 1866. First Lieut. Benj. Roney, com. Sept. 23, 1861, died im Springfield, Mo. First Lieut. Matthew Ronaldson, e. as sergt. July 18, 1861, wd. at St. Clair Co., Mo., prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 12, 1862, prmtd. Ist lieut. Feb. 14, 1863, resd. June 29, 1864. Second Lieut. Wm. A. Clark, e. as sergt. July 18, 1 prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 4, 1863, read, June 18, 1864. Second Lieut. Geo. Van Beck, e. as private July 18, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. April 15, 1866, not mustered. Sergt. S. H. F. Wilson, e. July 18, 1861. Q. M. Sergt. Wm. G. Harbach, e. July 18, 1861, wd., died of wds. at Oaceola. Sergt. Orien F. Lane, e. June 13, 1861. Sergt. Benj. S. Castle, e. July 18, 1861. Sergt. Jackson Carter, e. June 13, 1861. Corp. Martin Moore, e. July 13, 1861. Corp. Andrew W. Wyman, e. July 18, 1861, disd. June 26, 1864, for promotion 1st lieut. Co. L, 2d Ark. Cav. Corp. Jno. L. Baltzer,e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1. 1864. Corp. Edw. L. Stone, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Corp. Geo. Patterson, e. July 18, 1861, diad. Nov. 2, 1863, disab. Corp. F. Taylor, e. July 18, 1S61. Corp. Paul Hendricka, e. July 18, 1861. Bugler Wm. Allen, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, trans, to 67th U. S. Col. Inf. for promotion to lieut. Farrier Jas. Ingersoll, e. July 18, 1861. Farrier Tboa. Hutchihaon, e. July 18, 1861 , vet. Jan. 1, '64. Saddler, Edwin W. Deal, e. July 18, 1861, drowned in. Miaaiasippi River. Saddler 0. W. Coffman, e. July 18, 1861, died Lucas Co. Atherton, Samuel, e. July 18, 1861. Arrickson, F., e. July 18, 1861, diad. Dec. 2, 1862, disab. Brandt, Jno. H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Boltz, Jos., e. July 18, 1861. Barr, Geo.,- e. July 18, 1861. Barr, Wm. W., e. Aug. 16, 1862, died at St. Louis. Soman, Almond, e. July 18, 1861. Brewer, Benj. A., e. July 18, 1861. Brown, Wm. L., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Boyer, M., e. July 18, 1861. Clark, Jno. H., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Cameron, Josiah, e. July 18, 1861, died at Oaceola, Mo. Cook, D. W.. e. Jan. 4, 1864. Carey, Geo. H., e. July 18, 1861. Cole, Jno. B., e. July 18, 1861. Cooley, Simeon, e. July 18, 1861, died at Weat Point. Clcgg, Benj. F., e. July 18, 1861. Corkwel), Jas., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Clothier, Jos., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Clingfleld, H. J., e. July 18, 1861. Dlpperman, H. J., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Drurey, Franklin, e. July 18, 1861, died Little Rock, Ark. Delfelter, , e. July 18, 1861. Estep, N. W., c. Aug. 19, 1861. Eastman, Chaa. C, e. JolylS, 1861. Fife, Jno. M., e. July 18, 1861. Gearhart, Henry, e. Aug. 13, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Guardner, Wm. A., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Glann, M. C, e. July 18, 1861. Hardin, Geo. W., e.Jan. 6, 1864. 462 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Hammond, I., e. July 18, 1861. Heaiy, P. W., e. July 18, 1861, disd. Nov. 1, 1862, disab. Higglns, Michael, e. July 18, 1861, died at Osceola. Horner, Lloyd, e. July 18, 1861. Hillery, John, e. July 18, 1861, died at Camden, Ark. Johnson, M., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Johnson, L. B., July 18, 1861. Johnson, Ohas., e. Jan. 4, 1864. KimbiU, Holla, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Iiaughlin, B. G., e. July 18, 1861. Lacosla, Nicholas, e. July 18, 1861. Morgan, E. r., 6. Aug. 16, 1862. ,,„„,,,, Madera, Chas. E., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, kid. in Centialia, Mo. Morgan, Vfm., e. Aug. 25, 1862, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, diad. July 29, 1862. Murphy, Jno. C, e. Jan. 6, 1864. Parkenson, S., e. July 18, 1861. Eankin, Ohas., e. July 18, 1861. Eussell, Jno., e. Jnly 18, 1861, kid. at Centralia, Mo. Stover, Nicholas, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Simmons, John, e. July 18, 1861. Sunderland, Jno. D., e. Tec. 29, 1863. Sackett, Geo. 0., e. July 18, 1861. Stockman, Q. L., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864 Slocum, Wm. H., e. July 18, 1861. Shelton, Wm. P., e. July 18, 1861. Smith, Wm. B., e. Aug 9, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Scanlon, Jos. 0., e. July 9, 1861. Upton, John, e. Dec. 28, 1863, died at Little Rock, Ark. Dnger, Jas. G., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Wilcox, B. G., e. July 18, 1861, disd. Jan. 1, 1862, disab. Wolf, Jacob B., e. July 18, 1861, died IJec. 22, 1861. Wilcox, Pliny, e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at Bloomlield, Mo. Welch, Samuel B., e. Aug. 13, 1862, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Company D. Flanders, Samuel A., e. Sept. 24, 1861, wd. La Fayette, Mo. Company E. Barr, Wm. W., e. Aug. 16, 1862. Canterbury, Carlisle, e. Aug. 26, 1862. Cale, F. H., e. July 18, 1861. Daily, Amasa, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, died at St. Louis. Kitchen, Jeremiah, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Morgan, Samuel J., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Moody, Joseph, e. Aug. 26, 1862. Priddy, Thomas M., e. Aug. 30, 1862, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Company H. Grey, Thomas C, e. July 18, 1861. Oshorn, Henry, e. Sept. 30, 1861, died Nov. 16, 1861. Judson, P. D., e Sept. 7, 1861. McDowell, Jno., e. Sept. 20, 1861. Company I. Campbell, John, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Church, Edwin M., e. Jnly 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Green, Archibald, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, kid. St. Joseph, Mo. Company K. Holmes, John W., e. Jan. 20, 1864, died Little Book, Ark. Porter, J. E., e. Jan. 20, 1864, disd. March 28, 1865, disab. Company L. Barnes, Alex., b. Aug. 28, 1862, trans, to luv. Corp. Aug. 23, 1863. Jack, David, e. Aug. 25, 1862. Company M. Hill, N. P., e. Oct. 6, 1861, vet. Jan. 6, 1864. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Bias, Francis, e. Jan. 22, 1864. Clark, Wra. H., e. March 22, 1864. Daily, James, e. Aug. 9, 1864. Davis, Charles, e. Aug, 23, 1864. Fowler, L. D., e. Jan. 27, 1864. Grant, W., e. Feb. 4, 1864. .TesBup, Thos. A., e. Feb. 29, 1864. Kelly, John B., e. Feb. 24, 1864. Kile, James, e. Feb. 10, 1864. Markley, J. K. P., e. Feb. 22, 1864. Masina, Wm., e. March 22, 1864. Newcomb, H. E., e. Feb. 27, 1864. Pickett, J. M., e. March 30, 1864. Boot, Hiram, e. March 18, 1864. Eowe, Wm. H., c. Jan. 23, 1864, Smith, Samuel, e. Jan. 20, 1864. Sayers, James L., e. Aug 11, 1864. Starkoy, Jas. D., e. Feb. 26, 1864. Brandt, John H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Bush, L. T., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Clark, John H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Ohickering, Chas., e. Jan. 6, 1864. Cntter, Wm. S., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Chamberlain, J. W., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Campbell, John, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Corey, Whitman, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Darley, Philip, e. Jan. 6, 1864. Hewitt, Jos. C, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Hardin, Geo. W., e. Jan. 5, 1864. John, Marion, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Jdhnson, Chas., e. Jan. 1, 1864. Lea, John H., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Messenger, B. H., e. Dec: 29, 1863. Murphy, John 0., e. Jan. 5, 1864. McClelland, John L., e. Dec. 21, 1864. Eoberts, John A., e. Jan. 6, 1864 Sunderland, John D., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Stewart, Wm. H., e. Deo. 29, 1863. Stewart, Jas. E., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Sanders, Newton, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Upton, John, e. Dec. 28, 1863. Wright, Wm. W., e. Doc. 21, 1863. SECOND CAVALEY. [Note. — This regiment waa mustered out at Selma, Ala., Ssjjf. 19, 1865.'] Maj. Chas. P. Moore, com. 2d lieut. Co. K Aug. 30, 1861, prmtd. Ist lieut. Deo. 1, 1861, prmtd. capt. June 11, 1862, prmtd. maj. May 6, 1864. Com'y Wm. W. C. Miller, e. Aug. 28, 1861, prmtd. com. sergt., Nov. 27, 1864. Company D. Holt, Jos. P., e. Jan. 4, 1864, died at Memphis, Tenn. Paul, Jas. F., e. Feb. 24, 1862, vet. March 1, 1864. Company F. Lyon, Martin C, e. March 13, 1862. Connpany K. Capt. Davis J. Crocker, com. Aug. 30, 1861, resd. June 10, 1862. Capt. Jacob F, Bandy, e. as Q. M. S. Aug. 12, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 1, 1861, prmtd. Ist lieut. June 11, 1862, prmtd. capt. May 7, 1864. j First Sergt. Eobert M. Downer, e. Aug. 21 , 1862, wd. at i Farmington, disd. Oct. 16, 1862. Q. M. S. David H. Harper, e. Aug. 15, 1861. I Q. M. S. David Galbrath, e. Aug. 12, 1861. I Sergt. Chas. E. Lambkin, e. Aug. 12, 1861, vet. March I 1, 1864. Corp. Uriah Barnes, o. Aug. 19, 1861, disd. Feb. 14, 1863, disab. Corp. E. W. Bandy, e. Aug. 12, 1861. Corp. H. M. Blanchard, e. Aug. 12, 1861. Corp. William M. Dreskill, e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. Sept. 8, 1862, disab. Corp. Elias N. Shepard, e. Aug. 4, 1861, wd. Farmington, Miss., vet. March 1, 1864. Corp. James H. Goodwin, e. Aug. 30, 1861. Corp. Wm. Fosbender, e. Aug. 12, 1861, oaptd. Boonsville, wd. West Point, Miss. Corp. Addison McCray, e. Nov. 21, 1861. Corp. Lyman B. Pierce, e. Aug. 24, 1861. Coi-p. John N. Bailey, e. Aug. 19, 1861, vet. March 1, '64. Corp. Wm. H. E. Morris, e. Aug. 12, 1861. Bugler J. A. MoManns, e. Aug. 20, 1861. Bugler D. M. Downer, e. Aug. 20, 1861, wd. Farmington, Miss., March 1, 1864. Bugler Severnous Stamm, e. Aug. 12, 1861. Bugler Joseph Key, e. Aug. 19, 1861. Farrier J. H. McGinnIs, e. Aug. 26, 1861, disd. .Tan. 18, '63. Farrier Levi L. Backus, e. Aug. 19, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864, wd. Little Harpeth, Tenn. Farrier Jacob K.Barnes, e. Aug. 12, 1861, vet March 1, 1864. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 463 Saddler Garrett R. Bradley, e. Aug. 24, 1861, wd. Farm- iDgton, TeDn, Saddler Henrie Wemple, e. Aug. 20, 1861. Wagoner W. E. Eahrenback, e. Aug. 12, 1861 . Wagoner Elisha Vance, e. Aug. 28, 1861. Allen, Amos. e. Aug, 28, 1861. Bandy, John, e. Dec. 7, 1863. Babb, Miles W., e. Aug. 21, 1861. Babb, Albert, e. Dec. 2, 1863. Bell, Thomas, Jr., e. Aug. 30, 1861. Bartscherer, John, e. Dec. 25, 186.'!, wd. Oct. 18,1864. Braden, John A., e. Dec. 18, 1863, died Memphis. Barnes, Joseph B.,e. Aug. 19, 1861, died St. Louis. Barnes, Geo. D., e. Aug. 21, 1861. Bishop, Zion, e. Aug. 21, 1861. Cox, T., e. Dec. 14, 1863. Canterbury, John, e. Aug. 20, 1861. Cosens, L., e. Dec. 2, 1863. Clark, Amos. M., e. Aug. 12, 1861, yet. March 1, 1864. Darnold, B. S., e. Dec. 22, 1862. Dean, Albert, e. Dec. 8, 1863. Dotson, Mark, e. Aug. 21, 1861. Edington, Aaron B., e. Aug. 20, 1861, ("isd. Nov. 12,1861, dieab. Elston, R. H., e. Aug. 18, 1861, disd. Nov. 12, 1861, disab. Triend, Amer, e. Dec. 8, 1863 Harris, Robert G., e. Aug 30, 1861. Hixon, L. E., e. Dec. 25, 1863. Hood, Alex, e. Dec. 24, 1863. Hood, Thomas, e. Dec. 25, 1863. Husled, Alfred, e. Dec. 30, 1863. Jackson, S. B., e. Dec. 2, 1863, drowned Troy, Ky. .Johnson, Perry W., e. Aug 24, 1861, died at Farmington, Miss. Keller, W. L., e. Jan. 5, 1864. King, S. S., e. Aug. 12, 1861. Klein, T., e. Dec. 14, 1863, captd. Little Harpeth, Tenn. Lambkin, L. S., e. Aug. 18, 1861, disd. March 10, 1863, disab. Lee, John H., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Leahart, F., e. Aug. 12, 1861, wd. Farmington. Long, Jos. S., e. Dec. 2, 1863. Leffler, A., e. Aug. 28, 1861, wd. Farmington, Tenn. Laher, Lewis, e. Dec. 7, 1863. MoCray, Addison, e. Nov. 21, 1861. Moter, Robert C, e. Nov. 19, 1861. Meter, Wm. A., e. Nov. 12, 1861. McAllister, Jas. B., e. Nov. 12, 1861, disd. May 18, 1862, disab. Ogle, John, e. Dec. 25, 1863, died Memphis, Tenn. Patterson, I. D., e. March 25, 1864. Pilling, Isaiah, e. Nov. 30, 1861. Pierson, Thomas, e. Dec. 4, 1863. Ping, Robert, e. Dec. 2, 1863. Russell, Wm., e. Nov. 12, 1861. Reed, R. M., e. Dec. 18, 1863. Ryau, Dennis, e. Nov. 20, 1861. Eeipe, Peter, e. Dec. 2, 1863. Scott, John H., e. Nov. 12, 1861, died St. Louis. Skaggs, T. M., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Slathers, John T., e. Nov. 24, 1861, kid. Dec. 4, 1862, in skirmish. Stillwell, Samuel, e. Nov. 12, 1861, died Keokuk. Taylor, John M., e. Dec. 7, 1863, vet. March 1, 1864, prmtd. Corp. Tenant, M. P., e. Dec. 2, 1863, died Oct. 13, 1864. Werner, Geo., e. Nov. 20, 1861, died May 24, 1864. Wall, T. M., e. March 31, 1364, wd. Little Harpeth, Tenn. Walker, Jacob, e. Dec. 8, 1863, captd. Little Harpeth, Tenn. Wilson, J., r. Dec. 8, 1863, wd. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Anderson, Clark, e. Dec. 26, 1863. Briley, Isaac, e.Feb. 1, 1864. Backer, Wm. H., Feb. 29, 1864. Callahan, M. B., e. Dec. 29, 1864. Drlskell, Wm. B., e. Jan. 6, 1864. Fetrow, Wm., e. Oct. 10, 1864. Frazer, Geo., e. Feb. 6, 1864. Gillette, , e. Dec. 29, 1863 Heizer, D. M., e. March 29, 1864. Heiden, Frederick, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Holt, Jos. P., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Loper, L. D., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Otto, Aug., e. Jan. i, 1864. Ohearn, John, e. Aug. 13, 1863. Orr, Samuel F., e. Jan. 2, 1864. Paul, Thos,, 6. Dec. 28, 1863. Smith, James B., e. March 31, 1864 Skaggs, T. M., 6. Jan. 6, 1864. Wells, Nelson, e. March 14, 1864. Toung, David, e. Jan. 4, 1864. THIRD CAVALRY. [Note. — Thit regiment icas muelered oul at AUmla Ga. Augmt 9, 1865.'] Company A, Burns, Wm., e. Nov. 26, 1862, died at Keokuk. Gray, Lewis C, e. Jan. 28, 1864. Morrison, Samuel, e. Jan. 5, 1865. Patterson, Robt. A., e. Feb. 22, 1864. Company B. Eaton, Geo. W., o. Jan. 6, 1864. Company E. Graham, Wm. W., e. Nov. 4, 1863. Goddard, Thos. M., e. Nov. 4, 1863. West, John, e. Nov. 4, 1863. Connpany F. Brown, Jas. L., e. Jan. 4, '64, captd. near Frankville, Miss- Dodd, Wm., Jan. 2, 1864. Fletcher, Chaa., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Karnes, B. C, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Laughlin, S. C. e. Jan. 4, 1864. Monroe, Wm. H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. McCormick, Jas. W., e. Jan. 4, 1864, died at St. Louis. Taught, Solomon, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Winn, Francis, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Company C. Brown, 0. S., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Boyer, Jos., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Kent, Marlon, e. Nov. 4, 1863. Mcprary, Miner, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Pace, Thos.H., e.Nev. 4, 1863, captd. May 1, 1864. Perry, Wm. H,, e. Jan. 6, 1864. Root, Calvin, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Stock, Levi 0., e. Jan. 12, 1864. Company I. Helmuth, Casper, e. ■Oct. 4, 1863, died at Duvall's Bluff, Ark. Mersh, Jno. C, e. Sept. 21, 1863. Scott, W. R., 6. Jan. 21, 1864, died Sept. 26, 1864. Company K. Harris, Silas A., b. Jan. 5, 1864. Company L. McCristol, Daniel, e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Carter, Wm. A., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Etfton, Geo. W., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Hart, Alfred, e. Feb. 4, 1864. Harris, S. A., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Long, David P., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Long, H. P., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Laughlin, S. C, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Marshall, Henry, e. Jan. 6, 1864. FOURTH CAVALRY. [Note.— rftis regiment was miuterei out cd Aaanta, Aug. 10, 18661] Mai Wm. W. Woods, com. 2d lieut. Co. L, Nov. 25, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 9, 1862, prmtd. capt. Aug. 1, 1862, prmtd. maj Sept. 27, 1864. B. Q. M. S. Eugene F. Ware, e. Oct. 21, 1861. Company A. Biggs, Chas., .. Jan. 1, 1862, disd, Aug. 1, 1863. 464 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Company C. Sergt. Alex. C. Yirgen, e. Oct. 1, 1861, disd. June 10, 1863, diBab. Ayere, Bstep, e. Feb. 27, 1864, ,.,„„, Virgeti, Wm. T., e. Feb. 27, 1864, disd. June 14, 1864, disab. Company D. Corp. Enoch A. Sexon, e. Sept. 25, 1861, vet. Dec. 20, '63. Frie, Jacob, e. Dec. 2, 1863. Johnson, John B., e. Jan. 13, 1864. Peckover, E. A., e. Jan 5, 1864. Company C. Hobson, Geo., e. Feb. 27, 1864. Company K. Capt. Ambrose Hodge, eom. 2d lleut. Co. L Jan., 9, 1862, from B. Q. M., prmtd. adjt. July 30, 1863, prmtd. capt. Jan. 26, 1866. Shoup, L. L., e. Jan. 19, 1864. Company L. Com. Sergt. Lyman Hotaling, e. Aug. 28, 1861, vet. Dec 12, 1863. Corp. Danl. Johnson, e. Sept. 14, 1861, vet. Deo. 12, 1863. aancy, Daniel, e. Sept. 2, 186i; captd. Nov. 21, 1862, vet. Dec. 12, 1863. Daahham, Geo., e. Sept. 5, '61, captd. near Livingston, Ky. Harvey, Geo., e. Feb. 6, 1862, prmtd. hos. stwd. Hammond, E. L., e. Feb. 28, 1862. Lorrigan, Daniel, e. Jan. 21, 1862, kid. in battle April 8, 1863. HcLane, Bichard, e. Jan. 16, 1862, died at St. Louis. McEvoy, John, e. Feb. 28, 1862. Okell, B. K., 6. Feb. 1, 1862, vet. Dec. 12, 1863. Parsons, James M., e, Oct. 30, 1862, accidentally kid. July 13, 1862. Stockton, Chalmers, e. March 23, 1864, disd. Doc. 16, '64, disab. Smith, W. F,, e. Oct. 7, 1862. White, John S., e. Oct. 28, 1862. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Kelley, Martin, e. March 18, 1864. Kinnesey, Michael, e. Feb. 20, 1864. FIFTH CAVALRY [Note. — T)iis Begimenl was miMtered out at Nashville, Term., Aug. 11, 188S.'] Company F. Capt. AVm. Alex. Haw, com. Ist lieut. 1861, prmtd. capt. Dec. 20, 1861, wd. and captd. at Lock Mills, Tenn., resd. April 8, 1863. Capt. Martin Choumee, e, &b Q. M. S, Oct. 25, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut Dec. 21, 1861, prmtd capt. April 9, 1863, m. o, Nov. 19, 1864, term expired. First Lieut. Charles Ende, e. as corp. Oct. 25, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. April 5, 1864, prmtd. 1st lieut. Nov. 20, 1864, Second Lieut. August Schlapp, e. as corp. Oct. 25, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Nov. 20, 1864, m. o. as aergt. Corp. Frank Santers, e. Oct. 25, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Acker, Felix, e. Oct. 25, 1861, disd. March 31, 1863. Bicklen, Lewis, e. Oct. 26. 1861. Ende, Ferdinand, e. Oct. 26, 1861. Hille, Frank, e. Oct. 25, 1861, kid. in battle at Lockridge Mills. Hoffman, Wm.. e. Aug. 28, 1861, prmtd. bat. vet. surg., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Horachle, Fritz, e. Oct. 25, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Lange, Edw., e. Oct. 25, 1861, disd. July 19, 1862, disab. Netting, Arnold, e. Oct. 25, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Bit2man, John B., e. Oct. 26, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1861, Schlapp, Henry, e. Oct. 26, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, Schemetz, Geo., e. Oct. 26, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Venator, Chas., e. Oct. 26, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. FIFTH VETERAN CAVALRY. Company B. Nichols, Jacob S., e. Jan. 6, 1864. Company C. Allen, Chas. W., Jan. 12, 1864. Company D. McMahon, John, e. Jan. 4, 1864. SEVENTH CAVALRY. [Note. — Thu Regiment woe mustered out in May and June 1866, at Sioux City.] Adjt. Ed. K. Talentine, e. as priv. April 27, 1863, prmtd. aergt. maj., prmtd, adjt. Sept. 7, 1865. Company C. First Lieut. Ira C. Schenck, com. 2d lieut. March 6, 1863, prmtd. lat lieut. Aug. 20, 1864, resd. Nov. 22, 1865. Anderson, John, e. April 6, 1863, kid. at Ft. Cottonwood, N. T. Bridges, John D., e. April 16, 1863. Burton, Edw. J., e. March 26, 1863. Leonard, A. C, e. April 21, 1863. McCreatel, Geo. D., e. March 18, 1862. Morrow, James W., e. April 17, 1863, died at Omaha City, N. T. Maeklin, Chas. H., e. April 18, 1863. Wolf, Charles, e. March 6, 1863. Company F. Capt. Eugene F. Ware, 6. aa priv. Co. A, Dec. 14, 1863 prmtd. aergt. maj., prmtd. 2d lieut. Sept. 4, '63, prmtd. capt. May 11, 1866. Corp. William 0. Davis, e. May 2, 1863, disd. Sept. 20, '63, disab. Davis, A. W., e. May 11, 1863, disd. Deo. 23, 1863, disab. Luokey, Geo. S., e. April 26, 1863, disd. Myers, Henry, e. April 26, 1863, diad. Oct. 30, 1866, disab. Neff, Corneliua, e. April 26, 1863. Company H. Sergt. Louia Wall, e. June 26, 1863. Corp. ThoB. Turner, e. June 8, 1863. Corp. Chaa. Pepper, e. June 28, 1863. Company K. Davia, Samuel W., e. e. Oct. 9, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. Bedwell, Henry, e. Sept. 27, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. Coad, Thomas, e. Oct. 11, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. Dodds, John H,, e. Oct. 9, 1861. Dodda, Jos. B., e. Aug. 27, 1861, Kennedy, M. M., e. Sept. 23, 1861. LotapeitKih, Lyman B,, e, Sept. 20, 1861, vet. March 31, '64. Powell, Morton, e. Oct. 1, 1861, vet. Feb. 29, 1864. Wood, Abaalom, e. Sept. IS, 1861, vet. Fob. 27, 1864, disd. Oct. 30. 1886, disab. Company M. Firat Lieut. Barton T. Byan, com. Oct. 24, 1861, m. o. Oct, 3, 1864, term expired. First Sergt. Wm. E. Meaaon, e. Sept. 25, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. Sergt. Augustus Killough, o. Sept. 17, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. Sergt. Wm. Williams, e. Sept. 16, 1861, vet. Feb, 28, 1864. Barlew, Frank, e, Sept. 25, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. Beatty, Wm., vet. Feb. 28, 1864. Cushman, E. J., vet. Feb. 28, 1864. Elliott, Wm. J., e. Oct. 1. 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. Elliott, D. B., e. May 7, 1864. Fisk, Jesse, A., e. Oct. 7, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864, prmtd. Corp. Hendee, Wm. H., vet. Feb. 28, 1864. Kline, Tbeo., e. Oct. 2, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Bloom, John, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Bonner, John M., e. Sept. 26, '64. Hatz, Thomas, e. Jan. 6, 1864. Franklin, E., e. Oct. 7, 1864. Long, Lewis, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Moyer, Bichard, e. Oct. 8, 1864. McKennon, D. S., e. Oct. 6, 1864. Mitchell, Lewis H., e. Oct. 6, 1864. HISTORY 0*' DES MOINES COUNTY. 465 EIGHTH CAVALRY. {Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Macon, Ga.. Aug. 13, 1866.} €o. Tpt. Alonzo H. Bohner, e. July 23, 1863. Company D. Oipt. John 0. Power, com. 2d lieut. Sept. 30, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. July 15, 1864, captd. at Newnan, Ga., pnutd. capt. Jan. 29, 1866, read. March 21, 1866. Sergt. Joseph B. Downer, e. July 29, 1863. €orp. Theodore W. Blake, e. Aug. 3, 1863. Atwood, W. N., e. Aug. 10, 1863. •Cox, H. 0., e. Aug. 29, 1863. Crawford, F. M., e. Oct. 19, 1863. -Campbell, Wm. H., e. Aug. 14, 1863, captd. Newnan, Ga. Bamold, Thos. M., e. July 24, 1863. Daniels, J. A., e. Aug. .8, 1863. Gellenwater, Bobt., e. July 29, 1863, died Franklin, Tenn. Graham, Benj. Q., e. Aug. 1, 1863. lee, Wm. H., e. July 18, 1863. Iiinton, Edmond, e. Aug. 16, 1863. Mcraure, A. L., e. July 29, 1863. Mickey, John, e. Aug. 10, 1863. Bushing, Jesse E., e. July 29, 1863. Scott, James W., e. July 29, 1863, captd. at Newnan, Ga. Turgeon, John, e. Sept. 2, 1863. Williams, Samuel H. e. July 29, 1863, kid. at Macon, Ga., accidentally. Wilkinson, John H., e. July 29, 1863. MasBon, Hiram, e. Aug. 17, 1863. Company E. •Q. M. Sergt. Bichard Dressell, c. Aug. 18, 1863, served as private in 7th Mo. Cav. Oom. Sergt. John Lee, e. Aug. 5, 1863. Corp. Jas. B. Simmons, e. July 19, 1863, wd, at Varnell's Station, Tenn. Wagoner John H. Reid, e. July 11, 1863, captd. Newnan, Ga., died Andersonville. •Oresap, Jas., e. July 21, 1863. Cunningham, K., e. July 7, '63, wd. Vamell Station, Tenn. Dunn, Jos. H., e. .Tuly 4, 1863. Poster, K. W., e. July 26, 1863. Mamm, Henry, e. July 1, 1863. Hannah, Levi S., e. June 26, 1863. Myer, John, e. July 28, 1863. Prettyman, Bobt, e. July 21, 1863. Predmose, Nelson, e. Aug. 10, 1863. Bock, Beuben, e. Aug. 1, 1863. Eeynolds, John, e. Aug. 21, 1863. Smith, Geo., e. July 14, 1863. Shultz, David, e. July 31, 1863. Schnittger, Predk., e. Aug. 9, 1863. Woodmansee, P., e. July 25, 1863. Woodmansee, Levi J., e. Aug. 7, 1863, died Nashville, Tenn. Wensell, Jos., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Woodside. John W., e. July 1, 1863. Watkins, Thos., e. Aug. 7, 1863. Company F. Mitchell, John 0., o. Aug. 24, 1863. Company H. Harris, John, e. Aug. 8, 1863, captd. Newnan, Ga., died Andersonville. Company L. Bechman, Wm. H., o. Aug. 13, 1863. Company M- Sergt. Samuel Beid, e. June 29, 1863. Arel, Wm. A., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Bush, George, e. Aug. 1, 1862. Jones, BenJ. P., e. Aug. 12, 1862, captd. Newnan, Ga. Jones, Oliver H., 6. Aug. 27, 1865. Thos. H. C, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Vannicc, Wesley M., e. Aug. 13, 1862. NINTH CAVALRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Little Bock, February and March, 1866.] A/»^»' with Enos Lowe, Peter Wagoner, Jesse R. Webber, John S. David ^^^d ^^hur Bridgman as corporators. The capital stock of the company was $10,UUU divided into shares of $50 each, and were empowered to erect mills, ^^fh^^^f^ and other necessary buildings and improvements, and to erect and establish all kinds of machinery. . ., t „ The Burlington & Iowa River Turnpike CrP^°y/^^T'^Tolthan uary 24, 1839.^ The corporators were J^^i^^Guest Israel Trask Jonathan Pa/sons James Irwin, Elisha Hooke, William Cre.ghton, John H^Benson M. Eastwood, Elias Keever, Daniel Brewer, James Gordon, Wilham L^ ioo^^e^ Joshua S;ank and Alvin Clark of Louisa County, and George W ^te « Davidson, Oliver H. Cottle, George W. Kelley, Thomas Cooper, William B. Remey, Charles J. Starr, John S. David, George H. Beeler, Leander J. Lock wood and Richard F. Barret, of Des Moines County. ^nnornorated The Burlington & Des Moines Transportation Company ^a^^^^;?™ January 24, 1839, and Charles Mason, Isaac Leffler, George H. Beeler, Haw 488 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. kins Taylor, Richard F. Barret, Robert Ralston, John H. Randolph, B. P. Randolph, B. F. Wallace and William B. Remey were appointed Commission- ers for receiving subscriptions to the capital stock of the corporation. An act was approved January 24, 1839, by the Council and House bf Rep- resentatives of the Territory of Iowa, whose purpose was to improve the police of the city of Burlington. In it was stipulated that " the regularly elected or appointed Constables residing within the corporate limits of the city of Burling- ton, shall at all times be vigilant in maintaining or preserving the peace, order and quiet of said city, and shall aid and assist the Mayor of s'Aid city to main- tain and preserve the same, subject to punishment for omission of duty as for a misdemeanor." LOCATING THE SEAT OF JUSTICE. When the county was defined by the Legislature, at Belmont,' and again at Burlington, the county seat of Des Moines was fixed at Burlington. When other counties began to be carved out of the Territory further west, a mania seemed to possess the people to have the seat located as near the geographical center of the county as possible. Many claims were made in places then inac- cessible, because of the strong probability that the Locating Commissioners, when appointed, would favor the selection of embryotic towns "laid out" in the center of their respective counties. Mount Pleasant was thus chosen, and Ottumwa was planned before the Indian title was extinct. Under such circum- stances, it was but natural that the people of Central and Western Des Moines should make an efi'ort to change the base of operations. A "town" was started, called " Center," which was rightly named, so far as the locality was concerned. Jeremiah Smith was one of the leading spirits in the movement. The matter came to formal vote March 2, 1840, with the following result : Townships. nnrlington. Center. Burlington 465 40 Augusta 70 21 Union 3 58 Yellow Springs 40 166 578 274 Majority for Burlington, 304. This vote settled, probably forever, the question of where the seat of justice shall be. THE ENTERPRISE OF THE PEOPLE. The spirit of enterprise — that dominant power which makes the West famous throughout the world — was manifested from the very first. Through the agency of clear-sighted men, the temporary capital of the Territory was secured here, and by that means the best minds of the Territory were induced to locate. When the capital was removed, the larger part of those eminent men retained their residence in Burlington, and through their public acts advertised the town in older regions of the country. Humanity is characterized by its community of interests. The general tendency is to avoid recluseness, and wherever a band of men congregate others will follow. If intelligent men settle at a given point, they draw to themselves other persons of intelligence. Enterprise not only begets enter- prise — as like produces like — but it also creates a community of enterprising men. Hence it was that the bar, the pulpit and the press became conspicuous in so early a day, and hence it was, also, that the commercial interests of the town early grew into large proportions. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 489 THE LOCATION OF THE CITY. Those who made the first settlement probahly builded better than they knew, when they chose the only landing' on the west bank of the Mississippi River, between Fort Madison and Muscatine, a distance of eighty-one miles. Of course, the only means of transit, other than by private conveyance, in those days was by steamboat, and the ability to effect a landing was one of the primal considerations in the selections of sites for river towns. When White made his claim, the wildest dreamer would not have dared to have expressed the belief that Burlington would one day be the center of a vast railway system. Railways were talked of as some new creation of venturesome minds, even in the Territory of Wisconsin, in 1836 ; but no expectation of such a method of development entered into the calculations of the pioneers of 1833. To them, it seemed all sufficient that the river boats could land safely and easily. Even a decade later, speculation was rife over the internal development of the Territory, by means of water communication. However, time brings each step in the progress of the nation to light in due order, and Burlington proved to be the most desirable locality for all projectors of transit methods to select as their headquarters. As a precursor of the iron- road came the plankroad, creating a fever of excitement throughout the West. The people of Burlington caught the infection in its severest form, and the old ordinance-books show many measures for the advancement of such projects. The city became a party to the construction of a plankroad to Mount Pleasant ; another to Warren, Henderson Co., 111.; another to Louisa County; and the Mount Pleasant, Trenton, Deedsville & Brighton Plankroad. The people were disposed to do all in their power to make Burlington the terminus of roads over which the travel of the southern part of the State was accomplished. That spirit of enterprise which has ever characterized the town ruled in all these early matters. When railroads superseded wagon-roads, the city was again at the front, ready with money and liberal proposals to secure the prize. How well it suc- ceeded the chapter on railroads clearly shows. The city was, as can be seen, rightly located, to obtain a hearing in all councils devoted to the progress of the State. But still another factor in the question of rapid settlement was that of the HEALTHFULNESS OF BURLINGTON. One of the first questions asked by visitors to this region is, How does this section compare with the East in point of healthfulness ? It is the niost important subject, for without a favorable climate to preserve mental and physical vigor, man's enterprise must prove futile. We deem it proper to answer this ques- tion by giving a paper prepared by Philip Harvey, M. D., a gentleman whose acquaintance with Iowa, and especially with Burlington, qualified him to respond to the general inquiry. Dr. Harvey said : , i • j " The southern boundary of Iowa runs between 40° 20' north latitude on the east and 40° 40' on the west. Burlington is on the parallel nearly mid- way between these two points. By close observation, the isothermal line (or line of average annual temperature) of 50° Fahrenheit runs through Burlington, continuing thence eastward, with but little variation, to the Atlantic, ihis isothermal is considered to be the most favorable one to man, in reference, to his mental and physical vigor, longevity, health and comfort. The general eleva- tion of this portion of the State is but little above the sea-level, the Mississippi 490 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. River at Burlington having, at low water, an altitude of between four and five hundred feet, while the Missouri at Council Bluffs is about two hundred feet above this. The intervening country is, I presume, seldom found three hundred feet higher; in fact, the river bluffs surmounted, the whole country is but slightly undulating, nowhere becoming hilly or materially broken. The average rain-fall is nearly the same as it is in New York and Pennsylvania, diminishing, however, somewhat as you approach the Missouri, the annual amount of pre- cipitation being about forty inches at Burlington and thirty-five at Council Bluffs. The average yearly temperature is, as already stated, about 60° Fahren- heit, which is also the spring and autumn averages, while that of summer is about 70°, and that of winter 30°. The high degree of heat and moisture in the season of vegetation that characterizes the climate of Southern Iowa, together with a soil unsurpassed in fertility, gives a remarkable luxuriance to its agricultural products ; these comprise the most valued known to the temperate zones. Vegetation is of rapid growth, and its nutritious properties are well developed. In the valley of the Mississippi the tendency to saccharine produc- tion is a striking feature ; the juice of the cornstalk is almost as sweet as the sugar-cane of the tropics, and capable of making excellent sirup. Southern Iowa is about the center of the region most favorable to the growth of Indian corn, which cereal, though a native of the tropics, yields most abundantly under cul- tivation between the fortieth and forty-second parallels of latitude in that region drained by the mighty Father of Waters east of the hundredth meridian, beyond which, on the west, to the base of the mountains, the country becomes barren from a deficiency of moisture. Wheat, oats, barley, rye, most of our indigenous and imported groceries, esculent roots, as potatoes, turnips, beets, carrots and the products of the garden, succeed well in Southern Iowa. Apples, pears and cherries do well in the vicinity of Burlington, as do most of our native grapes when protected by laying down during the winter. Plums and peaches are more doubtful, being apt to suffer from insect depredations and winter frosts. Melons and the cucurbitacese generally, being of annual growth and demanding a high summer temperature to bring them to perfection, are here found in great excellence and abundance. " The greatest causes of disturbance of health in the temperate zones are those that conduce to the production of miasmatic and pulmonary diseases, as intermittent and other fevers are dependent on causes that conduce to the decomposition of organic matters; pulmonary diseases are more dependent on influences that conduce to their preservation. Their causes being antagonistic, we do not find these two classes of disease prevailing at the same time and place. The alluvial regions of the Mississippi are emphatically the home of intermittent fevers, but the miasm that occasions them is not transported any considerable distance ; the uplands of Iowa, remote from the courses, are as free from the ague as are the hills of New England. "Southern Iowa can boast of a degree of exemption from consumption that 18 enjoyed in but few parts of the world. This disease destroys one-tenth of all who die in the temperate zones, and in Massachusetts it is fatal to one-half of all who die between the ages of fifteen and thirty. Throughout the United States it is fatal to two per thousand of the whole population annually. It is a disease more prevalent in cities than in the country, and I presume it is, at least, as prevalent in Burlington as throughout the rest of Southern Iowa. By a careful examination of the records kept at all the places of burial in the vicinity of Burlington, I find the deaths from consumption to be considerably less than one per thousand of the population annually. For the year ending January ^ ^, ^.^.1>""^^- . ,J/J ^irtA/y^^^ T./iy. '..^^^i^'i^^L.'^ — ^ HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 493 1, 1869, the deaths from disease in Burlington and its vicinity were two hundred and fifty-five, of which only twelve were from consumption. The cemeteries whose records I examined may be fairly said to be the receptacles of the dead of a population of 20,000. Two hundred and sixty deaths among this number would make a mortality of thirteen per thousand, which is two less than that of the United States at large. At Boston, the annual mortality is twenty per thou- sand'; at New York and Philadelphia, twenty-six per thousand; and in New Orleans, sixty per thousand. The yearly mortality of England is estimated at twenty-two per thousand, and that of the whole of Europe considerably higher ; so that the climate of the United States must be considered as among the most favorable to longevity, and that of Southern Iowa as among the most favorable of the United States." The elevation of Burlington above the sea at the shore line in low water is 486 feet. The range between high and low water is 18 feet. The bluif« at the highest points are about 200 feet above low water. THE GOVERNMENT SURVEY. When Wie original survey was made on White's claim, the land was his only by right of "claim." The lines run in the fall of 1833 were only such as claimants were permitted to make. In July, 1836, on the 2d of that month, the President of the United States approved a bill which had been passed by Congress, entitled, " An act for laying off the towns of Fort Madison and Bur- lington, in the county'of Des Moines, and the towns of Belleview, Dubuque and Peru, in the county of Dubuque, Territory of Wisconsin, and for other purposes." The law provided: " That the tracts of land in the Territory of Wisconsin, including the towns of Fort Madison and Burlington, in the county of Des Moines ; Belleview, Dubuque and Peru, in the county of Dubuque ; Mineral Point, in the county of Iowa, shall, under the direction of the Sur- veyor General of the Public Lands, be laid off into town lots, streets, ave- nues, and the lots for public use called public squares, an* into outlets, hav- ing regard to the lots and streets already surveyed, in such manner and of such dimensions as he may think proper for the public good and the equitable rights of the settlers and occupants of the said towns ; provided, the tracts so to be laid off into town lots, etc., shall not exceed the quantity of one entire section, nor the town lots one-half of an acre; nor shall the outlets exceed the quantity of four acres each. When the survey of the lots shall be completed, a plat thereof shall be returned to the Secretary of the Treasury and within six months thereafter the lots shall bo offered to the highest bidder, at pub- lic Fsale, under the direction of the President of the United States and a such other times as he shall think proper ; provided th^t no town lot shall be sold for a sum less than $5; ^nd provided further, that a quantity "t land, of a proper width, on the river-banks, at the towns of Fort Madison, Belkview, Burlington, Dubuque and Peru, and running with ^he said river he whole length of said towns, shall be reserved from sale (as shall also he pub- lic squares), for public use, and remain forever for public use, as public high- ways, and for other public uses." , , , „iaa=;fv The second section of the law provided that the Surveyor «tf^d /k^ J the lots already surveyed into three divisions, ^'^'''^^^ '^''^;^rJ^to governed by location, without regard'to improvements thereon and prior to leneral sale, the original claimants were permitted *" "^^'^^^;'^i7 "f,^'. Lpective pkrcels, at the rate of $40, |20 or $10, according as the sa^ pa eels had been graded first, second or third class. No one person was per 4yJ: HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. mitted to purchase more than one acre of such surveyed lots, and actual improvement or occupation was an essential qualification to purchase under this reserve. A sum of $3,000 of public moneys was appropriated to defray the expense of surveying. An amendment to the original bill was approved March 3, 1837, delegat- ing to a commission of three the duty of surveying the foregoing cities, and relieving the Territorial Surveyor of the task. Those Commissioners had additional powers to review all contests over claims, and submit the testimony taken by them to the Register and Receiver of the respective land districts, who had authority to determine the cases. After the settlement of suck claims, the residue of the lots was offered at public sale at the land offices. Gilbert M. Harrison made the survey, in 1837. FIRST INCORPORATION. The original session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, at Belmont, passed a. general law, entitled "An act to incorporate the inhabitants of such towns as wish to be incorporated." The bill was approved December 6, 1886. In accordance with that law, the people of Burlington signified a " wish to be incorporated," and the wish was carried out. An election was held in the spring of 1837, and resulted in the election of the following officers : President, Amos Ladd ; Trustees, David Rorer, George H. Beeler, Enoch Wade, George W. Kelley. The first meeting of the Board was held at the office of David Rorer, on the 29th of April, 1837. ^ THE FIRST RECORDS. The earliest record-book in the office of the City Clerk is dated April 29, 1837. On the first page, appears a series of twelve rules and regulations for the government of the Board of Trustees of the town of Burlington, when that body was in session. The rules svere the ordinary measures adopted in such cases, and were no^ of sufficient oddity to bear reproduction here. ORIGINAL BOUNDARIES. The first ordinance adopted by the Board was one establishing the bounda- ries of the town, as follows : " Beginning on the west bank of the Mississippi River, at the point where the most southern boundary of the survey of the Ad- dition of Enoch Wade to said town strikes said river ; thence with the southern boundary line of said survey to the southwest corner of said addition ; thence by a continuation of said line direct to a point one-half mile due west of the place of beginning ; thence by a direct line to a point one-half mile due west from the center of the mouth of the Town Branch in Leffler's Addition to said town ; thence by a direct line to a point one-half mile due west from a point on the west bank of the Mississippi River, where the most northern line of the survey of Kelley's Addition to said town strikes the same ; thence due east to the extreme north- west corner of the survey of said Kelley's Addition ; and thence by the north- ern boundary line of said Kelley's Addition, to the Mississippi River ; thence due east to the center of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence down the center of the main channel of said river to a point in the center of the said channel due east of the place of beginning ; thence due west to the place of beginning." «. The ordinance provided for the marking-out and surveying of the bounda- ries described, and was signed by Amos Ladd, President of the Board of Trustees; and by Thornton Bayliss, Clerk pro tern. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 495 Ordinance No. 2 provided for the appointment of certain officers of the corporation of the town of Burlington, viz. : The President and Board were authorized to elect by ballot a Clerk, a Treasurer, an Assessor, a Collector, a Marshal, an Engineer, a Superintendent of Streets, a Solicitor, to hold offi'ce for one year. The ordinance also defined the duties of certain officers. Ordinance No. 3 explained the duties of the Assessor. No. 4 regulated the police system. No. 8 provided for the erection of a bridge across the " Town Branch." Then followed sundry measures looking to the general order of the town. No. 16 provided for the erection of a market-house on the block com- monly called " Market Square," situated on Front and Second streets, and including the mouth of the Town Branch. The Engineer of the streets was authorized to contract for a building, not to exceed $400. No. 24 provided for the levy and collection of a corporation tax. In all, twenty-nine ordinances were passed by the original Board. ORIGINAL OFFICERS. The full list of officers is here given: President, Amos Ladd; Clerk, Thornton Bayliss ; Treasurer, Hanson E. Dickinson ; Assessor, D. Henderson ; Marshals, James. Cameron, John Harris, G. W. Kesler ; Collector, J. E. Starr ; Engineers, Thomas S. Easton, John Campbell ; Trustees, David Eorer, George H. Beeler, Enoch Wade, George W. Kelley ; Solicitors, James W. Grimes, J. W. Woods, Charles Mason. Mr. Grimes appeared before the Board and thanked them for the honor conferred, but admitted that he was not qualified for the position, being yet less than twenty-one years of age! He was born October 20, 1816. The Board, in recognition of his abilities, still insisted upon his retaining the position, and waived the legal points. Mr. Grimes accepted the honor. THE CITY CHARTER. In February, 1838, the city of Burlington was organized under a charter granted by the Legislature of the Territory of Wisconsin, dated January 19, 1838. The Legislature met in Burlington. In the bill referred to, the bound- aries of the city were defined as follows ; " All that part of the territory included within the following- defined limits, to wit : Beginning on the west bank of the Mississippi River, in the County of Des Moines, at a point where the southern boundary line of the official sur- vey of the town of Burlington, made by authority of the United States, strikes said river ; thence with the said southern boundary line to the southwestern corner of said survey ; thence with the western boundary of said survey to the northwestern corner of said survey ; thence with the northern boundary line of. said survey, to where the same strikes the Mississippi River ; thence due east to the middle of the main channel of said river ; thence down the middle of the main channel thereof, to a point in said main channel due east of the place of beginning ; and thence due west of the place of beginning, shall be, and the same is hereby erected into a corporate city forever, and shall henceforth be called and known by the name of the city of Burlington." „ 1 • v. The first election under this act was held at the Wisconsin Hotel, in the '^' Certain amendments to the general provisions of the bill were passed Jan- uary 24, 1839, and January 15, 1841, by the Legislature of the Territory of Iowa. 496 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. RE-INCORPORATION. June 10, 1845, a bill was approved by the Governor of Iowa Territory, re- incorporating the city of Burlington. This sketch has nothing to do with the several governmental regulations, except as they apply to the history of the various distinct city departments, and need, therefore, quote only so much of the charter of '45, as relates to the boundary lines of the city as then estab- lished. These were: " Beginning on the west bank of the Mississippi River, in the county of Des Moines, at a point where the southern boundary line of the official survey of the town of Burlington, made by authority of the United States, strikes said river ; thence with the said southern boundary line to the southwestern corner of said survey ; thence with the western boundary of said survey to the northwestern corner of said survey; thence with the northwestern boundary line of said survey to where the same strikes the Mississippi River; thence due east to the middle of the main channel of said river ; thence down the middle of the main channel thereof to a point in said main channel due east from the place of beginning, and thence due west to the place of beginning." Amendments relative to the general management of city affairs were passed February 22, 1847, January 23, 1848, December 27, 1848, and February 4, 1851. The latter act again fixed the boundaries of the city,'as follows: "Commencing in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi River, at a point eighty rods due south of the line dividing Sections Four and Nine, Township Sixty-nine north, of Range Two west; thence west and parallel with the line dividing said sections, to the west line of Section Eight of same township ; thence north along the west line of Sections Eight and Five of said township, and along the west line of Section Thirty-two of Township Seventy north, of range two west, for the distance of two and a quarter miles from the southwest corner of said boundary ; thence east with the north line of said Section Thirty-two, to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning." From 1851 to 1873, twenty-one special and general acts of the Legislature have affected the charter of 1845, which need not be noticed in detail. BURLINGTON A CITY OF THE FIRST CLASS. On the 1st day of November, 1873, Gov. Carpenter caused the following statement to be promulgated : STATE OF IOWA, ss. The undersigned, having examined the returns of the census of 1873, on file in the office of the Secretary of State, have ascertained, in accordance with Section 509 of the Code, that the following-named cities, having attained a population of fifteen thousand and upward, are entitled to become cities of the first class, to wit, the city of Burlington, in the county of Des Moines; the city of Des Moines, in the county of Polk; and that the following-named towns having attained a population exceeding two thousand, are entitled to become cities of the second class, to wit: The town of Marion, in the county of Linn; the town of Lansing, in the county of Allamakee. ' In testimony whereof, witness our hands, this first day of November, A. D. 1873. C. C. CARPENTER, 'Oowrnor. JOHN RUSSELL, Auditor of Statu. JOSIAH T. YOUNG, Secretartj of State. ABANDONMENT OF THE CHARTER. The Code of Iowa, chapter 10, provides [§434] that any city or town incorporated by special charter, or in any other manner than that provided by " HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 497 that chapter [10], may abandon its charter and organize under the provisions of that chapter of the code, with the same territorial limits, by pursuing a given course, viz.: [§435.] By submitting the question to the people, at an election held for the purpose, upon the petition of fifty or more voters. [§436.] The Mayor or President shall issue a proclamation of election, and observe certain forms prescribed therefor. [§437.] The people shall vote for and agairist the proposed change.; [§438] and if a majority of all votes cast shall be in favor of the abandonment of the charter, then the Council or Trustees shall call a special election at once, for a new set of ofiicers, according to its class, and the new order of government, under the general law, shall be begun. [§439.] The change in no way alters or abridges the powers or liabilities of the corporation taking such action. In accordance with the Code, some of the citizens of Burlington concluded to agitate the question of a change in the city government, and in July, 1874, the following petition was presented to the Council : City Cocncil-ohambeb, I July 6, 1874. / PETITION. To the Honorable Mayor and Council of the City of Burlington, Iowa : Your petitioners, resident voters and property-owners within the corporate limits of said city, would respectfully represent that they believe to abandon the present city charter and organize under the general incorporation laws of the State as a city of the first class, would prove beneficial to the future interests of said city, and to this end your petitioners would ask your honorable body to submit said question to the qualified electors of said city, as the laws provide and for which your petitioners will ever pray. ^ ^ UNTERKIRCHEB, L ^ ■-■ And 150 others. The petition was referred to a special committee of three, in connection with the City Solicitor, consisting of Aldermen McArthur, Boormaster and Gilbert. The committee reported that there was no discretionary power vested m the Council in the matter, and that the prayer must be granted. The Council thereupon ordered that the election be held January 11, i»^t>, in the several precincts of the city, and thereby determine the will of the people. Hon. A. C. Dodge, Mayor of Burlington, issued a proclamation ordering the election, July 21, and on the 11th day of January following the people voted on the question, with the following result : For the abandonment of the charter, 961 votes ; against the abandonment of the charter, 1^7 votes. The result was formally announced, and the date of the first election under the general law was fixed on March 1, 1875. The officers chosen at that time will be found further on in this chapter. EXTENSION OF THE CITY LIMITS. In March, 1876, the question of extending the 1™"*% "^^ft Te mlt- sented to the Council and discussed. It was then resolved to/^\^^* fjj^^^ ter to the voters of the city, in compliance with law- and «- the 27 J of Ma ch Mayor Parsons issued a proclamation fixing upon the 29tYLTsult the day of election. The following proclamation announced the result . •' JIatob's Office, 1 City or Bublington, Iowa. ) Whebeas. In pursuance of an act of the I'«g^=l?,'"J„«,°! ^'^^^^Ifs^i^D'^^isTran^ 'i^°pur- empowering cities to extend their corporate limits P'^'SW ma , .^^^^ ^ suance of a%esolution of the City Council of said "*?- I;^?,^ayor of saia c y, ^^ ^ lamatiou on the 27th day of March, A. D. 1876, proclaiming that on tne 498 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. D. 1876, at the Court House of Des Moines County, in said city, there would be held an election, fey the legal voters within the hereinafter-described limits, to determine the question as to whether said city should increase its limits as hereinafter described ; and Whereas, By the returns of said election there were 999 votes for the proposed extension of the city limits, and 128 votes against the proposed extension of the city limits ; Now, therefore, by reason thereof, and as by law provided, I hereby proclaim that from henceforth the limits of said city shall be as follows, to wit: Commencing in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River, at a point due east of the center of fractional Section Twenty-eight (28), Township Seventy (70) north, of Range two (2) west; thence west on a lint passing through the center of Sections Twenty-eight (28) and Twenty-nine (29), to the center of Section Twenty-nine (29) ; thence north to the quarter-section corner on the north side of Sec- tion Twenty-nine (29) ; thence west along the northern line of Sections Twenty-nine (29) and Thirty (30), in Township Seventy (70) north, of Range Two (2) west, to the township line' between Range Two (2) and Range Three (3) ; thence south along said township line to the quarter-section corner on the west side of Section Eighteen (18), Township Sixty-nine (69) north, of Range Two (2) west; thence east along the center line of Sections Eighteen (18), Seventeen (17), and fractional Section Sixteen (16), Township Sixty-nine (69), Range Two (2) west, and a continuation of said line to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence northerly along the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. A. W. PARSONS, Mayor of the Oily of Burlington. Attest: .T. S. Hallidat, City Clerk. Dafted July 31, A D. 1876. THE CITY SEAL. The original seal of Burlington, consisted of the reverse side of a United States dime impressed in wafer, over which a diamond-shaped piece of thin paper was affixed. The present seals are: An impression in circular form, with the words "City of Burlington, Iowa," on the outer circle, and the word "seal" and the presentation of a steamboat in the interior of the circle. The Police Court seal consists of a circular impression, with the words " Police Court, City of Burlington," on the outer circle, and the word " Iowa" in the center. The Clerk's seal substitutes the words "City Clerk" and "Iowa" on the outer circle, and the word " Burlington " on the interior of the seal. OFFICIAL ROSTER OF THE CITY. Herewith is given a complete list of the officers who have served the city since its incorporation in 1838 : 1838 — George H. Beeler, Mayor ; Thornton Bayliss, Recorder ; Charles Mason, Solicitor. Aldermen : Amos Ladd, J. L. Kimball, W. B. Remey, George Temple, J. Lamson, James McKell, J. B. Newhall, D. Hendershott. 1839 — D. Hendershott, Mayor ; Thornton Bayliss, Recorder ; J. B. Web- ber, Treasurer ; John Moore, Marshal ; M. D. Browning, Solicitor. Alder- men : George Temple, xl. Ladd, S. Leffler, J. B. Newhall, L. W. Hickok, John H. McKenny, W. H. Starr, David Rice. 1840— George Temple, Mayor; Lygander W. Babbitt, Recorder; C. Nealley, Treasurer; N. W. Springer, Engineer; W. M. Harris, Marshal; James W. Grimes, Solicitor. Aldermen : A. C. Dodge, G. W. Hight, Levi Hager, John Johnson, Charles Madera, Henry Moore, William C. Morrison, Jesse B. Webber. 1841— John Johnson, Mayor ; L. W. Babbitt (P. F. Brown, to fill vacancy); Recorder; C. Nealley, Treasurer; William Harris, Marshal; J. W. Woods, Solicitor. Aldermen : Charles Madera, R. S. Adams, Thomas Kitchen, J. W. Webber, Levi Hager, George Beeler, H. Moore, J. A. Funk. 1842— Hejry Moore, Mayor ; William M. Wallbridge, Recorder ; A. W. Carpenter, Treasurer ; W. Harris, Marshal ; F. G. Schwatka, Engineer ; H. 1. Hugins, Solicitor. Aldermen: Evan Evans, William B. Remey, M. D. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 499 Browning. William D. McCash, David Cook, Luke Palmer, William B. Ewing Oeorge Blickhahn. °' 1843— Henry Moore, Mayor ; William M. Wallbridge, Recorder ; A. W. Carpenter, Treasurer; J. H. Jennings, Engineer; Silas Ferry, Marshal; John C. Breckenridge, Solicitor. Aldermen : M. D. Browning, Evan Evans' S^amuel Smith, F. J. C. Peasley, William B. Remey, William D. McCash' ^ke Palmer, James Kurtz. 1844— James Clarke, Mayor ; William M. Wallbridge, Recorder ; A. W. Carpenter, Treasurer ; J. H. Jennings, Engineer ; W. I. Cooper, H. B. Mar- tin, Marshals ; M. D. Browning, Solicitor. Aldermen : John L. Corse, J. P. Funk, Silas Ferry, Thomas Kitchen, Edward Marlow, Luke Palmer, John W. Patterson, Abiatha White. • 1845— J. L. Corse, Mayor; A. E. Harker, Recorder; A. W. Carpenter, Treasurer; H. B. Marlow, Marshal; G. W. Bowie, Solicitor ;* J. H. Jennings, Engineer. Aldermen: Silas A. Hudson, W. H. Postlewait, W. D. McCash, Morgan Evans, Daniel Haskell, Harvey Ray, Richard Wait, B. T. David. 1846 — J. L. Corse, Mayor ; Henry Moore, President pro tern. ; A. E. Har- ker, Recorder; W. B. Remey, Treasurer; Jerry White, Marshal; S. R. Thurston, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, Henry Moore ; Second Ward, Lyman Cook, Luke Palmer ; Third Ward, Harvey Ray, Richard Wait. 1847 — Levi Hager, Mayor ; John G. Foots, President pro tem. ; A. E. Harker, Recorder ; J. F. Tallant, Treasurer ; J. H. Jennings, Marshal ; David Rorer, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Daniel Haskell, J. K. Fields ; Second Ward, .John G. Foote, William Walker ; Third Ward, H. S. Bartruff, Thomas Sperry. 1848 — Levi Hager, Mayor; W. D. McCash, President pro tem.; William Harper, Recorder ; E. Marlow, Treasurer ; James Wells, Marshal ; D. Rorer, J. S. McClure, L. D. Stockton, Solicitors. Aldermen ; First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, William M. McCutcheon ; Second Ward, W. D.McCash, JohnEgnolf ; Third Ward, C. H. Pash, James Kurtz. 1849 — Henry W. Starr, Mayor ; Silas A. Hudson, President pro tem. ; W. C. Saunders, J. F. Stephens, Recorders ; E. Marlow, Treasurer ; James Wells, Marshal ; David Rorer, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, William M. McCutcheon ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, John Egnolf ; Third Ward, H., S. Bartruff, William Endsley. 1850— Henry W. Starr, Mayor ; Lyman Cook, President pro tem. ; J. F. Stephens, Recorder; E. Marlow, Treasurer; William Endsley, Marshal ; L. D. Stockton, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, Daniel Has- kell ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, Lyman Cook ; Third Ward, C. H. Pash, W. S. Keeler. ^^ , 1851— Lyman Cook, Mayor ; J. F. Abrahams, President pro tem. ; Charles Medera, Recorder; E. Marlow, Treasurer; William Endsley, Marshal; W. H. Chaney, C. H. Phelps, Solicitors. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, William Sunderland; Second Ward, J. F. Abrahams, J. P. Kriechbaum; Third Ward, Harvey Ray, Thomas Sperry; Fourth Ward, James W. Grnmes, J. L. Corse. , «, , 1852— Lvman Cook, Mayor; A. W. Carpenter, President pro tem. ; J^harles Madera, N. M.Ives, Recorders; E. Marlow, Treasurer; William Endsley, Marshal; C. H. Phelps, Solicitor. Aldermen: First Ward, A. W. Carpen- ter, Luke Hughes; Second Ward, J. H. Gear, J. S. Schramm ; Third Ward, C. H. Pash, Thomas Sperry ; Fourth Ward, J. L. Corse, J. G. Law. 500 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 1853 — Lyman Cook, Mayor ; William B. Chamberlin, President pro tem. - Joshua Tracy, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treasurer ; William Endsley, Mar- shal ; Joshua Tracy, Solicitor! Aldermen : First Ward, J. H. McKenny,, GeoTge Snyder ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, S. Herschler ; Third Ward, C. H. Pash, M. Bartscherer ; Fourth Ward, W. B. Chamberlin, J. Gr, Law. 1854 — L. D. Stockton, Mayor; Silas A. Hudson, President pro tem.; Joshua Tracy, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treasurer ; William Endsley, Mar- shal ; Joshua Tracy, Solicitor ; Alfred Hebard, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, W. W. Wightman ; Second Ward, R. S. Adams, G, P. Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, Harvey Ray, M. G. Criswell ; Fourth Ward, S.. C. Burnap, Jacob Meyer ; to fill vacancies. Third Ward, William H. Starr, of M. G. Criswell, resigned ; Fourth Ward, W. B. Chamberlin, of S. L. Burnap,. resigned. 1855 — Silas A. Hudson, Mayor; W. B. Chamberlin, President pro tem.; Joshua Tracy, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treasurer ; William Endsley, Mar- shal ; A. Hebard, Engineer ; C. Ben. Darwin, Solicitor. Aldermen : First- Ward, Silas A. Hudson, A. W. Carpenter ; Second Ward, W. H. Postlewait,. G. P. Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, Harvey Ray, William H. Starr ; Fourth Ward, J. G. Law, Jacob Meyer ; elected to fill vacancies. First Ward, W. W- Wightman, of Silas A. Hudson, resigned ; Second Ward, Conrad Blind, of G. Kriechbaum, resigned ; Third Ward, S. Herschler, of William H. Starr, resigned; Fourth Ward, W. B. Chamberlin, of Jacob Meyer, resigned ; by Council, Fourth Ward, Levi Hager, of William B. Chamberlin, resigned ; Fourth Ward, Isaac Dewein, of J. G. Law. 1856 — J. L. Corse, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treas- urer ; William Thompson, Marshal ; 0. Benjamiri Darwin, Solicitor. Alder- men : First Ward, A. W. Carpenter, E. D. Rand ; Second Ward, W. H. Postlewait, W- D. McCash ; Third Ward, Harvey Ray, S. Herschler ; Fourth Ward, Daniel Haskell, Jacob Dewein ; Fifth Ward, W. W. Wightman, H. H. Scott ; Sixth Ward, Levi Hager, W. M. Wallbridge ; to fill vacancy. Second Ward, D. Denise, of William H. Postlewait, resigned. 1857 — J. L. Corse, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treas- urer ; C. P. Johnson, Engineer ; William Thompson and H. S. Bartruif, Mar- shals ; W. H. Clune, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Joshua Tracy, E. D. Rand ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, D. Denise ; Third Ward, S. Hersh- ler, R. Howard; Fourth Ward, Daniel Haskell, H. C. Anderson; Fifth Ward, W. W. Wightman, H. H. Scott ; Sixth Ward, William M. Wallbridge, Levi Hager. 1858 — J. P. Wightman, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treasurer ; John Rziha, Engineer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal ; C. H. Phelps, Solicitor. Aldermen: First Ward, J. Tracy, E. Chamberlin ; Second Ward, Denise Denise, William Garrett; Third Ward, R. Howard, William B. Lawrence; Fourth Ward, H. C. Anderson, M. Heisey ; Fifth Ward, H. H. Scott, J. L. Brown ; Sixth Ward, Levi Hager, John J. Owens. 1859— W. W. White, Mayor; D. J. Sales, Recorder; Louis Teuscher, Treasurer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal ; John Rziha, Engineer ; B. J. Hall, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, E. Chamberlin, Uriah Loper ; Second Ward, William Garrett, Moses Perkins ; Third Ward, R. Howard, W. B. Law- rence; Fourth Ward, Martin Heisey, Thomas French; Fifth Ward, H. H. Scott, J. L. Brown; Sixth Ward, J. J. Owens, William M. Wallbridge; Isaac Phillips, to fill vacancv of William M. Wallbridge. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 501 1860 — Thomas French, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; Louis Teuscher,. Treasurer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal ; George Frazee, Solicitor. Aldermen i First Ward, Uriah Loper, E. D. Rand; Second Ward, Moses Perkins, T. L, Parsons ; Third Ward, R. Howard, J. F. Abrahams ; Fourth Ward, Martin Heisey, Oliver Cock ; Fifth Ward, Silas A. Hudson, H. H. Scott ; Sixth Ward, Luke Palmer, J. J. Owens. 1861 — Thomas French, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; L. Teuscher, Treas- urer; M.H. Winton, Marshal; George Frazee, Solicitor. Aldermen: First Ward, E. D. Rand, J. R. Nelson ; Second Ward, T. L. Parsons, W. D. McCash ; Third Ward, R. Howard, J. F. Abrahams ; Fourth Ward, M. Heisey, John Dickie -^ Fifth Ward, Silas A. Hudson, James Putman ; Sixth Ward, Luke Palmer, J. J. Owens ; to fill vacancies. First Ward, J. Pilger, of J. R. Nelson, resigned ;. Fourth Ward, D. Winter, of M. Heisey, resigned. 1862 — Thomas French, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; L. Teuscher, Treas- urer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal ; B. J. Hall, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, E. D. Rand, J. Pilger ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, J. P. Kriech- baum ; Third Ward, R. Howard, Theodore Poehler ; Fourth Ward, John Dickie, D. Winter ; Fifth Ward, Silas A. Hudson, James Putman ; Sixth Ward, I. N. Ripley, J. J. Owens ; to fill vacancies. First Ward, A. W. Carpenter, of J. Pilger, resigned ; Third Ward, J. F. Abrahams, of T. Poehler, resigned ; Sixtk Ward, J. W. Gilbert, of J. J. Owens, resigned. 1863 — J. H. Gear, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; J. J. Heider, Treas- urer ; C. Wilkin, Marshal ; H. Thielsen, Engineer ; R. H. Robertson, Solic- itor. Aldermen: First Ward, E. D. Rand, J. G. Lemberger ; Second Ward, J. P. Kriechbaum, Leopold Kreig ; Third Ward, L. Teedrick, J. F. Abrahams ;. Fourth Ward, J. S. McClure, D. Winter ; Fifth Ward, Silas A. Hudson, J.T. Barker ; Sixth Ward, I. N. Ripley, J. W. Gilbert ; to fill vacancy. Fourth Ward, Thomas French, of J. S. McClure, resigned. 1864— Thomas French, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; J. J. Heider, Treasurer; C. Wilkin, Marshal; C. H. Phelps, Solicitor. Aldermen: First Ward, Martin Heisey, J. G. Lemberger ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, Leo- pold Krieg ; Third Ward, W. L. McPherrin, L. Teedrick ; Fourth Ward, F. X. Kuechen, D. Winter ; Fifth Ward, Overton Butts, J. T. Barker ; Sixth Ward, J. Darling. J. W. Gilbert ; to fill vacancies. Second Ward, C. W. Bode- man, of Leopold Krieg, resigned ; Fourth Ward, D. Winter, of Thomas French, resigned ; Fourth Ward, George Bosch, of D. Winter, resigned; Fifth Ward, Charles Starker, of Overton Butts. t t xr -j 1865— Thomas French, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; J. J. Heider, Treasurer; C. Wilkin, Marshal; B. J. Hall, Solicitor; John A. Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen: First Ward, Robert Allen, Martin Heisey; Second Ward, George Kriechbaum, W. D. McCash; Third Ward, L. Teedrick, W. L. McPherrin; Fourth Ward, John Dickie, F. X. Kuechen; Fif^ Ward, D. K Harris, Charles Starker: Sixth Ward, Thompson McCosh, J. Darling; to fill vacancies, First Ward, D. Winter, of Robert Allen, resigned; Second Ward, J. P. Brown, of W. D. McCash, resigned. a„„„h« 1866-J L. Corse, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; WiHiam Augutta, Treasurer; J. E. HcBfer, Marshal; B. J. Hall Sohcitor; John A Hamm Engineer. Aldermen: First Ward, L. Zeigelmuler D. Winter, Second Waf d, E. Chamberlin, George Kr,iechbaum ; Thfrd Ward, W- Schaffner, L Teedrick; Fourth Ward, Frank X. Kuechen John Dickie ; F^ftli Ward, i^^^^^ Prugh, D. K. Harris; Sixth Ward, D. J. Sales, T. McCosh; to fill vacan- 502 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. «ies, First Ward, A. W. Carpenter, of, D. Winter, resigned ; Third Ward, Iowa J. Smith, of W. Schaffner, resigned. ]867 — J. L. Corse, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; William Augutta, Treasurer; J. E. Hoefer, Marshal; B. J. Hall, Solicitor; John A. Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, A. W. Carpenter, L. Zeigelmuler ; Second Ward, George Kriechbaum, E. Chamberlin ; Third Ward, L. Teedrick, Iowa J. Smith; Fourth Ward, R. F. Hosford, Frank X. Kuechen ; Fifth Ward, Oharles Starker, Isaac Prugh ; Sixth Ward, C. B. Harrington, D. J. Sales. 1868 — A. W. Carpenter, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; Wm. Augutta, Treasurer; Henry Van Beek, Marshal; E. G. Wright, Solicitor; John A. Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, L. Zeigelmuler, John Conrad ; .Second Ward, Charles O'Brien, George Kriechbaum; Third Ward, George Lindner, Iowa J. , Smith ; Fourth Ward, William Bell, R. F. Hosford ; Fifth Ward, E. Chamberlin, Isaac Prugh ; Sixth Ward, W. E. Woodward, C. B. Harrington ; to fill vacancies, First Ward, John Conrad, of A. W. Car- penter, resigned ; Third Ward, L. Teedrick, of Iowa J. Smith, resigned ; Sixth Ward, I. N. Ripley, of W. E. Woodward, resigned. 1869— William Bell, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; William Augutta, Treasurer ; Henry Van Beek, Marshal ; B. J. Hall, Solicitor ; John A. Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, D. Y. Overton, L. Zeigelmuler ; Second Ward, George Kriechbaum, Charles O'Brien ; Third Ward, F. X. Kuechen, •George Lindner ; Fourth Ward, Ed. Harper, G. R. Scott ; Fifth Ward, G. W. Edwards, E. Chamberlin ; Sixth Ward, D. J. Sales, I. N. Ripley ; Seventh Ward, T. McCosh, D. M. How ; to fill vacancies, Fourth Ward, George R. Scott, of William Bell, resigned ; Fifth Ward, T. W. Barhydt, of E. Chamberlin, resigned. 1870 — William Bell, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; William Augutta, Treasurer ; William Endsley, Marshal ; B. J. Hall, Solicitor ; John A. Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, Frank Ost, D. Y. Overton ; Second Ward, Charles O'Brien, George Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, L. Teedrick, F. X. Kuechen ; Fourth Ward, Luke Hughes, Ed. Harper ; Fifth Ward, T. W. Bar- hydt, G. W. Edwards; Sixth Ward, I. N. Ripley, D. J. Sales; Seventh Ward, ,S. T. Acres, T. McCosh. 1871 — L. Teedrick, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; William Augutta, Treasurer ; Alexander Hannum, Marshal ; B. J. Hall, Solicitor ; John A. Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, J. J. Scheu, Frank Ost ; Second Ward, R. F. Hosford, Charles O'Brien ; Third Ward, F. X. Kuechen, William Kastner ; Fourth Ward, John Dickie, Luke Hughes ; Fifth Ward, A. J. Hill- ,house, T. W. Barhydt; Sixth Ward, T. J. Trulock, I. N. Ripley; Seventh Ward, H. Boormaster, S. T. Acres; to fill vacancy. Third Ward, William Kastner, of L. Teedrick, resigned. 1872— George Robertson, Mayor; ,J. S. ' Plalliday, Recorder; William Augutta, Treasurer ; Alexander Hannum, Marshal ; Charles H. Phelps, Sclic- dtor; John A. Hamm, Engineer; Charles P. DeHass, Engineer. Aldermen: First Ward, F. Schmeig, Frank Ost ; Second Ward, R. F. Hosford, Charles O'Brien ; Third Ward, A. Kriechbaum, William Kastner ; Fourth Ward, F. G. Kendall, John Dickie; Fifth Ward, A. J. Hillhouse, G. H. Waldin ; Sixth Ward, George Whipple, T. J. Trulock ; Seventh Ward, W. S. Barlow, A. Boormaster. 1873— George Robertson, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; H. R. Rhein, Treasurer ; Alexander Hannum, Marshal ; A. H. Stutsman, Solicitor ; George T. Nealley, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, L. Zieglemuler, F. Schmeig ; HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 503 Second Ward, J. P. Joy, Charles O'Brien ; Third Ward, A. Kjiechbaum, F. X. Keuchen ; Fourth Ward, James Whitaker, F. G. Kendall ; Fifth Ward, Isaac Prugh, G. H. Waldin ; Sixth Ward, T. J. Trulock, George Whipple ; Seventh Ward, H. Boormaster, W. S. Barlow ; to fill vacancy, Seventh Ward, C B. Harrington, of W. S. Barlow, resigned. 1874— A. C. Dodge, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; H. R. Rhein, Treasurer; William Cox, Marshal; A. H. Stutsman, Solicitor; George T. Nealley, Engineer; C. H. Merrick, to fill vacancy of H. R. Rhein, resigned. Aldermen : First Ward, John Kaiser, L. Ziegelmuler ; Second Ward, W. D. Gilbert, J. P. Joy ; Third Ward, J. C. McKell, F. X. Keuchen ; Fourth Ward, J. M. Robinson, James Whitaker; Fifth Ward, F. T. Parsons, Isaac Prugh; Sixth Ward, M. C. Mc Arthur, T. J. Trulock ; Seventh Ward, S. T. Acres, H. Boormaster ; to fill vacancy, Second Ward, F. A. Smith, of J. P. Joy, resigned. 1875— William Bell, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Auditor; W. W. Wightman, Treasurer ; William Cox, Marshal ; Samuel K. Tracy, Solicitor ; George T. Nealley, Engineer ; A. H. Stutsman, Police Judge ; J. S. Halliday, City Clerk; Jacob Kupper, Assessor ; Adam Lamon, Superintendent Markets. Aldermen : First Ward, J. W. Barnes, A. Wuerthmueller ; Second Ward, Charles O'Brien, P. F. Unterkircher ; Third Ward, C. I. Barker, S. J. Eads ; Fourth Ward, H. E. Hunt, J. M. Robinson ; Fifth Ward, A. W. Manning, George Kriech- baum ; Sixth Ward, M. C. McArthur, J. Demling ; Seventh Ward, H. Boor- master, A. C. Paine ; to fill vacancy. Fourth Ward, C. Geyer, of J. M. Robin- son, resigned. 1876— A. W. Parsons, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Auditor; W. W. Wight- man, Treasurer; B. Hoefer, Marshal; Samuel K. Tracy, Solicitor; C. P. DeHass, Engineer; A. H. Stutsman, Police Judge; J. S. Halliday, City Clerk ; Alexander Hannum, Assessor ; Adam Lamon, Superintendent Mar- kets ; J. E. Lalor, Street Commissioner. Aldermen : First Ward, L. Ziegel- muler, John Lemberger ; Second Ward, Charles O'Brien, Charles Starr; Third Ward, L. Krieg, S. J. Eads; Fourth Ward, C. Geyer, John Dickie; Fifth Ward, A. W.JManning, George Kriechbaum ; Sixth Ward, A. Q. Smith, Rob- ert Spencer ; Seventh Ward, Adolph Schrei, J. W. Jenkins. 1877— A. W. Parsons, resigned, W. E. Woodward, elected to fill vacancy. Mayor ; W. W. Wightman, Treasurer ; J. S. Halliday, Auditor, resigned June 15, 1877— J. W. Burdette, appointed June 18, 1877; T. G. Catlett, Clerk ; E. J. Hoefer, Marshal ; S. K. Tracy, Solicitor; C. P. DeHass, Engineer ; George Merritt, Street Commissioner; W. F. McCash, Chief Engineer of Fire Depart- ment; William Franken, Assistant Engineer of Fire Department; Wilham Yeo, Engineer of Steamers; Charles Sponholtz, Market-master ;^ George • Hardegan, Wharfmaster— J. W. Cadwallader to fill vacancy ; A. H. Stute- man, Police Judge, resigned-0. H. Browning appointed to fill vacancy ; W. H. Root, Police Court Clerk. Aldermen: First Ward, John Niewoehner John L. Lemberger; Second Ward, H. Bailey, George Kriechbaum; Third Ward, H. H. Sc!tt, John Zaiser; Fourth Ward, John Darling, George Orm Fifth Ward, Robert Donahue, I. M. Christy ; Sixth Ward, John ^"^be, John Bonnell— A. H. Kuhlemeier, vice John Dickie, resigned ; Seventh Ward, U. Burgess, H. N. Howe-W. G. Cummings, vice D. Burgess, resigned. 1878-A. G. Adams, Mayor; 0. H. Schenck Treasurer ; J- W- B^^e J, Auditor; J. W. Burdette, Clerk; J. N. Martin, Marshal; C. L. Poor, Solip- itor; C. P. DeHass, Engineer; George Merritt, Street Commissioner W J?. McCash, Chief Engineer of Fire Department; William Franken, Assistant 504 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Engineer of Fire Department ; Charles Sponholtz, Market Master ; J. W. Cadwallader, Wharfmaster ; T. J. Eaper, Chief of Police : H. 0. Browning, Police Judge ; W. H. Root, Police Court Clerk ; at large, L. Krieg and F. T. Parsons ; First Ward, John Greiner ; Second Ward, Charles Ende ; Third Ward, A. Hemphill ; Fourth Ward, W. F. Hayden ; Fifth Ward, F. Wagner ; Sixth Ward, A. H. Kuhlemeier ; Seventh Ward, W. Gr. Cummings. The last-named officers were elected for two years from March, 1878. Under the existing law, but one member of the Common Council is chosen from each ward. FIRE DEPARTMENT. On the night of Saturday, July 6, 1839, a fire destroyed a cabinet-shop belonging to Pierce & Prine, and threatened the National Hotel. The event is chronicled because that disaster appears to have been the starting-point of the Fire Department of Burlington. A public meeting was held at the old Zion Methodist Church, for the purpose of inaugurating some system to prevent further depredations by fire. J. W. Grimes ofi"ered the following resolutions : Resolved, That we consider it necessary for the prosperity of our city, and the preservation of the property and lives of our citizens, that immediate steps be taken for the organization of fire companies, and the procurement of hooks, ladders and other implements used in suppress- ing fires. Resolved, That the Mayor and Aldermen of the city be respectfully requested to subdivide the same into fire- wards, and appoint a suitable person in each ward, Fire Warden, and, by ordinance, to prescribe their powers and duties. Mr. McCarver ofiered another resolution : Resolved, That a Commiti ee of three be appointed for the purpose, to receive contributions from the citizens of Burlington, in order to raise a sufficient sum for the procuring of hooks, ladders, etc. Messrs. Dolan, J. Lamson and C. J. Starr were appointed a Committee to organize a company of firemen. A Hook and Ladder Company was organized in July of that year, with George Partridge, Foreman, and William Dolan and Charles Madera, Assistant Foremen. This was called the " Burlington Hook and Ladder Company," and was the first. The first service done by the newly- organized company was on the 19th of August, 1839, when the dwelling-house of Jeremiah Lamson was saved from destruction through their aggncy. On the 5th of January, 1841, an ordinance was passed by the City Council, establishing a Fire Department. The first ofiicers were named Chief and First and Second Assistant Engineers. The head was required, when on duty, to wear a white frock or hunting-coat, and have a white trumpet, on which his title wa3 plainly inscribed. The assistants were required to be clothed in similar manner, excepting the color, which was dark. Their trumpets, also, were to be of dark color, with their respective names inscribed on them in white. Fire Wardens were appointed for each ward, whose duty it was to form lines of hucJeet- men in case of fire. While on duty, they were required to carry a stafi", six feet long, with a white ball on the end. The owners of buildings were required to keep leather buckets, and, if the building had more than four chimneys, addi- tional buckets were essential. Permission was given in this ordinance for the formation of three volunteer fire companies, and elaborate rules for their gov- ernment were enacted. On the 27th of April, 1845, Shackford & Co.'s flouring-mill was burned, and Henry Hilton perished in the fire. He was asleep in the building where the fire was discovered, and could not be rescued. The pecuniary loss was about |1,700. In March, 1850, Des Moines Fire Company No. 1, was organized, and the Telegraph of August 22, 1850, editorially mentions the fact HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 505 t that a petition was presented to the City Council of Burlington, praying for the purchase of a fire-engine. Up to that date no engine was owned by the- city, and the people were getting anxious about the matter. The candle and lard- oil factory belonging to Victor Metz, adjoining the Main Street House, was destroyed January 30, 1851. In noticing the fire, the Telegraph took occasion to warn the people of the necessity of purchasing an engine. An ordinance, passed February 7, 1852, provided for the organization of Des Moines Company No. 1, and the purchase of an engine. To this end, the Mayor was instructed and required to issue city bonds in amount not to exceed $1,000, to Des Moines Fire Company No. 1. In addition to this, the sum of $550 was appropriated and the City Recorder was authorized to issue scrip for above sum, to the order and disposal of said fire company. On January 16, 1853, the hardware store of A. Moore, on Main street, took fire. Dr. Lowe owned the building. A. D. Green occupied the second story. The Historical and Geological Institute in the third story was burned out. The Fire Department was well spoken of, and Thomas Burns especially mentioned. On February 6, 1853, a meeting of citizens was held, with Henry W. Starr in the chair, and 0. C. Wightman as Secretary, for the purpose of effecting the organization of a Fire Department. The Council was recommended to purchase two good and substantial fire- engines, with necessary hose and fixtures. At the same meeting, it was resolved to organize an efiicient Hook and Ladder Company, thereby iniplying that the original company had grown weaker than, was consistent with public safety. A company was formed, with J. H. McKenny, Captain ; J. J. Childs, William Harris and William Wright, Lieutenants ; George Frazee, Secretary and Treasurer. On October 27, 1855, a new fire company was organized, and a constitu- tion and by-laws were adopted by the organizing committee, David Parker, Austin Kendell, Samuel Allen and Lewis Nevers. The officers elected were : David Parker, Foreman ; Samuel Allen, Assistant Foreman ; Joseph Moronel, Foreman of Hose; Austin Kendell, Secretary; John Code, Treasurer. The number of original members was twenty- five, as follows : David Parker, A. J. Kendell, Samuel Allen, John Code, Joseph Howard, E. M. Chipman, J. A. Patten, M. Cole, A. McDonald, A. Potter, Joseph Barker, Aaron Stout, Rob- ert Heisey, P. Sigler, Chancy Root, A. Root, David Jones, Lewis Nevers, L. Surger, F. Glasgow, Henry Yanoway, Thomas Booster, George Kriechbaum, John Cole, B. Cole. At an adjourned meeting, held November 8, 1855, a committee was ap- pointed to select names for the company and the Agnew hand-engines, two of which had been purchased in the mean time. Samuel Allen, Austin Kendell and Lewis Nevers were the committee. They submitted the names Reliance, Eagle, Relief, Cataract, Niagara and Phoenix. After a vote for one of the above names, "Eagle No. 2," was declared the name of the company and engine by virtue of election. A committee from the City Council was present at said meeting, and instructed by that body to give all the property of Des Moines Company No. 1, now disbanded, to Eagle Company No. 2, so lon^ as they existed as a fire company. The motto for the new company was brought up and considered. Among eight proposed by the company, the chairman ot the committee declared "Ever Ready" to be the motto of the company by virtue of adoption. On the 19th of November, 1866, a steam-engme was pur- chased by the city, of S. Silsby & Co., of Seneca Falls, N. Y., at a cost of $4,750, and named Dickie. Upon its arrival, Oliver Howard was elected as Engineer, at a salary of $700 per year, by a vote of the City Council. He 506 HISTOKY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. was, therefore, the first paid engineer in the Department. During the winter of 1868-69, the tobacco-factory owned by Smith, Scott & Co. on the east side of Main street, between Valley and Market streets, was destroyed. In this year the disbanded Des Moines Company No. 1 was succeeded by a new com- pany styling itself Black Hawk No. 1. In this year, also, Ira A. Holly got up a petition signed by about one hundred and fifty leading business men of Burlington, asking the City'Council to purchase another steamer. Nine of four- teen members of the City Council favored the request and a second steamer was contracted for with the Silsby Manufacturing Company, at a cost of $5,- 500, and which was named "Steamer Burlington." Ira A. Holly was elected engineer of said steamer, at a salai-y of $700 per annum, by a vote of the City Council. Steamer Dickie was stationed in the engine-house on Columbia street, be- tween Fourth and Fifth streets. The steamer Burlington, in charge of Eagle Company No. 2, was located in the west end of the market-house, where m now the City Council-chamber. Owing to a complication of circumstances, which led to investigation by the City Council, and resulted in the disband- ment as heretofore recorded, of Des Moines Company No. 1, the City Council instructed Major William Bell to have steamer Dickie removed to the market- house and placed in charge of Ira A. Holly. These instructions were executed by City Marshal William Bndsley. At this time S. Parker Edger, a young man of marked ability, noble character and generous impulses, was Chief En- gineer and Isaac Prugh, Assistant Chief. Upon the death of Mr. Edger, who is still remembered and spoken of only in terms of aifection and admiration by the firemen and others, Mr. Isaac Prugh became Chief. A fine, large oil- painting of the departed Chief adorns the wall of the present firemen's private room. After the removal of steamer Dickie, the engine-house on Columbia street was burned down. Chief Engineer Isaac Prugh's report, dated February 14, 1871, for the year 1870, shows the existence of the following companies: Black Hawk Company No. 1, with Jessie Hedges, Foreman ; William Smith, Assistant Foreman ^ Mike Stanton, Hose Foreman; James O'Eeiley, Assistant Hose Foreman; Humphrey Crawford, Treasurer; Sheldon Hawley, Secretary. Eagle Company No. 2, with H. Leneweaver, Foreman ; William Franken, Assistant Foreman ; H. Easnack, Hose Foreman ; F. S. frowning. Assistant Hose Foreman ; Joseph Kuser, Treasurer. Mechanics Hook and Ladder Company No. 1, with John Schafer, Fore- man ; Daniel Haskell, Fijst Assistant Foreman; William H. Dempey, Sec- ond Assistant Foreman; Robert McCoy, Tillerman ; Frank Kupper, Steward; , George Hoerr, Treasurer ; William Hoerr, Secretary. The Department at this date consisted of seventy-five good, active members, with headquarters at what was called the Engine-house. The number of fires was sixteen, and five false alarms were given ; the loss was estimated at |70,625 ; the insurance was $29,850, leaving an actual loss above Insurance of $40,775. In 1869, there were six fires and four false alarms, incurring a loss of $100,000, showing a large saving over the previous year. On March 1, 1871, an annual meeting of the Burlington Fire Department was held at Firemen's Hall for tUe purpose of electing a Chief and Assistant Chief; the latter office was at the time filled by Henry Meyers. The meeting was called to order by Chief Engineer Isaac Prugh, and Ira A. Holly was elected Secretary pro tem.; Isaac Prugh was nominated for Chief; Henry Meyers and George Eads were nominated for Assistant Chief. It was moved HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUllTY. 