1 1 I'll .ll, ll I '1 THE DOWNFALL OF THE GODS HUGH dJFFORD CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023396132 Cornell University Library PR 6005.L72D7 The downfall of the gods / 3 1924 023 396 132 N THE DOWNFALL OF THE GODS By the same Author IN DAYS THAT ARE DEAD. A Volume of Stories. MALAYAN MONOCHROMES. A Volume of Stories. THE GOLD COAST REGIMENT IN THE EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN. HEROES OF EXILE. Being Certain Rescued Fragments of Submerged Romance. THE DOWNFALL OF THE GODS By HUGH CLIFFORD, G.C.M.G., G.B.E. Malayan Civil Service LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. First Printed April, 19 ii Reprinted May, 191 1 Reprinted March, 1928 TO BETTY THIS, THE FIRST BOOK THAT I HAVE WRITTEtt, IS INSCRIBED, This is my Lady's praise i God, after many days, Wrought her in imknown ways In sunset lands ; This was my Lady's birth ; God gave her mig^t and mirth, And laid His whole sweet earth Between her hands. SwmBUSNS. CONTENTS I. The Revelation II. The Proof III. The Spirit of Destruction IV. Slat V. The Behest VI. An Appeal to the Gods VII. In the Ba Yon . VIII. The Sword_of Indra . IX, In the Hands of a Woman X. The Feast of the City XI. The Procession of the Sword XII. Defeat that Crowns a Victory XIII. Anarchy .... XIV. The Secret of Slat . XV. The Inner Shrine XVI. Seeds .... XVII. The Throne of the Snake . XVIII. The Heart of the Multitude XIX. The Heart of the Ruler . XX. The Incarnate Spirit XXI. The Setting Sun XXII. The Triumph of the Snake. XXIII. THE Snake's Decree . XXIV. The Hut in the Forest Notes .... FOREWORD / was at Phnom Penh, the capital of modem Kambodia, the which is a Protectorate of France, ruled by a French Resident, in the name of its aged king. I had just quitted Angkor, after many days passed among its temples, and the spell of its magic was still upon me. Yonder, up the dismal river which flows from the Great Lake, behind the thick curtain of almost deserted forest, 1 had dwelt in a solitude, hardly broken, amid things ancient and wonderful. Here, in a place one half of which is a modern French town, I was jarred by the incongruity which results from grafting on to the gnarled trUnk of Asia, the rank products of latter-day Europe. I sought loneliness and peace. I wanted to think, to meditate upon all that I had seen at Angkor, and upon all that I had learned of its tragic history. I wanted to get once more into tune with the Asia of olden days, away from the noise inseparable from its xii FOREWORD invasion by the West ; and thus I came, at the close of day, to the foot of the stairway that leads up the face of the Phnom, to the pagoda which crowns it. To the north, south and west, and east, across the waters of the Mekong, the country lay spread out in an endless flat, clothed by the dingy greens and blues and blacks of its vegetation; but immediately around the Phnom were the lawns and shrubberies of the trim public gardens, set with iron cages, in which were pent a few leopards and many woebegone wildfowl. And to me, these things — the pagoda, the wild creatures of the forest, the aged king yonder in his palace, the neat gardens, the cages, the sentry-guarded French Residency on the river's brink — were symbols — symbols of the Great Captivity. Immediately before me, a long flight of brick steps ran upward between twin balustrades, fashioned in the likeness of the seven-headed cobra of the Brahmans. The rounded bodies of these monsters formed the balustrades them.- selves ; the seven up-reared heads, fanning out into a single menacing cobra-hood, rose one on each side of the stairway s base; the pointed tails writhed into the air, against the sky, high above me. FOREWORD xiii At the top of the stairway, plots of smooth grass surrounded the sacred places, and tipped abruptly down steep banks into masses of cluster- ing' bushes. By these the detestable, immaculate gardens were mercifully hidden. Here, in awful, veiled seclusion, dwelt the most ancient of the gods of the East. In the foreground rose the pagoda, brilliant with gold-leaf and many coloured tiles, its roof ornamented by long, branching, outward-curving horns, touched by the rays of the sunset and striking a note- of gaiety, blithe and joyous. Behind it — the immense, solid base almost in contact with its threshold — stood the great dagoba, a ponderous mass of grey stone and rust- coloured lichen, tapering to a tall and delicate spire, that led the eye up and up, and the heart heavenward. It, too, struck its individual note sombre, awful, and austere. It was as though the pagoda and dagoba in combination were designed to offer to the Gods all the joys and all the sorrows that fill or oppress the heart of man. The head of the stairway, the plinth of the dagoba, and each angle of its base were guarded by