r^MTmfes^^ ml C53 ^\ THE EISENLOHR COLLECTION IN EGYPTOLOGY AND ASSYRIOLOGY PRESENTED TO CORNEl,I< UNIVERSITY BY %., Abraham X902 AJ.J^^..7X5.. ^./ (^..f.^..SL... 3 Date Due W%^ s*^''^ MEMOIR OB THE, COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OP.;, EGYPTIAN, COPTIG, & UDE. Cornell University Library PJ 1111.C59 Memoir on the comparative grammar of Ei 3 1924 026 853 279 HYDE CLARKE, COS. BIBU,' AUBB, OBIBITTAX SOC. ; USM. QEB>liU>B: OKIBNTAL SOO. ; FOB. ATSJU:. ■BTZi.N'SIJilS . PHIlJOljOQICAL. 60.0. ; FOB. U£M. AMBB. AJSTSUOVOIiOGrlCAIj IKST.'; F.B.S. IfOS^HBBir AWWQirABlBB ; MEM. AJf^TH^OSOtOaiCAI. MfSTITUOl'B; LONDON: TEtJBNEE & CO., 57 & 59, I^B^TB HILL. 1873. The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026853279 COIPARATIYE GRAMMAR EGYPTIAN, COPTIC, AND UDE. HYDE CLARKE, MEMOIR f I i ON THB i f ' \ I I J I I COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR EGYPTIAN, COPTIC, & UDE. HYDE QLARKE, CORF. MEM. AMER. ORIENTAL SOC. ; MEM. GERMAN ORIENTAL BOC; FOB. MEM. BYZANTINE PHILOLOGICAL SOC. ; FOR. MEM. AMER. ANTHROPOLOGICAL INST. I F.E.S. NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES J MEM. ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. LOKD ON : TRtJBNBR & CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL. 1873. ElSEMLJ.lli f.-R'Ti.ttftUDu, muvTi-u 37,aiit,ii ijUEa.N sTi.aET, aoKDOHv w.g; PREFACE. This introduction to the Comparative Grammar of tlie Egyptian language is intended to throw light on the «arly history of that people, and consists of a memoir which was read before the Anthropological Institute of London on May 20th, 1873. To this various additions have been made in exten- sion of the evidenca Besides the relations of the Egyptian ra,ce with the Caucasus, it also embraces some account of the great Agav race in Africa, Caucasia, and America. The facts here brought forward throw a new light on the ancient ethnology of Caucasia, and also on what has been termed Caucasian grammar. The ancient connection in prehistoric times between the old world and the new is referred to ; a subject which was more extensively dealt with in a memoir I read on America before the British Association at Bradford in September of this year. Hyde Clarke. 32, St. George's Square, S. W., l&th October, 1873. CONTENTS. PAGE Account of Herodotus of the Egyptian Colony in Colchis ... 9 Discovery of the Ude Language of the Caucasus ... ... 11 Discovery of the Relations of Ablchass and Agav ... ... 12 Account of the Ude Population ... ... ... ... 13 Classical History of the Udes ... ... ... ... 14 Comparison of the Coptic and Ude Languages ... ... 15 Table of Comparative Radicals in Coptic and Ude ... ... 18 Characteristics of Coptic and Ude. — Reduplications, etc. ... 21 Grammar of Coptic and Ude Compared ... ... ... 22 Dialects of Ude ... ... ... ... ... 26 The Agavs in Africa, Caucasia, and Brazil, their Relations to Egyp- tian Grammar and Mythology ... ... ... 28 Biblical Account of Mitzraim, Cush, and Havilah. — The double Rela- tions to Africa and Caucasia ... ... .... ... 29 ON THE EGYPTIAN COLONY AND LANGUAGE IN THE CAUCASUS, AND ITS ANTHROPOLOGICAL EELATIONS. Herodotus, in his second book, is very circumstantial and very confident alDout the identity of the Colchians with the Egyp- tians, and the descent of the Colchians from an Egyptian colony, which he says was left there by Sesostris. This account is well known, because it is chosen as a text in Egyptian his- tory and ethnology, from which large deductions have been made as to Egyptian influence in Asia and in Hellas. It has been particularly a matter of controversy, because Herodotus calls the Egyptians and Colchians black, and Pindar also calls the latter black. It is well to reprodiice the text. (Carey's "Herodotus," book ii, Euterpe, ch. cii, etc.) " 102. Having therefore passed them by, I shall proceed to make mention of a king that came after them, whose name was Sesostris. The priests said that he was the first who, setting out in ships of war from the Arabian Gulf, subdued those nations that dwell by the Eed Sea ; until sailing onwards, he arrived at a sea which was not navigable, on account of the shoals, and afterwards, when he came back to Egypt, according to the report of the priests, he assembled a large army and marched through the continent, subduing every nation that he fell in with. And whenever he met any who were valiant, and who were very ardent in defence of their liberty, he erected columns in their territory, with inscriptions declaring his own name and country, and how he had conquered them by his power ; but when he subdued any city without fighting and easily, he made inscriptions on columns in the same way as among the nations that had proved themselves valiant ; and he 10 Hyde Clakke. — The Egyptian Colony and had besides engraved on them the secret parts of a woman, wishing to make it known that they were cowardly. " 103. Thus doing, he traversed the continent, until having crossed from Asia into Europe, he subdued the Scythians and Thracians. To these nations the Egyptian army appears to me to have reached, and no further; for in their country the columns appear to have been erected, but nowhere beyond them. From thence wheeling roundj he went back again ; and when he arrived at the river Phasis, I am unable after this to say with certainty whether king Sesostris himself, having de- tached a portion of his army, left them to settle in that country, or whether some portion of the soldiers being wearied with his wandering expedition, of their own accord remained by the river Phasis. "104. For the Colchians were evidently Egyptians, and I say this, having myself observed it before I heard it (See book i, chap, iii, note 5) from others ; and as it was a matter of interest to me, I inquired of both people, and the Colchians had more recollection of the Egyptians than the Egyptians had of the Colchians ; yet the Egyptians said that they thought the Col- chians were descended from the army of Sesostris ; and I formed my conjecture not only because they are swarthy and curly- headed, for this amounts to