50T and carried to elect the Chief by acclamation, Isaac Prugh being elected by a unanimous vote. Henry Meyers, candidate for Assistant Chief, received 42 votes and George Eads 33; Henry Meyers was declared elected, which election was made unanimous. Ira A. Holly was nominated and elected by acclamation as Secretary. Jessie Hedges and A. J. Winders were nominated as candidates for Treasurer; Jessie Hedges, having received a majority of votes cast, was declared elected. Nathan Rasnack was elected watchman of Engine- house. It being customary in those days for the firemen to refresh themselves with hot coffee after working at a fire, a barrel of coffee was always kept on hand and annually a bell-ringer and coffee-carrier was elected, whose duty it was in case of fire to first ring the alarm-bell, which was also a signal to his wife that hot coffee would soon be in demand, which she prepared and he carried to the members of the Department. At a meeting of the Fire Department March 21, 1871, Chief Isaac Prugh stated its object to be the consideration of the amended ordinance and the com- pensation of the firemen. This ordinance provided $60 per month for the whole Department, and, on motion, it was decided by the Fire Department not to accept less than $25 per month for each company. It was settled to pay Black Hawk Company No. 1 $25, Eagle Company No. 2 $25, and Mechanics Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 $20. On September 13, 1871, Eagle Company No. 2 and Black Hawk Company No. 1 disbanded. November 20, 1871, Isaac Prugh was succeeded by Thomas Duncan, appointed by City Council as Chief Engineer, with W. F. McCash as Assistant C!hief. The City Council also passed an ordinance re-organizing the Fire Depart- ment and making it a paid institution. Six men were appointed to act as Station- men and Policemen. Their names were as follows : Horace Reber, Robert Huffman, William H. Yoe, William H. Cunningham, A. M. Ingersol and one other, whose name does not appear in the records. These men were paid $45 per month. The Council also appointed six minute-men, who received $10 per month each, and who were only on duty in time of fire. Since the establishment of the " Burlington Paid Fire Department' fires worthy of mention have taken place as follows : Thursday morning, June 19, 1873, a fire was discovered in Luke Palmer's Opera-house, on Mam street, between Washington and Columbia streets. Owing to the strong wind prevail- ing and a lack of good hose, the fire got the advantage of the Fire Department and burnt four solid blocks of buildings, which were bounded as follows : By Washington street on the south. Front street on the east, High street on the north, and Third street on the west. The number of buildings destroyed was forty-nine, and the total loss was estimated at $400,000. On the 19th of September, 1873, a fire broke out in a saloon on Jefferson street, burning about four blocks, at which time Gilbert, Hedge & Co.'s lumber-yard was destroyed ; the total kss was estimated at $250,000. The aid of the Burhngton Fire Department has twice been sought for by the Fort Madison Penitentiary authori- ties In one instance it was responded- to, when splendid service was done W. F. McCash was elected Chief Engineer of the ^"''1^ ^t°^,^"f ^^^P^'*: ment in March, 1875, and William Franken was appointed Assistant Chiet at the same time, which positions these gentlemen still hold. The Present Fire Department is composed of Hose Company No. 1, with a of "j^^''^^ ^^JJ^^ hose-carriage, and 800 feet of hose. This company is located |t J^e Cent'^^^ Station, and in charge of the following men : Gilbert Bliss, Superintendent 508 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. of Fire-Alarm and Pipemen ; C. E. Morgan, driver; L. Dehner, C. W. Bird, Joseph Schwartz, pipemen ; Henry Hirt, Charles Wagner, minute-men. Also a, one-horse hook and ladder truck. The two steamers, Dickieand Burlington, are kept here in reserve since the completion of the Water Works. Hose Company No. 2 is located on the corner of Angular and Boundary streets, and is composed of a one-horse hose-carriage, 700 feet of hose, and L. N. Harris, Henry O'Keefe, T. Dodge, minute-men,. Hose Company No. 3 is located on Amelia street, and has a one-horse hose-carriage, with 700 feet of hose, and F. Hirt, Foreman ; James Kane and F. Reed, minute-men. Hose Company No. 4, on North Hill, has a one-horse hose-carriage, 700 feet of hose ; J. W. Smith, Foreman ; H. Bowers, minute-man. Patterson Hose Company, located on Summer street, is a volunteer company, having charge of a hose-carriage and 500 feet of hose. It is proper here to state that the present Governor of the State of Iowa, J. H. Gear, was Chief of the Fire Department in 1862. August 5, 1878, Alderman Kuhlmeier introduced the following resolution, which was read, and the motion adopted, to wit : Resolved, That the Fire Committee be, and are hereby, authorized to contract for the building of a telephone fire-alarm and the renting of telephones, as. per report of the Special Committee on Fire-Alarm. The number of alarm-boxes and extent of lines to he discretionary with the Committee within that limit." The contract was awarded to George B. Engle, Jr., representative of the Bell Telephone Com- pany, of New York, who constructed six miles of line, running to five regular stations, including the Water Works, and eleven other points located in various parts of the city, easy of access to the general public. Each of these sixteen stations is supplied with a telephone, and all the circuits center at the Central Station of the Fire Department. The cost of this fire-alarm, including all necessary equipments, except the telephones, was about $900. The latter are rented at |10 each per annum. Thus has Burlington to-day a very efficient system for suppressing fires. POLICE DEPARTMENT. The police system of the city of Burlington had its birth in the year 1837, when the officiating men in this department of the town government were called Marshals. The following is a list of their names : 1837, James Cameron, John Harris, G. W. Kessler ; 1889, John Moore ; 1840-43, W. M. Harris ; 1843, Silas Ferry ; 1844, W. I. Cooper, John Martin ; 1845, H. G. Marlow ; 1846, Jerry White ; 1847, J. H. Jennings ; 1848-49, James Wells ; 1850-55, Will- iam Endsley; 1856, William Thompson; 1857, William Thompson, H. S. Bartruff; 1858-62, M. H. Winton ; 1863-66, C. Wilken ; 1866-67, J. C. Hoefer; 1868-69, Henry Van Beck; 1870, William Endsley; 1871-73, Alexander Hannum ; 1874-75, William Cox ; 1876-77, E. Hoefer ; 1878, J. N. Martin. In 1876, the State Legislature made the Marshal ex officio Chief of Police. In 1878, the code was changed, and required the appointment by the Mayor of a Chief of Police and a proper force of men. The Marshal is elected by the City Council for the term of two years, at a salary of $800 per year, while the Chief of Police's term is at the pleasure of the Mayor. The salary of the Chief is $800 per annum. The present police force consists of T. J. Raper, Chief, and nine policemen, who receive for their services $50 per month. HISTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY. 509 POLICE COURT. The Police Court was established March 4, 1875, when the city abandoned her special charter and became a city of the first class. The jurisdiction of this court embraces all misdemeanors of a criminal nature within the city limits. A. H. Stutsman, the first Judge of the Burlington Police Court, was succeeded January 9, 1878, by H. 0. Browning, the present occupant of the Police Judge's chair. ° CITY BUILDINGS. The old Market-house, located on the corner of Fifth and Valley streets, is used by the city for its ofiSces, and is occupied by Mayor A. G. Adams, Treasurer 0. H. Schenck, Auditor and Clerk J. W. Burdette, Marshal J. N. Martin. Engineer C. P. De Haas, Chief of Police T. J. Raper, Police Court Clerk W. H. Root, Police Judge H. 0. Browning. The City Council cham- ber, the Central Station of the Fire Department, the Police Court and Police Station are also located in this building. The Weighmaster occupies a small office built on the same lot as the City Building. The other city officials have their headquarters wherever it best suits their convenience. The annual finan- cial statement of the city for the fiscal year ending March, 1879, will be more favorable than the last one, and will show a decrease of the city debt as well as a reduction of expenses. „ ^ SEWBEAGB. The sewerage system proposed by the City Engineer, C. P. De Haas, for adoption by the City Council is as follows : One large sewer on South street to drain all of the city south of Pine street, and constitute District No. 1, Dis- trict No. 2 to be between Pine and Cedar streets. District No. 3 will be drained by sewers on Angular street, and will provide for all the water south of Maple street. District No. 4 to be laid on Division street, and will provide for water between Maple and Division streets. District No. 5 to have main sewer laid on "Valley street, and to receive all water north of Valley street. No action was taken on the matter, except in two instances. One sewer was built on Val- ley and one on Market street. All sewers over two feet will be constructed of stone or brick ; all under that measure, will be made of tiling. The ordinance providing for their construction will be that all sewers costing $3 or less per running foot, shall be paid for by the property-owners adjacent to the improvements ; all sewers costing more shall be paid for from the general sewerage fund. ' All sewers will be laid low enough to drain all cellars, and catch basins will be placed at street-corners to receive surface-water from the street-gutters. The Valley street sewer built by contractors Swindler and Cain, under supervision of their foreman, E. D. Burke, was completed m 1878 It has a- total length of 1,700 feet, is ten by eleven feet in the clear, constructed of stone laid in cement, and is located to receive all the water from Hawk-^ye Creek. Its cost was about $25,000, and it was built in six months. The dis- charging capacity of this sewer is 81,729,320 gallons per hour, and it empties in the Mississippi River at the foot of Valley street. THE BURLINGTON WATER COMPANY. Until the 1st of June, 1878, the city of Burlington was sorely perplexed over the problem of how to supply itself with water. The Mississippi River ran by its feet, but so far as the solution of the question went, it was of no more practical value than were the cool springs of New England. The dif- ficulty lay in the utilization of the good gifts which nature had so tantaliz- 510 ^ HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. ingly placed just out of reach. Hovr the matter was regarded by the business men 'of Burlington, and how the vexing subject was finally disposed of with eminent success, was graphically told in the Hawk-3ye of June 1, 1878. With no further credit, we proceed to clip liberally from that extended account of the triumph over obstacles. June 1, 1878, was a gala day in Burlington. It was the crowning triumph of an effort to obtain a water-supply for the city that dates back nearly a. decade of years. The problem was not an easy one to solve. It is true, water in lavish abundance flows past the city. The supply is not only inexhaustible, but the quality is superior to that furnished many American cities. The great river, with its rapid current and immense volume of water flowing down over the rock, gravel and sand that line its bed and send the water in eddying cur^ rents over and about its sand-bars, is freed from organic impurities, and is- surcharged with the oxygen that accomplishes its purification. There was the water in all its plenitude and purity, but it swept unheedingly onward, and left the ambitious " metropolis of Iowa " athirst and unprotected. For while it was possible for the crude water-cart to supply, in a small way, the domestic necessities of the people, and sprinkle a few streets at a disproportionate cost for the result obtained, these primeval appliances afforded no protection against that dreaded enemy of all ages — the devouring flames. Progress in building up the city * was checked by this deficiency in the protection of property. Capital shrank from investment where so great risks were incurred. This environment of peril fed upon the commerce, trade and industry of the city, for it not only dis- couraged the improvement of property, but it taxed the property-owner with high rates of insurance. But the citizens of Burlington had faith in the future of the city. They had an abiding faith that the Flino Hills, pierced by nine lines of railway and crowned with so many substantial evidences of an enduring progress, were yet destined to witness the triumph of man over every natural obstacle that stood between the city and its future growth. From the water-level to the elevated plateau, that marked the beginning of the fertile stretch of prairie lands toward the west, is an elevation of about two hundred feet. To force water to that height, and then distribute it with sufiicient head to meet the requirement of every householder, was a difficult problem, and one which troubled not a little every thoughtful citizen. At first glance it appeared simple enough; for, surely, where there are hills there can be built great reservoirs into which water may be pumped and left to distribute itself to consumers by the volition of its own gravity. But as a matter of fact there are no hills in Burlington ! " A hill," says Noah Webster, LL. D., " is a natural elevation of land, or a mass of earth rising above the common level of the surrounding land." No such condition of things exists at Burlington. As the prairie land approaches the west bank of the Mississippi, streams of water, in past ages, have cut deep channels in the land in their descent to the river, 'and the numerous ravines thus formed are still affected by the washing-awaV of the soil in each storm that continues the labors of the centuries past. " At the foot of several of these ravines that converge near the center of the present city of Burlington, there landed from their skiffs,- forty-seven years ago, the first white men who undertook to settle in the lands of the Fox and Sac Indians. As the town grew, it gradually filled up the semi-circular basin formed by the convergence of the various ravines until men began to penetrate these natural thoroughfares to the table-lands above, and building improvements, in time filled the openings and dotted the- upper plains. And naturally to the ascending settlers, the rugged bluffs, when HISTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY. 511 viewed from the lower plateau, assumed the character of "hills " and to this day they are known as such, until •' North Hill," " West Hill " '' South Hill " and "Prospect Hill," are popular terms for denoting the sections of the citv not located on the lower level. And it was only natural that in the earlier davs the popular estimate of the future system . of water works should embrace a reservoir— the city was located mainly at the foot of the bluffs. But as the city grew, and nearly all the best residence property, and not a little of business property, is now to be found on the upper elevations, it is obvious that the reservoir system grows every year more impracticable. However reluctantly our citizens have relinquished their favored idea, recent surveys and careful investigations have removed all doubt and convinced them that a system of direct pressure is an imperative necessity. For while a reservoir might be con- structed, at a large expense, on the highest elevation in the city, it still would fail to supply water any higher than the first stories of thousands of buildings, and would entirely fail to meet the requirements of reliable protection from fire. There wa^, therefore, no other practical solution of the problem but a system of direct pressure which would furnish all the water required for domestic and general consumption, and which would also afford the very best fire protection wherever the street mains extended. The tests fully justify the wisdom of the Burlington Water Company in adopting what is known as the Holly systern of water works. The Holly system of water works has been adopted and is in use in more than seventy towns and cities in the United States. This number does not include some twenty or more works built on the same or similar plan by other parties than the Holly Company. The chief advantages of this system over the older systems are : 1. Secures by variable pressure a more reliable supply of water for all purposes. 2. Less cost for construction. 3. Less cost for maintenance. 4. Less cost for daily supply. 5. Affords the best fire protection in the world. 6. Largely reduces insurance risks and premiums. 7. Dispenses with fire-engines in whole or in part. 8. Reduces fire department expenses. All the tests made thus far in Burlington fully sub- stantiate these claims, as we shall more fully show farther on in this article. The history of the attempt to build water works in this city is a history full of doubt and unproductive effort, prior to the organization of the present company. Several ordinances were passed and companies organized, but the obstacles, both natural and human, always intervened and thwarted every attempt. Finally, on the 17th of July, 1877, the present water ordinance was adopted by a unanimous vote of the Council — one member only being absent, out of the city. To meet the requirements of this ordinance, the Burlington Water Company was organized, with a capital stock of $300,000. The follow- ing is a list of the original stockholders : Hon. Charles Mason, Hon. John II. Gear, Hon. John Patterson, T. W. Barhydt, James C. McKell, R. Spencer, J. Darling, John G. Foote, S. E. Barnes, J. J. Burnham, H. H. Scott, E. M. Eisfeld, George Sweny, Thomas Hedge, Donahue & McCosh, William Salter, H. I. X!hapman, T. W' Newman, J. Kroft, P. T. Smith— all residents of Bur- lington. Directors, Hon. Charles Mason, R. Spencer, Hon. John Patterson, James C. McKell, T. W. Barhydt. Officers, Hon. Charles Mason, President; Hon. John Patterson, Vice President ; James C. McKell, S^ecretary and Treas- urer ; Hydraulic Engineer, T. N. Boutelle ; Chief Engineer at the Wat^r Works, Ira Holly; First Assistant, Charles Hood; Second Assistant, M.J. Haddox. . ' On the 19th of July, President Mason formerly notified the city authorities that the Burlington Water Company accepted the water ordinance, and on the 612 HI8T0RY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 4th day of October, a contract was entered into between the city of Burlington and the Burlington Water Company, granting the latter the right to build and operate water works in Burlington. The details of the ordinance are too lengthy to be summarized in this article ; but it is proper to say, in brief, that the terms are believed to be favorable for the city, without being oppressive to the water company, an^ that the result will be, that the citizens will obtain water at as low rates as the citizens of any other city in Iowa, and that Bur- lington will have the very best fire protection and water for public uses at a comparatively low cost, besides creating a sinking fund, that will ultimately result in the city obtaining the ownership of the water works at first cost. The Articles of Incorporation were filed for record in the Recorder's ofiice, July 19, and with the Secretary of State, August 15, 1877. Those gentlemen, who subscribed to the capital stock of the company, to the amount of $300,000, are personally liable in that amount for the indebtedness or misfortunes of the water company, and yet they are limited in the profits to be derived from this heavy liability, to the dividend of 12 per cent upon $30,000 of the stock, as the ordinance prohibits their paying up more than 10 per cent of the capital stock. Any excess of profit over that amount ($3,600 per annum) goes into the "water fund" with the water tax and water revenues, to be appro- priated, at the discretion of the City Council, to extend the mains, or reduce the water tax, or to increase the sinking fund, or to reduce the water rates to private consumers. The interests of tax-payers and water-consumers are care- fully provided for, and the stockholders have a limit on their profits that is quite disproportionate to the risks incurred. On the 4th of October, 1877, a contract was made between the Burlington Water Company and the city of Burlington, whereby the former was to supply the city with water for fire and other purposes. As a compensation for the city service, the city levies a 5-mill tax on all property within the water dis- trict. The contract was signed by Henry H. Scott, Chairman of the Finance Committee for the city, and by Hon. Charles Mason, President of the Company. A contract was executed October 6, 1877, between the Burlington Water Co. and the Holly Manufacturing Co., of Lockport, N. Y., in the sum of, $190,000 for the complete erection of water works on the Holly system. Active operations were begun as soon as materials could be obtained. The grounds were purchased of Lyman Cook and George C. Lauman, in considera- tion of $5. The laying of the inlet pipe and crib was done by Mr. Truman Cowell, of Muscatine. The work was done in a first-class manner, although the contractor was greatly troubled by the quicksand on which the coffer-dam was built. The work was completed in liime, and was the first subcontract finished. The contract for building the filter-bed and the buildings was given to Mr. A. W. Manning, of this city. The work on this contract was prosecuted during the winter, but few days being lost. The laying of the street mains was done by Messrs. Russell & Alexander, of Chicago. Nearly thirteen miles of pipes were laid be these contractors and put through the severest kind of a test without a break or a leaky or imperfect joint being found on the line. Their contract was finished two months and a half before the time stipulated. The pipes for the works were furnished by Dennis Long & Co., of Louisville, Ky., and H. R. Smith & Co., of Columbus, Ohio. The Mohawk & Hudson Manufacturing Co., of Waterford, N. Y., furnished the Eddy valves. The quality of the material furnished was such that on the trial, at extreme pressure, but three breaks were found on the entire line. These were defects that could not have been foreseen. In many trials in other cities as many HISTOEY OP DES MOINES COUNTY. 513 breaks have been found in one mile. These pipes were delivered during the winter, and were handled roughly in loading and unloading them from the cars, and the fact that so few breaks were discovered speaks much in praise of the manufacturers. The general superintendence of the whole contract was under the direction 'of Mr. T. N. Boutelle, the Engineer of the Burlington Water Co. Mr. Boutelle is a civil engineer of large experience in the construction of water works. He has been connected with the erection of water works in Anamosa, Clinton, Marshalltown and other cities in Iowa, and in many other cities in adjoining States. He drew up the plans for the Burlington works and directed their entire construction. The ability he displayed in his labors, these works, which are second to none in the State, fully attest. Mr. Boutelle's experience was of much value to the Burlington Company, and the system and arrangement of the whole is due largely to his skill. The following description of the works, applied to their size and condition at the date of opening, June 1, 1878. Many additions have since been made. The river work consists of an inlet crib constructed of pine timbers, firmly bolted together, filled with broken stone, placed on the bed of the Mississippi River, in nineteen feet of water at low-water mark, and distant from the shore about two hundred and fifty feet. A 20-inch iron pipe extends along the river- bed from the crib to a filter on the shore. The filter is of stone masonry, 130 feet long, 20 feet wide, and provided with suitable filtering materials, which may be renewed or cleaned at any time. An- independent inlet-pipe is provided to convey water directly from the crib inlet to the pumps, should the demand at any time (as for fire protection) exceed the capacity of the filter. / The engine, boiler and coal houses, located one hundred and fifty feet from the' river, are of stone, have iron roofs, are substantial and fire-proof, and of dimensions suitable for a duplicate set of pumping machinery. The smoke-stack is of brick, and 120 feet high. The Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern and the Burlington & Southwestern Railways run between the build- ings and the river, making the delivery of coal convenient and inexpensive. The filter extends from the crib inlet, under the tracks of these* railways, to a pump well inside the engine-house. The pumping machinery is the latest design of the Holly Manufacturing Company, and embraces all recent valuable improvements. It is especially adapted to the service required, and in finish and workmanship cannot be excelled. The engine is of the compound type, and guaranteed to perform a duty equal to raising 60,000,000 pounds of water, one foot, with one hundred pounds of coal, and to supply the quantity of water— 3,000,000 gallons daily —and throw the fire streams required by the ordinance. It has four steam cylinders, each 19 inches in diameter, 27 inches stroke, with four corresponding reciprocating pumps, each 10 inches diameter and 27 inches stroke, attached by direct connections and erected on a heavy arched double frame of iron, set at an angle of ninety degrees, one steam cylinder and its pump being placed at each of. the four corners. The frame supports at its top a shaft with an over- hanging crank on either end, to which the four engines are connected by ordi- narv connecting-rods. The cylinders and pumps are detachable at pleasure, and" may be run singly, in pairs or all together, according to the demands tor water-supply from, time to time. The engine is provided with the usual air- pump and jet-condenser, and by a peculiar arrangement of pipes and valves may be run on either the high, low or compound steam-pressure principles, and may be changed from one to the other at any moment by the engineer, ihis arrangement is necessary to secure economical daily pumping for domestic sup- 614 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. ply, which is done by compounding steam, and prompt increase of -power for efficient fire protection, which is amply secured by converting the machine into a high-pressure eugine. When compounding, the steam is taken directly from the boilers into one of the cylinders and exhausted into the remaining three, and, when running, high-pressure steam is taken directly into all of the cylinders, the latter operation increasing the power of the whole four to eight times. To supply this increase, reserve boilers are provided, there being three in all, either of which alone will be sufficient to meet the ordinary demand. ' The water-mains are of cast-iron, tested at the foundry to withstand three hundred pounds hydrostatic pressure per square inch, and have since been sub- jected to a further test, after being laid in the ground, of two hundred pounds, which is 25 per cent greater than will be required in practice. The lengths and sizes of mains were, in round numbers, as follows : One-third of a mile of 16-inch, one mile and a half of 12-inch, two miles of 10-inch, four and three- quarters miles of 8-inch, two and a half miles of 6-inch and one mile and three- quarters of 4-inch, a total of a little over twelve miles and a half of street mains. The mains are all laid to a depth of five and a half to six and a half feet below the surface, and some two miles are laid in trenches cut in solid rock. Additional mains are already petitioned for by the citizens. The fire hydrants are of the Holly patent, full size, with double discharge and frost jacket. There were 157 in all, giving 314 hose attachments, one hydrant being placed at each street-crftssing on the lines of the mains, with a hydrant between in some instances. The stop gates or valves are 64 in num- ber, of the Eddy patent. These are placed in the mains at suitable points for shutting oif water in case of necessity or convenience, from any of the lines. On Wednesday, May 29, at 10:30 A. M., was begun a "duty test" of the works, to ascertain whether the Holly machinery would fulfill certain economic requirements of the ordinance. The engines are required to raise 60,000,000 pounds of water one foot with each one hundred pounds of coal, while pumping at the rate of 3,000,000 gallons of water in twenty -four hours. The machinery was worked twenty-four hours without stopping. It had not been used for the previous twelve hours, and the coal was of inferior quality. The following official figures show the result, which was entirely satisfactory throughout : Number of steam-cylinders 4 Number of pumps 4 Diameter of steam-cylinders, in inches 19 Diameter of pump-pistons, in inclies 10 1-32 Length of stroke, in inches 27 Discharge of four pumps each revolution, in gallons 72 1-8 Duration of test 24 hrs,17 min. Number of revolutions 45,812 Average pressure on water-gauge, in pounds 86 2-10 Average height from water in well to gauge, in feet 27 Total head of water equal to feet 226 Coal burned, in pounds 8,730 Duty, in pounds, raised one foot per one hundred pounds of coal...71, 514,000 The contract required 60,000,000-foot pounds duty, which was exceeded by nearly 20 per cent. The quantity of water pumped during the run was 3,204,240 gallons, which was at the rate of 3,166,704 gallons for twenty-four hours, or 5 per cent in excess of contract guarantee. The final test of the works was made May 31. In spite of a heavy storm of wind and rain, the company carried out their programmewith the following results: On the West Hill six streams were thrown, but only two of them could be measured because of the rain. The average height of these hydrants was 180 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 515 feet above the pumps. The streams were as follows : Corner of Valley and Marshall streets, 105 feet ; corner of Market and Marshall streets, 132 feet. On the North Hill, one of the highest points in the city, the requirement by con- tract was 75 feet. The average height of the hydrants was 150 feet above the pumps, and the exact measurement of the height of each stream as taken was as follows : Corner of Iowa and Fifth streets gg Corner of Iowa and Sixth streets « 94 Corner of Iowa and Seventh streets ,' §4 Corner of Franklin and Sixth streets 100 Corner of Franklin ana Seventh streets 102 Corner of Spring and Seventh streets 115 , The third test on the programme commence#at 11:15 A. M., and was a dis- play of three streams on each, North, West and South Hills (in all nine streams). By this time the rain had ceased, and at each hydrant where the streams were thrown crowds of spectators began to congregate. This trial, was not one of the contract tests, but was merely given to show that the Holly engines could exceed their rated capacity. The height of the nine streams exceeded the height required for six streams on the high ground. The average height of these streams above the pumps was 140 feet. But three streams -were measured, the average height being over 90 feet. The fourth test commenced at 11:45 A. M., and consisted of one 1-inch stream thrown through 500 feet of hose for fifteen minutes. This trial took place at the hydrant at the corner of Summer and Louisa streets, which is 155 feet above the level of the pumps. The water was thrown to a height of 85 feet. This was considered by the Holly Company officials the most gratifying trial of the forenoon exhibition. At the close of this test, an intermission of two hours was had, and the remainder of the trials occurred on the low ground in the busi- ness part of the city. At 2 o'clock, the fifth test occurred, which was one of the contract tests, and consisted of eight 1-inch streams thrown at one time on the low ground of the city. By this time the clouds had nearly all passed away ; the sun shone out brightly, and the streets and sidewalks were creJwded with spectators. The con- tract required that these eight streams should be thrown 100 feet high. The average height reached was 141 feet and 9 inches. The streams at difi"erent hydrants varied considerably, which was owing to some of the nozzles being imperfect, as the water pressure at the hydrants was the same. The highest point during this test was the hydrant at the corner of Market and Sixth streets, and the water here was thrown 147 feet high. The height of all these streams was as follows : reet. Corner of Main and South streets |^^ Corner of Main and Locust streets |*° Corner of Main and Angular streets |** Corner of Main and Washington streets :J '° Corner of Division and Fourth streets t~' Corner of Market and Sixth streets • t^' Corner of Jefferson and Third streets Corner of Jefferson and Fourth streets The next test was a display of twelve 1-inch streams from eight hydrants on Main street and four on Jeff'erson street. This trial lasted only twenty minutes, and was stated by the engineer at the works to be the most severe trial during the day. From the corner of Main and Jefi-erson streets the whole number ot streams could be seen. But three of these streams could be measured, the 516 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. average height of which was 126 feet. This is about equal to the other streams thrown at the same time. At twenty minutes past 4, one of the grandest displays of the day occurred, at the Congregational Church tower. This was a stream thrown through a one and three-fourths inch nozzle. The water was taken from three hydrants and combined with one stream through a Siamese coupling. The church tower is 126 feet high, and as the water rose, in a solid stream, to a level with the top of the tower, the immense crowd burst out with loud cheers. But the water kept on higher and higher, until it went over 60 feet above the top of the tower, and as measured, showed that the solid stream was 190 feet high. The spray was carried up much farther. The next was a display, lastii% ten minutes, of a 1-inch stream thrown through 1,000 feet of hose. The hose was attached to the hydrant at the corner of Third and Jefferson streets. This was a severe test of the capacity of the works, and the water-pressure at the pumps during the trial was 150 pounds. The stream thrown was sufficiently high to reach any fire that is likely to occur in the city. The height of the stream could not be measured accurately, but was from 120 to 125 feet. The last trial was a most magnificent display. A valve at the corner of Main and Jefferson streets was arranged to throw a 3-inch stream. This dis- play commenced at 5:10 P. M., and the column of water shot up immediately to the height of 170 feet. This is said to have been the second 3-inch stream ever thrown in the world to the height attained by this. The other stream was thrbwn in Rome. The stream in Burlington flew up to the immense height of 283 feot. The programme stated that this stream was to be thrown for ten minutes only, but it was kept up for twice that length of time, and the immense amount of water that was thrown during the time may be known when, according to the , register kept by the engineer at the pumps, 2,808 gallons of water were deliv- ered each minute during this trial, and no other hydrant was open at the time. The wind was blowing just strong enough to let the water fall on the roofs of the houses on the west side of Main street, and the gutters pn the roofs were not large enough to carry off the water, which poured from the eaves in vol- umes. This last test was a grand sight and a close to the proceedings of the day, and satisfied every one as to the power of Holly engines and pumps. At the works, all moved as smoothly as a drawing-room reception. The- engines and pumps worked steadily, the steam-gauges showed an even pressure and the moderate fires and leisurely movements of the firemen showed there was no "forcing" of boilers or machinery. One boiler was not used at all. The engines were worked on the compound plan, the steam entering b,ll four cylinders at high pressure, but condensed on the other stroke, thus creating a vacuum and utilizing the atmospheric pressure. Large crowds stood around and watched the beautiful working of the machinery with undisguised admira- tion. The following table will tell the " expert " reader, better than descriptive language can, the work done by the machinery : Boiler pressure during day. from 60 to 70 pounds^ Water pressure, test No. 1 150 " Water pressure, test No. 2 140 " Water pressure, display No. 3 180 " Water pressure, display No. 4 145 " Water pressure, test No. 5 115 " Water pressure, display No. 6 120 " Water pressure, If-inch stream. Congregational Church 130 " Water pressure, 1-inoh stream, 1,000 feet hose 150 " Water pressure, 3-inch stream 145 " HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. '^'- 517 No. gallons, test No. 1 i ynn „ii . , No. laiions: test No. 2 :...":.......::::::;:::::;::::::::::::.i'2oo ^ ^'' No. gallons, test No 3 " ' 1800 No. gallons, display No. 4 ..'.'.'... 216 No. gallons, test No. 5 j y28 No. gallons, test No. 6 \[' 3000 No. gallons, Ij-inch stream. Congregational Church.'.'.'.'.'." 'sSO No. gallons, 8 1-inch streams, 1,00C feet hose 216 No. gallons. 3-inoh stream ...'.'.' 2 808 No. gallons water per day ."'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.■.'.'..'..3,000,000 to 5,000,000 Since the foregoing description was prepared, which was an accurate account of the works at the date of opening, additions have been made to pipes and hydrants. The total number of feet of pipes now amounts to 81,590, or fifteen miles and 2,390 feet. There have been thirteen hydrants added since June 1, 1878, making the total number 170 now in use in the city. . Mr. Ira Holly was chosen Superintendent of the prospective works January, 1878, a.nd is still discharging the duties of that responsible position to the sat- isfaction of all. BURLINGTON GAS COMPANY. June 18, 1855, Messrs. Henry W. Starr, Fitz Henry Warren, J. F. Tal- lant, A. W. Carpenter, W. H. JPostlewait, William Thompson, J. P. Sun- derland and H. B. Spelman incorporated the Burlington Gas-Light Company, and elected the following Board of Directors : Fitz Henry Warren, W. H. Postlewait, A. W. Carpenter. J. G. Lauman, H. B. Spelman. Officers : W. H. Postlewait, President ; D. J. Crocker, Secretary and Treasurer ; A. B. Spelman, Superintendent. W. E. Adams was Assistant Secretary and book- keeper from 1855 to 1861. In 1857, H. B. Spelman was elected President and D. J. Crocker Secretary and Treasurer. In 1857, Charles Hendrie suc- ceeded Mr. Postlewait as Director. In 1859, R. Spencer succeeded H. B. Spelman as Superintendent, and in the following -year W. H. Postlewait suc- ceeded F. H. Warren as Director. George C. Lauman and J. H. Gear were elected Directors in 1862 in place of J. G. Lauman and Charles Hen- drie. The Board of 1864 consisted of George C. Lauman, A. W. Carpen- ter, John H. Gear, George Barney and R. Spencer. George Barney was elected President and R. Spencer Secretary and Treasurer. No other changes were made until 1869, when Lyman Cook, P. H. Smyth, George C. Lau- man, J. H. Gear, and R. Spencer were elected Directors, and J. H. Gear, President ; R. Spencer, Secretary ; Heury T. Cook, Treasurer. These gen- tleman still constitute the management of the Company. The first ten years the Gas Company bad to struggle for existence, but with the growth of the town its business has steadily increased. Large and expensive additions have been made to the grounds, machinery, etc., doubling and, in some respects, quadrupling the capacity of the works, and mains have been ex- tended on most of the principal streets, and still further extension of mains is expected to be made from time to time as the wants of the growing city may require. These extensions and improvements have mostly been made^ since 1869, under the present management. CITY STREET RAILWAYS. In 1871, a. company was organized to build a street railway, but sufficient interest in the project not having been awakened, it fell through, and the organ- ization collapsed. The Burlington Street Railway is the pioneer railway of the city. The^ enterprise was talked of as early as 1871, and the organization accomplished. 518 ■ HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. on the 29th day of May, 1873, the seal and by-laws being adopted July 17, 1873. The present Board of Directors are Hon. Charles Mason, 0. E. Per- kins, Thomas Hedge, Jr., T. L. Parsons and J. C. Peasley ; and officers : Hon. Charles Mason, President ; Thomas Hedge, St., Vice President ; H. C. Ohrt, Secretary ; T. W. Barhydt, Treasurer. The annual meetings are held on the ■first Monday in June each year. The contract for building the road was let to Mr. N. S. Young, who com- menced work September 10, 1873, and completed the road by the first day of January, 1874. The road was leased to John Patterson, January 1, 1874, for three years. The track commences on Fourth street at the intersection of Jefferson, and runs on Fourth to Division, thence on Division to Eighth, on Eighth to Maple, on Maple to West Boundary, on West Boundary to the city limits.. The track is two and one-quarter miles long. The rails used are the T rails. The rails in the track to the corner of Eighth and Maple weigh twenty pounds to the yard, and those used from thence to the end of the track weigh sixteen pounds to the yard. The roadbed completed cost the ■company at the rate of $7,500 per mile. The cost of the whole enterprise, including roadbed, cars, barn, harness for horses, and all other buildings and improvements, about $35,000. The company own four cars, manufact- ured at Cleveland, Ohio, by McNairy & Claflen. They cost, delivered on the track, $900 apiece. Their capacity for comfortable carriage is sixteen persons. The present officers of the company are : Directors, Charles Mason, C. E. Perkins, John Patterson, T. W. Parsons and S. W. Greenbaum; Charles Ma- son, President ; H. B. Scott, Secretary. John Patterson is still the lessee of the road. The capital of the company is $100,000. West Sill and West Avenue Railway. — Before giving any statistics of the West Hill and West Avenue Railw'ay, we will venture that the success of the Burlington Street Railway, under the management of the present lessee, some- what stimulated the undertaking of this enterprise, and although considerable time was occupied in finally completing the preliminaries, yet when once on its pegs the road was soon afterward completed. The organization of the West Hill and West Avenue Railway was com- pleted on the 6th day of February, 1875, and Articles of Incorporation signed and Board of Directors elected. The contract for building the track was let to A. W. Manning May 13, and the roa^^ delivered to the Company September 1. The track commences at the foot of Jefferson street and continues on Jeffer- son to Boundary ; thence to Valley street, up Valley to Marshall, on 'Marshall to Smith ; thence to Pond street, on Pond to Amelia, from Amelia to North Leebrick ; thence on North Leebrick and Foster streets to the terminus, where the company built a barn 44x100 feet — sufficient capacity for storing their cars and stabling the horses. A hall is also provided for the purpose of giving entertainments. The hall is in the second story. The length of the track, including turn-outs, is 10,178 feet— or very nearly two miles — and was built at a total cost of $12,673.70. The barn cost, in addition to the road, the sum of ^2,200. The company owns four cars, having a carrying capacity of fifty persons (so reported by the Secretary). They cost, delivered on track, $3,128, and were built by F. E. Canda & Co., of Chicago, 111. The Z tram^-rail is used, and weighs twenty-one pounds to the yard ; manufactured 'at Cleveland, Ohio. The whole road was leased to Messrs. Eads & Messenger, for a term of five years, at an annual rental of $600, 'payable semi-annually. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 519 January 15, 1879, this road was sold by the Sheriff under a foreclosure of mortgage to George Robertson, at a cost of |8,203. The present lessee of this road is C. Messenger. North Hill Street Railway Company. — The preliminary steps of this organi- zation were taken about the 1st of May, 1875. The first meeting was held at Sunnyside Schoolhouse on the 18th day of that month. The meeting was called in the interests of the Burlington Street Railway Company, some of whose officers were present at the opening of the meeting, and when it was proposed to our German friends outside the city limits to " come down with the stamps, and we will build you a road," the German blood began to boil, and when, after much discussion pro and con, a portion of the meeting with- hdrew, it was decided to organize. The meeting appointed the following committee to make preliminary arrangements for the organization of a street railway company, namely: S. Halstein, S. H. Jones, R. M. Green, George Kriechbaum, John Neiweiner, P. F. Unterkircher, J. W. Barnes and H. Lemberger. The Articles of Incorporation were adopted May 31, 1875, and the contract for building the road was let August 24, to A. W. Manning, Esq., and work commenced immediately thereafter. The present Board of Directors are John Neiweiner, W. H. Starr, H. Lemberger, George Kriechbaum, L. Baumberger, P. F. Unterkircher and Isaac Herrill. The officers were : W. H. Starr, President; Greorge Kriechbaum, Vice President; S. Halstein, Sec- retary ; J. 0. Peasley, Treasurer. The track commences at the foot of Washington street and runs up Washington to Fourth, up Fourth to High ; thence on High to Sixth, on Sixth to Franklin, Franklin to Eighth, Eighth to North Oak, North Oak to Osborn, Ooborn to city limits ; thence runs to the residence of L. Baum- berger. ■» The barn contains twenty-one scabies for horses, two tracks sufficient for storing six cars. It is 50x70 feet^with a hall in the second story 35x50. The track is 15,600 feet long, or very nearly three miles from the foot of Washington street to the street-car barn. The roadbed cost the sum of $16,- 460. The Dean & Coleman improved tram-rail is used in the city limits. The rail was made at Louisville, Ky., and weighs about twenty pounds to the yard. From the city limits to the end of the track the T rail is used ; it weighs sixteeen pounds to the yard. This part of the road is planked between the rails with two-inch elm plank and makes one of the best and smoothest tracks in use. There are four turn-outs and three turn-tables. The Company at first contemplated us^ng the bob-tail cars, but afterward changed to the double platform. Hence the building of the turn-tables. The Company owns four cars. They were manufactured by the Indiana Car Company, at Cam- bridge City, Ind. They cost, delivered on track, $700 apiece. They weigh about twenty-six hundred pounds. They have a carrying capacity of about twenty-five persons. The road was leased to Messrs. Baumberger & Neiweiner for a term of three years, at an annual rental of $1,025 per year The lease took effect December 7, but the cars made their first trip December 5. Ihe road was completed December 1 and delivered to the Company the same day The indebtedness of the Company is $5,000. Mr. L Baumberger donated to the Company a lot 120x127 feet at the end of the track. There is also a wait- ing-room at ihe city limits, corner of Corse and Osborn streets, and a stable for two or three spans of horses. , /^ t.t , t^,. r^c -i7Anr« September 19, 1877, the road was leased to 0. ^^''^''^'''pJvJ^n, The present officers are : W. W. Nassau, President ; D. Rorer, Vice President, 520 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. and Henry Lemberger, Secretary and Treasurer. Directors, S. H. Jones, George Robertson, Henry Woellhaf, John Kuenzler, Louis Baumberger. Main Street and Prospect Mill Street Railway Company. — This Company was organized September 15, 1875, with the following Board of Directors: George Eobertson, George Sweny, James I. Gilbert, Dr. G. R. Henry and J. A. Slocumb. Officers: George Robertson, President; George Sweny, Vice President and Secretary ; G. R. Henry; Treasurer. The contract for building the road was let to Mr. N. S. Young, October 20, 1875. The cost of laying the track was $8,920.50. The total cost of the road, including rolling-stock, is $13,350. The road began operations in May, 1876, when it was leased to 0. Messenger, who still runs it. The officers of this road have not changed, with the exception that James I. Gilbert was succeeded by G. C. Henry, and J. A. Slocum by T. L. Parsons, as Directors. BURLINGTON RAILROADS. The Chicago, Burlington ^ Quiney. — The oldest and most powerful of its railways, has acquired a world-wide fame. It is known far and near, at home and abroad, as the great Burlington Route, and ranks high among the wealthy corporations of the country. It was the first road built to Burlington, and was originally known as the " Peoria & Oquawka," and the latter place was to be its western terminus ; but the fates willed it otherwise. Burlington enterprise took hold of the project, raised the money and diverted the line from Oquawka to Burlington. It is unnecessary to add that this timely stroke of policy determined the future of Burlington ; for, if the road had gone to Oquawka, the latter place, instead of Burlington, would have been the eastern terminus of the road across Southern Iowa. There, also, would have been built the great bridge across which the other roads now centering here would probably have crossed the river. The Peoria & Oquawka road passed into the hands of the Chicago, Burlington & Quiney Company. For many years the road from Chicago, via Galesburg to Quiney, was the main line ; the roads from Galesburg to Peoria, and Galesburg to Burlington being more properly feeders or branches. In time, however, the completion of the Burlington & Missouri River road across the State - v CORPORATED .JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES. Burlington Mutual Loan Association was organized May 5, 1868, with the following first Directors : W. E. Tomlinson, Thomas Hedge, J. L. Waite, H. H. Scott, Robert Allen, A. J. Hillhouse ; Auditors, R. Spencer, W. C. Hendrie and James Putman, and E. Joy, President; T. W. Barhydt, Vice President; J. J. Heider, Secretary; John Lahee, Treasurer. The present officers are P. M. Crapo, President; H. H. Scott, Vice President; R. M. Green, Secretary; K McKitterick, Treasurer. The office of this Association is located in O Brien s Block, corner Fourth and Jefferson streets. Burlhigton Lumber Company was incorporated February 10, 1877, with the toUowing officers: E. D. Rand, President ; J. L. Pierson, Secretary and Treas- urer. Capital, $100,000. HISTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTV. 533 Burlington Insurance Company was incorporated December 21 1860 The officers are Walcott Seymour, President; William Bell, Vice President • " J fi Miller, Secretary. Capital, $200,000. , ''• vx. Emhalming Burial-Case Company was organized in 1876, and incorporated November 12, 1877. The officers are J. R. Nelson, President ; R. R Dorr Secretary; A. L. Skinner, Treasurer. ' Western Mill-Furnishing Company was organized January 23, 1879 Officers: John W. Swan, President; William Sennett, Secretary; Harvev Littler, Treasurer. Capital, |4,000. - ^ Orchard City School-Desk Company was incorporated October 1, 1877. Officers : R. A. Moore, President ; J. Z. Moore, Secretary and Treasurer. Murray Iron Works were incorporated February 1, 1870. G. H. Higbee, President. Capital, |75,000. Mr. Higbee controls the entire stock, and manages the business in person. The Centennial Mutual Life Association filed Articles of Incorporation July 13, 1876, and received authority to commence business July 22, 1876. The incorporators were: S. M. Thompson, of Muscatine; E. M. Laws, of Osceola; L. L. Beery, of Mount Pleasant ; Watson Roberts, of Mount Pleasant ; and the following of Burlington : M. C. McArthur, C. P. Squires, J. W. Barnes, A. W. Parsons, R. Root, C. H. Squires, C. H. Phelps, E. McKitterick and O. P. Waters. The first officers were: 0. P. Waters, President; C. J. Weatherby, Secretary. The present Directors are: E. M. Laws, C. H. Phelps, J. W. Barnes, 0. P. Waters, M. C. McArthur, E. McKitterick, C. P. Squires, S. M. Thompson, J. C. McKell, N. P. Sunderland and J. Tracy. The present officers are : M. C. McArthur, President ; J. W. Barnes, Vice President; 0. P. Waters, Secretary; W. H. Morehouse, Treasurer. The capital stock of the company is $100,000. They have written 11,375 policies, and since the date of payment of their first loss, February 2, 1877, they have disbursed for death-losses about $130,000. Any person, male or female, between the ages of fifteen and sixty years, who can pass the required medical exami- nation, may obtain a policy in the Association. To keep up the expenses of the Association, yearly dues are required. To pay de:th-losses, a levy is made upon each member, according to age at joining, and an additional sum of 10 cents on each assessment, to pay expenses of collecting the same. The White Breast Coal and Mining Company was incorporated January 19, 1876, by William Haven, R. L. Fix, Wesley Jones and J. C. Osgood. The first officers were : William Haven, President ; J. C. Osgood, Secretary and Treasurer. Wesley Jones retired from the Board, and was succeeded by C. M. Schenck. The present officers are: J. C. Osgood, President; L. R. Fix, Vice President ; CM. Schenck, Secretary and Treasurer. The capital stock of the Company is $60,000. Its principal mines are located at Cleveland, Lucas Co., Iowa. The coal is of better quality mined at a depth of 250 feet below the surface. The Company also own and operate mines at Flagler, Marion County, and at Avery, Monroe County. They employ about 300 men, and produce 120,000 tons of coal per year. The sales extend through Iowa, Missouri and Nebraska. The Company have yards at Burlington, Council Bluffs, Iowa, Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska, and local agencies at all railroad points in the above named States. Their railroad trade is extensive. Their annual business is $350,000. The Company deals in foreign hard coals. . The Iowa and Missouri Goal and Land Company was incorporated March 1, 1872, by Fitz Henry Warren, James Putnam, C. P. Squires, J. W. Barnes, J. E. Labor and R. F. Hosford. The mines are located at Boyer and Caldwell, 534 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Van Buren County, and the coal taken therefrom, is claimed to be the best ia the world for generating steam. The present Directors are Dr. J. J. Ransom, James Putnam, N. B. Sunderland, C. P. Squires, L. R. Fix. The officers are: Dr. J. J. Ransom, President ; L. R. Fix, Vice President and General Manager ; C. P. Squires, Secretary and Treasurer. The capital stock of the company is- $100,000. The Hay Metallurgic Oomfany was organized in 1876. The officers of the Company are: G. R. Henry, President ; M. S. Foote, Secretary. Hay Boiler Protection Company was organized in 1876. A. P. Hay is President, and G. R. Henry, Secretary. SCHOOLS. The educational interests of Burlington date back to 1834, and have for their founder William R. Ross. In the fall of 1833, Dr. Ross erected a small cabin, southwest of the present public square, and dedicated the building to the uses of preaching and day school. However, no school was taught therein until the following spring. . During the winter of 1833-34, a man named Phillips lived in the cabin, with his family. When spring came, a school was opened by Zadoc C. Inghram, who taught during the summer. Subsequently, Mrs. Shelton and Mrs. Mayfield were employed as teachers. During the succeeding years, until the erection of Old Zion Church, the schools were "kept" in various places, and taught by various persons. There was no record preserved, so far as we are able to discover. The schools were primitive, in keeping with the settlement of the place. In 1839, Old Zion was in a condition to permit of the opening of school there. Rev. E. M. Scott, the tallest man in the neigh- borhood, lived in the basement of the church, and kept the youngsters in whole- some subjection by means of liberal doses of spelling-book and rod. Subse- quently, Scott removed to Arkansas and began the practice of law. On one occasion his long legs served him well, in fording the river, and after that he hung out the following sign : "E. M. Scott, attorney at law, The man that waded the Arkansaw." After Scott left, a man named Tdwnsend took up the birch. As the town increased in size, schools multiplied in nuipbers, but no organ- ized system was adopted until January, 1847. At that time, the first Inspect- ors were appointed. The gentlemen who composed the Board were Hon. Charles Mason, Hon. J. W. Grimes and George Partridge. The Board was a township institution. Mr. Grimes was elected Inspector April, 1847, and again in April, 1848. The original Board divided the city into six districts. Small schools were maintained in most of those districts during 1847-48. The impossibility of making a proper classification of scholars and of raising the schools to the highest excellence, under the system of small districts, and other reasons, suggested the expediency of consolidating the districts into one. This was done by the School Fund Commissioner, William Walker, March 19, 1849. The first meeting under the new plan was held March 29, 1849, in the Congregational Church. James Clarke was chosen President ; L. D. Stockton, Secretary ; John Johnson, Treasurer, and James W. Grimes, Chairman of the Committee to inquire about the number of schools needed. A meeting was held May 7, at which a tax of one-third of onei per cent on all city property was authorized, for the purchase of schoolhouse sites. May 11, 1849, the city was divided into four districts, and Samuel M. Clendenin was appointed Principal of District No. 4. May 24, of the same HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 535, ^Tm*' \ ^^^""f took charge of No. 3, Abraham Darling of Division No 2 In 1850, Burlington claimed a population of 4 500 The ^a^.A;-|:Ye was always found advocating measures for the advancement of the moral and intellectual tone of Burlington. Mr. Edwards was acquainted Tnril 5' lt°0 '^ .'> '^^°''°"' ri ""^'^ '° ^""^^ '^P ^ «i^il-r Pl^n here April 5, 1850, an editorial appeared, from which we quote ■ " We regard it as vastly important that in laying the foundation of a system. ■ °^ r°''^f * ^°*°^' S^' °"''."^*y' ^! ^'^^"Id begin upon the most approved prin- *P^f ■ * r^* .„^^Ti '\"T ^"^ *^^' ^''^''"'^' ^^ believe, about $1,500. f «Qnn "" ^°^^i® the district to hire two principal teachers at a salary of f 300 per annum, and five assistants at |160 each. This is better wages than our teachers now get. With the children properly classified, seven teachers can better instruct them than seventeen can under the system which now pre- vails among us." ^ In May, 1850, the Directors were authorized to, and did, levy one-third of one per cent tax on all property in the city for school purposes. The district was divided, at that time, into four divisions, as heretofore stated. September 23, 1850, the Directors of the Burlington School District con- tracted for the erection of a schoolhouse on lots 729 and 730, southeast corner of High and Fifth streets. The plans were by Mr. Stareker, a resident archi- tect, and the contract was let to Myers & Kelber. The capacity was 39x63 feet, two stories high, four rooms, accommodating nearly three hundred pupils. The cost was |4,150. This was the first building erected for school purposes exclusively in Burlington, and called North Hill Schoolhouse. Prior to 1851, the schools were of excellent character, both the public and private institutions being well sustained, and conducted by persons of merit and scholarly attain- ments ; but the places of holding them were as diversified as the number of scholars would permit of. The school census of September, 1850 (the first taken after the estab- lishment of the schools in this city), showed the following population between the ages of five and twenty-one years : Division No. 1 238 Division No. 2 473 Division No. 3 192 Division No. 4 112 Total 1,015 During that first year, the school in Division 1 was taught by Mrs. Burge and daughter, who resigned on^ account of ill health, and were succeeded by D. S. Moore and Miss Eliza A. Clark. No. 2 was taught by Abram Darling- ton and Mrs. Mary A. Wiggins. No. 3 by 0. L. Palmer and Miss Ellen Grifi"ey. No. 4 by S. M. Clendenin and Mrs. Prince, who died shortly after taking the place. The attendance was, in No. 1, 130; No. 2, 183; No. 3, 140; No. 4, 109; total, 562. Teachers' salaries were fixed at |25 per month for male and $8 for female teachers. The total expenses for teachers was |372.66, leaving $27.54 cash on hand. There was a class in algebra, and one in natural philosophy. The common English branches were taught. , The finances of the Board were not satisfactory. The tax levied amounted to about $2,500 ; but of that sum only $500 had been paid in by January 1, 1850. No steps had been taken to secure sites for buildings. .53t) HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. In May, 1851, the Board was re-elected, witli J. W. Grimes as President. It was voted at that meeting to raise f4,000 to complete the first schoolhouse, and to aid in the construction of one in the southern portion of the city. In 1852, the Board consisted of William Salter, President ; 0. H. fcchenck, Treasurer ; George Snyder, Secretary. January 2, 1852, a contract was made with Myers & Kelber for the erection of South Hill Schoolhouse, at a cost of f4,550. On the first Monday in April, 1852, C. B. Darwin was appointed Principal of North Hill School, at a salary of $10 per month, and teachers ^ere employed at various salaries. In September, 1852, the services of a Principal were dispensed with, and J. W. Sennet was employed to take charge . of the larger boys, at $30 per month, and four lady teachers were secured. In 1853, under an act of the Legislature to extend the powers of school ■districts, six Directors were chosen, to wit: W. B. Chamberlain, George Snyder, to serve one year ; J. A. Funk, J. F. Tallant, to serve two years, and Lyman Cook, J. Newton Evans, to serve three years. L. D. Stockton and Oliver Cock were appointed to succeed Messrs. Funk and Snyder, resigned. W. B. Chamberlain was elected President; J. F. Tallant, Treasurer; L. D. Stockton, Secretary. In 1854, Messrs. Chamberlain and Stockton were re-elected, the former as Chairman. Mr. Tallent acted as Treasurer, Oliver Cock as Secretary. In 1855, William Salter was elected President, the other ofiicers retafning their places. The number of teachers employed had stood each year as follows ; 1849, ■9; 1852,14; 1858, 16; 1854, 9. A local writer, in 1855, said of the buildings : " They are eligibly sit- uated, and are the admiration of every traveler and the honest pride of every citizen of Burlington." The Board ordered trees planted about the buildings. In 1855, there were 1,465 children of school age in the city, and there "were but two buildings capable of holding 600 pupils. The condition of the schools was not very encouraging. Up to 1858, the sexes were taught separately; and there was no attempt made to grade the schools. May 3, 1858, the Board decided " that the boys and girls shall occupy the same rooms and recite together," and that it had " become imperative on the Board to at once grade the pupils." This was accordingly done by the Principals, assisted by Rev. F. R. Haff, one of the School Examiners, and Rev. William Salter, of the Board of Education. Thus it may properly be said that the public schools of Burlington date only from May, 1858. March 8, 1853, J. H. Smith was engaged as Superintendent of North Hill School. June 15, 1853, Alexander Mcllhenny was appointed Principal of South Hill School. November 1, 1854, the schools were opened with R. J. Graff, Principal of North Hill and A. Henry, Principal of South Hill School. In 1855,. on account of the small amount of money in the Teachers' Fund, it was ordered by the School Board not to hdd school that winter. September 10, 1856, R. J. Graff and Mr. Lemon were elected Principals, and the schools re-opened. February 5, 1857, J. F. Tallant and George Temple were appointed a committee to negotiate for ground on which to erect a new school house. Sep- tember 21, 1857, R. J. Graff was re-elected Principal of North Hill School and E. L..Jagger assumed the same office at South Hill School. April 26, 1858, R. J. Graff resigned his position and was succeeded by Mrs. Clara Miller. August 30, 1858, J. E. Dow became Principal of North Hill School, and 1. B. Gray Principal of South Hill School. At this time, also, the Board HISTORY" OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 537 «f Education ordered a school to be opened in Dutchtown, to be known as Dutchtown School, with C. P De Haas for its Principal. Principals elected August ly, 1859, by the School Board were : For North Hill School J E Dow ; for South Hill School, T. B. Gray ; for Dutchtown School, C 'p De Haas. December 8, 1859, T. B. Gray was dismissed by the Board and succeeded by R. J. Graff. At the election of Principals July 16 1860 J E. Dow. was chosen for North Hill, R. J. Graff for South Hill,' and Miss Susan Colter for Dutchtown School. The election of July 29, 1861, made no change, except in the case of Miss Susan Colter, who was succeeded by C. P. De Haas. August 4, 1862, the same Principals were re-elected. April 29, 1863, Lots 10, 11 and 12, in Block 960, were purchased by the School Board for $300, and May 18, 1863, a contract was entered into with Richard Howard for the erection of a school-building for the sum of $1,900, to be known as South Boundary Schoolhouse. July 8, 1863, the School Board elected as Principals for North Hill, J. Thorp ; South Hill, J. E. Dow ; Dutchtown, C. P. De Haas, .and South Boundary School, Mrs. L. A. Littlefield. January 29, 1864, J. Thorp resigned his position as Frincipal of North Hill School, and wns succeeded by Mr. Dunn. June 15, 1864, the School Board rented Cum- berland Presbyterian Church for the establishment of a high school, and, on June 22, of the same year they purchased ground of Rand & Sherfey for the erection of the present Dutchtown Schoolhouse. July 20, 1864, J. E. Dow was fclected City Superintendent of the Schools and Principal of the iigh school, at a salary of $900 per annum. July 27, 1864, the following Principals were elected : J. H. Sanborn, North Hill ; 0. C. Shelton, South Hill ; Milton Campbell, South Boundary, and C. P. De Haas, Dutchtown School. The course of study in the high school is four years ; each year is divided .into three terms, and the annual catalogue .gives a complete list of the various branches taught in regular term rotation. August 12, 1864, an addition to Dutchtown Schoolhouse was contracted for with Narn & Gillis. In 1864, the schools were graded into eight grades. Oc- tober 11, 1864, J. K. McCullough was elected Principal of South Hill School; C. P. De Haas was transferred to North Hill, and Miss Jennie Chapman •elected Principal of Dutchtown School. March 11, 1865, Miss Sophronia Tay- lor was elected to teach the colored school meanwhile established. March 16, 1865, Thomas Trulock was elected Principal of South Hill School. August 80, 1865, the Principal of the high school was made General Superintendent of the schools. . A half-mill tax was levied, and May 13, 1872, a contract was awarded to Houseworth & Hayden to build the high school at the corner of Val- ley and Boundary streets. The ground and superstructure finished, at a cost of $29,000, the building remained in that condition until it was completed January 1, 1873, at a total cost of $43,000. The records of the schools running from 1865 to 1872 have been destroyed, therefore we cannot undertake to furnish the names of the principals during that interval, but will supply the years of the erection of new school-buildings and of the enlarging of those • already constructed. The South Boundary Schoolhouse was doubled in size in 1866. In the summer of 1866, Dutchtown Schoolhouse, now called Germania, was built at a cost of $4,129. In the summer of 1870, West Madison Schoolhouse was erected at a cost ot $5,319. "West Hill Schoolhouse was built in the summer of 1867, at a cost ot $3,469. North Oak Schoolhouse was built in the summer of 1868, at a cost ot .$6,285. 538 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. June 17, 1872, Mr.'Lytle was elected Principal of North Hill; Mr. Fair- brother, of South Hill ; Mr". Hummel, of South Boundary ; Charles A. Lisle, West Hill ; W. C. Jones, Germania; William D. Inghram, North Oak : L. Steece, West Madison. Mrs. Courtright took charge of the colored school, and W. M. Bry- . ant was unanimously elected City Superintendent. In July, 1872, George A. Miller became Principal of North Hill School, and Robert Saunderson was elected City Superintendent. Mr. Fairbrother resigned his oiEce and A. E. Mills- paugh was elected to fill the vacancy at South Hill. June 12, 1873, W. M. Brvant was unanimously elected Superintendent, and June 25, 1873, Robert Saunderson became Principal of the high school; L. Steece, North Hill; George I. Gordon, South Hill ; M. W. Hummel, South Boundary ; George A. Miller, West Madison; Charles A. Lisle, West Hill; J. W. C. Jones, Germania ; William D. Inghram, North Oak. August 29, 1873, W. M. Bry- ant resigned and Robert Saunderson succeeded him as City Superintendent. G. I. Gordon was transferred to- the high school, and Charles Morrey took the South Hill School. In December, 1873, a night school was established in the high school building. May 9, 1874, a contract was awarded to Archibold & Bennett to build additions to North Oak and South Hill Schoolhouses. June 17, 1874, Robert Saunderson was re-elected, by acclamation, City Superintend- ent. July 8, 1874, Principals elected were, for the high school, Charles A. Lisle ; North Hill, L. Steece ; South Hill, W. M. Forbes ; South Boundary, William Hummel ; West Madison, George A. Miller ; West Hill, E. E. Fitch ; Germania, R. S. Davis ; North Oak, William D. Inghram ; Central .Primary, Mrs. Dunham. In May, 1875, Hibernia School-building was erected by J. A. Johnson, and West Hill School built by William Kostner. The election June 19, 1875, made only this change — Miss M. Gray, at the Central Primary; S. 0. Thomas, at West Hill ; Miss S. Johnson, at Hibernia School. September 4, 1875, W. F. Bmbish was elected Principal of Hibernia School. May 29, 1876, an addition to West Madison Schoolhouse was contracted for with William Kostner. The election June 26, 1876, retained Robert Saunderson as Super- intendent, and the only name changed in the Principals was in the case of South Hill, where W. E. Sampson was installed. No change was made in Super- intendent or Principals in 1877, except at West Avenue, where Miss 0. Reed was elected. The election of May 5, 1878, made no change in either Super- intendent or Principals. In the spring of 1878, West Avenue School property was purchased. We quote the following statement by the Board of Education : " The development of the school interests has been very marked, especially during the last few years. The number of buildings has increased from four to nine since 1867, while all the old buildings have been remodeled and their seat- ing capacity largely increased, some of them being doubled in size. There are now nine large buildings, including the high school, which has been pronounced by competent judges, one of the best adapted buildings to this class of schools in the West. The school system embraces a course of eleven years in a like number of grades, four of which are in the high school, the remaining seven grades being found in each of the district schools. . "All the modern methods and appliances are in daily use by the teachers, and with gratifying results. The majority of the teachers, particularly the primary grades, are graduates of the high school and training department. They are thus thoroughly qualified by past experience and education, to enter into the spirit of their work, comprehend its details, and secure satisfactory- results in their respective schoolrooms. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 539 "The high school is the cap-sheaf of the system. It brings an academic course within the reach of every boy and girl in Burlington^ The develop- ment of this school in efficiency and attendance, and in everything that goes to make a first-class high school, is not a little remarkable. It has over 11 ner cent in attendance of all the pupils in the public schools; and it is believed that there are not half a dozen pupils from this city attending schools or acad- emies of a like grade abroad. "The medal and diploma which were awarded the Board of Education of Burlington, by the Centennial Commission, for an exhibit of fifty-six volumes of pupils work at Philadelphia in 1876, are gratifying evidences of the excel- lence of our schools, and are prized as such by our citizens, teachers and school ofiicers. "Another important statement to be made in this connection is, that the schools of Burhngton cost less for tuition, than the average for the country schools of the State, and less than any county in the State, except six of the more sparsely settled counties, where six months' schooling was the maximum while we have ten months. This statement is made upon the basis of the State Superintendent's report for 1876. There is no school debt, and conse- quently no interest on bonds to be paid. The people of Burlington have built their schoolhouses with cash, and now they are able to boast of efiScient schools with less taxation, than that of any other city of the same size in the North- west. The present Board of Education is composed of William Wolverton, Presi- dent; William McD. Houseworth, Vice President; Charles Mason, Treasurer; H. A. Kelley, Secretary ; C. B. Parsons, Theodore Guelich, H. Bailey and J. S. Schramm, Directors. The independent school district of Sunny Side was organized in 1863. The present schoolhouse was built in 1870. The records of this district were burned. R. L. Alspaugh is the Principal of this school which has an aver- age attendance of sixty-five scholars. THE UNIVERSITY. The following sketch of the University is furnished by Mr. Gr. J. Johnson, now Missionary Secretary of the American Baptist Publication Society at Philadelphia, and is pronounced by him to be correct. The sketch has already appeared in print, but is presented as a satisfactory record, and is here pre- served in full : " This institution had its origin in an educational convention, called by a committee of the Iowa Baptist State Convention, and held at Iowa City, then capital of the State of Iowa, April 13 and 14, 1852. Propositions bidding for the location were presented and considered at that meeting from fourteen different points of the State, but, after much discussion and many ballotings, the preference was finally given to Burlington, and then the location unani- mously made there. Articles of Incorporation, under the name of Burlington University, were next adopted by the Convention, the object of which was declared to be the establishing and conducting of an institution of advanced learning in Burlington, Iowa, that should oifer equal advantages to all pupils, irrespective of sex or condition, and should consist of such departments — academic, collegiate, theological and others, as the Board of Trustees might from time to time see fit to organize and be able to sustain. A Board of Trustees to represent the corporation, consisting of twenty-four members, was also elected. 540 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. "Two davs after the adjournment of the convention at Iowa City, a first meeting of the Board of Trustees was held in Burlington, at which the incor- poration was perfected by the necessary legal steps. OflBcers thereof were elected, and work in earnest was commenced. First, a proposition previously made by the city of Burlington and other parties who held^ a reversionary interest, to convey certain lands formerly occupied as a grave-yard, and which were desired as a site and campus, and to remove incumbrances therefrom, and to give sole and perpetual possession — all in consideration of the establishment of the institution and the conveying to the city of another parcel of ground in another location, was accepted. Additional lands adjoining were also purchased, making the entire grounds of the college, as now, about five acres. Next, committees were appointed to raise funds and to superintend the erection of a building, and also to secure teachers, and, at the earliest date practicable, to open the school. " On the 4th of July, 1853, the corner-stone of the present main building was laid, with appropriate public ceremonies, and July 4, 1854, the completion , of the building was celebrated with similar public demonstration. A preparatory school was also opened in the basements of the Baptist and Congregational Churches of this city, while the work upon the building was yet in progress, January 4, 1854, Rev. G. W. Gunnison, A. M., being Principal and Professor, and Mrs. M. A. P. Darwin, Preceptress. Mr. Gunnison, though an excellent scholar and teacher, yet did not remain long in charge of the school. Mrs. Darwin, also an accomplished teacher, soon afterward resigned. Passing over several names which, following Mr. Gunnison, were for brief periods succes- sively in charge of the institution, in 1857, Rev. L. B. Allen, D. D., became the presiding ofiicer, and for several years did worthy service. As associate with Dr. Allen, and soon after him. Rev. J. T. Robert, LL. D., who, to all the scholarly attainments, added the highest social qualities, was also secured to the school as a Professor and Instructor. Associated with these gentlemen teachers were also in turn and in the order named, the following ladies, in charge of the female department, each an accomplished and efficient preceptress : Miss Anna Chamberlain, Miss Cornelia Skinner, Mrs. Sophia Bishop, Miss Josephine A. Cutter and Miss Emma Brown. "During the years these teachers were in service, the school attained to a high degree of prosperity, the number of pupils increased, and the standard of scholarship was elevated. During these years also, various improvements were made upon the building, and important additions in the appointments of the institution. Now rooms were constructed in the main edifice, and a smaller building was erected upon the premises for purposes of dwelling and boarding. A library of 1,500 volumes was also purchased, to which over 500 volumes have been subsequently added. Apparatus was also secured for philo- sophical, chemical and astronomical purposes, which is still unsurpassed in this vicinity ; and a museum embracing several hundred curiosities and collections in natural history. " In the spring of 1857, a second large edifice, intended more especially for the ladies' department, ..was commenced, and July 4 the corner-stone was laid. A subscriptibn of over |1 0,000 was secured for this enterprise, but, ere the foundation and basement-walls were completed, a financiaNrevulsion swept over the country, which compelled the summary surrender of the work, destroyed the larger part of the subscription on which the work had depended, and threatened for awhile the breaking up of the institution itself A few years after came the war of the rebellion, with its gloom and paralysis, during HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 541 which the teachers who had so long and well served the school, most of them went to other and stronger institutions, or into other relations in life, and num- bers of the young men of the school entered into the service of their country. Thus for awhile little progress was made. " But toward the closing of the war and after, came again brighter pros- pects ; money was once more plentiful and hopes were high. EiForts were then put forth to relieve the institution of the heavy indebtedness incurred by the reverses of 1857 and otherwise, and a happy success was the result. And not only were all debts soon paid, but the buildings and various property also repaired and important improvements made, and then by the liberality of one- generous friend, $5,000 to aid in the future support of the institution were paid into the treasury. It had been hoped that a large sum conditionally promised to the school by Dr. Richard F. Barrett, one of the Board of Trus- tees from the beginning, and an earnest friend and liberal supporter of the institution while he lived, would now be added to its funds, but after several years of litigation, it was decided- that only $2,000 and the interest thereon should be derived from that source. "iThe institution has, as is always necessary to the very existence of an insti- tution of learning, been surrounded by a few specially earnest and faithful friends. In the earlier years, Mr. Wm. B. Ewing was Chairman of the Executive Committee, and while his strength allowed him, was ready and effi- cient in all work for the cause. In these years also, when large demands were made by way of time and service, and many perplexities, too, were connected with the office, T. W. Newman, Esq., performed efficiently the duties of Treas- urer. Mr. Newman is now the Chairman of the Executive Committee. Rev. G. J. Johnson has, from the beginning, been the Secretary of the Board of Trustees and Clerk of the Executive Committee, and in all ways of looking after its general and particular interests, served the enterprise. Later in the day, but with equal heart and efficiency, came also into the committee Mr. H. H. Hawley, and yet a little later Mr. Erastus Chamberlain, present worthy Treasurer of the institution. Nor should the names of Hon. J. M. Beck, the present President of the corporation, and Hon. A. C. Dodge, the Vice Presi- dent, be omitted in the list of those who have done, and are still disposed to do, the enterprise their best possible service." The present condition of the University is gratifying to the friends of edu- cation, but there is much which might be done to extend its usefulness. Liber- ality toward such institutions is repaid a thousand-fold by the improvement wrought in the growing minds of the young,' who must soon take the places left vacant by the dropping-away of former leaders. The buildings are finely located, and from them an extended view of the city and surroundmg country is afforded. _ , , The present Trustees and Faculty are here given : Trustees--Hon. J. M. Beck, President; Hon. A. C. Dodge, Vice President; Hon. T W. Newman, Secretary; F. T. Parsons, Esq., Treasurer. Faculty— L. E. Wortman, A. ±5., Principal and Professor of Latin, Greek, etc.; Miss C. DeW. Hague, Pre- ceptress and Teacher of Mathematics, English Language and ^jter^ture, etc., Mrs. Marie Sprenger, Teacher of Modern Languages ; Louis Richard, Ji'rotes- sor of Instrumental Music; Mrs. L. W. Williams, Teacher of Music. The college edifice is of brick, three stories high and beautifully situated in an ample campus. Including endowments, this property is worth in the vicmity of 185,000. A commodious building was erected last year which contains refectory and janitor's rooms, principal's apartments, etc. The erection ot tnis 542 HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. building has made boarding accommodations for fifty pupils. Good board is furnished at the low rate of from $2.00 to f2.25 per week. Tuition is fur- nished at low rates, no extra charge being made for the languages. A high grade of work is being done, the thoroughness and efiiciency of which is stead- ily bringing the school up in the estimation of its patrons and the public gen- erally. Although this school bears the modest name of College Institute, it is working with the hope and prospect of being able, at no distant date, to do the work of a college, and of assuming its chartered name. The citizens of Bur- lington and vicinity ought to take hold of this Institute, with its ample grounds, with its present endowment and enviable reputation, and make it a first-class college. At least, more attention should be given to this institute of learning, and put it still farther up in the grade of educational prominence in our State. It only waiits the combined efforts of some of our public spirited men, and the donations of the liberal citizens of this part of Iowa, to cause it to climb the ladder of promotion, until it reaches that creditable eminence in Burlington, of being a college of high capacity and rank. PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. Allen s Burlington Business College was organized by Bryant & Stratton, in 1865. The full business course includes bookkeeping, commercial arith- metic, commercial law and political economy, business correspondence, pen- manship and a course in the practical department. The College is now con- ducted by Mr. W. P. Allen and is open to both sexes. The Grermaii-American School was organized in February, 1866, and run quite successfully for ten years, after which it was discontinued. Miss Wree now keeps a private school'in the room formerly occupied by the above-named institution. There are several private schools maintained, independent of church organ- izations or the public system. The "Conservatory of Music " is well patron- ized, and is a credit to the city. EARLY EDUCATIONAL ENACTMENTS. ^ As interesting reminders of the first steps toward the development of edu- cational interests in Burlington and Des Moines County, we condense from the old session laws the following bills : The Philandrian College, in the town of Denmark, was incorporated by an act of the Legislature, approved January 19, 1838, and the following Trustees were appointed : Kev. Jeremiah "Porter, Samuel Barrett, James P. Stewart, Robert A. Leeper, Timothy Fox, Lewis Epps and H. M. Dixon. An act was approved January 19, 1838, establishing in the town of Bur- hngtoa an institution of learning, for youth of both sexes, to be called " The Burlington Seminary," with George W. Eight, Jesse P. Webber, Jonathan J. Kmg, William R. Ross, John Parson, Hiram C. Bennett, Jeremiah Lamson, Isaac Lefiier and James Dyer as corporators. " The Union Seminary of Des Moines County," a school for the youth of both sexes, was established by an act of the Legislature, which was approved January 19, 1838, with a board of incorporators consisting of William Morgan, Stephen Gearheart, Solomon Perkins, Israel Robinson, Henry Walker, John B. Berry and David R. Chance. ""'"I'^u^T ^^^^' *^® " ^'^'^lington Academy of Science and Literature " was opened by J. P. Stewart, in the " spacious upper rooms of the building formerly occupied by Mr. C. Neally as a storeroom." HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 543 The same month, Miss L. W. Gay opened a select school for youne ladies in Burlington. An act was approved by the Council and House of Representatives of the Territory of Iowa, on the 23d of January, 1839, for the incorporation of a seminary of learning in science and literature, for youth of both sexes, in the town of Burlington, Des Moines County. Charles Mason, George Temple, William H. Starr, James P. Stewart, George H. Beeler, William B. Remey^ James W. Grimes, Jeremiah Lamson, John S. David, Augustus C. Dodge^ Ver Planck Van Antwerp, Enos Lowe, James Clark, David Rorer, Gilbert Knapp and S. S. Rawson, and associates and successors were declared a body politic and corporate in law, under the name of "The Burlington Academy." " The Union Academy, of Des Moines County," was established in Town 69, Range 3 west, in Des Moines County, on the 23d of January, 1839. William Morgan, Stephen Gearheart, Solomon Perkins, Israel Robinson, Henry Walker, John B. Berry and David R. Chance were the corporators. "The Augusta Academy," an institution of learning for both sexes, was established at Augusta, January 23, 1839. The corporators were John Whit- aker, Levi Moffit, William Smith, Berryman G. Wells, Joseph Edwards, George Hepner, Y. L. Hughes, Francis Redding, Joshua Holland, Isaac Basey, Daniel Harty, William Buchanan and John 0. Smith. The Burlington Mechanics' Institute was incorporated on the 25th of Jan- nary, 1844. -The object of this Institute was to improve its members in literature, the sciences, arts' and morals ; the establishment of a reading-room, cabinets of geological, mineralogical, botanical and other specimens ; the endowment and support of a school for the children of indigent mechanics and others, and to advance the social, intellectual and moral condition of its members generally. The corporators were George Temple, James McKell, Silas A. Hudson, Anthony W. Carpenter, Morgan Evans, John L. Corse and Jacob K. Field. " The Jeflferson Academy " was established in Yellow Springs Township, February 7, 1844. Its corporators were Frederick Heizer, James Bruce, Levi Anderson, Thomas Blair, A. L. Leonard, Joshua Heizer, James Hukill, John Anderson and P. B. Bell. ^^,^-r-rr, tt^t-at,-!