alternate giants and lions, carved massively in stone, those about the obelisk rising one above the other in outstanding tiers. The giants iSere xiv FOREWORD monsters with sinister faces, stout of trunk and limb, reposing big, folded hands on the grips of grounded pollard-clubs. The lions were the heraldic lions of Asia, posturing in ungainly fashion, with out-thrust buttocks, bodies wonder- fully foreshortened, the legs of a jibbing horse, and uplifted, ferocious heads- Yet, in some subtle way, the very groiesqueness of these dis- torted effigies of man and beast^grim, motionless, impassive — enhanced the dignity and the solemnity of this refuge of the ancient gods. In the west, over the flat, half-submerged country, visible above the dense shrubberies, the day was dying in a wonderful blaze of colour ; the heavens above — invaded in many directions by great zvaves of crimson — displaying a purity of azure, in startling contrast to the vivid green streaks, inset about the furnace-mouth of the horizon. In the east, across the dull red flood of the river, a moon near the full was rising from a bed of rosy cloud-fleece, its orb delicately tinted by the reflected glow of sunset. Between sun and moon was uplifted the dark and shadowy pyramid of the dagoba, with its grim wardens dimly seen. A big, black lizard thrust its diamond-shaped head forth from a cranny betiveen two huge stones, and scarred the stillness with its loud. FOREWORD XV discordant outcry. Then again a great hush fell. I hadjound that for which I had been seeking. This was the East — the real East,, mysterious and very ancient — waiting with her immense and measureless patience to catch the awful whisper that shall reveal the secrets of life and birth and death. For she is ever expectant — the East; never weary, never faithless, waiting — waiting always — for the whisper that does not come. The sadness of the last hour of day — perhaps the saddest thing in all the immeasurable sadness of the East — brooded over the darkening land like some vast, menacing shadow. The earth, faint with spent energies, drowsed and dreamed amid the soft glamour of the twilight, wrapped about by airs heavy and %varm, velvet-soft and fragrant. Yet the stillness of that quiet place was like an anxious heart-beat. And here, alone in this ancient sanctuary, watching the dying day, I pieced together from, the fragmentary knoivledge, which the research of others had furnished to me, this story of the Downfall of the Gods. My gropings and searc kings amottgthe scattered wreckage of a once mighty civilisation, my sojourn amid the deserted temples of a once great people s xvi FOREWORD- worship, had set me dreaming of the Past ; forced my imagination to fearful probings of the Future-; for these things told, in silent, grim mockery, of the changing, unchanging fate of gods and empires. Hugh Clifford. THE DOWNFALL OF THE GODS CHAPTER I THE REVELATION Over Angkor, the capital of the mighty Khmer Empire, the hush of afternoon had fallen. All nature, spent by the long hours of heat, lay prostrate, awaiting breathlessly the first touch of coolness that would come with the setting of the sun. Only man — the tireless fashioner of beautiful, useless things. — stared through the glare under burdened eyelids and, at the ruthless behest of man, still toiled and sweated in the dust. Beneath the drenching flood of sunlight pouring down out of the colourless sky, Angkor Wat stood forth in all its majesty, dominating the featureless landscape. From the margin of the Great Lake an immense expanse of alluvial flat spread inshore as far as the eye could carry. The turbid waters and the jungle-smothered land merged imper- 2 THE DOWNFALL OF THE GODS ceptibly the one into the other ; little creeks and inlets cling-ing to the ragged skirts of the vegeta- tion, and mud-stained amphibious trees wading out into the shallows, or standing ankle-deep in the slime and ooze. The forest — an endless sea of tree-tops — inun- dated the plain, the sombre waves of colour fading as they receded to melt at last into a misty blur of delicate, elusive tints low down about the fretted skyline. Here and there the sombre monotony of the jungle was relieved by wide washes of vivid green, where the rice stood ripening in the irrigated fields ; and in places the surface of the earth was stained, as by some parasitic growth, by the dusty greys and browns of thatch, and the raw reds of tiled roofs visible beneath their canopies of palm-fronds. For the rest the forest — forest indescribably dingy, squalid, and melancholy — draped itself like a death-cloth over the face of the plain. Nowhere else in all the wondrous fairyland of tropical Asia could a landscape be found more dreary to the eye, more depressing to the spirit, than this spot on the shores of Tonle-Sap in the