Hothing, because others are so like- wise, but chiefly from the following circumstances : because the Colchians, Egyptians, and Ethiopians, are the only nations in the world who, from the first, have practised circumcision. For the PhcBnicians and Syrians in Palestine acknowledge that they learned the custom from the Egyptians. And the Syrians about Thermodon and the Eiver Parthenius, with their neighbours the MakroneSj confess that they very lately learned the same custom from the Colchians. And these are the only natives that are circumcised, and thus appear evidently to act in the same manner as the Egyptians. But of the Egyptians and Ethiopians, I am unable to say which learnt it from the other, for it is evidently a very ancient custom. And this appears to me a strong proof that the Phoenicians learnt this practice through their intercourse with the Egyptians, for all the Phoe- nicians who have any commerce with Greece, no longer imitate the Egyptians in this usage, but abstain from circumcising their children. "105. I wiU now mention another fact respecting the Col- chians, how they resemble the Egyptians. They alone and the Egyptians manufacture linen in the same manner, and the whole way of living and the language is similar in both nations; but the Colchian linen is called by the Greeks Sardonic, though that which comes from Egypt is called Egyptian. Language of the Caucasus. 11 " 106. As to the pillars which Sesostris, king of the Egyp- tians, erected in the different countries, most of them are evi- dently no longer in existence ; but in Syrian Palestine I myself saw some stiU remaining, and the inscriptions before mentioned still on them, and the private parts of a woman. There are also in Ionia two images of this king, carved on rocks, one on the way from Ephesus to Phocsea, the other from Sardis to Smyrna. In both places, a man is carved four cubits and a half high, holding a spear in his right hand, and in his left a bow, and the rest of his equipment in unison ; for it is partly Egyptian and partly Ethiopian. From one shoulder to the other, across the breast extend sacred Egyptian characters engraved, which have the following • meaning : ' I acquired this region by my own shoulders.' Who or whence he is, he does not here show, but has elsewhere made known. Some, however, who have seen these monuments, have conjectured them to be images of Mem- non, herein being very far from the truth." Thus it win be seen Herodotus says of his own knowledge, and from the statements of the Egyptian priests, and of the Colchians, that " the Colchians were evidently Egyptians." He says too that the Colchians had more recollection of the Egyp- tians, than the Egyptians of the Colchians. He refers to both people being black and swarthy, and curly or woolly haired, and as having both from antiquity practised circumcision. Then he says the Colchians and the Egyptians alone manufacture linen in the same manner, and lastly, that " the whole way of living and the language are similar in both nations." This circumstantial account has been beset with diificulties, because the columns alleged to have been raised by Sesostris, have not been found, because no Egyptian monuments or in- scriptions have been found in the Caucasus, and because the monument near Nymphseum (Ninfi) in the Smyrna district, called by Herodotus a monument of Sesostris, and described in detaO. as such, is now considered not to be Egyptian. As to the alleged hieroglyphics, I consider there was never anything of the kind on the monument. This so ill agrees with his de- scription, that it may be doubted if Herodotus ever saw it. Then too there are no black people now in the Caucasus, nor any appearance of such, and it has not been known that any Egyp- tian language has been spoken there for thousands of years, if at all. In 1871, Dr. E. G-. Latham called my attention to the Ude language of the Caucasus, and to Schiefner's memoir upon it, in the " Memoirs of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburgh," series vii, vol. vi. On examination, I found no difficulty as to the main part of the language, because in its present form it is TJde. Eye ... Hair ... Ear ... ... pul... ... imukh 12 Hyde Claeke. — The Egyptian Colony and largely mixed with Caucasian and Tartar in words and grammar. Some of the Eussian philologists have thought it related to Lesghian. As to the primary roots and numerals, I was at first not at all successful. I could find no analogies with any European or Asiatic languages ; but having particular reasons for comparing with north-east African languages, I found that the affinities of the primary roots are Coptic. A few examples are these : Coptic. ... ba) ... bo ... maake Some years ago it happened that I observed resemblances between the Absn6 or Abkhass language of the Caucasus and those of northern Africa, and this is confirmed on later exami- nation. In the Caucasus the elementary roots of the Absne, Kuban, and Alti Kesek tribes, compare in north Africa with those of Fertit, Dizzela, the Agaw Waag, the Agaw Midr, and the Falasha. These are examples : Catjcastts. Africa. Man ... ... khatzha, kodza, aga, gu ... koshi, agardzhia, ghi, twa Head ... ... aka, yekka ... ... agher, ngari Eye ... ... ullah, allah ... ... allah, ill Water... ... aga ... ... agio, akwo There is now, therefore, evidence that anciently languages allied to African were spoken in the Caucasus, and this is in full confirmation of the statement of Herodotus, as to the similarity of languages ; because we can identify not only Egyptians, buf the neighbouring tribes that might be connected in migration. The Ealashas, it may be observed, are known as the Black Jews of Abyssinia, and are by some supposed to be remains of the Israelites, who did not take part in the exodus to Canaan. With regard to our knowledge of the Ude people, Schiefner (Acad., St. Petersburg, vi, ISTo. 82, 1863) says that as early as 1814 Klaproth had pointed out a peculiar people in Wartashin, in the district of Sheki, but he considered their language as Lesghian. He collected only a dozen words.