^ PUBLIC LIBRARY. The Burlington Public Library is not a free public library, supported by general taxation, but the property of an incorporated association. The first meeting with a view to the establishment of this institution was held at Union Hall on the 22d day of February, 1868, when it was resolved and encouraged by the offer of $5,000 for the object, by Hon. J. W. Grimes, to organize an association, for the purpose of founding a public library. At an adjourned meeting held on the 7th day of March, 1868, Articles of Incorporation were adopted and the following-named Trustees elected, viz., C. H. Phelps, J. J. Owen, Phillip Harvey, James Putman, William Salter, J. W. White, W. B. Chamberlain, J. S. Schramm and J. C. Peasley. Temporary quarters were secured in Marion Hall, but the active existence of the library dates from September, 1868, when 2.000 volumes, presented by Mr. Grimes, were placed upon the shelves. After several removals, the Associ^ation finally, in Septem- ber, 1876, took possession of its present very accessible and beautiful room in Mr. S. h! Jones' block, corner of Fourth and Jefferson ^t^f^s, ^ The number of volumes now on the shelves is 6,670, which have cost $9,104.16 The periodicals have cost |682.28. The furniture and fixtures have cost $890 The present officers of the Association are as follows: J. b. Schramm, i-res- ident ; J. 0. Peasley, Treasurer ; J. B. Fuller, Secretary and Librarian. The 544 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. original permanent membership was about three hundred. The present Trus- tees of the Association are : J. S. Schramm, J. C. Peasley, J. B. Fuller, J. G. Foote, L. H. Dalhoff, John Darling, Thomas Hedge, Jr., William Salter and J. W. y . religious history of buelington. In the fall of 1833, William R. Ross built a cabin for religious and day school purposes. This was the first building erected solely for such uses in Southern Iowa. The cabin stood a little southwest of what is now the park. In the winter of 1833-84, the cabin was occupied as a residence, by the Phil- ips family ; and in the spring, a young man named Zadoc C. Inghram, opened therein the first day school in Burlington. In February, 1834, Peter Cartwright, Presiding Elder of the Northern Dis- trict of Illinois, held a quarterly meeting at Mr. Pierce's, which was about twenty miles east of Burlington. W. R. Ross sent a letter to the venerable preacher asking for a supply at Burlington. Rev. Peter licensed a young man named Barton G. Cartwright, to go there and preach. The new man procured a team of oxen, and in March, 1834, he arrived at Mr. Ross' house. Young Cartwright was willing to work and pay his own way ; so Mr. Ross hired him to break thirty acres of prairie. During the week, he labored with his oxen, while on Sundays he preached in the log cabin already spoken of. Because of this double duty, the people in the Hoosier settlement, whither he also went to preach occasionally, or to hold prayer-meetings, gave him the title of " Ox- driver Preacher." About the 1st of April, Asa McMurtry was the second preacher that called at Burlington. He was on his way to Rock Island, as a missionary to that mission. He was traveling by steamboat, and stopped two or three days. During this same spring, at a two-days meeting, held in Dr. Ross' wood- land pasture, just back of the public square, the venerable Peter Cartwright formed a class, composed of six members, of which Dr. Ross was made leader. About the 1st of May, W. D. R. Trotter, who preached at the Henderson River Mission, and was called the "trotting preacher" by the Indians, held services at Burlington for a few days. When Peter Cartwright returned from Galena, and the upper part of his mission, he stopped at Rock Island to preach to the Sacs and Foxes. Mr. McMurtry joined him, and returned with him to Burlington, to hold a two-day& meeting in company with Barton G. and Daniel Cartwright. Mr. Ross asked Peter how he had succeeded with the Indians at Rock Island. The " fighting parson " replied that he could do nothing with them, for " they were under the influence of the devil, alias old Davenport." Mr. Ross remarked to the writer : " In my pasture, near my residence, a lynn tree had been blown partially down,. with the bend of the tree about as high as my head. Upon this tree we made a stand for the preacher, and after those service were concluded, we formed a class of half a dozen members. I was chosen Class-Leader." In the summer of 1834, James H. Jameson, of the Missouri M. E. Confer- ence, came to Iowa as a missionary to the Sacs and Foxes, to ascertain the prospects of establishing schools among them. Mr. Ross interceded for him with Keokuk, but the chief said he would have to go to St. Louis, and see Gen. Clark, the Superintendent, before he could give an answer. As Mr. Jameson could receive no satisfactory response from the Indian, he preached at Mr. Ross house, and also in the country, and then returned home. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 545 In the summer of 1834, Mr. Ross organized the first Sunday school in Iowa furnishing a library from Cincinnati at a cost of |12.50. He taught the school himself. As the population increased, a new library was needed ; the old one was donated to Mount Pleasant, where a school had^been organized, and a new lot of books, costing |25, was put in. Of those denominations who joined in the work of maintaining the school, Mr. Ross remembers Mr. and Mrs. J Edwards, W. H. Star (then a lawyer), of the Congregational faith ; George Partridge (who became a wholesale merchant of St. Louis), of the Unitarian faith ; David Rorer, of the Presbyterian faith ; John B. Gray, of the Baptist faith. Mr. Newhall and Dr. John Campbell are warmly spoken of in this con- nection, also. •The day school was taught by Mrs. Shelton and Mrs. Mayfield ; and after the Old Zion M. E. Church was built. Rev. E. M. Scott, the tallest man in the neighborhood, lived in the basement of the church and taught school therein. Afterward, a man named Townsend taught. In the winter of 1834-35, L. B. Stateler, of the Missouri M. E. Confer- ence, whose mission was on the Des Moines River, preached in Burlington once every four weeks. In the spring of 1835, Andrew Monroe, Presiding Elder of the Missouri Conference, accompanied by some others, went to Bur- lington and held a quarterly meeting. In the fall of 1835, the Missouri Con- ference formed^ the Burlington Circuit and appointed John H. Ruble preacher in charge. The circuit included all of the territory south of Rock Island to the Missouri line, and west to the Missouri River. In May, 1836, Mr. Ruble died, and Peter Bovin preached his funeral sermon. Wilson Pitner then sup- plied the charge for a brief time. In the fall of that year, the Illinois Con- ference took charge of the Burlington Church, as Peter Cartwright asserted that the Missouri Conference had "jumped his claim." The Illinois Confer- ence made all of Iowa one district, with Henry Summers Presiding Elder, and Norris Hobart preacher at Burlington. In the fall of 1837, Mr. Ross went to Jacksonville, 111., where the Annual Conference was in session, to procure a stationed minister for Burlington, and by the aid of Peter Cartwright and Jesse L. Green, who introduced him to Bishop Soule, he obtained Nicholas S. Bastion. The next year, the station was given up. Mr. McMurcry had charge of the circuit in 1838. In 1839, Asa AVest was in charge; in 1840, Joel Arrington was the preacher. In 1841, Burlington was again made a station and supplied by Isaac I. Stewart. A portion of the year 1841 Mr. Whitford was in charge. In the winter of 1842-43, there was a revival under his direction which lasted three weeks. One hundred and sixty members were added to the Church. At a camp-meeting held at New London, Henry County, under the charge of Henry Summers, Presiding Elder, there was an accession to the Church of upward of one hundred. An amusing incident may, perhaps, be here introduced, while we are writ- ing of the early Methodist settlers, although the anecdote is not, strictly speak- ing, of a local nature. . . , , Dr. George W. Teas had formerly been in the traveling connection with the M. E. Church, and held license as an Elder. In the spring of 1836, he settled near Burlington. The fall of that year found the Doctor fully launched on the sea of politics, as a candidate for a seat in the lower branch of the Territory of Wisconsin, from Des Moines County. He was successful and served m the Legislature which convened at Belmont in the winter of 1836. But, alas, his success in politics, as is too often the case, proved his downfall m spiritual mat- ters. During that session, some brother in the church criticised, with some 546 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. severit7, his political course, which called forth from the Doctor a publication in one of the newspapers, stating in substance that he had been wounded in the house of his friends, and closing with the following lines : " Be it known from shore to shore That I'm a Methodist no more." In the year 1837, the Doctor became a resident of Mount Pleasant and engaged in the practice of law. Finally, in 1843, he recovered his former bearing and joined the church on probation. In December, he was licensed to preach. When the Doctor united a second time with the church, some en- emy of his noticed the fact in the papers, and closed by saying : " Know ye from Florida to Maine That I'm a Methodist again." The Doctor ever afterward maintained his Christian integrity, joining the traveling connection and filling several important churches. He died at Wash- ington, Iowa, early in the sixties. On the 20th of June, 1858, Rev. William Salter, Pastor of the Congre- gational Church, delivered an historical sermon in the city of Burlington. The discourse was published in the Hawk-Eye of July 28, 1858. It is valu- able for many reasons, but especially on account of the date of its delivery. Twenty years ago one could obtain information much more readily than now, because of the presence of many who have since passed away. The sermon treats of the "Progress of Religion in Iowa," but deals particularly with Burlington. We make such extracts from the discourse as apply to the development of religious interests in Burlington and vicinity. "We owe, to our Methodist brethren the earliest introduction of Christian institutions in Iowa. They followed close upon the steps of the hardy pioneers who first ventured upon our soil. So far as I have been able to learn, the first Methodist minister, and the preacher of the first sermon in Burlington, was Barton G. Cartwright, a local preacher from Illinois. He is said to have been sent over here by the eccentric backwoods preacher, Peter Cartwright, who was at that time Presiding Elder of the Quincy District, Illinois, which embraced all of that State lying west of the Illinois River. This was in 1834. The same year a Methodist class was formed, of which Dr. W. R. Ross, an active Christian and a man of public spirit, was appointed leader. A Methodist class was also formed that year, in Dubuque, composed of four persons. Peter Cartwright, his son-in-law, W. D. R. Trotter, who was then preaching on the Henderson River Mission, embracing the country in Illinois opposite to this vicinity, and Asa McMurtry held a two-days meeting here, in the summer of 1834. In his autobigraphy, Mr. Cartwright says (page 302) : ' There were then only a few cabins in the place, and but a scattered population. The cab- ins were small, and not. one would hold the people. We repaired to a grove (s'aid to have been in the vicinity of the public square, North Hill), and hastily prepared seats. Years before this, an old tree had fallen across a young sap- ling, and bent it near the earth. The sapling was not killed, and the top of it shot up straight beside the tree that had fallen on it, and it had grown for years in this condition. The old tree had been cut ofl", and they scalped the bark from that part of the sapling which lay parallel with the ground. , They drove a, stake down, and nailed a board to it, and to the top of the sapling that grew erect. This was my hand-board, and I stood on that part of the sapling that lay near to and level with the ground. This was my pulpit, from which I declared the unspeakable riches of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. And we had a good meeting.' HISTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTS. 547 " Old Zion was the first Methodist house of worship, and the first of any Protestant denomination built in Iowa. It was erected in 1838. Meetings were held at various places previously ; among others, in a house on Columbia street, and in a log house on Main street, near the corner of Valley street. " The first Baptist Church was organized in this county near Danville in 1834." ' We condense from Mr. Salter's sermon the following items confirmatory of other statements made in this work : The first Congregational and Presbyterian labor was performed by Rev. Asa Turner, then of Quincy, 111., in 1836-36. Old-school churches were formed in this county and in Burlington in 1887. The oldest Congregational Church in the State was organized at Denmark, May 5, 1838. The Congre- gational Church, at Danville, was organized June 30, 1839. The German Evangelical Church was formed in Burlington, August, 1843, by Rev. Joseph Rieger. The earliest Episcopal Church was formed in Burlington, by Rev. John , Batchelder, in 1840. , " Old Zion," which was the first church edifice in Burlington, has a remark- able history, closely associated in a multitude of ways with the secular as well as with the religious life of the place. Its history was~ compiled in 1866 by the Rev. E. H. Waring, for the annual report of the Iowa Methodist Confer- ence, and we produce it here as reliable and quite complete, though, aside from this source, we have personal letters from Dr. Ross upon the subject, from which we occasionally draw. In the original survey of Burlington, there were no lots set apart either for churches or schools, and Dr. William R. Ross bought the two lots upon which Old Zion now stands, paying $100 for them, and donated them to the church, " to build a new meeting-house." In 1836, he dug " the cellar," as he terms the basement, which cost $72 ; and all the financial help he had in that portion of the work was $50 from Hon. David Rorer. Illustrative of the devotion of Dr. Ross to his labor of building a church, and of the conscientiousness of the man, it is related, that when he fully determined to begin work, he began to look about him for pecuniary aid. He applied to Judge Rorer, who at once contributed $100 toward the project. The task proved too great to be carried out, and Mr. Ross was almost dis- couraged. One day he met Mr. Rorer, and admitted to him that he could not get means enough to complete the church, and that he should be obliged to postpone building it. The Doctor acknowledged that he had used half of the contribution made by Mr. Rorer, but that the balance had not been so employed. However, he had used the cash in other ways, and was unable to refund the $50, but would gladly send him brick to that amount, if Mr. Rorer would accept them. The Judge agreed to do so, and Dr. Ross snpphed the brick, which went toward constructing the first brick house in Burlington. The next year, the building proper was commenced; but,_ owing to a lack ot money, little progress was made. The old record-book has the minutes ot a meeting, held March 5, 1838, at -Mr. Chapman's room,' to "take into con- sideration, measures for the erection of a meeting-house. Ihe Pastor, Jiastion, J. C. Sleeth, Thomas Ballard, Levi Hagar, William Davis f^^ William R Ross were present. They resolved to build a house of brick, 40x60 feet m size, and Ross, Sleeth and Hagar were appointed a Building Committee. 1 hey received the most precise instructions, and were "to estimate the probable expense ; to raise funds; to 'plan said building; to let out and make all con- 548 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. tracts, and for security, to have a lien on the building ; to exercise a general superintendence over the work until completed ; and to have power to make their own regulations, and to fill vacancies in their number occasioned in any way." Thus, it will be seen, they had ample powers, and their duties were plainly defined. On the 10th of March, 1838, the Quarterly Conference, composed of the above-mentioned men, with the addition of the Presiding Elder, approved of the Committee as arranged, and added Adam Fordney to the number. The Committee was zealous in attention to its business, and frequently met to discuss the plans and specifications and proposals submitted by various mechanics. Finally the contract for brick was made with Dr. Ross, on the 15th of June, at the rate of $7.50 per 1,000 ; the contract for stone was made with certain parties, styled the '' Germans," at the rate of " one dollar for every twenty- two and a half cubic feet, to be measured clear measure when in the wall." The basement walls were to be two feet thick, and the basement was " to have doors and windows sufiicient to make it light and airy," so that the the rooms would be "pleasant and comfortable for meetings and schools." But this the situation of the site, dug out as it was from the steep hillside, efi'ectually prevented. March 7, 1838, the form of subscription was agreed upon, but the list of subscriptions islost. The probable cost of the house, " partially completed," was stated at from $2,000 to |3,000. Under date of April 2, 1838, Mr. Bastion says : " The contracts for the stone, lime, lumber, brick, timber amd digging are all let. See list of contracts in this book." But the list of con- tracts is missing. • The work upon the Church, under these arrangements, was commenced in April or May, 1838. June 14, 1838, the following Trustees were appointed: John C. Sleeth, W. R. Ross, Thomas Ballard, Robert Cock and Robert Avery. They held their first meeting June 18, 1838, and resolved, " in their capacity of Trustees of the Church, to assume the responsibility of the business here- tofore transacted by the Building Committee, and attend to all the duties of their ofiice." In view of this action, Bastion records, June 25, 1838, '' the Building Committee is annihilated, and the Trustees assume all the business and obliga- tions." At this time a begging tour was undertaken by Mr. Bastion, in behalf of the Church. To foot the current expenses of the trip, Ross, Sleeth, Ballard and Hagar made up a purse of $30, and Bastion went as far south as Louis- ville, Ky., where he had to borrow $25 to pay his expenses home. So the account of the trip may be summed up thus : Cost of trip..: $55 oo li^eoeipts 00 00 Loss 165 00 The Legislature of Wisconsin, then in session in Burlington, passed an Act of Incorporation, which was approved June 22, 1838. This was one of the first acts of its kind passed for Iowa, and the following is its substance. It provided that: "John C. Sleeth, Thomas Ballard, William R. Ross, Robert Avery and Robert Cock, and such other free white persons of full age, as shall be associated with them, according to the rules and discipline of said (M. E.) Church, shall be, and are hereby constituted and made a body in deed and law, by the title and name of the ' Trustees of the M. E. Church in the city of Burlington,' with perpetual succession, and are hereby made capable in law to have, pur- HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 549 chase, receive, take, hold, possess and .enjoy to them and their successors to the use of the said M. E. Church in Burlington, Lots 374 and 375." ' During the summer and fall of 1838, the work on the building "was pressed vigorously. In a report signed John C. Sleeth and Robert Cock, in which they .state the amount of the original subscription to be |1,500, they say : " After having proceeded with the building to a considerable extent, an opportunity presented itself of renting the church (if completed) to the Legislative Assembly. Thinking this opportunity a favorable one for raising funds to pay the expenses of erection, every effort was made to have the building completed in time for that special purpose." This report was made to the Quarterly Conference March 6, 1841. The proposition to rent the church came from Hon. Robert Lucas, Governor of the Territory. The work on the church, so far as it was then completed, was finished by December, 1888, but nothing further was done than to inclose it and put on one coat of plastering. The part then built con- sisted of the " old part " only; the present front and tower were not built until 1846. The doors that stood under the front of the old gallery were originally the front doors of the building. A framed platform extended along the front of the church on the outside, on a level with the floor of the audience-room ; this platform stood on turned posts, and was ascended by a flight of steps from the front pavement. The building, as completed, cost about $4,500. The Legislature took possession of the building immediately after its com- pletion. The upper room was assigned to the- House of Representatives, the front basement to the Senate, and the rear basement was divided by rough board partitions into oflBces for the Legislative and Territorial officers. Some long benches were provided by the Trustees, but the chairs used in the halls were provided by the Grovernment. The Speakers' desks were made of boards roughly planed and nailed together, so as to form a kind of stand, and the one in the audience-room served, at preaching times, for the pulpit. Amid such surroundings the machinery of legislation was put in motion in the Territory of Iowa. In their report of 1841, the Trustees gave their aggregate receipts to that date as follows : Received for rent from the Legislature, $2,^00 ; on subscrip- tion, $980 ; total, $3,180. Remaining debt, $1,320 ; total cost, $4,500. To meet this debt they had a balance of rent due, $300, and of subscription (de- preciated) of about $500. The debt continued for some years to be a source of vexation and trouble. Rev. D. Gr. Cartwright relates that while he was filling the place of Rev. I. I. Stewart, during his absence in 1840, the building was threatened with sale, but he succeeded in getting a number of the creditors to release their claims, and in this way over $1,000 of the debt was canceled in less than two days. Dr. Ross, whose attachment to the church was manifested in the most substantial way, writes : "I paid for most of the rock, lime, lumber and all the brick, beside many of the other materials, and many of the workmen, costing me up- ward of $6,000 ; and, after all, to keep it from being sold at a sacrifice— tor it had gone through a court of law and equity, and Conference— 1 had to sell my own private residence, which cost me $3,400, for $1,200 to save and free the church from debt." , , ^ Tir i. The location of Old Zion, on the west side of Third street, between Wash- ington and Columbia streets, is excellent, being sufficiently central for the northern part of the city, convenient of access to the hotels, and comparatively retired. The church stands on Lots No. 374 and 375 of the original town plat of Burlington. The claim to the town site was held by two brothers-in-law 550 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. named White and Doolittle, and was purchased, as has been stated, by Dr, Ross for f 100. The title, however, passed through the preacher, Bastion, who- was bound in a penal bond of $10,000 to make the Trustees a title according to the deed of settlement of the M. B. Church, as laid down in the discipline, so soon as he should receive the same from the Patent Office, at Washington. The duplicate of the certificate of title, issued in the name of Bastion, was placed in the hands of John C. Sleeth, who was to send it and the entry money to the Land Office. The lots were finally patented to the Trustees of the Church February 4, 1841. The Iowa Patriot, of December iS, 1838, contains the following : " The new Methodist meeting-house is now occupied by the Legislative Assembly. It is a very neat and substantial building. The basement story, partitioned off for Conference and class meetings, is composed of stone, and the upper part of brick. It is in a commanding situation, and when finished with its cupola and bell, it will be a great ornament to the city of Burlington." The Legislature of Iowa held four sessions in Old Zion, viz. : The regular sessions of 1838-39 and 1839-40 ; the extra session of July, 1840, and the regular session of 1840-41. The appropriation bills show that the Terri- torial Government paid for the use of the church a total of $2,500. Beside its use by the Legislature, the church was rented for several years for the Supreme Court of Iowa, and the District Court of Des Moines County. While used for this purpose in June, 1845, the Mormon murderers, the Hodge brothers, were tried and convicted of murder in the first degree. The verdict was delivered on Sunday morning, June 22, and in the afternoon of the same day, the wretches were sentenced to death from the pulpit of Old Zion, by Hon. Charles Mason. They suffered the extreme penalty of the law July 15- following. The church being, at that time, the only commodious building in Bur- lington, was used for a long time for political meetings, lectures and even shows. On the 23d and 24th of January, 1840, it was the scene of an Indian council, held by Gov. Lucas with the chiefs of the Sac and Fox Indians, About fifty Indians, including Hardfish, Nasheaskuk, and many other prom- inent men of the tribes, were present. They came to complain of the des- ecration of the old Black Hawk's grave. The whole affair wound up with a big war dance and Indian show. On Monday night, December 16, 1838, it was the headquarters of a company of soldiers, numbering about one hundred and fifty, from Musca- tine, who were on their way to the threatened border war between Iowa and Missouri, respecting the Territorial line. The principal circumstance remem- bered with this event is that of their being supplied with a barrel of whisky by the citizens, many of whom joined with the volunteers in the revelry of the night. After the vacation of the church by the Courts, the basement was fitted up for school purposes. Four sessions of the Iowa Conference have been held in Old Zion, viz. : September 3-8, 1845— Bishop Morris; Secretary, H. W. Reed. September 20, October 4, 1852— Bishop Ames ; Secretary, M. H. Hare. August 21-26, 1861— Bishop Scott ; Secretary, E. H. Waring. September 2-7, 1868— Bishop Janes ; Secretary, E. H. Waring. On account of its various uses, the building was known by different names. Usually, in early times, it was called " The Methodist Church " ; but frequently HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 551 it was Styled " The Court House " or " The State House." An illustration of the use of the latter title is found, queerly enough, in a religious notice in the Iowa Patriot of December 13, 1838 : " A two-days' meeting will be held in the State House on Saturday evening next, and continuing until Sunday night. Revs. Scott and Arrington are expected. The popular name of "Old Zion" dates from 1851. J. S. McKenny, formerly one of the editors of the Burlington Telegraph, gives the following account of the christening: "In 1851, we were publishing, in company with Hon. James M. Morgan, the Daily Telegraph. Some time during the year, it was found that the roof of the church was in very bad condition, and the ladies of the congregation determined upon holding a festival to raise funds to put a new roof on the building. When the time arrived for holding the festi- val, the late Hon. Judge Stockton came to the Telegraph office, and requested that we should get up a ' poster ' for the occasion, saying that he would leave- the matter with us. The bill was printed, the leading lines reading thus : 'Old Zion wants a new roof We had no intention at the time of naming the church, our object in using the name being merely to make the bill attractive, but thus we accidentally had the honor of naming ' Old Zion.' " The name thus given was immediately attached to the church, and has continued to be its title. In 1854, the station organized in the church was rec- ognized by the Conference as Old Zion Station. In reference to the remarka- ble history of the old church, Hon. Charles Mason, in his speech delivered at the Old Settlers' Festival, held in. Old Zion Church, June 2, 1858, made some interesting remarks which we reproduce: " As illustrative of the novel uses to which it was necessary to adapt the limited means within our reach in those early days, and the shifts to which we were driven by the great mother of invention, I need but remind you of some of the scenes which have been witnessed within these very walls. The main body of this edifice has now been standing about twenty years. It was the first, and for many years the only, church-building in the city of Burlington. Whoever at the present day sits within its hallowed precincts, listening to the fervid prayer, the calm discourse, the swelling anthem, the loud hosan- na, would be very erroneous in the conclusion that these were the only sounds- that had ever echoed within its consecrated walls. No; other halls have witnessed more important and more tragical scenes; but where will you find those that can give a more .vftried history of what had transpired within them ? "Here was embodied for a number of years the legislative wisdom of th& Territory of Iowa — the ' Lower House ' occupying, paradoxically, the halls above, and the 'Upper House' the rooms below. From these went forth those edicts which for many a vear have ruled this goodly land. Here too, the supreme judicial- tribunal of the Territory held its sometime session, and the regular terms of the District Court were here convened for many a successive year. Here the rights of person and property were adjudi- cated; here the felon trembled and hoped at the prospect of an inefficient pen- itentiary, and here the murderer received his final earthly doom. "Nor is this all. With the eye of vivid recollection I see before me the assembled patriotism of this young city in democratic council convened to hear the propositions brought by the bearers of a flag of truce from a hostile camp, to discuss, in high debate, the momentous question of peace or further war with our more powerful though not more valiant antagonist. A model war was that and right worthy of our praise, where not one drop of hostile blood .552 HISTOKY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. -was shed; where those who won the glory paid the bills, and ever since then their hearts have' inclined to peace. " Finally, within these walls the amiable Governor of the Territory met in friendly conference the representatives of some of his dissatisfied red children, to hear their complaints, and at least to promise them redress — an easy and oft- repeated remedy. Here the citizens listened to the native eloquence of the red men, and were treated to the exhibition of the song and the war-dance. The wild whoop of the savage, which had so often carried dismay and horror to many a stout heart, failed to make any impression upon Old Zion, which then, as now, looked on in strange gravity, and seemed to be fully determined not to be surprised at any strange scene that might transpire within it." The war to which the Judge referred was the dispute which sprang up be- tween the State of Missouri and Iowa respecting their border line, when the military forces were actually called out and bloodshed seemed not improbable. Nor has Old Zion lacked a poet to celebrate its history in immortal verse. At the Old Settlers' Festival, before referred to, Johnson Pierson, Esq., read a poem, in which there are the following lines : "Now rose thy walls, Old Zion, which have stood ■ The dread assaults of wasting time and flood. Thou wast our hope for many rolling years, Shook with our joy, as often soothed our tears, Poured out like raindrops from the smitten cloud When the live vaulting thunder rifts its shroud. Thou wert our forum, scene of many a sport. In Pleasure's drama and Ambition's court. Here, too, our village beauty rushed to see The motley Indian-dance of savage glee ; Here was the patriot's stand, when border war Chained his fierce dragons to his bloody car. But our good guns, and swords of burnished sheen. Showed we were brave — a dangerous set of men. We went, saw, conquered — ^not the foe — the meat Our knapsacks held; then made — a grand retreat ! We rushed with eager haste from war's alarms, Covered with glory, to our shops and farms, To hear the plaudits : ' Patriots brave, well done ! ' So thou, old pile, hast been our guiding star In all the varied scenes of peace and war." After the church was abandoned by the L^islature, in 1840, the members united and put in some rough benches, with a narrow back to each seat. These were placed in the "amen corners," and just in front of the stand. The rest of the house was filled with benches destitute of backs. About 1845, the •house was comfortably fitted with pews. The plastering, however, was not finished for several years. The first pulpit, as used by the Speaker of the Legislature, was succeeded by a regular "tub" concern, that half encircled the preacher as he stood within at. The third pulpit, a high and massive structure, " marbleized," and no.doubt thought tasteful in its day, was built by Evan Evans, Esq. Inside of one of the columns, when "taken down in 1862, was found written in pencil, "August 22nd, 1845." This pulpit was displaced by a small grained desk, erected by Rev. E. H. Waring, in 1862. But its day was brief, for in the renewal of the ■church in 1864, the neat, small pulpit of oak and walnut now in use took its place. The pulpit originally stood in its present position ; but, in 1843, the seats were reversed, and the pulpit placed between the entrance doors. This was done at the instance of the Presiding Elder, Rev. B. Weed, in order to HISTORY OF DES MOINES CGUIITr. 553 avert the confusion incident upon a -vrliole congregation turning round to scan €very new arrival. But later, the original arrangement was restored. The front and cupola date to 1846. Then, under the superintendence of Rev. B. S. Norris, the addition, including the vestibule, stairways, gallery and •steeple, was put up, at a cost of $1,200. The external work was much better done than the internal. The stairs were awkwardly arranged, and the gallery — once termed by C. Dunham, late editor of the Hawh-Eye, "the cock-loft of Old Zion " — was almost wholly unfit for use. The bell, weighing 1,452 pounds, was put in in 1850. It is of fine material and of excellent tone. In 1862, the Old Zion and Ebenezer stations were united under the charge of the Rev. Mr. Waring. In the spring of 1864, by a vote of the membership, at a meeting held for the purpose, the place of meet- ing was changed to Ebenezer. Upon the occurrence of these events, the friends ■of Old Zion rallied, a meeting was held, and it was determined to repair the church, and ask for a re-establishment of Old Zion Station. Subscriptions were taken, and the work of restoration undertaken. The Hawk-Eye chronicled the changes thus : " Old Zion. — This venerable edifice, in its internal arrangements, has been thoroughly remodeled. Through the body of the church now run three aisles, two side and one center ; the old gallery has been removed, and in its place are the pews, but slightly raised above the main floor, and a new and tasteful pulpit succeeds the old one. The ceiling is adorned in fresco, while on each side of the pulpit is a tablet in fresco, on which are appropriate scriptural quotations, admirably lettered. In the center of the ceiling is a circular aperture five or six feet in diameter, constructed for the purpose of ventilation. The windows, formerly old-fashioned and quite low, are now arched, thereby adding greatly to the beauty of the church, not only within, but without. The seats are somewhat lower than formerly, and have been tastefully grained. Where the two side doors were, book-cases are arranged." This account omits the removal of the fence in front, and the reconstruction of the stairs, and gives the cost of the repairs at $2,000. The church, which has never been formally dedicated, was re-opened, with appropriate services by Rev. Bishop Janes, assisted by G. B. Jocelyn, D. D., and other ministers, on Sunday, June 10, 1864. The standing and condition of the Methodist Episcopal Church of the sta- tions in the Burlington District which belong to Burlington, are shown by the foUowiniT statistics from the last annual report of the Iowa Conference : Divis- ion Street Church, probationers, ,12 ; full members, 217 ; probable value of ohurch, 132,000 ; parsonage, 1, of $5,000 value ; expense of improving ohurch and parsonage,. $690 ; indebtedness, nothing; paid toward support ot Bishops, $20; salary of Pastor, $1,700 ; claim of Presiding Elder $125; olaims of Conference, $100; Sunday-school expenses, $100 For Old Zion the probationers are 3; full members, 240; probable value of church, $15,0UU; value of parsonage, $5,000; cost of keeping in repair $125; toward support of Bishops, $7 ; salary of Pastor, $1,550 ; Presiding Elder, $120 ; Conference claims, $25 ; Sunday-school expenses, $150. For the South Station the pro- bationers are 2 ; full members, 85 ; churches, 2 ; probable value, |4 000 sal- ary of Pastor, $1,200; receipts, $786.85 ; claim of Presiding Elder J65 receipts, $40.75 ; Sunday-school expenses, $50. In th^ Burlington Circuit, the probationers are 15; full members, 150; churches, 2; probable value, $2,000; salary of Pasted, $400; Presiding Elder $75 ; Sunday-school ex- penses, $25. None of these churches are incumbered with debt. 554 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. The First Crernlan Methodist Episcopal Church. — The mission was begun in September, 1845, by Rev. Sebastian Bartb, and the society was regularly organized January 8, 1848, by Rev. William Hemminghams. Early mem- bers were Andrew Delle, Christina Delle, Rosina Fichtner, Barbara Klau- berg, Kathina Kriechbaum, Margaretta Funk, Franz Reif, Christina Reif, Anna Meyer, Henry Fengel, Peter Fengel, Margaretta Fengel, Friedrich Fleischmann, Margaretta Fleischmann, Maria Schsefer, showing a regular membership of fifteen, besides twenty-three members on probation. They first worshiped in the basement of Old Zion Methodist Episcopal Church. The first house of worship was erected on the corner of Sixth and High streets, during the fall of 1848, a,nd dedicated by Rev. L. S. Jacoby, D. D. The present house of worship, on the corner of Seventh and Washington streets, was built in 1868, and dedicated May 9, 1869, by Rev. William Nast, I). D., of Cincinnati, Ohio, the Father of German Methodism. The cost of the new church and lot was about f 20,000. The following Pastors have served this society : 1845-47, Sebastian Earth. William Hemming- hams, after he had been Pastor four months, died. Friedrich Kerkmann served seven months, and Thomas Schulz only one months — he died, also. Charles Hollmann officiated one year, and Henry Nuelsen one year and four months, when he was sent as a missionary to Germany. John L. Walther served two years. He was afterward Chaplain of an Illinois Vol- unteer Infantry Regiment, and fell in the battle of Shiloh, during the late rebellion, dying the death of a Christian patriot and hero. Then came Charles Hollman, H. F. Hoeneke, Charles Klukholm, Friedrich Kopp, A. 0. Locher,, John M. Wenkler, Jacob Haas, Louis Harmel, Charles Heidel, Philip Hehner, Henry Naumann, Rudolph Havighorst, E. R. Irmscher and Charles Holtkamp, who came in September, 1877, and is the present Pastor. The first officers were : Stewards — George Blickhahn, Jacob Fichtner, Tobias Hartmann, Henry Fengel, Friedrich Fleischmann. Trustees — J. C. Sleeth, Jedidiah Bennett, George Blickhahn, J. F. Fichtner, J. Adam Funk. The present officers are : Stewards — Fred. Steinmeyer, John Burg, John Hertgler, Philip Benner, Henry Ewinger, Henry Droegemeyer, Robert Leist, John Schneider, Fred. Buhrmeister. Trustees — Fred Steinmeyer, John Hertzler, John Burg, George Otto, Henry Ewinger, John Greiner, Fred Von Behren, Henry Faiser, Henry J. Schroeder. The present number of members is 180 ; of probationists, 15. The Sunday-school is under the supervision of Rebert, Superintendent ; Philip Benner, Vice Superintendent ; Arthur F> Hertzler, Secretary ; Edmund E. Hertzler, Librarian ; Samuel Huebner, Assist- ant, Librarian. The number of scholars is, at present, 280, who are instructed by twenty teachers. Division Street M. E. Church was organized in October, 1853. The member- ' ship of the society numbered something over a hundred. Rev. W. F. Coles was the first Pastor. ^ The first official Board of which we have any record, consisted of the following persons : Oliver Cock, D. S. Eberol, Levi Hager, H. C. Hawkins, W. C. Hunt, William E. Brown, William Johnson, Thomas Robertson, Adam Fortney. The first Board of Trustees consisted of Oliver Cock, W. E. Brown, H. C. Hawkins, Martin Heiser. The congregation worshiped for several months in the South Hill Schoolhouse, where a flourishing Sabbath school was established, with Martin Heiser, Superintendent. Early in the spring of 1854, ground was broken on the corner of Fifth and Division streets, and the foundation was laid for the substantial and commodious church edifice which the congregation now occupies. When the church was built, material of all kinds. H [STORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 555 •was very high, and the good enterprise was only carried forward to completion through the tact and perseverance of the Pastor and the liberality of the con- gregation. In September, 1854, the basement was so far completed that it became the place of worship for about one year, when the audience-room was dedicated by Bishop Simpson, who preached on the occasion a discourse of great ■eloquence and power. The following ministers have served the society as Pastors : Revs. W. F. Coles, P. P. Ingals, S. Reynolds, I. A. Brftdwick, W. Dennet, A. W. Stryker, E. Miller, E. H. Mering, T. E. Corkhill, H. W. Thomas and J. 0. Brown, who haa been appointed to the charge for the second time, and is now in the second year of his present pastorate. The Sabbath school has for a number of years been one of the largest in the city. It is now doing well under the efficient manage- ment of J. C. Bonnell. The present membership of th-e church is 230. According to the minutes of the Iowa Conference for 1878, Division Street Church raised and disbursed the following sums of money for the cause of benevolence and to carry on the church enterprise at home and abroad : Pastor's salary $1,600 00 Parent Missionary Society 220 00 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society 114 42 To Board of Church Extension, Tract Society, etc 55 00 For Sunday-school work 118 00 For improvement of church property 810 00 For the poor IQO 00 Sexton, Organist, fuel, etc., etc » 425 00' Total $3,147 42 St. John's G-erman Methodist Ohurch. — This Mission was organized in September, 1871, with the following constituent members : John Schmidt and wife. Otto Lawrenz, Hanna Kamphoefer, Louisa Held, Louisa Derwein, Caro- lina Derwein, Conrad Miller, Eliza Miller, Conrad Peiif, Elizabeth Peiff, Cath- erine Derwein, John Freitag and wife, Johanna Freitag, Pone and wife, John Wagner, Lizzie Wagner, Kate Hemig. The first Pastor was Christian Piesch, and the present one is George Enzeroth. The present number of members is sixty-five and the property of the church is valued at $3,000. South Street M. E. Church.— M the twenty-eighth session of the Iowa Annual Conference, held at Mount Pleasant October 4-9, 1871, the Com- mittee on Missions recommended the establishment of the South Burlington Mission, and that |150 be appropriated to its support, which recommendation was concurred in by the Presiding Bishop, E. R. Ames. The same Conference appointed Rev. W. G. Wilson to this field, who organized the society with six members— Edgar Bloomer, Sr., Eliza Bloomer, Edgar Bloomer, Jr., Clemen- tine Bloomer, George Mantor and Mrs. M. M. Mantor. In the same year, the present church edifice was built, a neat frame structure, situated corner Sputh and Thirteenth streets. Prior to the occupancy of this building, me society held services in the West Madison Schoolhouse, on Summer street, ine first Stewards were appointed at the first Quarterly Conference of the boutn Burlington Charge, held at Spring Grove December 11, 1871. Xhey were George Mantor and E. Bloomer, Sr.; and at the second Quarterly Conterence, held It South Burlington (South street) Chapel March 23, 1872, Philip Chris- singer, B. T. Deal, B. Bloomer, Jr., B. Bloomer, Sr., and G. Mantor, were elected Trustees, having been previously nominated by the ^^^^f '^o^' ^®^' \, / Wilson. At the same meeting, R. Findlay was elected Recording Secretaiy. 556 HISTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY. The society reported ninety-one members, including seven probationers, to the Annual Conference of 1874. To the Conference of 1878, the membership was reported at eighty-seven. A new parsonage is now about completed, valued at about $1,500. Rev. W. G. Wilson served the Church as Pastor from Septem- ber, 1871, till October, 9, 1872 ; Rev. J. H. Power, D. D., from October 9, 1872 till removed by death, January 26, 1873 ; Rev. Mr. Leonard filled the- vacancy till September 21, 1873 ; Rev. J. Gr. Barton was appointed Pastor September 21, 1873, and served till September 12, 1876 ; Rev. N. "Wells was appointed September 10, 1877, and served one year ; Rev. G. W. Byrkit, the present efficient Pastor, was appointed in September, 1878. A flourishing Sunday school is connected with the Church, with about one hundred and fifty members, and the society is growing in numbers and influence. Mr. Byrkit was a Burlington boy, formerly, and a compositor in the Hawk-Uye office twenty-one years ago. The present Trustees of his Church are Dr. Moss, I. S. Shoutz, C. T. Patterson, George Mantor and J. F. Jordan. Samuel Crownover is present Superintendent of the Sabbath school. Congregational Church. — This Church was first formed in the year 1838, by Rev. James A- Clark, a missionary of the American Home Mission Society, who was then stationed at Fort Madison. On November 25 of that year, Christian friends, to the number of twelve, met in a house on Court street, then occupied as a schoolroom by Park Stewart, and associated themselves as a church, which was known and recognized as " The Constitutional New School Presbyterian Church of Burlington." James G. Edwards and wife, Mrs. Ellen T. Edwards, William H. Starr, Mrs. Frances C. Starr, Dr. Knapp, William Jaynes, ^ — Bronson and wife, Arthur Bridgman, Joseph Bridgman, Mrs, Helen M. Lamson, Mrs. Lockwood and Mrs. Ruth Sheldon, composed the infant organization, from which has grown the present large and prosperous Congregational Church. Of this little band of pioneer Christians, very few are living, and only one, Mrs. Edwards (now Mrs. J. M. Broadwell), resides in this city. She was formerly a member of the famous Old South Church, Boston, having come to the West in 1829. Arthur Bridgman resides in Keokuk, and Joseph Bridgman in Muscatine. The house in which the Church was organized was destroyed by fire January 6, 1867. For several years after its establishment, ^ the Church was ministered to occasionally by Rev. Mr. Clark, before mentioned, Rev. Asa Turner, Jr., of Denmark. Iowa, Rev. Reuben Gaylord, of Danville, Iowa, and Rev. W. C. Rankin, of Yellow Springs, then laboring in the Territory undei- the patron- age of the American Home Mission Society. The same society aided this infant Church for ten years, expending upon this field nearly $1,500 in that period. For several months, in 1842, Rev. John M. Boal, a graduate of Lane Theological Seminary, officiated for the society, during which a revival was experienced. In October, 1843, the Church invited Rev. Horace Hutchinson, a graduate of Amherst College and of Andover Theological Seminary, to become their minister, which invitation was accepted, and he continued their Pastor until removed by death, March 7, 1846. A re-organization of the Church was eflected December 28, 1843, and the Congregational name and form of government adopted. The meeting for this pur- pose was held in their room on Main street. Rev. A. Leonard presiding, and A. S. Shackford acting as Secretary. There were also present at this meeting R. Armstrong, W. H. Starr, Charles Hendric, Mrs. D. Leonard, J. G. Edwards, Mrs. A. Leonard, Mrs. M. J. Kelley, Mrs. McCash, Mrs. E. T. Edwards, Mrs. L. Buel and D. Leonard. The motion to re-organize as a Congregational HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 557 Church was unanimously carried, and other members of the old organization, not present at the meeting, were to be recognized as members of the new, on assenting to the Constitution, Confession of Faith and Covenant. At this time the membership included forty-one souls. January 4, 1844, James- G. Edwards and Albert S. Shackford were chosen the first Deacons of the new Church, which, as re-organized, was incorporated by an act of the Sixth Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Iowa, approved February 12, 1844. This act authorized the Church and society to hold property to an amount not exceeding $15,000. Abner Leonard, William B. Ewing, Seth T. Ransom, James G- Edwards and Albert S. Shackford are mentioned in the Act of Incorporation. The act was amended June 19, 1844, giving the society more explicit au- thority as to rules and by-laws, and making valid previous transfers to or from the society, and a farther amendment passed by the Legislature, approved March 30, 1866, authorizes^ the organization to hold property to the value of $100,000, and to dispose of pews and other property for the support of the Church. The Constitution adopted, December 28, 1843, was then, or soon thereafter, signed by Abner Leonard, Elizabeth Leonard, David Leonard, Mary S. Leonard, Jane Wilkins, Benjamin Lewis, William H. Starr (2d), John B. Fry, Ruth Sheldon, Eliza Kurtz, James G. Edwards, William H. Starr, Rob- ert Armstrong, Albert S. Shackford, Sarah McCash, Louisa Buel, Margaret J. Kelley, Ellen T. Edwards, Sarah S. Prince, Mary M. McGuire, Ann E. Chase, Catherine Nealy, Frances C. Starr, Susan E. Bruner, Maria Pitt. Mary Allen, Rebecca Field, Matilda B. Ransom, William and Jane Moore. On the same day the Church signified their wish to become connected with the Den- mark Association, to the next meeting of which A. S. Shackford was chosen delegate. And thus was completed the organization of the Congregational Church of Burlington, destined to increase in numbers and power, and to wield a wide influence in the city and among sister-churches. The building of the society's first house of worship was commenced in June, 1843, 40x50 feet in size, built of brick, completed at a cost of $6,000, and dedicated December 29, 1846, the Pastor, Rev. William Salter, preaching the dedicatory sermon from the second chapter of Isaiah, third verse. The former Pastor, Rev. Mr. Hutchinson, having recently died, at a church meeting held at the old meeting-place on Columbia street, near Water, where the McCutcheon House now stands, March 15, 1846, an invitation was extended to Rev. William Salter, then of the church in Makoqueta, Iowa to become their Pastor. The invitation was accepted, and Mr. Salter, who had preached his first sermon in Burlington, March 1, 1846, was regularly installed by an Ecclesiastical Council held December 30, of the same year. At this Council Rev. Reuben Gay lord, of Danville, Iowa, was Moderator; Rev. 1. M. Post, of Illinois College, Jacksonville, preached the sermon; Rev. Asa iurner, of Denmark, Iowa, ofi-ered the prayer of installation ; Rev. Benjamin A. Spaulding, of Ottumwa, gave the charge to the Pastor, and Rev. James A Clark, of Fort Madison, the address to the people. Mr. Salter has ever since remained Pastor of the Church, sharing their joys and sorrows ^nd tnumphs, through the long period of over thirty-two years ; the membership under his devoted and efficient ifbors, increasing from fifty-three in 184^,*° *7 ^^"t, e Jn ninetv-three in 1879. It is not often that any church is blessed with the min- istrations of a single Pastor for so long a period. . .v.„ » r.cs.r Onn The SawJc.Uy% of January 7, 1847, speaks wrth pride «f ^J^ J^^^^^^^^^^ gregational Church on Fourth street." It was 60x40 feet, well P^PO^tmned fnd^surmounted by a graceful spire. The internal decorations were tasteful. 558 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. and the "bell had a pleasing tone." The church cost about $6,000, f 279.18 •of which was raised by the Ladies' Sewing Society. The installation of Rev. W. Salter as Pastor was alluded to as having taken place December 29, 1846. The services attending this interesting and now historic event lasted during the day and evening. Rev. R. Gaylord led the introductory exercises, and Prof. Post, of Jacksonville, 111., preached the sermon from Ephesians, iv, 15. The- installing prayer was offered by Rev. A. Turner. The charges were delivered by Revs. B. A. Spaulding and J. A. Clark. This house was enlarged by an addition twenty feet to the west end, in 1854, and was taken down in 1866 to make room for the building of the new house on the same site, on Fourth street, between Jefferson and Washington streets. October 13, 1852, the Church organized a Missionary Society and adopted a constitution for the same. J). Leonard was the first President and M. S. Foote, first Secretary of this society, which has been active and liberal in aiding the extension of the Gospel. During the months of October and November, 1854, the services of the Church were held in Marion Hall, during the building of the addition to their old house of worship. February 28, 1864, Rev. Almon Underwood, of Newark, N. J., was invited to assist this Church in a protracted meeting. He came and preached thirty-nine sermons, beginning March 6, of that year, from which much good followed. June 30, 1864, the Pastor was granted leave of absence for six weeks to go the Army of the Cumberland in the service of the Christian Commission, where he rendered invaluable service to the sick and wounded of the Union army. April 16, 1866, Mr. Salter preached his twentieth anniversary sermon as Pastor of the Church. The society having voted to build a new and more commodious house of worship, to be erected on the site of the old, and necessary expenses having been provided for the purpose, the last services were held in the old house Sep- tember 9, 1866, and the last prayer-meeting in the same, September 13, on which occasion the Pastor lectured from Haggai, ii, 1-4. This house having to be removed, the society occupied the basement of the Cumberland Presby- terian Church, beginning September 16, 1866, and till September 12, 1867, going thence to Marion Hall, which they occupied till December 19, 1869. At a church-meeting held July 1, 1867, arrangements were made to lay the corner-stone of their present beautiful church-building, which memorable event occurred July 4 of that year, under the supervision of the architect, Mr. Charles A. Dunham. In the afternoon of the day appointed, invitations having been extended to all the Pastors in the city and others to be present, the con- gregation and friends met at Marion Hall, and marched in procession to the designated site, headed by Robert Donahue, Marshal of the Day. Appropriate hymns were sung ; Psalms Ixxxiv and xcii were read by Rev. G. D. Stewart; an address was delivered by the Pastor, Rev. William Salter ; the corner-stone was laid by the Deacons and Trustees respresenting the Church, the congrega- tion singing the 548th hymn : " Here in thy name, eternal God, We lay this corner-stone for Thee ; make the house Thy fixed abode, ^ And keep it, Lord, from error free," etc. The dedicatory prayer was offered by Rev. Asa Turner. Hymn 605 was sung, and Rev. J. B. Fuller pronounced the benediction. Under direction of ttie committee appointed for the purpose (the Pastor, Clerk and Dr. Charles -Beardsley), a metallic box was placed in the corner-stone, containing the articles HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 561 named as follows : The Bible, the church hymn-book, manual, list of officers and members of the church, copy of Burial Hill Declaktion of ' Fak of JuTe 1865 ; a copy of the Declaration of American Independence, of the United States Constitution, of Washington's Farewell Address, of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, of the Constitution of Iowa, a copy of the Burlington Sty Charted and Ordinances^ copies of Burlington newspapers, copy of thf ReliglusNeZ Letter, of the Gongregationalist and Recorder, and a copy of the iSelendZ a photograph of the old church-building, and of the Sn of W Son •of the new, and specimens of national currency. Th^ building thus begun progressed as rapidly as means and circumstances would permit, till Decembe^ 26 1869, when the vestry, with other rooms in the first story, was dedicated Eev. W. F Baird and Prof. J. T. Robert taking part in the exercises In the ^^^'"u""?/ ^ same day, the vestry was dedicated by the Sunday school at which addresses were delivered by Dr. Charles Beardsley, Robert Donahue ^nd by A. B. Millspaugh. The work necessary to complete the house was pushed forward, and the magnificent edifice, complete and beautiful, was finally dedi- cated December 25, 1870, with the following programme : Invocation by the Pastor; reading of Scriptures by Rev. D. E. Jones; sermon by Rev J P Oulliver, D. D., President of Knox College, Galesburg, III.; prayer of dedica- tion by Rev. Asa Turner, Hymns 548, 549 and 550 were sung at intervals, and at last, after having worshiped in private dwellings, schoolrooms, halls, and in a hguse of their own inadequate to accommodate their numbers, and after years of trial and various vicissitudes, the First Congregational Church of Burling- ton were permanently at home in a church edifice in which both the congrega- tion and the entire city feel a commendable pride. In the construction of this beautiful house of worship, some materials of the old were used, the stone sills of which are placed at the gateway on the south side. The front walls and tower are of stone from Long Creek quarries ; the side and rear walls are of white limestone ; the frescoing is rich and beautiful, harmonious in design and coloring. The arched ceiling 97 feet in length and 42 feet high, presents a most attractive appearance ; the stained- glass ■ windows (that in front the gift of Gen. John M. Corse, as a memo- rial of his mother, an old member) are beautiful in figures and colors. The main audience-ropm is lighted by the aid of two large reflectors, diffusing a clear light over the entire room, and the whole building is warmed by one large stationary and two portable furnaces. The organ, furniture, carpets and upholstery, chiefly furnished and paid for by the ladies of the Church, are costly and elegant throughout. There are 141 pews in the audience-room on the main floor and 24 in the gallery, capable of seating comfortably 825 per- sons, and 200 more may be accommodated as occasion may require. From the desk to several of the pews pipes have been laid to accommodate deaf persons, and the entire structure is most creditable in solidity, convenience and archi- tectural beauty and taste. The house completed, cost $80,000, including the organ and furniture, and for generations to come thousands after thousands will come and worship in this beautiful temple. The first baptism in this congregation, of which we can find a record, took place April 28, 1844, when Mary Jane and Eben, children of George and M. J. Kelley, and Henry, son of Mrs. Ann B. Chase, received the rite, since when not less than two hundred and sixty have, at different times, been baptized. The pres- ent officers of the Church are: Clerk, I. N. Stevens; Treasurer, T. R. Rankin ; Visiting Committee, Mrs. W. S. Berry, Mrs. J. L. Brown and Mrs. Troxel. 552 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. The regular expenses of the congregation are defrayed from pew rents, amounting to about $5,0()0 per annum, and of the extraordinary expenses it- may be stated as a fact most creditable, that the Ladies Benevolent, Society of the Church, within eight years, as per report of 1875, had contribu- ted for the furniture and building of the new church, $8,376.78. There is- also a Woman's Missionary Society connected with the Church, to help in sup- porting missionaries to women in foreign lands. The Church library contains, according to report of 1878, 220 volumes. It was founded in 1844, by * donation of fifty books from avails of a fund left by Samuel Phillips, in 1802, in the hands of the Trustees of Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. This- library is open to all members of the congregation. At the organization of the Church, the members co-operated m a Union. Sabbath school, which was opened June 2, 1839, and was held in Old Zion M. E Church, and of which James G. Edwards was Superintendent for tw» years, as he was subsequently of the Church Sunday school, organized ia 1841,' and of which the gentlemen named below have in different years, acted as Superintendents: Albert S. Shackford (1843), Charles Hendrie, David T, Sheldon, David Leonard, T. D. Crocker, H. B. Spelman, James Morton, John Darling, R. Donahue, Charles Beardsley, James R. Nairn, George A. Miller. The school has a library of well-selected books, a large membership, and is accomplishing a glorious work in training the youth of the fold in the ways of piety and virtue. The present officers are: Superintendent, George A. Miller; Assistant Superintendent, I. N. Stevens; Secretary and Treasurer, Gray Foote; Organist, Mrs. Bessie Kendal; Librarian, Mrs. John G. Foote. Presbyterian Church.— The early history of the Presbyterian Church in Burlington is almost identical with that of the Congregational, both having grown out of the same early religious organization of 1838. The records of the Presbyterian Church, however, attribute to Rev. L. G. Bell, who came from Tennessee, the honor of first planting the Presbyterian Church in Bur- lington, in the year named. This organization was reported to the General Assembly three years later, with thirty-two members, the Rev. John Fulton, stated supply. This organization having adopted the Congregational name and form in 1843, it was dropped from the Assembly's roll in 1844, and such of the members of the infant organization as were not satisfied with the change took measures to effect a new organization. In February, 1845, Rev. Dr. Cummins and Rev. William L. McCalla met these persons, organized them into a church and ordained Mr. David Mclntyre the first Ruling Elder. Mr. David Rice was elected and ordained to the same office July 9, 1846. William B. Ewing, John F. Henry, M. D., J. C. Fletcher, Robert Armstrong and Nathaniel Ervin were selected, October 29, '1846, the first Board of Trustees for the young Church. Col. Isaac Leffl^r presided over the first meeting called for the purpose of taking measures to build a house of worship, and at this meeting a subscription for the building was started, Dr. John F. Henry and Nathaniel Ervin, Esq., heading the list with $50 each, which was considered a very large and liberal amonnt. The church-building, corner Fifth and Washington streets, was so far completed that services were hold in the basement in the autumn of 1846. In the early part of the follow- ing year, the house was completed and dedicated to the service of God. Father Stewart, then of Macomb, 111., preached the dedication sermon. Before this house was ready for use, the congregation met in the schoolroom of Miss Mary Calkins, which stood on Main street, nearly opposite Old Zion Church. Here the first communion was administered, by the Rev. Aaron Leonard. For three HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 563 years, the Church depended on occasional supplies for the ministry of the Word. Rev. Thomas Bracken preached for six months, and was followed by Rev W. R. Stewart, then of Macomb, 111., who came over once a month as the roads and river permitted. Up to the autumn of 1848, fifteen persons were added to the membership of the Church. Early in the year 1848, Rev. C. C. Cuyler, D. D., then Pastor of the Sec- ond Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia, visited the city and preached for the congregation. Through his recommendation, Rev. James G. Shinn, a recent graduate of Princeton Theological Seminary, was invited to become Pastor of the Church. He arrived in the summer of 1848, and November 2 following, he was ordained and installed first regular Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Burlington. On the next day. Sabbath, he held his first commun- ion season, on which occasion seven persons were admitted into the Church on profession of faith, and nine on certificate. During the pastorate of Mr. Shinn, the organization of the Church was fully completed, according to the Presbyterian standard, by the election of Charles L. Rentz to the ofiBce of Deacon, and to the Board of Deacons Will- iam Grier, M. D., and Nathaniel Ervin were soon after added. In 1849, Mr. Rentz was ordained Elder, in place of John G. Law, who had removed to St. Louis, and Peter Jacoby and John Thompson were made Deacons. At this time, the Church had not yet become self-supporting, receiving from the Board of Home Missions annual aid to the amount of $200. The infant Church was burdened with a debt incurred in building ; but both Pastor and people strug- gled bravely with their difficulties, the former contributing to his own support, by teaching, and many of the latter working with their hands on the building, cheered by the sympathy and aid of fellow- Christians in other places. The old pulpit Bible and the lamps that originally lighted the house were presented by friends in Dr. Rice's church, at Cincinnati, Ohio. The first communion service was the gift of two sisters of Rev. Mr. Shinn. The present commun- ion service is a memorial in memory of Mr. Silas Williams and his daughter. Miss Louisa Williams, given by two other daughters. Mr. Shinn continued his pastoral relations to the Church until 1851 ; but having been called East in October, by the illness of his wife, in November following, his resignation was received, and on the 22d day of December, 1851, the pastoral relation was dissolved at a meeting of Presbytery held in West Point, Iowa. During his pastorate of three years, eighty-five persons were added to the Church, of whom thirty-one were on profession of faith. Mr. Shinn is remembered as a faithful and successful Pastor, as a man of culture and refinement, an able and forcible preacher, and was beloved by his congre- gation. In 1876, he was residing at Waterford, N. J. For one year, from May 27, 1852, Rev. Joshua Phelps, D. D., ministered to the Church, on a salary of $700. At the close of the year, he received a call to become Pastor, but declined. He was a talented man and a strong preacher, and the Church prospered under his ministry, receiving, in the year, an addition of thirty-eight to the membership. The total membership, in the spring of 1853, was 118. The first record of contributions to the Boards is found in this year, $57 to foreign missions and $10 to publication. After Dr. Phelps' time, for a period of six months, the Church was supplied by Rev. W. E. Larkin, then of Rock Island, 111., a period in which not much of interest is on record, excepting that a call was issued to the Rev. I. N. Candee, D. D., ot La Fayette, Ind., and declined by him on account of the large opposing minority. About the time Mr. Larkin's ministrations closed, an unfortunate diiterence 5(54 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. arose between the Session and the members of the Church, which culminated in an appeal to the Presbytery for advice, followed by that body sending Revs. Salmon Cowles and Robert McQuigan to give counsel. They advised that the acting Session ought to resign, and that a new Session acceptable to the major- ity should be chosen. Their advice was followed, and on the 10th of April, 1854, John Flournoy Henry, Denise Denise and J. B. Brownipg were elected, ordained and installed Ruling Elders, Mr. Coles presiding over the meeting. Tliis measure of compromise did not bring the longed-for reconciliation. The day after the installation, the new Session, as its first ofiScial act, granted cer- tificates of dismission to twenty-three persons, who formed a new organization known as the Second Presbyterian Church of Burlington, no records of which are accessible. Rev. Mr. Jennings was stated supply of the new society for a time, and afterward the Rev. Tracy M. Oviatt. They erected the house of -worship on Third street, and, after struggling for a few years under a debt of over i7,000, the organization broke down. It was followed by another, under the name of the Westminster Church ; but, after a vain attempt to pay the old debt, they abandoned the enterprise, and the house was sold, and purchased by the Roman Catholic Bishop. From the beginning to the end of the Second Church enterprise, was' about five years. An attempt was once made to effect a union between the First and Second Churches ; but, for some reason, failed. We are unable to give the exact cause of the original differences between them, nor is it now deemed advisable to perpetuate a record of them. Resuming the history of the Church proper, the pastorate of Rev. Joseph Harrison, D. D., began September 27, 1854, and ended in October, 1857. During this period, extensive repairs were made on the church-building and lot, debts were paid, and Pastor's salary increased to $800, and fifty-five per- sons united with the Church. Dr. Harrison is reported as a devoted minister. Succeeding him, the Church was supplied for a year by Licentiate W. L. Mitchell, who, though twice called to the pastorate, declined. During this year (1858), no increase in membership occurred ; the number reported to the Assembly, April 1, 1859, was ninety-seven. Rev. James Harvey Clarke began as a supply in July, 1859, and in September of the same year he received a call, and was installed Pastor, remaining two years and one month, when he resigned, going into the Seventh Regiment Iowa Volunteers as Chaplain. During his pastorate, twenty were added to the membership. Mr. William L. McPherren was added to the Session February 10, 1861, and died in 1870. The Rev. W. E. Westervelt became stated supply in August, 1861, continuing until the spring of 1864, when he was succeeded by Rev. George D. Stewart, D. D., and for six years and a half ministered to the Church, which was a period of unusual prosperity to the organization. One hundred and six persons were added to the Church, a net increase of forty members ; the financial in- terests were put into good shape ; the house was enlarged and repaired, and the Pastor's salary raised from $800 to $1,500 per annum. , Dr. Stewart is an able and eloquent preacher, and is now Pastor of the church at Fort Madison. During his stay here, the Church raised $938 for the Boards of the Church, and the Session was increased by the installation of Prof. J. Allison Smith, Thomas Darling and Thompson McCosh. Samuel Robinson, and afterward 0. H. Schenck and John Dickie, were added to the Board of Deacons. Rev. John C. McOlintock, present Pastor, at the request of the Session, came from Mount Pleasant, where he was preaching, to preside over a Congre- gational meeting held on the 5th day of December, 1870. To the surprise of the Chairman, as it had been unpremeditated by the people and unsought and HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 565 unthought of by him, the result of the meeting was a unanimous call to become their Pastor. His installation took place January 19, 1871. The Rev. W. B. Noble, then of Fort Madison, presided and preached the sermon. The Rev. Alexander Scott, then at Kossuth, Iowa, delivered the charge to the Church, and the Rev. H. B. Knight, of Ottumwa, the charge to the Pastor. His pas- toral work has been attended with the most gratifying results, some of which we briefly mention. In 1871, the Sunday School Teachers' meeting was organ- ized. In January, 1873, the Ladies' Society was formed, its object to raise funds to furnish a new house of worship. February 2, 1873, Mr. John R. Nelson was ordained and installed a Ruling Elder. During the same month, a series of union meetings were held by the various Pastors, assisted for two weeks by the evangelist. Rev. E. P. Hammond ; and, as the fruits of the meet- ing, the Presbyterian Church received sixty-one members on the profession of faith, and thirty-six on certificate, the largest total ever before received by this Church in one year. November 10 of the same year, the Ladies' Missionary Society was organized, under the direction of Mrs. S. J. Rhea, formerly a mis- sionary in Persia. May 3, 1874, W. E. Blake, Esq., was ordained and installed a Ruling Elder. In 1876, the Church abolished the pew-renting sys- tem as a means of Church revenue, and all funds are now raised through the envelope plan, by voluntary pledges and weekly offerings. At the end of the year, the Trustees reported, for the first time in the history of the Church (as far as is known), that the salary had all been paid before it was due. Christ Episcopal Ohurch. — This Church was organized on the 2d day of February, 1840, and is the oldest Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Iowa. The first Vestry were : Charles Mason, Senior Warden ; V. P. Van Antwerp, Junior Warden ; A. C. Dodge, George Partridge, Bernhard Henn, Charles I. Starr, Charles Nealley, James W. Grimes, William B. Remey, J. P. Brad- street and Henry W. Moore. Rev. John Batchelder was the first Rector, and presided at the meeting when the Chuj^ch was organized. He continued to be the Rector of the parish until the 21st day of November, 1850, at which time he tendered his resignation. During his incumbency, the lot was secured and the ohurch-building. at the corner of Fifth and High streets, was erected. The rectorship was vacant, after Mr. Batchelder's resignation, for about a year. On July 22, 1851, Rev. William Adderly accepted a call to the rector- ship, and the records show that he was present at a meeting on the 1st of December. At this time, the Church was only able to pay the Rector a salary of 1500. The records do not show when Mr. Adderly resigned. He was present and presided at the annual Parish meeting for the election of oftcers on Easter Monday, April 12, 1852. His name nowhere appears in the records after that." January 7, 1854, at a meeting of the Vestry, the Secre- tary was authorized to write to F. R. HafF, requesting him to visit the parish; and, on the 20th of the same month, the Wardens were authorized to write Mr. Haff and request him to take charge of the parish, " with a salary of f dOO in addition to the amount agreed to be given by the Bishop. At the regular Easter meeting, April 17, 1854, Mr. Haif was present and acted as Chairman Mr. Hafl- was Rector of the parish until February 7, 1859, at which time he tendered his resignation. During his incumbency the tower and chancel addn tions to the church were made, and an organ purchased, which is still m use. On March 28, 1859, the Vestry called to the rectorship Rev W. H. Barns, D. D., now Ely Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Gnswold College, Dayen port, Iowa He accepted the call, and was Rector of the P--^ -*>1 ^^"^7^ 22, 1866, at which time he resigned to accept said professorship. Under his 566 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. administration, the Church prospered greatly, and his resignation was accepted ■with much regret by the Vestry. A series of resolutions, expressing esteem and confidence and indorsing and approving all his acts as Rector, and regrets at his departure, were adopted. He was succeeded in the rectorship by Dr. George W. Watson, who took charge of the parish about Easter, 1866. His incumbency continued till September 28, 1874, at which time he resigned the rectorship to accept a call to Red Wing, Minn. During the time Dr. Watson was in charge of the parish, the people undertook to purchase eligible grounds and to erect a new church, the growth of the Church seeming to demand more room and better accommodations. The lots fronting on l^orth Hill Public Square, corner of Fifth and High streets, were purchased by the Vestry, in pursuance of the expressed wishes of the people. A partial subscription was raised, plans and specifications for an elegant church were prepared, and the stone foundations were laid. But, unfortunately, a change in the times pre- vented the completion of the new church. The people refused to give the necessary amounts even to pay for the lots. The rapidly accumulating interest soon involved the Church in difficulty, and finally resulted in the sale of the lots purchased, and also the old church property, which still left a portion of the debt unpai d; so that the Church to-day, so far as property is concerned, is about where it was nearly forty years ago. After the resignation of Dr. Wat- son, the parish was vacant for a time. About April 1, 1875, Rev. F. B. Nash, Jr., was called, but his incumbency only lasted till July 1, 1876, when he resigned. On the 2d of July, 1877, the Rev. Frank M. Gregg, the present able and efi&cient Rector, was called, but did not accept and take charge of the parish until April 22, 1878. The prospects of the Church have much improved since Mr. Gregg entered upon his work. He is recognized as one of the ablest and most zealous Rectors in the Church. The Church now occupies and holds worship in a building near the corner of Third and Valley .streets, known as "Guild Hall." It was rented and fitted up by the Church Guild, which was organized under the direction of , the Rector, and which numbers about two hundred and fifty members. The Church numbers some two hun- dred communicants and one hundred and twenty-five families. The Sunday school is in a flourishing condition, under the superintendency of A. Coots- worth, Esq., and numbers about one hundred and fifty scholars. Under the charge of the Rector, there is an industrial school for girls, where poor children are taught to sew, materials being supplied by the charity of its friends, and the garments made by the children are given to them. Over two hundred girls are enrolled upon the lists of this school. Some of our most prominent citizens have been connected with the Church as its officers, among whom we might name Gen. Jacob G. Lauman, Maj. W. H. Mann, George C. Lauman, Hon. Charles H. Phelps, Gen. Fitz Henry Warren, William Garrett, Harvey Ray, Jr., Joshua Copp, John H. Armstrong and many others. The present officers of the Church are : Hon. Charles Mason, Senior War- den ; P. Henry Smyth, Junior Warden ; Thomas Wilkinson, Gen. S. L. Glasgow, E. Sherwood, Vestrymen. The congregation are now contemplating the erection of a new church in a central locality, and already a fund for that purpose is being raised, and the pros- pect IS fair that soon this Church will be in the full tide of a renewed prosperity. It IS the only Episcopal Church in Burlington fully organized and in union with the Convention. The Burlington Baptist Association, under this name, had its origin in a meeting of the old Des Moines Association held with the Pisgah Baptist HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 567 Church, twelve miles north of Burlington, August 27, 1859. In the minutes of that year, the following report is found : "The committee on the division of the Association report that as the Association has now become so large and is spread over so wide a territory, it be now divided by the line of the bkunk River, and resolved into two new associations, the northern to be known as the Burlington Association, and the southern as the Keokuk Associ- ation, which shall terminate the existence of this organization. It appears from the minutes of the two Associations, for a number of years after the division, they both spoke of their meetings in 1860 as their first anniversaries. But at a meeting of the Keokuk Association, held at Fort Madison in 1866, Bro. Hubbard, of Keokuk, offered the following preamble and resolutions : Whereas, It is desirable to preserve our assooiational name and number, so far as is con- sistent, and the denominational history, so far as it is connected with the Association : And Whekeas, This Keokuk Association is a (ihief part of the territory of the original Des Moines Association, the first one organized in the State of Iowa, and is a continuation of the same more properly than any other one Association, and may also more justly than any other similar body assume the old name, as Des Moines County formerly embraced all Southern. Iowa, therefore Resolved, That the name of the Association be so far restored to the original as to be called the Keokuk Baptist Association (formerly Des Moines), and that the constitution be amended accordingly; and also that the numbers of the annual meetings hereafter date from the organi- zation of the Des Moines Association. " These were adopted, and the Keokuk Association has taken the name and •date of the old Des Moines Association ever since. Now it seems to your com- mittee that the action of the Keokuk Association is correct, except in this, that it assumes that it is more properly the successor of the old Des Moines Associ- ation than any other. It is legitimately a successor ; so is, also, the Burling- ton Association ; and if the preference is to be given to either of the two, it properly belongs to the Burlington Association, as it not only covers territory that was covered by the Des Moines Association, but it contains all the churches which originally constituted that body ; and, moreover, as the Keokuk Associ- ation is dated, it is older than any church in it. We do not and have not pro- posed, however, that the Burlington Association find any fault with the Keokuk Association, but that it places itself before the world historically, as it did last year (at the suggestion of your committee), by calling itself the Burlington (formerly Des Moines) Association, and dating its anniversaries accordingly. "The history of the Burlington Association as now dated, therefore, begins with the history of the Baptists in Iowa. It was organized in Danville, Des Moines County, on Saturday before the fourth Lord's Day in August, 1839, in a grove in the southwest part of the township, near what was the residence of Bro. William Mathis. Three churches united in the organization. These were the Danville, then known as Long Creek Church, organized October 20, 1834, by Rev. John Logan, of McDonougfi County, 111. ; Union, organized in 1839, afterward known as Rock Spring Church, but long since extinct, principally on account of removals, located six miles southwest of Burlington and three miles southeast of the present Spring Creek Church ; and the Pisgah, now located twelve - miles north of Burlington, organized in 1838. The Association was organized by electing Elder Jonah Todd as Moderator, Elder Alexander Evens as Clerk, and appointing Elder Hezekiah Johnson to preach the intro- ductory sermon. Four delegates were present from Danville, and three from each of the other churches. The whole business of the body was transacted while nine of the delegates were sitting on a log, and the Moderator standing behind a chair. The body then took the name "Iowa Association," as it was the first and only one in the Territory. But upon the organization ot the 568 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Davenport Association, the name was changed to the "Des Moines Association," not as Rev. S. J. Johnson in his history suggests, after the name of a church in Des Moines Township, in Lee County, but after the name of Des Moines County, which originally covered all Southeastern Iowa. The time and place of the subsequent anniversaries, and the statistics of the same, as far as can now be gathered, we present you in the statistical table, published in your min- utes last year, and which we recommend to be published this year also. The minutes of the seventh anniversary are the oldest to which your committee has had access, and they are probably the oldest now in existence. Of this meet- ing Elder J. M. Post was Moderator, and Bro. Otis Thompson, now living near Bonaparte, was Clerk. It was held with the Ebenezer, in Lee County. Before this anniversary. Elders Alexander Evens, Hezekiah Johnson and Ezra Fisher had removed to Oregon, and Elders Hiram Burnett and William Elliott had arrived from Ohio, coming in 1842. Other ministers, such as Elder William Sperry, R. Cheadle, M. J. Post, A. Ball, J. Moore and B. B. Nichols, had also come to the Territory and commenced work, mostly within the bounds of the Asso- ciation. In their minutes of 1845, the names of Samuel Pickard, G. W. Bond and J. Bond appear as licentiates. Others had labored with us and gone already, such as J. N. Seeley and Hope. The Association had increased from 3 churches and 90 members in 1839, to 25 churches and 655 members in 1845, making a general average of 26 members to a church. The largest churches were: Pox River, with 77 members ; Danville, 57; Rock Spring, 56 ; Farm- ington, 48 ; and Round Point, 48. The Association met for the third time in Danville in 1850. Hiram Bennett preached the introductory sermon, and served as Moderator. During the meeting, Elder A. Seamans preached the dedication sermon of the new meeting-house. New churches admitted were the Burlington, Brighton, Richland, Charleston and Anamosa. In 1851, the Asso- ciation was held in Agency City. Here took place the first division ; the east- ern portion was to be known as the First Des Moines, and was to be composed of the following churches : Keokuk, Burlington, Mt. Pleasant, Danville, Pisgah, Washington, Columbus City, Denmark, Farmington, Charleston, Liberty, Ebenezer, Mount Zipn, Union, Marion and Township — 15 in all. It had for ministers and pastors. Elders Elihu Gunn, 0. J. Johnson, J. Williams, H. Burnett, S. J. Penny, W. H. Surton, William A. Wells, D. Jewett, W. B. Morey, J. Moore and Wilson Woodruff— 11 in all. The Western Division to be known as the Second D6s Moines Association was composed of the follow- ing churches : Fox River, Keosauqua, Fairfield, Libertyville, Brighton, Rich- land, Sigourney, Middle Creek, Agency City, Blakesburg, Oskaloosa, Anamosa, White Creek, Knoxville and Harmony— 15 in all, with ministers and pastors as follows: Elders William Elliott, 0. Ormsby, J. Bond, G. W. Bond, B. B. Arnold, A. W. Atwood, J. C. Curtis, C. L. Riley and W. D. Everett— 9 in all. In this division, you will observe that Fort Des Moines Church, with others in that part of the State, was left out of both the Des Moines Associations to form a new one in that part of the State." These arrangements were virtually carried out, the upper association, how.