lower valley of the Mekong. The sparse hillocks served but to emphasise its flatness. The very trees of the jungle had the air of having slunk out of the muddy waters and of huddling together shamefully, like a host of woebegone waifs, on the parched and thirsty soil. In their colouring there was no richness ; and the thin heat-haze that shimmered so rest- THE REVELATION 3 lessly above them seemed an emanation from the dust with which they were powdered. Even the brilliant green of the rice-fields failed to strike a -note of gaiety amid the dull blues and blacks that enveloped and swamped it. Though Nature had worked unnumbered miracles, clothing the earth with vegetation and filling with teeming life the water and the land, she seemed, in some obscure fashion, to suffer here an eternal defeat. The featureless aspect of the plain and the monotony of sad colouring com- bined to belittle its immensity. They made of it a thing paltry and mean — a mere background fitted only to throw into added prominence the Titanic works of man. Of these the most stupendous was the great Wat. From the day, more than five hundred years earlier, when the Brahman conquerors had stayed at last their wandering feet, and here, in this wilderness of Kambodia, had elected to consolidate their empire, they had wrought strenuously for their own honour and aggrandise- ment, but more strenuously still for the glory and the propitiation of the gods of their worship. Quitting the banks of the sacred Ganges in about the fifth century of our era, and striking out recklessly into the Unknown, they had driven irresistibly forward across the great peninsula of Further India, fiery and impetuous as some tremendous conflagration that licks 4 THE DOWNFALL OF THE GODS up in its passage all with which it meets. They had poured down through Assam and Manipur ; had invaded, ravaged, and abandoned the gracious garden-lands of Asia, which to-day are Burma and northern Siam ; had subdued, spoiled, and enslaved its peoples, and had lashed whole populations to their victorious chariot- wheels. Nor, while the force of the inexplicable impulse that goaded them to wander remained unexpended, had any wealth or charm or natural beauty of the lands they traversed and ruined prevailed to turn or stay them; yet, in the end, like some mighty river that loses itself ingloriously amid stagnant marshes, they had found a final resting-place among the dreary forests of Kambodia, and on the shores of its mud-stained lake. But the genius and the energy which had borne them triumphantly across half a continent, still demanded outlets ; and the men who had conquered and destroyed upon so gigantic a scale set themselves now, no less greatly, to fashion and to create. From the comfortless forest-lands they carved out for themselves an immense empire, and peopled it with the hosts they had reduced to bondage. They exacted tribute and allegiance from more than half the princes who ruled the petty kingdoms of south-eastern Asia. They converted the jungles about the margin of their lake into irrigated fields, whence annually they might draw enormous supplies of grain. They THE REVELATION 6 gfutted the earth of its mineral wealth as far south as the Golden Chersonese. They made Angkor Thom — their capital city — the centre of a world. Thither many a crestfallen embassy made humiliating pilgrimage. To its loud mart flocked the merchants of India and of China, and the spice-bearers from the rich islands of the southern seas. A place dedicated beyond all others to the service of the ancient gods, it attracted the saintly and the learned of many Hindu lands. It became the chosen resort of the scholarly and the skilful, of the pandit and the artisan, of the cunning carver of wood and stone. In its crowded treasuries the Brahmans had accumulated all the wealth that greed and tyranny could clutch, that ingenuity could make accessible, that the patient toil of thousands could be forced to produce, until Angkor had become like the unnaturally inflated limb of one sick of elephantiasis, into which had drained all the strength and all the nutriment that should have maintained the whole shrunken body. Always, too, the Brahmans — the twice-born demigods— had achieved their successes at the expense of the folk they ruled. They had been the brain — the guiding, inspiring, subduing influence. The thews and sinews had been supplied by the low-caste peoples who served and worshipped them, to whose lot had fallen ever the heat and the burden of the day, the unending travail, the labour unto death. For in the universal belief in their divinity, 6 THE DOWNFALL OF THE GODS abode the power of the Brahmans — a power that enslaved the souls of low-caste men. These latter, descendants of the conquered peoples, raised awed eyes from the dust in adoration