* * Although the name of Ude is not to be found in the index to the "Mith- ridates," it ie, however, to be found in the work, in vol. v, pp. 134 and 159. Berlin, 1817. At p. 134 are enumerated under No. vi, the Lesghians : 1. The Awar. 2. The Kazi Kumuk. 3. The Akush. 4. The Kura. Among the Kazi Kumuk are included : A. Three tribes, b. KararKaitak. u. Thaberseran, JJdia, Mukakh, Khiualug. At p. 159, among the specimens of words from the Paternoster, are a few from TJdia, which are TTde. These were probably obtained from Klaproth. Language of the Caucasus. 13 In 1835 the attention of the distinguished Caucasian scholar, Sjogren, was turned to, the subject, as he found Ude students in the seminary at Tiflis, and collected a vocabulary. In 1857, Eich- wald, in his " Travels," confused the Ude with the Wotiaks, and treated them as Fins. He. believed that they were the Utii or Uitii of Strabo. In 1852, Isidor, the Exarch of Georgia, contri- buted to the Eussian Geographical Society three hundred and twenty-five Udish words, printed in 1853. As there was stOl a belief in the Wotiak analogy, this was sent for comparison into the Wotiak districts, but with negative results. In 1857, Mr. A. Schiefner, a member of the Imperial Academy of St. Peters- burgh, turned his attention to the subject, and he obtained a vocabulary and other specimens of the Ude from the late George Beshanoff. He also obtained a grammar of Armenian, written for the use of the Ude people, and which Schiefner employed in studying the Ude grammar. In 1853 and 1854 M. Kowalowsky, being in the Caucasus, engaged in Ude investigations, and co-operated with Mr. Schiefner. In 1862 M. Berger made an investigation in the Ude dis- trict, and collected materials for the Wartashin dialect and the Mj dialect. The Ude people are now confined to the two large villages of Wartashin and Nij. The former is thirty-five wersts south-east of Nukha, and has a mixed population of Ude, Jews, Tartars, and Armenians. Of the Ude there are a hundred and ten hearths of orthodox Greeks^ and a hundred and ten of the Armenian Gregorian faith, but only one-half speak Udish. The Jews count one hundred and fifty-six hearths, and took refuge a hundred and twenty years ago, from Zalam, in the Qabala district. The Jews speak Tat among themselves, but also use Tartar and Persian. The Armenians have fifty hearths, and the Tartars who appear to have been formerly Ude, forty. The total number of hearths is eight hundred and ten. Nij or Nish is forty wersts from Wartashin, in the neighbourhood of the Turgan river. Its population is five hundred families, which aU. belong to the Gregorian Armenian religion, and have three churches. Silk culture, husbandry, and grazing are the chief employ- ments of the people of the village, which is more thriving near Wartashin (Beshanoff says that forty Lesghian nomades occasionally frequent Wartashin). M. Schiefner considers that besides Wartashin and Mj, the inhabitants of Sultan Nukha, Tooly, and Mirza Beglu, in the district of Qabala, and of the villages of Yengi-kend (Yenikend), in the district of NukhcJ, formerly spoke Ude, although they now speak Tartar. 14 Hyde Clarke. — The Egyptian Colony and They also belong to the Gregorian church. The Tartar of tlie Aderbijan dialect is winning ground from year to year, so that in a short time the Ude will become extinct. Burdaa or Berda was a town between Qarabagh and Qanja, but now in ruins and having only a few Tartar huts. Berda, in the Nij dialect, is called Wardaa. It is said that in Tschamtshian's (Chamchian) " Armenian History," it is related there was war between the king of the Tides and the king of the Armenians. It is said parts of the Ude kingdom extended into Armenia, and was called the Armenian dominion, and part into Georgia, and was called the Georgian dominion. The archpriest, John, preached in Kungut, Zazgit, Mukhass, and many other places, and built churches now in ruins. This is Beshanoff^s relation in Schief- ner's memoirs. The Wartashin Udes received Christianity from Georgia, through the archpriest John, after he had cut down with two strokes of the axe a holy tree, which was to the Udes a counsel- ling, punishing, and grace-giving god. He built a church on the spot, the ruins of which are now in an old abandoned grave- yard, east of the river Wartashin, but which contain no in- scriptions. In Beshanoff's opinion, the archpriest John was the bishop of Manglis, in the first half of the fifteenth century. According to another account, this church was built in the middle of the thirteenth century. The Udes, from their conversion to the middle of the last century, remained in peace until the time of Nadir Shah, and until then each village was under the government of its elder or melik, which he rulecj with the assistance of some elected men. Nadir Shah made the son of the former melik of Sheki, Hajji Chelibi, khan of the people, and greatly increased the tribute in silk. This family was early converted to Islam, and made great efforts to extend it. In consequence of his persecu- tions, and that of his son, Mehemed Hassan Khan (1783-1804), many of the Christian Udes fled to Qarabagh. All that the Ude people know by tradition is that anciently they liad an independent kingdom, of which Berdaa was the capital. M. Schiefner consequently considers this refers to the province of Uti, in Arran, in the old Armenian Empire, where Moses of Khorene says the city of Berdaa was, and which be- longed in his time to the kingdom of the Aghowan or Albanians. He intimates a doubt, however, whether this may not be a new application of the Armenian data. In the few Ude songs there is nothing historical or traditional. Moses of Khorene (book ii, 74) says that Khosrov the great was in the canton of Oudi, but whether this may be Ude is doiibtful. The Udes do not appear to differ from the neighbouring Language of the Caucasus. 