- ever, not taking the name assigned above, and some of the churches not affili- ating with the bodies to which they were assigned. A second division was made, as referred to above, at Pisgah, in 1859. The Association had grown trom Its organization in 1839, from 90 members, on its first division in 1851, to 1 «Tq "mT ""^Z • -^^ ^^^^' ^* ^^'"''^^^ ^g*'» ^it'^ ^25, and grew to 2,086 in T /.,®r °ll^^^^^ ministers at this time were Elders J. B. Knight, Isaac Leonard, W. H. Surton,. D. Jewett, A. Edson, M. Sutton, H. Burnett, E. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 569 Crane, S. Pickard, B. P. Bishop, L. B. Allen, D. D., J. S. Robert A D Bush, J. Lee, J. M. Wood, G. W. S. Bell, W. R. Woodruff, C. Bush, T. M. Ind, S, W. Marston, W. J. Cochran, J. W. Coggshall, G. J. Johnson, Morgan Edwards, W. A. Bggleston — 25 in all, with 6 licentiates. The visiting breth- ren present were : Elders I. J. Stoddard, of the Assam Mission, India ; Dexter Smith, of the State Convention, and E. C. Cady, of St. John, JN. B. At the thirtieth anniversary, or the sixth of the Burlington Association, held in Burlington, a committee of five were appointed to try to effect a union between this and the Keokuk Association, and the committee recommended that the following churches be dismissed to form the Washington Association, viz. : Richmond, Washington, Columbus City, Davis Creek and Ainsworth — 5 churches with 365 members. This was virtually a third division of the Asso- ciation. The thirty-fourth aniversary was held in New London in 1872, and is especially worthy of note, because of the presence of Rev. J. E. Clough, of Ongole, India, who was educated in Burlington University, where he was con- verted, baptized, and afterward ordained in 1864. Here he still holds hi» membership. He had then returned to us after an absence of less than eight years, during which time he had baptized about 2,000 Tellagoos. He came home seeking for health, $50,000 for the Ram-a-potam Seminary and four new men for the Tellagoos Mission. Here the first subscription was made toward that $50,000, all of which was afterward raised; and the three things sought by Bro. Clough were granted in the good providence of God. It may be well also to mention here the fact, that soon after the thirty-ninth anniversary, held in Danville in 1877, Miss R. A. S. Norwood, of Burlington University, left to engage in mission work in Swaton, China. Thus has Burlington been most highly honored in having two such noble representatives in the foreign field. It may be well here to mention the names of Pastors of the different churches since the division of the Association in 1859. At Danville, J. B. Knight, Eli- jah Russ, S. West and R. King. At Pisgah, Isaac Leonard, W. E. James, S. Brimhall, H. Burnett, I. J. Penny. At Washington, A. Edson, Charles Thompson, A. Pratt, H. A. Braden, A. Scott. At First Mount Pleasant M. Sutton, Elihu Gunn, W. L. Brown, R. W. Benton, L. M Berry, J- F. Mer- riam. At Burlington, P. P. Bishop, A. F. Willey, D. F. Carnahan, J. B. Ful- ler, L. W. Hayhurst, J. E. Hopper and J. C. Hurd, M. D At Jefferson, J Lee, J. D. Wilson, L. Frescoln, J. Warren, D. Simmons, George Berry. At Richmond, C. Thompson, A. C Sangster, E. Ward At New London, John Warren, M. Edwards, R. King, H. H. Parks J W Hoffmau B. F. Gold by I. H. Denton. At Columbus City, W. R. Woodruff J. L. Cole At Mamn^ Township, Charles Thompson. At Flint River E^ Russ. At Huson Mosej Parker. ^ At Davis Creek, J. W. Coffman A. W Sutton. At Fairfield Isaac Leonard, C. Darby, C. B. Egan, J. R. Shanefelt J. H-.Stornis^ /• ^J^J g' W. Thieie. At Second Mount Pleasant, J. D. Wilson, William Webster J H Handy, A. M. Colston, William Washington. At Brighton, J. C. bolder, D. Morse, H. H. Parks. At Second Burlington John Warren, E. Burk^tt ^. C. Corey William Webster, G. W. Shelton. At Ainsworth^ AW Sutto^^ At Mount Carmel, H. Burnett, B. Crane At (^"l^sby I. H. Denton^ At New Sweden, Peter Colson. At Beulah, D. Simmons, George H. Benry At South Hill, Burlington, J. D. Fuller, L D Benedict, -^ Fish. At Spring, '-^■^^£:t^^:^^^^^^S^ churches intheAsso- elation, with about sixty different men as Pastors. 570 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. First Baptist Church. -ww organized April 1, 1849. The twelve following persons were its constituent members, viz.: Rev. G. J. Johnson, William B. Ewing, William R. Hinkley, Hannah Chamberlain, Mary Kitchen, Ann Bridges, Kitsey Martin, Benjamin Gore, Kitty Gore, Aaron Chamberlain, Harriet Smith, Susan Holdridge. On the same day the following persons, who had been received as candi- dates for church fellowship, were baptized : John M. Webber, John Bridges, Mary Garret and Arville McGuire, at the close of the morning service, and at 6 o'clock on the evening of the same day, George Van Beck and Adaline Van Beck were baptized by the first Pastor, Rev. G. J. Johnson. The first pastorate continued for five years, when, after an interval of a few months, it was formed again and continued about four years longer, closing Sep- tember 1, 1858. Rev. P. P. Bishop then became Pastor, and held the office for one year and nine months, resigning June 2, 1860. The Church was then without a Pastor six months, when Rev. A. F. Willey became Pastor December 16, 1860, continuing this relation for three years and nine months, resigning October 1, 1864. He was succeeded by Rev. D. T. Carnahan, April 2, 1865, who resigned November 3, 1866. Then came Rev. J. B. Fuller, February 10, 1867, remaining until January 1870. Rev. L. W. Hay- hurst then supplied the pulpit for one year, and, at its expiration, February 3, 1871, accepted of the pastorate, resigning in February, 1872, when, after a short vacancy in the pastorate. Rev. J. E. Hopper accepted of the office, March, 1872, and began work the following month, April 19, 1872. The present church edifice was built during the pastorate of Rev. G. J. John- son, at a cost of about $9,000. The largest additions to the Church were dur- ing the pastorates of Johnson, Willey and Hopper. In all over one thousand persons have been enrolled members of this Church. There are now four Baptist Churches in the city, and church and school property held by Baptists in the city worth |80,000. The Church has erected a pleasant and commodious parsonage on West Hill. The present membership ■of the congregation is about two hundred and fifty, which is presided over by Rev. J. C. Hurd, who succeeded J. E. Hopper as Pastor. Connected with the Church is the Sunday School, the Women's Foreign Missionary Society and the Ladies' Benevolent Society. Roman Catholic Societies. — Catholicity had an early start with the youth- ful village, now the flourishing city of Burlington. The old St. Paul's Roman Catholic Church, on Fourth and Columbia streets, was commenced about the year 1840, by Rev. Father Mazrezelle, first Pastor, by direction of the vener- able Bishop Loras, of Dubuque, who dearly loved this infant city at that time. The second resident Pastor was the Rev. Father Reffee, an Alsatian by birth ; the old, old settlers remember him with aflFection. Having early ac- quired a fair knowledge of the English language, he ministered to the spiritual wants of the numerous German, Irish and French Catholics of this city for several years. Dodgeville Mission was also attended by him. In January, 1854, Rev. Michael Kinsella was sent by Bishop Loras to take -charge of the English-speaking portion of St. Paul's congregation, Father Refiee contmuing Pastor of the German Catholics. Shortly after, a division of the church effects was made between the Irish and Germans,' Bishop Loras presiding. In about one year, the German Catholics built the St. John Baptist ^hurch on Division street, and moved into it for divine worship, with Father Keflee as their Pastor, leaving Father Kinsella sole Pastor of St. Paul's. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 571 After the first eighteen months of his missionary life, Kinsella was called, reluctantly, against the wiB of his Bishop and the people of St. Paul's, to Allamakee County to take charge of mine missions. He was succeeded in St. Paul's by Rev. Matthew Harmon. But after seventeen months' absence. Rev. M. Kinsella was recalled to St. Paul's. Now the active life of the young priest had full scope. Schools for his parish children was his motto ; by collections and travel he kept two paid teachers with schools in the church basement, and when he had but one, he taught himself in person. In the mean time he wanted permanent schools, or Sisters devoted- to schools for life, and to procure means for this object every sacrifice was overcome. Without residence or place of rest, renting a room from the venerable Madame Wetzler, he, by the raffle of his gold watch. Lives of Saints, many volumes of books and other means, saved up $840 to procure a Sisters' dwelling and schools. About this time, the Third Street Chapel (Presbyterian) was for sale. It was at that early day the pride of the city — a thing of beauty. The congregation of St. Paul's bought in this Third Street Chapel, Father Kinsella paying in his $840 on the first payment. Now his wishes were realized. The name was transferred to the new St. Paul's and the old church remodeled and partitioned, and five Sisters of Charity of B. V. M. placed there. The schools flourished, and before long nine Sisters were on active duty. Laying aside all religious prejudices, the schools of the Sisters were patronized by the wealthiest, the most influential and refined citizens in the place. In 1861, Rev. M. Kinsella was called by Rt. Rev. Bishop Smith, of Dubuque, to Muscatine and then to Garryowen. In both places he built and established Sisters' Schools. He was succeeded in St. Paul's, Burlington, by Rev. J. B. Donelan, who continued its Pastor until his death. Father James, as he was familiarly known, was beloved by all classes, irrespective of creed or country. He built the steeple on St. Paul's Catholic Church, and also a dwell- ing-house for the Sisters, and died December 28, 1869. About one year previous to his death, his church being too small, the parish was divided ; the ground was purchased and the new St. Patrick's Church erected on West Washington street, at that time one of the lone and romantic places of the city, Father Lee being its Pastor. On the death of Father Don- elan, in 1869, Father Moran became Pastor of St. Paul s Church. In 187.!, Key. T F. Gunn succeeded Father Moran in St. Paul's Church, and continues its present Pastor. Father Gunn is a most zealous and energetic priest, and has shown by his works what energy and perseverance can do. His zeal tor tne promotion of his schools caused him to P'^'-^^^^^ ^^^ %Pf ^^'^ f ^'i °^ which he erected the beautiful Academy of our Lady of Lourdes, and into which the Sisters and pupils moved, in 1877. k<>„=t«o rlo In 1870 or 1871, Father Lee, of St. Patrick's New Church, became de- mented The church was closed, with a heavy debt, but ^^e creditors wer gentlemen, who neither pressed nor asked until a ^^^^^f.^J.^J^^ J*^^ J^.^ 20th of December 1871, Rev. Father Kinsella for the third t me was returned, b7Rt Rev bSp He^nessy, D. D , of Dubuque, to take charge of St. Pat- ""^Father Kinsella, than whom few love Burlington ^et^-J ^^^^^^^^^ new field o? labor with a double will, with an "^f ^ Jf ™ ?^1X grounds and in debt. His first work was to P^cure Si ter J^«^«;^ ™"J^f Paul's, who came every morning and returned each evening, the schoo_^s being held in the church basement. Every sacrifice was made by him and his people 572 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. to pay oiF debts ; he even raffled his own mare and buggy, realizing therefor f 500. Now the grounds and buildings testify to tin above. A costly addition to the church, all neatly finished, was made, a large pastoral residence was built, and, one year ago, a large and substantial building, the Academy of the Immaculate Conception, was erected, where seven Sisters and one hundred and eighty pupils teach and study. Number of families, about one hundred and sixty. Academy. — The Academy of Our Lady of Lourdes belongs to St. Paul's Catholic Church, and is located on Fourth street. The ground upon which this new and imposing educational building stands was purchased in 1875. The work of construction began in 1876; The building was completed and the school opened in the summer of 1877. Only female scholars are admitted to this institution. It is calculated both for boarders and day scholars, and th& higher branches are taught by eight Sisters of Charity of the Order of the Blessed Virgin. A parochial school for girls is also taught here. In all, there are 175 pupils. St. John's Catholic Church was organized by a separation of the Germans from the Irish, effected by Father J. G Refife, in 1855, and the construction of the church-building was commenced in 1856 and completed the same year. The congregation at this time consisted of about forty or fifty families. One year after the church was finished, a good, substantial brick building was con- structed for the purpose of establishing an elementary school, which is now con- ducted by four Sisters of Charity of the Congregation of Notre Dame, and one male teacher, Frank Mayrhofer, who is also organist of the Church. The school is divided into four classes, and has a present scholarship of about three hundred and thirty. In 1873, the St. John's Academy building was commenced by Father Fendrick and completed in 1875. The present attendance of the Acad- emy consists of twenty scholars, who are instructed by one class teacher, one music and one female work teacher, all of whom are sisters of Notre Dame. In 1876, the entire church property, including a fine brick residence for the accommodation of the Pastor, and not spoken of before, was given by Bishop J. B. Hennessy, of Dubuque, to the Jesuit Fathers. The property described is valued at $50,000. Rev. Father Neubrand is the present Pastor of the con- gregation, which is now about two hundred families strong. First German Evangelical. — The First German Evangelical Church, of Burlington, was organized in 1841, by Jacob Wilhelm, Seibert Magel, Conrad PfeifF, Balthasar Schmitt, John Philip Kriechbaum, George Blickhahn, Louis Teuscher, Henry Fehling and Fred Funck. The first Pastor was Rev. Mr. Rieger, who came in 1841, and stayed till the spring of 1844. The first meet- ing-place was in the garret of a house on the corner of Main and Columbia streets. In 1844, Rev. H. A. Eppens became their Pastor, and remained until April, 1849. In or about the year 1847, their place of worship was changed to a room over what is now Carpenter's jewelry store, corner of Third and Jefferson streets, where they continued to worship till 1850. In 1849, Rev. Theodore H. Dresel became Pastor, and so continued until July, 1855. On the 19th of July, 1855, the present devoted and beloved Pastor, Rev. Freder- ick Fausel, from the Theological Seminary of Marthasville, Mo., became Pastor, and has continued ever since to minister to his people with success and uniform satisfaction. In 1850, their present elegant and commodious house of worship, situated on the southwest corner of Columbia and Sixth streets, was begun. It is a brick structure, original size 40x60 feet, with stone basement, and with taste- HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 573 fully and beautifully finished interior, in imitation rosewood. A semi-circular gallery runs around the east end of the audience-room, in which is a fine organ, and all the appointments of the house are such as becomes a temple devoted •to the worship^ of the Almighty. In 1869, some additions were made to the edifice, including an extension of twelve feet to the main building, and the erection of a steeple ninety-two feet high. The house occupies a commanding position, overlooking a large part of the city, the river, etc. ; will conveniently seat about seven hundred people, and cost |12,000. It was dedicated April 6, 1851, Rev. Christopher Young, of Quincy, 111., preaching the sermon from John, xxi, 1-5. Rev. M. Ki'oenlein, of Franklin Center, Iowa, Rev. Conrad Riess, of Muscatine, Rev. J. G. Shinn, of the Burlington Presbyterian Church, and Rev. William Salter, of the Burlington Congregational Church, assisted at the dedication, which was a joyful occasion to the faithful members and friends of the Church. In 1849, the Church was re-organized by changing some and adding new articles to the Constitution, and at present is in a most flourishing 'condition. Soon after the re-organization, the Church was incorporated by an act of the State Legislature. The present membership includes the heads of eighty families, representing not less than four hundred members in all, including children. The Sabbath school connected with the Church has an average attendance of about two hundred members, and is accomplishing happy results. The present Superintendent is Henry Berges ; Librarian, Louis Blaul. In the basement of the church a day school is conducted elev^ months of the year, supported by private tuition ; present teacher, Charles Grueninger. About eighty pupils are now in attendance. There is also connected with the Church a Mutual Aid Society, organized in April, 1856. It now has ninety-four members, each of whom, when disabled by sickness, receives $4 per week, and at the death of any member, his funeral expenses are paid, to the amount of $25, and the widow or orphans left by him, receive $300 from the Society. This Church is one of the most active and harmonious in the city, and during the many years it has been blessed with the ministrations of the present able and worthy Pastor, Rev. Mr. Fausel, the society and congregation have greatly increased. G-erman Evangelical Zion Church was organized the 13th of March, 1864, with the following constituent members : H. Hoelscher, G. H. Biklen, G. Bischoflf, S. Magel, F. Funck, J. Wilhelm, C. Kassel, P. J. Paul, M. Gutekunst, E. "Wehman, H. Schnicker, J. Hohl, F. Schwarz, C. Aspelmeier, C. Andre, William Lalk, W. Schlick, J. P. Kriechbaum, H. Keitzer, M. Goetz, H. J. Gugeler, G. Lemberger, J. Jaeger, H. W. Wehman, F. Flad, D. Schwarz, W. Schultheis, J. Keitzer, J. C. Woellhaf, G. Blaese, K. Wolkenhauer, J. Hammer, George Kriechbaum, L.Rauer, F. Schildt, J. Wollman, B. Jugenheimer, F. G. Klein. The first officers were: Elders, H. Hoelscher, C. Andre, W. Lalk, W. Schlick and G. Bischoff; Trustees, S. Magel, J. P. Kriechbaum F. Funck. The congregation worshiped in Marion Hall until August, 1865 when the present edifice was dedicated on the second Sunday in August. Ihe corner- stone was laid August 16, 1864. The present officers are: Elders 11. Hoelscher, C. Andre, G. H. Bikler, G. Bischoff, M. Gutekunst; Trustees, George Kriechbaum, Chris. Wehmeier, Aug. Kriechbaum. The first min- ister was J. Zimmerman, who is still in charge of the congregation. A bun- day school was organized with the Church. The day school, supported by the Church, with two teachers, M. F. G. Klein and Miss Emma Kl^in, ^las an attendance of about one hundred scholars. The Church at present has a mem- 574 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. bership of sixty-five families, or about three hundred persons. The value of the Church property, including the parsonage, is $25,000. First German Baptist Church. — This society was organized in July, 1869, by Rev. John Kohrs, with eleven members, from families newly arrived from Germany. For some time they met in the church of the American Baptists, until their neat and new house of worship, at 1303 North Oak street, was com- pleted, in 1870. Rev. Mr. Kohrs remained Pastor until April, 1877, and was succeeded by the present Pastor, Rev. Frederick Holzen. The first Deacon was H. Ricker, and he and D. Theilengerdes and F. Jordan are the present Deacons and Trustees of the Church. The number of members at present is 130. The Sabbath school has about 140 members,i of which Chris. Jordan i» the Superintendent. St. Lucas Grerman Evangelical Gnurch. — This society was organized in the year 1877, by a number of former members of the First German Evangel- ical Church, on North Hill, assisted by Rev. Frederick Fausel and Rev. R. Zimmerman. Their new and elegant church-building, size 60x40 feet, on the corner of South and Fourteenth streets, was begun in September, 1877, when the corner-stone was laid, with appropriate ceremonies, Rev. Fausel and Rev. Zimmerman officiating. It was dedicated May 5, 1878, by the same ministers, assisted by the then and present Pastor of the Church, Rev. D. Ankele. Forty families are attached to this congregation. Connected with the Church is a day school, taught at present by the Pastor, in the basement of the church. There is also a Sabbath school, with about 120 members. The building cost about $5,000 ; will seat 500 persons ; has a fine cabinet organ ; a bell weighing 1,200 pounds, made at Cincinnati, Ohio. The house is neatly constructed and handsomely furnished. Christian Church. — Sometime about the year 1853, a few adherents of the denomination, including D. P. Henderson, Mr. Ma'tlock, Joshua and Arthur Miller, organized a society in this city. A lot was purchased, but no building was erected ; and after a struggle of two years, the organization ceased. In May, 1870, Mr. C. C. Miller became a resident of the city, and finding a few others here of like religious adherence, and feeling the need of agreeable church associations, he undertook to effect an organization. And, as a result of united effort, the present Christian Church of Burlington was organized, October 11, 1870, at the residence of Ann Harris, on North Main street, with twenty-two members, aided in the organizing by Elder S. T. Shortess, then of Vinton, Iowa. Messrs. C. C. Miller, A. Abbott and Ranson Trobee were chosen Elders, at the meeting for organization, and the following-named persons, at the same time, became members of the infant Church : Ranson and" Elizabeth Trobee, Alexander and Mary A. Abbott, George R. and Emeline M. Scott, Thomas Hinkson, Thomas Barr, George Knesram, A. Muzzy, Mary E. Muzzy, James A. Duvall, Japhet Hand, Rachel E. Hand, L. F. Smith, Sarah Allen, Ann Harris, Elizabeth Harris, C. C. Miller, Charity A. Muzzy, Mrs. A. C. Smith, Sallie Ann Hand. At the next regular meeting, Mary Cornwell, L. Kate Ewords, Mrs. Lizzie Phillips, Mrs. Hinkson, Mrs. Catherine Miller and Mrs. Duvall were added to the society. In the fall of 1870, the society went from the residence of Ann Harris to a small room in the old Court House (Marion Hall), where thev worshiped durmg the winter of 1870-71. They then occupied the Reformed German 107"^^''*^'°^ °° Market, between Sixth and Seventh streets, until January, 1874, when they bought the Olivet Congregational Church property, on Bound- ary street, paying therefor about $4,200, which they now own and occupy. For HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 575 some time, they were without a regular Pastor, and the puhlic teaching from the organization till the spring of 1874 was done by Elder C. C. Miller In the fall of 1872 Elder John Errett visited the Church and preached for them about a week, ihey were next successively visited by Elders J. C Hay F M Bruner and G. T. Carpenter. In December, 1873, State Evangelist J. B Vawter came and remained until February, 1874, during his stay holding a very successful meeting and adding about twenty-five new members to the an A -, ^^^^ "^^^ ^'^^^ engaged, who began his labors in May, 1874, and remained about seven months. Elder C. S. Blackwell was next engaged, beginning his work May 29, 1875, remaining one year and about three months. The next effort to have regular preaching was in April, 1878, when the present Pastor, Elder L. S. Wallace, began his labors and is doing good service. The Bible school in the Church was commenced when they met in the Mar- ket street house, and continued until the summer of 1877, with C. C. Miller^ Superintendent, until June, 1874, when E. A. Givens was selected and remained in that oflBce uutil it was abandoned, but was revived the first of the present year. The present officers of the Church are as follows : Elders— R. A. Givens, William M. Cornwell, Thomas flinkson. Deacons— Phillip Cronk, Samuel Murch. Board of Trustees— C. C. Miller, Chairman, George R. Scott, R. A. Givens and Thomas Hinkson ; Church Treasurer — C. C. Miller. The Trust- ees were appointed in December, 1873, the Elders and Deacons in June, 1874, and all hold their respective offices at the pleasure of the congregation. The present number of members is about seventy, and the Church is increasing in strength and usefulness. Swedish M. E. Church of the Northwestern Swedish Conference: In 1857, a class was organized among the Swedish settlers, between four and five miles west of Burlington, by Rev. P. Newberg. Among its first member* were John Pearson and wife, C. P. Peterson and wife, J. P. Bricson (died in 1877) and wife, Andrew Carlson and wife and Mrs. Margaret Staif. A small church was built in 1861, in which the following have officiated as Pastors : Peter Newberg (who organized the society at the close of his second year's serv- ice), two years ; N. Peterson, four years ; Joseph Osterlund, two years ; P. Newberg, one year ; J. E. Berggren, three years ; A. Wahlgren, one year ; P, Long, one year, and A. G. Engstrom, one year. During this period, it was connected with the society at New Sweden, Jefferson County, Adolph New- berg having been for several years a local minister of the society. In 1871, Rev. Alfred Anderson was appointed Pastor of this charge, and he also organized a society in the city of Burlington, and built a two-story church on West Hill, corner of Spray and Leebrick streets. The church cost, after the improvements made in 1878, $2,700. Among its first members were Mrs. Christina Streed, Mrs. Greeta C. Wall and Mrs. Carrie Falen, all of whom were members at the time the church was built. Since that time the society has had hard struggles under a heavy burden of church debts ; but in 1878, it was increased in numbers by the addition of many new members, so that it was able to pay off the greater part of its debts, only $300 now remaining, which will be paid this year. The upper story of the church is not yet finished. Including the church a little distance out of the city, which was the first one to be organized, the soci- ety has now 104 members in full connection and seventeen on probation. The Trustees are A. Wall, J. Pearson, J. Lundgren, A. P. Falen, P. Olson, A. Landin, Fr. Swanson, 0. Moberg and C. Hedell. The Stewards for 576 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. the society are, G. V. Sheargren, A. Wall, S. A. Streed, A. Sandin and P. Olson. The following have officiated as Pastors since the city organization : Alfred Anderson, one year ; A. G. Engstrom, two years ; J. 0. Nelson, three years ; H. W. Eklund, the present Pastor, was appointed for this charge in 1877. The society has one Sunday school, with seventy scholars and ten teachers. Its officers are: C. A. Hagerstrom, Superintendent; Gust. V. Sheargren, Assistant Superintendent ; Fr. Swanson, Secretary, and Andrew Wall, Treas- urer. Second Baptist Church (colored). — On the 10th of February, 1866, a meet- ing was held in this city, by persons interested, to take general action in regard to being constituted a Regular Baptist Church. A council was present from the First Baptist Church, approving of the organization. It was voted to form a separate church, composed of those recently baptized, together with others received on experience. Rev. J. D. Wilson was Moderator of the meeting, and S. E. Taylor, Clerk. Delegates were present from other churches, as follows : Burlington, Rev. D. F. Carnahan ; Deacons, H. H. Hawley, S. B. Taylor, George Merritt, E. A. Van Meter, J. C. Johnson; Mount Pleasant Colored Church, Rev. J. D. Wilson an^ Jefferson Lick ; Danville, Rev. E. Russ ; Fairfield, Rev. Isaac Leonard. , After the preliminary action had been read and a full statement in regard to their condition made, it was unanimously resolved to recognize them as a church ; the recognition services were conducted by Rev. Isaac Leonard. The church edifice is situated on the corner of Sixth and High streets, and was purchased on the 15th of June, 1868, but is not wholly paid for. The names of the first officers were as follows : Trustees, William Martin, D. Tyler, John William. Deacons, Asa Chapial and Thomas Roland. The names of present officers are : Trustees, Noah Cartwright, George Garven, Samuel Lee. Deacons, P. Corish, Sandford Mitchell, Jackson Wilson and Edward Davis ; Church Clerk, Samuel Lee. The names of the Pastors up to the present time are the Revs. John War- ren, Elder Faulkner, E. Burkett, J. C. Carey, W. M. Webster, G. W. Shel- ton, J. Bandy, George Chambers, G. G. Robinson and F. Gray. The first membership numbered sixteen, and the present membership num- bers forty-three. The officers of the Sabbath school are : Samuel Lee, Super- intendent ; Mrs. Mary Roland, Assistant Superintendent ; Miss Rebecca Tyler, Secretary ; Mrs. Maggie Lee, Treasurer, and Mr. George Garven, Librarian. The scholars number twenty-five. The Ministerial Relief Society was organized June 5, 1878, with Rev. F. Gray, President ; Mrs. F. Gray, Vice President and Treasurer, a,nd Miss E. Tyler, Secretary. The Burlington Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Bay .Saints, was organized April 28, 1872, by Alexander H. Smith, President of the Spring Prairie and Nauvoo districts, 0. P. Dunham, W. D. Morton and Levi Lightfoot. There were then seven members, namely : 0. P. Dunham, High Priest; W. D. Morton, of the Seventy; L. Lightfoot, Elder; 0. Owen, Mary A. Morton, Christian Halbick and Ellen Owen. On the same day W. p. Morton was appointed President and Owen Owen ordained Teacher of the branch, besides which the latter attended to the duty of Secretary. From April H'tI \^° ^''S"®* ^^' ^^^^' ^- ^- ^oHon was Pastor. From August 28, 187b, to August 20, 1877, John R. Nichols was Pastor, and has been succeeded by J^red Johnson, who now officiates as such. The present membership of this HISTORY OF PES MOINES COUNTY. 677 Church is seventy-four. The congregation has worshiped in various places, but at present holds its meetings over Whiting's musite store, on Jefferson street. Connected with the Church is Bright Prospect Sabbath. School, organ- ized JVfarch 5, 1876, with an average attendance of twenty-five scholars. United Presbyterian Ohurch. — August 11, 1875, Rev. R. C. Hamilton, of Morning Sun, Ohio, having been appointed to supply Keokuk Presbytery of the United Presbyterian Church for one quarter, was sent to Burlington by the Superintendent of Missions (Rev. Henry 'Wallace), to look up the prospects for the organization of a church of that denomination in this city. Mr. Hamilton's first sermon was preached August 15, in the First Presbyterian •Church, corner of Fifth and Washington streets. He visited the families and preached a few Sabbaths, and September 14, 1875, went to Presbytery with the request for the organization of a church in this city — having found thirteen persons who would unite as members, and eleven as adherents. The request was favorably considered by the Presbytery and on its recom- mendation. Rev. E. D. Campbell, of Mansfield Presbytery, was sent as stated supply by the General Committee on Missions. He arrived January 14, 1876, and entered actively upon his labors. He preached his first sermon January 15, at 3 P. M., in the Presbyterian Church on the text, " For I have much people in this city." February 16, 1876, the " United Presbyterian Church, of Burlington, Iowa," was organized in the basement room of the Presbyterian Church, at 11 A. M. Rev. Henry Wallace, of Morning Sun, and Ruling Elders F. A. Duncan, of Columbus City, and Henry M. Ochiltree, of Morning Sun, were the Committee on Organization. Rev. Mr. Wallace preached the moderating sermon, and Mr. Duncan was appointed Clerk. The names of thirteen United Presbyterians, as members, were presented, and the names of eleven Reformed Presbyterians as adherents. Following is the list : Members— Robert W. Coulter, Mrs. Nancy D. Coulter, Wilson W. Blake, Mrs. Maria S. Blake, John Paisley, Mrs. Margaret McCosh, Mrs. Jane Dun- gan Mrs. A. G. Swindler, Mrs. Nancv McLane, Mrs. Rosa Sponholtz, Rob- ert G. Saunderson, William C. Stewart, Mrs. W. C. Stewart. Adherents— W. J. Donahue, Mrs. Lizzie G. Donahue, James W. Wright, Samuel A. Wright, William G. Wright, Miss Anna Wright, Calvin McCon- aughey, Mrs. Eliza McConaughey, Samuel Mclntyre, W. J. Cunningham, Mrs. W. J. Cunningham. j. r, i, ^ W n u The election of Ruling Elders resulted in the choice of Robert W Coulter and Wilson W. Blake. They were ordained by Rev. James Brown, D. !>., ot Keokuk, June 9, 1876. The first communion was held June IJ. Services have been held regularly ever since, at Choral Hal , No 419i Jefferson street. Rev. E. D. Campbell was ^^«°e«^«J , ^%^f ^^ ^X^' July 1 1877 by Rev. J. C. Herron,of Lawrence, Kan., and he, July 1, !»'»> OJ J 1. Pollock, o'f Logan County, Ohio, the present Pastor. The -e-^-J^^P at present (February 1, 1879) numbers thirty-six. There have b en three deafhs in thW^^^^^^^ ^anr*"?' M p'yerTet Services are held every Sabbath, at lU.rfU A. m. auu ■± a. j ing, Thursday evening, at 7:30 o'clock. , ^ , . ,, p, „„„„i,„_ Tbpnrei- ^ The first Trustees were W. J. Donahue and Calvin ^^f °3f^y Vrithf ent Trustees are Archibald McArthur, M. E. Blake and James W- ^ f t-^ The Sabbath school has an average .-^tendance of seventy, with^mne classes. The officers are: James W. Wright, Superintendent, James Wilson, .Secretary and Treasurer, and W. G. Wright, Librarian. ^ 578 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. The Building Committee, having charge of the erection of a new church, are Rev. J. A. Pollock, R. W. Coulter, W. W. Blake, John Cairns and John McMullin. They have closed the contract for the erection of a fine frame building, of the beautiful Swiss style- of architecture, on a lot on Jefferson street, a few doors west of Boundary. The church will be 84x62 feet in dimensions, with an alcove or recess in the rear, of 5x13 feet. It faces the north, and in the northeast corner, a tower, 12 feet square, rises in a neat and tasty spire to a height of 90 feet. There will be two entrances in front, with a class-room between the two halls. The stairs to the gallery will be- in the tower. The ceiling will be arched and very high and airy. The win- dows will be of stained glass. The church will have a seating capacity of about four hundred people. The building will be completed about May 1, 1879, and the entire cost of lot, church and furniture will be about $5,000. The Hebrew Church. — In 1875, the Jews of the city effected an organiza- tion in accordance with their faith, and for some time held religious services in the Luke Palmer Building, on North Main street, between Washington and Columbia, in rooms formerly occupied by the Mercantile Club. About twenty families are included in the association, and Rev. S. Hecht ministered for the congregation one year. They are now organizing under the leadership of Rev. Isaac Moses, of Quincy, 111., who will give part of his time regularly to this congregation. They now worship in the B'Nai B'Rith Lodge-room,, corner Main and Washington streets. • Free Methodist Church. — This society was organized April 1, 1878, by Rev. E. B. Hart and Rev. M. L. Vorheis, with about fifty members. B. Osborn, William Roger, E. P. Kyle and P.' C. Burhans, were the first and present Stewards. They rented the church-building formerly occupied by the South Hill Baptist Society (now out of existence), where they continue to wor- ship ; Rev. Mr. Vorheis is the present Pastor. The sabbath School connected with the Church has about one hundred and twenty-five members — William. Roger, Superintendent. The Congregation of B'nai Sholem was organized January 1, 1879, with the following oflScers : Joseph Lehman, President; Frank Weil, Vice President; Morris Lehman, Secretary ; Harry Weiler, Treasurer. Isaac Moses, the Pastor, resides in Quincy, and comes to Burlington once each month. Connected with the Church is a Sabbath school, held twice a month. The African Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1867, by Rev. J. W. Malone, with a membership of four. The present membership is fifty^ with Rev. J. W. H. Jackson as Pastor. YOUNG men's christian ASSOCIATION. The Burlington Y. M. C. A. owes its existence to G. F. W. Sherwin, a resident of Erie, Penn., who, while visiting Burlington as an insurance agent, in 1876, went from one to another talking to them of the Y. M. C. A. and its work, of the good that might be accomplished through such an organization in Burlington, and urged Christian men, whom he had never seen before, to do what he claimed and they confessed was their plain duty. Finally, a meeting was held in the office of Dr. J. V. Bean, during the month of November, 1876, to consider and talk over the matter. On the 1st day of January, 1877, at a meeting in Choral Hall, the Y. M. C. A. was organized by W. E. Blake, C. H. Whiting, Dr. J. V. Bean, W. J. McClure, J. S. Kelly, H. J. Wakerly, G. H. Challender and James Coulter. The first officers, elected at the meeting. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 579 ■were: W. E. Blake, President; J. V. Bean, Vice President; C. H, Whiting, Corresponding Secretary ; G. W. Challender, Recording Secretary ; W. J. Wakerly, Treasurer. The regular constitution was not adopted until March 26, 1877, and the Board of Directors adopted the first code of by-laws April 12, 1877, at a meeting held in the law office of the President, W. E. Blake. Among the efforts put forth by the associational work should be mentioned the Depot Reading-room, established May 5, 1877, through the co-oper- ation of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in the conductors' room at the depot, and maintained until the necessities of the company demanded the room for ofiices. The Association organized, on the 1st of April, 1877, a Mission Sunday School at the Walnut Street Baptist Church, on South Hill. The school afterward removed to South Boundary Schoolhouse, and becoming self-sustaining, the Association withdrew from the management November 5, 1877. Until June, 1877, the Association had no regular meeting-place, but since then the meetings have been held at Choral Hall. The present ofBcers are : W. E. Blake, President ; J. W. Burdette, Vice President ; C. H. Whiting, Corresponding Secretary ; W. J. McOlure, Recording Secretary ; J. L. Kelly, Treasurer. The Directors are: W. J. Samson, J. H. Bremmerman, Dr. J.V. Bean, H. J. Wakerly, H. A. Risset and T. B. Snyder. SECRET SOCIETIES. Des Moines Lodge, No. 1, Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons. — The history of this Lodge embraces the history of the origin of Ereemasonry in the State of Iowa, as hereinafter recorded. Burlington Lodge was constituted No- vember 20, 1840, by letters of dispensation granted by R. W. Joab Bernard, of St. Louis, Mo., appointed for its first ofiicers : Hiram C. Bennett, W. M. \ William Thompson, S. W. ; Evan Evans, J. W. On October 20, 1841, said Lodge was chartered by the Grand Lodge of Missouri, and named Des Moines Lodge, No. 41, of which the first officers were : Hiram C. Bennett, W. M. ; William Thompson, S. W. ; Evan Evans, J. W.'; Robert Martin, Treas. ; William D. McCord, Sec. ; William Fry, S. D. ; Theodore S. Parvin, J. D.; David Hammer, Tiler. The Lodge was opened m due and ancient form, in the city of Burlington, November 20 1840, and a charter was issued to Des Moines Lodge, No. 41, by the Grand Lodge of Mis- souri October 20, 1841. A charter was issued to Iowa Lodge, No. 4^ by the Grand Lodge of Missouri October 20, 1841. A charter was issued to Dubuque Lodge, No 62, by same Grand Lodge of Missouri October 10 1843. A charter was also issued to Iowa City Lodge, No. 63 October 10, 1844. The above-named Lodges met in convention in Iowa City, iowa January -, 1844, and, after mature deliberation, adopted a Constitution and By-Laws lor the Grand Lodge of the State of Iowa, and elected Oliver Cock first Grand Master and Theo. S. Parvin first Grand Secretary The charters of said Lodges were then deposited in the Grand Lodge and new charters 's^ued, and Lodies named and numbered as follows : Des Moines Lodge, No 1 at Bur- lington, Iowa; Iowa Lodge, No. 2, at Muscatine, Iowa; ^ubu^^e Lodge No 8, It Dubuqu; Iowa ; Iowa City Lodge, No. 4 at Iowa City, Iowa. The ful membership of the above-named Lodges at that date January 2, 1844 was 101. The^number of Masons in Iowa at the present date - estimated to be about 20,000. The present officers of Des Moines Lodge, No^l, are Evan M Will s, W. M. ; John M. Jackson, S. W. ; Thomas C. Whiteby, J. W. A T Hllhouse Treas • William H. Macleod, Sec; James Whitaker, S. D^; C ■ P 5 S'J D T^^^ Fe««-t membership of Des Moines Lodge is eighty, 580 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. and the property thereof is estimated at $1,000. Lodge meets in Bodeman's Block, on Second street, Burlington, Iowa. Burlington Lodge, No. 20, was instituted under dispensation granted No- vember 30, 1850, by Ansel Humphrey, G. M. of Gr. L. of the State of Iowa, and a charter was issued to the above-named Lodge June 3, 1851. The charter members were: Dean Rogers, W. M. ; J. L. Corse, S. W. ; Lyman Cook, J. W. ; Isaac Derwein, Treas. ; J. P. Wightman, Sec. ; David Harrison, S. D. ; J. M. Neely, J. D. The present officers are : J. E. Springer, W. M. ; ^. D. Wannfried, S. W. ; Samuel Herschler, J. W. ; Charles Anderson, Treas. ; W. E. Woodward, Sec. ; B. F. Brown, S. D. ; Thomas Gregson, J. D. ; A. L. Daniels, Tiler. The present membership of this Lodge is eighty, and the property thereof is estimated at $400. It also meets in Bodeman's Block, corner of Third and Washington streets. Malta Lodge, No. 318, was instituted under dispensation, granted June 29, 1872, by 0. P. Waters, G. M. of G. L., of Iowa. A charter was issued to said Lodge, June 5, 1873. The charter members were : S. W. Snow, W. M. ; E. C. Blackmar, S. W. ; George H. Squires," J. W. ; E. S. Edgar, Treasurer; F. X. Kuechen, Secretary ; E. W. Conner, S. D. ; J. R. King, J. D. ; F. W. Godard, S. S. ; W. E. Woodward, Tiler. The present officers are: E. G. Blackmar, W. M. ; Eugene Sherwood, S. W. ; I. P. Wilson, J. W. ; Daniel W. Peasley, Treasurer; F. X. Kuechen, Secretary; Frank Conner, S. D.; J. D. Miller, J. D. ; W. E. Woodward, Tiler. This Lodge has a membership of thirty-one, property valued at $50, and meets in Bodeman's Block. Iow% Chapter, No. 1, Royal Arch Masons, was instituted by dispensation granted by General Grand Chapter of the United States to H. C. Bennett, H. P., September 19, 1843, and a charter was issued September 13, 1844. The first officers were : H. C. Bennett, H. P. ; H. T. Hugins, King and Secretary ; Bichard Mansly, Scribe ; W. Deveau, Treasurer ; Pattison, C. of H. ; "J. R. Hartsopk, P. Soj. ; Hooten, R. A. Captain; Weeks, G. M. of 3d Vail; Blanchard, G. M. of 2d Vail ; Peter Beers, G. M. of 1st Vail ; John Gray, 'Guard. There were ako the charter members. The present officers are as fol- lows : E. M. Willis, H. P.; R. S. Skinner, King; T. G. Foster, Scribe; James Whitaker, Treasurer ; E. W. Woodward, Secretary ; T. C. Scholes, 0. of H. ; E. C. Blackmar, P. Soj. ; Horton Bailey, R. A. Captain; H. J. Wak- erly, G. M. of 3d Vail ; Christopher Miller, G. M. of 2d Vail ; A. Mitchell, G. M. of 1st Vail ; Thomas Gregson, Sentinel. The present membership is fifty-eight, the value of property $300, and the meeting-place is in Bodeman's Block . St. Omar Qommandery, No. 15, Knights Templars, originated by a sep- aration from Jerusalem Commandery, No. 7, whose charter was located to meet at Burlington and Mt. Pleasant, alternately. A charter was granted October 6, 1870, and it was organized and instituted October 10, of the same year, by W. E. Woodward, Past Eminent Commander of Jerusalem Commandery, No. 7. The first officers being M. E. Gillette, E. C. ; W. E. Woodward, Gen- eralissimo ; Frank Phelps, Captain General ; T. J. Copp, Prelate ; Isaac Der- wein, Treasurer ; A. P. Bentley, Recorder : S. W. Snow, S. W. ; George Hill, J. W. ; Charles Anderson, Standard Bearer ; 0. W. Borden, Sword Bearer ; Paul Lange, Warden ; F. G. Kendall, Sentinel. Thepresent officers are : W. E. Wood- ward, E. C. ; A. W. Manning, Generalissimo ; A. S. Umberger, Captain Gen- T xV ; ^^"ierson, Prelate; S. H. Jones, Treasurer ; A. Mitchell, Recorder; J. N. Martin, S. W. ; Horton Bailey, J. W. ; E. P. Dunham, Standard i5earer ; R. Glendy, Sword Bearer ; Paul Lange, Warder ; Thomas Gregson, HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. Sgl Sentinel. The present membership of this Commandery is twenty-eight and the value of its property, $400. The meeting-place is in Bodeman's Block Friendship Lodge, No 11, Knights of Pythias, was instituted under dis- pensation, February 2, 1872, and a charter was granted March 12 1872 The charter members were J D Weeks, A. B. Dodge, Christopher Osterberg, J. P. m°/'?- ^•/l°"t'=' H. C. Garrett, C. C. Mathews, R. Linder, R. B. Mason. Ihe hrst officers under the charter were: J. D. Weeks V P • A D Dnd i" ^^ ^"""' ^- W- P*i°«' Reuben. Tomes, Samud A Smith Frank Cady, W. D. Moore, J. F. Masters, J. S. Koonta Year Porter^ The first officers were : J. H. Besore, N. G. ; M. P. Stoner ; ■ ;t iT'J I ^^ Recording Secretary ; P. M. Guion, Permanent Secret tary ; M. i'. Kuth, ireasurer. The present officers are : J. P Irwin N G • Frank Cady, V. G. ; Samuel A. Smith, Secretary ; J. F. Masters, Treasurer! Ihe Lodge meets m Central Block. The present membership is thirty-seven and the value of the Lodge property $300. _ BanviUe Lodge, No. 4B, A., F. ^ A. M., was instituted under disp^sa- tion July 1, 1854, and a charter was granted June 6, 1855, the charter mem- bers being as follows : R. B. Foster, R. G. McFarland, Caleb Webster, Pren- tice Yoeman, J. S. Stephenson, L. L. Beery, C. D. Beebe, Clark Jackman. The officers under the dispensation were : Prentice Yoeman, W. M. ; R. G. McFarland, S. W. ; Caleb Webster, J. W. ; J. J. Stephenson, Treasurer ; R. B. Foster, Secretary ; L. L. Beery, S. D ; C. D. Beebe, J. D. ; Clark Jack- man, Tiler. The first officers under the charter were : L. L. Beery, W. M. ; Caleb Webster, S. W. ; William Wiggins, J. W. ; R. B. Foster, Treasurer ; Christian Fischback, Secretary ; R. G. McFarland, S. D. ; Clark Jackman, J. D. ; C. D. Beebe, Tiler. The present officers are : J. A. Wright, W. M. ; R. M. Chamber, S. W. ; B. F. Berton, J. W. ; W. H. Ste^Yart, Treasurer ; J. P. Irwin, Secretary ; Reuben Tomes, S. D. ; A. A. Wilcox, J. D. ; J. F. Masters, Tiler. This Lodge has a membership of forty-nine. The value of its property, including building, furniture, library and money at interest, is $1,800. It was first instituted at Lowell, Henry County, under the name of Lowell Lodge, No. 48, and chartered June 6, 1855. This charter was' surrendered June 4, 1857, and returned June 8, 1864. The place of meeting was changed to Danville, Des Moines County, and Lodge named Danville Lodge, No. 48. Danville has three general stores, one furniture store, one harness-shop, two blacksmith-shops, one tailor-shop, one carpenter-shop, one tinshop, three phy- sicians, one live-stock firm, one elevator, one flouring-mill and one cheese-fac- tory, also one public hall. Middletown is situated four miles southeast of Danville on the line of the B. & M. Railroad. Josiah T. Smith, now in California, came from Ohio to Danville Township in April, 1839, and settled on the site of present village of Middletown. He laid out a portion of his land into town lots, which were sur- veyed by T. L. Sergent, in December, 1846. Subsequently other lots were surveyed by John D. Wright, County Surveyor, October 4, 1847. During the year 1847, a preliminary meeting of settlers was held to decide on a name, to 606 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. be mentioned in the petition for a post office. John Sharp, of Pennsylvania, proposed the name of Middletown, which was accepted for the office and future village. The first house built after the survey, was constructed of logs, and owned by Theodore Folensbe, who was appointed the first Postmaster. The office was established in 1847, in the log-cabin tailor-shop of the above named. In 1839, a log-cabin schoolhouse was built near the east line of Danville Town- ship, in the neighborhood of the present village of Middletown, but really lo- cated in Flint Kiver Township. It was called Lewins Point, and named after Mr. Lewins, one of the early settlers. In this building, the religious meetings of the various' denominations of neighboring settlers were held for many years. T. L. Sergent opened the first store in Middletown in a brick building, which was the first of its kind in the village, and was erected by him in 1851. In 1848, Mr. Sergent built a steam saw-mill which he afterward sold to a man who moved it away. From 1853-55 he built a steam flouring-mill, but shortly after moved it to Mount Pleasant. Thomas R. Davis was one of the earliest settlers in Danville Township ; he came in 1835. Other pioneers in the vicinity were Francis Reddin, Mr. Basey, Joseph Edwards, John Hodgen and William Lamme. George W. Dee, born in Franklin County, Vt., March 2, 1807, de- parted from that rocky country by a two-horse team May 3, 1839, traveling overland to Buffalo, N. Y., thence shipping by boat over Lake Erie to Detroit, Mich. Here the wagon and tough French Canadian horses were again brou'ght into use. Traveling across the country, leaving Chicago twenty-five miles to the north, Mr. Dee reached Fulton, 111., and from there shipped by steamboat to Burlington ; thence he proceeded at once to his brother War- ren Dee's farm on the line of Augusta Township. Warren Dee had come in the fall of 1838, just before the land-sale, bought a claim and entered it. This claim was located two miles southwest of what is now the village of Middletown. George W. Dee bought a claim of his brother, built a log cabin upon the same, entered it, and at the time of the land-sale paid $200 for the same. The first marriage in the village of Middletown took place in the winter of 1847, when W. W. Correll and Elizabeth were united. The United Presbyterian Church, of Middletown, was organized over thirty years ago and an edifice was erected in 1851, which was sold to the Methodists in 1874, about the time the United Presbyterian Church disbanded. The First Presbyterian Church, of Middletown, was organized December 29, 1851, by a committee of the Presbytery of Iowa, consisting of J. C. Sharon and F. B. Dinsmore. The first members Avere ; Samuel P. Jaggar, Ruling Elder; Mrs. Ann McClelland, Mrs. Parmelia Jaggar, Miss Cordeha Terrill, J. G. W. Robinson, Mrs. Hester Long, Miss Elizabeth Long, M. W. Robinson, Mrs. Martha Robinson, John Baird, John M. Clark, Mrs. Hannah Huntington, Mrs. Keziah Jaggar. The first Pastor was Rev. Robert McGui- gan. The present Pastor is W. J. Bohlman, who was installed October 1, 1875. He resides in Burlington, and is teacher at the High School. The present membership is eighty, and the value of the ciiurch property, $2,600. Connected with the Church is the Ladies' Missionary Society. A Union Sabbath school is held in this church. The Methodist Church, of Middletown, has for its Pastor I. N. Busby; Nothing of its early history could be ascertained. ^^ 1858, a new frame schoolhouse was built in Middletown, and called -bubdistrict No. 9 of Danville Township. The present teacher is Morris Clark. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 607 The Middletown Temperance Union was organized in 1871, and existed until February, 1878, when a re-organization took place and the name was changed to Union Reform Club, of Middletown. The first ofBcers of the new association were : S. J. McMaken, President ; Frank Garden, Recording Sec- retary ; Benjamin Burton, Financial Secretary ; Miss Carry Utter, Treas- urer. The present oiBcers are the same, except that W. T. McMaken has been elected Vice President. In connection with the temperance work, literary exercises are indulged in by the members of the association. The present membership is something over one hundred. Middletown has two general stores, two carpenters, one blacksmith, one butcher, one painter and one physician. It also has two public halls. The present Postmaster is John Hodgen. The township officers of Danville Township are : E. Beans and William Stewart, Justices of the Peace ; J. P. Wing and W. W. Kelley, Constables : Samuel B. Keller, Clerk; David Philips, Assessor; B. W. Antrobus, Henry Mathews, J. W. Hough, Trustees. Parrish Post Office is also located in the township of Danville. MEDIAPOLIS. In 1867, a north and south railroad was talked up and subscriptions made. The citizens of Yellow Springs Township contributed $20,000 local aid, and in August, 1869, the track was laid and cars running to what is now Mediapo- lis During the same month. W- H. Cartwright, A. Hemphill and W. W. King laid out town lots, which were surveyed by J. Wilson Williams. The first business building was put up in the fall of 1869, by Mr Cartwright, and occupied by him with a general stock of goods in December, 18b9. Itie erection of the depot building was commenced as soon as the track was com- ^ *" Additions have since been made to the town by William Harper and D. G. Atinshop was one of the early institutions. The post office ^^as estab- lished in 1870, A. Messenger, Postmaster, who still retains the oftce. in 1875; $10,000 ;as subscribed to the B. & N. W. R. R., on which Med.apoh promises to be an important point, as it is already on the B., ^'-J^; J^ ^^• Burlington & Northwestern Narrow-Gauge also passes ^^^""g^XwTv work- Through t>e energetic labors of Rev. M. Bamford .^i^d hi^^/^^i'^ ,1^^, X ers, a good Methodist'Church was built in Mediapolis m 18.5, of which Rev. Bamford is still the Pastor. . •„ 1071 and built a The United Presbyterians effected an organization ^^. f ^^' X;';,;," church in Mediapolis in 1872. Rev D. G. Brace has for the £«* five^J^^^ been its Pasllbr, havjng been preceded Y«.t°' .P'ohurch tsb^en without a Blake and others. Since January, 18(9, the Church has been w '^''''^re- Independent District Sck'oolo, Mediapolis, was esgb« in ^ rary q^arters in 1873, and taught by Miss Maggie B^c^' J'^JI^oJ^ The of 1877, a two-story frame schoolhouse was budt ^^ f °°j;/J^|tliss Minnie first teachers in the new schoolhouse were Miss Magg>e Getty ^^^^^ Cramer. Cartright. The present teachers are Miss Maggie Get y and Miss May The present attendance is about one hundred and thirty- dispensa- Aogress Lodge, M P.26 A., F. # A. M ^-^^^'^^ first officers were : tion December 18, 1867, and chartered June 3, 186S. 1 608 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. George Wright, W. M. ; 0. A. Paul, S. W. ; D. M. Adams, J. W. ; J. R. Backus, Secretary. The charter members were Morris Boss, George Wright, 0. A. Paul, J. R. Backus, D. M. Adams, Isaac Guy and 0. W. Littleton. The present officers are: R. W. Wilson, W. M. ; N. B. Hixon, S. W. ; H. 0. Kline, J. W.; H. B. Cartright, Treasurer; Fred. C. Tuttle, Secretary. The Lodge meets at Masonic Hall, has a present membership of forty-two, and property valued at $2,500. G-arner Lodge, No. 379, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted under dispensation May 17, 1878, and named after Dr. Garner, first Grand Master of the State of Iowa, by A. J. Morrison, G. M., assisted by William Garrett, Grand Secre- tary. A charter was granted during the session of the Grand Lodge in October, 1878. The charter members were R. Smith, J. W. McCoy, J. W. Merrell, H. Ross, J. A. Nelson, J. S. Taylor and B. F. Stahl. The first offi- cers were: R. Smith, N. G. ; J. W. McCoy, V. G.; J. W. Merrell, Secretary; B. F. Stahl, Treasurer. The present officers are: J. W. McCoy, N. G.; J. W. Merrell, V. G. ; T. H. Rhodes, Secretary; J. S. Taylor, Permanent Sec- retary; C. M. Adams, Treasurer. The Lodge meets in Masonic Hall, has a membership of twenty, and property valued at $150. Mediapolis Lodge, No. 67, of the Anti-Horse-Thief Association, was November 15, 1874, with the following as charter members : J. H. Guthrie, W. B. Bradley, H. C. Harper, Daniel Matson, Samuel F. Edwards, Joseph Carl, A. C. Brown, S. S. King, J. W. Talbott and E. G. Archer. The first officers were : John Talbott, W. P.; S. S. King, W. V. P.; John H. Guthrie, W. Sec- retary ; A. C. Brown, W. Treasurer ; Samuel Fry, W. Marshal. The secret work was given by the Grand Deputy, Henry Evans. The Lodge has now a membership of over forty, and has done some very efficient work. The object of this association is not to create a mob law, but to see that the laws of the State are properly enforced, and the community protected from rogues and outlaws. The present officers are: Fred C. Tuttle, W. P.; Thos. Davis, W. V. P.; J. P. Ware, W. Secretary ; James Purcell, W. Treasurer ; R. R. Lock- hart, W. Marshal. Lodge meets in Carmean's Building. The Mediapolis Brass Band was organized in October, 1878, with the following members : 0. H. Talbott, R. Ware, Edward Bridges, Charles Deeta, J. W. Hemphill, James McMullen, E. C. Loper, Charles Amborn ; J. W. Hemphill, President ; 0. H. Talbott, Secretary. The Enterprise was established by Newton & Green in December, 1874, with Mr. Newton as editor. It came into the possession of J. W. Merrill in September, 1875, after several changes of proprietorship. Mr. Merrill has conducted and edited the paper since that time. It is now in its fifth volume, and is enjoying a good local circulation. The business interests of Mediapolis consist of three general stores, two hotels, one hardware establishment, one drug store, one ' restaurant, one com- m.ission house, one grain firm, two harness-shops, two agricultural-implement concerns, three blacksmith-shops, one tinshop, two wagon-manufacturing establishments,_two physicians, two millinery firms, four carpenters, two shoe- makers, one painter, one jeweler, one watchmaker, one livery-stable, two tailors, one plasterer, one barber, one printing establishment, one real-estate firm and one butcher-shop. The township officers of Yellow Springs Township are : B. F. Stahl and Grafton Rhodes, Justices of the Peace ; D. L. Tubbs and Edward Adams, Constables; L. F. Pierce, Clerk; J. H. Black, Assessor; J. R. Jones, J. R. Braden and William Housted, Trustees. HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 609 KOSSUTH. The first permanent settlement in this neighborhood was made by Jacob Westfall and Allen Eliot, near Yellow Springs, in the fall of 1834. Thomas and D. E. Blair made claims earlier, in the southwest part of this neighbor- hood, but coming on to improve, found them taken by others. Looking for unoccupied land, one went west as far as Mount Pleasant, the other came to Round Prairie, and was pleased with it. Both coming across next day, they found the Carter tribe, form the " State of JVIacoupin," making claims, and occupying from Thomas Hutchcroft's place to that of A. Rankin, inclusive. The man living on the last-named place oifering to sell, they bought his logs and built a cabin, to which T. Blair moved his family in May, 1835. One day earlier, B. W. Clark and his relatives, moved in, occupying from the Mediap- olis Road, south to Westfall's, and south of Westfall's to near Sperry. Allen Eliot had a claim on the north side of Round Prairie, the west half of which was sold to Joshua Swank, in March, 1885, Eliot retaining where J. and S. Waddle now live. Swank finding the bottom better for his stock, moved there the same spring, and with his brother Wesley and W. Milligan, were the first settlers there. Job Carter made the claim on which Kossuth now stands, and but a fewrods from the present location his humble cabin stood. July 3, 1836, the Territory changed its political relations, being then made a part of Wisconsin. The 4th of July dawned on a growing community. There were ten thousand people west of the river. They were opening farms and building houses; they were buying and selling; they were marrying and giving in marriage, and children were being born unto them. Allen Eliot and Miss Cole were married the previous winter, and so were Wesley Swank and Miss Henrietta Hilleary, but they were obliged to go within the jurisdiction of Illinois for the purpose. The first marriage in the neighbor- hood was that of Josiah Edwards and Miss Pamela Westfall, in 1837. In Huron, the first was Nathan Westfall and Miss K. McKee. The first birth was that of Jacob Westfall, Jr., at Yellow Springs. There were as yet no schools, but the Gospel was already preached by the adventurous and earnest Methodist itinerant. Rev. Mr. Stateler had made Westfall's a preachmg-place m 18rf5, followed by Rev. Mr. Ruble, who died early m 1886. Father Isham Edwards, of. the Newlight Church, also preached to his neighbors occasionally m the neighborhood of the Spring. mi, • The next ten years of Territorial life worked many changes. The main interest was agriculture, and the farmers became producers instead of con- sumers. Previously bread and meat had been hauled from Illinois Hog were few, and fattened on the acorns. Horses of that day would not sa fy the horsemen of this. Cattle were largely used for all kinds of 1^^°^ ^^f ° f "^ for breaking prairie, ten or twelve oxen making a plow-team. M^^^ i'l ' died in the winter and spring from the scarcity of food. //^ , ' n't "i^nd man beside a dead ox, offered sympathy ; the granger replied ' he didn t mmd the loss of the ox, but was bothered for a place to dry the hide a every pan d of his fence was already in use." The coming years ^f^/J^ "J P^^^^Jj; The productiveness of the soil and freedom from weeds made f^ing easy- But there was no market except to new-comers and new-comer and oM setters were alike hoarding their small means for the purchase of U eir '^<^^^^: J^ land in Yellow Springs was sold in the winter of 1838. ^l^'l^^'^lZ had been formed by the people throughout the country, and their rules were rigidly enforced. 610 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. The first Justice of the Peace was William Dupont, who was appointed by GrOY. Dodge in 1836. His decisions are still quoted, or rather those of his wife, for his family relations were like those of Adam, as given by the epigram- ™^*l^''- " He was the first by woman ruled, The Devil ruled the woman." Isham Edwards, Esq., Alexander and Philip Mascal, exercised the same office at an early day. The Yellow Springs Presbyterian Church was organized September 12, 1840, by Rev. J. A. Carnahan with eleven members, and fourteen were added within the year. The first Elders were Thomas Blair, S. PuUenwider and John Bandy. The first preacher employed was Rev. W. C. Rankin in 1841. The Rev. S. Paine succeeded him in 1842, and the building of a church began. Rev. B. Roberts was his successor, remaining until 1847. During the summer of 1836, the members of two or three families met occasionally on the Sabbath, for Bible-reading and instruction, but no regu- lar Sunday school was organized till April, 1837, at which time the "Round Prairie Sunday School" began its existence with thirty or forty scholars. T. Blair was the first Superintendent. The school was held in pri- vate houses at first, and afterward in a temporary schoolhouse until the sum- mer of 1838, when it took possession of the schoolhouse here, and has had a home in Kossuth ever since. In 1841, a school was organized at the R. P. P. Church, and the school here took the name of "Yellow Springs Sunday School." A temperance society was formed in 1837, with Judge D. Rankin, Presi- dent. A barrel of whisky was brought here in 1836, by Thomas Carter, for sale, but it was bought up by the temperance people, and the seller promised to bring no more, and intoxicating liquor has never been publicly sold in the neighborhood since. The first school was taught by Miss M. A. Blair, at the house of her father, T. Blair, in the spring of 1838. The next winter an unoccupied claim cabin was obtained, and Rev. Elihu Springer was employed. Miss Blair taught there the following summer. The same summer, Miss Becky McGinty taught the first school on the Bottom. In the summer of 1838, the first house built expressly for school purposes was erected here at Job Carter's spring, and William E Gilliland taught the winter school. In 1841, May 15, the Board of School Inspectors of Yellow Springs Township, sent greetings through William Rankin, Township Clerk, to certain citizens in four districts of given bounds, to notify the electors to meet on the 19th of June following, to elect a Moderator, a Director and an Assessor for each of said districts, thus inaugurating the com- mon-school system of free schools for the children of free men. In 1844, the charter for Jefferson Academy was obtained, and through the efforts of Rev. S. Paine, S. Fullenwider, T. Blair and others, the brick build- ing, now the front of the Kossuth House was completed, and Rev. B. Roberts began, in the fall of 1845, his labors as Principal, with his daughter. Miss Louise, as Assistant. The close of the year 1846, December 28, found Iowa one of the States of the Union. In the first State Legislature were Dr. S. Fullenwider in the Sen- ate, and D. E. Blair in the House. The political change of relation had little ettect on local communities, or the life of the people. For the next ten years, the religious, material, educational and social interests of the county made steady advancement. HISTOKY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 611 The Methodists had raised and covered a log church at Yellow Springs, hut loss of members at that point made a change desirable. In 1846, it was taken down and rebuilt as Wesley Chapel, two miles east of its first location, and oc- cupied for ten years as a preaching-place by Rev. D. Crawford, 1846 ; J. Jam- ison, 1847 ; J. B. Hardy and J. T. Coleman, 1848 ; Thomas Kirkpatrick and N. King, 1849 ; Joseph McDowell and Joseph Cameron, 1850 ; H. N. Wilber and D. Dickenson, 1851; E. Lathrop, ,1852; M. See and N. Wells, 1853; T. Gr. Thompson, 1854; J. Haynes, 1855. Through the eiforts largely of Rev. J. Haynes a commodious and tasteful church was built at Northfield, 1855. In 1854, the Presbyterian Church was built at Kossuth, and Rev. B. Wall began his ministry there in 1855. The members seceding in 1846, united with the Yellow Springs Church. Rev. M. Whittlesey succeeded Mr. Roberts as preacher to that Church, followed by Mr. Eastman, for six months each. Rev. W. A. B. McCuistion began his ministry in 1849. Dying in 1851, Rev. G. W. Spaulding held the place for n-'arly a year. From 1852 to 1854, Rev. J. M. Philips labored here. Aftet him, Prof Ottinger filled the pulpit for a short time. Rev. E. J. Gillet was called to the pulpit in 1855, and supplied it for five years. In 1855, the ultra Abolitionists again bolted, and in 1856 built a church on the North Hill, in Kossuth. In 1850 and 1851, a general religious interest pervaded the entire community, and all the churches shared in ingath- ering of new members. Meanwhile, education was not neglected. Schools were established and well sustained everywhere. Rev. B. Roberts continued to ti\ich at Jefferson Academy, assisted, in 1846, by Prof. M. L. Gomstock and Miss M. A. Blair. In 1846, Prof Gomstock was Principal. For two or three years after this, it weakened badly, but began to improve in 1852, under the management of Rev. J. M. Philips. In 1853, J. W. McDill was a teacher, and also Prof N. R. Leonard. Prof Ottinger, in 1854, was its last Principal. The next summer, a new house was built, and it put on the new style of "Yellow Springs Col- legiate Institute," and Dr. Gillet was. called to the Presidency, with N. R. Leonard, Professor of Mathematics, and E. Pierce, of Language. The college prospered under the guidance and instruction of Dr. Gillet, Prof Leonard, Pierce, Gomstock and others, until 1861. From that time it declined, in spite of the efforts to sustain it by Prof Pierce, S. R. Allen, J. W. Peet and others, till its final dissolution under W. D. Moore, 1869. July 5, 1873, Articles of Incorporation of "Kossuth Academy were signed, and a school was started a few months later, with Miss V. L. Scott as Principal, and November 7, 1874, the college-building was purchased by the stockholders of the new institution. Under its present popular management, it presents a show of much good work done by both teachers and students. Yellow Springs had failed to become a center of either business or popula- tion, and in the fall of 1849, Messrs. W. H. Cartwright and J J. Crowder, owning a stock of goods there, moved them to the basement of the Academy. In 1850, the postoffice was established and named "Kossuth, J^ J. Ciwder Postmaster. S. S. McBride started a store later, ^^^erward^ R. J. Ha per was his partner. Still later, it was run by Heizer^ & Yost Dr F^l^e" J J^J was for some time a partner in the firm of WH Cartwright & Co but, retired and built the Kossuth House in 1856. In 1855, Oliver & ^ost bmlt and put in operation the Kossuth Mills, and sold, the year following, to Sweeney & Har- per.^ The Kossuth Mills, after passing through the ^^f '^^^ "^ .; 7™^, ™ft per Harper & Cox, Heizer & Cox, became the property of Heizei, Hutchcrott t;i2 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. & Co. and under their management became one of the best paying institutions in the country, and the firm of Hutchcroft & Co. keep up their good name. A tile-factory a mile south of Kossuth, has added to the business, and greatly benefited the country. Messenger & McClurkin were its founders, in 1871. Messenger & Pierce are the present proprietors. So great has been the call for their products that the aid of a steam engine and much new machinery has been required and provided the present year. W. H. Cartwright continued his successful mercantile career here till the close of 1869. J. L. Yost, S. B. Heizer, James Waddle, S. Pollock, J. J. Crowder, J. W. Chapman, B. F. Van- leaven, James Vannice, John Bridges, M. Crane, R. R. and F. Wycoff, R. 8. Hedges, J. N. Covert, M. L. Heizer, Joab Harper, T. Rhodes and others have sold goods here at various times with various results. The Free Church employed Rev. S. K. Kain in 1856, his pastorate lasting two years. Rev. D. Gilmore was their preacher in 1860. Rev. W. G. Kep- hart succeeded him, and preached till 1865, when Pastor and people were ab- sorbed by the Yellow Springs Presbyterian Church, to which Mr. Kephart min- istered until 1869. In 1870, April 13, the union of the Yellow Springs Church and that of Round Prairie was consummated and Rev. Alexander Scott became Pastor of the "First Presbyterian Church of Kossuth." Kossuth has now two general stores, one steam flouring-mill, one furniture store, one nursery, three physicians, two blacksmith-shops, one shoemaker, one millinery establishment and one steam tile-mill. The present Postmaster of Kossuth is John Bridges. „^^,r,„^^„^^ ° NOKTHFIELD. Northfield is situated in the northeastern part of Yellow Springs Township. Part of the site of the village was claimed by Samuel Smith, who sold out to Silas Belknap. The latter entered the claim. The other portion of the pres- ent Northfield was originally claimed and entered by John Millard. • Lewis Benedict was interested with Millard in the claim and sold the same to William Phiney. In the spring of 1837, James Carr came from Ohio and settled on a claim now partly joining and partly in ^Northfield. William Phiney, the founder of this village, was born in Connecticut, May 12, 1790, afterward lived in York State and Pennsylvania, from where, in 1836, he emigrated to Florence, Louisa Co., Iowa. There he kept a tavern and run a ferry-boat on the Iowa River. In 1843, he purchased the land heretofore referred to, which he improved and thereon built a frame house. The neighborhood soon became thickly settled and went by the name of Hickory Point. In 1851, William McMullen and William Moore started a carding machine there, selling the next year to W. F. Robinson and Thomas Davis, who added much to the business and capacity of the establishment, and, in 1855, removed it to its present location. In 1852, the first dwelling-house was built by W. F. Robinson, and, in 1855, he was appointed Postmaster, the post ofiBice established and named Northfield. A store was started there in 1858, by Coty & Hiatt. The town lots were laid out by William Phiney, and surveyed by J. Wilson Williams, in 1866. In 1836, a German named Siedenbender established a claim just a half-mile north of the site of Northfield. He afterward sold to William Walter, he to Foster Carmean who now lives on it. Francis Blake residing in Huron Township, about two miles east of North- field, was born in Franklin County, Vt., September 9, 1804. From there he emigrated with his brother Calvin Blake, to Peoria, leaving Vermont in Sep- tember, 1834. They arrived at their destination in December of the same H [STORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. . gjo to Peoria, and Blake traded ke rLrier of h^'^^^^^^^^^^^^ a claim of 700 acres of land which he co.n.enlfd to S^p^^ tt ^ tl" W m the old log cabin built by Prime. In 1849, Mr. Blake^ built a Ek rS? dence, which has since been enlarged, and where he now lives. November 3 1842, he was married to Mary Houston, of Lee County. When FrancirBlake came o Iowa, the following pioneers lived in the vicinity of Northfield Da^d RussellJerry Smith, Mr Snowden Thomas Sheridan, William Phiney, Thomas Blair, David Blair and Judge Rankin, most of whom settled in Iowa in S? In those days, rdigious meetings were held in private log cabins. The first preachers were Dame Cartright, Mr. Comstock, Mr. Gilford, and N. Prime all of whom were Methodists. ' The first school was taught in 1837, in a vacated claim cabin, located in what 'Z''7J^f T ^P""g^ Township, about three miles southwest of the present ^orthfield In this cabin religious meetings were also held, and in the absence ot a preacher, religious readings were substituted for sermons. Dr. S. Fullen- wider was frequently the reader. The Methodist Church was the first house of worship erected in Northfield and was built in 1855. James Haynes was the first preacher, and the present Pastor IS T. J. Meyer. Previous to the building of this church, meetings were held in the schoolhouse, one-half of a mile east of the village. About 1856, the old school was moved into the village and taught by Miss Minerva Braden. In 1868, a new schoolhouse was built, and the teacher employed therefor was J. 0. Andrews. The present teacher is D. C. Hubbs. A. N. Wycofi" is the present Postmaster of Northfield. The village has two general stores, two blacksmiths, one shoemaker, one woolen- factorv and two physicians. ^ •' LINTON. Linton is located five miles northwest of Mediapolis, and was founded by John H. McElhiney. '' John H. McElhiney, son of Robert McElhiney, born in Ireland in 1795 first saw the light of day in New York City July 9, 1827, and came to Iowa with his garents in 1841. They located in Louisa County, where Robert McElhiney still resides. In the spring of 1 855, John H. McElhiney settled on 160 acres of land situated in the northwestern part of Yellow Springs Township. Afterward, he added 80 acres to the 160. Previous to bringing his family on to the farm, he erected a comfortable frame house as a residence. In 1869, when the railroad running north and south, called B., C. R. & M., or Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota, was graded to where Linton now stands, Mr. McElhiney laid out a portion of his property, 14 acres, into town- lots. He also presented the railroad company with 11 acres of ground, on con- dition that they build thereon a depot. This proposition was accepted, and the building was put up. The first buildings on the site of the prospective village were erected by John H. McElhiney, the same year the railroad-bed was graded, and one year prior to the coming of the first train. One of the build- ings was occupied by M. Hughes as a wagon-maker's shop, and the other as a residence by the same. In the fall of 1869, J. H. McElhiney, J. McElhiney and R. R. Armour opened in the depot building the first st9re in Linton, the firm being styled " R. R. Armour & Co." gl4 • HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. Linton has two general stores, one hotel, one blacksmith-shop, one shoe- maker, one wagon-maker and one carpenter. The children of Linton attend the District School No. 1, situated one mile west of the village and taught by W. W. Carithers. The church-going people of Linton attend the Reformed Presbyterian Church situated one and three-quarters mile southwest of the village, with Rev. T.' P. Robb for Pastor. ^^^^^^^^^^_ Dodgeville has for its founder John Lorton, who originally came from Illi- nois in the spring of 1836, and bought some two or three hundred acres of land about three miles south of the present village. The following spring, Mr. Lor- ton laid out town lots and adopted for the prospective town the name of Dodge- ville in honor of Gen. Dodge. When the lots were advertised for sale, some practical jokers struck out the letters d and e on the bills, making the word Dodgeville read Dogville, which angered the old gentleman greatly. The first store in Franklin Township was started by John Lorton, in Dodgeville, soon after the town was laid out. The first church edifice in Franklin Township was built by the Baptists in 1847, of stone, under the direction of James L. Grilmore, who was the first preacher in it. Surrounding this church is a beautiful cemetery, where are de- posited the remains of the first Pastor and his wife. Rev. Gilmore died in Ken- tucky in 1865. In 1870, B. Ping was ordained Pastor, and has held the posi- tion ever since. Meetings are held in this church every second Saturday and Sunday in each month. The congregation was organized two or three years previous to the building of the church. The present membership is thirty-six. In 1840, John Thompson taught the first school in Franklin Township in a rented log building, near the site of the present district schoolhouse. After this a stone schoolhouse was built, and David Thompson taught the first school in it. In 1871, this structure was demolished, and on the same ground the present brick schoolhouse was built. The present teacher is Mr. O'Brien. The earliest settlers in Franklin Township were Mr. Naudy, an Irishman, who claimed 1,300 acres of land, on which he had built a log cabin. Claiming more than he cold hold after the survey, part of it was jumped by Elias and Levi Larkin. Naudy finally sold the balance of his claim to Gr. Barnes and Dr. Hutcheson and left the country. After Naudy, came straggling along from 1836 to 1839, John Farrell, E. Dugan, John Burkhart, John McDonald, John Markley, Tillman Smith, Jonathan Zion, the Gilmores, Christian Cliner, W. C. Berry and Bolin Ping. The last-meutioned pioneer came from Pulaski County, Ky., in the fall of 1839, and settled on 320 acres, purchased of Levi Larkin, now a resident of Burlington. Mr. Ping's cabin was a mile and a half southeast of the present Dodgeville. The first post ofiice in Franklin Township was established in 1836, at Burk- hart's Point in a double log house with John Burkhart as Postmaster. Dodgeville has one general store, one blacksmith-shop, one wagon-maker, one hotel and one physician. "^ SPERRY. In 1869, John M. Sperry located on Sections 12 and 13 of Franklin Town- ship, and started the post-statiori of Sperry. Mrs. Sperry was the first woman to settle there, and B. M. Sperry the first child born in the place, The first marriage was that of Leander Roberts and Martha Milligan, solemnized by Mr. Sperry, as Justice of the Peace. There is one church society in the village, the Methodist. Services are held in Sperry's Hall. The Methodist Episco- HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 615 pals hold monthly services there. There are two general stores and the usual mechanical places of business. Franklin Mills post office is located in this township Sml^'in^lJqf ^^T^T i°/^' '°'''^?^^P ^"^ ^- H- S^itl^' ^""^ of Tillman a7a I a ^ ^'■'^ fi°'^^'ng-mill was built by Mr. Burmeister, and was modeled after the ancient wind-mills. The mill was constructed of stone, cir- cular m form, and was a genuine wind-mill. Many years were consumed in its erection, and the rums of the old fortress-like edifice are to be seen at the pres-' ent time Modern improvements crowded out the primitive Dutch methods of ™.