of the priest-princes, at whose bidding they toiled, and who ordered for them their lives. They existed only in the shadow cast upon the earth by these demigods who, to them, were a divine mystery made manifest to human sight. By serving, obeying, and honouring them, thus, and thus only, might they do distant and vicar- ious reverence to the Shining Ones and so, acquiring merit, might win at last, in some yet far-off incarnation, to more honourable estate. The supreme patience, which is the very soul of Asia — the patience which so unwearyingly awaits the fulfilment of a promise vain and remote — steeled them to endure. Wherefore, like cattle, they bowed unresisting necks to the Brahman's yoke, and their backs to ever- increasing burdens. And the burdens increased apace. The people prostrated themselves in adoration before the demigods who ruled them ; what time the demigods themselves rested not from their frantic efforts to propitiate the Deities from whom their divinity was derived. Ere ever the straggling mass of wooden build- ings with roofs of thatch and tiles — which was their capital city — had taken form, already they had begun to construct, in honour of the High Gods, temples of enduring stone. One by one THE REVELATION 7 the thirty shrines of Tha Phrom had come into being, with their domes and columns and laby- rinthine cloisters, decked with delicate sculpture. Every hillock in the plain had been crowned by its sacred edifice ; and from these little, perfect 4juildingrs^ the Brahmans had passed on to greater and greater achievements. The Ba Phun and the Ba Yon — the two splendid sanctu- aries OT Angkor Thom — had in turn been designed and executed; and each successive effort of the Brahmans' genius had displayed ever widening conceptions, a more scornful contempt of difficulty, a more complete obsession by the spell of the magnificent and the grandiose, and a more lavish and wanton prodigality of human toil. Drunken with power, indifferent to the needs or the sufferings of their people, goaded onward by a tremendous and augmenting ambition, and urged, moreover, to still greater efforts by their awful fear of the Gods, the Brahmans, through the centuries, had piled monolith on monolith, carving and fashioning them wonderfully, and still had found their fierce lust for architectural achievement unappeased; till, in the fulness of time, the vast scheme of Angkor Wat had burst, in all the splendour of its inspiration, upon the imaginations of these dreamers in stone. Now, during three hundred years, men had laboured ceaselessly in bitter travail, under the pitiless sun-glare, to give that idea form; but the end of their toiling was not yet. 8 THE DOWNFALL OF THE GODS The Wat, cruel and inexorable as Fate, had bounded and dominated the lives of thousands. To the men of Angkor — the casteless ones dedicated to its service — it had a monstrous personality of its own. It was eternal. It had always been there, claiming the strength and vigour of their manhood, grinding them slowly and mercilessly back into the dust whence they had emerged. Men, whose fathers and grand- fathers had grown grey in its slavery, had been born beneath the shadow that it cast ; had attained to maturity and had decayed with age, still spending themselves in labour upon it ; and had been carried to the burning-ghat under a shadow imperceptibly lengthened. It brooded over their imaginations, menacing and insatiable. It paralysed their thought. They were blind to the beauty of the marvel at which they wrought. They knew only the measure of the toil and pain which were the heavy price of it. They looked at it with eyes sad and hopeless, spoke of it furtively in fearful whispers. Now, in the hush of afternoon, the Wat stood forth in all the glory of its symmetry, dwarfing the landscape. Though much remained to be done, the labour of three centuries had sufificed to give full shape to the vision of the dreamer who designed it. The immense outer cloister, some three miles in girth, was completed only on two flanks. Of the four flagged and raised causeways, destined to lead to the threshold of the Wat from each of THE REVELATION 9 the cardinal points of the compass, only one, that from the west, had been constructed in its entirety ; and in the temple itself, many stones still awaited the chisel of the sculptor. But the five immense conical domes, rugged with external carving and ornamentation, soared triumphantly into the pale sky ; and the eye was led up to them, from the basic platform with its noble stairways, by the sculptured roofs of two tiers of cloisters grouped around the great, cliff- like mass of solid masonry that supported the portals and courts and shrines of the upper temple. And the colour of it was wonderful. Grey for the most part — every tint and shade of grey— g