15 people in physical appearance. They are of middle stature, with black hair and eyes, a longish face and straight nose. The dress of the men does not differ from that of the Armenians and Tartars. The dress of the "Wartashin Tide women is like that of the Armenians, and that of Nish and other villages like that of the Tartaresses. They have acquired not only the Tartar dress, hut the folklore, proverbs, etc. It is to be noted that Homer's "Iliad," ii, 856, quoted by Strabo, xii, 3, says that Odius and Epistrophus led the Halizoni. These may be the people of the river Alazon, near Iberia. Strabo {ib.) discusses the question who the Alazones were. It is possible that the Odinolytes of Pliny, vi, 4, are to be . enumerated among the Colchians. There was a river Udon, which appears to have flowed into the Caspian Sea, north of Albania. M. Schiefner thinks because Amdar means "men" in the Nij dialect of Ude, that the Tide may be identified with the Amardi (AfiapSoi) of Strabo, but this is no adequate reason. He leans also to the Finnish theory of origin with no better ground. Strabo, xi, 7, says of the Vitii, speaking of Hyrcania, " a small part of this country at the foot of the mountains, as far as the heights, if we reckon from the sea, is inhabited by some tribes of Albanians and Armenians, but the greater por- tion by Gelse, Amardi, Vitii, and Anariacse. It is said that some Parrhasii were settled, together with the Anariacse, who are now called Parrhasii, and that the ^Enians built a walled city in the territory of the Vitii, which city is now called ^niana. Grecian armour, brazen vessels, and sepulchres are shown there. There is also a city Anariaca, in which it is said an oracle was known. These tribes are predatory, and more disposed to war than husbandry, which arises from the rugged nature of the country." The tribes, Gelse, etc., are again enumerated later in the chapter. Pliny, vi, 16, speaking of the Caspian Sea, " at the entrance of the Scythian Gulf, on the right-hand side, dwell the Udini, a Scythian tribe, at the very angle of the mouth" (near the mouth of the Volga) ; next to these, he says, come the Albani. "Above the maritime coast of Albania and the nation of the Udini, the Sarmati, the ?7^tdorsi, and the Aroteres stretch along its shores." In reference to the philological relations, the Egyptian is known to have had three dialects. The priestly style was not therefore necessarily that of the people. The dialects were Memphitic, Sahidic, and Bashmuric. The Ude still retains two dialects. It may have been a popular dialect, and still represent such. 16 ' Hyde Clarke. — Tlie Egyptian Colony and In reference to the philological relations of Ude with Coptic and Egyptian, it is well to make some remarks for general in- formation, as to the method of comparison. Two bases are generally referred to — roots and grammar. Most leading writers incline to the opinion that the latter must afford a safer compa- rison than the roots, because they suppose the structure is more racial than the words, and that these may be more exposed to the influence of foreign admixture than grammatical forms can be. This is, however, a delusion. While it is quite true that words are communicated from one people to another, so are grammatical forms. Provincial dialects or patois are generally affected by the gxammar of the displaced language. Through- out the Caucasus examples are to be found of the influence of ancient and modern grammars, and notably of the Turkish. On the whole, the test of root words is the best when properly applied. The words should, of course, be taken from primary classes, such as the names of man, woman, and relationship, parts of the body and natural objects. When we get below these, the connexion is no longer so close, and the influence of foreign intercourse becomes more powerful. There is, however, a curious instance in Turkish-Majyar. The primary roots do not show reliable affinities, while the resemblance of the gram- matical system is very great ; but then again there is evidence of relationship in numerous words connected with pasturage, tillage, and the pursuits of a nomad life. NotwithstandijQg the diiference of main words, the Majyars learn Turkish very easily and very well. If the roots of the main classes agree in two languages, no better and no greater evidence can be required, because the ex- tensive evidence that proves the relationship between English and Frisian, does not by its multiplicity prove any more than does the limited evidence that proves relationship between English and Sanskrit. We do not require quantity but cer- tainty. This we obtain when we have sufficient resemblance between some words of a primary class in two languages, which are numerous enough to dispose of the possibility of a mere casual resemblance, or a resemblance not of origin, but of participation in a subsequent and later civilisation. This we have in such cases as Coptic. Ude. Man ... ... sa ... ... ... ishu Woman Eye ... Ear ... Night... Sand . . . Calf ... shimi ... ... shumak .. bal... ... ... pul .. maake ... ... mukh .. oushe ... ... shu . . sho ... ... sha .. masi ... ... mozi Language of the Caucasus. 17 These can be recognised by the unpractised eye; but we can also take into account changes of letters, which are not so plain to the casual observer. Coptic. Ude. Siater... ... son... ... khunche Son ... ... sheri ... gar Daughter ... si ... ... khinar Tail ... ... set... ... kodug Sheep ... ... esun ... egel are not so recognisable, and it appears hazardous to assert they are connected. Strangely enough, we have the key in the dia- lects of Egypt, where Camel is represented as Gamoul and Shamaiel, establishing the equivalence of ^ or ^ and sh or s. A number of words of the same meaning cannot, however, by, chance begin with s sh in "Coptic, and Jckhm Ude. The vowels o and u are well preserved in Coptic. Ude. Hair ... ... bo ... ... pop Face ... .. ho ... ... cho Hand ... .. tot... ... kul Fire ... .. klom ... arukh Sister ... .. son ... khunche Morning .. atuni ... akucha Owl ... .. mulagh ... gngel 5 .. tiou ... kho la other cases, the vowels a and • i will be fj; served. Eoots worthy of observation are Coptic. Ude. Bread ... ... oik... .. shum Father-in -law ... shorn ... oga Kud ... ... khae ... osh Horse... ... htho ... ekh 