°g_,^°^^-, The township was laid out in 1837, sectionized in 1838 and sold in 1839-40. KINGSTON. Benton Township lies immediately north of Burlington. Kingston, located on Section 1, is a pleasant little village. It has two general stores, a black- smith-shop, a shoe-shop, a hotel and other business interests. It was laid out by W. King. The old settlers in that vicinity were James Gordon, A. J. Hedge, Esquire Duryea and others. The present school averages an attendance of about forty, and is taught by J. Schenck. The Postmaster is W. G. Miller. Latty Station is a post office on the B., C. R. & N. R. R., located in Section 20. PLEASANT 'GEOVE. Pleasant Grove is located on Section 11, of the township bearing the above name. The first settler in the township was William Miller, and the first white child born therein was his daughter, Lucetta. The first marriage ceremony was performed for a couple who were passing through in 1836 — Mr. Elters and Miss Colton. The first schoolhouse was erected on Section 9. The first church was that of the Cumberland Presbyterian, built in the town of Pleasant Grove. The first minister was of that faith, and named Bonham. The township was laid out in 1838, surveyed into sections in 1839, and came into market in 1840. South Flint Post Office is in this township. Amityville and Huron are post offices in the Township of Huron. This township was settled in 1835, by Joshua and Wesley Swank. S. D. Goonrod came in 1839, and Benjamin Luckinbill in 1840. Nathan Westfall and Catharine McKee were the first couple married in this township. Washington Township has two post offices — La Vega and Roscoe. Yar- mouth is a new town on the line of the Burlington & Northwestern Rail- road. * , ' BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY. ABBRE-V-IA-TIOISI-S. agt agent bdg boarding carp carpenter elk clerk Co company or county dlr ..dealer far -. farmer gro grocer I. v. A Iowa Volunteer Artillery I. v. C Iowa Volunteer Cavalry I. V. I..... Iowa Volunteer Infantry lab laborer mach machinlBt mech mechanic mer merchant mfr manufacturer mkr maker P. PoBt Office prop proprietor S. or Sec Section st street Bupt superintendent Treas Treasurer BURLINGTON CITY. (P. O. BURLINGTON) [Note — :Wheii business is not mentioned, the location given is residence.] Abercrombie, J. C, 823 N. 6th. Acott, John, blacksmith ; res. 109 Plane. Acres, Blaokmar & Co., printers and blank- book makers, 206 N. 3d. Acres, Henry, postal clerk, 1013 S. 9th. ACRES, STEPHEN T., of the firm of Acres, Blackmar & Co., was born in Gibraltar Aug. 17, 1816 ; came to the United States in July, 1853 ; located at Waukegan, 111., July 20, 1853 ; engaged in bookbinding business there about nine months ; he then came to Burlington, arriving here April 29, 1854; engaged in bookbinding, which business he has continued ever since ; for ten years he had charge of the circulation of the Hawk-Eye. Exactly one year from the date of his arrival in the United States, Mr. Acres signified a desire to avail himself of all the rights of an American citizen, and five years from the date of his arrival in New York City, he was admitted to citizenship by the Des Moines County Judge — Oliver C. Wightman. Mr. Acres has served for three terms as Alderman of the Seventh Ward of this city. Oct. 1, 1842, he was married, in Gibraltar, to_ Sarah Newman; she was born in Gibraltar July 29, 1817 ; they have eight chil- dren living. Mr. and Mrs. Acres are members of the M. E. Church. Acres, Thomas R., bookbinder, Central Block ; res. 121 Clay. ACRES, WIIililAM, dealer in groceries, provisions, candies and notions, west cor. of Summer and Dill streets ; was born Aug. 29, 1833, in Gibraltar, Spain, and moved to America "and to Burlington in 1857, remained until 1863, then returned to Europe, and, in 1871, returned to Burlington, where he is permanently located. Married Oct. 16, 1865, Adela Molinare ; they have four children— Thomas R., Arthur P., Mary C, EmmaL. Acres, William, Jr., car-reporter, 913 S. Boundary. Adams, A. G., wholesale boots, shoes, etc., 310 N. Main ; res. 727 N. 5th. Adelheim, C, teamster, 1025 Ash. Adolphson, John, carpenter. Adkinson, William, plasterer, 214 S. 6th. Affleck, John, boards 501 N. Main. Ao-new, D. Z., painter, 105 N. 7th. A'-new, John, painter, 610 Washington. Afbertson, Albert, res. 1213 Spruce. Allen, Christopher, plumber and gas-fitter, 408 N. Main ; res. West av. Allen & Whipple, hardware, 319 Jefferson. 618 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: AliliE Jf , W. P., was born in Warren Co., 111., Oct. 24, 1854; when 12 years of age, he came with his parents to Cedar Co., Iowa; received a mer- cantile edui^ation at the Davenport Busi- ness College, leaving which he entered into a partnership with Theo. Frey, pro- prietor of the Kock Island Business Col- lege, and took charge of the Moline Branch School; during the winter of 1874-75 he organized a three-months business school at Keithsburg, 111. ; after the expiration of that period he de- cided to establish a permanent school there, and remained undl tho spring of 1877, when he moved to Aledo, Ills. ; there opened a school, which he sold out to his brother A. M. Allen, in Novem- ber, 1878; the same month he pur- chased the old reliable Bryant & Stratton Business College, of Burlington, which he has since most successfully and cred- itably conducted. During February, 1879, he organized and opened Allen's Conservatory of Art and Academy of Design, which was placed in charge of Gr. C. Searle, formerly of Providence, K. I. Oct. 20, 1875, Mr. Allen was married to Miss Mary F. Merrill, of Jones Co., Iowa ; they have two chil- dren — Frederick Leman and Edward Merrill. Allison, Robert, car-repairer, 1401 S. 14th. Allwart, Christ, tailor, 106 Adams. Almendinger, D., teamster, 871 Court. Anderson, A., clerk, 255 S.Boundary. Anderson, August, cigar-maker, 319 S. Main; res. 213 S. Leebrick. Anderson, Charles, shoemaker, 314 J Jefferson; res. 1309 Griswold. Anderson, Charles, janitor, 1319 N. 9th. Anderson, Fred, blksmth., 1113 Linden. Anderson, Grustaf, engineer, 226 S. 10th. ANDERSON, C, dealers in dry goods, groceries, notions and provisions, at No. 900 Maple st. Anderson, J. A., teamster, 115 N. Gun- nison. Andre, C. A., watchman, 1304 Summer. Andre, Henry P., clerk, 900 Maple ; res. 1231 Summer. Andre, P. A., mfr. of shoes, etc., 218 Jef- ferson ; res. cor. 8th and Maiden Lane. Andreas, J. B., carpenter, Elm st. ANKEIiE, DAVID. REV., Pas- tor of the St. Lucas Evangelical Church, cor. of South and 14th sts.; he was born Feb. 16, 1826, in Germany; came to America in 1853, and located in Gal- veston, Texas ; finished his education in his native country, and was prepared to commence his labors as soon as he ar- rived at his new home ; he came to Bur- lington in March, 1878, having re- ceived a call from the Church he now occupies. He married, in December, 1854, Dorethea Matzke. Independent in politics. ANTROBUS, A. M., attorney at law ; was born in Greensburg, Decatur Co., Ind., May 15, 1839; he came with his father to Pleasant Grove Tp., this county, where, at the old homestead, his father, Thomas H. Antrobus, still lives ; in 1867, he graduated from the Iowa Wesleyan University, and taught as Principal in the Preparatory Depart- ment of that institution for one year ; he was admitted to the bar at Mt. Pleas- ant in 1868, and, in the latter part of that year, came to Burlington ; he was associated with Judge Power until last May, except the time he was upon the bench. Mr. Antrobus married Miss Arpin C. Ross Jan. 23, 1873 ; she is a native of Pennsylvania ; they have had three children, two of whom are living — Margaret Dorr and Edgar Hammond. Armknecht, Charles, book-keeper ; bds. 616 Columbia. Armstrong, Barney C, pat. right agt., res. 1106 Market Armstrong, John H., Jr., book-keeper, 610 N. 4th. Arnold, John, far., 4th, cor. Elm. Archibald, Wm., carp., 517 Gertrude st. Arden, Charles, grocer, 504 Jefferson ; res. 312 S. Marshall. ARTZ, JOHN, dealer in groceries and provisions, cor. Adams and Emelia sts. ; born in Ohio July 4, 1847 ; came to Burlington in November, 1873. Mar- ried, July 1, 1875, Emelia Nehans ; they have one child — Clarence. Re- publican. Mrs. Artz is a member of the Lutheran Church. Aspelmeier, C, grocer, 879 Jefferson. Atkinson, C. N., book-keeper, 917 Col- lege place. Atz, Robt., machinist, 1004 Mt. Pleasant. Augsbur-er, N., stone-cutter, 817 Maple. Ayres, B. F., operator, res. 507 Bassett st. BURLINGTON CITY. 619 TD AIRD, JAS. G., 317 S. Boundary. Baird, W. F., Rev., 615 S. 12th. Baird, W. H., 615 S. 12th. Baker, J. M., res. 705 West av. Baker, Henry, mason, 817 North. Baker, Jacob, teamster, 1211 N. 9th. Baldwin, W. W., attorney, 1211 ^tna. Bane, John, engineer, 1137 Prankhn. Bangs, C, sawyer, 600 Lynn. Bantleon, George, saloon, 518 S. Main; res. 504 S. Main. Barden, C. F., laborer, Bassett. Barger, S. R., manufacturer of trunks 221 N. Front; res. 702 N. 7th. BARHYDT, THCODORK WELiIiS, President of the Mer- chants' National Bank ; was born in Newark, N. J., April 10, 1835, but brought up in Schenectady, N. Y., being there educated at the Lyceum ; he is a descendant from the old Knickerbockers, known as the first and wealthiest fami- lies of the Hudson River, N. Y., who were among the first and at the front to struggle for the independence of Amer- ica; during the war of the Revolution ; his grandfather was active in the serv- ice, and, during the war of 1812, was in the Quartermaster's Department ; his father was a boot and shoe manufact- urer in Schenectady, N. Y. ; Mr. Bar- hydt left his home of youth to enter upon the cares of life and the scenes of personal and telling activity, in March, 1855 ; locating at Burlington, he acted as Assistant Postmaster for some time ; in 1859, Mr. Barhydt started in the retail boot and shoe business, and, warranted by success, commenced wholesale trade in 1860 ; this he still continues ; how- ever, as his time is entirely occupied by business, which has come into promi- nence through his untiring efforts, the boot and shoe business has been placed under the supervision of his partner, H. A. Brown. He has' been twice elected Alderman of the 5th Ward, and is a hard-money Democrat; he was a Director and member of the Executive Committee of the B., C. R. & M. R. R. for several years, until the new company organized; elected during his absence from home, without his knowledge, he is now a Director of the Burlington & Northwestern Narrow-Gauge R. R- ; through the long-continued exertions of Judge Mason, Messrs. Barhydt, Patter- son, McKell and others, the Burlington Water Works came into existence ; Mr. Barhydt is a Director of the Burlington Water Company ; assisted by others, he organized the Merchants' National Bank in 1870, was elected its first Pres-ident, and, owing to his superior financial abil- ity, has been continued in that position ever since ; although yet a young man, Mr. Barhydt has for many years been, and is now, prominently identified with the general public enterprises of Bur- lington. To no one man does the pres- ent attractive city owe more for its pub- lic improvements and erection of fine business buildings, than to T. W. Bar- hydt ; he is the owner of some of the most valuable property in Burhngton, including one of the blocks most prom- inently located in the city, corner of Jefferson and Main streets ; also the Gorham House, now undergoing great improvements and embellishments, which will make it one of the most popular hotels in the State. Mr. Barhydt mar- ried Miss Eleanor C. Christiancy, de- scended from the same race 'as himself, and who it may be said has virtually grown up with him. They are both members of the First Presbyterian Church; Mr. Barhydc's parents were strict adherents to the religious faith of the same denomination. BARKER,. CH ARISES I., was born in Westmoreland, Cheshire Co., N. H., June 4, 1826; his parents were Benjamin Barker and Abigail Babbitt Barker ; he was the youngest of thir- teen children, ten boys and three girls, all born in the old homestead, on a hill farm back 'some three miles from the Connecticut River; this large family lived to be men and women, and nine are still living (1879), showing moral habits and vigorous constitutions, not only reflecting credit upon parents, but speaking well for their representative children; the girls grew to be wives and mothers respected by all, and the boys to citizens of various localities, and all have received manifestations of confidence by their fellow citizens in many ways in being selected represent- atives in the New Hamps>iire, Vermont 620 DmECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: and Massachusetts Legislatures, county officers, members of the city govern- ment of Boston and Worcester, Mass., Government officers under Pierce and Buchanan's administrations, regimental officers in the last war, etc. These facts are mentioned as much in honor of parents as children. The subject of this sketch was left at the age of 3 years without a father ; but in this mis- fortune he was spared a mother pos- sessed of those Spartan qualities that did not allow her to sink under the weight of the many cares falling upon her, but who resolutely determined to keep her family together and provide for them a home, aided by the older children, until all were prepared to go forth into the world with habits of mo- rality, industry and economy fully formed; she died at the good old age of 82 years, in March, 1870. In 1845, he left the old homestead, and the first point he made was to secure two terms at two diiferent academies as a little fin- ishing touch to his district-school edu- cation back on the rough hills of New Hampshire, obtained only in the winter months ; in the winter of 1845-46, he taught school, and, in the spring, went into a printing office in Keene, N. H., and there and at Newport of the same State, he served two years as an appren- tice to that business ; late in 1847, he started out as a journeyman and worked at Barre and Worcester, Mass., until September, 1849, when he left the old Worcester Spy office for the West; he visited Detroit, Milwaukee, Racine, Chicago and other points, and arrived at La Fayette, Ind., late in October, where he at once took charge of the Daily Courier office as foreman, and remained there about fourteen months, the four last of which he published the paper for the cstiate of its late owner, who died during the summer; he made his arrangements to buy the office at administrator's sale, and would have done so but for the treachery of one who ought to have been a friend; from La Payette he went to Nashville, Tenn., to Washington, D. C, where he spent a winter, and then to Cincinnati, in the spring of 1852, where he soon became foreman of the Gazette office, which office he left in July, 1853, to go to Hamilton, Ohio, where he became edi- tor and part proprietor of the Telegraphy the Democratic paper of Butler Co. ; at the close of 1855, he sold out his inter- est in the paper and at once went to Bloomington, 111., where he purchased the National Flag, a Democratic paper, and edited it during the canvass of 1856, which resulted in the election of Mr. Buchanan to the Presidency; after the election, he sold out and went to Indianapolis and took charge of the State printing; in the fall of 1857, he purchased the Democratic Standard, at Anderson, Ind., which he edited un- til 1863, when he sold out and went into the boot and shoe trade, which he sold out in 1864, and purchased a large flock of sheep and came to Iowa, into Polk Co., and went into the real estate business at Des Moines; in 1865, he disposed of his sheep and went to Mem- phis, Tenn., and remained two years, connected with the press of that city ; but in the summer of 1867, he came to Burlington, Iowa, and went into the Daily Gazette as part proprietor and one of its editors ; shortly afterward, he purchased the entire office, and con- ducted the paper until late in 1874, when he sold out, and at once purchased a steam book and job office, and added a bindery, which establishment he is conducting at the present time (spring of 1879). In 1862, he was candidate for Secretary of State before the Demo- cratic State Convention of Indiana»and secured a solid Congressional vote with several counties outside for that office, by which vote he felt flattered ; in 1872, he was a delegate from the First Dis- trict of Iowa to the Baltimore Conven- tion, which nominated Horace Greeley for the Presidency; in 1875, was elected a member of the Council of Burlington, leading all other candidates by a handsome vote ; he has been mod- est in his aspirations for office ; he has been an earnest, active and consistent member of the Democratic party al- ways. His life has been an active and earnest one, keeping up the habits of his earliest boyhood days, which have been so regular that he has scarcely ever lost a meal on account of sickness ; his BURLINGTON CITY. 621 tastes run in the line of newspaper life, to which profession he proposes to re- turn at the first favorable opportunity, if life and health be spared. On Feb- ruary 19, 1856, he married Hannah M. Bell, at Hamilton, Ohio, while publish- ing his paper in Illinois ; she was the daughter of Hon. Daniel S. Bell, for- mer y a prominent lawyer of Urbana, Ohio, where she was born Feb. 10, 1838 ; after the death of her father in 1849, she lived with her uncle, Geo. P. Bell, a retired merchant, at whose residence she was married ; another un- cle, Hiram Bell, represented the Green- ville, Ohio, District in Congress early in 1850 ; she is still living, and has been the mother of four children — two boys and two girls — the baby boys dying, one in 1859, the other in 1876 ; the former 18 and the latter 1 month old ; Bell Corwin and Abbie Florence, the former 18 and the latter 9 years old, are left to their parents, and are members of the flourishing high school of Burling- ton, and have every promise of becom- ing ornaments of society and a comfort to their parents in their declining years. Barnickel, Paul, engineer, 1117 S. 10th. Barnes, J. W., contractor and broker ; res. 809 N. 7th. BARRET, R. A., DR., was born in Green Co., Ky., June 22, 1835, and spent his early youth in Illinois, principally at Springfield. At this time, Mr. Barret's father, Richard F. Barret, was Fund Commissioner of the State of Illinois. The elder Barret was a heavy land-owner in Illinois and Iowa. Dr. Barret was a pupil in Judge Samuel Treat's private school at St. Louis, Mo.; he also attended the St. Louis University, and was privately instructed by Chester Harding, who, in 1849, a<3companied him East, where he was, by the latter, placed in Phillips' Exeter Academy, in New Hampshire ; there remained three years preparing for college, which he commenced in 1852; the degree of M. D. was conferred upon him in 1854, and that of Master of Arts in 1856. In the latter year, he went to Europe and graduated at Heidelberg University, where he received the degree of Ph D.; for a time, he acted as Secretary of Legation to Mason (of Mason & Slidell notoriety), who was then Minister from the United States to Prance, and located at Paris. At the expiration of his sojourn of three years in Europe he re- turned to St. Louis ; there he studied law with his uncle, Aylett Buckner; was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1859, and became his uncle's partner. In 1861, he was appointed Attorney for the United States Government, and in- stalled in the office of Gen. B. G. Farar, General Supervisor of confiscated and contraband property, remaining until June, 1864, at which time he was transferred to the office of Gen. E. B. Alexander, Provost Marshal General United States, for that District, acting as his Chief Clerk and Private Secre- tary until April, 1866 ; then Dr. Bar- ret came to Burlington to settle up the estate of his father; in August, 1867, he purchased the Burlington Gazette, which paper he edited and managed until 1869; from 1869 to 1872, he was editor-in-chief of the St. Louis Dispatch; in 1874, he was commercial and city editor of the St. Louis Times ; subsequently, private secretary to his brother, then Mayor of St. Louis. After his brother's death in April, 1875, he continued in his former position of Secretary to James H. Britton, Mayor, until the spring of 1876. From April until December, 1877, he conducted the Barret House. Mr. Barret mar- ried Miss Mary Finney, daughter of the late William Finney, one of the earliest settlers and most prominent citizens of St. Louis. Of late years, the subject of our sketch has _ been principally engaged in the practice of law in St. Louis, spending, however, much of his time in Burlington, in the attention of his property. BARRETT, B. F., meat market, 1321 Osborn street; was born m Bel- mont Co., Ohio; came to Burlington in 1870 ; enlisted in the 2d Mo. V. C. m 1864, and served till the close of the war. Married in 1868 BeUe Carnes ; they have two children living— Freddie L. and Harry. Democrat. Bartruff, H. S., cabinet-maker, 125 S. 5th. Bauer, Fred, cigar mfr., 1106 Chalfant. Baupr, Fred, teamster, 400 S. Main Bauer, Henry, cigar mfr., 114 S. 7th. 622 DIRECTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY: Bauerbaok, Aug. dry goods and groceries, 401 Leebrick. Baumberger, Fred, porter, 204 N. Main. Bauman, Chas., surveyor ; res. 213 S. 9th. Baumgartner, A., laborer, 1521 Bodeman. Baumgartner, F., clerk, 1507 Thul. BEA.W, J. v., M. D., office 321J Jefferson ; is a member of Des Moines County Medical Society ; a native of Crawford Co., Penn. ; was educated at Conneautville, Ohio, and a graduate from the Bellevue Medical Hospital, New York City, in the Class of 1868 ; came to Iowa in 1870, located in Ap- panoose Co. for practice, and came to Burlington in 1873 ; held a position as Contract Surgeon in the United States Army from 1868 to 1870, serving in the Department of Dakota ; is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and Vice President of the Y. M. C. A. of this city. BEARD, HIRAM, of the firm of Beard, Mahlinger & Co., wholesale liquor dealers ; was born in Montgomery Co., Ohio ; came to Burhn^tonin 1851 ; engaged in the dry goods business until 1876 ; since September, 1877, he has been engaged in his present business. Beardsley, Charles, 219 7th. Beck, Andrew, stonemason, 106 S. Adams. Beck, Jacob, carp., 1600 Mt. Pleasant. BECK, JOHJV, dealer in groceries and provisions, 1 504 Mt. Pleasant street ; was born in May, 1811, in Germany; came to Burlington in 1 855 ; he mar- ried i[i 1839 Zitonia Beck ; they have three children — Vincent, born Jan. 27, 1840 ; Philip, Sept. 23, 1843 ; Mary, Deo. 12, 1845. All members of St. John's Church ; he is a Republican. Beck, Jacob, barber, 106 S. Adams. Beck, J. W., bookseller, 212 N. 3d; res. 1115 Rhein. Beck, Vincent, barbershop, Gorham House, res. 101 N. Gunnison. Begemann, Fred, 700 S. 10th. Bell, William, 420 S. Main. Bell, Wm. M., lab.; res. 1109 S. 14th. Bender, George, carp., 231 S. 10th. Benedict, B., res. 611 George st. Benne, Edward, carp., 1318 N. 9th. Benner, Philip, res. 808 8th. Bennett & Prantz, carriage manufacturers • factory, 418 N. 3d. Bergantzelle.S., night-watch, 1218 Gnahn. Berges, H., foreman GasWorks, 1301 Corse' Bergman, Wm., mach., 1216 Doemland. Bernard, Cornelius, far., north of Ash. BEREIVN, PETER, restaurant and wholesale dealer in oysters, No. 113 S. Main st. ; born in Duokwiler, Germany, in 1826 ; came to Burlington in 1857 ; started present business in 1872. Mar- ried Miss W. Hawmes iu 1860 ; she was born in Duckwiler, also, in 1836 ; they have three children — Constantine, Mary and Peter. Mr. Bernes is a mem- ber of the Germania Society ; members of the Catholic Church ; Democrat. Bernet, F., grocer, 801 S. Main. Biesenbruck, J. H., farmer, 200 S. 6th. Biklen, Charles H., confectioneries, 413 Jefferson ; res. 523 S. 7th. Berry, William, superintendent saw-mill; res. 319 S. 7th. Berry & Co., G. L. B. & H. H. G., lum- ber manufacturers, near Cascade. Berthold & Dupuis, City Mills, corner Front and Court. Betzinger, Jacob, lab., 408 N. 6th. Beckenbach, Fred, harness-ishop, 518 Jef- ferson ; res. 600 Gertrude st. Biklen, L. H., shoeing-shop, 314 Division; res. 312 S. 7th. Biklen, Winzer & Co., wholesale grocers, 110 N. Main. Bingham, Y. W.; res. Madison av. Bird, Curtis, book-keeper.; 829 N. 4th. Berkenstadt, John, night-watch, 1018 N. 10th. Bischoff, George, wagon maker, 227 N. Boundary; res. 903 Jefferson. Bistorias, Christ., mason, 301 Summer. Bittner, -Julius, cigar-maker, 211 S. Main. Blake, M. E., attorney at law, 307 Jeffer- son ; res. Miller cor. Darwin. BEAKE, WIEEIAM ED- OAR, born in Mornitfg Sun, Preble Co., Ohio, June 27, 1844; came to Louisa Co., Iowa, in 1845 ; graduated at Monmouth College, Illinois, in 1867, then studied law in the law department of the Iowa State University, Iowa City, Iowa, where he graduated in 1869 ; he came to Burlington, in August of the same year, and has since been engaged in the practice of law ; the firm was styled Newman & Blake until Septem- ber, 1874, when it was changed to Blake & Hammack, Jan. 1, 1879 ; Mr. Blake again associated himself with BURLINGTON CITY. 623 Judge Newman. He was married July 4, 1867, to Miss Sarali Lucretia Hurd, of Morning Sun, Iowa. Bli AKE, WILSOIV WIIiBER- FORCE, editor-in-chief of the Bur- lington Gazette ; was born in a farm house near Morning Sun, Louisa Co., Iowa, Oct. 26, 1850, his parents having removed from Ohio to this State four years previously ; he led the life of a farmer's boy until the age of 16, when he entered Monmouth College ; being obliged to suspend his studies fur a time, he edited a country newspaper (the Morning Sun Free Press) ; taiight school and farmed during the interval of six- teen months, while yet a minor, and finally graduated with honor from the institution, June 20, 1872. He mar- ried Aug. 31, 1871, Miss Maria S. Acheson, of Moomouth, 111. ; three chil- dren — girls, are the fruit of this union. He removed from Morning Sun to Bur- lington, in the fall of 1872, to accept a position on the City Department of the Daily Hawh-Eye ; he was soon promoted to be City and News Editor of that paper, which position he retained until the 1st of August, 1874 ; failing health caused by the exacting duties of morn- ing newspaper work led to his resigna- tion ; the proprietor of the Hawk-Eye, on his retirement, presented him with an elegant silver-headed cane as an expres- sion of esteem ; he sought the much- needed rest of a few weeks in the coun- try, but soon returned to the ranks of journalism ; and, Sept. 24, 1874, he in conjunction with Messrs. W. R. Finch and Charles H. Playter, bought the Evening Gazette, and organized a stock company ; Mr. Blake was at first city editor of the paper and afterwards busi- ness manager ; in the month of Decem- ber, 1876, he became the editor-in-chief, and hfts reigned supreme in the sanctum ever since that time. BLAUIi, JOHN, wholesale grocer ; born in Germany, Dec. 18, 1826 ; came to United States in 1850 ; lived in the Eastern States four years, then came to Burlington ; he worked at machinist's trade for two years, and, in 1856, he engaged in retail grocery business, which he continued until he engaged in whole- sale business in 1874; his business amounts to about $250,000 per annum ; his sales are principally in Iowa, Illinois and Missouri. Mr. Blaul is Treasurer of the Mutual Aid Association of this city. BOSS, GIIiBERT, Asst. Eng. Fire Department ; res. 300 S. Marietta. Bliss, L. M., stoves and tinware, 513 Jef- ferson ; res. 201 Augusta. Blodgett, S. W., attorney at law, 312J Jefferson ; res. 1703 Potts. Bloom, C. M., tinner, 110 N. Pond. Bloomer, Ferris, carp., 1802 Madison st. Bloom, George, lab., 106 N. Pond. BLYTHE, JOSEPH W., attor ney ; is a native of New Jersey ; came to Burlington in December, 1874, where he has since been engaged in the prac- tice of his profession. Book, J., nurseryman, Madison av. BOE€K, G., dlr. in all kinds of fresh and salt meats, at 210 and 212 N. 5th St. ; he was born in Germany ; came to America and Burlington in 1857. En- listed in Co. G, 4th Missouri Cavalry ; served the term of his enlistment, and was mustered out. Married, October, 1863, Hannah Roth; they have five children — Anna, Katie, George, Ed- ward and Albert. Boecklin, Warner, 614 Locust. Boeseh, C. P. & J., dry goods, etc., 322 Jefi^erson. Boeseh, C. L., Sr., 1201 Boundary. Bokencamp, D.,carp.; res. 562 S. Bound- ary. Bollman, W. J., Rev., teacher ; res. 304 S. Pond. Bolsinger, B., switchman, 1413 Valley. BOMASTER, HENRY, wagon manufacturer, S. W. cor. of Locust and Summer sts. ; he was born June 20, 1829, in Germany ; moved to America, and to Burlington in December, 1844. Elected, in 1871, Alderman of the City Council, and served five years. Married, Nov. 6, 1851, Mary A. Zerber, who was born in Dauphin Co., Penn. ; they have four children living— Youtichey, Nellie, Lizzie and Belle. Republican. Bomaster, H. B., wagon-shop, Locust, cor. Summer; res, 910 S. 14th. Bomberger, Louis, far.. Sunny Side. Bomgardner, George; res. 812 S. 7th. Bongert, William, mason, 1225 Angular. Bonn, Jacob, ice dlr.,. 426 Lewis. 624 DIEECTOBY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: BOXITZ, H., dealer in early vegeta- bles, groceries and provisions, 220 Wash- ington St. ; born in Saxony, Germany, Dec, 21, 1842; came to America in 1862, and to Burlington in 1864. Mar- ried, Oct. 9, 1867, Frederica Dewein ; she was born in Burlington ; they have five children — Alwina, Nettie, Nanna, Robert and infant. Republican. BONN, P., of the firm of Bonn Bros., butchers, 117 S. Main st.; born in Burlington in 1854; started in present business in 1876. Bonnell, J. C, Sec'y C, B. & Q. Land Office; res. 1610 South. Boorman, James, mfr. wigs, etc., 401 N. Main; res. 214 S. 10th. Boquet, Peter, cooper-shop, Front, corner of Court; res. 406 N. 6th. Bosch, Adolph, brewery. Bosch Brothers, brewers, B. & M. R., north of Mt. Pleasant. Bosch, Charles G., bottler of lager beer, ' ale and porter. Central Block ; res. Western Brewery, in rear, Bosch, J. G., saloon, 852 Washington. Boshard, Henry, box-maker, 820 Jeiferson. Bossier, F: G., upholsterer, 1226 N. 7th. Bosse, Henry, clerk, 414 S. 6th. Bossmeyer, A., clerk ; res. West av. Bossmeyer, H., clerk ; res. West av. BOTT, O. J., boot and shoe manu- facturer, 314 W. 3d St. ; born in Mus- kingum Co., Ohio, Oct. 22, 1850 ; moved to Burlington in 1869. Mar- ried, November, 1875, Carrie Smith. Enlisted in Co. G, 160th 0. V. I., March, 1864 ; served till the close of war. Democrat. BOUQUET, N. S.,born near Landau, in the kingdom of Bavaria, Nov. 14, 1842; left Germany at the age of 15 years for America, landing in New York ; from here he went to St. Louis, where he learned the cooper trade ; in the spring of 1860, he came to Burling- ton and worked at his trade until 1861, when he enlisted in the 1st I. V. I., for three months, being actively engaged under Generals Lyon and Seigel at the battleof Wilson's Creek, after which he was discharged and re-enlisted July 5, 1862, in the 25th L V.I., 1st Division, 2d Brigade, 15th Corps, commanded by Gen. John A. Logan ; Mr. Boquet was appointed 2d Sergeant of Company E ; they went from St. Louis to Helena, Kan., thence shipped to Young's Point, and were engaged at the siege of Vicks- burg and the surrounding battles ; came to Memphis, and from Resaca, JTenn., engaged for the Atlanta campaign and were all through Sherman's march to Georgia ; he was at Goldsborou, N. C, the deciding battle of the late war; his regiment, the 25th Iowa, fought as skirmish line on the right of the corps, for forty-eight hours, which gave them the prominent position of the army ; the regiment was reduced by 147 men killed and wounded ; after the capture of Johnson's army, they went to Rich- mond and Washington ; the 15th Corps was in advance of the army, the divis- ion in advance of the corps, the brigade in advance of the division, the regiment in advance of the brigade, and the 25th Iowa had the right at the grand review ; N. S. Boquet, was the left guide ; the 25th Iowa went to Davenport, Iowa, where the respective companies were disbanded ; during the ceremonies of disbanding, the brigade at Davenport, Sargeani Boquet was presented by Brig. Gen. Geo. A. Stone, former Colonel of the 25th Iowa, with the colors of the regiment for safe-keeping, in honor of the bravery and heroism dis- played in serving his country ; coming home to Burlington, Companies E, D and G disbanded and retired to private life in 1865. In 1873, Mr. Boquet was appointed Deputy City Marshal, and served till March 1, 1874 ; he then went to California, where he engaged in pros- pecting, spending the main part of his time on or near Lone Star Mountain ; some of his hunting exploits in the Far West, are of an interesting character ; in 1876, he returned to Burlington, and has since been on the police force. Bowersock, Israel, auction and com. mer., 512 Jefierson; res. 512 Amelia. Boyer, William, police ; res. 1209 Smith. Boyle, Patrick, teamster . 318 Shields. Brack, M., blksmth., 1013 N. Boundary. Brady, John, contractor, 713 N. Main. Brand, Wm., tinner ; res. Gertrude st. Brandebury, W. F., carp., 427 Adams. Braun, G. H., mach., 608 S. Boundary. Braun, Henry, carp., 608 S. Boundary. Braunberger, Adam, saloon, 312 N. 3d. BURLINGTON CITY. 625 Braunberger, John, manufacturer of cigars, 318 N. 3d ; res. 837 Arch. Braunberger & Trau, grocers, 301 Divis- ion, corner 3d. Breen, William, contractor, 119 S. 4th. BREiriMERiriAl^X, J. H., attor- ney at law ; was born in Frederick Co., Md., Nov. 4, 1851 ; in 1860, he re- moved with his parents to Harper's Ferry, and, in 1862, to Washington, D. C; he was educated at the Columbia University, in that city, and received the degree of A. M. in 1872, and, after two years' further study, graduated from the law department of the same institution ; he then entered upon the practice of his profession in Burlington. He was married to Miss Lillie A. Bangs, of Washington, Sept. 14, 1875. Brendell, George, iron, steel and heavy hardware, 308 N. Main ; res. 934 N. 5th. Bresser, Henry, cooper, 1105 Corse. Bringer, Henry, lab.; res. 705 S. 10th. BROADWEIili, JAMES M., .printer; born in Calhoun Co., 111., June 27, 1821; lived there and in Morgan Co., III., until 1837; then came to Ft. Madison, Iowa ; came to Burlington in November, 1838 ; this has been his home ever since. Brocker, Louis, carpenter, 1217 Linden. BROWX, HENRY A., wholesale and retail dlr. in boots and shoes, 217 N. Main St.; res. 1109,N.5thst; Mr.Brown was born in Dunkirk, N. Y., March 27, 1841 ; lived in New York State until the fall of 1857, when he came to Bur- lington ; engaged in clerking most of the time until July, 1862, when he became connected with the Suttlers' Department of the United States army, where he remained until the fall of 1865. The firm of H. A. Brown & Co., retail dealers in boots and shoes, was established in January, 1866 ; in July, 1874, Mr. Brown became a member of the firm of T. W. Barhydt & Co., wholesale dealers in boots and shoes; this firm is well known for its reliabil- ity, and is doing a large trade in Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, Northwestern Kan- sas and in a portion of Illinois; their annual sales are about $250,000. Brown, John L., farmer, 1003 N. Fifth. Brown, Nathaniel, plasterer, 1001 Mt. Pleasant. BROWNIXG, H. O., attorney at law and Police Judge; was born in Burlington Jan. 1, 1841; he was edu- cated in Kentucky, admitted to the bar Jan. 22, 1863, and has been engaged in practice here ever since ; he was Jus- tice of the Peace from 1872 until Jan. 9, 1878, when he was appointed Police Judge to fill vacancy, and, March 4, 1878, was elected to that oflfice. Browning, M. D., Jr., attorney at law, 306J N. 3d ; res. 805 N. 5th. Brucker, Joseph ; res. 806 Court. BRVGGE, J. H., & SON, mer- chant tailors and dyers, proprietors of the Burlington Steam Dye-House, 304 N. 3d St., opposite the Barret House. Wm. J. Brugge, junior partner of the firm, has been in the business with his father for a number of years. J. H. Brugge, the senior partner, commenced in this city in a small way, and has built up a fine business. He was born in Prussia ; came to America in 1 840, and to Bur- lington in 1857, and permanently located here. Married April 6, 1842, Anna M. Akarap ; they had seven children — Henry J., Joseph B , P. W., William J., Anton, Philomena, Wilhelmina (P. W., Anton and Philomena, deceased, and Mrs. Brugge died June 29, 1872). ' All members of St. John's Catholic Church. BRYAN, SYLVESTER T., photographer ; born near Newcastle, Penn., Jan. 18, 1833; removed with parents to Henderson Co., 111., in 1839 ; lived there until 1 859 ; then he went to California, engaged in mining there for a year and a half, then returned to Illinois, and was mustered into the . United States service, in Co. Gr 118th t. V. I., Sept. 16, 1862, served until close of the war, and was mustered out Oct. 13, 1865 ; he was principal musician of his regiment ; after leaving the army, he came to Macomb, 111., where he remained about two years and removed to Kirk- ville where he lived until he came to Burlington, in 1874. Mr. Bryan has been engaged in his present busmess twelve years. He married Josephine Pearson, May 2, 1857 ; she was born in Centerville, Penn. ; they. >ave four children living— Amy, Minnie, Willard and Josephine; lost one son, lidgar. 626 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: who died in June, 1861, aged 18 months. Brydolf, Fabian, artist, 905 Summer. Buoklew, John, carpenter, 629 S. 6th. Buell, John, 800 N. 6th. Buettner, Charles, furniture, 520 Jeffer- son ; res. 841 Arch. Bufi&ngton & Forney,wagon manufacturers ; factory 1029 Osborn. Ballock, V. W., & Co., grain dealers, 200 Valley ; res. 423 S. 3d. Burdette, John W., attorney at law and City Auditor; res. 1317 N. Yth. BURDETTE, KOBEKT J., the Burlington humorist ; was born at Greensboro, Greene Co., Fenn., July 30, 1844; his parents removed to Cin- cinnati, aad thence in 1852, to Peoria, 111., where Burdette was raised and re- ceived an education such as the place afforded, graduating from the high school. In 1872, he enlisted in the 47th Reg. 111. v., and served three years in the ranks ; at the close of the war, he returned to Peoria, and, after engaging in several mercantile pursuits, all of which proved distasteful to him, he entered the editorial rooms of the Peoria Transcript, as night editor ; he was soon promoted to the city editor- ship, and, soon afterward, embarked in an independent enterprise, which proved a financial failure, but made his reputa- tion as a humorist ; he then accepted the position on the staff' of the Burling- ton Hawh-Eye, with which he is still connected, and which his humor has made famous ; although that character- istic has attracted the widest attention, Burdette's literary ability is not con- fined to making fun ; as a political writer, he has few equals, and can do a greater quantity and a greater variety of literary work, in a given time, than could reasonably be expected of two men ; as a lecturer, he is no less suc- cessful than in the editorial room. Bur- dette married March 4, 1870, Miss Carrie S. Garrett, a daughter of a prominent Peoria merchant. Burg, John, & Sons, wagon manufacturers, 1015 Osborn. Burg, John, Sr.; res. 1017 N. 8th. BURCJES, J. H., foreman of City <-las Works ; res. 1301 Corse St.; born in Germany, in 1829; came to Burling- ton in 1854. Married Miss A. C. L. Valdorf in 1854; they have six chil- dren — H. H. C. (the oldest is fireman in the Gas Works, has held that position for the past two years), John H., Chris- tine L., Mary M., Minnie, Eddie. Mr, and Mrs. B. are members of the Evan- gelical Church ; Liberal. Burhans, A. H., patentee Burhans patent merchandise car.; res. 1201 Division. Burhans, C. N., 1116 Osborn. Burnham, J. P., foreman Oil-Mills ; res. 827 High. BURUfHAM, J. R., of the firm of J. R. Burnham & Co., proprietors of the Pioneer Linseed-Oil Mills : he was born March 22, 1857, in Burlington, Iowa. Burnham, J. R., mfr. of linseed oil, 800 Osborn. Burns, George, carriage-maker; res. 1214 BURRU^, E. S., Deputy County Treasurer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills ; was born in Franklin Tp., Des Moines Co., May 31, 1840, and edu- cated at the Burlington University ; until 1875, he was engaged in farming and teaching school ; served as Assessor of Franklin Tp. during 1872 and 1873 ; in 1870, Mr. Burrus was appointed Postmaster at Franklin Mills, which position he held until Jan. 1, 1879 ; in 1875, he was elected County Superin- tendent of Schools, serving in 'that capacity one term. April 11, 1871, Mr. Burrus married Joanna Weirman, a native of Gettysburg, Adams Co., Penn. ; they have three children — Charles R., Thornton and an infant son. Burt, N. J., & Co., seeds, 213 N. Front. Burton. A., trimmer, 704 N. Main. Buser, Charles, bds. 800 Valley. Buser, Henry, blacksmith, Starr av. Butler, Thomas, machinist, 938 Warren. Buttles, John A., 920 7th. OADY, HENRY C, cigar maker, res. 705 S. Boundary. Cameron, C. A., civil engineer, 1209 S. Boundary. Cameron, Robert, grocer, cor. Marshall and Smith; res. 114 S. Augusta. Campbell, Bryce,carp.; res. 1603 Agency st. Carnes, D. C, carpenter; res. Ervin st. Carpenter, G. B. P. &E. H., jewelers, 222 Jefferson, cor. 3d. Missing Page Missing Page BURLINGTON CITY. 629 Carroll, John, painter ; res. 1410 S. Boundary. Carter, David, car-reporter ; res. 1014 8. 13th. Casey, John E., night watch, 802 Warren. Casey, Patrick, laborer. 802 Warren. CATLETT, THOmAS G., at- torney, was born at Lexington, Mc- Lean Co., 111., and came to Burlington in the fall of 1873 ; he read law with Stutsman & Trulock, and was admitted to the bar in June, 1876 ; he was Township and City Clerk in 1877 ; ap- pointed Justice of the Peace Jan. 9, 1878, and elected Oct. 8, 1878, to the same position. Chamberlin, Charles H., commercial agent; res. 809 N. 7th. Chamberlin, Erastus, capitalist ; res. 1031 N. 4th. Chase, Hiram, dry goods, etc., 877 Jeffer- son ; res. 123 N. Marshall. Chilberg, H. C, fireman, 100 N. Gunnison. (Jhrissinger, J. M., gro., 725 N. 6th. Chrissioger, S. C, farmer, 1217 N. Oak. Christman, J., engineer; res. Division. Christy, I. M.', 509 S. Pond. Clapp, C. B., Agent C, B. & Q. Transfer Co. ; res. 814 N. 6th. CliABK, SAMUKIi P., attorney at law and Notary Public ; the first col- ored man commissioned as Notary Public in the State of Iowa; office in Starr Block, cor. Jefferson and 5th sts. ; he was born Jan. 1, 1842, in New York City; came to Burlington in 1877; he graduated at Howard's University, Washington, D. C, in 1874, and was admitted to practice at the Iowa bar during the June term, 1878, in Buriing- ton, Iowa, where he is permanently lo- cated. Clayton, J. D., commercial agent. Closser, Christian, saloon, 215 Division. Coad, G. S., box-maker, 820 Jefferson. Coad, James, machinist, 605 S. 9th. Coalter, T. J., Jr., carp., 523 Cameron. COCHRAN, R. li., »»•» ^*s born in Wrightsville, York Co., Penn., Dec. 18, 1843; bis parents moved to Philadelphia when he was 3 years old, ' remained there about nine years, and then returned to Wrightsville; from their old home they went to Mechanics- burg, where R. L. commenced the study of d'entistry, which he continued at the Pennsylvania College, where he matricu- ulated; he practiced in Mechanicshurg one year and a half; in September, 1863, he came to Burlington. The struggle, the absolute poverty endured by him ; the hard battle fought for suc- cess, without, as he then imagined, even the shadow of a chance, is known and no doubt weli remembered by some men prominentin Burlington to-day. George Sweny recollects how he slept in an om- nibus standing in front of the Lawrence House, one night; how he went hungry for the want of a few cents ; how he was induced upon the young man's frank and open representation of his case to rent him a bare room in which to under- take to establish a practice. We might here mention the fact that previous to his advent in Burlington, he worked in a grocery store, in Philadelphia, owned by Isaac Griffith, as errand boy ; Mr. Griffith also practiced dentistry up-stairs, and the compcn^ition of Dr. Cochran was the privilege of having access to his (Griffith's) Ubrary and the observation of his operations. Dr. Cochran has known privations of the severest nature, which the friends of his present well deserved prosperity would hardly credit. He graduated regularly at the Missouri Dental College in 1873. Dec. 19, 1866, the Doctor married Miss Maria Holland; they have two children — Maud Z. and Willie L. He was elected Vice Presi- dent of the Iowa State Dental Society in 1877, and made its President in 1878. No doubt Dr. Cochran has as fine a practice as may be found in the State ; through merit and perseverance he has risen from' absolute poverty to position and ease. Cogswell, R. H. L., painter, 219 N. 5th ; res. 1508 Smith. Colby, D. B., druggist, 400 Jefferson; res. 314 S. 8th. Colgan, Chas., contractor, 522 N. Mam. Collins, A. B,, engineer. 1208 Madison. Combs, J. C, farmer, West av. Combs, R. B., roofer. West av. COMSTOCK, JOAB, retired; born Feb. 9, 1804, m Hamilton Co., Ohio- came to Des Moines Co. in 1859, and bought a farm in Union Tp., seven miles from Burlington, where he has followed iarming until 1868. Married. 630 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Sept. 12, 1823, Jane Lemon ; they had eleven children, seven living — Milton L., Loraida E., Austin W., Mary E., Martha J., Joab C. and 0. B. C. Mrs. Comstock died in May, 1875. Second marriage June 6, 1877, to Eliza Elliott. Mr. Comstock is a Eepublican. Condit, W. D., gen. agent, 520 Summer. Conlan, John, clerk, 1327 N. 7th, Conlan, Michael, cistern-builder, res. 1327 N. 7th. Connell, J. M., Col., U. S. Internal Reve- nue Collector ; office 200 N. Main. Connor, E. W., agent. 251 S. 8th. Cook, Lyman, President First National Bank ; res. 613 N. 6th. Cook, Rudolph, Cashier C, B. & Q., office Central Block, 1235 Summer. Cooke, T. W., Division Freight Agent C, B. & Q.; res. 510 Columbia. Cooper, Henry, porter; res. 1205 S. 12th. COOPER, JOSEPH G., carpen- ter and builder; resides at No. 1305 Joy St. ; he was born in Peoria Co., 111., and came to Burlington in 1871. He • enlisted in Co. D, 6th Kansas Cavalry, and served over three years, the last ten months as prisoner of war, at Tyler, Texas. He married May 27, 1869, Anna Conley ; they have two children — Charles and Joseph. All are mem- bers of St. Patrick's Church ; Demo- crat. Cooper, W. L., attorney at law, 307} Jefferson ; bds. 306 Franklin. COPP, T. J., County Auditor, was bora in Lower Canada Dec. 18, 1826 ; he came to Burlington in June, 1843 ; he was at first employed as a clerk in a dry goods store, and in the spring of 1853, engaged in the commission and forwarding business; in 1864, he was Captain of Commissary in New Mexico, and in 1865, was stationed at Fort Union, New Mexico. In 1871, he was elected Auditor, and has been three times re-elected, in 1 873, 1875 and 1877. Corey, J. C, manufacturer of family medi- cines, 202 S. 3d. Cornic, J. W., conductor and express messenger C, B. & Q.; res. 255 S. ' Boundary. Coulter, F. J., commercial agent; res. 120*7 Linden. Coulter, James, librarian C, B. & Q. read- ing-room ; res. 830 Spring. Crawford, G. W., physician and surgeon, 417} Jefferson; res. 815 S. Main. Crawford, Humphrey, foreman C, B. & 'Q. shops ; res. 249 S. 8th. CRAPO, PHII^IP M., State Agent Conn. Mutual Life Insurance Co. for eight years past, and connected with the company in Burlington for eleven years ; real estate dealer, Trustee of the Armstrong Estate, and President of Burlington Mutual Loan Association; was born in Freetown, Bristol Co., Mass., June 30, 1844; he studied law in the office of Btono & Crapo, New Bedford, and, in the summer of 1862, enlisted in Co. B, 3d Mass. V. I., and served about " ten months. He went to Flint, Mich., in the fall of 1863, and engaged as civil engineer in connection with the Phnt & Holly R. R. His uncle was Gov- ernor of the State at that time, and he was engaged in the State offices for three years — from January, 1865, to January, 1868 ; he came to Burlington in April, 1868. CRUEGER, A., saloon-keeper. No. 211 S. Main street; was born in East Prussia in 1842 ; came to Burlington in 1867 ; started present buriness in 1874. Married Mary Eckey in 1875 ; she was born in Des Moines Co. in 1858 ; they have one child — an infant unnamed. Mr. Cruger is a member of the Turner Society ; Democrat. Cri-IiATON, J., of the firm of Acres, Blackmar & Co. ; was born near Watertown, N. Y., June 23, 1835; while he was yet an infant, his father removed with his family to Canada, and lived there until he was 1 6 years of age, then went to Cleveland, Ohio, where he learned the printer's trade. July 27, 1861, he enlisted in the United States Navy; in June, 1862, he was promoted from sailor to master's mate ; promoted to ensign in March, 1863; previous to entering the navy, he was for three years on board a whale-ship in the Pacific Ocean; in May, 1865, Mr. C. resigned his position in the navy and went to La Porte, Ind., where he published for two years the La Porte Union, being associated with a brother in the ownership and control of the paper; he then came to Burlington, and for eleven years has been a mem- BURLINGTON CITY. 631 ber of the firm of Acres, Blackmar & Co. Cummings, Spalding & Co., dealers in coal 229 S. Main. Cunningham, Geo. J., telegraph-repairer C, B. & Q.; res. 508 N. Boundary. Cunningham, Wm. B., dispatcher C, B. & Q. office ; res. 508 N. Boundary. Cunningham, W. J., res. 1034 N. 8th. ferson; res. 821 Franklin. DALEY, JOHN, boiler-maker; res. 420 Locust. DAAB, JOHX, baker and confec- tioner. No. 856, Washington st.; born Feb. 18, 1833, in Grermany, came to America in 1852, to Burlington, May 1, 1857. Married in 1860, Caroline Kust- berg; has two children — Mary and John ; Mrs. Daab died in 1863. Mr. Daab married the second time April 30, 1871, Catharine B. Boeck. Daley, Wm., laborer, 1114 Agency. Dalgleish, Walter, carpenter, 309 S. Adams. Dalhoff, L. H., & Co., gents furnishing goods, etc., 112 Main. Damon, Eugene, bdg. -house 1223 N. 6th. Dana, D. E., conductor, 906 Angular. Danforth, M., painter, 1000 10th. Daniels, A. L., plasterer, 801 Warren. Danner, W. T., 401 Pond. Davies, Fred., 612 8. 9th. Darling, John, 702 Elm, cor. 7th. Darling & Donahue, general merchandise, 323 8th, cor. Maple. Dasher, John S., engineer; res. 231 S. 4th. David, B. T., Constable, 813 8. 9th. David, John S., offi & > Larson, Charles, mason, 317 S. Leebriok. Larson, John, cabinet-maker, 1300 Joy Lattner, G. A., clerk, 927 N. 8th liAUENROTH, C, dealer in dry goods, notions, hats and caps, millinery, and tailoring. No. 1329 N. 8th st. ; born in Germany in 1830 ; came to Burling- ton in 1856. Married Prederica Rachel in 1859; she was born in Germany in 1841 ; they have five children — Emma, Priedrich, Louisa, Christopher, and William. Republican. Lauer, Adolph, elk., 521 Vine. Lauman, George C, Vice President First National Bank ; res. 828 N. 5th. Lavelle, Michael, policeman, 236 S. 4th. Lawrence, A. T., saloon, 501 JefiFerson ; res. 1209 N. 8th. LiAWREXCE, W. B., proprietor Lawrence House, cor. of 4th and JefiFer- son sts. ; born May 11, 1814, at Oneida, N. Y. ; moved to Madison Co., Ohio ; thence to Burlington in 1840 ; elected Alderman from the 3d Ward, 1858 ; served two years. Married Dee. 23, 1840, Eliza J. Owens ; had one child —AquillaT., born June 29, 1842. Mrs. Lawrence died December, 1847 ; Mr. Lawrence's second marriage was April 28, 1850, to Eliza Ross; she was born Sept. 9, 1814. Lawson,W. B., civil engineer, 528 Summer. Leadley, Allison ; res. 827 Warren. Leebrick, E. A., mfr. and dlr. in boots and shoes, etc., 206 JefiFerson. Leebrick, S., farmer, West av. Leffler, Frank, photographer, 311i JefiFer- son ; res. 616 Maple. Lehmann, Joseph, wines and liquors, 109 JefiFerson ; res. 421 Washington. Lehmann, Joseph, leader of band, 1007 Mt. Pleasant. Lehmann, Samuol, clothing and gents' fur- nishing goods, 205 N. Main : res. 825 N. 7th. LEICHT, FRED, sexton of Aspen Grove Cemetery ; res. Sunny Side ; born in Germany in 1831 ; in 1847, came to America and located in Hamilton Co.,_ • Ohio ; engaged in farming until 1 855 ; came to Burlington in 1855, and engaged in farming; in 1866, was elected sexton of the Aspen Grove Cemetery, which position he has held ever since. Married 648 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Anna M. Dreherin 1853 ; she was born in (Jcrmany ; they have ten children, Phillii'ina, Henry, John, Amelia, Peter, Maiilda, Frederick, Emma, Frank, George. Mr. and Mrs. L. are members of the Druid Church ; Republican. Leicht, Philip, saloon, 325 N. Main. Leis, Joseph, saloon, 301 Boundary. Lei we, George, 843 Arch. Lemberger, H. ; res. 1857 Lemberger st. Lemberger, J. C., clerk, 919 Garden. Lemberger, Pilger, wholesale cigars and tobacco, cor. Main and Valley. Levi, August, 819 N. 4th. lilEB, JOSEPH, saloon and beer- bottling establishment, 1010 Osborn St.; born in Bavaria, Germany, came to America and to Burlington in 1867. Married in 1 87 1 , Dora S tudmaster ; they have four children — Emil, Charley, Adam, Joseph. Liebstadter, B., dry goods, 205 Jefferson; res. 819 N. 4th. Liebstadter, J.; res. 808 N. 7th. Liebstadter & Levi, wholesale dealers in millinery and notions, 108 N. Main. Lightfoot, Edward, carp., 915 S. I4th. JLINDER, A., bakery, 711 6th St.; born April 14, 1840, in Ross Co., Ohio. Enlisted in Co. C, 82d 111. Vol., 1862 ; was in most of the battles of his reg- iment ; at Chanoellorsville was wounded ; served till the close of the war ; mus- tered out July 2, 1865. Married Feb. 3, 1868, Kate Kramer ; they have five children — Minnie, William, Lillie, Frank, Nellie. Linder, John, saloon, 882 Washington. Linder, Rudolph, barber-shop; res. 1114 Pleasant. Linder, Wm. L., clothing and gent's fur- nishing goods, etc., 120 Jeff'erson ; res. 870 Valley. Lindner, George, 870 Valley. Lindstedt, Fred., harness-shop, 310 N. Main ; res. 520 Columbia. lilSLE, C. A., A. M., Principal of the High School; res. 512 S. Gunnison St. ; has been engaged in his present work five years ; gradueated at the Iowa Wesleyan University, Class of 1872, at which time the highest honors were so evenly divided between himself and Mr. Cunningham, now editor of the Kearney Times, that the decision was made by lot. Mr. Lisle is a native of Belmont Co., Ohio; came to Iowa in 1861, and entered the United States service at 16 years nf age ; since leaving college, Mr. Lisle has received the degree of A. M. from his Alma Mater ; filled the Prin- cipal's chair in the West Hill School of this city one year, and had charge of the schools at Red Oak another. Married Miss Spry, a native of Iowa ; has two children. Members of the M. E. Church. Little, Oliver, carpenter, 131 S. 5th. Lockwood, T. W., 100 N. Main. Lofstrom, Charles D., shoe-shop, 214J Jefiersoil; res. 510 May. Long, Joseph, turner in wood and ivory, 1700 Mt. Pleasant. Long, Joseph, saloon. North Hill; res 1400 Mt. Pleasant. Long, Joseph, cigar-maker, 201 N. Main ; res. 1700 Mt. Pleasant. Long, Martin, 1400 Mt. Pleasant. Lorenz, Otto, 107 S. Boundary. Lounsberry& Co., livery stable, 223 Valley. Love, James, books and stationery, 316 Jeff'erson; res. 912 N. 3d. Ludde, Geo. H., dry goods and groceries, N. Oak and 9th. Ludwig, J.-F., manager W.U. Telegraph, cor. Main ai^d Washington; res. 920 Jeff'erson. Lund, Peter, tailor-shop, 311 Jeff'erson; res. 124 N. Pond. Lundeen, N. P., clerk ; res. Ripley st. Lundgren, John ; res. 1303 Angular. Lundgren, P. J., 112 S. Marshall. ' Lutz, Conrad, printer and wood-engraver ; res. 525 S. Pond. Lyons, William, Burlington Manufacturing Co. ; res. 315 S. .Pond. "A/TAC LEAD, W. H., clerk, 519 S. MAHLIBfGEB, CHARLES, of the firm of Beard, Mahlinger & Co., wholesale liquor merchants; was born in Germany Sept. 18, 1821 ; came to New York in August, 1849 ; came to Burlington in January, 1850 ; engaged in brewery business until 1856, then sold out, and for one year he was en- gaged in farming pursuits, subsequently carried on retail liquor business, being proprietor of the Hyde Park Gardens for two years; he then became traveling agent for Fred Becker, wholesale liquor dealer, and continued with Mr. Becker BURLINGTON CITY. 649 until 1868 ; afterward engaged in cigar business ibr eigtt months, when he be- came connected with Mr. Becker again, and continued with him until June, 1877, since which time he has been a member of the firm with which he is now connected. Mr. M. has been President of various German societies of Burlington. Marble, Clark, attorney at law, cor. 4th and Washington ; res. 1100 Pleasant. Markwalter and Stendeback, marble, mon- uments and headstones, granites, etc., 624 Jefferson. Martelle, J. B., dentist, 311^ Jefferson; res. 1725 West av. Martin, Jacob, retired, 881 Arch. Martin, Jacob, Jr., grocer. 881 Arch. MARTIN, JAMES N., City Mar- shal; appointed April 1, 1878; he was born in Lubec, Washington Co., Me., July 14, 1844, and moved to Burling- ton in 1867. Enlisted in Co. A, 15th Me. Vols., Nov. 21, 1861; re-enlisted Jan. 24, 1864, in the same company ; brevetted Major April 9, 1864; mustered out as Captain and Brevet Major July 26, 1866 ; was civil engineer and rail- road contractor until 1874. Married June 14, 1870, Zilla L. Parsons; she was born in Parsonfield, Me. ; they have four children living — James N., John L., Daisy S. and Frank P. Repub- lican. MABTIWSO]^, A., saloon, No. 319 Leebrick St.; born in Sweden, Aug. 9, 1842; came to America in 1872; to Burlington in 1875. MASOIV, CHARIiES, HOX., banker; was born in Pompeii, Onon- daga Co., N. Y., OcC 24, 1804 ; he went to West Point as a cadet in 1825, where he remained for six years, two as a cadet and four as an Assist- ant Professor; he spent the year 1831 and part of 1832 in New York City, and, in the autumn of the latter year, went to Newburg, where he remained two years in the practice of his pro- fession ; the next two years were passed in New York, the last six months as editor of the Post. In 1836, he relin- quished that and came West on an ex- ploring expedition. Returning, he was married Aug. 1, 1837, to Miss Ange- line Gear, of Berkshire, Mass., and, early in the November following, he brought his wife to Burlington. He was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for this District, and one of Gov. Dodge's Aides. On the division of Wisconsin Territory and the organization of Iowa Territory, he was made Chief Justice of the Territory, and, at the same time, held the oflaoe of First Solicitor of Bur- hngton. He held the office of Chief Justice until May, 1 847, when he re- sumed practice. The Governor ap- pointed him to represent the State in the matter of the boundary difficulty with Missouri, which question was de- cided in 1849. He was also appointed by the Governor to revise the code of Iowa, which resulted in the code of 1851. He was elected under that code Judge of the county, and served one year, when he was elected, in the sum- mer of 1852, President of the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad, upon which he resigned his position of Judge. In May, 1853, he was appointed Commissioner of Patents, which office he resigned in 1857. In the fall of 1858, he was elected member of the State Board of Public Instruction and served one term. In" the fall of 1859, he went to New York, and was connected with the Sci- entific American for less than one year, going from thence to Washington in 1860, where he engaged in the prac- tice of patent law ; this office he still maintains. Judge Mason is at the present time President of the Burling- ton Water Co., President of the Bur- lington & Northwestern Railroad, Prps- ident of the Burlington Street Railway Co., Treasurer of the School Board, Vice President of the Burlington, Keosau- qua & Western Railroad Co. and Presi- dent of the German- American Savings Bank. He has one daughter — Mary J., wife of George C. Remey, Commander in the Navy. Mason, Jno. E., book-keeper, 701 S. 8th. MATHES, OTTO, dealer in gro- ceries, corn, feed, crockery and Berlin earthen cooking vessels, cor. North and 7th sts.; he was born Jan. 21, 1832, in Germany ; came to America in 1852, and to Burlington in 1860. Enlisted in Co. D, 48th Bat. I. V. I., and served the term of his enlistment. Married, 650 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Oct. 15, 1866, Mrs. Eliza Holstein- He commenced business where he is now located, in 1870. Is a Republican. Mathes, Christian, candle and soap mfr., 107 Osborn; res. 726 N. 4th. Mauro, Wm. H.; res. 702 Columbia. Mauthe, Casper, shoe-shop and res. 1505 Mt. Pleasant. May, Enoch ; res. 1216 Angular. May, Gerhard, carp., 716 Summer. Mayer, Ohas., blacksmith-shop, N. Bound- ary. McAllister, R. S., agt. Red Lino Freight, Central Block ; res. 1017 S. 6th. McARTHlie, M. C, livery and sale stable, cor. 3d and Valley sts. ; he was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Sept. 16, 1831 ; moved to Burlington in Novem- ber, 1856 ; was elected Alderman from the 6th Ward four terms ; has acted as agent for the American Express Co. since 1856. He marrie^Dec. 22, 1858, Virginia Corse ; they have three chil- dren — Wm. C, Murray A., and Arthur. Republican ; members of the Baptist Church. McCASH, WILIilAll F., pro prietor of planing-mill and factory, cor. of Front and Elm sts. ; appointed Chief of the Fire Department April 1, 1878 ; born in Burlington July 27, 1844. Enlisted in Co. K; 1st Mo. Eng.; served three and one-fourth years ; mustered out in the winter of 1864. Married October, 1874, Ella Spradey ; they have two children — Willie and Emma. He is a member of the First Baptist Church. McCASH, WIW. D., retired; born Jan. 25, 1813, in Hamilton Co., Ohio; went to St. Louis in 1835 ; to BurUng- ton in 1838 ; opened a feed stable in 1839 ; ran a stage line to Keokuk, and, . in 1840, contracted to carry the mails from Davenport to Grand View, and added to his livery stock ; at that time, had the best turn-outs the place afforded ; owned the first hearse in the town, and its first use was at the burial of Mr. Bradstreet, who was shot ; in 1842, built a carringe-shop ; when the war broke out, so many of his men went to the army, he closed that branch of his business; he built the first buggy in the town ; was in the livery business from 1838 to 1871; he also built the first public hall in Burlington, on Lot 251 ; it was used for a court-room for a long time, and the First Baptist Church used it for a place of worship. He was elected Alderman in 1842, and served a number of years; was Supervisor sev- eral years. In 1871, retired from busi- ness ; in 1874, went to California; spent four years there and has just returned. Married in 1837, in St. Louis ; has two children — Wm. F. and Eleanor; Mrs. McCash died in 1845 Mr. McCash married again in 1 846 they have six children — Cyrenius L. C. A., physician in Modoc Co., Cal. Mary B., Add. L., Cora A., Grade L, Members of the Presbyterian Church Republican. McConn, Alexander; res 1520 J5tna. McConnell, James, retired, 919 9th. MoConnell, S. R. & I. C, wholesale dlrs. in leather, saddlery hardware, belting, etc., 309 N. Main. McCosh, Thompson; res. 201 8th. McCutchcon, Samuel; res. McCutcheon House. McDermott, Patrick, grocer, 216 Wash- ington ; res. 614 N. Main. McClintock, J. C, Rev., Pastor First Pres- byterian Church ; res. 919 Washing- ton. McKitteriok, Edward, Cashier Merchants' National Bank; res. 812 N. 7th. McKeel, J. C, china and glassware, 200 N. Main. McKullough, J. K., foreman McCash's planing-mill, 547 S. Boundary. McLain, J. W., bds. 138 S. 7th. McLane, W. T., collector ; res. 305 Sum- mer. Mecke, August, merchant tailor, 620 Jef- ferson ; res. 910 Garden. Mecklinberg, August, 1312 N. 6th. Mecklinberg & Tegler, blacksmith and wagon shop, 1221 N. 8th. MEHiflEIi, FRED., restaurant and saloon, cor. of 4th and Jefferson sts. ; born in Germany July 26, 1843; came to America in 1865 ; to Burlington in 1866. Melcher, Henry, meat market, 805 Jeffer- son ; res. 1125 Osborn. Mellinger Bros., news depot, 200 Jeffer- son, cor. Main. Mellinger, Samuel, real estate agt. 312 J Jefferson; res. 715 8. 4th. BURLINGTON CITY. 651 MERCER, W. O., Supt. of the Hawkeye Carriage Co., cor. of 4th and Valley stg. ; was born Dec. 4, 1852, at Newport, Ky. ; moved to Burlington in 1858. Married Feb. 26, 1874, Ella M. Kline ; they hkve two children — Maude and Kline M. Mercer, J. M., marble-works, 423 Valley. Merritt, George ; res. 250 S. Boundary. Mesmer, Dominiok, grocer, 239 S. 9th. Mesmer, Gebhard, cooper, 854 High. Mesmer, Michael, shoe-shop, 1552 iEtna. Mesmer, Philip, salesman; res. 240 S. 9th. MESPEIiT, FRIEDRICH, proprietor of a vineyard on the extension of S. Main St.; owns nine acres; he was born in Prussia March 29, 1825, and came to America, and to Burlington, in 1854. Married January, 1851, Hannah Hoffman ; they have one child — WiUiam. Mr. Mespelt averages 800 gallons of wine per year ; he has a fine place, and a comfortable home. Is a Tlepublican. MESSENGER, C, lessee of Pros- pect North and West Hill Horse R. R.; born in Chen mgo Co., N. Y., Sept. 29, 1833 ; came to Burlington, 1854. Mar- ried Nov. 6, 1856, Margaret Clark. METZ, JOHST, meat market on the cor. of 8th and Franklin sts. ; born May 7th. 1839, in Germany ; came to America May 7, 1865; to Burlington May 4, 1867. Married June 25, 1865, Elise Liebich; they have five children — William, Anna, Julia, Chas. and Oscar. Meyer, Charles, blacksmith, Emmett and Agency. Meyer, Christ., grocer, 224 Division ; res. 312 S. 4th. Meyer, C.G., news depot ; res. 513 N.Main. Meyer, Dominick, 1341 Griswold. Meyer, John ; res. 312 S. 5th. Mikkelson, Christ., 915 Garden. Millard, Frank, 700 Wa=ihington. Millard, F., & Co., lumber dealers; yard, 400 S. Main. mililiER, C. C, with John H. Gear, wholesale grocer ; born in Con- nersville, Fayette Co., Ind., April 19, 1833; came to Louisa Co, Iowa, in 1846 ; engaged in farming pur-, suits two years, then went to Mt. Pleas- ant, and was there employed as clerk for twelve years in the mercantile house of his uncles, P. & A. Sanders; he then en- tered into partnership with his father in the drug business ; this partnership con- tinued about two years, until the death of his father ; then he carried on the business alone, for two years, when he sold out and again entered the store of P. & A. Sanders, and continued with them until he enlisted in 1864, in Co. A., 45th I. V. I. ; he was in the service about six months, subsequently with Sanders again, also on farm near Spring- field, 111.; since 1870 he has been in the position he now holds^ Mr. Mil- ler married Catherine Byre September 2, 1355, at Springfield, 111.; she was born in Sangamon Co., 111. ; they have three children — Wm. M., Lewis A. and Carrie S. Mr. and Mrs. M. are members of the Christian Church. miLIiER, CHAS. J., dealer in groceries, notions, crockery, etc., south- west cor. of Summer and Dill sts. ; he was born Dec. 12, 1835, in France; moved to America in 1852 ; visited a number of the States'in 1868 ; settled in Burlington ; enlisted in Co. F, 39 th Ohio, in 1861, and was elected 2d Lieutenant by his company ; was in all the battles his regiment engaged in ; was wounded at Osceola, Mo. Was married in 1862 to Margarett Wirth ; they have seven children — Mary A., Ida S., Emma H., Lily M., Franklin G., Mary T., Charles S. Miller, George A., Principal West Madison School ; res. 1223 Smnmer. Miller, Henry, carp., 1106 S. Boundary. Miller, Henry, Jr., grocer, etc., 217 Divis- ion ; res. 238 S. Sixth. Miller, Henry; res. 1106 S. Boundary. Miller, J. D., & Co., mfr. of split baskets, cor. of Front and Pine. MILIiER, JOHN O., Secretary of Burlington Insurance Co. ; was born in Muscatine, Iowa, Nov. 14, 1850. He lived there until 1868, when he came to Burlington and connected himself with his present business. He has been so- Hcitor, special agent and secretary since June, 1874. MILLER, J. H., dealer in furniture and manufacturer of upholstered goods, 315 N. Main st. ; he was born April 29 1843, in Warren Co., Ohio, and moved to Burlington in 1870 ; married Nov. 14, 1867, to Mary E. Swem; 652 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: they have two children — Florence and William. Mr. M. is a Republican. Miller, J. P., stoves and tinware, 609 Jef- ferson ; res. 804 Valley. Miller, John P.; res. 842 Valley. MILLER, WM., photographer, N. 3d St., opposite the Barret House. He was born July 27, 1827, in Germany; came to America in 1854, to Burlington 1858. Married Feb. 11, 1855, Clara George. Miller & Mott, dry|goods and groceries, 1000 Summer, cor. of Dill. Millspaugih, A. E. ; res. Gilbert st. Moehn, Henry, cooper, 863 Arch. Moehn, Henry, cooper, 1401 Mt. Pleasant. Moehn, Wm., grocery and saloon, 1403 Mt. Pleasant. MOLANDER, JOHN, carpenter and cabinet-maker, 512 Jefferson st. ; born April 4, 1848, in Sweden; came to America in 1870, and to Burlington June 17, 1878. Married Nov. 14, 1872, Nellie Monson ; they have two children — Minnie M. and Delilah A. He is a Republican. MONTFORT, A. W., of the firm of Montford & Hill, photographers ; was born in Chautauqua Co., N.. Y., May 13, 1846; his parents re- moved with family to Canada when he was an infant, lived there about five years, then removed to Detroit, where he lived twelve years ; in 1865, he came to Burlington ; has been engaged in present business ever since he came here. Moore, Henry, capitalist, 3d, cor Court. Morehouse, Ebenezer, bookbinder; res. 417 S. 9th. mOREHOUSE, WM. H., Treas- urer of the Centennial Mutual Life Association ; born in Saratoga Co., N. Y., Jan. 10, 1832; lived there until 1839, when his parents removed with family to Orleans Co., N. Y., where they resided nine years, then came to Kane Co., 111. ; lived there about fifteen years ; for several years, Mr. Morehouse has resided in Iowa ; he was in mer- cantile and express business at Janes- ville, Iowa, several years. He has been connected with the corporation he now represents over two years. Morgan, A. T.; res. 314 S. Pond. MORRISON, FIISHER, County Recorder, was born in Perry Co., Penn., iflarch 26, 1840 ; when 6 years of age, removed with his parents to Jefferson Co., Iowa; came to Des Moines Co. in 1855, and lived in Washington Tp. until 1874, when he was first elected Recorder ; he has been" twice re-elected, in 1876 and 1878. In August, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Co. G, 25thi I. V. I., and was in all the battles in which his regiment engaged previous to his discharge on account of wounds received at Vicksburg, May 22, 1863. Mortensen, Charles, saloon, 409 Jeffer- son. Moss, S. C, physician, 1313 S. 13th. MOTT, JOSEPH C; born in the Kingdom of Baden, Sept. 2, 1 844 ; came with his mother to America in 1850, and made his home on a farm fix miles distant from Burlington; in 1857, they moved to the city. Aug. 2, 1862, he enlisted in the 25th I. V. I. ; was 2d . Sergeant of Co. G; went through the same battles and military experiences during the active service, as his friend Boquet. After his return from the war, he entered the dry goods business, and has since acted mostly as clerk. For some time, however, he carried on the grocery busi- ness on his own account. He was mar- ried in 1866 to Narcissa J. Grupe, and the union has been blessed with one child — Charles B. Mott. MUCKENSTUREN, VALEN- TINE, saloon, 304 Valley st ; born in Germany Nov. 10, 1836; came to Ameri- ca in 1854, and to Burlington in 1860. Married in January, 1861, to Catharine Mohm ; she was born in Germany ; came to Americain 1854; they have seven chil- dren — Emma B., Leopold H., Geo. B., Frank J., Barbara, Katie A. and an in- fant. Members of the Catholic Church ; he is a Democrat. MUENZENMEYER, FRED. T., meat market, cor. 12th and Angular sts; born Feb. 1, 1851, in Germany; came to America and to Burlington in 1871. MUENZENMEYER, OTTO, meat market, 908 Maple st. ; born in Germany ; came to America in 1868, to Burlington in 1869. Married in March, 1870, Minnie Krieg; they have five children living — Lena, Fred., Louisa, Minnie and Eugene. BURLINGTON CITY. 653 Muenzenmeyer & Dobblemann, meat mar- ket, 910 Maple. Murphy, Edward, painter, 214 N. 5tb ; res. 611 N. 7th. Murray Iron Works & Machine-Shops, Boundary, between Columbia and Wash- ington. ■lyTAIRN, GILLIES & CO.,*planing- _L\| mill, etc., 5th, cor. Valley, and 6th, cor. Valley. Nairn, James R., 407 S. 10th. Nassau, W. W., physician and surgeon, 420 N. 4th. Nathorst, H. T., physician, 321 Jefferson. Nealley Brothers, nurserymen, Madison av., south of city limits. Nees, Peter, botanist, florist and gardener, Siarr av., cor. Mason. Neff, Andrew, maeh., 1215 Gnahn. Neihaus, J. P. W., carp.. West av. Nelson, J. R., Pres. Burial Case Co., 513 N. 6th. Neubrand, F.X., Rev., Superior St. John's Church ; res. 145 7th. Neugebauer, August, proprietor Atlantic House, 209 Division. Newberg, Jno., carp.; 662 May. Newman, Jabob, far., west of S. Oak. JTEWMAN, THOMAS W., JUDtjrE, was born in Somerset Co., Md., on the 23d of January, 1829 ; his father, Isaac Newman, died in 1840, and, five years later, the mother removed with her family to Baltimore, where she died in 1846, leaving her children to the care of Thomas, the eldest son ; he pursued his studies in Washington Academy, Princess Anne, Somerset Co., Md., and, beginning his legal studies soon after leaving school, was admitted to the bar in 1850, after which he im- mediately removed to the West, and es- tablished himself in his profession at Burlington. At the opening of the war, through the influence of Senator Grimes, he was commissioned Captain in the 11th U. S. Inf , and at once entered upon the duties of Recruiting OflBcer and Mili- tary Commander at Burlington ; in 1862, he was sent to Indianapolis, Ind., on mustering and disbursing duty, and, m the fall of that year, was appointed Com- . mander of that post, which position he held until the spring of 1863; after three years' service, he was forced tore- sign his commission on occount of im- paired health by reason of exposure and exhausting activity in the discharge of his duties, and, after some time spent in recuperation, he again entered upon the practice of his profession ; aside from his profession, he has filled many posi- tions of honor and trust; from 1855 to 1857, he held the office of Judge of Des Moines County, and, in the fall of 1874, was appointed by Gov. Carpenter to fill a vacancy in the office of District Judge of the First Judicial District of Iowa ; at the October election, he was elected for the unexpired term, ending Jan. 1, 1875, and for the full term of four years from that date; in 1855-56, he was Director of the Burlington & Missouri R. R. Co.; and, in 1876, was Director of the Mer- chants' National Bank of Burlington : since the organization of Burlington University, in 1852, he has been one of its Trustees. Since the organization of the Republican party, Judge Newman has been closely identified with its inter- ests ; in religious belief, he is a Baptist. He married on the 3d of November, 1852, Miss Sarah A. Warren, of Cen- tral New York ; they have had six children, five now living ; Nellie, a daughter of fifteen years, and a young girl of more than ordinary promise, died in the spring of 1873. Nicholas, J. R., dentist, 209 Jefferson j res.' 1400 iEtna. Niemann, George, & Co., gro., 322 N. 4th. Niemann, John, gardener, 1501 Mt. Pleas- ant. IVIEWOHNER, JOHN, proprie- tor of the Farmers' Home, formerly the Orleans bowling-alley, at 406 N. Main St. ; he was born August 12, 1837, in Prussia ; came to America and to Bur- lington in 1855 ; elected School Director for two terms— 1873 and 1874— and Alderman from the 1st Ward, 1877. He married December 7, 1858, Wilhel- mina Kean ; they have six children- Edward, John, Henry, Charles, Celia and George. Democrat. JTIIiSOX, S., merchant tailor, 219 Division St.; born in Sweden October 21, 1836 ; came to America in 1869 ; to Burlington in August, 1863. Nist. George, mason, 107 N. Gunnison. Nixon, S. E., homeopathic physician, 3114 Jefferson. 65 i DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Nortberg, Charles, carpenter, 718 S. 12th. Norton, Dennis, res. 818 N. 7th. Norton, Jos., grain-buyer; res. 1037 N. 7th. O'BRIEN, CHARLES, capitalist; of- fice 32H Jefferson; res. 315 N. Boundary. Ockert, Jacob, mfr. of cigars, 202 J Jeffer- son. Ogden, C. W., Cashier T., P. & W. Ohrt, Adolph, 1700 Mt. Pleasant. Ohrt, H. C, real estate, 301 Jefferson; res. 906 N. 6th. •OLMSTED, C. E., proprietor of Orchard City Flouring- Mills; was born where Jacksonville, 111., is now located, Jan. 6, 1823 ; at the age of 4 years, his parents removed to St. Louis, where they resided two years, and then removed to Le Roy, Genesee, Co., N. Y. ; Mr. 0. resided in New York State until he came to Burlington in 1856 ; he engaged in the milling business here in 1857 ; built the Oriental Mills in Chicago, in the spring of 1861 ; in 1864, returned to Burlington, and built the present Orchard City Mills ; sold out the mills in 1867 ; in 1870, he went to Blue Rapids, Mar- shall Co., Kan., and there built flouring- mills, and, in May, 1877, returned to Burlington. Olson, Olof, foreman planing-mill, 644 May. •OPPICE, S., born in Italy in 1841. Married Louisa Aralda in 1866*; she was born in New York City ; they have four children — Frank, Joseph, Louisa and Mary. Members of St. Paul's Church; Republican. ■Orm, G-eorge, builder, 103 S. Adams. Orndorff, J. A., prop. St. James Hotel, corner Front and Columbia. Orth, Adolph ; res. 1700 Mt. Pleasant. •ORTH, P. J., dealer in groceries, pro- visions and liquors, 1614 Agency St.; he was born Sept. 9, 1843, in Germany, and came to America in 1852. Married Feb. 14, 1871, Louisa Gepheart ; they have four children — Herbert, Mary, John, J. E., Peter; all members of St. John's Church ; he is a Democrat. ■Ortleb, Wm., bakery, 1315 N. 8th. OSBORN, E. & W. M., wholesale dealers in paper and stationery, twines, blank books, etc, 217 Valley st. The junior partner of this firm came to Bur- lington in June, 1856, and established the job printing and paper business in Coolbaugh's Block, Main st., where he remained until 1861, when his estab- lishment was consolidated with that of the Hawle-Eye and was removed to Starr's building on 3d st., adjoining the Barret House. The Ilawle-Eye estab- lishment having been sold to Edwards & Beardsley, in the fall of 1865, he went south, returning in the spring- of 1867, when the firm of E. & W. M. Osborn was established in John S. Da- vid's building on Front st.; in the fall of 1869, the establishment was consoli- dated with the job printing and book- binding concern of Snow & Vogt, on Valley St., .E. Opborn and Frederick Vogt retiring; W. M. Osborn, S. W. Snow and T. R. Acres, continuing un- der the firm name of Osborn, Snow & Co.; in 1874, the other partners having retired, the business was continued by E. & W. M. Osborn. Both partners of this firm have been identified with the manufacture of paper and the paper trade from childhood, and are supposed to know paper and the needs of the trade for goods in that line as well as any firm in the country. Mr. E. Os- born was born in Hartford Co., Conn., in 1813 ; at the age of 9, with rela- tives, h6 removed to Western New York, by New England people then considered the Far West, soon after entering a paper mill at Dansville, Livingston Co., and serving a term of nine years as«an apprentice to the manufacture of paper, which in those days was made entirely by hand ; afterward, when machinery had been introduced, he continued with the m ills at Dansville un til 1 85 1 , when he removed to Niagara Falls, engaging with the mills at that point, a few years after- ward removing to St. Charles, 111., and, in 1864, joined his son in this city. W. M. Osborn was born at Dansville, N. Y., in 1834; learning and working at the printing business in the Herald office'; in 1852. joining his parents at Niagara Falls and working in Buffalo ; ' in the fall of the same, year he removed to Detroit, arid, in the spring of 1853, coming west to Chicago, where he en^ gaged with Mr. S. P. Rounds, so well known to the printing fraternity of the West as dealer in printers' furnishing BURLINGTON CITY. 655 goods, with whom ho remained until his removal to BuTlinp;ton in 1856. OSGOOD, J. C, President of the Whitebreast Coal & Mining Co. ; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 6, 1851 ; came to Iowa in 1870 ; he was con- nected with the Union Coal & Mining Co. at Ottumwa until 1874; he then came to Burlington, and was Cashier of the First National Bank here until the fall of 1877 ; he has held his present position since January, 1878. Osterberg, Christ., copper works,Boundary; res. 1200 Valley. > Ostrander, J. A., Gen'l Freight and Ticket Agt. B. & S.W., Central Block; res. 109 S. Marshall. Otten, J. M., boots and shoes, 422J S. Main ; res. 204 Vine. OVERTOX, D. Y., attorney at law; born near Morristown, N. J., Oct. 31, 1822 ; admitted to the bar at general term of the Supreme Court held at Binghamton, N. Y., in 1852_; he was engaged in practice at Elmira, N. Y., until 1857 ; then came to Burlington. Mr. Overton has held various municipal offices ; he was active in the work of organizing the present public school system of this city ; Secretary of the Board of Education for some time. He married Mary C. Scott, in October, 1864; they have one child— Anna C. ; by for- mer wife he has two children— Frank A. and Percy. Owen, F. L., printer, 1001 10th. Owen, Owen, clerk, 1001 10th. )AIN, WM. W., carp., 1118 South. P Palm, John, cabinet-mkr., 520 Jefferson ; res. 161 S. Adams. Palmer, Luke, capitalist, 303 6th, Palmer, Luke, jr., attorney, cor. Main and Jefferson ; res. 303 S. 6th. PAIiMEB, M. M., drug store, 906 Maple St. ; he was born in Madison Oo., 111.; Oct. 7, 1842. Enlisted, August 1862, in Co. F, 83d Ill.V. I. ; served till the close of the war; mustered out July 5, 1865 ; was in all the battles of his regi- ment; he served most of the time as drugaist of the regiment. Came to Burlington, March, 1876. Married, Sept. 19, 1871, Florence Everett; she was born in KnoxviUe, Tenn., Oct. 14, 1850 ; they have one child— Walter ii., born Oct. 4, 1875. Members of the Baptist Church^; Republican. Parmeter, A. M., engineer, 549 S. 8th. Parr, Wm., Supt. Burlington Mfg. Co. ; res. 509 S. 3d. Parsons, Albion, clerk, 927 Jefferson. Parsons, C. B., dry goods, 309 and 311 Jefferson ; res. Starr av., cor. Spray. PARSONS, F. T., with T. W. Bar- hydt & Co. ; born in York Co., Me., June 27, 1832; came to BurHngton in 1852; Mr. Parsons was engaged in banking business here for fourteen years ; afterward carried on lumber business for twelve years; while in the banking business, he was connected with the Old State Bank and its predecessors ; Cashier of the Branch of the State Bank ; sub- sequently held same position with the National State Bank ; he is now serving second term as Alderman; he is also Treasurer of Univer.-ity. Parsons, T. L., oapitaUst ; res. 422 Jeffer- son, cor. of 5th. Parsons, W. W., homeopathic phys., 214 N. 3d ; res. 205 S. Pond. Passmore.W. W.,in8 10th. PATCHEN, G. H., DR.; bom in . Schuyler Co., N. Y., Sept. 27, 1845 ; moved to Wisconsin with his parents when 10 years of age. He entered Monmouth College in 1862, and gradu- ated in 1866 ; immediately after, he be- gan the study of medicine under his father, U. R. Patchen, then residing in BurUngton ; during the winter of 1866 and 1867, he attended a course of lect- ures in Chicago ; also in New York, from 1867-68, where he graduated in March, 1868 ; he returned to Burhng- ton, and at once began practice, and has been very successful as a homeo- pathic physician. For three years, he was Secretary of the former Society of Homeopathic Physicians of Iowa lately known as the Hahnemann Medical Asso- ciation of Iowa. The Doctor is a member in good standing of the American Insti- tute of Homeopathy, and the Western Academy of Homeopathy. On Oct. lb, 1875 he was married to Laura A. bpen- cer oldest daughter of Richard Spencer, Esq of Burlington ; they have one T^\^L Tewie L Mr. and Mrs. daughter — Jessie u. i n +i,„ p„„ Patchen are both members of the Con- gregational Church. 656 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Patterson, Chas. T., oik. Summer st. car station; res. 1115 Summer. PAUIiE, C, MRS., owns a vine- yard and vegetable garden on the ex- tension of S. Main St. ; she was born in Germany July 17, 1827. Married Philip J. Paule Feb. 14, 1849 ; he was born May 1, 1822, at Wurtemberg, Germany ; they came to America and to Burlington May 13, 1853 ; he bought a farm and followed farming till 1868, then purchased and moved on the place that his family still occupy ; Mr. Pauls died Aug. 3, 1869. He and his wife were members of the Evangelical Zion Church. They have eight children — Christina K., Mary U., Paulina P., Louisa, Philip J., Anna P., Charles C, Emma 11. Payne, A. C., carpenter, 1301 13th. Peabody, Samuel, police, Union Depot; res. Henry, cor. of Division. ■PEARCB, JOHN S., plumber and gas-fitter, 622 Jefferson ; also agent for the Pneumatic gas-machine ; he was born in England May 29, 1816 ; came to America with his parents in 1818, and to Burlington in 1855; in 1861, was elected Justice of the Peace. He married, in 1840, Anna M. Hewitt; they have two children — George H. and Anna H. Peasley, D. W., northwest cor. of Marshall and Valley. PEASLEY, JAMES C, Presi- dent of the National State Bank of ^ Burlington, was born in Henderson Co., 111., on the 30th of March, 1840 ; his father, Francis J. C. Peasley, was one of the first settlers of Illinois, hav- ing emigrated from Lower Canada in 1835; he removed to Burlington in 1842, and died there ten years later ; James C. attended Illinois College, at Jacksonville ; having a decided prefer- ence for a business career, did not wait to graduate, but left school in 1860, and not long after secured a situation in the Des Moines County Savings Bank ; in 1864, he received the appointment of Assistant Treasurer of the Burlington & Missouri Railroad Company, where he remained until the spring of 1866, when he became Cashier of the National State Bank, at that time under the Presidency of F. W. Brooks; after the death of Mr. Brooks, in the spring of 1869, Mr. E. D. Rand was elected President, and he was succeeded by Mr. Peasley in the spring of 1871. Mr. Peasley married on the 10th of October, 1866, Miss Louisa S. Green, of Lawrenceville, N. J. Mr. Peasley is a Republican. Peele, Vincent ; res. 615 Pine. PefFerman, 'VVm., capitalist, 603 S. Main. Pegan, Leonidas, commercial agent, 626 Poster. Peich, P. W., organ-builder, 920 S. Bound- ary. Penny, J. W., grain-buyer, 917 Jefferson. PENROSE, WM., dealer in farm machinery ; born in Morgan Co., Ohio, Nov. 7, 1834 ; ho lived in Ohio until 1868, when he came to Burlington ; en- gaged in present business ever since he came here. Mr. Penrose married Olivia Thompson June 9, 1858; she was born in Columbiana Co., 0., March 11, 1839 ; they have five children — James R., Re- becca L., John T., Mary L. and Wm., Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Penrose are mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church. Perkins, Albert A., china and glass ware 314 N. Main ; res. 1228 Smith. Parkins, Chas. B., Vice-President and Su- perintendent C., B. & Q. R. R. ; res. Dill, cor. of White. Peterman, J. M., manager billiard-hall, Board of Trade. Peterson, Andrew, elk.; res. 417 Mar- shall. Peterson, Prank, cabinet-maker 116 S. Gunnison. Peterson, Nels, proprietor Burlington House, 321 N. Front. PETERSON, P. «-., manufacturer and refinisher of straw goods and dealer in plaster blocks, 405 Valley st. ; born in Norway, May 14, 1845 ; came to the U. S. in 1866. Mr. Peterson was 'con- nected with several railway companies as civil engineer ; among others, the Lake Superior & Mississippi, Northern Pacific, and Chicago, Dubuque & Min- nesota Companies. He was for four years in straw goods business in Chicago and Milwaukee ; he came from Milwau- kee to Burlington in February, 1 876; en- gaged in present business ever since he came here. Mr. Peterson married Liz- zie Foreman Jan. 7, 1875 ; she was born in Wisconsin ; they have two chU- BURLINGTON CITY. 657 dren— Guild, born Oct. 19, 1875, and Anna, Nov. 19, 1877. Phelps, Clias. H., District Judge; res. 935 N. 5th PHEIi'PS^ FRANK ; was born in Middlebury, Vt., a little village under the shadow of the Green Mountains, where he passed his childhood and youth. He leceived a classical eduoa- tioQ, and graduated at Union College in 1854 ; in 1855, he sought the Western wilds. One pleasant summer morning, in 1857, he went to the office of the Burlington Daily Hawlc-Eye to carry a message ; the proprietor, Clark Dunham, asked him to write an item of a runa- way on Jefferson street ; he wrote it, and Mr. Dunham offered him a position on the paper ; under that good man (whose memory he holds in affection), he tried to learn the newspaper trade. In 1859, he went to Louisiana, and spent a pleasant year among the planters of Rapides, as a school-teacher. Dur- ing the war, he was a clerk in the Quar- termaster's Department of the regular army ; after this unpleasantness had been settled (together with the bills, which lasted for three years after the war), he returned to civil and newspaper life ; he was for a season, the editor of the Toledo (Ohio) Times ; returning to Burlington, he returned to his first-love, the Hawk-Eye; after laboring for a time there, he established the Burling- ton Daily, which, after a year of hard work and fun, fell among thorns. Mr. Phelps is now the city editor of the Burlington Gazette; he has the honor of age in Burlington newspaper work, no other person connected with Burling- ton journalism, having started in the newspaper world at the time that he commenced it with his good friend, Clark Dunham. Phillips, M. W., hats, caps, etc., 201 Jef- ferson ; res. 531 S. 10th. Pierson, A. G., far. ; res. fair grounds. Pierson, John, far. ; res. Agency road. ' Pierson, J. L., Sec. and Treas. Burhngton Lumber Manufacturing Co.; res. 501 Pond cor. of Amelia. Pierson, Johnson, postal clerk, 119 b- Marshall. -, .„k n Pietsoh, Ferdinand, dry goods, 1425 Os- born ; residence same. Pilger Brothers, wholesale grocers, 209 N. Main. Pilger, Jacob ; res. Sunny Side. Pilger, L. W. ; res. 1015 N. lUth. Pilger, T. L., retired ; res. 715 N. 6th. PITiGER, WM., of the firm of Pil- ger Bros., wholesale grocers, was born in Louisville, Ky., Feb. 15, 1845; when an infant, his parents removed to Burlington. In his business career he was first in the harness trade, later a commercial traveler, and has been en- gaged in his present business since Feb. 1, 1873; the trade of the firm of Pil- ger Bros, is chiefly in Iowa, Northern Missouri and Western Illinois, though it also extends into Kansas and Nebraska. Their average sales are $260,000 per annum. Pilling, A. H., physician, 304 S. Bound- ary. Pilling, W. B., attorney at law ; ofiice 312.J Jefferson ; res. 304 S. Boundary. Pollock, Granger & Chittenden, furniture, etc., 102 3d. Pond & Co., butter, eggs, etc., 827 Jeffer- son. POOR, CORNELIUS L., at- torney at law ; was born in Allegheny Tp., Venango Co., Peon., May 13,1845, and lived there until May, 1875. He was educated at the State Normal Insti- tute, at Edinboro, Erie Co., Penn., and admitted to the bar at Franklin, Penn., September, 1874, and has been in prac- tice ever since. He has been City So- licitor since April, 1878. Poor & Millspaugh, attorneys at law, 312 Jefferson. Poppe, Ewald, teacher high school; res. cor. 7th and Walnut. Poppe, Max B.; res. cor. 7th and Walnut. Potter, T. J., Div. Supt. C, B. & Q. and B. & M., Central Block; res. 400 S. 8th. POWER,' JOHN C, HON., at- torney at law ; was born in Mt. Vernon, Ohio ; previous to his coming to Bur- lington, in 1856, he resided ten years m Cincinnati. His first business in the West was farming. In May, 1863, he enlisted in Co. D, 8th I. V. C. ; he was mustered in as 2d Lieutenant, and mus- tered out as Captain, in 1865. In the fall of 1862, he was admitted to the bar, and three years later was elected County Judge, which position he held until Jan. 658 DIRECTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY: 1, 1869, when he, resigned, having been elected Circuit Judge in the fall of 1868. He held that position for four years, and, since 187:-!, has been engaged in the practice of his profession. Prenzler & Althof, wholesale liquor dlrs., 214 Washington. Price, J. W., 1013 3d. Price & Henry, druggists, 320 N. 3d. Prugh, Isaac, undertaker, 700 N. Main. PURD Y, HIRAM, wholesale liquor merchant ; was born at White Plains, Westchester Co., N. Y., Sept. 12, 1814 ; when 5 years of age, his parents moved to New York City; the first business he engaged in was the manufacture of sash, show-cases, etc., in the Bowery, New York, in 1835, which he continued until 1857 ; he originated the first metal show-case about the year 1844, he was also the projector of the first street- railway. During his residence in the metropolis of America, he took an ac- tive interest in all political issues, and his infinenee was largely felt in elections, both municipal and national. He came to Burlington in 1857, and engaged in his present business in 1860. Mr. Purdy's remarkable inventive genius is well known and conceded by experts, a large number of valuable and useful in- ventions being the result of his labors in that direction, among which may be mentioned a patent process for guaging liquor; an improvement patented for distilling purposes, another for odorizing ; he is also the patentee of a Steam Boiler, Cyclone principle, a Cyclone Heater, Grain-Car Doors, Cattle-Bar for stock- cars, Fruit-Jars, etc. The Cyclone Heater deserves more than a passing mention. It combines the gas and smoke burning principles, making it fuel- saving and desirable on account of clean- liness and increased healing qualities. The arrangement of the apparatus is simple, not liable to get out of order, and .adapted to every form . of heating apparatus now in use, and to every con- dition where artificial heat is required. Putnam, James, President Iowa & Mo. Land Co., 116 Market ; res. 705 N. 5th. /^UELL, WxM., carp., 830 Poster. Quick, C. B., Union Furniture Co. ; res. cor. Smith and Gunnison. Quigley & Reiner, saloon, 105 S. Main. Quinhy, George ; res. 814 Walnut. T3AAB, EMANUEL, 901 N. 5th. Raab, R. M., 318 Franklin. Raab Bros., merch. tailors, 217 Jefierson. Rabistein, Louis, 135 S. 6th. Raesch, John, shoe-shop, 835 Jefferson ; res. 1429 Osborn. • Ramge, Ferdinand, painter Burg & Sons; res. Sunny Side. Ramge, George, 800 N. 6th. Ramge & Reusch, meat mkt., 806 N. 6th. Ramge, Wm., meat market, 1510 Osborn. RAIttTD, E. D., President of the Bur- lington Lumber Co.; oflfice on the cor. of South and Front sts. ; he was born July 23, 1814, at Watertown, Mass.; moved to Burlington in the fall of 1839; in 1856, was elected to the State Legis- lature. Married, April, 1837, Sarah A. Pond ; have two children now living — Geo. D., born February, 1838, and Mary A., born in September, 1840 ; Mrs. Rand died in June, 1850; Mr. Rand's second marriage occured June, 1852, to Caro- line A. Sherfey ; have four children — Elbridge D., Jr., born August 11, 1853; Charles W., born Feb. 12, 1855 ; Horace S., born May 11, 1861; Carrie, born March 17, 1867. Rand, B. D., & Co., mfrs. of lumber, 846 Jefferson. Rand, E. H., dlr. in wood and coal, 630 Jefferson ; res. 136 8. 6th. Rand & Carson, mfrs. of lumber, near rail- road bridge, foot of South. Randall, George, grocer, 1100 N. Oak. Rankin, Thos. R., 107 S. Marietta. Rankin & Dodge, com. merchants, 605 Jefferson. Ransom, H. B., 425 N. 5th. Ransom, H. B. & J. J., physicians and surgeons, 215 Jefferson. RAPER, T. J., Chief of Police, ap- pointed April 1, 1878; born in Greene Co., Ohio, May 20, 1844 ; moved to Burlington in 1868. Enlisted in Co. C, 1st Ohio V. I. ; served fourteen months ; then transferred to an Indiana regiment ; promoted to 2d and then to 1st Lieutenant; mustered out, Jan. 27, 1866. Served one year as policeman, and, in 1873, resigned; was elected Constable in the fall of that year, and served two years ; re-elected, BURLINGTON CITY. 659 and served up to the time of present ap- pointment. Married Jan. 21, 1864, to M. E. Shearer of Indianapolis. Re- publican. Eaper, Hiram, farmer, 1315 Summer. Eapp, Jacob, locksmith, 309 Washington ; res. 419 Maple. RAPPOI.D, GEORGE, bom in Wiesonbach, a small town in the I^^ing- dom of Wurtemberg, Dec. 4, 18il6; came to America in 1849, and settled in Waterville, Oneida Co., N. Y., where he was for two years engaged at the cooper business; in 1851, Mr. Rappold spent several months in Connecticut, at the carpenter's trade, and from there went to Georgia, where he worked at his trade of carpenter and joiner until the beginning of the rebellion ; during his nineteen years' sojourn in the South, Mr. Kappold was engaged in the grocery and saloon business, working also part of the time at his trade as carpenter ; in 1871, he came to Burlington, where he has since been engaged in the saloon business. In 1852, George Eappold and Miss VV. Eahner were united in mar- riage. Easche.Wm., 1333 N. 8th. RAY, GEO. O., of Eay & Filley, dealers in farm machinery and seeds, corner 3d and Market sts. ; is a native of Burlington, educated here i has been engaged in his present business twelve years, and a member of the present firm since 1877. Eay & Filley do an exten- sive jobbing trade, principally along the lines of the C, B. & Q. E. E. ; have a branch house at Eed Oak, from which they supply their Southwestern Iowa trade ; Mr. Filley has charge of the Eed Oak branch, and resides in that city ; the firm occupies about 10,000 feet of floor room in this city ; their sales run from $75,000 to $100,000 per annum and are rapidly increasing since the establishment of their new house at Eed Oak. Eay, Harvey, Jr., 927 N. 7th. Eeed, L. P., Eeed House, cor. 4th and Division. Reid, Frank, shoemaker, 206 Jefferson; res. 503 Wood. REIIKTER, C, saloon-keeper, 105 S. Main st. ; born in Oedendorf, Germa- ny, in 1845; came to Louisa Co., Iowa, in 1869, and to Des Moines Co. in 1873 ; worked in the Eagle Hotel one 'year; started present business in 1874. Democrat. Eeinert, Daniel, saloon, 213 Valley. REMEY, JOHN T., Cashier of the National State Bank ; born in Burling- ton, lowd, June 4, 1844; Mr. Remey was connected with the Union National Bank of Chicago, from 1863 to 1871 ; since 1871, he has held the position he now occupies. Married Mary L. Rorer Oct. 30, 1872; she was born in Bur- lington; they have one child — David Rorer, born July 11, 1878. Eenshaw, M. R., painter, 1115 S. 13th. Eenshaw, S. J.; res 859 High. Reppert, Christian, wine mfr. ; res. head of Bodeman. Reppert, Henry, blacksmith ; res. head of Bodeman. REUSCH, FRAIVK, meat market, No. 703 6th St. ; born in Europe, Sept. 11, 1847 ; came to America and to Bur- lington in 1865. Married November, 1870, toMena Flead. REIJSCH, JOHX, meat market at 1204 8th St.; born Sept. 26, 1848, m Germany; came to America and to Burlington in 1869. Married January, 1874, Sersna Strotman ; they have two children — Clara and Wm. F. Reynolds, J. H., photographer, 21 U Jef- ferson ; res. 415 S. Marshall. Rhodes, Jno. W., dry goods and groceries, 117 Jefferson; res. cor. Madison and Denmark. RICHTER, A., druggist. No. 1319 N 8th St. ; born in Germany m 1844; came to Burlington in 1870, and en- gaged in the newspaper work in connec- tion with the Iowa Journal and Iowa Tribune; started present business in 1871. Married Lydia Baucer in 1870 ; she was born in Germany in 1849 ; they have three children— Mary, Johanna, Frederick. Members of the Latter Day Saints Church ; Liberal. RIEPE, CASPAR, Constable ; born in Germ'any Sept. 27, 1834; came America in 1853, and to Burlington in 1 855 • in Benton Tp. he was elected, and served two terms, as Road Supervisor; in 1863, he was elected Constable in the same to;nship, and served three terms ; in 1878, was elected Constable in Bur- 660 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: lington Tp. He married in 1854 Hannah Benne ; she died in 1857, and he married, second time, Louisa Pogge- moaller, 1858 ; they have seven children —Anna L., August H., Mary, Matilda, Prank A., Louisa and Arthur. They are members of the Evangelical Church ; he is Superintendent of the Sabbath school ; Democrat. Riepe & Hulsebus, grocers, 323 Jefferson. Rinker, Andrew, shoe-shop, 904 Maple ; res. 808 S. 10th. Ripley, I. N., accountant, 408 S. 9th. RITZMAX, J. B., dealer in gro- ceries, provisions, crockery and glass- ware; born March 12, 1834, in Switz-' erland ; came to America in 1854, to Bur- lington in 1856. Enlisted in Co. P,5thl. V. C., September 1861 ; served over three years ; was in several battles ; mustered out October, 1864. Married September, 1861, Mary A. Miohler; they have six children — Rosalia, Adalheit, Clara, J. W., Matilda, Mary. He has been en- gaged in business since 1865. ROBB, ft. li., M. D., 302 N. Main St. ; born in Logan Co., Ohio, in 1840 ; came to Burlington in 1875 ; is a grad- uate of the St. Louis Homeopathic Medical College. In 1872, married Miss Sarah L. Miller ; she was born in Orange, N. J.; Mrs. Robb is a graduate of the Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago ; they have four children — Henry, Nettie, Emma and Lizzie. Mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church ; Re- publican. BOBEKT^OX, GEORGE, at- torney at law; born in Jessamine Co., Ky., May 9, 1831; he graduated from the law department of Transylvania University, in Kentucky, in the spring of 1 854 ; came to Burlington in the fall of 1854. Mr. Robertson was Mayor of Burlington in 1872 and 1873; was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors in 1874. Robinson, S., commercial agent, res. 307 S. Augusta. Roesch, John, shoe shop, 835 Jefferson ; res. 1429 Osborn. Roesner, Muenzenmeyer & Bro., meat mar- ket, 1120 Angular, and corner 9th and South. ROESENER, ERNST, meat mar- ket, 1121, corner of South and 9th sts.- born Jan. 23, 1848, in Germany, and moved to America and to Burlington Oof. 28, 1873. Married March 31, 1875, Louisa Muenzenmeyer. ROHDE, H. FREDERICK, attorney at law ; was born in Holstein, Germany, May 9, 1852 ; he came to Iowa City in 1871 ; he was educated at St. Joseph's Institute and Iowa State i- University, until 1876, when he attend- ed Cornell University for one year, after which he was graduated from the Law Department uf the Michigan University in 1878; he has been engaged in the practice of. his profession in Burlington since May 1, 1878. Rolfsmeyer, E. H., clerk, 1210 N. 9th. Rollins, J. H., sewing machines, 412 Jef- ferson. Ronaldson, M., merchant tailor, 315 Jef- ferson ; res. 214 S. Pond. ROOT, RICHARD, COL., Deputy U. S.' Marshal for the Southern District of Iowa ; born in Carroll Co., Md., February 21, 1836; located in Leavenworth, Kan., in 1859, where he resided until the breaking-out of the rebellion, when he entered the army as Ensign of Co. E, 1st Kan. V. I., serving six months in that regiment ; he then came to Mt. Pleasant and or- ganized Co. K, 19th I. V. I., of which he was elected 1st Lieutenant ; soon after, he was promoted to the captaincy of Co. E, 8th I. V. C, and then made Major of his regiment ; subsequently, he was commissioned to organize scat- tering regiments of Sherman's army ; after organizing the 35th, 36th and 37th U. S. Regulars, he was commissioned Colonel of the 36ih. After leaving the service, he returned to Mt. Pleasant, and there resided until 1877. He has served as U. S. Marshal eight years ; he was first appointed in March, 1871. ROOT, R. T., book publisher; was was born in Ontario, Sept. 21, 1848 ; he came to Chicago in 1866, and for three years engaged in book canvassing ; in 1869, he came to Burlington, where he started in the publishing business. Among his list of works produced are : "The Life of Christ," and " Foot- prints of Time," copyrighted and issued in 1874. This specialty has proven a great success ; through agents, he has BURLINGTON CITY. 661 canvassed many sections of the country and sold a very large number of copies ; in addition to these, he has also published several religious works. He was mar- ried to Miss Anna F. Pine, a native of Philadelphia, Nov. 24, 1870, by whom he has three children — Richard Willis, Nellie May and Florence Anna. Mr. and Mrs. Root are members of the M. E. Church. ROREB, DAVID, HOX., native of Pittsylvania Co., Virginia; born there in 1806; came to Bur- lington March 27, 1836, about two years after the city received its name ; has been constantly engaged in prac- ticing law since coming to this city ; for the past twenty-five years, has been the attorney of the C, B. & Q. R. 11.; is author of a work on Judicial Sales, which has already passed into a second edition, and has nowreadyfor publication a work on railroad law of two large vol- umes, which will be issued from the press very shortly ; has also in course of pre- paration an exhaustive history of the N^orthwest, and in course of publication by Callahan & Co., of Chicago, a work on American Inter-State Law. Judge Rorer was one of the founders of the Historical Society, founded here in 1843, the records of which were after- ward burned ; his colleagues in this work were Greenleaf Nealy and Dr. Hoyt; Judge Rorer is also a member of the Historical Societies of Pennsyl- vania and Wisconsin, and has a most valuable historical library, comprising some exceedingly rare and ancient vol- umes ; Judge Rorer wrote the original Articles of Incorporation of thecity (then town), and has been intimately identified with all its history. Rossell, W. M., contractor and builder, 831 N. 7th. Roth, Jos., far., Madison av. Roth, Theo., carpenter, 1149 Franklin. ROTHE, WILLiIAM, manufact- urer, wholesale and retail dealer in wil- low and rattan ware, 108 S. 3d St.; born Aug. 27, 1844, in Germany; moved to Americain 1860,andto Burlington April, 1875; enlisted in Co. E, 2d Ohio I. V. I., April 17, 1861; served three months, was mustered out ; re-enlisted Au". 22, 1861, in Co. A, 17th Mo. V. I., 15th Army Corps ; served for over three years ; mustered out Sept. 25, 1864; was in all of the battles of his regiment. Married October 17, 1871, Christina Ender ; they have two chil- dren—Minnie M. and John N. Repub- lican. Rothenberger, L. H. ; res. 1124 Agency. ROTHENBERGER, PH. P., proprietor of the City Brewery, No. 1122 Agency St. ; he was born Nov. 4, 1838, in Germany ; came to Burlington May 28, 1857; he married in 1860 Christina Wage; they have four chil- dren living — Ann, born April 12, 1861 ; Mary, October, 1863; Ida, 1868; Henry, July, 1870. His children have all been baptized. He is Inde- pendent. Ruff, Hubert, mason; res. 212 S. 9th. Rundorff, Emil, 617 N. 7th. Rundorff, Theodore, 406 North. Rundorff & Brenner, hardware, 320 Jef- ferson. Rundorff & Brother, dry goods and gro- ceries, 701 N. 6th. Runge, Ed. F., confectionery and restau- rant, 220 Jefferson ; res. 806 3d, cor. Arch. Runyan, L. M., Polk, north side Prospect Hill. SABIN, JOHN, house-mover, 316 S. Wood. Sales, D. J.; res. 1002 Maple. Saling, Jacob, 408 S. 10th. SAIiTER, WM., REV., was bom in Brooklyn, L. I., on the 17th of No- vember, 1821 ; his parents were natives of Portsmouth, N. H. ; he descended from John Salter, mariner, who came from Devonshire, England, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and settled in Portsmouth ; on his mother's side, he is descended from Alexander Ewcn, who came from Aberdeen, Scot- land, before the Revolution ; Mr. Salter received his education in the city of New York, and graduated from the University of that city, in 1840 ; he spent two years in the Union Theolog- ical Seminary of New York, and one year in the Seminary at Andover, Mass.; after teaching school awhile in South Norwalk, Conn., he came West with a number of young ministers, and arrived at Burlington in October, 1843; 662 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: he spent two years as a missionary in Maquoketa, Andrew, Bellevue, and Jackson Co., generally, and, on the 15th of March, 1856, was invited to become Pastor of the Congregational Church in Burlington ; he has remained here ever since, a continuous pastorate of over thirty-three years ; Mr. Salter, besides his regular ministerial duties, has devoted a portion of his time to lit- erature; he published, in 1863, "The Letters of Ida R. Parker," a duodeci- mo volume of about three hundred pages, from the press of Crosby & Nich- ols, Boston ; this work is a rare treas- ure to the friends of the gifted lady, whose beautiful Christian character is so well illustrated in this contribution from her correspondence ; it is dedicated to Mrs. Elizabeth R. Grimes, widow of the late Senator Grimes, of this city ; during the rebellion, he prepared a work entitled, " The Great Rebellion in the Light of Christianity," a book for the times, which was published by the Re- form Book and Tract Society of Cincin- nati ; Mr. Salter published the '■ Church Hymn-Book," a very excellent collec- tion of hymns and tunes, now used in his own congregation ; from time to time, he delivers sermons and lectures on various subjects of public interest ; they all display those sober and solid qualities which have made Mr. Salter one of the best-wearing ministers in Iowa; he prepared " The Life of James W. Grimes, Governor of Iowa from 1856-1858, and Senator of the U. S. from 1859-1869," published by D. Ap- pleton & Co., of New York, in 1876 ; on the occasion of the fiftieth annual meeting of the State Historical Society, he delivered an address, full of historical research, commemorative of the two hundredth anniversary of the discovery of Iowa by Marquette and Joliet, June 17, 1673; a writer in the "Annals of Iowa " for July, 1873, which contains the address, says : " It was delivered in a faultless style of oratory, in strict harmony with its scholastic composi- tion." Mr. Salter is liberal and Cath- olic in his views, aims, and spirit, recog- nizing the broad seal of the Christian life as a better passport to Heaven than the I badge of any particular sect ; churches, sects, . ordinances, services, with him, exhaust their whole signifi- cance in being helps to the attainment of the Christian character. From his earliest recollection, he has been an anti- slavery man ; many years ago he bore the reproach of being called an " Abo- litionist," and illustrated his faith by assisting more than one fugitive to es- cape from bondage ; some of the early citizens may remember the incident of he and others sending one of this class across the river in a dry goods box. Mr. Salter was married on the 25th of August, 1846, to Miss Mary Ann, daughter of Deacon E. P. Mackintire, of Charlestown, Mass., by whom he has three sons ; the eldest graduated at Knox College, Galesburg, 111., in 1871, pursued theological studies at Yale and Harvard, was for one year incumbent of Parker Fellowship, and student at Got- tingen ; his second son, Edward Sum- ner, graduated at Amherst College in 1877, and is devoting his life to music; the youngest, George B., is learning mercantile business. The honorary de- gree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon Mr. Salter by the University of Iowa, in 1864. Samson, Erz, shoemaker, 209 Jefierson, res. 503 Vine. SAMSOW, WIIililAM J., Prin- cipal of South Hill School; res. 1000 8. 9th st ; has been engaged three years in his present capacity, 'and was con- nected with the Monmouth and Kirk- wood schools in Illinois before coming to this city ; is a native of Hamilton Co., Ohio, and was educated at Monmouth, 111. ; his wife. Flora I. Bates, is a native of Ohio; has one child. Members of Division Street M. E. Church. ISAUXOEBSOW, R. O., A. M., City Superintendent of Schools; res. 402 Leebrick st. ; has held his presentposition since 1873; has been connected with the schools since 1872, in which year he graduated from the Iowa State Univer- sity. His father was a Colonel in the British army; his mother of Scotch birth, residing in Ireland at the time her son was born. Prof. Sanderson was married -Jan. 27, 1877. Himself and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. BURLINGTON CITY. 663 Saum, B. L., professor in business colleee SCHAFER, CHARLES 1.., clerk for the Keokuk Northern Line Packet Co.; born in Burlington Jan. 28, 1849. Married in November, 1873, Sophia Schliok ; they have three chil- dren — Theodore, I,ydia and Bertha. He is a Democrat. Schaefer, Fred., shoemaker, 615i Jeffer- son ; res. 923 Jefferson. Schaefer, Jost, shoe-shop, 213 N. 8th ; res. 923 Jefferson. Schaefer, Julius, 408 N. Boundary. Schaefer, Martin, shoe-shop, 205 Wash- ington; res. 1201 Doemland. SCHAFPWER, Wll., Sheriff; was born in Germany, April 4, 1835, and came to America in 1852; he landed at Baltimore ; remained two months, then went to New Orleans, and thence to Louisville, Ky., in 1853 ; in 1855, he came to Burlington, and was engaged in the brewery here for sixteen years; in 1872, he was elected Sheriff to fill vacancy, and re-elected in 1873, 1875 and 1877 ; he was City Weigh- master for eight months in 1872. Mr. Schaffner's wife was Dorothea Gebrick, who was born in Germany ; they have nine children — Adelaide, Caroline, Bertha, Thea, Alfred, Ida, Siegfried, Angelina and Wm., Jr. SCHAUIVBERO, F., saloon, 1510 Osbornst. ; born in Switzerland in 1842; came to Burlington in 1862, and has since been engaged in the saloon busi- ness. Mr. S. has one child — William — by former marriage ; present wife's maiden name was Louisa Asher; married in 1873 ; she was born in Germany in 1854; they have three children — Mattie, Rosa and Frederick. Mr. S, enlisted in thelstMo. Art. ; wasmiisteredin, 1862 ; mustered out in 1865; was in the bat- tles of Dallas, Lost Mountain, Nash- ville and several others. Democrat. Soarff, John, physician and surgeon, 201 N. 3d. SCHENCK, C. M., Secretary of the Whitebreast Coal and Mining Co. ; born at Franklin, Ohio, Jan. 3, 1850 ; came to Burlington in 1871 ; in the C, B. & Q. Ry. Co.'s General Offices here until 1872; from that time until July, 1877, he was in the employ of Wm. Bell & Co., as book-keeper; since July, 1877, he has been connected with the com- pany he now represents. Schenok,O.H.,City Treas.: res. 621 N. 5th Schick, Charles, saloon, 711 Jefferson- res. J 503 Thul. Sohier, Joseph, mer. tailor, 516 Jefferson. SCHIPPERT, S., was born in Prus- sia in 1844; came to Burlington in 1856. Married Barbara Fritz ; she was born in Prussia in 1850; they have three children— Joseph, Annie and Min- nie. Mr. S. is a member of the A. 0. U. W. and Germania Societies ; holds the office of Financial Secretary of the A. 0. U. W^ Is a Democrat. SCHIPPERT & SCHMIT- TEIi, " Merchants' Restaurant," No 305 Main and 202 Jefferson. SCHLACHTER, A., saloon, cor. of Division and Leebrick sts. ; born in Ger- many ; came toAmerica in 1866; to Burlington in 1867. Married Oct. 2, 1870, Sophia Enger; they have three children — Joseph, Anna and Ida. SCHIiAfflPP, JMO., " Sohlampp's Exchange," No. 306 3d st. ; born in Germany in 1832; came to Burlington in 1855; in 1858, started in the saloon business, whi.;h he has since continued. Married Barbara Berger in 1855 ; she was born in Germany in 1834 ; died in 1876 ; has six children — John, Annie, Matilda, Charles, Oscar and Frank. Mr. S. is a member of the Turners'. Society. Republican. Schlapp, August, 920 N. 8th. Schmidt, Charles F., hardware, 111 N. Main; res. 820 N. 8th. Schmidt, George, grocer, 223 N. Front ; res. 820 N. 8th. Schmitt, Peter, capitalist, 827 Warren. SCHJIIITTEL, JOHN, born in Burlington in 1852. Married Annie Weggemyost in 1875 ; she was born in Port Madison, Iowa, in 1856 ; they have one child — Charles J. Mr. S. is a mem- ber of the Germania Benevolent Society, with family members of St. John's Cath- olic Church ; Democrat. Schmeig, Frederick,, 912 N. 7th. Schneider, George, Mason st. Schnell, F. P., 927 Garden. Scholer, Jacob, wine manufacturer, Bluffs south of Berry & Co.'s saw-mill. Scholes, Thos. C, foreman C, B. & Q. shop, 812 S. 4th. 664 UIBECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: SchoU, Jacob, carpenter, 818 Cedar. Schott, Jos. S., wholesale leather and sad- dlery hardware, 1 1 2 Washington. Schramm, C. P., 1102 3d. Schramm, Fred, grocery, 424 N. Main; res. 307 N. Boundary. Schramm, H. C, salesman, 506 N. 8th. Scliramm, J. S., dry goods, 212 JeflFerson ; res. 616 Columbia. Schramm, Rheinhardt, blacksmith, 315 Division; res. 500 S. 10th. Schramm & Schmieg, dry goods, 119 Jef- ferson. SCHREI, ADOIiPH, dealer in groceries, notions, crockery, etc., at 815 South St. ; born in Germany Dec. 26, 1839 ; come to America and to Burlington, June 2, 1855, Enlisted in Co. E, 25th I. V. I. in 1862; served till the close of the war ; was in most of the battles of his regiment ; mustered out with tis regiment. Was elected Alderman from the 7th Ward in 1876. Married Nov. 15, 1865, Caroline Steinmier ; they have seven children — Edward F., Wm. A., Louisa, MoUie, Emma, Lillie, Clara. S€HROEDER, J. H., dealer in merchandise, cor. of Agency and Osborn streets ; he was born June 14, 1846, in Des Moines Co., Iowa. Married May 19, 1870, Anna M. Schroeder; they have three children — Edward L., Clara J., Louisa L. Members of the M. E. Church ; Republican. Sohuff, Anton, carpenter, 819 N. Oak. Sehultz, August, physician, 876 Jefferson. Schumann, Wm., saloon, 219 N. Front; res. 616 S. Main. Schwarz, Casper, shoe-shop, 225 Division ; res. 234 S. 3d. Schwerin, Charles, gardener, res. 106 S. Pond. Scott, George R., retired, 243 S. 7th. Scott, H. H., dry goods, etc., 307 N. Main; res. 612 Washington. ScottjL. B., res. 112 S. Gunnison. Sellon, W. R., 2,10 S. Augusta. Sellon & Jarvis, law reporters. Parsons' Blk. Sennett, Wm., nurseryman, 907 Jefferson. i^HAFEB, J. A,, drug store, cor. of Leebrick and Emelia streets ; born in Springfi-eld, Ohio, Aug. 4, 1837. En- listed August, 1862, in Co. A, 83d Illi- nois V. I. ; served till the close of the war ; was in all of the battles that his regiment was engaged in ; the last year of the service, he was detailed and served in the Medical Department ; mus- tered out June 28, 1865. Married Dec. 5, 1872, Sophia W. Mills ; they had one child — Arthur. Mrs. Shafer died Sept. 29, 1874. SHERFEY, J. M., firm of Rand & Co., lumber dealers; office and yard at No. 846 Jefferson street; he was born Dec. 2, 1831, in Frederick, Md. ; moved to Burlington in 1837. He married Oct. 31, 1858, Mary A. Rand; they have six children — Sarah M., Mary L., Catharine M., Herbert R., Raymond M., Ruth C. Members of the M. E. Church : Republican. SHAUGHIVESEY, MICH'L, owns saloon cor. of North and 7th sts. ; born in Centre Co., Penn., March 17, 1845; came to Burlington in 1876. Shick, Chas., saloon, 711 Jefferson; res. 1301 Plank. Shontz, I. & J., auction and variety store, 417 Jefferson. SI9mi§i, JOHX H., dealer in gro- ceries and provisions, cor. of Gertrude and Williams sts.; he was born at White House, County Antrim, Ireland ; came to America in 1870 ; to Burliiigton in Septemberof thesameyear. Heisamem- ber of the M. E. Church ; Republican. Simpson, J. C, land commissioner; res. 623 Marshall. Simpson. Wilkinson & Co., paint works, 300 S. Main. ISI]V€}ER, JOHIV G., dealer in groceries, provisions and feed, at 918, cor. 10th and Locust sts.; born April 9, 1831, in Germany; came to America, 1853, and to Burlington, 1856. Married April 27, 1857, Angelika Kreisser; she was born Jan. 19, 1834; they have six children — Louisa, Mary, John G., Bertha, Emma, Clara. Skinner, R. S., station freight agent C, B. & Q.; res. 1103 5th. Slatcher, Adrian, saloon, 1606 Division. Slack, Chas. E., attorney at law, 210 Jef- ferson ; res. 1209 Market. Slooomb, J. A., speculator ; res. 1200 Mt. Pleasant. Slosson, Ed., 502 Pond, cor. of Amelia. Smalley, John, Plunder Store, 313 STeffer- son ; res. 231 S. 5th. BURLINGTON CITY. 665 Smith, A. Q., insurance agent, cor. Main and Jefferson ; res. 100 Clay. Smith, Cook & Co., tobacco works, 3d cor. of Valley. Smith, D. N., real estate, 211 and 213 S. 3d Smith, E. A., photographer, 313 S. Gun- nison. Smith, F. A., 719 Columbia. Smith, J. A., Principal Montrose high school ; res. 908 Valley. SlUTH, J. W., Foreman of Hose Station No. 4 ; appointed Aug. 11, 1873 ; appointed Policeman April 2, 1874 ; served till May, 1875 ; joined the Fire Department Jan. 18, 1876 ; served till July ; then was placed on the police force; served till 1877 ; he was born May 28, 1840, in Germany; came to America with his parents, in 1852 ; to Burlington July 25, 1873. Enlisted Aug. 12, 18&1, in Co. E, 49th N. Y. Vols., and served till the close of th war ; at the battle of Spottsylvania Court House, May 12, 1864, was wounded quite seriously in the neck and shoul- der ; was in most of the battles of his regiment ; was confined in the hospital about three months ; mustered out on the27th of June, 1865. MarriedMarch 18,1874, Dora Schnittger ; they have one child — Fred W. Democrat. Smith, P. T., dentist, 209 Jefferson ; res. 101 S. Augusta. SMITH, W. B., dealer in groceries and provisions, 116 5th st. ; born in England July 10, 1825; came to America 1844, and to Burlington in 1851. Married April 26, 1842, Lettie Brooks ; they hare one child — Daniel B., born Dec. 29, 1848. SMITH, W., lodging-house and res- taurant. No. 109 S. Main st. ; born in Cologne, Germany, in 1843 ; came to Burlington in 1873 ; has since been en- gaged in the hotel business. Married Miss Williams in 1874 ; she was born in Quincy, 111., in 1856 ; they have one child— William, born in 1879. Enlisted in the 53d 111., in 1863 ; was in the battles of Atlanta, Marietta, Savannah, and several other smaller ones ; held the position of Sergeant in the 53d ; mus- tered out in 1865. Democrat. SMYTHE, P. HEWRY, HON. jUDCrE, was born near Abington, Washington Co., Va., March 10, 1829 ; was admitted to the bar in 1857, at Cleveland, Ohio. He was married to Miss Crocker, of the above-named place, in 1851. The same year of his admittance to the bar he came to Bur- lington. Of a family of five children, two are now living. Mr. Smythe was appointed Judge of the District Court by the Governor, in April, 1874, which office he resigned in September of the same year. The Judge's only son i^ Professor of Greek in Trinity College, at Hartford, Conn. Snyder, G. W., physician, 1003 N. 6th. SNYDER, T. R., attorney at law ; was born August 27, 1845, in Pleasant Grove Tp.; he worked on his father's farm in his youth ; received a common- school education, and when 18 years of age taught school in the winter of 1863 ; then entered Wesleyan University at Mt. Pleasant ; after an interruption of one year in his studies, he re-entered college in the fall of 1865 ; in June, 1869, he graduated with the degree nf A. B.; in the fall of the same year, he began the study of law, in the office of Judge T. W. Newman ; in September, 1870, he entered the State Law School at Iowa City, and graduated in June 1871 ; in October, 1871, he was elected County Superintendent of Schools of Des Moines Co., subsequently re-elected; since Jan. 1, 1876, at which time he left the office above mentioned, he has devoted himself entirely to the practice of law ; in 1872, he received the degree of A M. from Alma Mater; since Januarv, 1864, Mr. Snyder has been a member of the M. E. Church; in politics, he is a Kepublican, and and has stumped different parts of the country during several campaigns, always taking an active interest in political issues. Southwell, Calvin, 813 Cedar Sowden, Chas., blacksmith, 222 Mam; res. 912 Valley. Spaar, Joseph, 1400 S. 12th. . . Speidel, Geo., carpenter; res. cor. Division and Adams. n n,. 909* Spencer, Richard, Secretary Gas Co., 20^4 Jefferson ; res. 625 Division. Spencer, Robert, 515 S. Pond sLnholtz, Charles, City Weighmaster, .08 N. 5th; res. Starr Avenue and Spray. €66 DIRECTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY: Sprenger, Geo. M.; res. 1011 South. Sprenger, Henry, blacksmith-shop in rear of Summer St. car station; res. 1215 S. 10th. .Sprenger, Michael, blacksmith-shop 1820 S. Main; res. George st. Squires, C. P., 802 N. 5th. Squires, C. P., & Co., wholesale and retail druggists, 112 JeflFerson. Stadtlander, Wm. S., Jr., grocer, 862 Washington ; res. Osborn st. Starker, Chas., President Iowa State Sav- ings Bank ; res. Prospect Point. Starr, Chas. B., attorney, 315 J N. 3d; res. 309 N. 6th. Starr, H. W., attorney, 315 J N. 3d; res. 309 N. 6th. STEECE, Li., Principal of North Hill Public School; res. 1600 Osborn St. ; has 365 enrolled pupils ; been con- nected with the city schools nine years ; native of Maryland ; educated in a printing office ; commenced . teaching twenty-one years ago ; taught five years ; and, in 1862, entered mercantile busi- ness; came to Iowa in 1857. Is mar- ried ; has five children — ^the eldest a clerk in the book house of Wesley Jones, this city ; his eldest daughter, who graduated from the high school. Class of 1878, is now in the training school preparing; for work as teacher. STEIXBRECHER, JOHN, manufacturer of boots and shoes, 1023 8th St. ; born Dec. 11, 1853, in Russia; came to America in 1874, and to Bur- lington in 1876. Married in 1872 Mary Betz ; they have one child — Fannie. Steinmeier, Frederick; res. 613 Elm. STEINBRECHER, DEHIV & JLAU, pork-packers and wholesale and retail dealers in all kinds of fresh and smoked meats, cor. of 3d and Washing- ton sts. STEXGJBR, P., keeps saloon on the cor. of Washington and 3d sts. ; born July 10, 1821, in Germany; came to America and to Chicago in 1847; to Bur- lington, 1857 ; was in the employ of the U. S. Government a few months as baker. Is Independent in politics. He is a member of the Turners' Society. Has visited California three times ; twice by water and once by the plains, and returned the same way; spent about twelve years in that State ; he has trav- eled extensively ; been in nearly every state in the Union, and part of Mexico. STERZIXG, B. F., grocery and feed store. No. 803 N. Oak St.; born in Germany, in 1854 ; came to Burlington in 1875, and engaged in the confection- ery business, at No. 202 Jefferson st., until 1876, then in the saloon business at the northwest corner of Main and Washington sts. ; in 1877, went into the ice business, and still engages in it on a larger scale ; office at the corner of 8th and Oak sts. Married Julia Dutt- weiler in 1877; she was born in Bur- lington in 1851 ; they have one child — Thekla. Mr. S. is Secretary of the Turning Society Vorwaerts. which office he has held for the past two years. Sterzing, B. F., dlrs. in ice, southwest cor. of N. 8th and N. Oak. Stewart, J. R.; res. 1028 N. 6th. Stewart & Hayden, plumbers, steam and gas-fitters, etc., 306 N. Main. Steyh, Henry, harness shop, 221 Division ; res. 418 S. Boundary. Steyh, Wm., civil engineer; res. 1107 Summer. ST01¥E, JOSEPH C, was bom in Westport, N. Y., July 30, 1829 ; re, moved to the Territory of Iowa in 1844, received a limited education at the pub- lic schools, studied medicine, graduating at |the medical department of the St. Louis University, Mo., in 1854. En- listed as a private soldier in the 1st I. V. C, in June, 1861; was made Adjutant of the regiment ; was pro- moted Captain, and Assistant Adjutant General of Volunteers in 1862 ; was promoted and brevetted in 1864 and 1865, served to the close of the war. Has since practiced his profession ; was elected to the 45th Congress, as a Re- publican, receiving 17,184 votes, against 14,814 votes for Westley C. Hobbs, Democrat, and 700 votes for the Green- back candidate. Straessler, Leopold, grocer, 1100 Chalfant. Strickland, A. R., conductor, 903 N. 3d. Strode!, Jos., clerk, 929 N. 5th. Struckman, Fred, saloon, 1500 Osborn. Stubbs, Wharton, carp., 804 S. Main. STUTSUIAW, A.H., District Judge; was born in Morgan Co., Ind., Dec. 21, 1840, and came to Iowa, Lee Co., near West Point, with his parents, in 1842. BURLINGTON CITY. 667 He enlisted in Co. C, Ist I. V. C, in July, 1861, and served until March, 186-1, when he was discharged on ac- count of disability, having lost his left arm at Bayou Metoe. Aug. 27, 1863 ; in 1865, he read law with Judge Beck, and was admitted to the bar in Decem- ber of that year ; in the spring of 1866, he commenced practice in Chariton, and, a year later, pursued a course at the Michigan University, graduating in 1868 ; in 1869, he was elected Repre- sentative to the State Legislature, re- signed in 1870, and came to Burlington he was City Solicitor in 1873 and 1874 Police Judge in 1875, 1876 and 1877 in October, 1878, he was elected Judge of the First Judicial District, which po- sition he now occupies. STIJTSMAIV, S. H., DR.; was born in Indiana Oct. 25, 1836 ; his parents moved to Lee Co., Iowa, in 1842 ; after receiving a suitable education, he entered the Medical Department of the Iowa State University, at Keokuk, Iowa, and graduated in 1863 ; immediately afterward, he entered the army in the 45th I. V. I., as Assistant Surgeon, re- maining in the service until September, 1865; then located in the practice of medicine in Lucas Co. ; in December, 1876, the Doctor moved to Burlington, where he has since practiced ; he is a member of Des Moines Co. Medical So- ciety. In 1860, he married Miss Lizzie Mooney; they have three children — Wm., Carl and Lenora. Mr. and Mrs. Stutsman are members of the Meth- odist Church. Sunderland, John, Sr. ; res. 515 Summer. SUWDERIiASTD, NATHAN P., Postmaster: born in Rockville, Parke Co., Ind.,'Dec. 15, 1825; came to Burlington in 1848; engaged ingrain and milling busines.'f here for ten years, then in pork-packing business until 1871; he served four years as County Supervisor; in 1871, he was appointed Postmaster, and has held that position ever since. SIJTTER, J., plow and repair shop, Thul; res. 1525 Thul St.; born in Switzerland in 1824 ; came to Burling- ton in 1854 ; worked in Ray & Parker s plow-shop; in 1876, started present shop. Married Anna Boardman in 1853; she was born in Switzerland in 1833; they have two children — Anna and Ida. Members of the Catholic Church ; Re- publican. SUTTER, ROBERT, proprietor of a saloon cor. of 6th and JeflFerson sts., was born Nov. 1, 1845, in Switzer- land ; came to America, and to Burling- ton in January, 1868. Married April 14, 1870, Christina Dehlinger; they have two children — Joseph R. and Anna. He is a Republican. Swan, J. M., & Co., grocers and druggists' sundries, 409 Jefferson. Swan, L., lightning-rods and pumps, 716 Jefferson. SWENY, GEORGE, real estate and loan agent, also Notary Public, conveyancer, etc., was born in Warren Co., Ohio, Oct. 28, 1820; he was engaged in the drug business at Xenia, and for a period of five years was in the drug and jewelry business in Kenton, Ohio. In 1853, Mr. Sweny came to Burlington, where he has been con- stantly active and successful in business, having been engaged in money loaning and real-estate transactions ; for several years of his residence in Burlington, he was interested in the drug trade. Mr. Sweny has always been prominently identified with every public enterprise in the city ; is a Director of the Mer- chants' National Bank; Director and Secretary of the Main St. and Prospect Hill Street-Railway Co. ; he is also Sec- retary of the Burlington & Colorado Mining Co. ; the mines of the Company are located near Georgetown, Colo. Feb. 11, |868, Mr. S. was married to Mary H. Pine, a native of Philadelphia. Mr. and Mrs. Sweny are members of the M. E. Church ; Mr. Sweny has been _a member of that denomination since his 16th year. SWENY, MERIT, COL., of the firm of Sweny & Bell, proprietors of the Barret House ; born in Warren Co., Ohio, Oct. 9, 1827 ; in 1849, he went to California ; he was second in com- mand under Kit Carson in the Indian campaign in that region ; he was com- missioned Colontl by the Governor of California, and held various important civil and military positions there; in 1851, he returned to Ohio, and en- 668 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: gaged in mercantile business at Leba- non, where he remained until 1859, when he removed to Cincinnati and en- gaged in the wholesale grocery trade, which he continued for about nine years ; in 1865, he bought the Spencer House, in Cincinnati, and conducted that for three years ; he then purchased a half interest in the Put-in Bay property, and subsequently built the Put-in Bay House, which was the largest summer hotel west of the Alleghanies, having ample accommodations for a thousand guests, and which he successfully man- aged for nine years ; the house was destroyed by fire Aug. 30, 1878 ; Col. Sweny still retains his interest in the property, and expects to rebuild the hotel immediately ; in November, 187*7, Col. Sweny and his son-in-law, J. M. Bell, of Toledo, became proprietors of the Barret House, of Burlington ; under their management no pains or expense have been spared to make their hotel equal in all respects to any in the State ; the house has been entirely remodeled with special care to make it cheerful and home-like to the traveler ; a passenger elevator, propelled by hydraulic power, the only one in the State of Iowa, has been added to the various other improve- ments of this fine hotel ; owing to the popularity and enterprise of these gen- tlemen, the patronage of the Barret House has been very largely increased, and they are now doing a fine business. Swendler, A. G., lime, cement, etc., 414 N. Main ; res. 617 S. 6th. rpELL, J. L. ; res. 1408 S. Boundary. Tallant, J. P.; res. 706 Locust. Taylor, John, clerk ; res. 522 Court. Taylor, M. J.; res. 1503 Division. Taylor, M. J. & Co., wholesale dealers in tobacco, 210 Market. Taylor, Richard, apothecary and druggist, 212 N. 3d. Taylor, S. E., fire and life insurance agent, 307 Jefferson st.; res. 715 N. 7th. Tegler, Fred ; res. 1219 N. 8th. Tegler & Mecklinberg, wagon and black- smith shop, 1221 N. 8th. TEtrliER, F., wagon and blacksmith shop, 1219 8th St.; born in Meck- lenburg, Germany, in 1827 ; came to Burlington in 1856; started present business in 1875. Married Louisa Lin- hardt in 1852 ; she was born same place in Germany in 1 827 ; they have one child — Louisa, born in 1854. Mr. T. is a Democrat. Tell, J. L.; police, Louisa st. Tell, Wm., shoemaker, 1408 S. Boundary. Teuscher, Louis, grocer, 900 N. 6th ; res. 850 Franklin. THE BUJRIilSTGTON MO- TION CO 11 PA IVY, Burhans Patent Merchandise Car, was organized in 1878 ; C. P. Squires, President ; M. S. Foote, Secretary ; Directors, C. P. Squires, M. S. Foote, A. H. Burhans, J. G. Foote and H. D Squires. Thtil, Charles, basket-maker, 1505 Mt. Pleasant. Thienes, Jacob, vintager. Sunny Side. Thielengerdes, D., cabinet-shop, 1344 Gris- wold. THEASfES, CHARLES, ticket broker and barber, 115 S. Main st. j born in Madison, Ind., in 1854; came to Burlington in 1865. Married Julia Keen in 1875 ; they have one child — Herbert, born in 1876. Mr. Theanes is a member of Sir '' Knights of Macca- bees." Democrat. THOMAS, S. O., Principal of West Hill School; res. on Western av ; was the first Principal of the school upon its establishment, and held that position four years, when his health compelled retirement from school work ; resumed charge in 1875, and has been constantly engaged in teaching since ; was born in Allegheny, educated in Washington Co., Penn., and came to Iowa in 1864. Just after casting his ballot for Abraham Lincoln, enlisted in the 85ih Penn. V. I. ; fall of 1861, was transferred to the 8th Independent N. Y. Battery, Capt. Fitch commanding ; was mustered out July 4, 1863, on surgeon's certificate of disability. Married Nov. 2, 1871, Jessie Donnell, a native of Iowa ; has two children — Frank D. and Stella May. Owns city and county property to the value of $9,500. Thul, Fred., commission merchant, 116 Market; res. 714 Spruce. Thuleen, N. A., masoii, 1203 Valley. Tibbies, C. E., sewing machine agent, 405 Jefi'erson ; res. 225 5th. Tieman, Chas., carpenter, 1107 Ash. BURLINGTON CITY. 669 Tillman, R. J.. Rev., physician, 1011 S 10th. TOBIN, B. J., proprietor of the Teedrick House, cor. of 8th and Valley sts; he was born June 3, 1854, in Waushara Co., Wis. ; came to Burling- ton 1871. He married, 1876, Ellen Leaf; they have two children — Wm. and Mary E. Members of St. Patrick's Church. Toma, Wm., auctioneer, 1237 Stowe. Tomlinson, Wm. E. ; res. 1814 Ash. Torrey, Wm. A., Cashier Ger. Am. Sav. Bank; res. 106 S. 6th. Touzalin, A. E., land commissioner C, B. & Q. ; res. 621 N. 7th. TRACY, JOSHUA, HON., was born in Belmont Co., Ohio, on the 12th of July, 1845 ; his parents were among the early settlers of Ohio ; his father was a farmer, and he remained upon the farm until he was 19 years old, when he entered Beverly College, Wash- ington Co. , Ohio ; later he attended the Institute of Prof. Samuel L. Howe, at Mt. Pleasant. He came to Iowa in 1846, and settled in Burlington in 1850, studying law with Hon. M. D. Brown- ing, and was admitted to the Burlington bar in the fall of 1852. In 1853 he was elected City Attorney, and contin- ued in that oiEr-e for two years; he was elected to the Legislature in 1854, and served during the sessions of 1854-55 and the called session of 1856. In the fall of 1858, he was elected District Attorney of the First Judicial District of Iowa, and was twice re-elected to the same office, holding it until the fall of 1869, when he was appointed District Judge, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge Francis Springer, and was elected to the office in 1870 for a term of four years, but, owing to the meager salary of that office, resigned in the spring of 1874 and entered upon the practice of his profession. He mar- ried in October, 1847, Mrs. Antoinette Kinney, nee Stone, daughter of Col. H. A. and Miranda Stone, formerly of Al- bany, N.Y., but among the early settlers of Iowa. Judge Tracy's son, Samuel K., is a partner in his father's office. Trainor, A. F. ; res. 246 S. 8th. Trau, W. F. ; res. 301 Division. Trimble, Archie, carpenter, 1106 S. 15th. Troxel Bros., furniture, etc., 316 N. Main. Troxel, John H., 551 8. Boundary. Troxel, Joseph ; res. 915 Warren. TRULOCK, THOHIAS J., attor ney at law ; was born in Scott Co., Ind., in May, 1840 ; in 1850, he came to Burlington with his father, Samuel Minor Trulock, who was afterward killed at the battle of Franklin, Tenn., while serving in 72d 111. V. I. Mr. Tru- lock was admitted to the bar previous to 1870, and in that year commenced prac- tice. He was County Superintendent of Schools from 1869 to 1871 ; was Alderman of the 6th Ward for four years, and for the last two years has been Justice of the Peace. Trumpfeller, Henry, carp., 403 S. Pond. TSCHOEPE, M., German book- store. No. 204 Jefi'erson st. ; born in Prussia, in 1841 ; came to Burlington in 1870 ; started present business in 1876. Married Margaret Balles in 1866 ; she was born in Milwaukee, Wis., in 1846 ; they have four children — Lizzie, William, Erwin, Eddie. Mr. and Mrs. T. are members of the Ger- man M. E. Church. Mr. T. enlisted in the 1861, Co. 0, 24th Wis. V. I.; he was in over one hundred engagements ; was mustered out in 1865. Repub- lican. Tubbe'sing, Wm., clerk, 241 S. 5th. Turner, George ; res. opposite Pair Grounds. Twiford, A. S.; res. 230 S. 6th. Twining, H. M., photographer, 922 N. 3d. Tyndall, Thomas; res. 712 N. 5th. UHLER & McLAIN, contractors and builders, 100 S. 5th. Umberger, A. S., carriage-trimmer; res. 310 Franklin. UNlvAND, HENRY, manufacturer and dealer in imported and domestic cigars, No. 119 S. Main St.; born in Hanover, Germany, in 1845 ; came to Burlington in 1866; has since been en- gaged in the cigar business. UNTERKIRCHEK, P. F., fur nishing undertaker, livery and sale stable, at 206, 208 and 210 Washington street; he was born Nov. 3, 1826, in Munsingen, Kingdom of Wurtemberg; came to America, landed in New York Nov. 3, 1853; went to Hartford, Conn., and thence to Tecumseh, Mich., then 670 DIEECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Burlington ; was elected Alderman from the 2d Ward in 1875.' Married Oct. 14, 1855, Phebe Jans; they have eight children— Fred. L., Philip A., George L., Charles T., Horace G-., Emma, Ida. Nellie. Democrat. Uttry, Prekerick, mfr. boots and shoes, 302 Jefferson ; res. 708 High. VALENTINE, JONES, agent, res. 310 S. Gunnison. Vance, J. W., clerk, res. 603 Division. Vetter, Julius, shoe-shop, 902 N. 6th ; res. 1215 N. 6th. Virgil, A. K., director Conservatory of Music. VIRG-IIV, W. T., DR., was born in Shelby Co., Ohio, Feb. 17, 1843; in 1850, with his parents, he came to Washington Township, Des Moines Co.; after receiving the necessary education for ordinary life purposes, he enlisted in the army in 1861, with the 1st I. V. I. for three months' service, and re-enlisted in the 4th I. V. C. ; about one year later, he was discharged from that regi- ment on account of sickness ; after his recovery of health he entered the Mt. Pleasant Select School, and at the end of the term he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. C. Pierson, of Mt. Pleasant ; he ' attended two courses of lectures at the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, where he grad- uated in 1867 ; in April of the same year, he located in Burlington and com- menced the practice of medicine. Dr. Virgin has for many years had the honor to be Treasurer of the Hahnemann Med- ical Association of Iowa. In 1869, he was married to Miss Ella Hickok, and has now three children — Maud, Alice and William C. Dr. Virgin has been unusually successful as a homeopathist, and has to-day probably as large a prac- tice as' any physician of his school in the State. Von Behren, Frederick, farmer, res. West avenue. Vorwerk, Benjamin, farmer, 265 S. 10th. Vorwerk, Joseph, Sr., far., res. Sunnyside. WACHSMUTH, CHARLES, geol- ogist; res. Ill S. Marietta. Wagner, Charles, 704 Summer. WAGNER, CHARLES, proprie- tor of the Valley Street House, 413 and 415 Valley st. ; he was born Jan. 25, 1823, in Germany ; came to America in 1846, and to Burlington in 1848. Oct. 23, 1861, he enlisted in Co. G, 57th 111. V. I. ; served till July, 1863 ; was dis- charged on account of disability. He married Oct. 1846, W. Smith; they have three children — Caroline, Charles and Edward. All members of St. John's Church. Wagner, F. L. & C. P., grocers, 501 Boundary, cor. Vir:e. Wagner, George, Sr., 704 Summer. WAGNER, JOHN, brewer at the City Brewery ; born Nov. 6, 1849, in Germany ; came to Burlington Sept. 7, 1871. Married April 28, 1874, Mary H. Wagner; they had one child — John A.; Mrs. Jagerdied March 27, 1876 ; second marriage, April 14, 187'7, to Caroline Jager; they had one child — Edward, now deceased. Mrs. Wagner is a mem- ber of the Lutheran Church ; Demo- crat. WAHIi, CHARLES, proprietor and owner of the Pacific House, 418 Main st. ; born in Germany Feb. 2, 1848 ; came to America and to Bur- lington Jan. 5, 1869. Married Dec. 20, 1875, Mary Paule ; she has two children by her former husband — Chas. Paule and Julius Paule. Wahrer, M., physician and surgeon, 118 and 120 Market. Waite, J. L., managing editor Sawk-Eye; res. 1102 Jefferson. Waldhoff, John, meat market, 208 N. 4th. Waldin, Charles, jeweler, 315 Jefferson ; res. 613 N. 3d. Waldin, G. H., jeweler, 216 Jefferson; res. 514 N. 3d. Waldin, Henry, jeweler, 612 N. 3d. WALKENHAUER, CARL; owns a vineyard, orchard and vegetable garden on the extension of South Main street ; he has fourteen and a quarter acres, a very nice place, good house, and outbuildings ; he was born April 19, 1822, in Germany ; came to America and to Burlington in 1853. Married Jan. 24, 1847, Henrietta Kook ; she was born July 8, 1823, in Germany; they had two children — Charles 0. (the oldest died Nov. 5, 1857) and Henry C. Mr. and Mrs. Walkenhauer are members of the Evangelical Church; he is a Democrat. BURLINGTON CITY. Walker, Henry, 822 Linden. ^/^f!^*^"*'*^- <^' M. D., Presi- dent Des Moines County Historical Bociety ; commenced the . practice of medicine in this county in 1862, havino- attended two courses of medical lectures at the Michigan University ; graduated from, the medical department of the University in 1864, and immediately entered the army as a contract surgeon ; was soon commissioned Assistant Sur- geon of the II 5th U. S. Col. Inf. • served until 1866, when he was mus- tered out; and located for practice in this city; has been County Physician five years of that time, and, on the 20th of November, 1878, was elected Presi- dent of the County Medical Society ; is also Commissioner of Insanity for the county, and a member of the Board of Examiners for United States pensions. Is a married man, and owns about $7,000 worth of city property. Wallace, L. S., Rev., Pastor Olivet ChurcF; res. 103 S. Marietta. Walton, H. H.; res. 1226 S. 10th. Warden, W. H., ins. agent, 307J Jeffer- son ; res. cor. Oak and Amelia. Warth, C. G., 837 Court. Warth, C. Gr., & Co., mineral- water factory, 831 Court; office 108 Osborn. Washburn, R. M., hats and caps, 207 Jefferson ; res. 217 Elm. ■ WATERS, O. P., Secretary of the Centennial Mutual Life Association ; born in Delaware Co., N. Y., March 23, 1830; came to Iowa in September, 1848 ; located at Bloomington (now Muscatine) ; that was his home until January, 1874; he then removed to' Mt. Pleasant, where he remained until his removal to Burlington ; while at Muscatine he was engaged in mercantile business most of the time ; he carried on the flouring-mill business there for two years, and part of three years he he devoted to soliciting life insurance ; was in woolen-mills at Mt. Pleasant. Weber, Henry, Agency av. Weber, Jao-ob, shoe-shop, 1 200 Locust. Weber, John; res. 501 S. 3d. Weber, Otto, meat market, 416 Gertrude. WEDERTZ, A., blacksmith and wagon shop. No. 1800 Mark Lane; born in Germany in 1836 ; came to Burling- ton in 1860; has since been engaged in 671 the wagon and blacksmith business. Married Hermena Pratzh ia 1863 ; she was born in Germany in 1840 ; they have nine children— Bertha, Clara, Au- gust, Otto, Alexander, Albert, Hedwick, Meta, Earnest. Democrat. Wedertz, Charles; res. 521 Vine. Wedertz, C. P., carriage-maker; res. 521 Vine. Wedertz, Charles, & Co., gen. com. merchs., 201 S. Main. WEGXER, m., saloon-keeper, Osborn St.; born in Prussia in 1825; came to Burlington in 1853. Married Mary Yager in 1850 ; she was born in Prus- sia in 1831. Have three children — Jacob, John, Clara. Mr. Wegner in- tends changing his business to groceries, etc. Owns twenty acres of land valued at 15,000. Members of the Catholic Church. WEHMEIER, C. H., dealer in sta- ple and fancy groceries, 409 and 411 Jefferson st.; also wholesale dealer in flour- born in Prussia; moved to America in 1856, to Burlington in 1857. Married in Oct., 1864, Sophia Linck- ing ; they have five children — Charles P., Christian H., Anna M., Lydia L., Ida S. H. Members of the German Evangelical Zion Church; Mr. Weh- meier is one of its Trustees ; Republican. Wehmeier, P. J., 215 8. Wood. Wehmeier & Brother, gro., 41 Jefferson. Weider, Jacob, Coroner, 510 N. 3d. Weider, J. S., agent, 729 N. 8th. Weil, Frank, 601 S. Boundary. Weil & Hirsch, hides and pelts, 615 Jef- ferson. Weinrich, Hermann, mfr. of vinegar, 814 S. 13th. Weinrich & Co., mfrs. of vinegar, 115 N^ Front. WERTHMUELLER, AL- FRED, one of the proprietors of the Union Brewery, Mt. Pleasant st., No. 1307; established 1852. He was born Sept. 22, 1835, in Wermany, and came to America 1851, to Burlington 1852, and, in the spring of 1875, was elected Alderman from the 1st Ward He mar- ried in 1864 Charlotte Van Ende ; they have two children — Nanny and Dorotha. Republican. Werthmueller, Geo., druggist, 218 Wash- ington ; res. 1217 N. 9th. i72 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: ^esner, Wm. M.; res. 701 S. 4th. ^V'heelev, Jno. T., job printer, Gazette office. W'hipple, Geo., 258 S. Boundary. iVhipple & Allen, sewing machine agents, 319 N. 3d. JVhite Bros., stoves and hardware, 318 Jefferson. iVhite, J. W., retired, 913 S. 4th. SVhiteley, T. C, attorney at law, 9 Starr House; res. Zenobia, cor. of Marshall. Whiting, C. H., pianos, organs, etc., 409 Jefferson; res. Perkins av., cor. of South. Whittaker, George; res. 1013 S. 5th. Whittaker, James, novelty works, 223 Angular. Wickman, N. P., saloon, 319 N. Front. Widiek, Samuel G., millwright, 1227 S. 10th. Wigert, 0. R., apothecary, 213 Jefferson. VVightman, W. W., 518 High. Wightman & Co., coal, wood, 223 S. Main. Wigren, Peter, dealer in ice, 1230 N. 6th. Wilcox, Franklin, res. Starr av., cor. Spray. Wiley, E. F., dealer in ice, 105 N. Main. Wilkins, Albert, boots and shoes, 214 Jef- ferson ; res. 509 N. 3d. Willet, Adam; res. 719 Lewis. Willrier, B., retired; res. 303 S. 10th. Willner, Chas., attorney, 302 N. Main ; res. 303 S. 10th. Wilson I. P., surgeon and dentist, 317 N. 4th. Winter, Danl., 852 Osborn. Winter, D , & Co., planiog-mill, 815 Os- born. Wissner, John, carpenter; res. 123 N. Pond. WOELLHAF, HENRY, whole sale and retail bakery, 121 S. Main St. ; born in Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1834; came to Burlington in 1854; since been engaged in the bakery bus- iness. Married Augusta Brach in 1874; she was born in Prussia, 1851 ; Mr. W. has six children by former marriage — Henry, Chas., Louisa, John, Albert and Bismarck ; has two children by present wife— Clara and Frank. Mr. W. is a member of the Druids' Society, and of the K. 0. U. W. ; holds the office of Eeciever in the latter. Members of the Lutheran Church ; Democrat. Woellhaff & Mason, merchant tailors, 218 N. Main. Woepkin, Henry, lab.; res. 1014 N. 10th. WOEPKlKGjWM., of the firm of Jorden & Woepking, hardware and tin- ware, No. 1200 N. Oak st. ; born in Germany in 1851 ; came to Burlington in 1857 ; started,in present business in 1874. Married Christine Wolbrand in 1876 ; she was born in Burlington in 1853. Members of the German Evan- gelical Church ; Republican. Wolbers, Fred; res. 314 S. 6th. WOLF, R., & ITA, wholesale man- ufacturers of furniture, on Osborn st. Wolf & Lorenz, manufacturers of cigars, 215 N. Main. Wolverton, William, 1712 Ripley. Woodhead, Thos. ; res. 613 Warren. WOODWARD, W. E., Justice of the Peace; born May 14, 1820, in Essex Co., N. Y. ; moved to Iowa in 1845, and to Burlington in 1848, and followed his trade of printer until 1852, when he bought an interest in the Ga- zette, and was foreman of the printing department ; in 1854, he sold his inter- est in the Gazette, and took the position of foreman on the Hawk- Eye ; served in that capacity for twelve years, then, in 1866, was appointed Agent for the Merchants' Union Express Co. ; served there till 1868; that year was elected Alderman from the 6th Ward, served one term, then commenced work at his trade; in 1877, was elected to fill va- cancy as Mayor, and, in the fall of 1878, was elected to the office he now holds — Justice of the Peace. He married, in 1840, Jane Frazier, who died in 1846, and Mr. Woodward married, the second time, Mary P]. Buchannan, in 1851, and they have one child — James R. Wortman, L. E., Prof Collegiate Insti- tute. WRIGHT, E. O., attorney and deal- er in real estate ; was born near Dodge- ville, Des Moines Co., Feb. 1, 1842; in 1865, he came to Burlington, having graduated at the law school in Albany, N. Y., and had been admitted to the bar ; he was City Attorney in 1868. WYIHAIV, J. H., wholesale and re- tail dealer in carpets, wall paper and curtains ; born in Lancaster, Mass. ; came to Burlington in 1852 : he has BURLINGTON CITY. been in tlie carpet business ever since be came here ; he was with the old firm ot J. b. Kimball & Co., who established the business here in 1837 ; Mr. Wyman has been engaged in the jobbing trade since 1863 ; present business established V?, • • L. ® ^^^"^^ ^""^ principally in Iowa, llliQois, Missouri, Ifebraska, Minnesota 1^1 nnr'"^' ''°°"^' ^^^-^^ are about ALEY, G. W. ■ res. 1318 South. 673 Y YACjtER, J. p., proprietor of Com- mercial Hotel, No. 109 Front st. ; born m Jefferson Co., Ind., in 1838 ; came to Burlington in 1850, and engaged in the grocery business; started in the hotel business in 1868 ; in 1876, was burned out, but rebuilt immediately, and has since continued in the business. Married Annie Steffins in 1860 ; she was born in Jefferson Co., Ind., in 1836; died in 1 873 ; has two children— Chas. a! and "William C. ; married Dora Bowman in 1874 ; she was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1842 ; died in 1878. Mr. Y. belongs to the Druids' Association. Democrat. Yanaway, Chas., contractor; res. 115 S. Gunnison. Yanaway, Jacob, contractor; res. 155 S. Gunnison. Yearick, S. W., phjsician and surgeon, cor. cor. 5th and Jefferson; res. 1103 Pleasant. Young, N. S., contractor; res. 700 Spruce. ZKIDLER, JOHN G., carpenter, 723 Wightman. ZAISEB, HEIVKY, dealer in dry goods and groceries, 1021 8th st; born Feb. 1, 1829, in Europe ; came to America 1853, to Burlington, October, 1859. Married January, 1856, Mary Burg ; they have ten children — John A., Wm. H., Gus. C., Lewis, Amelia, Fannie, Edward, Anna K. and Emma M. (twins), and Henry 0. Zellar, F. W., saloon, 601 S. Main. ^«"'>^ George, saloon, 512 Division. BERBER, E., proprietor of Eureka saloon, HI g. Main St.; born in Dauphin Co., Penn., in 1845 ; came to Burhngton in 1849; started present business in 1871. Married Eliza Ster- ling in 1875 ; she was born in Burlino'- ton in 1855 ; they have two children- William and Henry. Mr. Zerber is a member of Sir Knights of Maocabee. Enlisted in the spring of 1864, in Co. H, 48th Iowa Regiment ; mustered out m the fall of same year. Republican ZIEGELMlJLIiER, L., dealer in groceries; keeps provisions, feed and flour, beer garden and saloon, 1507 Mt. Pleasant st. ; he was born Aug. 22, 1821, in Bavaria, Germany; came to America Sept. 15, 1846 ; lived in Ken- tucky for two years, and Aug. 1, 1848, arrived in Burlington ; he was elected Alderman from the 1st Ward, and served in that capacity for eight years; and has been elected Township Trustee and served two terms. Married Sept. 11, 1843, Julia A. Wagner ; she was born in Bavaria, Germany, Jan. 19, 1820 ; they have two children living — Margaret V., born April 3, 1 854 ; and Caroline A. , born June 17, 1857. Members of St. John's Church ; Democrat. ZIMMERMAIVIS', J., Pastor of the German Evangelical Zion Church, lo- cated on 5th street, between Washington and Columbia sts. ; he was born Aug. 20, 1826, in Switzerland ; came to America in 1853, and located in Free- port, 111. Finished his education, and was ordained to the profession of the ministry before he left his native coun- try, and he commenced hi& labors on his arrival at his adopted home ; in June, 1864, he moved to Burlington. He married Nov. 12,1854,MagdalenaAuer; they have four children — John A., William C, Albert E. and Martin F. He is a Republican. DIRECTORY OP DBS MOINES COUNTY: BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. (P. 0. BVBLINGTON.) . ^DERSON, JOHN A.,1ar,, S. 30. ;HNE, AUG., far., S. 20. ', August, Jr., far., S. 20. n, C. H., far., S. 20. lauser, F., far., S. 30. meier, C. D., far., S. 5. r, Casper, far., S. 18. :er, James, -Jr., far., S. 18. e, Wm., far., S. 30. :er, J., far., S. 20. ;ESBLH0RST, C, far., S. 18. Davis, A. G., far., S. 21. harst, Daniel, far., S. 6. ika, Henry, far., S. 7. B R C K S, J. F., farmer, Sec- i 18 ; born in Prussia in 1827 ; le to Des Moines Co. in 1846. rried Miss W. Meier, in 1853; she 1 born in Prussia in 1829; have 3n children — Henry, Wilhelmina, la, Harmon, Beckey, William, Ma- a. Mr. D. owns ninety-four acres of i, valued at $75 per acre. Members the Lutheran Church. Mr. D. was id Supervisor one vear. Democrat. , Alex., far,, S. 19." I, Fenton, far., S. 29. , John A., far., S. 19. er, Gebhart. far., S. 19. ITSINGER, GEORGE, far., S. 16. ^RSMAIVN, H., farmer. Sec. 20 ; n in Burlington in 1843. Married nie Kestnerinl865 ; she was born in yaria in 1842 ; they have five chil- n — Pauline, William, John, Jacob I Mary. Mr. E. owns 400 acres of d, valued at $20 per acre; has held offices of School Director, Road pervisor, and is Secretary of School ard. Members ofthe Catholic Church; )eral. man, Henry, far., S. 21. Henry W., far., S. 3. C. P., far., S. 3. LNNING, P. C, far., S. 5. [TZ, D., farmer, Sec. 30; born Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1823 ; ae to Des Moines County in 1850, has since been farming. Mar- ried Mary A. Saltser in 1846 ; she was born in Wurtemberg also ; they have six ehildran — John J., Mary A., Christina, Katherine, Daniel S., Maggie K. Mr. Fritz owns 80J acres of land, valued at $6,000. Has held the ofl^e of Road Supervisor two years ; School Treasurer, eight years. Members of the M. E. Church; Democrat. FUNK, G. H., farmer. Sec. 20; born in Des Moines Co., in 1838. Mar- ried Katherine Fengel in 1868 ; she was born in Des Moines Co. in 1846 ; have five children — Jolin A., Walter B., George H. A., Lvin M., Oscar C. A. Owns 155 acres of land, valued at $90 per acre. Democrat. r^ lESELMAN, ANDREW, S. 29. G-AXTZ, H., market gardener, Sec. 30 ; born in Burlington in 1847. Mar- ried Mary Matlinder in 1870, also a na- tive of Boirlington, born 1854; have four children — Lita, Bertha, Eddie and Joseph ; owns ten acres of land, valued at $4,000. During the late war, Mr. Gantz belonged to the Sappers and Miners. Members of the Catholic Church; Liberal. Ganz, J. and H., fars., S. 19. ILLEARY, ALEX., far., S. 30. H' Heleher, Henry, far., S. 20. Hippe, John P., far., S. 29. Huffman, Jessie, far., S. 4. HUNTER, W., far., S. 7, born in Ireland in 1812 ; came to Des Moines in 1839; since been engaged in farm- ing. Married Rebecca Givean in 1838 ; she was born in Ireland in 1819 ; they have six children ; Martha, Bessie, Re- becca, Catherine, Jane and William. Mr. Hunter owns seventy-one acres of land valued at $50 per acre. Has held the offices of Road Supervisor and School Director. Heckenberg, P., far., S. 17. "TONES, W. B., far., S. 18. T7"R0CKEL, JACOB, far., S. 32. BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. 675 Kautz, John E., far., S. 20. K.unz, William, far., S. 20. Kroeger, Fred., far., S. 8. Koe.stner, George E., far., S. 16. ^alchdaler, Jacob, far., S. 7. Kuterer, Antone, far., S. 7 Kroeger, F., far., S. 5. J^UTH, HENRY, far., S. 6. "J^YER, JOHNP.,far.,S. 19. McAllister, D. C, far., S. 5. Miller, George, far., S. lY. McAllister, James, far., S 3 Mibahn, G., far., S. 7. "AQ-EALLY, G. C, far., S. 20. Neally, George, far., S. 20. Neally, Joseph B., far., S. 17. /^TTO, GEORGE, far., S. 20. Ort, Charles, far., S. 16. Ost, Frank, jail guard, Burlington. ■pATTERSON, JOHN, far., Sec. 31. PATTERSON, JOHX. Pickup, Richard, far., S. 5. Pickup, Joseph, far., S. 5. Pickup, Ed., far., Sec. 8. T3ASC0MB, HENRY, far., S. 19. Reese, Christian, far., S. 9. Rincker, John, Sec. 19. QIOWERWEIN, v., far., S. 30. Sowerwein, George, farmer, S. 7. Stelter, Henry, far., S. 6. Steingraber, Charles, far., S. 18. Stefany, M., far., S. 19. Steingraber, C. R., far., S. 16. Sater, M. J., far., S. 14. rpALBERT, W. J., far., S. 29. TKIMBIii:, H., farmer, Sec. 6; born in Pendleton Co., Va., in 1822. Married Mary Walker in 1848 ; she was born in Randolph Co., Va., in 1822; they have six children — George, Isabel, John, Samuel, Noah and Mary A. Mr. Trimble owns 165 acres . of land, valued at $30 per acre ; was School Treasurer one year ; Road Su- pervisor one year. Democrat. Thayer, C. D., hi., S. 17. Thomas C. and E., fars., S. 19. Timmerman, C, far, S. 5. TTTALKER, PERRY, far., S. 4. WAIiDIN, A., far., S. 7 ; born in Ger- many in 1822 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1864; since been engaged in farming. Married Johanna Pilling in 1849; she was born in Germany in 1829; they have four children — Olga, Paul, Ren- hardt and Walden. Mr. W. was in the Prussian army seventeen years. Owns 160 acres of land, valued at §3,600. Members of the Lutheran Church ; Re- publican. WAIiKER, S. M., far.. Sec. 4 ; bom inDesMoinesCo.inl841. MarriedEliza- beth 0. McAllister in 1871 ; she was born in Des Moines Co. in 1851; they have one child — Martin 8., born in Summit Co., Col., in 1872. In 1863, Mr. Walker went to Colorado ; engaged in mining ; returned in 1878, and purchased present farm, consisting of 160 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Wehmer, Henry, farmer, S. 21. Winklemire, C, far., S. 2. Walker, John, far., S. 9. Walker, James, far., S. 3. Walker, Eber E., far., Sec. 5. Walder, Charley, far., S. 6. Walker, Silas, far., S. 9. Wilde, Chris. E., far., S. 8. Wykert, N., far., S. 18. Warth, Gotlieb, far., S. 17. Wykert, Theo., far., S. 18. Wykert, Thomas, far., S. 20. Weis, G. M. & F. C, fars., S. 20. Wambsganz, J., far., S. 20. Waldin, A. H., far., S. 7. fVART, F. J., far., 8. 17. Zimmerman, H.,far., 8. 19, Zaiss, C, far., S. 7. DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. BLE, C, far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville., , Robert, far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Dodge- e. inder, J., carp., S. — ; P. 0. Dodge- e. sr, R., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Latty. P., far., Sec. 10 ; P. O. Sperry. Id, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. ^.CKENBURG, P., far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. CHER, M., wine-maker, S. 17; 0. Dodgeville ; born in Germany in 20 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1856. .rried Mary Brow in 1842 ; she was n in Germany in 1822, and died in Ji ; has five children — Christina, las, Philip, Siernon, Freeman. Mr. oher is a member of the Lutheran urch; in politics, Liberal, rd, L. D., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Frank- Mills. rd, S., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. RCLAY, J., DK., Dodgeville ; n in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 36 ; in 1859, commenced the study medicine, under Dr. R. Brown, at eensburgh, Penn. ; attended lectures the Jefferson Medical College, at iladelphia; graduated in 1861 ; com- nced practice in partnership with Dr. awn ; was with him until 1862, then as to Dodgeville, where he has since oyed a large practice and good suc- s. The Doctor is a Mason of twenty irs' standing ; strong Republican. m, J., far., Sec. 34; P. 0. Franklin Us. Man, C, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Sperry. man, J., far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Dodge- e. nan, Theo.,far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Dodge- e. nan, Wm., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Dodge- e. , J., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Sperry. ert, C, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington. VNAGE, A. G., farmer. Sec. 34 ; 0.. Franklin Mills; born in Union , Penn., in 1818 ; came to Des lines Co. in 1870 ; since been engaged farming. Married Miss Catherine Her; she was born in Germany in 1827 ; they have two children — Susan and John ; owns 98i acres of land, val- ued at $5,000. Members of the M. E. Church ; Mr. B. is a strong Repub- lican. Bergsten, shoemaker, Sperry. Berry, W. C, far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Frank-- lin Mills. Blake, W. E., far., S. 12; P. O. Sperry. Bloom, J. C, far.. Sec. 28; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Bormaster, E., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Sperry. Bormaster, P. & E., farmers. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Sperry. .Borse, F., far., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington. Brewer, H., Jr., farmer, S. 24; P. 0. Dodgeville. Burrus, T. F., farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Burscher, H., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Sperry. CALLOWAY, A., farmer. Sec. 16; P. 0. Sperry. Carrigan, C, far., S. 26; P. 0. Dodgeville. Chappel, R., clerk, Dodgeville. Christenson, N., farmer., S. 31 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Clark, C, far.,S. 15; P. 0. Dodgeville. CLARK, WM., farmer, S. 12; P. 0. Sperry; born in Highland Co., Ohio, in 1814; came to Des Moines Co. in 1839, and has since been engaged in farming. Married Mary J. Umphreys in 1834; she was born in Bourbon Co., Ky., in 1819; they have eight children — Cyn- thia A., Nancy J., David D., Mary E., Sarah M., Nathaniel W., Martha E., John F. Mr. Clark owns 210 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Members of the Christian Church ; Greenbacker. Cockayne, H., far., S. 13; P. 0. Sperry. Cross, D., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Sperry. Cross, J., far., S. 9; P. 0. Sperry. Crawford, D., farmer, S. 3 ; P. O. Dodge- ville. -pvEEN, S., far., S. 13; P. 0. Sperry. DEEX, GEO., farmer, S. 13; P. 0. Sperry ; born in Upshur Co., Va., in 1824 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1845; remained here one year; returned to Virginia and remained until 1854, when he located permanently in Des Moines Co., and has since engaged in farming. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 677 Married Miss D. Foster in 1848 ; she was born in Virginia in 1830 ; has eight children— Jacob, Judy A., Mary S., Dan. W., George W., Lafayette, Matilda, Kittie. Mr. D. owns 278 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Democrat. Deen, W. L., merchant, Sperry. Depperman, F., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Latty. Downer, H., saloon-keeper, Dodgeville. Downer, J. B., carpenter, Sperry. Dreckmire, C, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Sperry. Dunn, Z. F., far., Sec. 24; P. 0. Sperry., I PARLEY, H., farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. ' Burlington. Feldman, J., farmer, S. 25 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Mills. Fenk, Wm., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. r^ ARGAN, H., farmer. Sec. 33: P. 0. VJT Franklin Mills. GARREIiS^, JOSEPH, was bom in Hanover, Germany, in 1856; has worked on his father's farm until 1877 ; then he commenied farming for him- self. In politics he is a Greenbacker. GABRELS, W., far., S. 8; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Germany in 1820 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1876 ; has been > farming since. Married Sarah Werden in 1856 ; she was born in Ger- many in 1823; has four children — Joe, Albert, Williard, Harm. ; they have one child by adoption — Annie. Owns sev- enty-five acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Members of the Lutheran Church ; Greenbacker. Gerke, A., wagon-maker, Dodgeville. Geriinger, C, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Grannaman, H., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. HAMMIN, J., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Sperry. Hannum, T. E. & W. J., fars., S. 1 ; P. 0. Sperry. Harmer, D. G., far. S. 30 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Harris, M. C, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Hartzell, A., far., S. 34; P. 0. Dodgeville. Haynes, G., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Sperry. Heitmein, H., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Hess, H., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Burlington. Hess W., far., S. 31; P.O. Burlington. Tjiii 'f., far., S. 12; P. 0. Sperry. gili; J., fur., S. 12; P.O. Sperry. Hill, L., far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Sperry. HIXSOX, €}EO. W., far.. Sec. 10; P. O. Doageville ; born in Des Moines Co., in 1852. Married Miss Kate Neley m 1873 ; she was born in Des Momes Co. in 1854. In politics, Mr. Hixson is a Republican. Hixson J., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Housman, A., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hucke, C, far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Burlington. Huston, Geo., far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. ° Huston, U., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. TACKSON, E., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. fJ Sperry. JACKSOW, E. F., far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Des Moines Co. in 1849. Married Mary Allen in 1870; she was born in Des Moines Co. in 1849 ; they have three children — Net- tie, Jessie and Mattie. Members of the Baptist Church. Mr. Jackson has held the office of Township Assessor two terms and Township Clerk two terms. RepubUcan. Jackson, J., far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Sperry. Jackson, 6., far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Sperry. Jackson, W., far., Sec. 3; P. 0. Sperry. Johansimirer, C, far., See. 22 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. Johnson, F., far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Jones, B., far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Sperry. Jones, J., far.. Sec. 3; P. 0. Sperry. KASSING, H., far.. Sec. 12; P. 0. Sperry. Kassing, S. ; P. 0. Sperry. Kline, A., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. KlillVE, C. B. ; P. 0. Dodgeville; first son of Jacob and Mary Kline ; was born in Luzerne Co., Penn., in 1836 ; came to Iowa in 1814 ; lost his left arm by a threshing machine in 1850 ; after leaving school, he spent one year as traveling daguerrean artist- ; subse- quently, he engaged in farming ; in 1858, he started for the mountains, re- turned after a short absence ; in 1859, he with four ethers went to the moun- tains, engaged in exploring, cattle-deal- ing, etc. ; in 1863, he held the position of policeman in the city of Denver, Colo. ; afterward was engaged in trans- portation and grocery business ; he has crossed the plains altogether eight times; is now settled in good circumstances at 4 DIKECTOBY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: odgeville, engaged in mercantile, hotel | id farming business. In Feb. 1864, 3 married Lavina Jackson ; has had j re children, all now living. Mr. K. is j gentleman of culture and refinement. ] le, J., far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. DodgeviUe. ' le, S., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. DodgeviUe. DC, J., blacksmith, DodgeviUe. >PP, J. M., HON., S. 28 ; P. 0. odgeville ; born in Wurtemberg, Ger- any, in 1836 ; in 1846 came to Wash- gton Co-., Wis. ; engaged in farming [itil 1866 ; then he removed to this )unty, and has since engaged in farming. 1 1860, he married Miss Mary Wag- 3r ; she was born in Darmstadt, Ger- any, in 1838 ; they have six children -Charles, William, John, Edward, nnie and Lizzie. In 1877, Mr. Kopp as elected Representative for the Bur- igton District ; has held all the town- dp offices, and enjoys the full confi- snce of the people. Mr. K. owns 50 acres of land valued at $55 per ;re. Enlisted in 1863 in Co. I, 45th egular Volunteers ; was in the battle ■ Nashville and several others ; mus- red out in 1865. Mr. and Mrs. Kopp •e members of the M. E. Church ; [r. K. is a Republican, ffj A., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. DodgeviUe. fif, H., far., Sec, 9 ; P. O. DodgeviUe. eger, H.,faT., S. 27; P. 0. Dodge- lie, OGAN, J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Dodge- I ville. m, R., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. DodgeviUe. m, Wm., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Dodge- lie. X, H., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Burlington, e, J. D., wagon-maker ; P. 0. Dodare- Ue. e, Robt., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Latty. IS, A., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. DodgeviUe. IS, J. R., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. DodgeviUe. IS, N., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. DodgeviUe. !, N., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills, f oCALLON, D., Sa., far., S. 27; L P. O. DodgeviUe. 3arty, W., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Dodge- He. CUIiliOUGH, J., farmer, Sec. i; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Coshoc- n Co., Ohio, in 1836 ; came to Des .oines Co. in 1854, and has since been igaged in farming. Married Emma Gregory in 1864 ; she was born in" Des Moines Co., Iowa, in 1846. Members of the Baptist Church. Mr. M. has held several township offices ; owns 222 acres of land valued at $50 per acre. He is a stanch Republican. McDonald, Jno., far., S. 4; P.O. Dodge- ville. McDonald, J., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. McDonald, J., Jr., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. McDonald, Wm., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. McLaughlin, C, far., S. 22; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Marshall, B. M., far.. Sec. 35; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Marshall, H., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. FrankUn Mills. Miller, C, far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Miller, L. D., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Miller, L. M., far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Sperry. Moore, J. B., far., S. 9 ; P.O. Dodgeville. Mumme, J. A., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Murphy, J., far., Sec. 15; P. 0. Dodge- ville. Myer, W., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. DodgeviUe. Myers, S., far,, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Sperry. ~awford, Wm., far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. DANIELSON, IGNATI, far.. See. 3 ; P. 0. Burlington. Davison, John, far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. DAVISON, J.G., farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Washington Co., Penn., in 1836 ; emigrated with his parents to Iowa in 1840. Married Miss Mary Bumgardner, in this county, in 1861; she was born in Pennsylvania; have four children — ^Hattie A., Fannie, Henry B. and Edith. During the war, Mr. Davison enlisted in Co. E, 25th I. V. I.; was enrolled in 1862 ; served until the close of the war ; was in a number of severe engagements, and was honorably discharged. Always acted with the Republican party. Owns 210 acres of land. DEl^ASHMUTT, E. N., retired farmer. See. 2 ; P. 0. Burlington ; is a native of Tyler Co., Va. ; was born in 1800. In 1823, he married Miss Susan Gorrell, who was born in Virginia in 1803; they removed to this county in 1834; their children are Narcissa (now Mrs. S. F. Stephens'), T. L., Mathias J., W. W. (deceased), Elizabeth (now Mrs. J. Storer\Thos.R., Priscilla (deceased), Henry H., Ann (now Mrs. Chas. H. Hathaway). During the war, Mr. Del- ashmutt, though over 60 years of age, enlisted in Co. G, 37th I. V.I.,in 1862, and served until deprived of his eyesight by a singular accident. During a march, a severe storm of wind occurred, and the air was filled with "fine particles of sand. The dust produced serious inflammation, and finally resulted in the total destruc- tion of his eye-sight ; at the time of his enlistment, Mr. D. was well provided for in property, and the service he ren- dered his country was purely from senti- ments of patriotism. In politics, he was an Anlislavery Whia, although a native of a Slave State ; he is now a strong Republican. Delashmutt, T. L., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. EARNEST, M. B., far. ; P. 0. Bur- lington. EARNEST, CATHARINE, MRS., nee Garman, S. 1 ; P. 0. Bur- lington ; was born in Lebanon Co., Penn., in 1825 ; came to this county with her parents in 1846. Married David Ear- nest in this county in 1853 ; he was a na- tive of Pennsylvania, born in 1815 ; came to this county in 1846. In 1862 enlisted in 25th I. V. I. ; died in the service at Memphis, Tenn,, in 1863. Their children are M. B., born Dec. 10, UNION TOWNSHIP. 