5 ... tiou ... kho Drink ... ... so ... ... ugh 6 .. BOOU ... ukh 18 Hyde Claeke. — The, Egrjptian Colony and TABLE OF COMPAEATIYE RADICALS IN COPTIC AND UDE. Coptic. Man ... ... sa ... Woman ... shimi, hiomi Boy ... ... aleu Son ... ... sheri Daughter ... si ... Sister ... ... son... Pather-in-law ... shorn Head ... ... ape Hair ... ... bo ... Face ... ... [ho] Eye ... ... bal... Ear ... ... maake Nose ... ... sha... Beard... ... malt Neck ... ... khet Heart... ... het Hand ... ... tot... Foot ... ... rat... Tail ... ... set... Flesh ... ... af ... Egg ... ... suke Loin ... ... safe Blood... ... snab Bone ... ... kas... Star ... ... siou Night... ... oushe Day ... ... hu ... Morning ... atuni Fire ... ... klom Water... .. rnau Eain ... ... croou Ice ... ... ga ... Eiver, spring ... iaro (ialo) Earth, land ... kah Sand ... ... sho Dog ... ... ouahor Calf ... ... masi Hog ... ... esho Sheep ... ... esuu Owl ... ... mulaj Udb. ishu . [shumak] khun, ohibukh ail gar , khinar, khuyar khunche oga (see 6) . bul pop CO, oho put mukh boqmogh kajukh qoq, kok uk kul tur kodag eq qoqla, kokla korom pi (see 2) [kacha P] khabun shu gbi akucha arukh khe aghla chakh orein kul, okal sha kuohau mozi kajil egel gugel Language of the Caucasus. 19 Coptic. Food; ... ... khre Pish ... ... tebt Bread... ... oik... 1 ... ouai 2 ... snau 3 ... shomt 5 ... tiou 6 ... BOOU 7 ... shashf 20 ... ghot To drink .. so ... End ... ... khae To write ... sah... Xiame ... ... shale To cut... ... shot To break ... khash To say ... gho Little ... ... khem Wise ... ... sabe Warm... ... khim Fair ... ... sale Nega'ive ... an ... TTde. , okbal . bedala . shum (see 3) , sa pha khib kho ukh wugh qa ugh (see 6) osh (see 3) cham kala kach khakha kal khuru aba gam [shawa] Champollion Figeac has dwelt upon the number of mono- syllabic roots as a peculiar feature in Coptic, and this is like- wise the case in Ude, where I have already counted nearly two hundred and fifty. It has been noticed by Dr. Abel (" Transactions of the Philo- logical Society," 1855, p. 157), that in Coptic one form of word may have a number of meanings, and Mr. Schiefner has made the same observation as to Ude. It is, however, in fact, more ancient than Egyptian, as it is found in the Agaw class. In Ude, however, distinctions of sound can, in some cases, be re- cognised, and if we had a better knowledge of ancient Egyptian we should probably find the like distinctions. It is to be re- marked there are two characters in Coptic for sh. Coptic. Cut Sacrifice Assassinate TaU Phallus... Excrement Cane Flute ... Sword Loin shot set sefe 20 Hyde Clarke. — The Egyptian Colony and Coptic. Shine ... Whiten... Bloom ... Call away Lament... Laugh... Flesh ... Horse ... Harvest... Ashes ... Ear Kiver Comb ... Yoke ... Biver ... Heart ... Eat (to)... 2iJ 5 Lamb . . . Chew (to) ■0DE. pire eshrou eq ekh ekh iq ikh okh okh oq ukh uk ukh qo kho qal qal The redupKcation of a root, in order to increase its scope of expression, is a characteristic of Coptic, pointed out by Dr. Abel, and it is found in Ude. It belongs, however, to earlier comparative gxammar, and of course affects later languages. In Georgian, for instance, which is only to a small extent mono- syllabic, the number of reduplicated roots is very large, although it includes many of the Trilateral epoch. Langxoage of the Caucasus. 21 TABLE OF EEDUPLICATED EOOTS IN COPTIC AND UDE. Coptic. Aiai, to become Beshbosh, to kill Borbor, to throw away Sensen, sound Thophtheph, to spit Owajowej, to chew Krajkraj, to grind one's teeth Teitel, to let water drop TJdb. Kushkush, to lisp Chuohup, to spring Kalkala, very great Katzkatz, to out up Gyzgyz, to laugh Khurkhuru, very small Serseri, practical, real Nana, mother Baba, father Byby, bridge Damdan, morning Liplipkal, sleep Lalakan,shoe Laqlaq, very dirty Pushpush, lungs Qumqum, oyster Tnntun, snuifler Zimzim, loitering Tsurtsur, curly Qashqash, to bite off Kukub, to grumble Chuchnp, „ Zikzik, to seesaw Galgal, Gugu, to sum Chuohu, to spring Churumchurum, to stretch Tutu, to tremble Cakhoakh, to chop up Lolo, to lull asleep 22" Hyde Clarke. — The Egyptian Colony and With regard to the grammars, they are not identical for a sufficient reason. The Ude has been for ages under the in- fluence of foreign grammars — Caucasian (whatever that may- mean), Persian and Tartar. Coptic exhibits traces of Greek in- fluence. Thus we cannot expect absolute similarity throughout, but a careful comparison of the two would furnish a compara- tive grammar of Coptic, and have the result of defining in Coptic what is aboriginally Egyptian, and in Ude what is Egyptian, and thereby illustrating the hieroglyphic, and what is Caucasian in Ude, while it is more than possible that many peculiarities in the Caucasian gi'ammars, now termed Caucasian, are really equivalent to Egjrptian, earlier African, or American. The indefinite article in Coptic is uy. This seems to corre- spond with the particle o, placed in Ude, to make nouns of adjectives and participles. Nouns have only one true case in Coptic, also in Ude. The cases are formed by particles in both languages, but in Ude they are suf&xed. There is no comparative of adjectives in Coptic and none in Ude. The superlative in both languages is formed by adding such words as very, etc. Here again the earlier grammar is followed. The personal pronouns in Ude and Egyptian show resem- blances greater between Ude and Egyptian than between Ude and Coptic. Ude. Eotptiaht (Maspero). Sing. 1. -zu, -za, -zi, -ts- a- 2. -un, -nu, -n (wi), -n- k- r- 3. (o? obsolete) w- -sho, -shono (shet) -ne, n s-, su-, si- Plur. 1. -yan [-shi], -yan- an-, n- 2. -wan, -nan, -nan-, -fi -ten 3. -qun, -tun, -qo, -qun- un-, u- -shonor (-shet-) sen-, se-, se(t)* Professor G. Maspero ("Journal Asiatique," 1871), in an arti- cle on Les Pronoms personnels en Egyptien, p. 8, has suggested a paradigm of the ancient Egyptian pronoun, which is strongly supported by the comparative philological evidence of Ude, as here given. Thus in particular, EOTPTIAN. TTdE. Sing. 3. s, su, si she Plur. 1. an yan 3. un qun se, se(t) shet sen shoner Language of the Caucasus. 23 It may be observed as to vowels Sing. 1. a jsa Plur. 1. an yan Sing. 3. su sho Plur. 3. un qun, tun The Egyptian, Coptic, and Ude pronouns are used as infixes inserted between syllables.' The relative pronoun corresponds, being in Coptic Et, Eth, Ete ; and in Ude, Eka. It is possible that Mm, who, Coptic, corresponds to Mano, whicJi, Ude. N it is to be noted is recognisable in the three pronouns plural in Coptic and in Ude. Professor Maspero supposes tlie N in pronouns plural in Egyptian to be the N of the plural article. N, it is to be ob- served, is found in pronouns plural in Ude, as in Shonor, etc. ; but it is also found ia the singular. The N, in Hi, Ne, in the Egyptian definite article may rather be related to the No, in the Ude pronouns, *S%,o->io, Jfo-wo, Ko-no, Ma-no. The Coptic plural in -U, -Qui is paralleled by the Ude in -Ukh, and the Coptic plural in H may be related to the Ude -Kho. The Coptic plural in -E, -Or corresponds to the -E, -Ur found in some Ude plurals. The cases of nouns formed by particles do not show much correspondence, and this may be expected. It is only possible that the Coptic genitive nte, n may be related to Ude nai, tai, n, and the Coptic dative e, n, to Ude na, a. With regard to the numerals, in the present state of our know- ledge as to the history of numerals it is very difS.cult to arrive at an exact decision. It is well known that the Coptic nume- rals have been considered to be allied to the Semitic, and it is on this af&rmed identity that much of the theory as to the con- nexion of Egyptian and Semitic is founded. The better know- ledge we now gain of Egyptian, tends greatly to throw a doubt on the alleged derivation of the Egyptian numbers from the Semitic, and if it should prove that the Semitic and other numerals have been influenced by the Egyptian, it will be more conformable to the general tenor of comparative history, and may much modify our opinions. 1. Wai, Coptic ; Sa, Ude. W is related to S in 7, Shashi and Wugh ; 9, Psit and Wm. It is to be noted that First is in Bashmuric Sharep. 2. Snau, Coptic ; Pha, Ude. We have a parallel to this in Elood, Snab, Copt, Pi, Ude. N changes into P or B. Also see nau or begh. 24 Hyde Claeke. — The' Egyptian Colony and S, initial, is dropped in 2, Blood, and in 8, shmen and mugh. ■6. Shomt, Coptic ; Jchih, Ude. Sh we have already seen to be equivalent to kh, 7c, and q, in both languages. Thus we have in 3 ... shorn Lame ... ... shale Cut ... ... shot Son ... ... sheri Pather-in -law ... ehom iJread... ... oik End ... ... khae Hog ... ... kagil Break... ... khash M is equivalent to h in Coptic. 3 ... ... shomt Month ... abot 4. Ftoou, Coptic ; hip, Egyptian. 5. Tiou, Coptic ; kho, Egyptian. T is the constant equivalent of kh, as in Coptic. 5 ... ... tiou Hand ... ... tot... Neck ... ... khet Milk ... ... khet Heart ... .. het... Beard... ... malt Mouth ... abot 6. Soou, Coptic; ukh, Ude. We have again a parallel case. Ude. khib , kala kach gar oga sham osh esho khakha TJde. khib zumukh TTde. . kho kul qoq naq uk kajukh zumukh Coptic. TJde. 6 ... soou ... ukh Drink... ... so ... ... ugh Star ... ... siou ... khabun Egg ... ... suke ... kokla, qoqla Tail ... ... set... ... kodug Daughter ... al ... ... khuyar Sister... ... son... ... khunche Loin ... ... sefe... ... korom It is curious to find soou and ukh, so and ugh; but we have a correspondence in shorn and oga, oik and shum, khae and osh, illustrating a general law of formation. 7. Shash, Coptic ; vmgh, Ude. Language of the Oauaasus. 25' Sh besides its afiBnity for kh has also an affinity for w; but there was probably more tjian one sh in Egyptian, as there are two characters in the Coptic alphabet. The first sh has an affinity for w, corresponding with that we find for s in 1 and 9. 8. Shmen, Coptic ; mugh, Tide. The sh, initial, is an affix (see 2), and men corresponds with vmgh. 9. Psit, Coptic; vmi, Ude. If the P is treated as an affix, then sit will correspond to win, like 7, shashf and ivugh. 10. Met, Coptic; wits, Ude. 20. Ghot, Coptic; Qa, Ude. From the foregoing examination, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 come out as distinctly conformable, and 8 and 9 presumably so. The verbs afford many points of resemblance, and it is to be observed that resemblance is of more weight in the comparison than dissimilarity. Dissimilarity is to be accounted for by the operations of selection, and of foreign influence. Eesemblanee or similarity, when existing to any extent, cannot be casual and has to be accounted for. In the auxiliaries it is possible that Pe, Coptic, be, was =Pe, Ude, do, make; Ai, Coptic, have, ^, Ude, come; and Uta, Coptic, have, =I)e, Te, Ude, auxiliary. This is the more likely as 'pe is Coptic. The present tense indefinite, Bha, Coptic, I am, and Sh, Esh, Sahidic, =Sa., Ude, the sign of the indicative present, and Sha — ■pe, Coptic, I was, etc., imperfect tense indefinite ^Sa-i, tide, the sign of the indicative imperfect. The future is Na, Coptic ; Ko, Ude. The fourth future is T.a, Coptic; =To, Do, ^o,.the future in Ude. The subjunctive also appears to correspond. Coptic. Sing. 1. Nta- 2. Ntek, me- ... 3. Ntev, Ntes, Ntew- Plur. 1. Nten- 2. Nteten- 3. Ntou, Nte- -Tats -Tan -Tane -Tayan -Tanan -Taijun The perfect is the original form of the root in Coptic (Abel) and in Ude. In Coptic there is a disinclmation to use the paissive (Abel) and in Ude. ■ o -, The pluperfect in Coptic is tormed by Ne-, -pe-, which may correspond with the Ude aorist Pe. 26 Hyde Clarke. — The Egyptian Colony and The negative prefixes appear to be related. Coptic, An, N, M, Mpe, Tm, Shtem. Tide, Nut, Nag, Na, Ma, Te. In Sabidic and Bashmuric there is a negative conjugation of the neuter verb with M. In TJde this negative M is found in the imperative. The conjunction Ke, Coptic, may be Qan, Ude. The conjunc- tion and in both languages is often omitted. With regard to the dialects of Ude the materials are scanty, but between Wartashin and Mj there are considerable diffe- rences in sounds and grammar. The chief changes of consonants are B and W, B and M, Kh, K