683 1853; David A., Sept. 17, 1855; Charles G., Feb. 24, 1858; Chris- topher, Sept 5, 1859. Elmer, James. Erickson, August, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Erickson, Olof, far., S. 23; P. 0. Bur- lington. Erickson, Peter, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Ervin, N. M., farmer. EWING, JEROME, far. ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Logan Co., Ohio, in 1844; came to this county in 1857. Married Miss Caroline Kook,, of Bur- lington, in September, 1876 ; she was born in St. Louis, Mo.; they have one child — Harris, born in this county June 6, 1877. Mr. Ewing has been a Re- publican since he attained his majority ; is a gentleman of culture and refine- ment. Ewing, Joseph, far. ; P. 0. Burlington. EWING-, LiEMUEIi, Superintend- dent of County House and Farm, S. 4 ; P. O. Burlington ; born in East Lib- erty,Logan Co., Ohio, Jan. 30, 1821. In Jan. 25, 1844,married Miss Jane Porter ; she was born in Ohio, May 21, 1824 ; they came to this county in 1857 ; have three children — Jerome, born in Ohio Nov. 16, 1845 ; Martha Ann, born in Ohio May 8, 1847 ; Romanzo, now Mrs. J. Q. Beck, born in Ohio Aug. 12, 1849. Jerome Ewing married Caroline Kook Sept. 28, 1876. Mr. Ewing was ap- pointed Superintendent of County House and Farm in September, 1868 ; Republi- can. " FINDLEY, ROBERT, far., S. 25; P. 0. Burlington. Flanders, S. A., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Frudiger, Jacob, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. GARMAN, W. F., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Burlington. GARMAM, C. M., far., S.l; P.O. Burlington; was born in Palmyra, Lebanon Co., Penn., August, 1831 ; re- moved to this county with his parents in 1846. In 1870, he married Miss Mary David, a native of this county ; they have one child — Katie^' born Sept. 4 1876. Mr. Gr. is connected with the Des Moines Agricultural Society, and, since 1860, has held the offices of Director and Secretary ; is also Secre- tary of the Farmers' Mutual Fire In- surance Company, of this county, which was organized in 1875 ; he was member of the County Board of Supervisors two years. Is Republican ; himself and wife members of the Baptist Church ; owns a well-improved farm. Gearheart, M. A.; P. 0. Burlington. G-earheart, Wm., far. ; P. 0. Burlington. G-regg, B. S., far.; P. 0. Burlington. Gross, Alexander, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Gross, Israel, far., S. 15; P. 0. Burling- ton. Gugler, Jacob, far., S. 14; P. 0. Burling- ton. Gustason, G., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Gutta, Frank, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. HAMMER, JOHN, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Burlington. Hanna, A., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. Hankins, A., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Burlington. Hanson, C. L., tar., S. 18 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Harkleroad, Wm., far., S. 33; P. 0. Bur- lington. Harris, Ed. R., far., S. 16; P. 0. Burling- ton. Harris, Jeremiah, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Harris, W. Dodge, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hartman, Jas., far., S. 25; P. 0. Bur- lington. Haskell, David, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hassenclever, E., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hassenclever, F. A., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Burlington. Hathaway, C. 0., far., S. 3; P. O.Bur- lington. HiUeary, Geo., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Burhng- ton. Hilleary, Jackson, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. .^ Hilleary, James, far., S. 28; P. 0. Bur- lington. ^ ^ Hilleary, Wm. C, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. „ ^ -r. Hillgartner, Wm., far., S. 6; P. 0. Bur- lington. 684 DIRECTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY: Hillgartner, John, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. HILIiGARTlVEK, WM., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Burlington ; Mr. Hillgartner is a native of Germany ; born in 1835 ; emigrated to the United States in 1855 ; settled in this county the same year. Married Miss Elizabeth Magel, of this township ; she was born in 1840 ; were married in 1862 ; have seven children — Mary A., Lizzie M., Henry Edward, Charley Sibert, Katie Augusta, Clara Louisa and William Julius ; Mr. H. is Eepublican ; members of the Evan- gelical Church ; he owns 175 acres of land, well stocked and improved. Horn, Chas, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Hoover, Samuel, far., Ssc. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. HuflFman, Fred., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hunt, C. Wesley, far., S. 12; P. 0. Bur- lington. HUNT, SAMUEL, farmer, g. 13;, P. 0. Burlington; born in Madison Co., 111., in 1813 ; removed with his parents to Bond Co. in 1820 ; thence to Mc- Donough Co. in 1832 ; and to Des Moines Co., Iowa, in 1834. Married Miss Martha McGee in McDonough Co., 111. ; she was born in Orange Co., Ind. ; they have eight children living — Chas. W., married Miss Mary Burge ; Sarah, married C. L. McCash ; S. B. P., mar- ried Miss Katie Bonn ; Mary, married D. W. Harris; John M., Jesse B., Lilly M. and Lucy B. Mr. Hunt owns 425 acres of land ; is a Democrat ; has held various local offices, and has always been identified with everything tending to advance the public interests. Hunt, Wm. C, far., S. 13; P. 0. Bur- lington. Huppenberger, John, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Burlington. TOHNSON, AUGUST, far., S. 16; t) P. 0. Burlington. Juengling, F. G., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Juengel, John, far., 8. 23; P. 0. Bur- lington. KASSEL, CONRAD, far., S. 13; P. 0. Burlington. Kietzor, H. J. and John, farmers ; P. 0. Burlington. KIETZER, JOHX,_farmer, S. 10; P. 0. Burlington ; born in 1 834 ; came to this county with his parents in 1836. Married Miss Mary Helchior in this county ; they have five children — Mag- gie, Eliza, Katie, Johnnie and Christi- ana ; Mr. Kietzer is a Democrat ; owns eighty acres of land ; members of the Evangelical Church. Mr. Keitzer's father, Henry Keitzer, was a native of Germany ; came to this country in 1834; settled in Pennsylvania; from which State he came to this county in 1836. Mrs. J. Kietzer's father, Henry Helchior, came to this county in 1837 ; now resides in Burlington Tp. Kleinman, F. W., far.. Sec. 20; P. 0. Burlington. Kleinweichide, H., far., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Burlington. Koehn, H., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Burlington. Koontz, B., far., S. 24; P. O. Burlington. Koontz, C. J., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. LAMITSON, JAMES, far., S. 19; P. 0. Burlington. Lamme, Nathan B., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Lange, Paul, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Burlington. Layton, Wm. E., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Lee, Christopher, far.. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Burlington. Lee, Conrad, far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Lee, Henry, far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Burlington. Lee, Wm. M., far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Leffler, E. T.,far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Burlington. liEFFLEK, JACOB, far., S. 2; p. 0. Burlington ; Mr. L. is a native of Virginia; born near Wheeling May 10, 1827 ; came to this county in 1836. Married Miss Sarah J. Cameron in this county, November, 1851 ; they have two children — Edward Leroy, born 27th of April, 1866 ; Hattie Augusta, born December, 1868. In 1849, Mr. L. went to Sacramento, Cal., and was there during the great inundation in that city in January, 1850; in 1852, he removed to Stockton ; remained until 1856 ; then returned to this county. Mr. L. acted with the Republican party since its or- ganization ; owns eighty-one acres of land, well located and well improved. UNION TOWNSHIP. 685 Lloyd, James, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Lloyd, Thomas, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Lynn, J., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Burlington. MAGELSON, LOUIS, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Burlington. MAt^EL,, HENRY, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Augusta ; born in this county in 1843. Married Miss Catharine, daugh- ter of J. L. and Louisa Walker, of this township ; they have two children — Maria and Charles H.; members of the M. E. Church. Mr. M. is a Ke- publican. Owns 112 acres of land. MACJELi, S., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Bur- lington ; an old resident of this county ; native of Germany; born in 1812; emi- grated to this country in 1835 ; same fall came to this county ; the settle- ments at that time were few and far be- tween ; Burlington but a small village. Mr. M. married Miss Mary Lee ; she was born in Germany ; came to Bur- lington in 1834, where they were mar- ried ; have ten children living — William, Elizabeth, Henry, Charles, Conrad, Peter, Mary, Margaret, Theodore and Benjamin. Members of the Lutheran Church ; Mr. M. is a Democrat. Owns 165 acres of land, and several thousand dollars' worth of city and other prop- erty ; he has worked diligently _ and planned wisely for what he has gained, and in the success which has crowned his efforts, he feels amply compensated for all his labors ; he is social in nature, and highly esteemed as a neighbor and citizen. Main, Peter, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Burlington. Marihart, Ignatz, far., S. 15; P. 0. Bur- lington. Miller, Adam, far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Miller, George, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Miller, Jno., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. - -n rk Miller, William S., far., Sec. 17 ; P. O. Burlington. „ ^ „ Miner, Nathan, far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. ^ ,.. -r, Mohneka, Henry, far., Sec. 34; P. 0. Bur- lington. • Moore, John, far., Sec. 5; P. 0. Bur- lington. Mueller, Antrobus, far.. Sec. 29; P. 0. Burlington. Murphy, D. J., far.; P. 0. Burlington. Murphy, B. P., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. MURPHY, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Shelby Co., Ind., in 1832 ; removed to this county with his parents in 1837. Married Miss Mary E., daughter of Cooper and Elizabeth Harris, who came to this county in the spring of 1835, and settled in Union Tp.; she was the first white child born in this township ; was born May 4, 1835; their children are Erastus, Edward, William, Elvin L., Clarence A., Ida Ann, Horace H. Mr. M. is a Democrat. Has held various local offices. He owns 304 acres of land ; is engaged in stock-raising to a considerable extent. Murphy, Wm. P., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Burlington. Murphy, Marion, far. ; P. 0. Burlington. "l^TELSON, S., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Bur- JJN lington. Nicholas, Wm., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Nilson, Ms., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Burlington. Nelson, P., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Burhngton. Nyberg, A. G., far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. OSBORN, H., farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Burlington. PERRY, W. P., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Burlington. PERRY, W. W., farmer, Sec. 8 ; ' P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Alle- gheny Co., Penn,, in 1832 ; came to this county in 1853. Married Miss Rebecca Perry, in Louisa Co.; they have four children— Ida M., Prank P., Charles C, Alice F. Mr. Perry is Re- publican. Has held the office of Town- ship Clerk since 1876 ; owns 55 acres of land. Members of the Baptist Church. „ ^ T, Pfadenhauer, C, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. , „ „ ,. Pheiff, R., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Burlington. Pierson, John, far.. Sec. 14; P. 0. Bur- lington. ^ ^ T. Porter, James T., far., S. 14; P. 0. Bur- lington. -n r\ T> Peterson, Andy, far., Sec.l5; P.O. Bur- lington. 686 'DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY ; Peterson, Chas., far , Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Peterson, C, J., far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Peterson, Fred, far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Peterson, Jerry, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. PIERCE, NELSOX, horticultur- ist, Sec. 10; P. 0. Burlington; was born in the Province of Quebec, Can- ada, in 1848. Married Miss Mary Owens, in Marshall Co., 111., in 1874 ; they removed from Marshall Co. to La- grange, Cook Co., 111., where they re- mained until the spring of 1878, when they removed to this county. Mr. P. is a Kepublican. Member of the I. 0. 0. P. Pullman, Jas., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Purrcell, D., far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. RAMSEY, ANDKEW, far., Sec. 26; P. 0. Burlington. Ramsey, David, far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Bur- linston. RENZ, A. G., farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Germany, in May, 1820 ; came to the United States in 1830. Married Miss Sarah Meeker, of Butler Co., Penn., in 1840. They re- moved to Indiana in 1846, thence to this county the same year ; have six children living — Charles L., who mar- ried Addie Smith ; Edwin, who married Miss R. Murphy, Caroline, Harriet, who married. M. Murphy, Mary and Will- iam. Mr. Renz is a Republican ; mem- bers of the the Baptist Church. He is Assessor of Union Tp. ; owns fifty acres of land ; is a public-spirited citi- zen, active and enterprising. Renz, Nicholas, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Bobbins, Martin, far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. SANDBERG, JOSEPH, far., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Burlington. Scheighing, J. G., far.. Sec. 13; P. 0. Burlington. Schmitt, Chas., far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Soholtz, John, far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Scholtz, Wm., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Schooley, A. J., far.. Sec. 3 ; P. O. Bur- lington. Schwartz, Fred, far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Bur- lington. Sheppard, Joseph. Shuck, Jno., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Smith, Andrew, far., S. 11; P. O. Bur- lington. Smith, Batzer, far., S. 26: P. 0. Bur- lington. SMITH, BENEDICT, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in 1835 ; came to Burlington with his parents, Peter and Maria Smith, who were born and married in Germany ; came to this country in 1834, and to this county in 1842. Mr. B. Smith married Miss Eliza Barton in this county ; she was born in England ; came to this county with her parents, Henry and Mary Bar- ton, in 1844; their children are Nancy Jane, Edith M., Joseph Z. (died 12th of August, 1874, aged 7 years and 3 months), M. May, Benedict, Henry E., Laura E. and Abbie C. Mr. S. is a Republican ; owns 226 acres of land. Himself and family are members of the M. E. Church, Smith, C. J., far., S. 24; P. O. Bur- lington. Smith, C. W., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Bur- lingto. Smith, Ed., far., S. 25; P. 0. Bur- lington. Sprague, Henry, far., S. 26; P. 0. Bur- lington. Staff, E. A., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Burlington. Stark, Leonard, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Stephens, Sam. F., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Storer, Richard, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Swallow, Joseph, far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. THOMSON, W. H., far.; P. 0. Burlington. Tierman, Wm., far. S. 13 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. TTTZ, B. D., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- V_J lington. VANDYKE, WALKER, far. ; P. 0. Burlinston. VANDYKE, BENJAMIN, far., P. 0. Burlington ; was born Newcastle UNION TOWNSHIP. 687 Co., Del., Nov. 10,1814; remained un- til 1827 ; then removed with his par- ents to Muskingum Co., Ohio; thence to Payette Co., Ohio, in 183.0, where he married Miss Frances Walker, Oct. 22d, 1835; she was born the same county June 8, 1817 ; they remained in Fayette Co. until 1836 ; then, removed to Marion Co., Ind. ; remained there un- til 1838 ; thence to Vigo Co. in 1839 ; came to this state and settled in Union Tp. ; their children are — John, born in Fayette Co., Ohio, July 10, 1836; married Miss C. Bumgardner in 1858 ; owns 168 acres of land; Susan, born in Aug., 1838 ; married Aron Lootz; they reside in Henry Co., Iowa ; Mary A., born in Jan., 1841 ; mar- ried Albert Hankins ; Martha J., born in 1845 ; married Franklin Boyer, who died 30th April, 1874 ; William F., born in 1848; married Miss Annie Jones; Horatio W., born Jan., 1855 ; Benjamin F., born March, 1858. Members of the Asbury M. B. Church; he is a Kepubli- can; was formerly a Whig. Has held va- rious offices; was member of County Board of Supervisors two years; owns finely im- proved farm of 168 acres of land. Is Class-Leader and Trustee in Asbury M. E. Church. WAGNER, JNO., far,, S. 27 ; P. 0. Burlington. Walker, Chas. S., far. ; P. 0. Burlington. WALKER, J. Q., far., S. 17 ; P.O. Augusta; Mr. Walker was born m Fayette Co., Ohio., in 1815 ; in 1838, went to Indiana, where be married Miss Louisa Short, a native of Ross Co., Ohio; born in 1816; removed to Crawford Co., HI., with her parents in 1837, thence to Vigo Co., Indiana, m 1838 ; they were married in 1839 ; re- moved to this county the same year and settled in Union Tp. ; their children are —Sarah, who married A. Royer; Cath- erine, married Henry Magel ; Charles, married Miss Clara Storer. Mr. Walker is a firm and consistent supporter of the Republican party ; was "An Old Line Whig;" Mr. W. and family are mem- bers of the M. E. Church ; he has been trustee of the Asbury M. E. Church since its erection in 1868. He owns 217 acres of land, finely improved ; has held various school and township offices ; has taken an active part in the advance- ment of educational and various inter- ests of the township. Warth, Chas. F., far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Warth, Fred., far.. Sec. lington. Sec. far.. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- P. 0. Bur- 26 far., far., far., S Lane, Herman, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Leffler, Jno., far. ; P. 0. Burlington. LiEFFIiER, WILLIAM, sur- veyor, S. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Washington Co., Penn., May 30, 1800; in 1811, removed with his par- ents to Ohio Co., Va., where he at- tended school ; also learned surveying ; in 1822, he married Miss Mary Ann Noble, a native of Frederick Co., Va.; born on the 27th of l\ov., 1803 ; they removed to Burlington in 1836 ; have four children living — John N., who married Elizabeth Moss ; Emily, mar- ried Robert C. Halefant, now deceased ; Jane Elizabeth, married A. Woods ; Annie, married J. W. McFarland. Politically, Mr. Leffler is a Democrat ; he was appointed Government Surveyor in 1849 ; has surveyed in all parls of this state and a portion of Illinois. Owns 80 acres of land. LEOXARD, DAVID, S. 35; P. 0. Burlington; was born in Washington Co., Penn., March 12, 1816; in 1829, his parents removed to Franklin Co., Ohio ; and for several years after, the subject of this sketch remained in that State. March 2, 1841, Mr. L. married Miss Mary S. Dustin, of Delaware Co., Ohio, who was born Aug. 24, 1821; in the spring of 1842, Mr. L. came to this county. He has taken an active part in the political, religious and social de- velopment of his township ; originally a Whig, but latterly a Republican ; he has been firm in the advocacy of the prin- 692 DIRECTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY: ciples of that party since its organization ; he and his family are members of the Congregational Church, and for many years he was a Deacon of that society. He is a member of the Board of Trust- ees of his township, a place he has held for several terms ; was elected a Director of the Burlington & Norlh- Western Railroad, and was chosen Vice President thereof in 1878 ; he has always taken a deep interest in the railroad affairs of the county ; at present, is President of the proposed Burlington, Denmark & Keosauqua Railroad. In 1866, he was one of the organizers of the Iowa Hor- ticultural Society, and held the office of Treasurer thereof for nine consecutive years ; in 1869, he was elected Delegate to the American Pomological Society, which met that year in Philadelphia ; he was one of the original members of the Des Moines County Agricultural Society, and is one of the present Di- rectors ; Mr. L. has always been a prime mover in the educational affairs of the States; in June, 1875, he was nan)ed one of the Trustees of the Iowa College (located at Grinnell), by the general association of the Congrega- tional Church of this State ; he was soon after elected to the office for three years, and, in June, 1878, was chosen permanent Trustee. Mr. and Mrs. Leonard have had five children — How- ard D., Annie E., David Hale, Charles Sumner and Lilly ; but one of these survives— Annie E.; the eldest, Howard, who was born in Franklin Co., Ohio, Jan. 14, 1842, enlisted in the Union army at the breaking-out of the war ; he joined Co. K, 14th I. V. I. ; was en- rolled in Oct., 1861, and died March 18, 1862, in Mound City Hospital, from sickness contracted by exposure during the battle of Fort Donelson ; his re- mains now repose in Aspen Grove Cem- etery, Burlington. Littler, Harvey, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Loper, Uriah, far., 8. 20 ; P. 0. Middle- town. Lucas, Christopher, far., S. 12; P. 0. Bur- lington, liUECKWfG, HEXRY, far., S. 8 ; P.O. Burlington ; was born in Prus- sia in 1849 ; in 1854, emigrated to this country with his parents. In 1875, married Miss Mary Swart z, of Burling- ton ; they have one child — Annie. Mr. L. acts with the Democratic party ; members of the German Lutheran Church, of which he is a trustee ; he is also one of the present Board of School Directors ; owns 120 acres of land ; he is alive to every honorable enterprise that tends to benefit himself or his fel- low-citizens. Lucking, Fred, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Lynn, Levi, faiv; P. 0. Middletown. L,YWN, ROBERT,_far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., Dec. 6, 1821. When an infant, his parents moved to Indiana, ' and thence to Ohio ; in 1843, he moved to Wabash Co., Ind.; in 1863, to this county, and has been a resident since. He has been twice married ; his first wife was Mary Freel, a native of Darke Co., Ohio ; present wife was Mrs. Re- becca McGraff, widow of W. McGraff; she was born in Preble Co., Ohio. Mr. Lynn is Republican. Has held various school and township offices. Members of the M. E. Church at Middletown, in which he is a Steward and Trustee. He owns 148 acres of land in this county, and 240 acres near Webster, county seat of Hamilton Co., Iowa. McCHESNEY, JOHN, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Middletown. McCASH, C. li., far., _S. 5_; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Flint River Tp. this county, in 1847. Married Miss Sarah, daughter of Samuel and Martha Hunt ; they have two children — Minnie and Clarence. Mr. McCash owns 100 acres of land. Is a member of I. 0. 0. F., Washington Lodge, No. 1, Burling- ton. Mclntyre, Thomas A., far., S. 30; P. 0. Middletown. McMAKE]^, J. L., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Middletown ; was born in Hamil- ton Co., Ohio, in 1815 ; came to this county in 1838. Married Miss Eliza Cummins, a native of Hamilton Co., Ohio, in 1840 ; she was born in 1818 ; died. in 1870; she was a member of the U. P. Church, and lived a sincere Christian life ; their surviving children are Sarah, who married W. Wright ; he FLINT RIVER TOWNSHIP. (593 served during; the late war in the 2d Iowa C. ; James W., who married Miss Belle Scott, of this county ; John married Miss Lilly Long ; Irene married Chris- topher Johnson. Mr. McMaken owns 240 acres of land. Politically he is a firm supporter of the Republican party ; has held various offices ; is a member of the M. E. Churfh. McMAKEJT, J. J., S. 28 ; P. o: Middletown ; was born in Hamilton Co., Ohio, in 1817, where he remained until 1839, when he removed to this county with his parents. In 1841, he was united in marriage to Miss A. M. Green, of Lee Co., Iowa, who was born in Ham- ilton Co., Ohio; came to Lee Co., with her parents, in 1839. They had three children, one now living — Amilda Eunice, who is President of the Ladies' Missionary Society, of Middletown. Mr. McM. and family are members of the Presbyterian Church ; he is Presi- dent of the Temperance Reform Club, in which he has taken an active interest since its organization. In early life, he acted with the Whig party, but on the organization of the Republican, joined its ranks, and was the nominee of said party for member of the State Legis- lature, in 1863 ; elected, and discharged the duties with honor to himself and constituents ; was a member of the first Board of School Directors in this town- ship, elected for the purpose of district- ing the township for school purposes; acted as clerk at the organization of this township ; was elected member of the County Board of Supervisors three years; Mr. McMaken is prominently identified with the religious and educa- tional interests of this county ; owns 240 acres of land, and is one of the prosperous men of Des Moines Co., Iowa; is social, refined and gentlemanly in manners. MENNEJr, J. MATHIAS, far.. S. 35 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Prussia, in 1844; emigrated to this country, with his parents, in 1855. Married Miss R. Huppert, in this county ; she was a native of Germany ; they have five children — John, P., M., Henry and Tilly. Mr. Mennen and wife are members of the Catholic Church ; they own fifty acres of land. He is Independent in politics. McMaken, W. T., far., S.,29 ; P. Q. Mid- dletown. Magel, William, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Mahlman, Fred., far., S. 12 ; P. Q. Bur- lington. Meier, Fred., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Meier, William, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Merlahn, George, far.. Sec. 12 ; P. Q. Burlington. Miller, Henry, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Miller, John H., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Mills. MOHIiER, JOHN, far., S. 34; P. 0. Burlington; was born in this county. Married Miss Elizabeth Wilz, in this county, in 1874; she was born in Illinois ; they have one child — Isabel. Mr. Mohler and wife are members of the Catholic Church. Moor, Samuel, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Mumme, J., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Burlington. O'LOUGHLIN, MICHAEL, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Burlington. Oetken, D., far., S. 13; P. 0. Burlington. POHREN, GEORGE, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Burlington. PheiiF, Peter, far., S. 23; P. 0. Burling- ton. ' Peterson, Chas. A., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Phillips, John, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. PIERSOIV, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington ; a resident of Des Moines Co. for over forty-three years; native of Washington Co., Penn. ; was born March 16, 1813 ; his parents removed to Ohio Co., Ya., while he was a boy. Married Miss Jane Keenan Aug. 25, 1835, in Washington Co., Penn. ; she was born in that county Jan. 29, 1813. They left for this county Sept. 1, 1835, journeyed through woodland and over wild prairies in wagons, and arrived in Burlington, then a small village, Sept. 25— thus became one of the pioneer families of this county ; they have two children— Sam- uel J. and John Q. A. Samuel en- hsted in Co. K, 25th I. V. Rept. ; was wounded at the battle of Arkansas 694 DIRECTORT^ OF DES MOINES COUNTY : Post, honorably discharged and returned home. Married Elizabeth Nugent; have four children— David A., Nancy J., Mary and James Franklin. John Q. A. was also in the army ; honorably discharged. He married Mary Whit- taker ; they have two children — Gracie and Charles. Though raised in a slave State, Mr. Pierson has always been op- posed to slavery ; was a stanch Whig ; on the decline of that party, he became a Republican; Mr. Pierson and family are members of the M. E. Church. He has always been active in every enter- prise which gave promise of general good ; he owns a large farm, well im- proved, and enjoys all the comforts of home life. His sons Samuel and John, own and manage a farm of 500 acres in Henry Co., in which county they reside. Pietzscb, Herman, far., Sec. 14; P.O. Burlington. EERCKB, CHRIST, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Burlington. Riepe, Albert, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Riepe, J. H., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Riepe, Peter, far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- ington. Rife. Jac, far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Riley, D. C, far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Ripley, David, far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Robinson, Asa, f»r., Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Rommiller, Fred., Jr., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. Rothwell, Klkhanah, far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Burlington. Rundorff, Aug., far.. Sec. 5; P. 0. Bur- lington. SCHALB, HENRY, far.. Sec. 3; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Scherbaum, Henry, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Schmeiser, Jac, far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Mills. Schneider, Conrad, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Schneider, Goo., far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Schuliz, Henry, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Schwartz, Gotlieb, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Schweiger, Fred, far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Sellers, Sam, far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Shaw, H. H., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Shell, Fred, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Burlington. Shrader, Henry, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Storer, John, far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. STORMER, JOHX, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Burlington ; is a native of Washington Co., Tenn. ; was born in the year 1811 ; in 1833, removed to Morgan Co., 111. ; in the spring of 1835, he removed to this county and settled in this township. He married Bethany Hall, who was born in New York May 19, 1816 ; they were married in this county in 1843 ; she died Oct. 1, 1855 ; their children living are Oscar, Sarah C. (now Mrs. G. W. Hughes), M. E., and Charles J. Mr. Stormer owns 223 acres of land. Is Democratic. Is one of the oldest settlers now living in Flint River Tp. STORMER, M. E., far., S_. 27 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in this county in 1851. Married Miss Jennie Walton ; they were married in Burlington. She was born in Clarksville, Penn ; they have two children — Belle and Clare. Mr. Stormer acts with the Democratic party. Sudbrack, J. H., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Bur- • lington. Sutton, Thomas, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. SWAN, JOHN W., far. and dairy- man. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Marshall Co., Va., Feb. 14, 1833. Moved to this county with his parents in 1838 ; in 1840, to Henry Co., Iowa; in 1850, he went to California, where he followed mining until the spring of 1852, then returned to Henry Co. in 1855. He married Miss Caro- line Boner, in this county ; she was born in Marshall Co., Va,; they have seven children living — Phoebe Z., Clar- rissa, Belle, James Henry, Frances Bertha, Hetta R.,CaroUne E. and Mary. Mr. Swan and family are members of DANVILLE TOWNSHIP. 696 the M. E. Church; he is Republican. Has held various township offices. Owns 263 acres of land. His father, Henry Swan, was born in Virginia in 1 804. Married Esther R. Ward, a na- tive of the same State. They came West in 18*8. Was elected Sheriff of Henry Co. several terms ; also held the office of Justice a number of years. During the war, he served in the Grey- beard Regt. of I. V. I. as Lieutenant, was honorably discharged. He was Re- publican, and member of M. E. Church. Died in 18Y3. TAEGBR, FRED, far., S. 11; P.O. Burlington. Tiedge, Geo. D., far., S. 13; P. 0. Bur- lington. Tieman, Wm., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Tiemier, Henry, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Turner, Geo. W., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Turner, William, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. UTTER, WM. v., far., S. 19; P. 0. Burlington. VAHLB, WM., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Vorwerk, Antoine, far., 8.24 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. WAITE, JOHN, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Burlington. Walker, Thos., fars., S. 14; P. 0. Bur- lington. Walker, Chas., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Ward, D. & Wm. L., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Watts, Jos., far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Watts, Wm., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Burlington- Wedertz, Chas., far.,S. 13; P. 0. Burling- ton. Wertz, A. J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Burlington. Westerbeck, G., far., S. 28; P. 0. Bur- lington. Westerbeck, Phil., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Westerbeck, Wm., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Westphal, F. H. & F., farmers, S. 25 ; P. 0. Burlington. Whittaker, Wm., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Whittmore, Jack, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Wilte, Simeon, far., S. 3; P. 0. Frank- hn Mills. Wischmier, H., Sr., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Frank- lin Mills. Wischmier, H., far., S. 3; P. 0. Franklin Mills. Wittenner, C. H., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Wolverton, L. F., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. DANVILLB TOWNSHIP. ALTER, JOHN K., farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Danville. AliTBB, JACOB, farmer. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in Washington Co., Penn., March 1. 1817; came to Des Moines Co. April 18, 1847. Mar- ried Miss Jane S. Knox in February, 1838 ; she was born in Washington Co., Penn., Oct. 5, 1821, died Feb. 18, 1855 ; married again Mrs. Elizabeth Delaplaine April 3, 1856 ; she was worn in Preble Co., Ohio, Dec. 19, 1824; her parents came to Burlington in 1836 ; were ear- ly settlers of the city; she married Aaron H. Delaplaine Oct. 25, 1849, he died Dec. 1, 1854; has five children by former wife — Elizabeth C, John K., Isaac W., Jacob B., Edwin M.; lost three — Henry, Mary and one died in infancy; and by present wife four — Frank B., Mary J., Cora B., Nettie M.; one died in infancy ; Mrs. A. by former husband has one child — Naomi B.; lost one — William. Mr. A. held the office of Assessor of Danville Tp. six years ; was elected Township Treasurer in 1861 and still holds the office. Owns 176 acres of land, valued at $60 per acre ; made all the improvements. Members of the Baptist Church; Republican. A]!»rDERS05f, W. S., farmer, Sec. 8 • P. 0. Danville ; was born in AUe- 596 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: ghany Co., Va., Dec. 29, 1817 ; came to Burlington in 1837 ; in 1839, moved ■ to Danville Tp., where he now lives. Married Miss Mary G. Gaylard Dec. 8, 1847 ; she was born in Litchfield Co., Conn., Sept. 5, 1828; they have seven children — Eliza J., William A., John T., Martha, Pauntenelle, Anna B., Charles, and two dead, James E. and Sarah E. Owns 130 acres, valued at $50 per acre ; held oflGice of Trustee. Member of M. E. Church ; Democrat. \.rmstrong, T. D., far., Sec. 19; P. 0. Danville. Uspack, W. H., blacksmith, S. 22 ; P. O.- Danville. Lntrobus.B.W., far., S. 25 ; P.O. Middle- town. Umsbaugh, Valentine, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Danville. Ulen, B. A., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Danville. Uspach, R. L., far.,S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. Jeck, Henry, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Danville. Jaldwin, Amos, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Danville. Jishop, J. P., far., S. 9; P. 0. Danville. Joss, Jeremiah, far., S. 16 ; P.O. Danville. Joyce, S. N., far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Danville, ioner, H. 0., far., S. 18; P. 0. Danville. Jolton, M. F., far., S. 16; P. 0. Parrish. loom, Frank, far. ; P. 0. Middletown. tishop, Morris, far., S. 34; P.O. Danville, lolton, J. H., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Danville. Irass, S. J. & J. N., fars., S. 25 ; P. 0. Middletown. leams, Elijah, farmer;' P.O. Middletown. 8L.AKB WAY, V., farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Parrish ; born in Washington Co., Penn., Oct. 18, 1804 ; went to Marshall Co., Va. Married Miss Mary Rumble June 24, 1841 ; she was born in Fay- ette Co., Penn.,, Aug. 19, 1825 ; came to Des Moines Co.' in 1842; owns 120 acres of prairie land, valued at 650 per acre, and eighty acres of timber, val- ued at $20 per acre. Has five children — Lavina J., Samantha, William, Frank and Otis R.; lost three — John, Benson and David E. Mr. and Mrs. B. are members of the M. B. Church ; Re- publican. 5I.AKEWAY, WIIiLIAM, Sr., farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Parrish ; born in Washington Co., Penn., Dec. 25, 1807 ; went to Marshall Co., Va., in 1826. Married Miss Elizabeth Ward Nov. 17, 1828 ; she was born in Mar- shall Co., Va., Nov. 4, 1803, and died March 17, 1867 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1841, and settled whore he now lives with his nephew. Member of the M. E. Church, and a Republican. BI.AKJBWAY, WIJLI.IAM, farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Parrish ; born in Des Moines Co., July 30, 1847 ; owns eighty-three acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; he is now living at the home- stead with his parents. Member of the M. B. Church ; Republican. Blakeway, Frank, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Boyer, S. B., far., S. — ; P. 0. Middletown. Brauer, J. H., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Middle- town. CABLE, JONATHAN, farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Danville. Coade, John, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Danville. Clingman, Ransom, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Clingman, Cyras, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Coade, Henry, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Danville. Chambers, R. B., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Cady, Ebenezer, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Clark, Wm. M., far., S. 19; P. 0. Dan- ville. Campbell, John, blacksmith, S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. Crawford, Wm. D., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Crawford, R, C, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Catlin, Sam'l, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Middle- ' town. CADY, ED., farmer; P. 0. Dan- ville ; born in Windham Co., Conn., April 18, 1799 ; came to Des Moines Co. Oct. 12, 1837; located one and one- half miles West of Danville Center. Married Miss Lida Cale, April 9, 1827; born in Windham Co., Conn., Nov. 29, 1798 ; died March 24, 1864 ; married again to Mrs. Emilia R. Braley, Oct. 9, 1864 ; born in New London Co., Conn., Jan. 18, 1809 ; has three children by former wife — George W., Ebenezer and Edwin C, a Baptist minister in Rose- ville. 111. ; two dead — Maria and Charles ; Charles served three years in the army; died April 26, 1869; Mrs. C. has one child by former husband — DANVILLK TOWNSHIP. 697 George P., and three dead — Albert, Eliza A. and Lester E., went to Honduras, Central America, and died there. Mem- bers of Baptist Church. Owns ninety acres of land valued at $5,700. Re- publican. Cady, ildwin, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Garden, John, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Middle- town. Cochran, T., far.; P. 0. Middletown. Craig, John, far., 8. 22; P. 0. Dan- ville. Crawford, 0. P., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Crocker, Wm., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Danville. Chambers, J. A., far., Sec. 16; P. 0. Danville. Cresap, Joseph, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Crawford, Grandison, far., S. 24; P. 0. Middletown. Cresap, Van, far., 8. 7 ; P. 0. Danville. Cresap, 8prig, far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Cresap, Price, far., 8. 7 ; 'P. 0. Danville. Chambers, W. 0., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Danville. DODDS, HENRY, far., 8. 3 ; P. 0. Danville. Denny, James, far., S. 14; P. 0. Dan- ville. ^ ^ ... Davis, J, A., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Danville. Delaplain, I. F., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. „ .„ Dixon, M., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Danville. Dewe;,P. S., far., S. 15; P. 0. Dan- Del' George W., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. „ ^ -r^ -n Denny,R.J.,far.,S.3; P.O. Danville^ XHGGLESTON, D. R., far., S. 16; P. Jjj 0. Danville. ^ T^ -n Evans, Lewis, far., S. 16; P.O. Danville. Evans! M. M., far., S. 33; P. 0. Dan- Eggleston, Wm., far.; P. 0. ^^^^^\ Evans,Walter, far., S. .33; P. 0. Dan- EsIll!Rheinhart,far.,S. 12;P.O. Dan- IpiMMEN, H., far., 8. 12 ; P. 0. Dan- I ville. .^ .„ Friedrich, D., far., S. 1 ; P. O. Danvi e. Foster, R. B„ far., 8. 8; P. O Danvi le. Funk, Henry, far., 8. 29 ; P. 0. Danville. Friedrich, J. H., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Ferrel, Jos., far., S.16; P. 0. Danville. Fallahay, Patrick, far.; P. 0. Middle- town. Fogel, J. H., carpenter, P. 0. Middletown. GUGELER, J. F., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Danville. Grant, Levi, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Danville. OILMORE, R., M. D., Dan ville; born in Boone Co., N. Y., Jan. 1, 1819 ; attended the Ohio Medical Col- lege in 1846 and 1847 ; came to Des Moines Co. in, 1839, and commenced practicing in 1844; has been in con- stant practice for 34 years ; most of the time in Des Moines Co. Married Miss Barbara Hyter Nov. 10, 1847 ; born in Dearborn Co., Ind., Jan. 2, 1818; have three children— Horace E., Albert L. and Isaac C. H. ; four dead— Oliver L., Estela, James L. and George E. ; all died within ten days. Mrs. G. is a member of the M. E. Church ; Repub- lican. GREGG, A., Danville Center ; P. 0. Danville; born in Ohio Co., Va., Feb. 2, 1810 ; came to Des Moines Co. Nov. 17, 1834, and settled in Augusta Tp., where "he improved a large farm ; sold out and came to Danville Center, where he now lives a retired life. Married Miss Frances Redding Jan. 24, 1836 ; she was born in Illinois, July 29, 1819, and died June 10, 1848. He married again, Mrs. Mary F. Allison, Dec. 25, 1866- she was born in Wayne Co., Ohio, June 21, 1833; has three chil- dren by former wife— Sarah D., Nancy C Virgil • three dead— Frances W. Morgan, H. T., Mary M., and threg by his present wife— Charles A., Mary L. and Samuel. Mr. G. took the first paper that was published in Burlington; was Township Clerk in Des Moines Co. ; the first Baptist Church was or- ganized in his cabin. Mr. and Mrs. G. are members of the M. E. Church ; Re- Ga^p:rEUfar.,S.31;P.0Parrish. Grrig,'j.M.,far.,Sec.33 P.aPamsh. Gladden, Madison, far.. Sec. 35 , V. U. 198 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY : rrimes, Robert, far., Sec. 15 ; P.-O. Dan- ville. tuion, P. M., far.; P. 0. Danville. aandon, W. R., far.. Sec. 25; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Jiese, G. P., physician. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Middletown. HARTY, J. D., far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Augusta. lanna, J. L., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Parrish. lanna, Caswell, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Parrist. lanna, Abner, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Parrish. litchcock, John, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. lall, Luke, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Danville. lANNA, S. O., farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. O. Middletown; was born in Union Co., Ind., Nov. 29, 1829; came to Des Moines Co. in the fall of 1837. Mar- ried Miss Margaret J. Davault March 17, 1858; she was born in Cumberland- Co., Penn., Jan. 1, 1835 ; they have six children — Jefferson S., Jas. C, Reathe E., Laura M., Nellie J., Maggie B. ; Minerva E. and two others died in in- fancy. Members of the M. E. Church. Mr. H. served as Clerk of Augusta Tp. two years; owns 152 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Democrat. Mrs. Margaret Davault, Mr. H.'a moth- er-in-law, makes her home with him; she was born in Cumberland Co., Penn., Aug. 9, 1796 ; came to Des Moines Co. inlSSl. [IE9I9II1VGS, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Middletown ; was born in England Jan. 24, 1834; came to Des Moines Co. in 1855, and settled in Au- gusta Tp. ; moved to Danville Tp. in 1865, and located on the farm where he now lives ; owns 196 acres, valued at $50 per acre, on which he made moat of the improvements. Married Miss Mary Wilks Nov. 17, 1859 ; she was born in England Sept. 9, 1836 ; they have five children — Mary A. (now Mrs. Carden), Alice E., Frederick, Francis J., James A. Members of the Congregational Church ; he is a Democrat. laman, Wm., far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Parrish, IIGLEY, E. C, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Danville; born in Berkshire Co., Mass., Aug. 22, 1810 ; came with his parents, to Portage Co., Ohio ; to Des Moines Co. in 1839, and has been a resident of Danville Tp. ever since. Married Miss Amanda Messenger Oct. 28, 1835 ; born in Portage Co., Ohio, March 17, 1812; have three children — Sibyl A., Stewart Henry H. and Emily M. ; two dead — Harriet M. and Mary P. Member of Congregational Church. Mr. H. owns ninety-five acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Republican. HAIili, J., DR., Danville; born in Merrimack Co., N. H., July 4, 1807;. came to Wisconsin in 1832 ; practiced medicine for five years ; came to Des ^Moines Co. in 1837, where he has de- voted his time to hia profession the last few years; being well advanced in years, declines, except when some of his old friends call on him ; he now lives with his daughter a retired life. Mar- ried Miss Harriet Corning April 25, 1835 ; she was born in New York City Feb. 10, 1809 ; died July 27, 1877 ; have five children — Edson C, Albert, Eliza, B., Lufanna J., Adina B., and three dead — Clarissa C, Emily K. and Jas- per C. Mr. and Mrs. H. were members of the first Congregational church built in Danville Tp.; the first schoolhouse in Danville Center was built by Dr. H. and other old settlers, the first teachers Miss Wakefield and Miss Wilson. There were few buildings in the township when the Doctor came, and those rough log build- ings, most of them built close to the timber. The Doctor stands by the Re- publican party. Higley, H. H., far.. Sec. 22 ; P.O. Danville. Howard, W. & C, A., fars., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Middletown. Hall, Jeremiah, far., S. 22 ; P.O. Danville. Howard, Wesley, far.. Sec. 23; P. 0. Middletown. Hanna, John, far., S. 28; P. 0. Middle- town. HURIiBUT, T, K., farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Danville ; was born in Hart- ford Co., Conn., April 22, 1817 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1837 ; owns 204 acres, valued at $45 per acre. Married Miss Jane Tweedy March 27, 1848 ; she was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 8,1830; have nine children — William H., born Feb. 26, 1851 ; Carlos, Dec. 5, 1852 ; Mary J., Nov. 8, 1854 ; Lucy P., Jan. 18, 1857; Emma, Nov. 16, 1858 ; Frank, Deo. 24, 1862 ; Kate G., Jan. 8, 1865 ; Sarah L., Dec. 28, 1866 ; DANVILLE TOWNSHIP. 699 Adela M., April 8, 1869 ; lost three children — Charlotte M., born April 7, 1849 ; Frank M., Jan. 22, 1861 ; John, Sept. 28, 1871. Carlos lives with his parents at the homestead ; is a member of the Congregational Church, and Re- publican. Mr. and Mrs. H. are mem- bers of the Congregational Church; Republican. Hunter, G. W.,far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Danville. Huchen, Fritz, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Danville. Hodgens, R. L., merchant, Middletown. Herd, Robert, far., S. 30; P. 0. DanvUle. Helt, G. W., far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Dan- ville. Hilderbrand, John, far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Danville. IRWIN, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. Danville. Irwin, John, Sr., far.. Sec. 27; P. 0. Danville. Irwin, James P., farmer; P. 0. Danville, lies, A. C, far., S. 24; P. 0. Danville. JOHNSON, OLMAN, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Danville. JESTER, B. B., Sec. 32 ; P. O. Parrish ; born in Brooke Co., Va., July 5, 1829. Married Miss Sarah A. Moore March 15, 1865 ; born in Marshall Co., Va., Jan. 28, 1836; has two children- Anna E. and Mary R. Owns 161 acres, valued at $50 per acre. Both members of the M. E. Church ; he is a Republican. JOHNSON, JOEL, far., S. 7; P. 0. Danville; born in Anderson Co., Tenn.. March 26,1800; came to Des Moines Co. in 1836, and settled where he now lives. Married Miss Susannah Johnson ; born in Tennessee, and died in Des Moines Co. in 1841. Married again Miss Lucinda Judd, m May, 1847; born in Kentucky May 1, 1827 ; has five children by former wife— Mary J., James A., Joel W., Francis M. and Oliver ; two dead-Noble and Martha A. ; and nine by present wife— Canada P Louis H., Luther, Louisa, Rachel, William H., David G., Harvey and Caroline B. ; one dead— Isaac 0. Owns 300 acres, valued at |45 per acre; made all the improvements. Democrat. jarvis, James, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Danville. jaggar, H. E., far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. . Jarvis, George, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Danville. Jacob, H. H. and J. J., fars., S. 20 ; P. 0. Danville. Jacques, W. J., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. KOBB, JACOB, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Danville. Kelley, J. S., far.. Sec. 9; P. 0. Danville. Kobb, George, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Danville. Kountz, John, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. Keller, S. E., carpenter, Sec. 16; P. 0. Danville. L ANDES, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Danville. Lycock, Reuben, far., S. 2; P. 0. Danville. Lindley, Alva, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Danville. Long, John, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Middletown. Laughlin, 0..D., far., S. 27; P. 0. Dan- ville. LAMME, "WIIililAM, Danville; born in Greene Co., Ohio, Feb. 14, 1814; came to Sangamon Co., III., in 1818; went to Hancock Co. and lived three years ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1835. Married Miss Hester Elliott Aug. 27, 1838 ; she was born in Mor- gan Co., Ind., March 19, 1818 ; have three children — Mary J. Seamons, Will- iam H. and Claire Blakeway, and one dead— David P. Mrs. L. is a member of the M. E. Church. Mr. L. was elected to the Legislature in 1874, and was among the first settlers of Union Tp., where he entered 320 acres of land three years before it came into market ; improved it, put it under good cultiva- tion and sold ; came to Danville, where he now lives retired. Always a Re- publican. LEWIS, N. R., farmer and stock- raiser. Sec. 20 ; P.O.Danville; born in Hartford Co., Conn., May 28, 1817 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1844. Mar- ried Miss Minerva Burnell in 1847 ; she was born in Massachusetts Jan. 4, 1824, died Aug. 12, 1868; have five children -Aurelius N., Ratio F., Ella M Alonzo J. and Clarence G. Owns 240 acres of land, valued at $60 per acre; made all the improvements. Is a mem- bur of the Congregational Church; LaSfmchad.far^; ?• 0: J^^^'^^^ V Luckman, H. F., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Mid- M^TnTLING, W. S.,far., S. 1 ; P- 0. _ Danville. 700 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: Matthews. David, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Mathews, Herman, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Mathews, Henry, far., S. 9; P. 0. Dan- ville. McDonald, John, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. McGohan, G. N., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Mitchel, John, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Middle- town. Morse, R. L., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Middle- town. , McCormick, J. B., S. 22 ; P. 0. Danville. MASTERS, JTATHA.]^, Sec 32 ; P. 0. Parrish ; born in Ohio Co., W. Va., Nov. 17, 1803; came to Des Moines Co. in 1837 ; eijtered a claim, where he now lives ; returned to Vir- ginia, and moved his family here in 1838. Married Miss P. Roberts April 31, 1837; born in Ohio Co., Va., Feb. U, 1804 ; died Aug. 16, 1839. Mar- ried again, Catherine Blakeway, March 22, 1842 ; born in Ohio Co., Va., March 18, 1806; Mr. M. has one child by former wife — William H.; one died in infancy ; has two by present wife — Sarah J., James F.; lost one — Cynthia. Owns 240 acres, valued at |50 per acre. Has been a member of the M. E. Church forty-eight years ; Mrs. M. for . fifty-seven years ; he is a Republican. Moore, Wm., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Parrish. Melcher, Edw., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Parrish. MELCHER, DENIVIS, potter and manufacturerof stone-ware. Sec. 31; P. 0. Parrish ; born in Germany, Oct. 9, 1814; learned his trade in the old country, and came to New Orleans in 1839 ; thence to St. Louis, and to Scott Co., Bio. ; worked at his trade at those places ; went to Louisville, Ky., where he married Miss Mary A. Faust Nov. 21, 1842 ; born in Germany Jan. 24, 1824; came to Burlington Sept. 21, 1843 ; lived there till 1851 ; then moved to his- present residence; has six chil- dren — Sophia, Joseph P., Mary E., Louisa v., Dennis and Frank F. ; lost three — Mary, Francis H. and John E. Owns 315 acres, valued at $50 per acre ; buildings that cost $10,000. He was elected Supervisor of Des Moines Co. in 1876, and served three years. Democrat. Mensenger, Alanson, merchant, Danville. Mix, G. H., far.. Sec. 29 ; P- 0. Danville. McElhenny, A. W., far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Danville. Marchant, Samuel, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Danville. Moore. McHenry, far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Moore, W. P., far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Parrish. Marchant, S. D., far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. "\TEWLAND,JABES,far.,Sec.4; P. JLN 0. Danville. XEAIiEY, II.AV., far., S. 12; P. 0. Danville; born in New York April 6, 1814; is a millwright by trade ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1835 ; helped to build the Star flouring-mill ; it was one of the first mills built in Des Moines Co.; also helped to build a mill on Sugar Creek, in Wapello Co., the first mill built in that county, and helped build the old Western Hotel at Burlington. There were only eight or ten buildings in Burlington when Mr. N. came to Des Moines Co. Married Miss Harriet Wol- verton in 1842 ; she was born in Ham- ilton Co., Ohio, in 1825; have eleven children — Mary E., Lou., Alonzo, Frank, Kate, Cora A., Charley, Harvey, Ellie, Birdie, Grace B., and two dead ; Durand died in infancy ; owns 264 acres, valued at $50 per acre. Republican. Mr. N. made the first coffin ever made for the Indians for Keokuk's son ; it was made from slabs split out of a tree. New, D. M., far.,S. 19; P.O. Danville. Neil, J. L., far., S. 15; P. 0. Danville. Naw, John, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Middletown. Newell, Albert, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Naw, S. & G., fars., S. 35 ; P. 0. Middle- town. O'NEAL, JAMES, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Middletown. OWEN, W. B., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Danville; born in England Nov. 10, 1803; came to Pennsylvania in 1850, and to Des Moines Co. in 1868. Mar- ried Miss Sarah Hall July 31 , 1830 ; she wag born in England June 17, 1808; have six children — William, Olivia Amelia, Taretha, Clara, Ada, and one dead— Sarah. Members of the M. E. Church. Owns thirty acres, valued at $60 per acre. Republican. DANVILLE TOWNSHIP. 701 PARR, RICHARD, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Danville. PALMER, JOHX H., far., Sec. 27 ; P. O. Danville ; born in Franklin Co., Penn., Sept. 19, 1818; came to Des Moines Co. in 1845. Married Miss Susan Basher in January, 1839; she was born in Berkeley Co., Va., Aug. 13, 1814; died in May, 1872; married again, Mrs. Maggie Pore, Oct. 20,1874; she was born in Franklin Co., Penn ' May 6, 1836. Mr. P. has eleven chil- dren by former wife — Martha V., Geo. W., Mary E., John B., James P. Jona- than N., Henry H., Jennie, Emma P., Lemmon B., Claryo E., and one dead- Florence E.; one by present wife — Mertie. Members of the M. E. Church; he a member of A.. F. & A. M. and I. 0. 0. F. Owns 140 acres, valued at $60 per acre. Palmer, Luke, far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Palmer, J. H., far., S. 27 ; P.O. Danville. Packwood, Jas., far., S. 10; P. 0. Dan- ville. Parrott, S. L., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Danville. Palmer, Q. W., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Danville. Parrott, J. T., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. Philips, David, far., S. 24; P. 0. Middle- town. POKTEB, S., MRN., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Danville; born in Marshall Co., Va., March 31, 1809; came to Des Moines Co. in 1838. Married R. M. Porter March 22, 1828 ; born in Washington Co.,Penn.,April 17,1807; died May 28, 1846 ; has four children — Reuben R., Vear, Mary V., Jonathan R., and four dead — Elizabeth J., John, Rebecca B., and Maria M. Mrs. P. is a member of the M. E. Church. PORTER, VEAR; born in Mar- shall Co., Va., July 4, 1834; living with his mother at the homestead. En- listed in the 15th I. V. I., Co. E, and was discharged in 1862 on account of wounds received at Pittsburg Landing. Has served as Assessor of Danville Tp. two years. Is Captain of the rifle com- pany of Danville, and a member of A., F. & A. M. and I. 0. 0. F. of Danville. Republican. Parrott, W. S., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Porter, Eph., harness-maker, Danville. RIDDLE, ROBERT, far.. Sec. 1 ; .P 0. Danville. Robinson, Samuel, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Rose, John F., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Danville. Rowe, Elias, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Danville. Renner, Franklin, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Rankin, J. M., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Middle- town. Robertson, Jas., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Danville. S EATON, J. & G., fars., S. 18 ; P. 0. Danville. Swa-n, F. A., farmer ; P. 0. Danville. Shoemaker, Henry, far., S. 4; P. 0. Dan- ville. Sourwine, Geo., far.,S. 5; P. 0. Danville. Sharp, John, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Danville. Sharp, Jos. G., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Danville. Sater, Thos. P., far., S. 5; P. 0. Danville. Sanderson, F. S., T. F. & R. S., fars.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Danville. Scott, Geo., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Danville. Swan, N. H. & S. B., fars., S. 21 ; P. 0. Danville. Syester, John W., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Sater, T. J., far., S. 16; P. 0. Danville. Sawtelle, Geo., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Smith, J. H., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Middle- town. Seymour, J. H., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. SANDERS, J. A., Danville; born in Washington Co., Penn., Aug. 17, 1801 ; came to Des Moines Co., Nov. 15, 1850 ; bought 120 acres of land, at $6 per acre, improved and sold for 150 per acre; moved to Danville in 1877, where he lives retired. Married Miss De Berry April 1, 1827 ; she was born in WestVirginia Oct. 25, 1806, died May 21, 1875; married again, Mrs.Lydia Lewis Sept. 19, 1877; she was born in Cambria Co., Penn., Jan. 1, 1814 ; Mr. S. has six children by former wife — Andrew J., Elizabeth, Phebe, James, Sarah J. and William ; lost three— Bmeline, Newton and John ; Mrs. S. has by former hus- band eleven children — Ephraim, Kate, Melinda, Edward, Alfred, Emma, Ellen Mattie, Jennie, Justus and Charles, and lost three— Levi, Enoch and Augusta. Mr. S. owns eighty acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Mr. S. member of the 702 DIRECTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY: Congregational Church ; Mrs. S. mem- ber of the Baptist Church. Mr. S. is a Republican. SEYMOUR, E. H., farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, May 22, 1848. Married Miss Sarah A. Porter Jan. 15, 1872 ; she was born in Hartford Co., Conn., Aug. 4, 1850 ; have two children— Percy W. and John P. Mr. S. owns 377 acres' of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mr. S.'s mother came to Des Moines Co. in 1834 ; she was born in Connecticut Sept. 19, 1807 ; his father was born" in Hartford, Conn., March 31, 1796, died Feb. 13, 1859. Mr. E. H. Seymour owns Royal King stallion and General Jackson, trotting horses, and is a breeder of Berkshire swine ; has a stock farm one and a half miles south of Danville. Democrat. SEYMOUR, WOECOTT, ESQ., the first son of Jeremiah Sey- mour and Emily Damming, his wife ; was born Aug. 17, 1813, in Hartford Co., Conn. The ancestors were from England, being among the first settlers in Connecticut. About 1675, three brothers came to this country, and from these all the Seymours have descended, among whom we may mention the Hon. Horatio Seymour, at one time Governor of New York, and Hon. Thomas H. Seymour ; the latter was educated at West Point, held the office of Colonel in the Mexican War, elected Governor of Connecticut, also Congressman from the Hartford District, and was appointed Minister to Russia. In 1838, Mr. Sey- mour left the scenes of his youth, gave up the comforts of a pleasant home, and migrated to Iowa, landing in Burling- ton, July 5, the day after it had become a Territory. After exploring six months, he concluded to make Danville his future home ; beginning life in moderate circumstances, Mr. Seymour entered 320 acres of wild land which he im- mediately began improving ; but when the land came into market, in 1839, it could hardly be called a home. In the course of time, it, with many other farms, became an oasis in the wilderness, and, at the present writing, he has a ' fine farm with improvements second to none in the country. Then, as now, the common schools were the great fountains of knowledge, and to these Mr. Seymour went in the winter, spend- ing his summers in working on the farm. Mr. Seymour was Justice of the Peace for some thirty years, and at one time Secretary of the School Board. Mr.- Seymour was originally a Whig ; he afterward joined the ranks of the Republican party. In 1852, Mr. Sey- mour was elected to the Legislature, as a Representative from Des Moines Co. ; being elected by the Whigs, he was a member of a small minority, the Dem- ocracy holding the balance of power. Feb. 3, 1842, Wolcott Seymour and Amelia Hawkins were joined in mar- riage ; they had two s.ons, both of whom are living ; one at home, and the other one mile below Danville. His wife died in 1865, and Jan. 2, 1873, he was married to Mary Robinson. Although living on a farm, yet Mr. Seymour feels that his days of work have passed, and he now lives at his ease, surrounded by all the comforts that tend to make life pleasant. Shepherd, B. W., stock-dealer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Danville. Smith, Ellison, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Sargent, W. H., far., S. 24 ; P. O. Middle- town. Scott, C. B. and G. and W. H., fars., S. 36 ; P. O. Danville. Stoner, C. F., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Danville. Still, A., merchant, Danville. Seymour, H. C, far., S. 28 ; P- 0. Dan- ville. Streed, John F., far.; P. 0. Middletown. Sawtelle, H. C, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Seims, D., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Danville. Syester, W. H., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. . Stewart, W. H., physician, Danville. Seymour, E. P., far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Dan- ville. Stigga, H. H., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Danville. Seamans, B. B., far., S. 23 ; 1' ( », Mid- dletown. 1 Streed, Aaron, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Swan, R. 0., far., S, 25 ; P. 0. Danville. Sawtelle, S. M., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. O. Dan- ville. AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. 703 TONKINSON, C. B, far, S. 18 ; P. 0. Danville. Tomes, Reuben, far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Thomas, S. 0. and J., fars., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Danville. VANCE, WM., far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Danville. TX^ARD, S. A., far., S. 5; P. 0. Dan- Whisler, John, far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. WARD, JOSEPH, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in Marshall Co., W. Va., Jan. 7, 1796 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1844. Married Miss Sarah Swan Dec. 23, 1819 ; she vras born in Greene Co., Penn., Jan. 19, 1797, and died Oct. 15, 1863; he married again Sept. 23, 1875, Mrs. Sarah Swan ; she was born in Muskingum Co., Ohio, Feb. 27, 1816 ; Mr. W. has four children by his former wife — Sarah A. Thompson, Jo- seph, Elizabeth Sawyer, William, and six dead — ^^Henry S., Hettie, Mary J., John, Elizabeth and Andrew ; Mrs. W. has four children by her former hus- band — David, Gilbert, Mattie, Bernard, and two dead — Emmans and Elizabeth. Mr. W. owns 185 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. He served as Major in the 144th Va. Regt. ; was enrolled in 1812, and served till 1845. Is a Democrat. Mrs. W. is a member of the M. E. Church. Williams, G. W., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Wilcox, M. D., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Wilcox, A. A., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Williams, J. W., far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Dan- • ville. Williams, J. H., far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Dan- ville. Welch, Samuel E., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Waltz, Edward, far.. See. 31 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Wertz, Amos, far. ; P. 0. Middletown. Westerbeck, J. W., far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Middletown. Wechman, P., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Watson, Andrew, far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Wing, J. P., butcher. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Mid- dletown. Wright, J. A., physician, Danville. AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. ANDREWS, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Augusta. BLAKEWAY, E., far., Sec. 12; P. 0. Parrish. Blakeway, J. C, far., Sec. 1, P.O. Parrish. Buxton, Byron, saloon-keeper, Augusta. Blakeway, Valentine, far.,- Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Parrish. Berier, Geo., far., S. 12; P. 0. Augusta. Berier, Enoch, far.. S. 14 ; P.O. Augusta. Blume, Wm., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Augusta. Bangerman, William, far.. Sec. 4; P. 0. Augusta. Berterman, Philip, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Middletown. Baumgardner, Jacob, stone-mason, Au- gusta. Bussy, Wm., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Parrish. Bussy, W. F., far., S. 8; P. 0. Parrish. Bolton, J. H., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Parrish. Brune, E., far., S. 24; P. 0.. Augusta. Burgisser, L., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Augusta. OHIPMAN, H. J., wine mfr., S. 23 ; P. 0. Augusta. CUNE, W. S., S. 10; P. 0. Augusta; born in Union Co., Ind., Feb. 8, 1818; came to Des Moines Co. March, 1843, and settled where he now lives ; owns 330 acres, valued at $45 per acre; has made all the improve- ments. Married Miss Maria Brown Jan. 5, 1843 ; born in Union Co., Ind., Jan. 5, 1825; have five children- Henry B., Mary, John M., Salina and William A. Mrs. C. is a member of the M. E. Church ; Mr. C. is a member of a grange and is a Democrat. CRABTRBE, J. A., far., S. 24; P. 0. Augusta; born in Tennessee, Sept. 22, 1827 ; came, with his parents 704 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY : to Scott Co., 111., in 1833 ; thence to Des Moines Co. in 1858. Married Miss Elizabeth Robertson Aug. 18, 1858; born in Schuyler Co., 111., Nov. 25, 1831 ; her parents came to Des Moines in 1834, among the first settlers of Augusta Tp. ; Mr. C. now lives on the farm where Mr. Robertson first set- tled ; has four children — Martha, Frank R., Albert, Rophenia J. Has held the offices of Township Assessor and Trustee ; owns 131 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Mrs. 0. is a member of the- M. E. Church ; Mr. C. is a member of A., F. & A. M., No. 7, Augusta Lodge. Neutral in politics. Christianson, N. C, farmer, S. 24; P. 0. Augusta. Clark, E., lab. ; P. 0. Augusta. Cuthberth, Elias, carpenter, S. 24 : P- 0. Augusta. DE JOHN, LOUIS, far.,S. 12; P. 0. Augusta. Dennison, Or. B. ; P. 0. Augusta. Danes, Fred., far., 8. 12; P. 0. Augusta. FRAZER, A., bridge-tender, S. 23; P. 0. Augusta. Plorel, August, far., S. 14; P. 0. Augusta. FISCHER, WILLIAM, dealer dry goods, groceries and provisions, Augusta ; was born in Germany March 13, 1836 ; came to the United States in 1854, and located in Burlington ; was bartender for some time, and went into business for himself in 1857, which he followed till 1868, then came to Augusta and engaged in mercantile trade, where he has been successful ; he owns the grist-mill — the old mill which was built by Moffett in 1835 the first in this part of the country. He married Miss Mary L. Brun Oct. 7, 1857 ; she was born in Germany Nov. 25, 1840; have three children — Louisa M., Edmund and Arnold; and four deceased. Has held office of Township Clerk. Republican. Franklin, Abe, P. 0. Augusta. GIBSON, J. S., farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Parrish. Gibson, G., far., S. 4; P. 0. Parrish. Geitzfried, Michael, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Augusta. Gross, I., shoemaker, Augusta. Grubb, Alex., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Augusta. Gregg, J. M., far., 8. 2; P. 0. Parrish. Gregg, A. C, far., 8. 3; P. 0. Parrish. Girard, Joseph, far., 8. 12; P.O. Augusta. HOLLAND, LABAN, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Augusta. Holland, Caswell, far.. Sec. 14; P. 0. Augusta. Harty, R., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Augusta. Belt, Nicholas, far., 8. 13; P.O. Augusta. Hilleary, J. L., far., S. 11 ; P.O. Augusta. Hanna, Caswell, far., S. 5 ; P.O. Parrish. Hanna, J. L., far., 8. 5 ; P. 0. Parrish. Hanna, John, far., 8. 9 ; P. 0. Parrish. Hanna, Abner, far., 8. 2 ; P. 0. Parrish. Hubner, Wm., far., 8. 6 ; P. 0. Augusta. HEAX, ROBERT, P. 0. Augusta ; was born in England Feb. 9,1813; came to Lebanon Co., Penn., in 1835, and worked as millwright for two years. Married Miss Sarah Lesher June 15,1843; she was born in Lebanon Co., Penn., Sept. 26, 1826 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1869, and bought a saw-mill and operated it for two years, . then engaged in the lumber business ; at present is farming ; owns thirty acres, valued at $25 per acre ; has seven children — Elizabeth, Francis, Mary, John, Robert, Samuel and Rhoda, and two deceased — Adam and Margaret. Members of M. E. Church ; Democrat. HILIiS, H. A., farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. O.Augusta; was born in Lee Co., Iowa, Feb. 10, 1844; his parents were early settlers of Lee Co. Married Miss Eliza- beth Ainsworth Feb. 10, 1869 ; she was born in New York May 30, 1847 ; has three children — Edith L., Nellie M. and Edward A. Mr. H. enlisted in 1st I. V. I., and served his time out; re-enlisted in 1st Mo. Engineers, and served three years ; was in the battles of Wilson's Creek and Gainesboro, and several skirmishes. Has held offices of Township Clerk and Justice of the Peace. Members of M. E. Church ; Republican. Heavener, George, Augusta. Hunzinger, John, far., 8. 14; P. 0. Au- gusta. Heavener, L. C. B., lab., Augusta. XNGJERSOL, WM., Jk., far., Sec. 24 ; _L p. 0. Augusta. Ingersol, Wm., Sr., far., Sec. 24; P.O. Augusta. "TESTER, B., far., 8. 5 ; P. 0. Parrish. AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. 705 TZ"0ENIG, WM., far., Sec. 2; P. 0. -LX. Augusta. Klous, M., far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Middle- town. LAMME, NATHAN, far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Middletown. Lauffer, John, Sr., far.. Sec. 9; P.O. Parrish. Lauer, Theobald, far., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Au- gusta. Luckey, Wm., teamster, Augusta. Lauer, Antoin, far.,S. 11 ; P. 0. Augusta. Loft, H. P., Augusta. McCOED, ROBERT, far.. Sec. 24; P. 0. Augusta. McCOY, JAMES B., machinist, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Parrish ; born in West- moreland Co., Penn., Sept. 13,1811; went with his parents to Fayette Co., Penn. ; learned the trade of sickle- maker, which he followed for five years, then manufactured edged tools for four years; came to Des Moines Co. in 1844, where he manufactured threshing ma- chines, the first machines manufactured in this part of the country ; ho also made the first horse saw-mill here ; in the year 1859-60, he made thirty ditch- ers. Married Miss J. Hess in 1833; she was born in Fayette Co., Penn., Sept. 8, 1817, and died Dec. 2, 1875; they have one child — Jessie, and three deceased — Joseph, Mary and Caroline. Mr. McCoy owns 42 acres, valued at $3,000. Is a Republican. Melcher, Dennis, crockery mfr., S. 1 ; P. 0. Parrish. Moore, John, far., S. 12; P. 0. Parrish. Moore, F. W., far., S. 3; P. 0. Parrish. Moore, W. F., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Augusta. Melcher & Beck, crockery mfr., S. 1 ; P. 0. Parish. Moore, Wm., far., S. 4. ; P. 0. Parnsh. MOORE, WM. «., far. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Parrish ; born in Marshall Co., Va., March 20, 1820; came with par- ents to Des Moines Co. in 1838 ; first settled in Danville Tp. Married Miss Rebecca Parriott in 1851 ; she was born in Marshall Co., Va., in 1825 ; have six children— John P., Annie B., Watson L., Eugene, Elbert and Myrtie ; de- • ceased — Frank D. Mr. Moore owns 200 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. Has held office of Justice of the Peace six years, and Assessor and County Su- pervisor. Mr. and Mrs. M. are mem- bers of the M.E. Church. ' The poster- ity of the Moore family for the past for- ty years number fifty-two (children and grandchildren), with but three deaths during that time. "XTEUTERMAN, C, Ja., farmer. Sec. .!> 24 ; P. 0. Augusta. NAU, HENRY, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 0. Middletown ; born in Germany April 26, 1815; came to America in 1838, and located in Indianapolis, Ind. ; moved to Butler Co., Ohio, and lived there five years; came to Henry Co., Iowa, in 1843; moved to Des Moines Co. in 1853, In 1878, he returned to his native land, and attended the Exposition at Paris. Married Miss Elizabeth Wager May 30, 1841 ; she was born in Bavaria April 18, 1823; have seven children — John, Mary, Katie C, Samuel, George W., Rebecca B. and Maggie E. Are mem- bers of the Lutheran Church. He owns 427 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; made all the improvements. Dem- ocrat. NEELY, JOHN, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Augusta ; born in Philadelphia, Penn., March 15, 1826, where he learned the hatter's trade ; worked at his trade for some years; went to California in 1849; returned in 1854. Married Miss Maria Barton Oct. 6, .1844 ; she was born in Philadelphia in 1826, and died June 30 1876; have seven children — Mary E.,' Jennie M., Eva, William T., John F., Edward B. and Charles, and three dead. Came to Des Moines Co. in 1 854 ; owns 262 acres of land valued at- $50 per acre. Republican. Nicloy, John, hotel, Augusta. RTON, THOS.; P. 0. Augusta. O' P" HREHM, HENRY, far., S. 11; P. 0. Augusta. Porter, Albert, laborer ; P. 0. Augusta. tSaNDALL, W. H., physician, Au- QHORT!GEORGE,"far., S. 13; P. 0. ir^ Augusta, „ „ . , Sdgler, Ciis, far., S. 1 ; P. Parnsh^ Schrimer, far., b. 14, -f- ^• SCBLULZE, C. !>., blacksmith, Augusta; born in Prussia June 16 1841 • came to Burlington in 1853 with 706 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY-: Ms parents, and lived there four years ; then went to Dallas, 111., and while there learned his trade. Married Miss C. Blender March 22, 1870 ; born in Ba- den, Germany, Dec. 5, 1846 ; has four children — Theresa B. M., born Dec. 15. 1870; Harriet, June 2, 1872 ; Arnold, Sept. 15, 1875; Katie M., Oct. 21, 1877 ; Charles, born Oct. 11, 1874, and died Nov. 20, 1874. Mr. S. is a mem- ber of the Lutheran Church. Enlisted in Co. D, 5th Mo. V. I., and served his time out ; re-enlisted in the 48th I. V. I., Co. D ; was in battles of Springfield, Mo., and Duck Springs, and served his time out ; was in the employ of the gov- ernment till the close of the war. Ke- publican. Sharp, W. P., saw-mill owner, Augusta. Sanbury, Henry, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Au- gusta. THOMAS & BRO., stock-dealer,. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Augusta. Tiedeman, John, far., S. 12; P. 0. Au- gusta. Tuttle, Simeon, carp., Augusta. UIVTERKIRCHER, A. P., re tired, Augusta ; born in Germany March 11, 1810; learned the tanner's trade in the old country ; at 21 years of age, was drafted in the army and served six years ; then served as 1st Lieutenant in the militia two years. Married Miss Sophia H. Auer in 1837 ; she was born in Germany March 2, 1810 ; they came to America in 1850 ; worked at his trade in Pennsylvania and Michigan ; came to Augusta, Des Moines Co., in 1856, and started a tannery, which busi- ness he followed for nine years ; sold out, and is living a retired life. Has two children — John and Sophia. Re- publican. WILKE, C, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. Augusta. Walker, David, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Augusta. Widespach, Felix, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Au- gusta. Walker, C. B.,far., S. 10 ; P. O.Augusta. ZIMMER, WILLIAM, far., S. 10; P. 0. Augusta, PLEASANT GROVE TOWNSHIP. ALBERT, H., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Albright, E., far., S. 28; P. 0. South Flint. Algrahm, B., far., S. 8; P. 0. New London. Anderson, A., far., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Anderson, C, far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. New London. Anderson, Jacob, far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. New London. Antrobus, — , far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. New London. Aspergreene, J., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. BOOK, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. New London. Blast, C, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Danville. piALLIS, G. W., far., S. 26; P. 0. KJ South Flint. Carter, B., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Danville. CARTER, EDWIX, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. South Flint ; born in Virginia, July 25, 1814; went to Montgomery Co., Ky., in 1837 ; while there married Miss B. J. Spurgin, March 8, 1838; born Montgomery Co., Ky., September, 1820, and died April 12, 1849 ; mar- ried again to Miss Mary F. Sargent, March 22, 1850; born in Ohio July 24, 1834; Mr. C. has one child by former wife — Marian, and eight by present wife — Minerva, John E., Nancy 0., Emily M., Mary P., Nevada B., Elkannah S. and Abbie A. Mr. C. came to Des Moines Co. Sept. 15, 1848 ; has been Postmaster for twenty-five years ; owns 340 acres of land. Members of Baptist Church ; Democrat. Casie, L., far., Sec. 12; P. 0. Pleasant (irove. Chandler, James, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. Clark, A., far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. Clark, A. M., far., Sec. 16; P. 0. South Flint. PLEASANT GROVE TOWNSHIP. 707 Clark, R., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. South Flint. CLCTTER, J. J., M. !>., Pleasant Grove ; was born in Ohio July 20, 1825 ; at 16 years of age, went to Washington Co., Penn., and studied medicine ; then went to Stanton, Va., where he attended Medical College ; thence to Ritchie Co., Va., wh^re he practiced for seventeen years, wherf he removed to Ohio and practiced three years ; came to Iowa and engaged in practice in Winfield ; came to Pleasant Grove, where he has been practicing some time. Married Miss Elizabeth Malone in December, 1 849 ; she was born in Harrison Co., Va., Dec. 31, 1830 ; have nine children — Sarah S., Minerva, Mary M., Alice, John E., Ada v., Francis M., Luther W. and William H. Mr. C. served three years as surgeon in the army. Members of the M. E. Churcli ; Mr. C. is a Repub- lican. Chadrick, T. V., far., 8. 33 ; P. 0. South Flint. Church, J. S., far., Sec. 28; P. 0. Dan- ville. Coap, A., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. New London. Cracker, Wm., far., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. South Flint. Crane, J., far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. nr\ADDS, 0. E., far.. Sec. 23; P. 0. I ' ) Pleasant Grove. Dadds, Wm. D., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. South Flint. Danell, T., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Danville. Darldt, S. C, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Deney, W. P., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Dietch, Q., far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. ^ „ , Dispain, M., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. South Flint. ^ ^, , Dispain, S., far.. Sec. 21; P. 0. South Flint. ^ .^ .„ Doolittle, E., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Danville Drier, C, far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Pleasant ' Grove. EVANS, H, M., far., S. 1 ; P. 0, New London. -rpBTTERMAN, L, farmer. Sec. 27; Jj P. 0. South Flint. Finck, C, far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Fleenor, H., far., S. 12; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Fleenor, W. H., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. FliEEXOR, W. P., farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove ; born in Rush Co., Ind.,0ot. 11, 1823; removed with his parents to Coles Co., 111., when 1 1 years of age ; oa^je to Des Moines Co. in 1836 ; at present, is living at the old homestead, where his parents first settled when they came to the county. Mar- ried Miss Sarah MoCune Oct. 10, 1850 ; she was born in Rush Co., Ind., July 1 , 1830. Owns 210 acres of land, val- ued at $35 per acre. Members of the C. P. Church ; Democrat. Freok, F., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. New London. GANNAWAY, W. B., farmer. Sec. 2 ; Pleasant Grove.