and T, J and Ts, K and M, E and L. The permutations between K and T, and K and M, have been shown to prevail between Coptic and Ude. The permutations of E and L are observable in the dialects of Coptic. Generally speaking there is a conformity of permutations between: Coptic and Ude. The Coptic dialects. The Ude dialects. UDE DIALECTS. Waetashin. Nij. Father ... baba .. bawa But... ... ama ... hama Come ... ari ... hari Wood ... shet ,.. shet Say ... ... ekhne .. nekhe Existed ... baueke ... bakene Barda ... Barda ... .. Warda Was ... qati ... gate Know not ... teqo aba ... tetum awa Swan ... ojil ... otsU Waetashin. Nij. Bosom ... on ... oina Clouds ... haso .. asoi Sour ... keje ... ketse Female ... khuni .. khuini And... ... qan .. gan Sheen, gloss ... ... hisav .. thsal Bear ... shue ... shuye Third pronoun... ... ne, tu ... tun What ... eka ... hike Little ... kithsi ... .. mithsik For, against ... ... bakhtin ... .. wakhtiu Language of the Caueasus. 27 krSnil^^Jii" n^ something of the African relations of the languages of the Caucasus, so far as I know them as yet The spoken'o? ^'^'^ *^^ ^^^^' ^^■' ^"^ ^^^^ ^^^^^y Akush appears to be related to the Furian, a speech of Darfur and therefore with Koldagi, hoth belonging also to the Nilotic regions ot JNorth-east Africa. Kazi Kumuk, however, is rather akin to Kru, Yala and Kasa of West Africa. Cherkess or Circassian has West African affinities. Taken generally, the Caucasian group has Nilotic and African affinities, and the Nilotic group finds congeners in the Caucasian group. In this respect also, the Hieroglyphic or the Coptic is in the Nilotic region attended by earlier languages of dark races, and the Ude in the Caucasian regions by corresponding languages. The question naturally arises, Is the Egyptian an African language in its origin, or is it Asiatic ? for with this is wrapt up the important discussion as to the origin of the Egyptian people, language, and civilisation, which have hitherto been generally supposed to be essentially and primevally of African origin and habitat. The opinions of Herodotus must not be taken offhand. That ■writer had a mania for Egyptology, and Egyptian was a favourite solution with him. His statements, on examination, will be' found to be vague, and there is no certainty that there was a colonisation by Sesostris, or an invasion by Sesostris of the Caucasus. Sesostris was a conventional name for a conqueror in those days, as Alexander became long afterwards. Sesostris is remarkable as a mythical name, connecting Egypt and Chaldsea, GaUoway has suspected that Sesostris is the Xisuthrus, and this is supported by the Eev. John Campbell, M.A., of Toronto, in his remarkable memoir "The Horites," 1873, p. 18. It wiLL have been seen that Sh, S and E', Kh, are conformable in Egyptian and Ude, and it may be observed that the Canaanite or Palseogeorgian names in Sk are transliterated in Hebrew by Sh. Thus there is a confirmation of the common origin of the mythology of early civilisation, which is discussed by Mr. Ct^mpbell. Upon this topic we shall have to seek for origins among the Agaw nations rather than among the Aryans. What can be learned safely from Herodotus is, that there were in his day dark populations in the Caucasus, that they prac- tised circumcision, and that a language like Egyptian was spoken. We may consequently admit that there was then a resemblance between the populations of the Caucasus and those of the Nile region. 28 Hyde Clarke — The Egyptian Colony and Looking further, we shall find that neither the Caucasian nor the Nilotic region is to he regarded as a sole centre of the popu- lations speaking Caucasian or Nilotic languages. Tru« it is, the Egyptians (Southern or Ude) cannot be traced further ; but the earlier members in each group, even in the present state of the investigation, I can identify elsewhere. The Agaw or Abkhass is defined in West Africa, in the Gadaba of India, and in the Rodiya of Ceylon. It is in the New World, in South America, that we have its greatest present extension, covering Brazil and Guiana as the Guarani, Omagua, the Movima, and the Sapiboconi. Without extending the chain of evidence, these Agaw groups are sufficient to show that the Caucasian and Nilotic regioijs are not sole or chief centres, but only local centres or ganglia of large migrations. If this is the case with the Agaw it must be so with the Egyptians, which is far later. The Agaw migration or conquest must have preceded the Egyptians, but there was an earlier member in all the nuclear regions, still identifiable, ethnologi- cally or linguistically, in the Nilotic region. This is represented by the family of the Gonga laugnages, Kaffa, Woratta, Yangaro, and Dalla, whose afi&nities are with the remarkable Mincopie lan- guages of the short or dwarf dark races of the Andamans, mytho- logicaUy or linguistically recognisable in so many centres of refuge in the Old and in the New World. Unless, therefore, we assum.e that all races had an African origin, including the Mincopie and the Agaw, and their inters vening or accompanying members, we cannot attribute an African origin with any certainty to the Egyptians. The fact of any portion of their populations being dark is not in ethnolo- gical consideration a point in favour of an African or tropical tendency, because, in the prehistoric as in the present epoch, dark races can be found in temperate or cold, as well as in tropical districts. It must consequently be regarded, at least, as an open question, whether the Egyptians moved from south to north, or from north to south. In the supposition that there were two Egypts or Mitzraim, one in the Caucasus and one in Africa, we get a possible solution of some prehistoric or protohistoric problems. We must first accept a harmony of ethnological conditions, that in Caucasia and in Africa there were not only dark races, but at an early period Mincopies, represented by pygmies in legend, in both regions. We have also two Agaw lands, possibly two Havilah. In examining the peculiarities of Egyptian grammar, in Language of the Caticasus. 29 Sfp^J'L"?''''