- GANWAWAY, JOHN, bom in Kentucky July 7, 1814 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1838 ; an early settler of that county. Married Miss Nancy Zion in 1838; a native of Virginia; born March 10, 1822 ; have four children — Robinson, Sarah J., William B. and Lavina. Both members of the C. P. Church ; Mr. G. is a Republican. GANNAWAY, R., cabinet-maker. Pleasant Ridge ; born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, in September, 1839; has been a resident of this county ever since, except three years in the army, in Co. C, 30th I. V. I.; was at the siege of Vicksburg and with Sherman on his march to the sea. Married Miss Rosie Minerd Jan. 1, 1868 ; have'three children — William C., Charles R. and John. Members of the C. Y. Church. Mr. G. is Justice of the Peace ; Re- publican. Garlinger, P., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. GEI^I^; JOHN, farmer, Sec. — ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove ; born in Prussia m 1817; came to Virginia in 1831; re- moved to Cincinnati, Ohio; then to Des Moines Co. in 1843. Married Miss Margaretta Dinkhause in 1843; she was born in Prussia in 1819; have seven children— Henry, John, George, Theodore, Louisa andSallie ; lost one — Louis. Mr. G. owns 298 acres of land, valued at S12 per acre. Members of the Lutheran Church ; Democrat. 708 DIRECTORY OP DES MOINES COUNTY: Gragan, J., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. South Flint. Gieffel, Wm., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. South Flint. HALE, G., farmer. See. 4; P.O. Pleasant Grove. Hale, G. L., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Hand, 0., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. NewTiondon. Hanks, A. J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. _ Harmes, John, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. Henel, D. M., far., S. 7;4P. 0. New London. Hauston, S. T. S., far., S. 23; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Hully, Aug., far., S. 16; P. 0. South Flint. JANES, D. R., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. Janes, F., far., 8. 11 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Janes, J. D., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Johnson, C. P., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. South Flint. Jakoba, E., far., S. 10; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. KEPPY, H., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. HIIHLEXBECK, J. F., dealer in dry goods and groceries ; Pleas- ant Grove ; born in Germany, June 14, 1838 ; came to St. Louis in 1854, where he learned the shoemaker's trade and worked at it three years ; then went to Louisiana, Mo., and married Miss Mary Brier, in 1869 ; she was born in Prussia in 1840; have six chidren — John, Hen- ry, Hardy, Clara, Lindey and Frank, and two dead — Albert and Louisa. Mr. K. enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, in Co. D, 25th I. V. I. ; served three years ; was in tv^enty-three battles; was with Sherman during the march to the sea; since 1869, has been engaged in mercantile business at Pleasant Grove. Mrs. K. is a member of C. P. Church, ; Mr. K. is Republican. LANGFORD, R., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Laughlin, John, far., S. 29 ; *P. 0. New London. Laughlin, L., far., S. 29; P. 0. New London. Laughlin, Wm., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. New London. Lee, A., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. New London. Lee, I. I., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Linder, J., far., S. 4 ; Pleasant Grove. McNALL, S., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. New London. Mccarty, isaac, _ far., _s. 5 ; p. 0. New London ; born in Claiborne Co., Tenn., March 27, 1825 ; removed with his parents to Putnam Co., Ind., in 1827 ; came to Henry Co., Iowa, in 1847 ; then moved to Des Moines Co. in 1854. Married Miss Margaret A. Sharp November, 1848 ; she was born in Parke Co., Ind., in 1831 ; have nine children — George J., William D., John L., Mary J., Alexander, Smith, Francis P., Chas. B., Annie B., and three dead — Thomas, James, and one died in in- fancy. Mr. McCarty has assessed the township six or seven times ; owns 254 acres of land. Members of the Baptist Church ; Democrat. McNall, W., far.. Sec. 17; P. 0. New London. MacNeil J. F., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. New London. Mahler, F., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. Mahr, Henry, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Danville. Mailer, Henry, far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. New London. Marchant, W., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Martin, J., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. New London. Meyers, C, far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Miller, J. L., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. New London. Miller, W. A., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. New London. MILLER, WILLIAM, Pleasant Grove ; born in Kentucky May 23, 1810 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1835. Mr. Miller was in the Black Hawk war in 1833. Married Miss Louisa Lee in 1839; born in Illinois and died Aug. 21, 1874. Married again Mary J.' Partlock in 1875 ; born in Rush Co., Ind., Sept. 11, 1833; Mr. Miller has five children by his former wife — Heze- kiah, Marion, Sarah J., William L. and Mary L., and four dead ; John died in the army ; others died in infancy. Members of C. P. Church; Mr. M.is a Democrat. PLEASANT GROVE TOWNSHIP. 709 Morgan, M., far., Sec. 16 ; P. O. South Flint. "VTEWHOUSE, JOHN, far., S. 14; P. -i-^ O. Pleasant Grove. OBERIffAIIfN,_ F. W., under- taker and cabinet-maker, Pleasant ^ Grove; born in Germany Nov. 12, 1832 ; came to Wheeling, Va., in 1848 ; went to Cincinnati in 1850 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1852. Married Miss Mary A. Halle in 1860 ; she was born in Indiana in 1830 ; have seven children —Charles F., Etta, George, William, Mary, Bismarck and Henry. Mr. 0. started the first undertaker's establish- ment in Pleasant Grove. Republican. PARKER, G. W., far., S. 18; P. 0. New London. Parker, G. W., far., S. 28; P. 0. South Flint. Perkins, W. H., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. South Flint. Perkins, W. J., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. New London. Piepergerder, E.,far.,S. 26 ; P. 0. South- Flint. Piper, John, far.. Sec. 16; P.O. South Flint. Poggermeller, H., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. PORTLOCK, D. li., far.. Sec. 11; P. 0. Pleasant Grove ; born in Rush Co., Ind., Jan. 4, 1825 ; came to Bur- lington in the fall of 1836 ; engaged at the carpenter trade ; removed to Pleasant Grove Tp., in April, IM'Z. Married Miss Elizabeth J. Fleenor in 1850; born in Rush Co., Ind., in 1827 ; have five children— Verdon, Lydia, Clarissa, Sarah E. and Elzorah, and two died in infancy. Mr. P. has held the office of Justice of the Peace for ten years ; has been on the Board of Supervisors and Deputy Provost Marshal during the war. Owns 200 acres of land. Members of the Christian Church ; Democrat. RAMSY, GEO., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. New London. Redding, James, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. Bedford, I., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. Richey, T., far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. New Lon- don., Bippel. W. and T., fars.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Ritchey, R., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Ritoher, Wm., far.. Sec. 35; P. 0. Dan- ville. SATER, S. P. and J. W., fars.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. New London. Sater, Thomas, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. New London. Seifkin, J. G., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Danville. Shepard, H., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Shephard, J:, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. 8HORTRIDOE. S. M., dealer in blooded stock; S. ll. ; P. 0'. Pleasant Grove ; born in Henry Co., Ind., Jan. 26, 1828 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1857 ; read law with Darwin ; was admitted to the bar in 1864; has held the office of Notary Public since 1863, and other offices ; was in the war in 48th I. V. I., Co. D, as First Sergeant; owns 110 acres, valued at $30 per acre. Member of C. P. Church ; Republican. Shurts, John, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Simpson, R. K., far., S. 9. SMITH, A. J., S. 15 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove ; born in Washington Co., Va., Dec. 28, 1811 ; removed with his pa- rents to Clarke Co., Ind., in 1817 ; came to DesMoines Co. May 1, 1843, and settled in Pleasant Grove Tp. Married Miss J. Westfall April 18, 1847, born in Allegany Co., N. Y., June 20, 1829 ; have twelve children — Francis M., Frederick N., Jemima I., Asbury D., A. J., Mary J., Robert A;, R. E., J. H., Minnie, Squire and Ira. Mr. Smith owns 837 acres, valued at $35 per acre ; commenced in 1843 with two yoke of steers and $63, and has besides his property given his children 480 acres. Mr. Smith is a Democrat. Smith, J., far., S. 1.4; P. O. Pleasant Grove. SNYDER, ASTDREW, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Southflint; born in Highland Co., Ohio, Nov. 2, 1802; emigrated when 16 years of age to Marshall Co. W. Va. ; returned to his native State several years later; remained a short period; again went to West Virginia, engaging in various occu- pations, and during his leisure in the winter exerted himself assiduously to 6 710 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY : acquire an education, which might at least fit him for the ordinary wallcs of business life. On the 31st of January, 1828, he married Sarah Baker, born Oct. 3, 1808, whose girlhood days were passed in West Virginia. Soon after his marriage, Mr, Snyder commenced farming in Marshall Co., W. Va., and continued at it until the spring of 1844, when he moved with his family to what is now Des Moines Co. The first year he worked a rented farm, near the southwest part of Danville Tp. In the spring of 1845, he purchased his present farm ; Mr. and Mrs. Snyder have been earnest and active in the affairs of life, and their influence has done much to shape the course of the community in which they live ; though more than fifty years of their irarital companionship have glided away, they are both still strong and in vigorous health, with the prospect of living yet many years to enjoy the fruits of their early struggles. Their union has been blessed with ten children — Rachel, James, Elizabeth, Mary Ann, Caroline, Sarah E., William W., Lou. J., Theodore B., and Wilber, all living, except William W., who died in 1848, and Rachel in 1849. Mr. and Mrs. Snyder have been life- long members of the M. E. Church, and all their children belong to some religious denomination. In politics, Mr. Snyder has always stood by the Republican party. He is now what may be properly termed a retired farmer. SSTYDER, LIZZIE, teacher; P.O. Southflint; is residing with her parents ; born in Marshall Co., W. Va., and came ' with her parents to Des Moines Co. in 1844; was kept at school from the time she attained proper age until she became a teacher ; is devotedly attached to this vocation ; has followed it most of her life. She is a member of the M. B. Church, having in early life identified herself with that denomination, and has ever been a faithful member. SIVYDEK, WIIiBER, far., S 26; P. 0. Danville ; born in Des Moines Co., Iowa., Feb. 15, 1850. Married Miss Nellie Burns; born in Norwalk, Ohio, July 1, 1852 ; is living on the old home- stead farm. Republican ; has been a dele- gate at different conventions of the party. Stetter, A., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. Stewart, A. P., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Danville. Stigga, H., far., S. 36; P. 0. Danville. Strain, S., far., S. 25; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Strathman, F., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. South Flint. Stacker, F. M., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. mATERMIER, A., farmer. Sec. 19; X P. O. New London. TIEDEMANN, F. A., farmer. Sec. 11; P. 0. Pleasant Grove; born in Brepien, Germany, Aug. 9, 1839; came to Washington, D. C, 1849; in 1850, removed to Illinois. In 1851, he went to Long Island, then to New Jersey; came to Des Moines Co. in 1852, and bought a farm ; returned to New Jersey and married Miss L. A. Lawrence in 1853. They returned to Des Moines Co. and located in Pleasant Grove Township. Was elected Supervisor in 1876 for three years. Have nine children — Char- lotte, Alviiia, Caesar, Dora, Sophia, Fred, Emma, Thersa and Lawrence, and one dead — Justus. Are members of the Lutheran Church. He owns 204 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. Republican. Tucker, M., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Tuft, James, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. VERNALT, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. VIRGlJf, J. M., attorney. Pleasant Grove ; born in Butler Co., Ohio, Nov. 8, 1835 ; removed with his father's fam- ily to Des Moines Co. in 1850. Mar- ried Miss S. C. Stucker in 1857 ; has ten children — William H., Edwin F., Annie L., Ella D., Oliver M., Oscar J., Franklin C, Lillie B., Mary M. and Grac^ D. Mr. Virgin was admitted' to the b^r of Des Moines Co. in the fall of 1877, and has met with flattering suc- cess. Republican.' VITEMAUHAUSE, D., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in Germany Feb. 20, 1820. Married Miss Annie M. C. S. Warfalmann in 1850 ; born in Ger- many March 2, 1817 ; has one child — Sophia, born Feb. 2, 1852. Mr. V. owns 297 acres of land. Member of the Lutheran Church ; Democrat. BENTON TOWNSHIP. 711 WALLMAN, J. H., far., Sec. 25 ;.P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Wassan, A. J., Jr., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. New London. Wassan, B. B., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. New London. Wassan, J. A.,-far., Sec. 9 ; P. Q- New London. Wechman, H., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Danville. White, T., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. New London. Wilkins, J., far., «.. 13; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Walverton, T. N., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Dan- ville. Wright, C, far., 8. 30 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. Wright, E., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. New Lon- don. ZIOX, JOHX, Pleasant Grove; born in \,rginia July 23, 1817; weut to Kush Co., Ind., in 1828; removed to Coles Co., 111., in 1834. Married Miss Elizabeth Gannaway March 29, 1838 ■ she was born in Kentucky April l] 1816; her mother is now living with her, aged 93^; was born in Virginia in 1786. Mr. Zion came to Des Moines Co. in 1838 ; was engaged in mercan- tile trade for twenty years ; has held the office of Trustee. Members of the C. P. Church ; have been for thirty-nine years. Mr. Z. has been a faithful worker in the cause of religion. Has one son and one daughter — George W. and Finetta. Mr. Zion is a Democrat. BENTON TOWNSHIP. ASPELMIR, L., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. BACKHOUS, R, far.. Sec. 21; P.O. Kingston. BAHR, J., REV., Pastor of Zion Church ; was born in Cleveland, ,Ohio, in 1849. Married Miss Emily Gramm in 1878 ; she was born in St. Louis in 1860 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1878. Mr. B. preaches in St. John's Church, Flint River Tp. also ; Republican. BarnhiU. R., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Kingston. Bazel, G. W. & Theo., fars., S. 36; P. 0. Burlington. Bazel, J., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Burlington. Bazel, T., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Burlington. ■ Benne, H., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Latty. Berenman, V., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Latty. Bowman, J., laborer, Kingston. Brader, C, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Sperry. Braudmere, F., far., S. 16; P. 0. Latty. Brant, A., far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Kingston. Brockway, J., far.; P. 0. Kingston. Broom, J., far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Kingston. Brumm, W., far., S. 14; P. 0. Kingston. Bucher, E., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Sperry. Burges, W., far., S. 14 ; P. O. Kingston. Burkholder, J., far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Bush, B. &W., fars., 8. 16; P. O. Latty. Bush, J. A., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Latty. Busnir, L., far., S. 23; P. 0. Kingston. CHRIST, J., farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. Q. Kingston. DEARLOVE, R. & A., farmers. Sec. 4; P.O.Kingston. Dennis, J. C, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Kingston. Dustman, H., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Latty. EADS, W., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Latty. Edgar, J., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Sperry. Edgar, J. W., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Sperry. ELDER, M. C, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Latty ; was born in Armstrong Co., Penn., in 1837; came to Des Moines Co. in 1837. Married Eliza J. Walker in 1871 ; she was born in Des Moines Co. in 1844; they have three children — Maretta, Frank and Ida M. Mr. Elder owns eighty acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. Has held office of Road Supervisor two yea's. Democrat. Ellerhoff, W., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. Ellis, W., ditcher, Kingston. FOSTER, C, far., S. 34; P. 0. Bur- lington. rOSTBR, J. F., far., S. 34; P. 0. Burlington; born in Franklin Co.,Ind., in 1818; came to Des Moines Co. in 1840 ; since, been engaged in farming. Married Margaret Hendrickson inl841 ; she was born in Franklin Co., Ind., in 1824 ; they have three children — Sarah, Margaret A. and T. J. Foster. Owns 712 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 222 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mrs. Foster is a member of the M. B. Church ; Mr. Foster is a Repub- lican. Fitzke, C, far., S. 14; P. 0. Kingston. Flair, P., far., S. 8; P. 0. Latty. Flege, H., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Latty. Freitas, &• J-. far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Kingston. GABERLINE, J., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Burlington. Gardner, J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. Gardner, W., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Latty. Garrison, G. B., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Kingston. Garvey, H.,far., 8. 20 ; P. 0. Burlington. Gerling, C.,far., S. 22; P. 0. Burlington. Gerlinger, George, far., Sec. 32; P. O. Burlington. Getty, R., far., S. 4; P. 0. Burlington. Geeselman, H., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. Grass, M., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Kingston. Guberling, H., S. 18 ; P. 0. Kingston. Guy, I., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. Guy, J., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. TTARTMAN, J., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. I I Burlington. HAIGHT, H., far., S. 1 ; p. 0. Kingston; born in Athens Co., Ohio, in 1827 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1837. Married Margaret Gibson in 1874. She was born in Columbus, Ohio, in 1836. They have three chil- dren — Martha, Henry and Dora. Mr. H. has seven children by former mar- riage — George, Laura, Margaret, Eliza- beth, Abby, James and John. Mr, H. owns 1,700 acres of land ; Democrat. Hartman, J. K., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Hartman, Z., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington. Hellenthrall, J., far., S. 22 ; P. O. Latty. Benson, J. J., far.,S. 1 ; P. 0. Kingston. Herman, J., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Kingston. Heumbreoker, C, far., S. 14 ; P. O. Bur- lington. Hixson, D, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Burlington, Honccke, C, far., S^c. 19 ; P. 0. Latty. Hoppe, C, far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Latty. Howe, M., far.. Sec. 3; P. 0. Kingston. Hubner, H., far., S. 12 ; P. O. Kingston. Hunter, S., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Sperry. Hutchroif, E., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Kingston. TOHNSON, C, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Bur- t) lington. JACKSON, A. v., farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Sperry ; born in Des Moines Co. in 1840. Married Mattie Clark in 1877 ; she was born in Stephenson Co.. Ill, in 1850 ; they have one child — Arthur, born in 1878. Mr. Jackson owns sixty acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; has held the office of School Director five years ; Secretary of Board five years. Enlisted in^ Co. C, 30th i. V. I., in 1862 ; was in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Vicksburg, Atlanta, Lookout Mountain, and several others ; mustered out iu 1865. Members of the Baptist Church ; Republican. JACKSON, M. H., farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Latty ; born in Vermont in 1828; came to Des Moines Co. in 1835, and since been engaged in farm- ing. Married Sarah Penny in 1855 ; she was born in Westmoreland, Co., Penn., in 1830 ; they have seven chil- dren — Fremont, Hattie, Venira, Burton, Edgar, Frank and Sadie. He has held the offices of Justice of the Peace, Township Trusteei»and Township Clerk. Members of the Baptist Church. Mr. Jackson owns 200 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Republican. JOHNSON, PRECKET, far., S. 14 ; P 0. Burlington. KALKMAN, P., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Latty. Kampmier, E., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Latty. Kaster, W. B.,far., S. 33; P. 0. Burling ton. Keller, J. M. L. ; P. 0. Kingston. Kennady, J.,far.,S. 3 ; P. 0. Kingston. Kissinger, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Latty. Kneedy. J., laborer; P. 0. Kingston. Koblitz,' C, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Kingston. Kock, L., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Kingston. Kroeger, W., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Burlington. LAVINE, J., farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Kingston. LANC^ERBECK, O., farmer, Sec. 18 ; P., 0. Latty ; born in Germany in 1844 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1870, and has since been engaged in farming, except one year in the grocery business in Burlington. Married Jane Gutzmer in 1875 ; she was born in Germany in 1853. They have two children — Zelina and Werner. Mr. L. owns 100 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Repub- lican. liATTY, MRS. S., farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Latty ; born in Henry Co., Ky.,in 1804. Married M. V/. Latty in 1827. BENTON TOWNSHIP. lU He was born in Maryland in 1794 ; lived in Kentucky. They came to Des Moines Co. in 1833. Mr. L. died in 1877. They had five children ; the liv- ing; are John W., Mary, Warren and Sarah; James died in 1872. Mrs. L. owns 320 acres of -land, valued at $40 per acre. liATTY, JOHN W., farmer, See. 29 ; P. 0. Latty Station ; was born in 1839. Married Miss Lucretia Ross in 1863 ; she was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1841 ; they have five children — Olivia J., Arpin E., Amanda B., Ross H., Mathew W. Mr. L. is a Republican. Leehart, C, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Burlington. Lechart, C, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Burlington. Lindsey, W. 0., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Kings- ton. Long, B. M., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. liONG, K., farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in Kent Co., Md., in 1810 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1855 ; since engaged in farming. He married Nancy Clarkson in 1831 ; she was born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1815 ; they have nine children — John, Major, Benjamin, William P., Francis, Rich- ard, Martha, Missouri, Joseph. Mr. Long owns 144 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Is a Republican. liOPER, W. R., farmer. Sec. 19; P. 0. Sperry ; was born in Putnam Co., Ind., in 1828 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1837; since engaged in farming. Married-Miss Maggie Cornick in 1863; she was born in Des MoineS Co. in 1842 ; they have four children — Idora, Mary, Williard, Perry. Mr. Loper owns 200 acres of land, valued at |50 per acre. He is a Democrat. Loudmer. C, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Sperry. liYNCH, W., HON., farmer, S. 12 ; P. 0. Kingston ; was born in Mercer Co. in 1824; came to Des Moines Co. in 1849 ; has engaged in fanning and carpentering since. Married Miss E. A. Young in 1848; she was born in Nashville, Tenn., in 1825 ; they have five children — Sedgwick J., Chas. U., Mary E., Annie B. and Lilian S. Mr. L. owns 458 acres of land, valued as follows : 258 acres at $30 per acre, and 200 acres at $5 per acre; in 1876, Mr. L. was elected Representative for the Second District ; held the office of County^ Supervisor two years. Mrs. Lynch is a member of the Presbyterian Church. He is a Democrat. McCANNON, J., laborer; P. 0. Kingston. MoClintock, T., far., S. 4; P. 0. Burling- ton. MoCrystal, D. A., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Madlanes, A., laborer ; P. 0. Kingston. Malcho, J., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Burlington. Mebuhe, W., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Mellinger, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Burlington. Meyers, J., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Burlington. Miller, H., far., S. 18 ; P 0. Latty. Miller, R. H., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Mitchell, S., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Kingston. MILLER, \\. G., merchant, Kings- ston ; born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1836 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1855. Mar- ried Miss J. E. Deen in 1874 ; she was born in Virginia in 1 854 ; they have two children — Edward and Doshia A.; Mr. Miller has four children by a former marriage — Harriet, Laura, Frank and Bertha. Mr. M. owns 126 acres of land, valued at $10 per acre. He keeps a general stock of dry goods, groceries, notions, etc., etc. Republican. Moser, F. A., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Moyers, C, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Burlington. MOYERS, S. N., farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. Sperry ; born in Greene Co., 111., in 1827 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1839 ; since been engaged in farming. Married Lucinda H. Deen in 1846 ; she was born in Upshur Co., W. Va., in 1824 ; they had four children, three living — George W., Sarah E., and Jacob N.; Marietta died in 1862. Mr. M. has held the office of School Director eight years. Member of the M. E. Church. Owns 130 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Democrat. Munson, A., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. -XTELSON, C, blacksmith ; P. 0. King- iN ston. Nelson, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Burlington. Nelson, M., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Kingston. Neris, J., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Burlington. 714 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: OLSEN, A. F., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Burlington. Otto, L., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Burlington. Orily, P.; far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Burlington. Orr, J. W., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Burlington. PANTHER, F., far., 8. 8; P. 0. Sperry. Paul, D., far.,S. 35; P. 0. Burlington. PEBINY, JOHJf, far,, S. 29; P. 0. Latty Station ; born in Allegheny Co., Penn., in 1802; came to Des Moines Co. in 1844; has since engaged in farm- ing. Married Rebecca Weddell in 1822 ; she was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1805 ; have seven children living and two dead; theliving are Joseph, Thomas, Sarah, Phoebe, Lydia, Amanda, and John S.; David died in 1825 ; Me- lissa died in 1844. In 1848, Mr. Penny was elected Representative for Des Moines Co. ; was County Supervisor from 1860 to 1862; has held sev- eral other smaller offices. Owns 12Y acres of land, valued at |35 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. P. are members of the Baptist Church, Mr. P. being a Deacon; Democrat. Peterson, W., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Kingston. Pflum, J., far., kS. 12 ; P. 0. Kingston. Pogemiller, W., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Poole, R. D., far., S. 33'; P. 0. Burling- ton. Poole, T. S.,far., Sec. 33; P. 0. Burling- ton. RUMAN, P., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Kingston. RICE, J., farmer. Sec. 12; P. 0. Kingston ; was born in G-ermany in 1832 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1849. Married Harriet Murtz in 1865 ; she was born in Pennsylvania in 1839 ; they have four children — ^Isabel, Kate, John and Charles. Mr. R. owns 232 acres, valued at $20 per acre. Demo- crat. Riepe, H. J., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Burlington. Rogers, G. D., far.,S. 2 ; P. 0. Kingston. Rutter, S.,lab. ; P. 0. Kingston. SALLADY, J., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. King- ston. Salladay, J. W., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Kingston. Salladay, M., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Kingston. Schmidt, C, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Burlington. Schmidt, H., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. BurHngton. Schrader, B., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Latty. Schular, J., far., S. 23 ; P. O. Burlington. Schulcr, M., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Burling- ton. Schultz, H., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Kingston. SGIBEJBT, li., blacksmith. Bottom Road ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Ger- many in 1857 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1873, and has since worked at his trade. Married Caroline Shilknat in 1875 ; she was born in Germany in 1857. They have two children — Ar- nold and Kate. Members of the M. E. Church ; Democrat. Shanefelt, G., far., Sec. 27; P. O.Bur- lington. Short, P., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Kingston. Shultz, J. A. and F. C, fars., Sec. 22; P. 0. BurHngton. Sickman, P., far., Sec. 15.; P. 0. Bur- lington. Smith, W. T., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Soedenburg, M. F., far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Burlington. Stapleton, J., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Kingston. Steenrod, R., far.. Sec. 33; P. 0. Bur- lington. Steingraeber, W. G., far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Burlington. Stimpson, W. C, laborer; P. 0. Kingston. Swanson, A., far., S. 2; P. 0. Kingston. TACKENBURG, H., far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Burlington. Tee, L., far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Kingston. Tieman, W., far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Latty. Timmerman, F., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Latty. Timmerman, L., far., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Timmerman, W., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Tramer, F., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. O. Sperry. Tutor, S. L., laborer, Kingston. YENGHOUS, H., far., S. 15; P. 0. Burlington. VAN OSUOL, H., MRS., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Henry Co., Ky., in 1819. Married Wm. Van Osdol in 1836 ; he was born in Mercer Co., Ky., in 1816, and died in 1861 ; has ten children — Mahala, Melissa, Martha, John W., Melinda, Mary M., Jane, Indiana, Minnetta, Birdie M. Mrs. Van Osdol owns forty acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Member of the M. E. Church. Vennici, I., far., S. 4; P. 0. Kingston. ■WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 715 Vennici, W. M., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Vixtrum, J., far., Sec. 3; P. 0. Kingston. WALKER, B. S., far.. Sec. 15 ; Bur- lington. Walker, I., far., Sec. 33 ; P. O. Burling- ton. Walker, J., far., S. 28; P. 0. Burlington. Walker, J. C, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Walker, L. J., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. Walker, M., far.. Sec. 3; P. 0. Kingston, Walker, M., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Burlington. Wedeman, H., far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Latty. Welch, J., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Kingston. Welch, J. W., far.. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. WENZEIi, KAKIi, farmer and wine-maker, S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty ; born in Lobenstein, Austria, in 1821 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1873. Mar- ried Treasa Bronche in 1847 ; she was born in German Lebaugh, Austria, in 1832 ; they have two children — -Charles and Eva. Owns 200 acres of land. Mr. W. was in the Austrian army five years ; he has an extensive vineyard, and makes a superior quality of wine. Re- publican. Wenzel, T., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. Weston, P.; P. 0. Kingston. Wishmiers, C, far.', Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. WrSfXENBERG, H., farmer. Sec. 18; P.O. Sparry; was born in Calvorde, Germany, in 1821; came to Des Moines Co. in 1853, and since been engaged in farming. Married Bmilie Rehfeld in 1853 ; she was born in Lenzarsigle, Germany, in 1833 ; they have nine children— Henry, born in 1854 ; Her- man in 1858 ; Otto in 1860 ; Fred in 1862; Mary in 1864 ; Alvenia in 1867 ; August in 1869; Emma in 1872; Clara in 1876. Mr. Wunnenberg owns 145 acres of land, valued at $6,000. Mr. and Mrs. W. are members of the Lutheran Church ; Democrat. Wykert, J., laborer ; P. 0. Kingston. YOUNG, J., farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Burlington. Young, L., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Burlington. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. ALDRICH, G. W., farmer. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. La Vega. Allen, R. J., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Linton. Archer, Henry, far., S. 14; P. 0. Roscoe. Armstrong, David, far.. Sec. 24; P. 0. Roscoe. Armstrong, J. M., far.. Sec. 24; P. 0. Roscoe. BARR, JAMES, farmer. Sec, 27 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Barr, B. W., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Bomby, C. far., S. 31; P-O^^Vega. Bowman, Charles, far.. Sec. 30; P. U. La Vega. „ ,. t -cr Brodie, David, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. LaVega. Brown, David, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. LaVega. Brown. W. O., far., S. 20 ; P.O. LaVega. Buchanan, G. W., far.. Sec. 32; P. O. La Vega. Burnett, James, far., S. 27; P. 0. LaVega. Bazurth,W. P., far.. S. 3 ; P. 0. LaVega. OALDWELL, M.P.,far., Sec. 11; P. 0. Linton. Carter, I. S., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. LaVega. Caven, H. M., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. LaVega. Caven, M. H., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. LaVega. Chapman, E. C, M. D., LaVega. Cline, Henry, far., S. 24; P. 0. LaVega. Cockayne, John B., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. LaVega. Cone, A. S., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. LaVega. ConkHn, John, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. LaVega. Coppas, Peter, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. LaVega. Crawford, D. B., far.. Sec. 35; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Crocker, Charles, fw.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Mt. Union. Croson, T. W., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. La Vega. „ DARBYSHIRE, T., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. LaVega. ELLIOTT, J. S., far.,S. 2; P. 0. La Vega. Elliott, R., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. La Vega. Enkee, Josiah, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. La Vega. Evans, Henry, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Roscoe. 716 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY : FETHERLY, W., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. La Vega. Frazier, A., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. La Vega. Funk, Geo., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. La Vega-. FuAk, Henry, far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. La Vega. Funk, Peter, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. La Vega. Fye, Henry, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. La Vega. Fye, John, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. La Vega. /S AUTT, URIAH, farmer.. Sec. 12 ; \Zr p. 0. Linton. Gibbs, E. J. M., far., S. 6; P. 0. Mt. Union. Goudie, Fred, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Green, Cyrus, far.,S. 3; P. 0. La Vega. HARRINGTON, J. D., farmer. See. 31; P. 0. La Vega. HAIiE, BARNARD, farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. La Vega ; owns eighty acres of land; was born in Parke Co., Ind., in 1826; his parents removed to Des Moines Co. from Indiana in 1837. Mr. Hale married in 1854 Susan B. Downer, a native of Pennsylvania ; have had seven children, five now living — James R., Angeletta E., Emma S., Elizabeth E. and Willis B.; Emilius died aged 7 years and one died in infancy. Mr. Hale settled on the farm he now owns in 1857. He is a carpenter by trade. HALL, OLIVER, farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Roscoe ; owns 400 acres of land ; was born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., in 1810; came to Des Moines Co. from New York in 1838, and settled on Sec. 8, Franklin Tp.; in 1854, he settled on the farm he now owns. He married in 1837 Marietta R. Whittaker, a native of North Adams, Mass.; they have eight children — Susan F. Talbot, Harriet A. Talbot, William H., Edward J., Charles M., Lincoln C, Margaret C. Williams and Oscar; have lost three children — ■ one in infancy ; Gideon, a member of the 39th Regfc. I. V. I., died at Jackson, Tenn., Dec. 31, 1862; RoUin died in 1876. Mr. Hall has been County Sur- veyor and Justice of the Peace for many years. He owns a farm of 320 acres in Clark Co., which was in charge of his son Rollin at the time of his death. Hicks, Willis, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. La Vega. Higgerson, Wm., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. La Vega. Hoover, J. B., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. LaVega. Hopkins, W. H. far., S. 5 ; P. 0. LaVega. Howard, Wm., far., S. 19 ; P, 0. LaVega. Hudson, John, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. LaVega. Husgics, R. R., far., S. 8; P. 0. Mt. Union. Hutchcroft, Geo., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. La Vega. Hutchinson, John, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. La Vega. "TBOTSON, GEO., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. I LaVega. Ibotson, S., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. LaVega. JONES, B. I., far., 8. 35 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. Jones, W. E., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Roscoe. KREIGER, J., far., S. 32; P. 0. LaVega. Kneen, John, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. LaVega. KLINE, ANDREW C, mer- chant, LaVega; was born in Pennsyl- vania in 1836 ; he came to Des Moines Co. with his parents in 1852 ; they settled in Franklin Tp., where they re- sided until their death. Mr. Kline came to Yarmouth in March, 1876 ; he began mercantile business in August of that year ; was the first engaged in busi- ness in Yarmouth, except Mr. Shirk, who began the blacksmithing business in June of the same year. Married in 1861 to Kate Scott, a native of Frank- lin Tp., Des Moines Co. ; born in 1840 ; her father, Wm. Scott, was one of the first settlers of Des Moines Co. Mr. Kline has three children — Rufus, Scott and Amy. Kline, W. P., far., S. 21 ; P. O. La Vega. LEPFORGE, JOHN, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. LaVega. LefForge, L., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. LaVega. Lefforge, Melville, far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. La Vega.. Linder, Isaac, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. La Vega. Lines, J. R., Postmaster, La Vega. Lines, Robt., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. La Vega. Long, A. C, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. La Vega. Long, S. P., far., S. 16; P. 0. LaVega. Long, Chas., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. LaVega. Lotspiech, Eden, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. La Vega. McCALL, D, far,, S. 3 ; P. 0. La Vega. McClurkin, J. C, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. . Linton. McClurkin, J. M., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Lin- ton. ' McElhiny, R. A., far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Linton. WASHINGXd'N TOWNSHIP. 717 McKune, W. A., far., Sec. 34; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Mason, Martin, far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. La Vega. Michael, Daniel, far.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. La Vega. Miller, B. A., far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Mt. Union. Miller, Marion, far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. La Vega. Miller, M. P., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. La Vega Miller, S. P., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. La Vega. Montgomery, W. G., far.. Sec. 13; P. 0. Roscoe. Morrison, John, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. La Vega. Murphy, P., far., S. 15; P. 0. La Vega. Musock, J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. La Vega. OBERMANN, JOHN, far., Sec. 30; P. 0. La Vega. O'Kell, Frank, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. La Vega. Orchard, A., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. La Vega. PACKWOOD, A., far., S. 15; P. 0. La Vega. PECKHAM, R. m., far., S. 30 ; La Vega ; owns 300 acres ; was born in Washington, D. C, in 1812; removed thence to Columbus, Ohio, in 1834 ; settled on his present farm in 1855. He married, in 1845, Melvina Webb, who' died in 1872 ; hasten children — Emma, Charles, Martha, Ada, Caleb, Hugh, Sarah, Annie, Katie and Richard ; lost two children — Rosabel and Lily. . Peel, S. K., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. La Vega. Petsimger, John, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. La Vega. Portlock, W. A., far., S. 21; P. 0. La Vega. Pricket, Elias, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. La Vega. Priest, John, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. La Vega. EEDFBARN, ISAAC, far., S. 18; P. 0. J.a Vega. Redfearn, John, far., S. 18 ; P. O. La Vega. Reed, David, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Linton. Riffle, John L., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. La Vega. S CHOMP, P. J., far., S. 29; P. 0. La Vega. Selser, "Peter, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. La Vega. Shields, M., far.; S, 25 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Smith, Fred., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. La Vega. Smith, F. M., far., S. 26; P. 0. Pleasant trrove. Smith, M. C, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. La Vega Starkee, Henry, far., S. 21; P. 0. La Vega. Sterrett, D. B., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. La Veo-a Sterret, R. B., far., S. 4; P. 0. La Vega. Sterrett, Wm.,far., S. 4 ; P. 0. La Vega. T ALBERT, EDWIN, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Roscoe. Talbert, L. J., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. La Vega. Thomas, T. W., far., S. 24; P. 0. Roscoe. Tippin, J. R., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. La Vega. Tucker, Abram, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grrove. Tucker, J. M., farmer, Sec. 29; P. 0. La Vega. yEGTIC, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. La Vega. WEINRICH, Chas., farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. La Vega. Wilkison, George, far., S. 26; P. 0. La Vega. Welch, H. B.,far., S.28; P. 0. La Vega. Willard, W. P., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. La Vega. Wilson, John, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. La Vega. Williams, T. (')., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Williams, W. W., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Pleas- ant Grove. Wilson, J. R., far., S. 2 ; P. O. Linton. Wilson, S. E., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. La Vega. Wright, E,, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Linton. Wilson, S. E., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Linton. Wright, J. B.,far., S. 11 ; P. 0. La Vega. Wright, S. R., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Roscoe- Wilson, A. M., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Linton. Wright, Wm. L., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. La Vega. TAGER, HENRY, far., S. 33 ; P. 0. La Vega. Yohoe, A. S., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. La Vega. Yohoe, J. C. E., far., S. 10; P. 0. La Vega. ZION, A., far., 8. 26 ; P. 0. Pleasant Grove. Zion, George, mer. ; P. 0. La Vega. 718 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: YELLOW SPRINGS TOWNSHIP. ALLISON, JOHN, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Archer, E. G., far., S. 32; P. O. Me- diapolis. Armour, R. E., merchant, Linton. Antrobus, B., physician and surgeon, Kos- suth. BABB, JOHN, far., S. 30; P. 0. Kossuth. Bailey, J. R., far., S. 32 , P. 0. Kossuth. Baird, John, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Linton. Baird, J. W., far., S. 10; P. 0. Linton. Baird, S. C, far., S. 16; P. 0. Mediapolis. Barr, Samuel, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Bandy, Elijah, far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Bishop, Joseph, far., S. 34; P. 0. Me- diapolis. BLACK, J. H., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Northfield. Blair, E. R., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. BLAIR, 91. W.,far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Kossuth. LAIR, THOMAS Al^D DAVID EVAWS, were Western pioneers and early settlers of Iowa ; their father, William Blair, a native of Eastern Pennsylvania, entered the army of the Revolution at the age of 16; about the close of the war, he married and removed to what is now Bourbon Co., Ky., where most of his children were born ; in the closing year of the last century, he brought his family lo Ohio, settling near Chillicothe ; there Thomas and David grew to manhood and began life for themselves, and there Thomas married Margaret Job, and David, her sister Sarah, emigrants from Virginia, and natives of Baltimore, Md. ; in 1819, the two families removed to Rush Co., Ind. ; thence, in 1821, to what is now Cass Co., 111., and from there, three years later, to the west side of the Illinois River, near Rushville ; in 1834, they made claims in the '' New Pur- chase," and, in 1835, Thomas Blair moved his family over, followed by his brother in 1836 ; here they reared their families, cultivated their farms, and lived quiet and useful lives for forty years ; to them is greatly due the character their neighborhood has always borne for at- tention to educational interests, good morals, and hearty support to religious institutions ; in a new country, like grav- itates toward like, and aroun(^ them gathered men of like feelings, like char- acter, and like purposes. Both were members and office-bearers in the Pres- byterian Churches here from the begin- ning, and active in all church work ; both were, under the local regulations of early settlement, arbitrators of claims for Louisa County, of which this town- ship was then a part. Thomas Blair was a Representative in the first Wis- consin Legislature, and also in the first Iowa Territorial Legislature ; David Blair was a member of the Iowa Terri- torial Legislature in 1842, and in the first State Legislature. But they now rest from their labors ; their father died in 1840, aged 80, and is probably the only soldier of the Revolution buried in the county; David Blair died in 1874, at the age of 82, and Thomas Blair in 1875, at the age of 86; his wife, Mar- ■ garet, two years later, aged 89 ; Mrs. Sarah Blair, now in her 88th year, still lives at her first Iowa home ; their chil- dren have generally pushed farther west, only Mrs. Lydia Rankin, daugh- ter of T. Blair, and M. W. Blair, son of D. E. Blair, now remaining ; the latter was born near Rushville, 111., but has spent his life in Iowa ; under Lincoln's administration he was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue for his county, but has ever been a farmer and knows no higher calling than the cultivation of his ancestral acres. Braden, J. C.,far.,S. 1 ; P. 0. Northfield. Braden, J. B., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. North- field. Brackley, P., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Bridwell, E., far.,S. 23 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Bridges, John, merchant, Kossuth. Bridges, Vincent, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Bridges, Silas, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. BROWBf, A. C, dealer in general merchandise, Mediapolis ; born in Cler- mont Co., Ohio, in 1838 ; came to Iowa YELLOW SPRINGS TOWNSHIP. 719 in 1869, and located in this county. Married Hannah Roberts in 1868 ; she Was born in Clermont Co., Ohio, in 1848 ; have four children — Johanna, Btssie, Clifford and Maud. Mr. Brown enlisted in 1861; in 1863, was taken prisoner at the battle of Chicamauga and held until the close of the war • spent some time in nearly all the prin- cipal rebel prisons. BRUCE, D. G., United Presbyterian minister; born in Jefferson Co., Ohio, in 1833 ; came to Iowa in 1873, and located in Mediapolis as Pastor of the U. P. Church. Married Millie Lottain 1868; she was born in Eoss Co., Ohio, in 1848; have four children— Wm. L., Mary M., Andrew R. and Evroii James. Mr. B. enlisted in the 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry in 1862; dis- charged in 1865, Second Lieutenant. BRUCE, JAMES, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Mediapolis ; owns 110 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in Fred- erick Co., Va., in 1814; came to Iowa in 1837, and located in Yellow Springs Tp. Married Mary H. Rankin in 1839 ; she was born in Franklin Co., Penn., in 1809 ; have four children — Martha, David R., Jennie arid Maggie. Are members of M. E. Church. Mr. Bruce has been a member of the Legislature, and has been County Supervisor six years. Republican Bruce, D. R., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. Burns, Robert, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Lin- ton. OARMEAN, D., farmer ; P. 0. North- field. €AU DWELL, SAMUEL L., Sec. 15; P. 0. Mediapolis; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; was born in Hardin Co., Ky., in 1837 ; came to Iowa in 1859, and located in this county. He married Margaret Wilson in 1855; she was born in .Mus- kingum Co., Ohio, in 1836 ; they have seven children — Emma Elizabeth, Anna Alvira, John Cummings, Mary Jane, Sarah Lilian, Margaret Melletta and Cora Belle. They are members of the U. P. Church. Mr. 0. enlisted in the 1st 111. V. C. in 1861 ; was taken pris- oner at Lexington, Mo., and paroled at St. Louis. Carmean, Poster, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. North- . held. Carithers A. F., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Linton Cartwright, W. H., merchant, Mediapolis. Chambers, Thos., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Linton. Clark, B. W., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Mediap- olis. Clark, W. G., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Mediap- olis. Cline, John, far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Mediap- olis. Cockayne, G. W., far., S. 18; P. 0. Me- diapol's. Cook, D., far., Sec. 28; P. 0. Mediapolis. Cox, James, Sr., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. North- field. Cox^ Phillip, far.. Sec. 2; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Cramer, John, far.. Sec. 23; P. 0. Me- diapolis. DARLINGTON, D. W., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Northfield. Davis, James, retired far. ; P. 0. Kossuth. Deets, William, far., S. 27; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Dennison, C. R., far., S., 20 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. EDMONDS, S., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Eland, Hope, far.. Sec. 24; P. 0., Kos- suth. Eland, John, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Kossuth. TT^ARRIS, J., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Linton. Farris, Isaiah, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Linton. Parris, J., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Linton. FULLEXWIDER, SAMUEL, physician, Kossuth ; born in Shelby Co., Ky., Sept. 6, 1804 ; came to Iowa in 1837, and located at what is known as Yellow Springs. Married Miss Hustin in 1828, a native of Mason Co., Ky.; they have six children — Hustin, Nar- cissa, Catherine A., Samuel E., Orson L. and Thomas B. Mr. F. has been a member of both the State and Terri- torial Senate. Republican. /-^ ELDARD, W., miller, Kossuth. HAINES, JOHN, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Linton. Hall, Gideon, far., S. 33; P. 0. Mediap- olis. HALL, R. W., physician and sur- geon, Northfield ; born in Jefferson Co., Va., in 1816 ; came to Iowa in 1840, 720 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: and located in Huron Tp. ; removed to Northfield in 1867. Married Anna M. Haws in 1876 ; she was born in 1849 ; have one child — Joanna May born Oct. • 8, 1878. Are members of the M. E-. Church. Mr. Hall has one child by a former wife, Lucretia, now Mrs Wycoff. Hamilton, Jno., cabinet-maker, Kossuth. Harper, H. C, far., S. 13; P. 0. ; Medi- apolis. HARPER, JOHN, farmer, S. 5 ; P. 0. Northfield ; born in Ross Co., Ohio, Sept. 7, 1821 ; came to Iowa in 1846, and located in Burlington; re- moved to Yellow Springs Tp. in 1 848, and engaged in farming. Married in 1872 Amanda Torode, a native of Cincin- nati, Ohio ; have four children — Mary Amanda, Kate Y., Edna L. and Char- lie ; Mr. H. has eight children by a for- mer wife — Emily J., Laura L., Eliza J., Elizabeth H., Annji V., Jessie F., John H. and Harry H. Are members of the Presbyterian Church. HARPER, WM.. Notary Public, Mediapolis ; born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1819; came to Iowa in 1842, and lo- cated in Yellow Springs Tp. in 1843. He married Harriett Hizer, who is a native of Ross Co., Ohio; have one child — Louisa J., now Mrs. Wm. B. Fuller. HAWS, H., far., S. 17; P. 0. North- field; borninPennsylvnia, JunelG, 1820; came to Burlington in 1852 ; then moved where he now lives. Married Miss Rachel Peck in 1853 ; born in Penn- sylvania, June 13, 1823 ; she came to Burlington in 1844 ; have one child — Mary. Mrs. JI. is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. H. has held the oifice of School Director. Owns 121 acres of land valued at $40 per acre, and is a Republican. Hawthorne, Jno., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Lin- ton. Hawthorne, Samuel, far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Hays, R. A., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Linton; Hidges, R. S., merchant, Kossuth. Hensleigh, Wm., far., S. 15; P. 0. Lin- ton. Hfizer, E., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Midiapolis. HEIZER, FREORICK, retired miller, Kossuth; bornin AugustaCo.,Va., in 1807 ; came to Iowa in 1842, and loca- ted in Yellow Springs Tp., and engaged in farming; in 1858, purchased one-half interest in the Kossuth Flouring-Mills, and was one of the active members of the firm until 1873, when he was suc- ceeded by Wm. Gedard. Married Elizabeth Bartscher in 1860 ; she was born in Morgan Co., Ind., in 1825 ; have two children — Henry and Frank ; Mrs. H. has one son by a former mar- riage, and Mr. Heizer has six children —J. C, J. W., Elizabeth (now Mrs. Leonard, of Iowa City), Mary (now Mrs. Wellington Wright), Susan, (now Mrs. Pierce), and Carrie,now Mrs. Rex). Are , members of the Presbyterian Church ; Mr. H. has held the office of Justice of the Peace nine years, and was County Supervisor a number of years. Repub- lican. Heizer, Joshua, ret. far.; P. 0. Mediapolis. Heizer, J. S., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Heizer, J. W., far., Sec. 8; P. 0. North- field. Heizer, N., far., Sec. 29; P.O. Kossuth. Henderson, J., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Linton. Herman, J., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. Hines, Henry, far., Sec. 33; P. O. Medi- apolis. Houston, John, far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Lin- ton. I HUSTED, WM., Sec. 13; P. 0. Mediapolis ; owns 330 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in Cum- berland Co., N. J., in 1831 ; came to Iowa in 1842. Married Nancy Har- per in 1857 ; she was born in Washing- ton Co., Ohio, in 1834; have four children— Wm. S., Ida May, Mary F. and Amanda C. Are members of M. E. Church ; Republican. Hustin, E., retired far.; P. 0. Kossuth. Hustin, R., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Linton. Hutchcroft, Job, far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Hutchcroft, John, Sr., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Hutchcroft, John R., far., Sec. 13; P. 0. Mediapolis. Hutchcroft, Richard, far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Hutchcroft, Thos., far.. Sec. 25; P. 0. Mediapolis. Halcherof, T. S., miller, Kossuth. YELLOW SPRINGS TOWNSHIP. 721 ~rBBOTSON, JNO., far., Sec. 19 ; P. -L 0. Roscoe. IBBOTNOX, GEO., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Roscoe; owns 520 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in En- gland in 1806 ; came to America in 1838 ; settled in Iowa in 1841. Married Martha Riggs in 1844 ; slie was born in Marion Co., Ky.; have six children — Martha, John, Stephen, Geo., Eliza- beth and Robert; lost two — Isaac and Lincoln. Members of the Missionary Baptist Church ; Republican. JOHNSON, ROBT., farmer and clergy- man ; Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kossuth. JOHIVSOBT, D. H., retired physi- cian. Sec. 12; P. 0. Mediapolis ; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; born in Hartford Co., Md., in 1798 ; came to Iowa in 1846, and located in this township; settled on his present farm, known as Rock Spring Farm. Married Sarah Mercer in 1825 ; she was born in Washington Co., Penn., in 1798, and died in 1876; they have four children — Caleb, Sarah, Caroline and Frances. Members of M. E. Church. Mr. J. has been in practice about thirty-five years. JAMISOW, W. O., far.. Sec. 30; P. 0. Kossuth; bora in Muskmgum Co., Ohio, in 1823; came to Iowa in 1851, and located in Morning Sun; re- moved to present farm in 1861. Mar- ried Elizabeth Leonard in 1858; she was born in Ohio ; have six children- Ada L., John L., Anna C, Elizabeth M., Mary E. and Katie. Members of Presbyterian Church; Republican. Jones, David, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. Jones, John R., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Roscoe. Jay, Eli. far. ; P. 0. Northfield. TT-ELLOUGH, JAMES, farmer, Sec. j\ 6 • P. 0. Linton. Kilpatrick, D„far., S. 12; P. 0. Northfield. Kilpatrick, John, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Linton. Kilpatricft, Neal, far., S. 10 ; P.O. Lmton. Kilpatrick, Wm., far., S. 10 ; P.O. Lmton. Kline, J. B., far., S. 35; P. 0. Mediapolis. LADDBRBACK, E., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Kossuth. Lee, D., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Kossuth. l,EONARD, HIKAM, retired farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kossuth ; owns 400 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; was born in Washington Co., Penn., in 1S09 ; came to Iowa in 1844, and located on his present farm. Mar- ried EHzabeth Patterson in 1832 ; she was born in same county in 1806 ; have five children — Leonard, Nathan R., Elizabeth, William P., Abner C. Mem- bers of Presbyterian Church. Mr. L. went out as Captain of Co. K, 14th I. V. I. in 1860, and subsequently pro- moted to Major, and resigned in 1862. Republican. liOCKHART, ROBERT R., livery and feed stable; was born in Lawrence Co., Penn., in 1842 ; came to Iowa in 1854, and located in this town- ship. Married Nannie V. Paul in 1870 ; . she was born in Indiana in 1849 ; have two children — ^William T. and Bertha M. Mr. L. enlisted in Co. C, 30th I. V. I. in 1862, and discharged in June, 1865. MoBRIDE, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Northfield. McClements, , far., 8. 31 ; P.O. Medi- apolis. McClements, Thomas, far., Sec. 20; P. 0. Mediapolis. McCLURE,!. N., dlr. in gen'l mdse., Mediapolis : was horn in Des Moines Co. in 1 844.' Married Susan E. Parrett ; she was born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1844; have three children — Marcus P., lonie M. and Franklin E. Are members of Presbyterian Church. McCRAY, JAMES B., farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Mediapolis ; owns 326 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; was born in Fayette Co., Ind., in 1838; came to Iowa in 1852, and located with his parents on his present farm. Mar- ried Mary F. Sheppard in 1862 ; she was horn in Ohio ; have four children- Mary P., William S., Marcus A. and Minor E. Mrs. M. is a member of the M E Church. Mr. McCray enlisted in' Co. C, 30th L V. I., Aug. 11, 1862, and was discharged June 18, 1865. His father, James McCray, was born near Dayton, Ohio, in 1809; came to Iowa in 1852, and located on the farm now owned by his son, James B. Married Mary Harland, a native of Indiana; they had thirteen children, ten now living — five sons and five daughters. 722 DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: McDonald, J. W., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Kossuth. McElhinney, G., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Linton. McElhinney, J. M., far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Linton. McElhinney, John, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Linton. Mclntyre, J. A., far., S. 18 ; P.O. Linton. MoKee, A. A., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. McKeown, Henry, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Mc- diapolis. McKeown, John, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Me- diapolis. McKeown, M. H., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Me- diapolis. , Mc]fIEE]V, J. R., farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Kossuth ; owns eighty acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Warren Co., Ohio, in 1812 ; came to Iowa in 1854, and located in this county Married Ann McKell in 1857; she was born in Baliimore, Md. ; have two chil- dren — Edwin R. and Sarah N. Are members of the Presbyterian Church ; Republican. McMillan, Wm., far., S. 35; P. 0. Medi- apolis. Mahaffey, John, far., S. 18; P. 0. Linton. Mahaffey, Wm., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Linton. MahafFey, Wm. M., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Marshall, Thos., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Linton. Matson, Daniel, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Messenger, Hiram, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Milligan, Wm., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Linton. MILIiER, M. M., farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. O. MediapoHs ; owns 280 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in this county in 1841 ; located on his pres- farm in 1872. Married Jennie S. Shep- pard in 1866 ; she was born in this township ; have seven children — Allen E., Eva, Frank, John S., Mattie and Hattie, twins, and an infant. Are mem- bers of the Baptist Church. Mr. Mil- ler enlisted in Co. C, 30th I. V. I. in 1862 ; was discharged in 1865 ; was in all the battles that regiment participated in. Republican. Montgomery, J. P., retired far. ; P. 0. Linton. Moorhead, W. H., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Myers, Henry, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. MEBRIIili, J. W., editor Mediap- olis Enterprise, established in 1874; born in Clermont Co., Ohio, in 1833; located in Iowa in 1864. Married Jes- sie Telfer in 1 863 ; she was born in Scotland in 1839 ; have four children — Minerva, Anna, Stephen and Thomas. nVTICHOLS, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 17 ; i>J P. 0. Northfield. WELSOX, J. A., boot and shoe ma- maker and photographer, Mediapolis ; born in Sweden in 1838 ; came to Iowa in 1868, and located in Chicago ; settled in Mediapolis in 1876. Nordstrom, 0. & G., far. and blacksmiths, Northfield. OGEE, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. Mediapolis ; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in St. Clair Co., 111., in 1810 ; came to Iowa in 1832, and in 1837 lo- cated in Des Moines Co. ; settled on present farm in 1858. Mr. Ogle served in the Black Hawk war two or three months, until the treaty at Rock Island. Married Margaret Garrison in 1839 ; she was born in Indiana ; have five chil- dren — Nancy, James, Catharine, Eliza- beth and Huldah. Mr. Ogle was one of five who made a trip from Rock Island to St. Louis in a canoe in 1832. PIERCE, L. P., nurseryman; P.O. Kossuth. Packerood, M. L., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Linton. PARROTT, C. H., dealer in hard- ware and farming implements, Mediap- olis ; born in Fayette Co., Ohio, in 1854 ; came to Iowa in 1875, and engaged in his present business. Paul, 0. A., carpenter, Mediapolis. Pierce, L. B,, far. and mfr. of tile, S. 31. Ping, Elijah, far., Sec. 25; P. 0. Mediap- olis. Ping, Wm., far., Sec. 20 ; P. O. Kossuth. Porta, Geo., far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Mediap- olis. POWER, E. B., physician and sur- geon, Mediapolis; was born in Knox Co., Ohio, in 1838; came to Iowa in 1856, and settled in Mt. Pleasant; located in Mediapolis in 1872, and en- gaged in the practice of medicine. He married Mary E. Rice in 1866 ; she was born in Burlington, Iowa ; they YELLOW SPRINGS TOWNSHIP. 723 have three children — David L. and Al- ma M., and an infant. Purcell, John, far., Sec. 8; P. 0. North- field. Purcell, R. H., far.. Sec. 8; P. 0. North- field. RANKIN, D. C, far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Reed Mathew, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Linton. Rhodes, T. H., merchant, Kossuth. ^obb^obt. a., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Linton. KOBB, T. P., Reformed Presbyterian clergyman, and Pastor of Sharon Church ; was born in Washington Co., Penn., in 1843 ; came to Iowa in 1874, and located in Linton. He married Catherine Marshall in 1872 ; she was born in Armstrong Co., Penn.; they have one child— Robert Werth, born Jan. 10, 1876. P. 0. Mediapolis. Robinson, R. T., woolen-mills, Northfield. Robinson, Samuel, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Lin- ton. Robinson, W. P., far.; Northfield. Rodgcrs, John, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Kossuth. SCHENCKS, D. H., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Schra^der, Phil., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. SCOTT, AliEX., Presbyterian cler- gyman, Kossuth ; born in Jefferson Co., Ohio, in 1822 ; came to Iowa in 1870, and located iu Kossuth as Pastor of the Presbyterian Church. Married Amanda Chidester in 1855 ; she was born in Wayne Co., Ohio, in 1829; have four children — Virginia L., Mary Emma, Clara Belle and Alice Amanda. Re- publican. Scott, Thomas, merchant, Northfield. Seeds, Harvey, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Seeds, D. B., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Seeds, M. J., far., S. 24; P. 0. Kossuth. Smith, Fry, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Statham,S. S.,far.. S. 19; P. O.Kossuth. Stewart, Joseph, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Stewart, R. H., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Linton. Storks, J. M^.far.. S. 17; P. 0. Kossuth. TALBOTT, GEO., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Talbott, John W., far., S. 27; P. 0. Mediapolis. Thomas, A„ far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Thomas, Eli, far., Sec. 31 ;' P. 0. Mediap- olis. Thornton, William, far., S. 24;. P. 0. Mediapolis. Thornton, N., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Medi- apolis. TTLRICK, FRED. C, far., S. 11; P. kJ 0. Mediapolis. VANICE, JAMBS, far., S. 32; P. 0. Kossuth. WADDLE, S. M., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Walkenshaw, John, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Linton. Ware, Isaac, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Kossuth. WARE, J. P., proprietor Mediapolis House; born in this county in 1844. Married Anna M. Black in 1870; she was born in Greene Co., Penn., in 1845 ; they have one child — Cora E. Ware, William, far., S. 35; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Watson, Alex., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Mediapo- lis. Watson, James, far., S. 12; P. 0. North- field. Wilson, David, far., 8. 16; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Wilson, John, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Linton. Wilson, Robert M., far., S. 29; P. 0. Mediapolis. Wolf, Charles, far., S. 35; P. 0. Mediapo- lis. Wolf, John, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. Woodside, J. H., far., S. 19; P. 0. Kos- suth. Woolsey, J. H., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Wright, Milton, far., S. 14; P. 0. Me- diapolis. Wycoff, A. C, retired far., Kossuth. Wycoff, A. N., merchant, Northfield. 724 DIRECTORY OP DES "MOINES COUNTY = HURON TOWNSHIP. AARONSON, C. J., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Abraham, C, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. North- field. Anderson, J. A., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. BARTLEY, C. P., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Huron. BARNES, URIAH, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Kingston ; was born in Fleming Co., Ky., June 15, 1814; came to Des Moines Co. in 1843 ; first settled ia Benton Tp., where he lived one year, then moved to Huron Tp., where he now lives. He married Miss Paulina Barnhill April 27, 1836 ; she was born in Oldham Co., Ky., Jan. 3, 1818; they have five children — Eliza- beth, Austin, Melvina, Mary and Par- thenia, and three dead — Robert, Sarah and Josiah. Mr. B. owns 40 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. He served eighteen months in the 2d I. V. C. His son Robert was in the 2d I. V. C, and died at St. Louis. Austin was in the 100-day service. Mr. Barnes is a Republican. Barr, Sam, far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Huron. Bergen, C. C, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Blake, Francis, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. North- field.' Blake, L. B., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. North- field. Blake, Luther, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. North- field. Blake, W. S., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. North- field. /"CARLSON, AUG., far.. Sec. 26 ; P. \J 0. Kossuth. Carlson, J. H., far.. Sec. 33; P. 0. Kos- suth. Carter, Henry, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Huron. Charlson, S., far., 8. 34; P. 0. Kingston. Christ, J., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Kingston.' Crutchfield, S., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Kings- ton. Crites, B. F., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Kingston. DAHLSTADT, A. P., far,. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Kingston. DARNOIiD, J.A.,far.,S.14; P.O. Huron ; was born in Madison Co., Va., Sept. 7, 1833 ; when 15 years of age. was bound as an apprentice to a wagon- maker ; at 20 years of age, he com- pleted his trade ; came to Burlington in 1855, and engaged with J. Bennett, where he worked at his trade ; he re- turned to Virginia, and came again to Des Moines Co., bringing his parents with him. He married Miss Abby Graham March 1, 1858; she was born in Pickaway Co., Ohio, Jan. 13, 1838 ; they have seven children — Hattie L., Mattie B., Ida R., Chas. J., Jake, Ed- gar E. and Stella B. Mr. D. has held the offices of Township Clerk and Jus- tice of the Peace ; he owns 300 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. Is a Republican. Davis, Alex, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. DAVIS, S., far., S. 9 ; P 0. North- field ; born in Ireland March 10, 1804 ; came to America in 1832 ; first to Philadelphia; then went to Ohio, and while there married Miss Eliza J. McMullen in 1837 ; born in Highland Co., Ohio, Dec. 15, 1819; have seven children — Andrew, Mary, Thomas, James, Jjayton, Oscar and Minnie, and three dead — Nancy, William a^pd Lor- ena. Owner of sixteen acres, Yralued at $40 per acre. Members of Presbsjiierian Church ; Mr. D. is a DemocratT^" i Davis, Thomas, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Northfield. Davis, T. F., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Donaldson, C. P., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. King- ston. Doran, Chas., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. Driskell, J. 0., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Kingston. EKDAL, A., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. King- ston. Elsfon, Joseph, far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Kossuth. FISHTHORN, SOL., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Kossuth. FARSASfDER, W., Pastor of the Lutheran Swedish Church,designated the Kingston Church ; born in Sweden Sept. 11, 1846; graduated at the Uni- versity of Lund, Sweden, in 1870, and came to Paxton, 111., the same year, where he was assistant teacher in the seminary two years ; went to Sagetown, 111., and served as Pastor two years ;' thence came to Huron Tp., where he is located as Pastor of Kingston Church ; HURON TOWNSHIP. 725 the congregation was organized in 1868, and, in 18'72, built a churcli and parson- age, which are free from debt ; they have 195 members. Mr. Farsander married Miss Charlotte Farsander in 1875 ; born in Sweden Aug. 4, 1852., Mr. P. is a Republican. Foster, K., far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Kingston. Fullenwider, H., far.. Sec. 11; P. 0. Huron. GIBSON, G. R., far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. Gibson, Jas., far.,.S. 27; P.O. Kossuth. Gustafson, A. F., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. HAMILTON, A. T., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Huron. H£ID<^£S, JOSHUA, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. O. Huron ; born in Pickaway Co., Ohio, Oct. 5, 1831 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1838 ; his parents were among the first settlers of Huron Tp. ; Mr. H. is living at the old homestead, Married Miss America Swank April 27, 1876 ; born in Floyd Co., Ind., Feb. 9, 1844; have one child— Bertha M.,born May 3, 1878. Owns 420 acres, valued at $40 per acre. He is a Democrat. Heizer, Henry, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. North- field. Holcrrft, B., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Huds' a, D. W., far., S. 35-; P. 0. Kings- ti I VIS WM., farmer and stock- raiser' Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Huron ; born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., June 23, 1818; went to Ripley Co., Ind., in 1820 ; thence to Cincinnati, where he followed the cooper's trade one year, then went to Jefferson Co., Ind., and married Miss Elizabeth Wilkie Nov. 5, 1840 ; bom in Edinburgh, Scotland, June 20, 18i0, and came to Switzerland Co., Ind., in 1822 • her parents were early settlers of the county; iu 1843, Mr. Innis moved to Louisville, Ky., and superm- tended the city prison for three years ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1848, and settled in Huron Tp., where he now lives ; has two daughters— Emelme, now Mrs. ' Thornton, and Isabella Dobson. Mrs! Lis amemberof the M.E. Church. 3Ir. L has served as Justice of the Peace eight years ; owns 320 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre. He is a Republican. JACKSON ISAAC, far.. Sec. 15; P. t) 0. Northfield. Johnson, A. E., far., Sec. 28; P. 0. Kingston. Johnson, C. A., far., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Johnson, Gust., far., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Johnson, J. A., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Kings- ton. Johnson, J. P., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. North- field. Johnson, John, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. Johnson, Lewis, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. KERR, ROBT., far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Kossuth. LARSDATTER, ULRICK, far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Kingston. Larson, J., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Kingston. Lett, Chas., far.. Sec. 27; P. 0. Kos- suth. lilNDQUIST, GUST., far.. Sec 27 ; P. 0. Kossuth ; born in Sweden March 15, 1836 ; came to Burlington in 1868; first settled five miles west, and lived there till he came to Huron Tp., where he now lives. Married Miss Johanna Johnson in 1860 ; born in Sweden June 25, 1831 ; hav'e three children — John A., Frank G. and Lennia 0. Mr. L. owns 120 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. Members of the Lutheran Church; Mr. Lind- quist is a Republican. Loper, L., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Kingston. Loper, W. H., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Kossuth. liUCKINBlIiL, B., nurseryman and farmer, S. 23 ; P. 0. Huron ; born in Berks Co., Penn., Dec. 5,1814; went to Ohio, where he worked at the trade of stone-mason and bricklayer ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1840, and settled in Huron Tp. Married Miss Mary Myers in 1836 ; born in Berks Co., Penn., Jan. 30,1816; have seven children — Cath- erine, Mary J., Bailey, Elvina, Thomas F., Bber B. and David H. Mr. L. held the office of Township Clerk and As- sessor. Owns 360 acres, valued at $30 per acre. Mrs. L. is member of the Presbyterian Church ; Mr. L. is a Dem- ocrat. Luckinbill,D. H.,far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. Luckinbill, T. F.,far.,S. 22 ; P. 0. Huron. Lugn, G., far., 8. 16 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 72« DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: MELLBKANDT, P., far., S. 10;P. 0. Northfield. Mertz, C, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Kingston. Mills, T. J. B., far., S. 12 ; F. 0. Huron. Moore, Robt., far., S. 9 ; P.O. Northfield. Moyers, J. N., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Kingston. Munson, C. N., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. North- field. Munson, P. A., far., S. 16 ; P.O. Kossuth. Murphy, J., far., 8. 21 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Vf OYLAN, J., farmer. Sec. 35 P. 0. xM Kossuth. XILSOX, A., farmer, S. 34 ; P. 0. Kingston; born in Sweden, Aug. 21, 1825 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1868, and located in Huron Tp. Married Miss Greta Johnson in 1850 ; she was born in Sweden Deo. 5, 1828 ; have six cl^ildren — John, born April 4, 1852 ; Anna C, Jan. 6, 1855 ; Emma C, March 28, 1859; John A., Dec. 21, 1865 ; Matilda, Oct. 3, 1868 ; Sarah H., Aug. 12, 1872. Mr. Nilson owns forty acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. N. are members of the Lutheran Church ; Republican. PEARSON, A. P., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Peck, M. L., far., S. 34 ; P. 0'. Kossuth. Peterson, Charles, far., 8. 22 ; P. 0. Huron. Peterson, J. A., far., 8. 16 ; P. 0. Kossuth. Peterson, J. D., far., 8. 9 ; P. 0. North- field. Peterson,j,Lewis,'far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Prearson, C, far., 8. 35 ; P. 0. K^ingston. PBIXDLE, A. H., farmer, SeB. 12 ; P. 0. Huron ; was born in Vermont Jan. 20,1847; came to Des Moines Co. in 1863, and settled in Huron Tp., where he now lives ; he owns 320 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. He is amemberof „the"1. 0. 0. K. Republican Prindle, C. M., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Huron RANKIN, A., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. Kossuth. RANKIX.-JAMES C, far.,S. 22 : p. 0. Kossuth ; was born in Centre Co., Penn., Jan. 8, 1817 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1846,* and settled in Hu- rpn Tp. He married Miss Catherine Waddle June 1, 1848 ; she was born in Fayette Co., Ohio, Jan. 17, 1813 ; they have one child — Jeremiah H. Mr. R. owns 220 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre ; he has served as Supervisor three years, and as Township Clerk. Members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a Greenbacker. Rankin, J. H., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Rhodes, L., far., 8. 33 ; P. 0. Kossuth. RrSSBLJL,D.,far.,S.3; P.O. North- field ; was born in Adams Co., Tenn., Aug. 6, 1808 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1835. He married Miss Mary A. Smith in 1833; she was born in Ohio Feb. 16, 1813; they have seven chil- dren^Elizabeth, William S., Francis, Ellen, Robert C, Cassie and Harriet A., and two dead — Mary J. and Louisa. Mr. R. owns 195 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre, on which he made all the improvements. He was a Demo- crat till the war, but since the war, has voted the Republican ticket. RrSSEliJL, ROBERT C, was born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, July 31, 1851. He married Miss Mary Rodgers March 21, 1875 ; she was born in Des Moines Co. July 10, 1858 ; they have one child. Mr. R. is a Republican. Ryker, J. F., far., 8. 34; P. 0. Kossuth. SHERIDAN, J., far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Northfield. SHERIDAX, JOHIV AWD THOMAS, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. North- field ; John was born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, Aug. 20, 1849. Thomas was born in Des Moine^ Co. Oct. 30, 1854. Their father came to Des Moines Co. in 1841 ; he was born in Indiana in 1811, and died in Des Moines Co. Jan. 5, 1871. He married Miss Eliza Latta Aug. 20, 1843 ; she was born in Ohio March 8, 1817 ; they left four children — John, Thomas, David and Paul. The estate owns 1 ,180 acres of land. John is a member of A., F. & A. M., No. 226, and is a Republican. Shultz, Adrian, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Kings- ton. Shutt, A., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Northfield. Sockerson, Gust., far., 8. 9 ; P. 0. Huron. Staige, Jas. B., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Huron. Stewart, Wm., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. North- field. Stromburg, A. M., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. Swarson, Lewis, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Kings- ton. Swank, C, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Kingston. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 727 Swank, J. B., far., S. 11 ; P. O. Huron. Swank, L. J., far., 8.' 30 ; P. O. IKingston. Swank, W. T., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Huron. Swaoson, J. A., far., S. 34; P. 0. Kings- ton. Synnerholm, S., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Kos- suth. THORNTON, A. L. C, far., S. 26; P. 0. Kingston. YANNICE, W. S., far., S. 35; P.O. Kossuth. Vorhees, William, far., S. 35; P. 0. Kingston. WADDLE, SAMUEL, far., S. 28; P. 0. Kossuth. WADDIiE, JOHN, far, S. 28; P. O. Kossuth ; born in Fayette Co., Ohio, Feb. 14, 1817 ; came to Des Moines Co., 1838; first settled in Yel- low Springs Tp. ; then moved to Huron Tp., and settled where he now lives. Married Miss Mary A. Howery, 1844; born in Butler Co., Ohioj May 17, 1827 ; has nine children — Catherine J., Robert C, Samuel M., John W., Mary B., David, Sarah E., Ellen and Susan A. Mr. and Mrs. W. are members of the Presbyterian Church. ,He owns 100 acres, valued at $45 per acre. A Republican. Walker, F. A., far., S. 3 ; P. 0; North- field. Wallace, J. P., far., S. 4; P. 0. North- field. Wilke, Thomas, far., S. 8 ; P. 0.. Huron. .Wilson, R. W.,far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Huron. WILLIAMS, W. B., far.,.S. 18; P. 0. Huron; born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, Sept. 9, 1851. Married Miss Amelia Chandler Feb. 20, 1873; born Jan. 7, 1856; have four children — J. W., Carrie E., Herrick and I'annie E. Mr. Williams owns 240 acres of land, valued at $10 per acre. Republican: WILLIAMS, J, WILSON, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Huron ; born in Ver- mont in 1816 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1838. Married Miss Julia A. Robi- son in 1847; she was born in Ohio in 1822 ; her parents were early settlers of Hancock Co., 111., in 1828. They have four children — Herrick, Wilson B., Eliza and Minnie. Mrs. W. is a mem- ber of Episcopal Church of Burlington. Mr. W. owns 1,800 acres of land ; was Representative of Des Moines Co. in 1853,1857,1866, 1874 and 1876 ; was appointed tj. S. Deputy Surveyor in 1854. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. BAILEY, F. A., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Kingston. Brown, C. H., far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Bur- lington. ^ ^ Tj -EMMONS, W. A., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. H , Burlington. IITCHTHORN, WM., far., Sec. 18; I P. 0. Kingston. ' ^ELLOGG, A., far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. \. Burlington. a ,„ r. /-» McLENNON, Sr., far., S. 17 ; P.O. Kingston. ny-TEW, A., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Kings- SMITH, S., farmer. Sec. 19 ; P. O. Burlinglon ; was born in Greene Co., 111., in 1832 ; came to Des Moines Co; in 1833 ; owns 530 acres of land in Jackson Tp., and 16 acres and 12 town lots in Burlington Tp. ; Mr. Smith has held most of the township offices. Is a Democrat. WRIGHT, J. C, farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Kingston ; was born in Des Moines Co. in 1852 ; owns 920 acres of land, valued at $15 per acre. Is a Democrat.