^^"^ **^?f, ^""^ ^"^"i^ i^ ^ga^ o'^ African; in Ude they are found in Abkhass or Caucasian. In the latter case, they are considered as examples of Caucasian grammar. In Ude are many Abkhass words. Lest it may be imagined that in these instances the Egyptian influeaced the Agaw, instead of the Agaw influencing the Egyptian, we may hereby seek our test in the American Agaw, the Omagua, or Guarani. In Egyptian, we have numerous monosyllabic roots, and of these many are apparently of the same form, but differenced in pronunciation, so as to distinguish the various significations. This we find repeated in Ude and Abkhass, but what is more to be regarded, we find it in the South American Guarani. There is, so far as appears, no such thing as a Caucasian grammar, and no such thing as an American grammar. In the case before us there is an Agaw grammar. The Cauca- sian peculiarities are not local, and in South America they cannot be regarded as Caucasian, while Guarani or Omagua is just as much Caucasian grammar as American grammar. The fact is, ethnological evidence will force on philologists a new system of classification, which can no longer be by localities but by race. When a particular race, as the Agaw, the Semitic, or the Aryan, has influenced the grammars of other races, the effect may in any district appear to be local, but it must assuredly be due to race. Philology is much more dependent on physical researches than has been supposed, as physical re- searches have nearer relations to philology than there has been any disposition hitherto to admit. On finding an influence of Agaw grammar on Egyptian, we must be prepared to allow that this will not be the only mental influence, and not the sole propagation or development of aggregate and continuous thought, and we shall have to seek in the mythology and folk-lore of the preceding races much that has been hitherto regarded as exclusively and generically Egyp- tian and African. If there is at first a confusion in accepting a north to south migration of the Egyptians, instead of that from south upward, it may nevertheless not appear so unaccountable, if we regard the annals of later migrations, those of the Hebrews. Here we have, first, an alleged migration from north to Egypt, and then from Egypt in the south by the north to Canaan. Here is a race white in its main elements, but showing a decided tendency, in some cases, to the hair and features of the North Africans, and this race speaks a Semitic language, which has affected the whole of North Africa. Havilah is in the oldest collections a double name. It is that of the son of Cush, the brother of Mitzraim, in the Book of 30 Hyde Clarke — The Egyptian Colony and Generations; but it is the land in which the river Pison or Phasis flows, in the description of .Paradise. Havilah I believe to be Khavilah, the land of the Agaws. If, according to a pre- valent opinion, we accept it as Colchis, then it is undoubtedly the country of the northern Agavs, Akhaivi, or Avkhass. The northern Havilah would be the Agaw land on the Nile. "When we have to deal with Paradise, after accepting Pison in Havilah, Hiddekel in Assyria and Euphrates, there has ever been a stumbling block in the river that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia. With a Cush, Mitzraim, and Havilah in the Cau- casus, the rivers can be better accounted for, and in conformity with the Chaldsean or Caucasian type of the legends. Many of these cannot, as commonly supposed, have originated after the captivity in Babylon, but they are in this valuable record in a most ancient form. In this consideration, we find at once an explanation of the remarkable resemblance of the PreheUenic with the biblical types, the form of the names in the Theban and other series showing in many examples that they are not Hellenic or Semitic, but belonging to earlier epochs. Under such investigation we shall find, as we want to find, earlier materials for Egjrptian mythology, so far as it was not purely Egyptian, and we likewise obtain the means of better studying the language of the hieroglyphics. Hitherto, this has been dependent on another dead language, the Coptic, but in the Ude we have a living Egyptian, and of the earliest type, and in the Agaw languages we have elements for dealing with some other points of formation. Thus, we may carry out for Egyptians a comparative grammar. The history of the Hebrew migrations involves probably a mixture and confusion of two or more examples of Cush, Havilah and Mitzraim interchanging Caucasia and Africa. The history of the previous Egyptian migration may refer to a first occupation of Caucasia, and then an advance into Africa, where this Egyptian race may have acquired a civilisation it did not possess in Caucasia. Under such circumstances, although Herodotus would still find in Caucasia an Egyptian-speaking population, there might be no hieroglyphics, and no monuments of the types now so familiar to us. It may be suggested that circumcision was derived by Egyp- tians and Syro- Arabians from earlier races, and propagated from a common centre, passing into Africa, and being ultimately better preserved in Arabia and Africa. The fact that the Udes, Abkhass, and aU other Caucasians are no longer black, needs little space in explanation. While the languages have in some cases resisted the invasions of the Language of the Caucasus. 31 Georgians, Armenians, Greeks, Persians, and Turts, constant intermarriages with tlie invaders have replaced the aboriginal types, but not without bearing evidences of survival. The study of the Ude language and population, as well as that of others in the Caucasus, is of gi-eat importance in all historical investigations, because it will greatly assist in laying better foundations for history. The language of the few hundreds who now speak XJdish will, under the invasion of Turkish and Eus- sian, in our time perhaps cease to live, and the collection of every fact, however small, however isolated, is valuable, because one fact may be the connecting joint or link of a chain of evi- dence otherwise incomplete.